wt GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST BULLETIN 4. A Description of the Fossil Fish Remains OF THE Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene Formations of New Jersey By HENRY W. FOWLER of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia With a Chapter on the Geology by HENRY B. KUMMEL TRENTON, N. J. MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office. 1911. Letter of Transmittal. Trenton, N. J., March 17, 1911. The State Printing Board, -/ Trenton, N. J. .r Gentlemen—Chapter 46, Laws of 1910, provides that in addition to an annual administrative report, the State Geologist shall prepare or cause to be prepared such scientific reports as are pertinent to the work of his department, and that the State * Printing Bward shall have authority, on recommendation of the V Board of Managers of the Survey, to order printed such scien- *; tific reports. X The Board of Managers of the Survey, on December 6, 1910, $ adopted the following motion: That the publication of reports I on the Plant Remains of the Cretaceous Clay Beds, and on the J Fossil Fishes of the Cretaceous and Miocene Formations of j South Jersey, already prepared or in process of preparation f under the direction of the State Geologist, be recommended for <; printing to the State Printing Board, as provided in Chapter 46, : Laws of 1910. In accordance with the above, I request that the State Printing / Board order printed 1,500 copies each of the two reports above I mentioned, 100 to be bound, the balance in stiff covers sewed, I as provided in the specifications for printing the Geological Sur- j vey reports. Respectfully submitted, HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geologist. (3) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. State of New Jersey, Office of Comptroller of the Treasury. Trenton, March 20, 1911. Henry B. Kummel, Esq., State Geologist, Trenton, N. J. Dear Sir—'Your communication of the 17th inst, addressed to the State Printing Board, was laid before the Board at its meeting held on Friday, last, and, on motion, it was ordered that the publications referred to in your letter be printed and bound as requested. The work will be done by MacCrellish & Quigley, who were awarded the contract last fall. Very respectfully, '*& E. J. EDWARDS, Comptroller, as Secretary, State Printing Board. INTRODUCTION. The present work is intended simply as a descriptive summary of the fish remains known from the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations within the limits of the State of New Jersey. A full account of the stratigraphic paleontology of the Cretaceous is given by Dr. Stuart Weller, in his account of these forma- tions, published in volume IV of the Paleontology series of the Geological Survey in 1907. Though no new collections have been made it is hoped that an exposition of the older ones, many of which have not been studied before, will be of value. The one great disadvantage is, as may have been expected, the lack of definite stratigraphic position for each species, the original data usually being incomplete or meager. This was due to the earlier collectors not attaching sufficient importance to preserving exact horizons and localities with their specimens. In many cases Dr. H. B. Kummel, through his familiarity with the local geology, has been able to indicate the horizon from which the specimens came, and all such references to the present classification in the text are on his authority. To avoid confusion such references are inclosed in brackets with the initial K. In some cases com- parison with other material in the collection of the Academy has greatly facilitated determinations, especially in* the case of types or authoritatively determined material. I have attempted to illustrate as well as describe each species, wherever possible, from specimens, though in some cases have been obliged to use the original accounts. This is especially true among the chimseroids, where I have also allowed reproductions from D.r. Louis Hus- sakof's photographs. The general scheme of classification is that of Dr. David Starr Jordan, sometimes freely used or modified to suit present purposes. Dr. O. P. Hay's Catalogue of Fossil Vertebrata of North America, and Dr. A. S. Woodward's Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum, have been freely consulted with respect (5) CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. to the diagnoses of the higher groups and generic synonymy. The writer is indebted to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for the use of its library and collections, where most of this work was carried on. I am also under obligations to Dr. Henry B. Kummel, the State Geologist, for the oppor- tunity of consulting the collections of the State Geological Sur- vey. All the figures are natural size, unless otherwise stated, in which case the reduction is shown by a line which indicates an inch. The material from the Geological Survey collections is indicated in the explanation by a *. THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMA- TIONS OF NEW JERSEY. H. B. KUMMKL. THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. The Cretaceous strata of New Jersey outcrop southeast of a line from Trenton to New Brunswick, and as shown by well borings underlie all of South Jersey, although over most of the area they are deeply buried beneath later formations of Tertiary age and even along their belt of outcrop they are frequently covered with a mantle of sand and gravel of Quaternary age. They comprise unconsolidated sands and clays, which dip 50 to 25 feet per mile to the southeast, and which have an aggre- gate thickness of from 500 to 1,000 feet, the greater thickness being found in the northern portion of the area. The lower- most beds are referred to the upper part of the Lower Cretaceous and are of non-marine origin. The middle and upper portions, however, belong to the Upper Cretaceous and contain an abun- dant marine fauna. Raritan formation.—The Raritan formation is extremely vari- able, consisting chiefly of light-colored sands and clays, some of the latter being highly refractory. There is on the whole a pre- ponderance of clays in the lower, and of sands in the upper, half of the series. Since it was laid down on an irregular surface its thickness is variable, ranging from 150 to 250 feet at the outcrop, but increasing to the southeastward, as shown by well- borings, to over 500 feet. Northeast of Trenton it rests uncon- formably upon the beveled Triassic shales, but farther southward upon the ancient crystallines of early Paleozoic or pre-Paleozoic age, and perhaps at undetermined points still farther south on earlier Cretaceous beds. It dips 40 to 50 feet per mile to the (7) 8 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. southeast, the basal beds having the steeper inclination. The known fauna is very limited, consisting of a few pelecypods, some of which are blackish-water types, while two are typically marine, a plesiosaurian bone, and possibly an insect. Its flora embraces a wide range of genera and species, especially of dicotyledons, many of which are closely related to modern forms. It has been regarded by Ward as late L,ower Cretaceous, and, therefore, approximately equivalent to the Gault of England and the Albian of continental Europe.1. Berry, however, has recently presented the paleobotanical evidence for its Cenomanian age.2 : Mago thy formation.—The lignitic sands and clays referred to the Magothy formation, and regarded as the lowermost of the Upper Cretaceous formations, were until recently included in the Raritan. On the shores of Raritan Bay they attain a thickness of about 50 feet, but diminish to the southwest and along Dela- ware River are only 25 or 30 feet. They are slightly glau- conitic near the top. The Magothy rests unconformably on the Raritan, but the discordance is not great and indicates only a slight epeirogenic movement. A marine fauna of 43 species, possessing close affinities to that of the Ripley beds of the south and to the Senonian of Europe, is found on the shores of Rari- tan Bay, but farther southwest the deposits are apparently estuarine. The flora is abundant and presents a much more recent aspect than that of the Raritan. It is regarded by paleo- botanists as showing upper Cenomanian affinities. Merchantville clay.—The Merchantville is a black, glau- conitic, micaeous clay, usually greasy in appearance and mas- 1 In continental Europe the Cretaceous system is divided as follows: f Danian _ Senonian Upper Cretaceous -j Turonian Cenomanian Unconformity f Albian _. I Optian Lower Cretaceous j Barremian Neoconian. Berry E. W., Bulletin No. 3, p. 20 et seq., Geological Survey of New Jersey. CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 9 sive in structure, weathering to an indurated brown earth. Its thickness is about 60 feet. It is conformable to the Magothy formation below and the Woodbury clay above. Its inverte- brate fauna is large and varied, and although it contains many forms common to the beds above and below, its most character- istic species are conspicuous for their absence or great rarity in the adjoining strata. The Merchantville clay represents the lower part of the Crosswicks clay of Clark, forms the base of the Clay-marl series of Cook, and is the lowest of the five forma- tions in New Jersey which are correlated with the Matawan for- mation of Maryland. Woodbury clay.—The Woodbury is a black, non-glauconitic, jointed clay about 50 feet thick, which weathers to a light choco- late color, and when dry breaks into innumerable blocks, fre- quently with a conchoidal fracture. Its invertebrate fauna of 95 marine species is more closely allied to that of the Magothy than to the subjacent Merchantville. It is conformable both with the Merchantville below and the Englishtown sand above. It is the upper part of the Crosswick clay of Clark, and forms part of the Clay-marl series of Cook. It is also one of the formations correlated with the Matawan of Maryland. Englishtown sand.—The Englishtown is a conspicuous bed of white or yellow quartz sand slightly micaceous and sparingly glauconitic. Locally it contains thin laminae of fine brittle clay. So far as known it contains no fossils. It decreases in thickness from 100 feet near Atlantic Highlands to less than 20 feet in the southern portion of the State. It" represents the lower part of the Hazlett sand of Clark, and forms a part o>f Cook's Clay- marl series. It was formerly called the Columbus sand and is the equivalent of a part of the Matawan formation. Marshalltown clay-marl.—The Marshalltown ranges from a black sandy clay to an argillaceous greensand marl. Locally it is abundantly fossiliferous, its characteristic invertebrate species being in part recurrent forms from the Merchantville, and in part a new element, which recurs again in a higher formation, although absent or inconspicuous in the immediately succeeding beds. Its thickness is 30 to 35 feet. It is a portion of the "laminated" sands which formed the upper part of the Clay marl io CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. series of Cook, although in the southwestern proticn of the State he referred these beds to the Navesink (Lower) marl. It was included in Clark's Hazlett sands, a sub-division of his Matawan. The Wenonah and Mount Laurel sands.—Above the Marshall- town clay-marl there is a considerable thickness of sand regarding which there has been some difference of opinion. The terms Wenonah and Mount Laurel have both been applied to it in whole or in part. Lithologically these sand layers are not sharply dif- ferentiated from each other, although the lower part (Wenonah) is generally a fine micaceous sand and the upper part (Mount Laurel) is coarser and contains considerable greensand. Pale- ontologically, however, they are quite distinct. The Wenonah fauna is largely recurrent from the Woodbury, with compara- tively few prominent species common either to the Marshalltown below or the Mount Laurel and Navesink above. The same elements are prominent again still higher in the Red Bank. The Mount Laurel invertebrate fauna is identical with that of the Navesink above, and is closely allied to the Marshalltown, but contains a foreign element, chief among which is the cephalopod Belemnitella ainericana and the brachiopod Terebratella plicata, so that the indistinct lithological line between the Wenonah sand and Mount Laurel sand is of considerable paleontological sig- nificance. The combined thickness of these formations is, 40 to* 80 feet, the Mount Laurel being limited to a. very thin bed at Atlantic Highlands (Cook's sand-marl) but increasing much in thickness toward the southwest. The Wenonah sand is the highest bed correlated with the Matawan of Maryland, while the Mount Laurel is the base of the Monmouth. Navesink marl.—The Navesink marl consists of greensand marl, mixed with varying amounts of quartz sand and fine earth, the latter of which contains much carbonate of lime in a powdery state. Where purest the marl has a dark-green or bluish-black color. The upper part of the bed contains progressively less greensand and is more clayey. The invertebrate fauna is large (121 species, Weller), and is allied with that of the Marshall- town and Merchantville beds, while the characteristic forms of CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS, n the Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah are absent. The forma- tion has a maximum thickness of about 40 feet, diminishing' southward to 25 feet or less. It corresponds in general to Cook's- Lower Marl, although locally beds referred by him to the Lower Marl have proved to be the Marshalltown. It rests conformably upon the beds below and grades upward into the Red Bank sand,, or where that is absent into the Hornerstown marl. Red Bank sand.—The Red Bank sand is for the most part a. fairly coarse ferruginous yellow and reddish-brown quartz sand, locally indurated by the infiltration of iron. The lower beds are. in many places somewhat clayey. The Red Bank invertebrate fauna has come chiefly from these clayey layers. In its essential, features it is a recurrence of the Lucina cretacea fauna of the Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah formations, and differs in- important respects from the Navesink fauna immediately below. It occurs only in the northern part of the coastal plain, where its maximum thickness is 100 feet, but it thins out and disappears- midway across the State. It is the Red Sand of Cook and earlier- writers, but does not include certain sands in the southern portion which were correlated by him with the Red Sand of Monmouth county, but which in reality are referable to the Wenonah-Mt. Laurel horizon. With the overlying Tinton bed, it is the upper- most of the beds correlated with the Monmouth formation of Maryland. Tinton bed.—A lense of green indurated clayey and sandy marl, having a thickness of from 10 to 20 feet, overlies the Red Bank sand in Monmouth County. Its invertebrate fauna is more closely allied to that of the Navesink than of the Red Bank and is characterized by large numbers of crustacean claws of the genus Callianassa. It is Cook's "indurated green earth," re- garded by him and other writers as a part of the Red Sand, but in view of its faunal and lithologic differences it deserves some separate recognition. Correlation of the Magothy-Tinton beds.—The assemblage of fossils making up the invertebrate faunas of the beds from the Magothy to the Tinton inclusive constitute a. larger faunal unit, much more sharply separated from the faunas above and below 12 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. than are any of its constituent faunules from each other. Weller | has shown that this larger faunal unit is made up of two or i more distinct fades, one of which, the Cucullaea fauna, is char- ,,'* acteristic of the more glauconitic beds; namely, the Merchantville, « Marshalltown, Navesink and Tinton, while the other facies char- f acterized by Luciwa cretacea or its associates occurs in the clays or clayey sands of the ClifTwood, Woodbury, Wenonah and Red Bank formations. The two facies existed contemporaneously and migrated backward and forward across the present outcrop of these beds in New Jersey as deeper or shallower water con- ditions prevailed. The larger faunal unit is closely related to the Ripley fauna of Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. On faunal evidence all the formations from the Magothy to Tinton inclusive are referable to the Senonian of Europe, although on floral evi- dence the Magothy might be regarded as Cenomanian. Hornerstown marl.