Before 1800, travel to the interior was perilous and limited. Close scientific observation of animals and plants was difficult, and many early depictions of African species were flawed. But as interest in scientific accuracy grew, and more ambitious journeys became possible, explorers diligently illustrated Africa’s natural world.

Careful observation of live animals helped natural scientists to discover the minute differences between species and shed inaccurate assumptions. In addition to drawings, explorers sent back specimens — live animals whenever possible — to be studied at home. These creatures often ended up in menageries of exotic animals (precursors to the modern zoo) belonging to the nobility funding the expeditions.