—The Hornerstown marl is a bed of glauconite with clay and sand and not differing materially from the Navesink. Its fauna is meager, but is totally different in its essential characteristics from the faunas of all the underlying formations. Terebratida harlani, Cucullaea vulgaris and Gryphaea dissimilaris (Weller) are characteristic forms. A shell bed at the top of the formation is a conspicuous feature at many localities. The thickness is 30 feet or less. At the north it rests with apparent conformity on the Tinton; where that is absent it lies on the Red Bank, and farther south it is continuous with the Navesink, owing to the disappearance of the Red Bank. It is conformably overlain by the Vincentown except where over- lapped by Miocene formations. It is the Middle Marl of Cook, the Sewell marl of Clark, and is a part of the Rancocas group. Vincentown sand.—The Vincentown sand presents two phases, a calcareous or limesand, semi-indurated and largely a mass of broken bryozoan, echinoid, coral and other calcareous remains, and a glauconitic quartz-sand phase. The two phases occur in alternating layers, although the former is more common in the basal portion, particularly to the south, while the quartz-sand phase predominates in Monmouth County. The fauna of the limesand phase contains large numbers of bryozoa, echinoids and 1 xl CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS 13 foraminifera, while in the siliceous phase elements of the Hornerstown fauna occur in association with forms characteristic of the calcareous phase. Its thickness varies from 25 to 70 feet, but well-borings have shown that it thickens greatly down the dip. It rests conformably upon the Hornerstown marl and is overlain conformably by the Manasquan marl or overlapped by Miocene beds. It includes the "limesand" and "yellow sand" of Cook, the former of which was regarded by him as a part of the Middle Marl. Manasquan marl.—The Manasquan marl in its lower portion (13-17) is composed chiefly of glauconite, but the upper part (8-12 feet) is made up of very fine sand mixed with greenish- white clay, piles of which look like heaps of ashes—hence the name "ash marl." The invertebrate fossils are not abundant and are poorly preserved, the commonest occurring also either in the Hornerstown or Vincentown. Its thickness is about 25 feet. It corresponds to the "green" and "ash" marls of Cook's Upper Marl bed and is the youngest of the Cretaceous formations ex- posed in New Jersey. It probably rests conformably upon the Vincentown and at most exposures is succeeded unconformably by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, although locally it is overlain by a bluish marl of Eocene age without apparent unconformity. Correlation of the Hornerstown, Vincentown and Manasquan. —The invertebrate faunas of these three formations are closely related and form a larger fauna sharply separated from the Ripleyian fauna of the underlying Magothy and Tinton beds. This fauna has not been recognized south of Maryland. It shows certain affinities with the lower or Maestrichtian division of the Danian series of Western Europe (Weller). EOCENE SYSTEM. Shark River marl.—Eocene deposits in New Jersey are limited in outcrop to small areas near Allenhurst (Deal), Shark River and Farmingdale, in Monmouth County, where a mixture of greensand and light-colored earth 11 feet in thickness and carrying Eocene fossils rests without apparent unconformity i4 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. upon the "ash" marl of the Manasquan. The conformity, how- ever, is only apparent, well-borings indicating that the Shark River, as this formation has been called, probably overlaps the Cretaceous. Clark1 considers that it is not possible to correlate the Shark River marl with any other known Eocene deposits and regards them as probably older than the Eocene of Maryland. By some other authors, however, they have been placed above the Maryland Eocene. ' MIOCENE SYSTEM. Beds of known Miocene age are widely distributed in the coastal-plain portion of New Jersey, where they overlap the Eocene and many of the Cretaceous formations. At the north they rest on beds ranging from the Eocene to the Hornerstown marl, while in the southern portion outliers are found upon the Mount laurel sand. Kirkwood formation.—Under the term Kirkwood have been included all beds of demonstrable Miocene age which outcrop in New Jersey. These beds vary lithologically in different regions, but they are predominantly fine micaceous quartz sands often deli- cately banded in shades of salmon-pink and yellow. Black, lignitic clays occur in many localities at or near the base. In the southern portion (Salem and the adjoining portion of Cumber- land County) a thick (8090 feet) bed o haps favoring the former since the pits in the Manasquan were more numerous than those in the Shark River. Shark River.—Eocene beds—the Shark River marl—are ex- posed in pits along Shark River above the village of that name. j< Some of these pits penetrated also the Manasquan marl, while L I CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 17 locally a dark astringent clay of Miocene age overlies the Shark River marl. Under these circumstances there is some uncer- tainty as to the formations from which the fossils came. Inas- much, however, as the Shark River marl was better exposed here than elsewhere in the State most of the species are prob- ably referable to this horizon, unless there is specific evidence to the contrary. » Farmingdale and Squankum.—Immediately north of Farm- ingdale in a large pit along the railroad there is an extensive exposure of the Manasquan marl overlain by a dark clay of Miocene age. Southwest of the village along Manasquan River is a line of openings mostly in the Manasquan marl, overlain by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, but, as stated by Cook, two of them in the "blue and ash marls," i. e., the Shark River and upper part of the Manasquan marl. Whitfleld1 cites numerous Eocene invertebrate forms "in the upper layers of the Upper Green marls at Shark River, Farmingdale and Squankum, New Jersey," so that it seems to' be well established that Eocene fos- sils have been collected from Farmingdale and Squankum, al- though the Manasquan marl is the one most commonly exposed. In this report specimens labelled simply "from Farmingdale," "from Squankum" are tentatively referred to the Manasquan marl, although it is recognized that they may be from the Shark River formation. In the case of others there is no doubt since their labels expressly state "from the Eocene marl at Farming- dale," etc. The Miocene clay also may have yielded some forms. Hornerstown.—Of the specimens herein described from Hornerstown it is probably safe to refer them all to the Horners- town marl bed (Cook's Middle Marl), since that layer was ex- tensively opened for marl at various points near Hornerstown during the years when these collections were made. However, the Red Bank sand occurs along the creek west of the village beneath which at a slightly lower level the Navesink marl is found. It is possible, therefore, that some material was ob- 1 Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey. Geol. Survey of N. J., Paleontology, Vol. II; also U. S. G. S. Monographs XVIII, 1891. 2 GEOIv 18 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. tained from one or the other of the lower formations and not from the Hornerstown marl. Crosswicks.—Some material has been reported from "Cross- wicks." If it was obtained near the village of that name it is referable to either the Woodbury clay or the Merchantville clay, both of which formations occur near that place, the former being the better exposed. Neither of these is a marl, although the Merchantville is generally a marly clay. If, on the other hand, the locality should be Crosswicks Creek, the specimens may have come from any one of half a dozen horizons, as all the forma- tions from the Merchantville to Vincentown are well exposed along the creek between Crosswicks and New Egypt. Since, however, the Navesink marl (Cook's Lower Marl) was the only one actively exploited in those days, the chances are that they came from it, if the locality reference is -to the creek. In the suggested correlations it has been assumed that the specimens came from the village and they are referred to the Woodbury or Merchantville clays, but with more or less doubt. Birminghmn.—At Birmingham, there are extensive marl pits formerly worked by the Pemberton Marl Company. A few miles northeast of this point the Red Bank sand which separates the Navesink from the Hornerstown marl, disappears and the two marl beds are combined. It is the combined bed which was so extensively worked at Birmingham, and the specimens are referred to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl. Pemberton.—The village of Pemberton lies a scant two miles east of Birmingham. Many of the fossils whose locality is cited as Pemberton, unquestionably came from the pits of the Pemberton Marl Company, as is shown by the donor, J. C. Gaskill, who was superintendent of the pits, and they are, therefore, referable to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl. At Pemberton, itself, the Manasquan marl is exposed in the creek banks and was formerly dug at numerous points above the village. Hence some of the material labelled Pemberton may be from the Manasquan formation. The outcrop of Vincentown sand lies between Birmingham and Pemberton, so that the pos- sibility of some material coming from this horizon must not be overlooked. i CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 19 Vincent own.—Below Vincentown, the limesand (Vincentown sand) and Navesink-Hornerstown marl are exposed in a line of pits extending for two miles or more down stream to Eayres- town. At Vincentown and upstream for a mile or more the Manasquan marl was formerly dug. It seems best to refer to the Manasquan the specimens credited to Vincentown except where their occurrence in the limesand beds is expressly stated. Blackwoodstown.—South of Blackwood are old pits in the Navesink-Hornerstown marl, which is here overlaid by the Vincentown limesand and that in turn by the Kirkwood (Miocene) sand. Specimens from "the greensand at Black- woodstown" are clearly from; the combined Navesink-Horners- town bed. Other specimens may be from the Vincentown or the Miocene. Barnsboro.—There'are no marl beds at Barnsboro, but in the valleys of several branches of Mantua creek from one to three miles east, south and west of the village, there are numerous exposures of the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and several old pits, once extensively worked. The material from "Barnes- borough" probably came from these pits. The Vincentown limesand is found at some points in the vicinity and above that the Kirkwood sand, either of which horizons may have fur- nished some specimens. Mullica Hill.—A prominent bluff within the village and just south of the creek at Mullica Hill has always been a favorite collecting ground. The conspicuous feature of the section is a "5-foot indurated shell bed, filled with fossils. The matrix in which the fossils are imbedded is sandy, with pea-like quartz pebbles, the whole colored dark green by a considerable per- centage of glauconite. Above the shell bed is a nearly pure greensand marl, while beneath it there are exposed 20 feet or more of yellow or red quartz sand containing poorly preserved casts of Belemnitella americana, Gryphcea and Neithea." This sand is the Mount Laurel sand, while the shell bed and overlying glauconite bed represent the Navesink marl and perhaps a por- tion of the Hornerstown marl, which, in this portion of the State, are not separated by any intervening horizon. Since the fossils collected at this exposure probably came chiefly from the shell 20 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. bed and lower portion of the marl they are unquestionably to be referred to the Navesink, or to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl. In marl pits along the creek a mile or more above the village the upper portion of the Navesink—Hornerstown bed is exposed and above it the Vincentown limesand. These localities may have yielded some of the material credited to Mullica Hill. The Kirkwood sand is now exposed in a small bank in the southern limits of the village and overlies the Vincentown sand at the marl pits, and while the writer has never noted any fossils in it, the possibility of some Miocene forms being found in this locality must not be wholly overlooked. Alloway and Riddleton.—A number of specimens are credited to "Allowaystown." No greensand marl beds are known nearer to Alloway than two and one-half miles northwest along the headwaters of Swede's Run. Here there are old pits in the Manasquan marl. Since these exposures are only a mile west of Riddleton, the material credited to that place may have come from them, but there is less certainty regarding that credited to Alloway. In the vicinity of the latter place there are numerous exposures of a dark, tough clay, sometimes called the Alloway clay,1 known to be of Miocene age and now included in the Kirkwood formation. Possibly the material "from Alloways- town" may be Miocene and from this clay. Shiloh, Jerico, Stozv Creek.—Miocene fossils have been found in great abundance in the marl pits along the headwaters of Stow Creek near Shiloh and Jerico in Cumberland County. These beds have often been called the Shiloh marl and the speci- mens credited to Shiloh, Jerico and Stow Creek all came without question from these pits. These pits lie four and one-half to five miles southeast of Alloway and perhaps the material labeled Allowaystown is also from them. The Shiloh marl is regarded as a part of the Kirkwood formation. Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey.—Many of the specimens are referred by Cope to "Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey," "Green- sand No. 4, of N. J.," etc. From the localities cited it has been possible to identify "No. 5" as the Hornerstown marl, but I 1 Report on Clay, Vol. VI., Final Report Series Geol. Surv. of New Jersey, 1904. i s CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 21 have not been able to find any certain explanation of these desig- nations. Whitfield1 in discussing the paleontological horizons of the marl beds of New Jersey, speaks of "seven distinct horizons, six of which may be classed as Cretaceous and one as Eocene," which "conform very closely, if not exactly, to certain strati- graphical lines, which were long since established by the State Geologist .* * *." These were 1) The Raritan clays; 2) The Camden clays at Fish House, containing 12 species of Unionidae; 3) The micaceous clays at Crosswicks Creek below the Lower Marl bed; 4) the Lower Marl bed; 5) the Middle Marl bed; 6) the Cretaceous portion of the Upper Marl bed (Manasquan marl), and 7) the Eocene portion of the Upper Marl (the Shark River). Possibly it is some such correlation as this that Cope had in mind. If so, his "Greensand No. 2" must be relegated to the Pleistocene as it is now known that the Unionidce clays at Fish House are not Cretaceous but Pleisto- cene; Greensand No. 3 may. include the Merchantville, Wood- bury, Marshalltown clays and certain clayey layers in the English- town and Wenonah sands. Greensand No. 4 would correspond to the Navesink marl, but might also include certain phases of- the Red Bank sand. 1 Whitfield, loc. cit. p. 19, 20. 22 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.1 Class PISCES. THE FISHES. Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates breathing by means of gills nGt purse-shaped, but attached to cartilaginous or bony gill- arches. Skull with lower jaw. Limbs developed as fins, rarely wanting. Body usually covered with scales, bony plates or horny appendages, sometimes naked. Median line of body with one or more fins composed of cartilaginous rays joined by membrane (The Leptocardii (Lancelets) and Cyclostomes (Lampreys), usually to be considered with all fish-like vertebrate faunas, are not known from any undoubted fossil remains, and comprise but a small number of existing forms. The opinions of many writers vary as to the value of the different sub-classes embraced in the present class, though most all agree as to the status of the lance- lets and lampreys. I accept five, as the Blasmobranchii, Holo- cephali, Dipnoi, Crossopterygia and the Actinopteri. At the present time only the Blasmobranchii and Actinopteri are rep- resented by existing types within the limits of New Jersey,, though it is probable that some Holocephali may yet be found off our shores in deep water. The Blasmobranchii and Holo- cephali are, however, very abundant among the remains in our Cretaceous beds, and the former represent about half the entire number of fossil fishes known from that formation. Sub-Class ELASMOBRANCHH. SHARK-LIKE FISHES. Teeth distinct. Jaws distinct from skull, joined to it by sus- pensory bones. Gill-openings five to seven slits on each side of pharynx. Membrane bones of head undeveloped, except some- 1 By Henry W. Fowler. ELASMOBRANCHII. 23 times rudimentary opercle. Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull with- out sutures, mandibular suspensorium present. No air-vessel. Intestine with a spiral valve. Arterial bulb with three series of valves. Optic nerves united by a chiasma. Cerebral hemispheres united. Gills not free, attached to skin by outer margin. Ova few and large, impregnated and sometimes developed internally. Embryo with deciduous external gills. Tail hetorocercal. Ven- tral fins abdominal. Males with large; intromittent organs or claspers attached to ventral fins. Skin naked or covered with minute rough scales, sometimes with spines. An almost perfect gradation exists from the true sharks to the skates, though the notidanid sharks are somewhat removed from the former. The orders are the Ichthyotomi, Notidani, Asterospondyli, Cyclospondyli, Rhince and Batoidei. The first of these is entirely extinct, though no fossils have been found in New Jersey referable to this group.1 All the others are repre- sented by living forms, and possibly at least one of the Notidpni may occur off our shores in deep water. Order NOTIDANI. THE NOTIDANOID SHARKS. Vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each segment equiv- alent to 2 vertebrae and bearing 2 neural arches. Gill-openings 6 or 7. Dorsal fin 1. Anal present. This order contains the most primitive of existing sharks. Families 2, recent and extinct. Family HEXANCHIDiE. THE GRISETS. Eyes anterior or submedian. No nictitating membrane. Teeth above, 1 or 2 pairs, awl-like, next 6 broader, and each with several cusps, 1 enlarged. Teeth below, 6 large comb-like aI may note that a tooth of Petalodus, reported by Leidy, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 9.. is doubtfully ascribed to the New Jersey Cretaceous and is therefore not likely admissible to that fauna. 24 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. laterally, besides small posterior. Gill slits 6 or 7. Spiracle small. Dorsal 1, no spine, opposite and like anal. No caudal pit. Viviparous. Living species in warm seas, some reaching a very large size. Genera 2 or 3. Genus HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque. Heptranchias Rafinesque, Car. Nuov. An. Sicil., 1810, p. 13. Type Squalus cinerens Gmelin, monotypic. Heptanchus, Heptancus, auct. Aellopos Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, p. 376. Type Aellopos wagneri Agassiz, fifst species. Notorynchus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1856, p. 72. Type Notoryn- chus maculatus Ayres, monotypic. NotorhynchuSj auct. Differs from Hexanchus in the presence of seven gill-openings. The fossils referred to this genus are only known from detached teeth. About 11 living, and about 33 extinct species have been de- scribed, mostly under the generic name Notidanus, which is properly a synonym of the earlier Hexanchus. Heptranchias primigenius (Agassiz). Notidanus primigenius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (Cumberland Co., Miocene). Lateral teeth wide, thin, and greatly compressed. Coronal region wide, polycuspid, faces similarly convex, smooth and compressed. Cutting-edges entire. Anterior cusp enlarged, well inclined externally, and followed by 6 or 7 similar ones gradu- ated to last, latter quite small. Preceding largest cusp 6 to 10 anterior small graduated cusps, graduated down, first scarcely larger than penultimate or last of external cusps. Graduation of these cusps also slight, as all small. Apices of all cusps com- pressed, not twisted. Root compressed, rather thin, outer fa.ce flattened and inner bulging a little convexly. L/)wer margin entire or slightly convex. In transverse section root somewhat cuneate. Height of largest example 20 mm. ELASMOBRANCHIL Fig. 1.—Heptranchias primigenius (Agassiz). '1-2, Allowaystown (Yar- row); 3-7, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). All of my examples agree largely with Agassiz's figures 16 and 171. Eastman considers Hi plectrodon Cope identical2. Formation and locality. This species was originally found in the State in Cumberland County, in Miocene beds. Known only from detached teeth. My examples are 4 teeth from Mon- mouth County (W. Cleburne) without formation, though pos- sibly Eocene; 2 teeth from the Miocene [Eocene? K], of Shark River in Monmouth County (T. A. Conrad) ; and 3 teeth from Allowaystown, Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), without for- mation. Genus XIPHODOLAMIA Leidy. Xiphodolamia Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 252. Type Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, monotypic. Xiphodontolamia Leidy, 1. c, nom. orig. s. Foss., Ill, 1843, p. 218, PI. 27, figs. 6-8, 13-17, (4-5 doubtful). Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 78. 26 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Teeth awl-shaped, rather sigmoid, without any basal cusps, roots unequal or nearly equal and approximated. Originally this genus was thought to be of uncertain relation. Woodward has suggested its relation with Heptranchias, point- ing out that the teeth are apparently referable to the symphysis of the upper jaw of that genus1. Provisionally, at least, I retain it as distinct. Xiphodoi^amia ensis Leidy. Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 252, PL 34, figs. 25-30. Vincentown, Monmouth County, Burlington County, Allowaystoivn, N. J. Teeth slender, compressed laterally. Crown smooth, usually sigmoid, sabre-like in form, front edge sharp and hind border obtuse. Outer surface flat, inner convex. Cutting-edge entire. Apex erect, slender, sharp-pointed. No cusps. Root with both sides apparently approximated, so that ends are directed ob- liquely and parallel, and these sometimes nearly equal. Outer 8 Fig. 2.—Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy. 1, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 2-5, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 6, Burlington Co. (Abbott) ; 7-8, Vincentown (Bryan). surface depressed or concave, and inner bulging convexly, though inferiorly, inner surface also slopes down flattened. Length 28 mm. This species is known only from the above described paratypes. Formation and locality. I have examined Leidy's paratypes, doubtfully ascribed to the Cretaceous? of New Jersey. They 1 Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1899, p. 168. EUASMOBRANCHII. 27 are 4 teeth from Monmiouth County (P. D. Knieskern) ; 4 from' Vincentown [The Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan) ; 1 from Burlington County (C. C. Abbott) ; 1 from Allowaystown, in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow). Orig- inally there were 12 specimens in the Bryan collection, but I have only examined 4. Order ASTEROSPONDYLL THE TYPICAL SHARKS. Vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural arch and one centrum. Vertebrae each with internal cal- careous lamellae radiating fromi central ring. Gill-openings 5. Dorsal fins 2. Anal fin present. This order includes the greater number of living sharks. Sub-Order PROARTHRI. THE CESTRACIONT SHARKS. Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus articulated to preo>rbital part of skull. Dorsal fins 2, well de- veloped, each with a large spine. Usually three families are embraced in this group, all repre- sented by fossil forms, and only one, the Heterodontidce, is found living, with a few species in the Indo-Pacific. Family HETERODOiNTlDyE. THE BULL-HEAD SHARKS. Body robust ins front. Head high, thick. Mouth small, nar- row, 7 upper lip lobes and fold on lower lip. Teeth alike in jaws, small afnd obtuse in front, large and mlolar behind. Nostrils confluent with mouth. Gills 5. Spiracles small. Two dorsals, strong spine on each. Caudal tip notched usually. Oviparous, egg-cases spiral. Genera 15, all represented by extinct forms with Heterodontus still existing. 28 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Genus ACRODUS Buckland. Acrodus Buckland, Geol. Mineral, Ed. 2, II, 1837., p. 47. Type Acrodus nobilis Buckland, monotypic. Thectodus Meyer and Plieninger, Beitr. Pal. Wiirttemb., 1844, p. 116. Type Thectodus crenatus Meyer and Plieninger, first species. Teeth conic, non-cuspidate, crown mostly striated, with one principal elevation, and one or more lateral prominences in either side diminishing outwards. Root much or moderately depressed. S'ymphyseal teeth few, relatively large. Notochord persistent. Two large hooked-shaped semi-barbed dermal spines immediately after each eye. Shagreen sparse, consisting of small, conical, ra- diately-grooved tubercles, sometimes fused into groups of three. Dorsal fin-spines longitudinally ridged and grooved, ridges not denticulated, and two posterior longitudinal series of denticles, not marginal, but placed together mesially. Anterior dorsal spine longer and more slender than posterior. This genus is closely related to Hybodus Agassiz, and differs only in the rounded and non-cuspidate character of its teeth. The dorsal fin-spines are also scarcely to be distinguished from those assigned to the same, their determination being based on their association and stratigraphical order. Altogether, possibly 55 species may be referred to this genus. Acrodus humjxis Leidy. Acrodus humilis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 163. Lime- stone from New Jersey cretaceous. Leidy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, pp. 300, 352, PI. yj, fig. 5 (type). Tooth depressed. Crown smooth, evenly convex over its entire upper surface, greatest width not quite one-third its length, ends rather angular, and long edges broadly projecting over narrow base, with under surfaces nearly level or but slightly inclined. Upper surface of crown, though with smooth aspect, shows retic- ulations, which, though rather coarse along median axis soon become smaller, and along edges are very minute. Base width about one-half that of crown, with ridge anteriorly and groove ElvASMOBRANCHIL 29 posteriorly along longitudinal surfaces, former not very high and latter shallow. Lower surface of base flat. Length (width) 16 mm. Fig. 3.—Acrodus humilis Leidy. ' (Type.) 1, upper view; 2, lateral view; 3, end view; 4, enlarged 4x. Formation and locality. I have examined only the above ex- ample, the type ascribed to the "limestone from the New Jersey cretaceous," from Vincentown, in Burlington County [The Vin- centown formation, K]. Sub-Order GALEI. THE TRUE SHARKS. Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with skull. Dtorsal fins 2, well developed, each without spine. This group contains the greater number of existing and fossil families of sharks. Family GINGLYMOSTOMID^E. THE NURSE SHARKS. Eyes very small. Upper and lower lips developed, latter not extending across symphysis. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Nasal valves at both sides form one quadrangular flap before mouth, and each provided with a free cylindrical cirrus. Spiracle 30 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. minute behind eye. First dorsal above or after ventral, second opposite and somewhat before anal. Tail most abruptly bent up at base. Large sharks of warm seas, referred to two genera. Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA Miiller and Henle. Ginglymostoma Miiller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 396. (No species given.) Type Squalus cirratus Gmelin, virtually designated by Bonaparte, Nuov. An. Soc. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838, p. 212. Plicodus Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, III, 1874, p. 301. Type Plicodus thielensis Winkler, monotypic. Acrodobatis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, P- 250. Type Acrodobatis serra Leidy, first species, designated by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 310. Acrodontobatis Leidy, 1. c, nom. orig. Many series of teeth in jaws, each with a strong median cusp and one or two small basal cusps each side. Second dorsal nearly opposite anal. Tail about one-half rest of body. About seven extinct and two existing species are known. Gingi,ymostoma OBUQUUM (Leidy). Acrodobatis obliquum Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 250, PI. 34, fig. 14. * Marl of Monmouth Co., N. J. Crown wider than high and base extended downward at mid- dle in a rounded prominence, and backward posteriorly in a similar prominence. Summit arises in a tapering point, and lateral acute borders show seven denticles successively decreasing in size. Outer side presents two larger denticles succeeded by Fig. 4.—Ginglymostoma obliquum (Leidy). (From Leidy.) four minute ones. Inner acute border of crown long, convex in its course from base of main point. Length 7 mm. (From Leidy.) EUASMOBRAiNCHII. 31 though L,eidy expressly states that the type of this species, a tooth only %. of an inch long, was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Knieskern, I have not located it among the collections. Leidy points out that it differs from Ginglyinostoma serra in having the main point oi the crown inclined to one side. Formation and locality. Known only from the Eocene of New Jersey. Family LAMNIDJE. THE MACKEREL SHARKS. Body stout. Mouth wide. Teeth large, sharp. Gill-openings wide, all before pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under throat. Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal large. Second dorsal and anal very small. T!ail slender. Caudal lunate, both lobes not very unequal and upper strongly bent upward. Caudal peduncle with strong lateral keel on each side. Pit at caudal root. Pectorals large. Ventrals moderate. Large, fierce! sharks in all seas, referred to eight or nine genera, of which three still persist to the present timie. The muscular system and dentition reaches its greatest degree of specialization known among sharks in this family. Genus ISURUS Rafinesque. Isurus Rafinesque, Car. Nuov. Gen. Sicil., 1810, p. 11. Type Isurus oxyrin- chus Rafinesque, monotypic. Oxyrhina Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1836, pp. 87, 276. Type Lamna oxyrhina Valenciennes, monotypic. Oxyrrhina, auct. Isuropsis Gill, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 398, 408. Type Oxyrhina glauca Miiller and Henle, designated. Anotodus LeHon, Prel. Mlem. Poiss. Tert. Belg., 1871, p. 8. Type Anat- odus agassizii LeHon, monotypic. . Body mackerel or tunny-like, caudal peduncle slender. Snout rather long, pointed. Teeth long, lanceolate, cutting-edges sharp and entire, and no basal cusps. First dorsal large, entirely be- hind pectoral, or nearly midway between latter and ventral. Second dorsal and anal very small. Pectoral large. 32 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. About three existing1 and 39 fossil species have been referred to this genus. Isurus desorii (Agassiz). Oxyrhina minutus (nee Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Anterior teeth narrow, robust, much elevated and thick. Crown slightly curved inwards towards apex. Outer coronal surface more or less flattened, and inner well convex. Apex scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges entire. No basal cusps. Root thick, concave or flattened on outer surface, inner face with large, pronounced, bulging or convex surface, and each end a long divergent branch, often unequal and acute. Lateral teeth more compressed, root shorter and with more diverging ends, crown narrow, apex scarcely deflected, and usually entire cutting-edges gradually divergent to ends of base. Length varies to 54 mm. According to Woodward this species differs from the existing Isurus oxyrinchus only in the less curvature of the lateral teeth. From worn and fragmentary examples of Lainna elegans, in which the inner coronal striae seem to be obliterated, I cannot distinguish some material positively. Frequently the teeth of IsWus are more or less depressed basally on their inner surfaces. It is also almost impossible to* distinguish the teeth of Lamna cuspidata, and no doubt a number of the teeth of the present species may be listed under that name. This form is known only from the detached teeth. Formation and locality. A number of examples in the collec- tions of the Academy from the Cretaceous marls, all without beds indicated, are: 1 tooth from "New Jersey" (E. D. Cope), 2 teeth from Deal [probably from Manasquan marl, K.] (Breed), 1 from Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott) and 8 more from the same region (W. Cleburne), 3 from Burlington County (T. A. Conrad), 5 from Vincentown [Manasquan marl or Vincentown limesand, K.] (T. M. Bryan), 2 from 5 miles from Muilica Hill (Abbott) and 1 from the latter locality [Nave- sink-Hornerstown marl, K.] (J. Da Costa) and 7 from Allo- waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow). EUASMOBRANCHII. 3 33 Fig. 5.—Isurus desorii (Agassiz). 1-22, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas); 22, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 23, Vincentown (Bryan); 24, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 25-26, Mullica Hill (Da Costa) ; 27, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). 3 34 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 6.—Isurns desorii (Agassiz). 1-13, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; 14, Deal (Breed) ; 15-17, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 18-19, Monmouth Co. (Abbott) ; 20-24, Vincentown (Bryan). ELASMOBRAiNCHIl. 35 Abbott's Monmouth County example is more compressed at the crown than the other examples. It also has flaring trenchant edges, and its inner face basally is swollen. His Mullica Hill examples agree largely with Da Costa's, which, in turn, differ from Maryland Miocene examples1 in the slightly deflected crown, the latter more convex on its inner surface. The present species does not seem to have been recorded pre- viously from New Jersey, except if confused with Isurus min- utus, as contended by Eastman. In the Geological Survey collection I have examined 2 teeth without data, and 34 from Shiloh in Cumberland County (E. Dlavis) [from- the so-called Shiloh marl of the Kirkwood (Mio- cene) formation, K.], probably belonging to this species. Isurus hastaus (Agassiz). Oxyrhina xiphodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (Cumberland Co. Miocene). Anterior teeth broad, thin, compressed, widely triangular. Crown slightly ouirved outward towards apex. Outer coronal surface flat or slightly concave, rarely with basal vertical wrin- kles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex. Apex usually deflected a little laterally. Cutting-edges entire. Some- times an obselete broad short convex basal cusp at one or each side of base. Root short, with usually blunt obtuse edges, outer surface flattened or slightly concave, inner surface moderately convex, and lower profile a little emarginated. Lateral teeth with coronal edges gradually curving to ends of base, and apex often slightly deflected externally. Length reaches 47 mm. This species is known only from its detached teeth, usually to be identified by their broad and thin appearance. Woodward says it is almost impossible to distinguish many of the postero- lateral teeth from those of Isurus. desorii and the existing Isurus oxyrinchus. He suggests Otodus apiculatus Agassiz, with a rudimentary lateral denticle as a synonym. The present species does not seem to be very numerous among New Jersey fossils. 1 Oxyrhina desorii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 142. CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 7.—Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). 1-2, Vincentown (Bryan), and others from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). ELASMOBRAN CHIL 37 Fig. 8.—Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). 38 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Formation and locality. I have 7 teeth from the marls [Man- asquan formation, K.] at Vincentown (T. M. Bryan), also 2 from! Delaware (P. Uhler). ISURUS ACUMINATUS (Mblton). ; Squalus sp. Morton.. Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 3i» PI- n,' %• 11. New Jersey. Lamma acuminata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, PI. 11, fig. 4. No locality. Lamma mantelli (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Jourrf. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835. p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Teeth moderately robust, compressed, and vary from widely angular to acuminate. Crown slightly curved out toward apex. Outer coronal surface mostly flattened, sometimes a few vertical basal wrinkles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex. Apex usually deflected slightly to one side. Cutting-edges entire. Sometimes a low, obsolete, broad, basal cusp at one or each side of base, variable. Root short, with usually obtuse edges, outer surface flattened or concave, inner surface moderately convex, and lower profile a little emarginated. Anterior teeth compara- tively wide, with only a gentle curved crown, and lateral teeth with root much broader than crown, thus forming1 a sudden basal expansion behind and often anteriorly. Length reaches 40 mm. Known only from detached teeth. Although this species is usually known by the specific name mantelli, Agassiz's name acu- minata occurs first on the same page in Morton's work. Mor- ton's figure is rather incomplete, though it shows a basal cusp. His figure of mantelli, though also crude, represents a much larger tooth, and is probably the same as the one Agassiz pub- lishes later. Formation and locality. The following examples appear to belong to this species, most all evidently from the Cretaceous marls. They are: 5 imperfect teeth from "New Jersey" (C. C. Abbott), 2 from the same (Burtt), 10 from Monmouth County (W. Cleburne), 1 from the same without donor, 1 from the same (P. D. Knieskern), 5 from the Miocene formation of ELiASMOBRANCHII. 3 39 Fig. g.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). 1-2, New Jersey (Abbott) : 3, Deal; 4-6, Shark River (Conrad); 7, Long Branch; 8-16, Monmouth Co. (Cle- burne); 17, Monmouth Co. (Breed); 18-19, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 20, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 21-21, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; (23-24 are Isurus desorii) 25-26, Allowaystown (Yarrow). CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. io.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). I, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3, Bridgeton (H. B. Abbott) ; 4, Burlington Co. (Conrad); *5-6, Vincentown (Dick). Shark River (T. A. Conrad), 1 from Deal [Manasquan or Shark River formations, probably the former, K.] and 3 from Long Branch [Hornerstown ? K.], all without donor, 2 from Burling- ton County (T. A. Conrad), 2 from Vincentown [Manasquan formation, K.] (T. A. Bryan), 2 from Mullica Hill [Navesink marl ? K.] in Gloucester County (C. C. Abbott), 2 from Allo- waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), and 1 from the Miocene of Cumberland County along the "Bridgeton Pike" (C. C.Abbott). Isurus silumanii (Gibbes). Oxyrhina minutus (nee Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Teeth moderately compressed, rather thin, and formed as a moderate isoceles triangle. Crown variably curved slightly out- ward, or inwards toward apex. Outer coronal surface flattened or slightly convex, inner surface flattened or slightly convex, and latter without basal vertical folds. Apex deflected, sometimes strongly so, to one side. Cutting-edges entire. Usually at base on either or each side one or two obsolete broad cusps, low, and their edges also entire. Roots short or moderate, outer surface flattened or slightly concave, inner surface bulging in prominent convexity, and lower profile forming a moderate emarginate blunt angle. Ends of roots deep, though not produced. Reaches a length of 34 mm. This description from 24 examples from the Calvert formation of Charles County, Md., in the Miocene. ELASMOBRANCHIL Fig. 11.—Isurus sillimanii (Gibbes). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) 42 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. I have included this species entirely on the authority of Dr. Eastman,1 who says that Cope partly, at least, determined ap- parently young examples of the present species as Oxyrhina minutus. The former also states that Cope's determination is further practically incorrect, and that some are Isurus* desorii and others Eulamia. Formation and locality. Cope's material was from the Mio- cene of Cumberland County. ISURUS SP. Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geo'l. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II. 1875, p. 296. (Greensand No. 4.) A species with flat but narrower crown than the last [Oxyrhina extenta Leidy], and with perfectly smooth cementum, the base of the latter being serrulate in the convex side of the crown. No denticles. Crown with a lateral curvature. (From Cope.) Formation and locality. Common in the "greensand, No. 4, New Jersey," according to Cope, though I have no examples. ISURUS SP. Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, P- 29&- (Greensand No. 4.) With crown flatter and broader than the last; frequently oblique, but not curved, and not infrequently with lateral den- ticles. Cementum smooth, except a short distance from the base on the convex side striate-grooved. (From Cope.) Formation and locality. Common in the "greensand, N01. 4, New Jersey," according to Cope. It seems possible this may be- long with Lanma elegans, representing its short posterior teeth. Genus LAMNA Cuvier. Lamna Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1817, p. 126. Type Squalus cornubicus Gmelin, restricted by Gill, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 32. Lamia Risso, H. N. Eur. Merid., Ill, 1826, p. 123. Type Squalus cornubicus Gmelin, monotype. (Preoccupied in insects.) Selanonius Fleming, Brit. An., 1828, p. 169. Type Squalus selanoneus Walker, monotype. 1 Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 81. ELASMOtBRANCHII. 43 Body short, stout, back somewhat elevated. Snout prominent, pointed. Teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each with one small basal cusp on each side, though cusps sometimes obsolete on some teeth in young. Gill-openings wide. First dorsal and pec- toral fins somewhat falcate, former close behind pectoral bases. Second dorsal and anal very small, nearly opposite one another. Large fierce sharks in most cool seas, to which three existing species and about 34 extinct have been referred. Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. Lamna cuspidata Leidy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 166. (Prob- ably New Jersey Cretaceous.) Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Lamna denticulata Cope 1. c. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Anterior teeth usually long, slender, compressed and moder- ately triangular, scarcely sigmoid in character. Crown usually slender, subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner coronal face usually well convex, sometimes little flattened medianly, and entirely smooth. Apex erect or variously de- flected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire. Usually one, sometimes two, small acute basal cusps on one or each side. Root large, outer face concavely depressed, and inner convexly bulging till very pronounced, the convexity usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between branches usually well marked. Lateral teeth broader, shorter, especially crowns, which are often well de- flected, wider angle between branches of base and basal cusps varying quite broad. Length reaches 43 mm. This is a very common fossil in the New Jersey marls and I have examined many teeth. This species is known only from detached teeth, scarcely distinguishable }n many instances from those of Isurns acuminatus. The teeth may also be confused, with those of other related sharks, though they do not appear to reach quite so large a size as the well-marked hcmina elegans. From Isurus desorii it may often be distinguished by the pres- CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH Fig. 12.—Lamna cuspidate Agassiz. i, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 2-3, Pemberton (Budd); 4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5, Vincentown (Bryan); 6-7, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 8, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 9-13, Burlington Co. (Budd); 14-15, Bur- lington Co. (Conrad); 16-21, Pemberton (Budd); 22-23, Allowav<=tnWn (Yarrow); 24-35, Vincentown (Bryan); *36, Shark R. (A. Shafter). ELASMOBRANCHIL Fig. 13.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-8, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 9, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne and Abbott); 10, Monmouth Co. (Cle- burne); 11-12, Monmouth Co. (Cleburite and Abbott); 13-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 19-20, Burlington Co. (Budd); 21-22, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 23-26, Pemberton (Budd); 27, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 28-40, Vincentown (Bryan). 46 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. 3n i7ii\ «/i\ „ Fig. 14.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1, New Jersey (Cope); 2-3, New Jersey (Abbott); 4-5, New Jersey (Kilvington); 6-8, Shark R. (Conrad); 9-10, Long Branch (Chapman); 11-12, Long Branch; 13-17, Monmouth Co.; 18, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott); 19-22, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 23, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 24-26, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott); 27-28, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 29-33, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott); 34-36, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 37, Burlington Co. (Budd); 38, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 39, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 40, Burlington Co. (Conrad). ELASMOBRANCHIL 47 25 26 Fig. 15.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. i, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 2-4, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-7, Vincentown (Bryan); 8-9, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 10-13, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 14, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 15, Vincentown (Bryan); 16, Pemberton (Budd); 17-19, Vincentown (Bryan); 20-21, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 22, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 23, Vincentown (Bryan) ; *24, Farmingdale (Johnson) ; ^25-26, Farmingdale. ence of small pointed basal cusps. Some of the specimens listed below may belong really to Isurus desorii, I. acuminatus, or others. Formation and locality. The following teeth, none of which have the formation given, are in the collection of the Academy: 48 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. From "New Jersey" 3 (E. D. Cope), 8 (C. C. Abbott), 3 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 40 without donor, 18 (Knieskern), 178 (W. Cleburne), 1 (Abbott), 95 (Ab- bott and Knieskern) ; Farmingdale 2 (H. A. Pilsbry); Shark River 5 without donor and 26 (T. A. Conrad) ; Long Branch 20 without donor and 3 (H. C. Chapman) ; Burlington County 99 (Conrad) and 21 (C. Budd) ; Pemberton 31 (Budd) ; Vin- centown 127 (T. A. Bryan) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 13 (H. C. Yarrow). [The geological horizons from which these came. are probably as follows: Farmingdale, the Manasquan marl; Shark River, the Shark River marl (Eocene), perhaps the Manasquan marl; Long Branch, the Hornerstown or Man- asquan; Pemberton, Manasquan; Vincentown, Manasquan marl, less probably the Vincentown limesand; Allowaystown, the Kirk- wood (Miocene) K.] In the collection of the Geological Survey I have found the following teeth: From the upper marl of Shark River [Eocene, K.] 8 (A. Shatter's pits), the upper marl [Manas- quan, ? K.] of Farmingdale 1 (Johnson's pits). Manasquan marl, 1 mile south of Farmingdale, 9 fragmentary crowns with- out basal cusps, probably 7 teeth from Shiloh [Miocene, K.] (E. Davis), 1 from top of the Red Bank sand at Hornerstown, 104 from Monmouth County (Knieskern), and 5 without data. Lamna Agassiz. Lamna elegans Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nati Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 166. (New Jersey Cretaceous.) Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed and moderately tri- angular, scarcely sigmoidal in profile. Crown usually slender, subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner coronal surface usually well convex, sometimes little flattened in middle, and marked with very many fine, delicate parallel vertical striae. Apex erect or variously deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, en- tire. Usually one, sometimes two, small acute basal cusps in one ELASMOBRANCHII. 49 Fig. i6—Lamna elegans Agassiz. 1-3, Deal; 4-6, Monmouth Co.; others irom Vincentown (Bryan). 4 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 17.—Lamna elegans Agassiz. 1, New Jersey (Cope) ; 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3, Pemberton (Budd) ; 4-6, Vincentown (Slack) ; 7-12, Vincentown (Bryan). or each side. Root large, outer face concavely depressed, and inner convexly bulging till very pronounced, the convexity usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between branches usually well marked. Lateral teeth with lower crowns, often well deflected, wider angle between branches of root and basal cusps varying till quite broad. Length to 65 mm. This well-marked species is easily distinguished, when not worn, from the other species of the genus by the fine vertical striae in the inner coronal surface. It is quite variable, and in the variation of form closely resembles Lamma cuspidata. ELASMQBRANCHII. Formation and locality. The following teeth are all from the Cretaceous and Eocene marls, without formation: New Jersey 5 (C. C. Abbott), 2 (E. D. Cope); Monmouth County 15 with- out donor, 68 (J. H. Slack, J. Parke, J. H. Powell, Jr., and Ab- bott), 17 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (Knieskern and Abbott) ; Deal 84 no donor; l*ong Branch 11 no donor, 14 (H. C. Chapman) ; Shark River 1 (T. A. Conrad) and 3 (Knieskern) ; Farming- dale 6 (H. A. Pilsbry) ; Burlington County 10 (Conrad) and 8 (C. Budd); Pemberton 33 (Budd); Vincentown 188 (T. A. Bryan); Medford 1 (L. Woolman) ; Mullica Hill 1 (W. M. Gabb); Bridgeton 5 (Budd) and 1 (C. B. Barrett). The last are evidently Miocene. In the Geological Survey collection I have examined the fol- lowing teeth: From the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile southeast of Cranford's Corner 4 (J. Longstreet's pit), Man- asquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 11 mostly fragmentary, Shiloh [Miocene, K.] 4 (E. Davis), Woodbuiry clay east of Matawan 3 (D. Farry's brickyards), middle marl [Manasquan, ? K.] at Riddleton 2 (Hackett's pits), upper marl [Manasquan, K.] at Poplar 7, and 4 without data. [The geological range of these specimens is from the Wood- bury clay, Cretaceous, into the Miocene, K.] Lamna mudgei Cope. Lamna mudgei Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II. 1875, P- 297> PI. 42, figs. 11-12. Niobara epoch of Kansas. Greensand No. 4, of New Jersey. Indicated by three teeth from' the Niobara epoch of Kansas, and one from1 the greensand, "No. 4," of New Jersey. These teeth are rather stout, especially at the base, and the crown not Fig. 18.—Lamna mudgei Cope. (From Cope.) CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. very elongate. The root is excessively protuberant, projecting horizontally beyond the convex side, and flat or truncate below the protuberance. The enamel is entirely smooth. Measure- ments of the New Jersey specimen: Length of crown, 14 mm.; diameter of base, longitudinal, 4 mm.; transverse, 7 mm.; long diameter of roots at basis of crown, 8 mm. (From Cope.) The above description seems to be all that is known of this species in New Jersey. Formation and locality. As given above, these fossils are Cre- taceous. Lamna texana Roemer. Lamna sp. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872. p. 166. (New Jersey Cretaceous.) Lamna texana Leidy, Rep. U. S. Gepl. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, p. 304, PI. 18, figs. 46-47. (Clay near Haddonfield, in Camden Co., and Cre- taceous greensand of Mullica Hill, in Gloucester Co.) Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 296. (Greensand No. 4 of New Jersey.) Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed, scarcely sigmoid in profile. Crown slender, moderately thickened, erect. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, and smooth. Inner coronal surface convex, sometimes little depressed basally, and marked at least over greater extent basally with prominent vertical striae. These striae more sparse than in related species. Apex erect, scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire. No basal cusps. Root large, outer surface concavely depressed, and inner bulging in prominent convexity, usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between usually well marked. Length reaches 48 mm. '¦ Leidy first notices the two teeth ascribed to this species from clay near Haddonfield, which he found with a skeleton of Hadro- saurus foulkii and shells of Bxogyra costata, Ammonites pla- centa, etc. This species is only known from detached teeth, and may be distinguished from Lamna elegans by the coarser striae on the outer coronal surface. Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous. I have 26 teeth from Mullica Hill [Navesink-£fornerstown marl, K.] f ELASMOBRANCHIL 53 Fig. 19.—Lamna texana Roemer. 1-2, Pemberton (Budd) ; 3-4, Vincen- town (Bryan); 5-8, Haddonfield; 9, Mullica Hill (Gabb). (W. M. Gabb), 2 from Haddonfield [Woodbury clay K.] (J. L-eidy), 1 from Vincentown [the Manasquan ? marl, K.] (T. M. Bryan) and 1 from Pemberton [Manasquan marl K.] (C. Budd). Genus OTODUS Agassiz. Otodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, pp. 266, 307. Type Otodus obliquus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 304. A provisional genus, embracing species evidently of large size, and known only from the teeth, which are large, thickened, though somewhat compressed, elongately triangular, with sharp- ened and entire cutting-edges, and 1 or 2 rather large cusps each side basally. Roots also large and thickened. 54 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. All the species, of which about 38 have been described, are ex- tinct. Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. Otodus appendiculatus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199. (New Jersey Greensand.) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Green- sand No. 5, N. J.) Teeth robust, thickened and moderately compressed. Coronal surface slightly compressed, usually low or but moderately at- tenuated and sharply pointed. Outer face usually more or less flattened, or but slightly convex and smooth, sometimes a little concave basally, but without any vertical wrinkles. Inner coronal face usually well convex, rather prominently so basally, and smooth. Apex slightly deflected or erect. Cutting-edges trench- ant, sharp, entire. Usually one large basal cusp on one or each side, sometimes two. These cusps vary from broad till quite slender, and are always sharply pointed and with entire cutting- edges. Root robust, thick, outer face usually flattened and inner face swelling in ai large convexity. In profile lower margin vary- ing rather widely crescentic, and ends sometimes flaring a little- Length to 36 mta This species seems to differ from Otodus lance olatus chiefly in its smaller size. According to Woodward the anterior teeth are erect and slender, and the lateral teeth well inclined back, their front edges being more arcuate and longer than the hind ones. He further says that the thick root has the nutrative foramen not in a groove, and the outer coronal face has often a few indefinite vertical folds on its basal half. Formation and locality. I have examined a number of de- tached teeth from' the Cretaceous formations. They are: "New Jersey" 2 (T. A. Conrad), 1 (Burtt), 2 (W. M. Gabb), 1 with- out donor, 3 (C. C. Abbott); Monmouth County 1 (W. Cleburne), 3 (P. D. Knieskern and Cleburne), 3 (Abbott);: Shark River 1 (Knieskern) ; Long Branch 4 (H. C. Chapman) ;: Burlington County 4 (C. Budd) ; Crosswicks 1 (Conrad); Vin- ELASMOBRANGHII. Fig. 20.—Otodus appendiculattis Agassiz. 1-4, L^ng Branch (Chapman); 5, New Jersey (Burtt); 6-7, Blackwoodtown (Collins); 8, New Jersey (Conrad); 9-10, New Jersey (Gabb); 11, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 12, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 13-14, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 15-18, near Long Branch (Chapman); 19, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 20, Monmouth Co.; 21-22, New Jersey (Conrad); 23-38, Vincentown (Bryan). CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. 13 Fig. 2i.—Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. 1-2, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas); 3, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 4, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 5-7, Burlington Co. (Budd) ; 8, Shark R. (Knieskern) ; 9, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 10, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern and Cleburne); *n, no data; 12, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Cleburne) ; 13-15, Vincentown (Bryan) ; *i6, near Craw- ford's Corner; *I7, Shark R.; *i8, one mile southwest of Farmingdale. centown 25 (T. M. Bryan); Blackwoodstown in Camden County 2 (W. Collins) ; Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3 (Abbott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yarrow). In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following teeth: Marl at Shark River 1, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 2, somewhat fragmentary; Monmouth County 12 (Knieskern), and middle marl (Manasquan) at Riddleton 2 frag- ments (Hackett's pits). [From' the above enumeration of localities the fragments of specimens apparently have been derived from the Merchantville or Woodbury clay (Crosswicks), Nave- sink marl (Mullica Hill), Navesink-Hornerstown marl (Black- wood and Riddleton), Manasquan marl (Farmingdale) and the Miocene (Allowaystown) K.] ELASMOBRANCHIL Otodus levis Gibbes. 57 Otodus levis Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199, PI. 26, fig. 141 (type). (New Jersey.) • Known only from the record of Gibbes from' within the limits of the State. He says: "I have since seen one in the cabinet of the Academy from New Jersey." I cannot find that his figures Fib. 22.—Otodus levis Gibbes. (From Gibbes.) differ from those I give as Otodus appendiculatus, except that he shows the crown deflected and more elongate. Formation and locality.. This species has been ascribed to the Eocene, but no special locality within the State has been given by Gibbes. It was originally obtained in the same formation of South Carolina. Otodus lanceoi,atus (Morton). Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, P- 31* PI- I1* fig- 5- New Jersey. Lamna lanceolata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, P- 31* PI- n, %• l- Arenaceous beds of New Jersey. Lamna obliqua (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1842, p. 15 (name only, based on preceding). Otodus obliquus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199. figs. 131-137. (New Jersey Eocene casts.) Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 236. (Vin- centown.) > Teeth robust, usually elongated as an isoceles triangle, and rather thick. Coronal surface but slightly compressed, attenuated, i. -i 58 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. sharply pointed, and faces convex in varying degrees, but usually outer less so. Occasionally distinct vertical plications on outer coronal face. Apex usually erect, seldom deflected much. Cut- ting-edges mostly entire, or only occasionally in small examples, with a few obsolete serrations near base. Usually one cusp basally on each side, often large, and edges entire. Rarely still a second smaller basal external cusp. Root robust, thick, outer face usually flattened, and inner face swelling in a large con- vexity. In profile lower margin of root emarginated to cres- centic, and ends not much produced. Teeth reach 84 mm. in length. This appears to be rather variable. Some writers think cer- tain teeth ascribed to> it may belong to Carcharodon, as in rare in- stances their edges show the faint serrations alluded to above. Though known only from detached teeth, this species would evi- dently have obtained some size, being very likely an all-sufficient predatory monster. The teeth are among the most abundant of all the sharks' teeth found in the fossil beds in the State. Un- fortunately Morton's hamna lanceolata is the oldest name avail- able for this species, having virtually several years priority over the familiar Otodus obliqwus Agassiz. Formation and locality. I have examined many series of speci- mens in the collections of the Academy, most of which are with- out detailed data. New Jersey 5 (Burtt), 1 (C. Budd), 1 (J. P. Wetherill), 1 (B. Coates), 14 (C. C. Abbott), 5 (E. D. Cope); Monmouth County 12 (J. H. Slack, J. Parke, J. H. Powell, Jr., Abbott), 1 (Powell), 1 (Abbott), 2 (Slack), 15 (W. Cleburne), 1 (Burtt); Farmingdale 12 (H. A. Pilsbry in 1892) ; Shark River 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Long Branch 1, no donor, 1 (H. C. Chapman); Biuriington County 3 (C. Budd), 39 (T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 84 (T. M. Bryan), 21 (Bryan on May 4th, 1875) from greensand, 1 (G. Bryan), 1 (C. B. Bar- rett); Pemberton 7 (C. Budd); Pointville 2 (W. F. Atlee in December, 1863); Fostertown 1 (H. N. Potts); Medford 6 (L,. Woolman) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yar- row) . In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following: Monmouth County 2 (P. D. Knieskern), upper marl of Far- \ i. -i Fig. 23.—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1, New Jersey (Wetherill) ; 2, New Jersey ( (Wetherill) ; 8-9, Pemberton (Budd) ; ¦ill) ; 2, New Jersey (Coates) ; 3-5, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 6-7, Burlington Co. , Pemberton (Budd) ; 10-21, Vincentown (Bryan). Fig. 24.—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 2, Long Branch; 3, Long Branch (Chapman); 4, Shar 11-32, Vincentown (Bryan); 33, Vine 26 nch (Chapman) ; 4, Shark R. (Knieskern) ; 5, Farmingdale (Pilsbry) ; 6, Burlington Co. (Budd); 7-10 Medford (Woolman;,' town (Bryan); 33, Vincentown (Barrett). • 21 Fig. 25.—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1-4, New Jersey (Cope); (Budd) ; 15-18, Burlington , New Jersey (Cope) ; 5, New Jersey (Abbott) ; 6-7, Monmouth Co. (Slack, etc.) ; 8, Monmouth Co. (Slack) ; 9, Monmouth Id) ; 15-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 19-20, Burlington Co. (Atlee) ; 21-26, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 27-30, Pemberton (Budd) ; 3 \ ^Abbott); 6-7, Monmouth Co. (Slack, etc.); 8, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 9, Monmouth Co.; 10, Monmouth Co. (Burtt) ; 11, M I 9-20, Burlington Co. (Atlee) ; 21-26, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 27-30, Pemberton (Budd) ; 31-34 Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; *35 Sh I : mini ShaS with some Crete (Die ence the Si theO Carchat Car Teet Spiracl way b( very sn very ur Larg the strc braced i larger, j so-callec 19 descr detached Squalus sp and 5. Carcharias 1335, p> Carcharias VIII, U ELASMOlBRANCHIL 59 mingdale 2 (Johnson's pits), upper marl of Shark River 1 (A • Sihafter's pits), Shiloh 16 (E. D'avis), marl of Shark River 1 without donor, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 6, somewhat fragmentary; upper marl at Poplar 1; Vincentown Cretaceous 1 (Dr. Brown); upper marl of Vincentown 1 (Dick's pit), and 14 without data. [The material from the above localities, so far as any refer- ence can be made, apparently came from the Manasquan marl, the Shark River marl and the Shiloh marl, i. e., from the top of the Cretaceous, the Eocene and the Miocene, K.] Genus CARCHARODON Miiller and Henle. Carcharodon (Smith) Miiller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1838, p. 84. Type Carcharodon verus Agassiz, virtually monotypic. Teeth large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, edges serrated. Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal moderate, nearly mid- way between pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal very small. Caudal peduncle rather stout, lobes of lunate fin not very unequal. Pectorals large. Ventrals small. Large pelagic fishes found in most all warm seas and reputed the strongest and most.voracious of all fishes. The fossils em- braced in this genus represent the remains of species many times larger, and thus far more formidable than those existing, or the so-called "man-eaters." It is possibly the sole survivor of about 19 described extinct species, all of which are only known from, detached teeth. Carcharodon auriculatus (Blainville). Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, PI. 12, figs. 3; and 5. New Jersey. Carcharias canceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVTIIr 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on above and impr. err.). Carcharias lanceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila... VIII, 1842, p. 16 (name only, based on above). 60 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. : Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, PI. 12, fig. 4. New Jersey. Carcharias megalotis (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Carcharodon acutidens Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1848, p. 146, figs. 39-44. (New Jersey.) Carcharodon angusHdens Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Greensand of No. 5, New Jersey.) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumber- land Co. Miocene.) Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 236. (Vin- centown.) Teeth comparatively narrow, robust, thickened and com- pressed. Coronal surface variably convex, though outer usually slightly more or less flattened. Apex often decidedly acuminate and deflected to one side. Cutting-edges usually coarsely ser- rated, the serrse often individually variable, and always gradu- ated small towards tip of apex. Usually a broad basal cusp on each side, sometimes a second, and serrations in its cutting-edge usually enlarged. Tips of most all serratures rounded. Root variable, usually robust, outer face flattened concavely, and inner face often swelling in a large median bulge. In profile lower margin of root often evenly emarginate to crescentic, though ends not especially produced. Teeth reach 112 mm. This is quite variable and shows many variations in the teeth. Some examples from the Maryland Miocene and others from Monmouth County, N. J., approach Carcharodon poly gurus, but have the basal lateral cusps but slightly differentiated. Besides detached teeth this species is known from two nearly complete skeletons from near Antwerp in Belgium. Formation'and locality. I have examined a series of examples from the State now in the Academy, all detached teeth. Mon- mouth County 10 (P. D. Knieskern), 1 (Grier), 1 (C. C. Ab- bott); Deal 2 (C. Breed), 4 (W. G. Budd) ; Shark River 1 without donor, 3 (Knieskern), 2 from the Miocene (T. A. Con- rad) ; Long Branch 2. (H. C. Chapman) ; Farmingdale (H. A. Pilsbry in 1892) ; Trenton Falls [Tinton Falls ? K.] (Abbott) ; Burlington County 1 (Abbott), 16 (Conrad), 7 (C. Budd), 2 (J. P. Wetherill), 4 (E. Hallowell) ; Pemberton 3 (C. Budd), 1 (T. M. Bryan); Vincentown 17 (C. B. Barrett), from the M Fig. 26.—Car char od on aiiriculaius (Blainville1). 1 21 tus (Blainville;). i, New Jersey (Wetherill) ; 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3, Monmouth Co. (Grier) )• i. New Jersey (Wetherill); 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3, Monmouth Co. (Grier) ; 4, S uth Co. (Grier); 4, Shark R.; 5, Burlington Co. (Hallowell); 6, Burlington Co. (Wetherill) ; 7, Burlington, bott) ; 8, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 9-13, Pemberton (Budd) ; 14-29, Vincento\[ A <\ m Co. (Abbott): 8, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 9-13, Pemberton (Budd) ; 14-29, Vii (Budd) ; 14-29, Vincentown, Burlington Co. (Hallowell) ; 30, Cumberland Cc. ELASMOCBRANCHIL 61 greensand 115 (Bryan); Mullica Hill in Gloucester County >i (Abbott) ; Cumberland County 1 (T. B. Gillette). The follow- ing labeled simply "New Jersey" are: 1 (Coates), 1 (Budd), 1 (Wetherill), 2 (Chaloner), 3 (Abbott), 1 (W.Cle- burne), 4 without donor. In the Geological Survey collection are the following teeth: Monmouth County 6 (Knieskern) ; Shiloh 9 (E. Davis) ; Vin- centown Cretaceous 2 (Dr. Brown), and 3 without data. [The formations apparently represented are* the Navesink-Horners- town bed, the Manasquan marl, Shark River marl and the Shiloh marl, i. e.3 Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene beds, K.] Carcharodon poi,ygurus (Morton). Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, PI. 12, fig. 2. "Found in both the arenaceous and calcareous strata" [the former evi- dently with reference to New Jersey]. Carcharias poly gurus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., X^llII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Carcharodon megalodon Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Teeth comparatively broad, compressed and not especially thick. Coronal surface moderately convex, outer somewhat flat- tened. Apex slightly deflected to one side. Cutting-edges ser- rated, more distinct mostly in smaller examples, and then small. No basal cusps. Tips of serratures rounded. Root compressed, outer face flattened, and inner face rather evenly though usually moderately convex. In profile lower margin of root forms emar- gination often at an obtuse angle, or moderately crescentic. Ends of roots us-uially compressed and about as broad as rest of basal portion. Teeth range from 40 to 133 mm. in length. This species seems to be known only from the large detached teeth. These are often with their edges so worn that the mar- ginal serrse appear obsolete or in some cases to be absent. Prob- ably the largest of all fishes, it having been estimated to have reached a length of over twice that of the largest known existing fish, Cetorhinm maximum, or nearly three times that of its nearest existing relative, Carcharodon carcharias. Bowerbank estimated the length of Carcharodon megalodon to be about 87 62 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. feet 7 inches. Its distribution through most all Tertiary seas must have rendered incessant the butchery of the majority of other acquatic animals. Smaller teeth of this species from the Maryland Miocene have their edges finely serrated, one showing- traces of an imperfect or very obsolete basal cusp. Altogether, except some of Yarrow's examples, the entire series of New Jersey teeth examined differ little from Agassiz's figures, except in having the serrations along the cutting-edges worn. Carcharias polygurus Morton seems to be the oldest available name for this species, and must, therefore, be adopted, C. meg- alodon Charlesworth, the name now widely adopted, not appear- ing until the following year. Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth from the Tertiary marls: Monmouth County i without donor, I (Grier); Shark River 2 (P. D. Knieskern); Burlington County 1 (T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 5 (T. M. Bryan) ; At- lantic City in Atlantic County 1 (E. Lippincott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 3 fragments (H. C. Yarrow) ; "New Jersey" 1 (Spachman), 2 (J. P. Wetherill), 1 (G. Watson) ; "Delaware Bay" 1 (Corse), 1 (C. C. Abbott). I also have seen an example from Delaware (P. Uhler). In the Geological Survey collection are 4 teeth without data. [The formations represented are apparently the Manasquan, Shark River and perhaps the Miocene, K.] Genus CORAX Agassiz. Corax Agassis, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, P- 224- Type Galeus pristodontus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1889, p. 423. Teeth compressed, more or less triangular, usually with dis- tinct marginal serrations. In external form very suggestive of teeth or Sphyrna or Eulamia, but differing in the absence of an internal cavity. An imperfectly definable genus, comprising extinct species of small or moderate size, known only by the teeth. About 11 species have been described. Fig. 27.—Carcharodon polygurus rcharodon poly gurus Morton, i, New Jersey (Spachman) ; 2, New Jersey (Wetherill) ; 3, Delaware Bay (Corse) ; Morton. :, New Jersey (Spadunan) ; 2, New Jersey (Wetherin) . Delaware Bay 0 ; 3, Delaware Bay (Corse) ; 4, Atlantic City (Lippincott); 5-6, New Jersey (Watson) ; 7-8, Monmouth Co. 4 8 (Corse) ; 4( Atlantic City (Lippincott) ; S-6, New Jersey (Watson) ; 7-8, Monmouth Co. (Grier nmouth Co. (Grier). ELASMOBRANCHIL CORAX FALCATUS Agaifsiz1. Galeocerdo falcatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Greensand of New Jersey.) Teeth moderately broad, greatly compressed, and moderately high. Crown moderately oblique to nearly erect, high, smooth, broad and greatly compressed. Outer coronal surface usually flattened or but slightly convex. Inner coronal surface convex. Apex slightly deflected, broad, compressed. Cutting-edges with feeble serrations, or almost smooth. No basal cusps. Root moderately broad, deep, compressed, inner surface depressed or slightly concave and outer surface moderately convex, not bulg- ing much. Lower margin emarginate. Length 20 mm. Fig. 28.—Corax falcatus Agassiz. 1-4, New Jersey (Kilvington) ; 5, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 6, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 7-8, Pemberton (Bryan). This is a smaller species than the next, which it closely re- sembles. Formation and locality. The following from the Cretaceous, without data as to the beds, seem to belong to this species: "New Jersey" 5 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knies- kern) ; Pemberton in Burlington County 2 (T. M. Bryan) ; Mul- lica Hill in Gloucester Coumty 1 (C. C. Abbott). [The forma- tions are probably the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Man- asquan marl, K.] 64 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. | | CORAX PRISTODONTUS (Morton). 5 Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, PI. 11, fig. 6. -\ No locality. Galeus pristodontus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on. above). Galeocerdo pristodontus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 162, fig. 70. (Burlington Cretaceous.) Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Green- sand of No. 5, New Jersey.) Teeth broad, greatly compressed, and nearly wide as high. Crown greatly oblique to sometimes erect, low, and greatly com- pressed. Outer coronal surface usually flattened, or usually con- siderably less convex than inner surface, and sometimes a few " basal vertical wrinkles. Latter with surface evenly convex. Apex often deflected, especially in lateral teeth. Cutting-edges finely and entirely serrated. Basal cusp sometimes present, low, t broad, lateral, variable. Root very broad, deep, usually deeper ] than crown, compressed, surfaces slightly convex or inner flat- .| tened and sloping down below trenchant, so that lower profile is slightly emarginate. Ends of roots blunt, not produced. The lateral teeth seem to differ only in having their apices deflected to one side. Length reaches 30 mm. This species appears closely allied with Corax falcatus, if not scarcely distinguishable by its less inclined lateral teeth and larger size. The example recorded by Cope as Galeocerdo appendicu- latus from the Maryland Miocene agrees largely with figures 16 and 17 of Corax appendiculatus Agassiz. The latter has been suggested by Woodward to be the hinder teeth of either Corax pristodontus or Corax afhnis. Eastman says1 "what species is meant by his citation2 in the same place of the nomen nudum 'Galeocerdo appendiculatus Ag.' cannot now be even conject- ured, as there are no specimens in the collection bearing that designation." Galeocerdo appendiculatus Cope is not a nonum nudum, but the apparently wrong allocation of Corax appendi- culatus in the genus Galeocerdo, as may be attested by an exami- nation of the single specimen in the Thomas collection labeled in *Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 90. aCope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 141. ELASMQBRANCHII. . . 65 Cope's own handwriting (see Fig. 29, No. 23). I might add that Morton's name is the earliest available for this species. Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth in the Academy's collection: "New Jersey" 1 from the green- sand without data and 3 from the Cretaceous; Monmouth Fig. 29.—Corax pristodontus (Morton). *i, no data; 2-5, New Jersey; 6-14, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 15, Crosswicks (Gabb); 16-17, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 18-20, Pemberton (Budd) ; 21, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; *22, one mile southeast of Crawford's Corner in Wenonah sand (J. Longstreet); 23, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). 66 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. County i (C. C. Abbott), 8 (J. H. Slack) ; Crosswicks in Mer- cer County i (W. M. Gabb) ; Vincentown 2 (T. M. Bryan on May 4th, 1875), 2 (Bryan); Pemberton 3 (Bryan), 1 (C. Budd) ; -Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (Abbott). In the Geological Survey collection I found the following1: Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) and a fragmentary crown from1 the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile southeast of Crawford's Corner (J. Longstreet's pit). [The formations represented are the Merchantville or Woodbury clay, the We- nonah sand, the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Manasquan marl, K.] Family GALEORHINID^E. THE REQUIEM SHARKS. Body elongate. Head normal. Snout longitudinally and nor- mally produced. Eyes with nictitating membranes. Gill-open- ings moderate, last above pectoral base. Spiracles small or ob- solete. Oviparous. Dorsals 2, first nigh, short and entirely be- fore ventrals. Second dorsal comparatively small, opposite anal. Tail mostly bent up from base of caudal fin, and sides without keel. Fins without spines. This is the largest group of recent sharks, and with many closely related forms, difficult of determination, is found living in most all seas. The living forms comprise about 20 genera, and only to a few of them have fossils been referred. Also-, two extinct genera have been described. Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle. Galeocerdo Miiller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 59. Type Galeo- cerdo tigrinus Miiller and Henle, first species, restricted by Gill, Ann. Lye N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862^ p. 402. Galeodes Heckel, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XI, 1853, P- 324. Type Galeodes priscus Heckel, monotypic.' Boreogalens Gill, 1. c.1 Type Squalus arcticus Faber, specified, montoype. Mouth crescent-shaped. Teeth similar in both jaws, large, oblique, coarsely serrated on both margins and with deep notch 1 See diagnosis, p. 411. ELASMOBRANCHII. 67 on outer margin. Spiracles present. First dorsal opposite space between pectorals and ventrals. Caudal with double notch. Pit on tail above and below at caudal base. Among, existing species large sharks in most seas, referred to about four species. About 30 fossil species have been described. Gaxeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. Galeocerdo aduncus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Teeth compressed, broad, elevated, and rather thin. Coronal surfaces rather low, compressed, smooth, broad, pointed, and inner slightly more convex than outer, which is somewhat flat- tened in most cases. Apex usually deflected greatly to one side, and longer coronal margin mostly forming a very obtuse angle, sometimes nearly evenly convex. Cutting-edges finely serrated. Margin below notch with graduated serrse, those at notch largest, and generally at least four more conspicuous. No basal cusps. Root broad, compressed, deep internally and moderately convex, and externally rather concave and shallow. Lower margin usu- ally moderately emarginate. Length 18 mm. This species seems to be close to Galeocerdo contortws, and appears to differ chiefly in the coronal apex of the teeth, being flatly compressed and broad. According to Woodward, it closely resembles the living Galeocerdo arcticus in the dentition, but the teeth are smaller. I have identified the material here listed to some extent provisionally. Formation and location. Known from upper Cretaceous and Miocene, where most likely the following were obtained: "New Jersey" 2 (Burtt) ; Monmouth County 3 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (W. Qeburne) ; Deal 1 (W. A. Powell) ; Shark River Miocene 3 (T. A. Conrad) ; Burlington County 4 (Conrad); Vincen- town 2 (T. M. Bryan) ; Allowaystown in Salem1 County 1 with- out donor. In the Geological Survey collection is a single tooth from the middle marl of Riddleton (Hackett's pits). [From the above 68 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 30.—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); *2, Riddleton (Hackett), and others from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). ELASMGBRANCHII. 69 IT Fig. 31.—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1-3, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 4-5, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 6, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 7, Deal (Powell); 8-10, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 11-15, Vincentown (Bryan); 16-18, Allowaystown (Yarrow). record the geologic formations are inferred to be the Navesink- Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl and the Kirkwood clay (Shark River Miocene) K.] GaIvHocerdo contortus Gibbes. Teeth robust, well elevated, little compressed. Coronal sur- face well convex, high, and sharply pointed. Inner coronal sur- face, though evenly convex, scarcely more so than outer, which Fig. 32.—Galeocerdo contortus Gibbes. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott) ; 2, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 3, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 4-6, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 7-9, Vincentown (Bryan); 10-11, Allowaystown (Yarrow). is more or less flattened basally. Apex elongated, slender or attenuated, usually well twisted, and deflected laterally. Longer jo CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. coronal margin usually a little undulated. Cutting-edges all finely serrated, margin below notch usually with slightly enlarged serrae, graduated externally. No basal cusps. Root robust, thick, outer surface depressed to slightly concave, and inner bulging convexly and extending high. Lower margin of root emar- ginate. Length 24 mm. This species does not appear to have ever been recorded from New Jersey before. Formation and locality. A plentiful species in the Maryland Miocene, and the following, except the last, are probably from . the upper Cretaceous: Monmouth County 2 (C. C. Abbott), 3 (W. Cleburne), 2 (P. D. Knieskern) and 1 without donor; Bur- lington County 3 (T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentowri [Manasquan marl, K.] 3 (T. M. Bryan) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 2 (H. C. Yarrow). . Gai,soc3rdo latidens Agassiz. i Teeth very broad, well compressed, low, and rather thin. / Coronal surfaces low, well compressed, smooth, moderately j broad, pointed, outer somewhat depressed or flattened and not j 33-—Galeocerdo latidens Agassiz. Allowaystown (Yarrow). quite so convex as inner. Apex usually well deflected to one side, and longer coronal margin usually rather evenly convex. Cut- ting-edges finely serrated. Margin below notch with graduated serrae, those at notch largest, generally several rather conspicu- ous. No basal cusps. Root very broad in proportion, well com- pressed, not very deep, outer surface a little concave and inner a little convex. Length 18 mm. This species closely resembles Galeocerdo aduncus and may be distinguished with difficulty. The only conspicuous character i ELASMOBRANCHIL 71 appears to be the broader base with the lower crown. It has not before been reported from New Jersey. Formation and locality. I have eight teeth from near Allo- waystown in Salem County, probably from the Miocene beds (H. C. Yarrow). Genus HEMIPRISTIS Agassiz. Hemipristis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, PP- 237, 302. Type Hemipristis serra Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 1889, p. 450. Dirrhizodon Klunzinger, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien., XXI, 1871, p. 664. Type Dirrhizodon elongatus Klunzinger, monotypic. Body elongated. Teeth elevated, triangular, mostly curved or inclined backward towards apex, both coronal' edges becoming coarsely serrated. Root divided with two divergent branches. Upper teeth relatively large, broad, flat. Front lower teeth slender, subulate, curved inward, without denticles or only one or two minute basal points. Gill-openings wide. First dorsal close behind pectoral base. Second dorsal over anal. Caudal with upper lobe much longer, notched near end. A single living species in the Red Sea, and seven extinct species have been described. \4 Hemipristis serra Agassiz. Hemipristis serra Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Lateral teeth broadly triangular, well compressed, and with moderate thickness. Crown elevated, well compressed, falcate, surfaces convex, but outer slightly flattened, and smooth. Some- times a few short basal wrinkles vertically on outer surface. Cutting-edges strongly serrated, serrse becoming slightly en- larged, or remaining subequal in size well on apex, though not extending to its tip. Apex usually strongly deflected laterally, usually inner serrse more numerous and much smaller than those on external edge. Often surfaces of crown are slightly twisted or undulated in places, giving quite irregular profiles. No basal cusps. Root well compressed, inner surface often flattened or CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. 16 Fig. 34.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. 1-2, Pemberton (Bryan) ; *3, Vincen- town (Dick) ; 4-5, Salem Co. (Uhler) ; 6-7, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 8-20, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). ELASMOBRANCHIL 73 Fig. 35.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). 74 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. concave, and outer moderately convex. Ends of root widely diverging, and lower edge usually a little emarginated medianly. Cutting-edges of lower front teeth very sharp or blade-like along each edge of crown for apical half. These teeth also differ in often having no serratures, and others show one to twelve basally. They also have a very swollen or protruding inner base, fre- quently with a median sulcus, and the ends of the root are often markedly unequal. Length reaches 4 cm. This is a strongly marked form, and only the median slender lower teeth somewhat suggest I sums or Lamna, but are much thicker. Most all of Agassiz's figures agree with my material. Formation and locality. I have examined the following from New Jersey: Monmouth County 11 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Long Branch 1 without donor; Pemberton 2 (T. M. Bryan) and Vin- centown.1 (Bryan) in Burlington County; Mullica Hill in Glou- | cester County 1 (W. M. Gabb) ; Allowaystown 9 (H. C. Yar- | row) ; in Salem County 5 (P. Uhler). ;| I have also examined a tooth in the Geological Survey collec- ^ tion from Shiloh in Cumberland County (E. Davis). [From j the above citation of localities the specimens are probably from the Navesink-Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl of Cre- taceous and from the Kirkwood formation of the Miocene, K. ] Genus GLYPHIS Agassiz. Glyphis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, p. 243. Type Glyphis hastalis Agassiz, monotypic. Cynocephalus (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pise, III, 1792, p. 579. Type Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, second species, virtually restricted by Gill, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 401. (Name considered inadmissible as simply a reprint, also preoccupied.) Prionodon Miiller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 35. Type Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, first species. (Name preoccupied.) Prionace Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, 1849, p. 399. Type Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, virtually as this name is proposed to replace Prionodon. Body slender. Head rather long, slender. Teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in adult, those in upper broad and lower nar- rower, straight and claviform. No spiracles. Embryo not at- tached to uterus by a placenta. First dorsal large, inserted ELASMOBRANCHIL 75 midway between pectoral axils and ventrals. Second dorsal much smaller than first, usually not larger than anal. Large, slender, swift, voracious sharks in warm seas, compris- ing about two existing and 27 extinct species. Glyphis Egertoni (Agassiz). Galeocerdo egertonii Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Glyphis subulata Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 194, PI. 25, figs. 86-87. (New Jersey Greensand, from Wetherill.) Teeth broadly triangular, well compressed. Crown com- pressed, erect or moderately inclined, and notched on each mar- gin, though posterior or external most conspicuous. Surfaces smooth, convex on inner and outer flattened, latter sometimes with a few vertical basal folds or wrinkles. Cutting-edges finely and conspicuously serrated, the serratures usually extending to the apex. Apex pointed, sometimes deflected. No basal cusps. Root compressed, outer surface depressed or concave and inner moderately convex. Ends of root widely divergent, and lower margin usually emarginate. Length about 17 mm. in larger. The lower teeth are said to be probably narrower than the upper. The specimens I have listed all appear to belong to this species, though the differences between Aprionodon gibbesii, Sphyrna prisca and Glyphis egertoni are scarcely evident in some cases. The latter may, to some extent, be characterized by its broad upper teeth. Formation and locality. The following teeth are probably from the upper Cretaceous or Miocene beds [the Navesink-Hor- nerstown bed marl, the Manasquan marl, the Kirkwood forma- tions, K.], thou'gh no such information is given on any of the labels. Monmouth County 2 without donor, 2 (P. D. Knies- kern), 26 (Knieskern, W. Cleburne, C. C. Abbott) ; Burlington County 13 (T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 15 (T. M. Bryan) ; Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3 (Abbott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 48 (H. C. Yarrow). The following teeth in the collection of the Geological Survey are probably this species: Monmouth County 1 (Knieskern), 2 76 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 36.—Glyphis egertoni (Agassiz). *i, no data; 2-11, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern, etc.) ; 12, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) : 13-15, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 16-2*4, Vincentown (Bryan) ; *25, Vincentown (Dick); 26, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 27-47, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; *4&-49, Riddleton (Hackett) ; *5o, no data. l I ELASMOBRANCHIL 77 from the middle marl at Riddleton (Hackett's pits) and I with- out data. Family SPHYRNIDiE. THE HAMMER-HEAD SHARKS. Mouth crescent-shaped, under "hammer." Teeth in jaws similar, oblique, each with notch on outside near base. Nostrils anterior and eyes on side of "hammer." Last gill-opening over pectoral. No spiracles. First dorsal and pectorals large, and dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals. Second dorsal and anal small. Pit at caudal root, single notch towards fin tip. Large sharks, among living forms easily distinguished by the peculiar form of the head, which is slightly different in each species. Though a number of generic names have been proposed, they are now generally referred to the single genus Sphyrna. Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque. Sphyrna Rafinesque, Ind. It. Sicil., 1810, pp. 46, 60. Type Squalus zyg&na Linnaeus, virtually first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 26. Sphyra, auct. Cestracion (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pise, III, 1792, p. 580. Type Squalus zy'gana Linnaeus, virtually first species, restricted by Gill, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 37- Sphyrnias Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. — ? Type Squalus zygcena Linnaeus, virtually, as this name is offered to replace Sphyrna considered too short. Cestrorhinus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type Squalus zygcena Linnaeus, first species. Zygcena Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1867, p. 27. Type Squalus zygcena Lin- naeus, first species, by tautonomy, but preoccupied in insects. Zygana, auct. Platysqualus Swainson, Lard. Cab. Cyclop. N. H., II, 1839, p. 318. Type Squalus tiburo Linnaeus, monotypic. Busphyra Gill, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 403, 412. Type Zygcena blochii Cuvier, designated, monotypic. Reniceps Gill, 1. c. Type Squalus tiburo Linnaeus, designated, monotypic. Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family. About six existing species have been described, grading almost perfectly from the narrow hammer of Sphyrna blochii to that of 78 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. the kidney-shaped head of Sphyrna tiburo. The fossils are only known from detached teeth, which seem to be largely doubtfully A located in this genus, owing to their close resemblance to those of Eulamia, and are referred to six species. Sphyrna gibbesii Hay. Teeth compressed, triangular and moderately thick. Crown moderately large, compressed, sharp-pointed, its base width about one-half its height, outer face flattened and inner evenly convex, surfaces smooth. Apex slightly deflected. Cutting-edges entire. At base of crown 3 or 4 broad-pointed cusps, graduated down externally till outer are quite small. Edges of cusps entire, though trenchant. Root rather wide, moderately thick, inner surface flattened or slightly concave, and outer surface moder- ately swollen convexly. Lower edge of root a little emarginate. Length 8 mm. Fig. 37.—Sphyrna gibbesii Hay. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern). My examples seem to be this species, which appears to be char- acterized by its small size, entire cutting-edge and enlarged basal cusps. They agree largely with Gibbes' figure of Sphyrna den- ticulata. The species has not before been recorded from New \\ Jersey. Formation and locality. I have six teeth from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern). These are without definite indica- tion as to which of the Cretaceous beds they were found in, but presumably the upper would be correct. I Sphyrna prisca Agassiz. Zygana prisca Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362.' (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Lateral teeth well compressed, with broad base, triangular. Crown small, narrowly triangular, compressed somewhat smooth, outer surface flattened and inner surface evenly convex. ELASMOBRANCHIL 79 Outer basal surface rarely with several short wrinkles. Apex deflected more or less laterally, slender-pointed. Cutting-edges finely serrated and serrse of about more or less even size. Lat- eral coronal margins long, but little less than rest of crown itself when measured to notches, and low. Serrge always more or less conspicuous on these lateral crown margins, even when obsolete or absent on coronal margin above notches. No basal cusps. Root compressed, usually wide, conspicuous, depressed or con- cave externally, and inside swelling slightly convex. Ends of Fig. 38.—Sphyrna prisca Agassiz. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). roots widely diverging, so that lower edge is concave or at least slightly notched medianly. Length reaches 15 mm. This de- scription from a series of examples from the Maryland Miocene. This species is close to Glyphis egertoni, and possibly ma- terial identified with it may belong to that species, but, following Cope, I have allowed it all to fall with the present provisionally. The crown in most of the examples is conspicuously narrow or small, and the root is mostly very wide. Several examples with extremely wide roots suggested a new species to Cope, but they 80 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. are scarcely different in other respects. They have been called Carcharias collata by Eastman. I have not examined any New Jersey material. Formation and locality. Known only by Cope's record from the Miocene of Cumberland County. Sub-Order SARCURA. Tail comparatively thick, with two dorsals and a caudal fin, but no serrated caudal spine. About four families are usually admitted, and all represented by at least a few fossils. Family PRISTIDJE. THE SAW FISHES. Body elongate, depressed. Snout saw-like, much produced, flat, armed with strong teeth on each side set at right angles to its axis. No tentacles. No nictitating membrane. Teeth in Order BATOIDEI. 5 THE RAYS. * Body typically disk-like, broad, flat, margin of disk usually formed by expanded pectorals. Tail comparatively slender. Gill- openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number. Spiracles present. Ver- tebrae cyclospondylous., or each one with internal calcareous lamellae not radiating, arranged in one or more concentric circles or series around central ring. Dorsal fins inserted on tail when present. No anal fin. Caudal fin small or wanting. The extremes of specialization in this group widely depart from the typical sharks, though many intergradations render * them nearly complete. As many fossils have been found, they probably evolved quite early. Except the Rajidse, most all the members of this group are ovoviviparous. ELASMOBRANCHII. 81 jaws minute, obtuse. Nostrils inferior. Gill-openings moderate, inferior. Spiracles wide, behind eye. Dorsal fins large, without spines, first nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal well developed, bent upward. A fold along each side of tail. Pectorals mod- erate, front margin quite free and not reaching to head. Large shark-like rays, with the disk gradually passing into the tail, found in most warm seas about sandy shores. A single existing genus, the exact batoid prototype of the Pristiophoridse. The fossil species of this family are all provisional, being known chiefly by rostral teeth, fragments of the rostrum, detached ver- tebrae, etc., thus rendering the descriptions too imperfect for final determination. They have been referred to three genera, be- sides to the existing Pristis. Genus PRISTIS Linck. Pristis Linck, Mag. P. Naturg. Gotha, VI, 1790, p. 31. Type Squalus pristis Linnaeus, monotypic. Pristobatus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type Pristis antiquorum Latham, first species. Pristibaiis, Pristobatis, auct. Myriosteon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 163. Type Myriosteon higginsi Gray, monotypic. (Proposed as "probably indicating a new group of Echinodermata," though really based on one of the hollow • cartilaginous rostral rods of Pristis.) Pristiopsis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 459. Type Pristis perrotteti Muller and Henle, designated. Bopristis Stromer, Beitr. Pal. Oester. Ung., XVIII, 1905, p. 52 (16). Type Pristis (Bopristis) reinachi Stromer, monotype. Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family. About eight existing species are known, and about 19 extinct species have been described. Pristis Cope. Pristis amblodon Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 312. New Jersey Bocene Greensand. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 1908, p. 34, fig. 11 (types). Rostral teeth well compressed. Front margin convex, and sur- face smooth. Hind margin convex and smooth. Length of smaller example (imperfect) 26 mm. 6 82 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. The two fragmentary examples I have, evidently of this species, both show their front and hind edges convex. Cope pointed out this character originally, adding that both edges were also curved to the tip, though one curvature greater than the other. Further, Fig. 39.—Pristis amblodon Cope. 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Cope) ; 5-6, Pem- berton (Bryan). he says the teeth are not curved out of the horizontal plane, and his example measured 32 mm. Formation and locality. Two examples described above, ros- tral teeth from Monmouth County (E. D. Cope), are credited by Cope to the New Jersey Eocene. Pristis curvidens Leidy. Pristis curvidens Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 414. Near Pem- berton, N. J., Greensand. i Teeth of rostrum well compressed. Front margin evenly con- vex and surface smooth. Hind margin slightly concave, some- times a little oblique on sinistral surface, and each edge distinct or a trifle trenchant or keeled. Distal edge of front margin more suddenly convex than hind margin, and convexity of former begins more distally. Teeth nearly or quite level in horizontal plane to well decurved. Length reaches 96 mm. This species seems to be characterized chiefly by having its rostral teeth considerably curved downward. The type was about 22 cm. long. Formation and locality. The following examples in the col- lection of the Academy, all rostral teeth, have been examined; Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Burlington County 1 ELASMOBRANCHII. Fig. 40.—Pristis curvidens Leidy. 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; *3~4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-6, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 7-8, Vincen- town (Bryan). (T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 1 without donor and Pemberton 1 (T. M. Bryan). . . ' . • I have also seen a rostral tooth in the collection of the Geologi- cal Survey without data. So far as deterrriinable, the geologic horizon is probably the Manasquan marl. 84 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Sub-Order MASTICURA. Tail comparatively slender, dorsal fin single or wanting, and tail above usually armed with one or more serrated spines. This group comprises four families, of which the Ptychodon- tidce are entirely extinct. Of the latter Ptychodus mammillaris Agassiz has been ascribed to the Cretaceous of Delaware, though no representatives have been found in New Jersey. Family MYLIOBATID^. THE EAGLE RAYS. Disk broad. Nasal valves forming rectangular flap with pos- terior margin free and attached by frenum to upper jaw. Ovo- viviparous. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its sur- face raised so that eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Skin smooth. Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with single dorsal near its root, behind which is usually a strong retrorsely ser- rated spine. Pectorals ceasing at sides of head and reappearing in front of snout as one or two cephalic fins supported by fin rays. No differentiated spines in pectorals in males, sexes similar. Ventrals not emarginate. The existing forms large sting rays in warm' seas, feeding chiefly on mollusks, which they crush with their large grinding teeth. All the known six genera are represented by extinct species, though only three of the former have persisted till the present time. Genus MYLIOBATIS G. St. Hilaire. Myliobatis G. St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypt, 1809, PI. 26, fig. 1. Type Mylio- batis bovina G. St. Hilaire, second species. Myliobates, auct. IctcBtus Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. 93 (nom nud.). Ptychopleurus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1838, PI. 45, figs. 1-3.' Type Ptychacanthus faujasii Agassiz, virtually monotypic. Holorhinus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331. Type Rhinoptera vespertilio Girard, virtually monotype. Bates Probst, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Nuturk Wiirtt., XXXIII, 1877, p. 88. Type Bates spectabilis Probst, monotypic. ELASMOBRANCHII. 85 Disk broad, pectoral fins not continued to snout end, ending on head sides, and reappearing on snout front as one or two cephalic fins supported by fin-rays. Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with single dorsal fin near root, behind latter usually strong retrorsely serrated spine. Nasal valves form rectangular flap, hind edge free, attached by frenum to upper jaw. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessellated, median usually broader than others. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, surface raised so eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth, without pectoral spines, and sexes alike. Ventrals not emar- ginate. The existing species, about 15, are large sting-rays feeding largely on mollusks which they crush with their large grinding teeth. They are found in most all warm seas. About 80 extinct species have been described. Myliobatis bisulcus (Marsh). Myliobates bisulcus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 229. Bocene greensand of Monmouth Co., N. J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 239 (remarks). Dental plate with central row of teeth marked along median line by a deep groove, otherwise remarkably smooth and flat. (Marsh.) The account by Marsh is insufficient, and the species, may be considered purely nominal until further elucidated. Leidy thinks M. fastigiatus may be the lower dental plate, in which case Marsh's name would have priority. Formation and locality. The type was originally in the Mu- seum of Yale College, and was from the Eocene [Shark River K.] greensand of Monmouth County. Myuobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). Myliobates fastigiatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 86. Mon- mouth Co., N. J. Bocene. (No description). Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 238, PI, 31, fig. 11, PI. 33, fig. .6 (types). Myliobatis fastigiatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 32 (type). 86 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Dental plate arched in form, composed of nine median teeth and a row of about four lateral teeth on each side. Enamel surface convex, with strong median and lesser convex transverse lateral convexity, so that surface is undulated. Basal surface presents concave surface sloping each side from median range, though lat- ter with convex surface and not sharply denned. Transverse Fig. 41.—Myliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Type.) Monmouth Co. (Cleburne). median sutures backward in median convexity and forward on concave depressions. Vertical diameter of median teeth about one-seventh horizontal diameter, their surfaces with feeble ver- tical wrinkles in concave depressions and on lateral depressions, otherwise nearly smooth. Lateral small teeth rather hexagonal, horizontal diameter about three-fifths to two-thirds vertical diam- ELASMOOBRANCHII. 87 eter, and surface of each with a depression. Length (width) 82 mm. Known from the type described above and a paratype. Both are thought to be the upper dental plates, anteriorly abraded by the attrition of food. Leidy suggested M. bisulcus may possibly prove to be the lower jaw of this species, as it has a median deep groove. The other example he describes has seven large median transverse teeth in its dental plate. Although Hussakof has Fig. 42.—Myliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Paratype.) Monmouth Co. (Slack). listed an example of this species as typical and being in the American Museum in New York, the original of Leidy's figure 11 is in the Academy. Further, his example is said to be an upper dental pavement with 11 median and several small lateral teeth. Leidy states that this example has seven median teeth, together with three small teeth of the first row of one side. Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene of Mon- mouth County by the type (W. Cleburne) and one paratype (J. H. Slack). 88 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Myliobatis glottoides Cope. Myliobatis glottoides Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 293. Bocene bed at Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 1908, p. 32, fig. 8 (type). Dental plate convex in longitudinal as well as transverse direc- tion, composed of eight teeth, and lateral portions on either side each slightly convex, and thin off to single series of lateral teeth. On median line teeth suddenly swollen, forming together broad, Fig. 43.—Myliobatis glottoides Cope. (From Hussakof.) obtuse median ridge. Transversely each tooth is nearly straight, extremity slightly and abruptly curved backwards. Worn sur- face forms sub-triangular concavity. Basal surface obtusely an- gulate in median line below. Vertical diameter of median teeth about one-fourth horizontal diameter. Length (width) about 60 mm. (damaged). (Largely from Cope.) Cope says this species is thick-toothed like Myliobatis pachyo- don Cope and Myliobatis holmesii Agassiz, but they are not so ELASMQBRANCHII. 89 clearly three-ribbed in section as this one. Myliobatis obesus is somewhat similar, but much wider, with more curvature of teeth and biserial laterals. Each tooth is both wider (longer) and deeper than in most of the described species. Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene [Shark River marl K.] of Farmingdale in Monmouth County. I have not examined any specimens. Myliobatis magister (Leidy). Dental plate depressed in form, thick, composed of six median teeth, and apparently no traces of lateral teeth. Enamel surface convex, with slight median concave longitudinal depression, so Fig. 44.—Myliobatis magister (Leidy). Vincentown (Bryan). that surface is double convex with each side sloping down strongly convex. Basal surface presents convex surface sloping each side from median longitudinal convexity. Transverse median sutures nearly horizontally straight, or curving slightly posteriorly each side. Vertical diameter of median teeth about 4% of horizontal diameter (imperfect) and their surfaces almost entirely smooth. Length (width) about 60 mm. (damaged). 90 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. The above-described fragment is the only example I have seen from our limits, and seems to agree with Myliobatis rna Hurffville (Hurff); 55-56, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). io8 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. ured in this connection, though I have been unable to locate their true identity. Many are, no doubt, selachians, though many may also belong to teleosts. They are all from Cretaceous beds, but are without stratigraphical position, like most all of the older col- Fig. 60.—Myliobatis spine? Vincentown (Bryan). Fig. 6i.—Teleost otoliths. 1-3, Haddonfield; 4-8, Mt. Laurel (Woolman). 3 L J Fig. 62.—Rays from a batoid fish? Vincentown (Bryan). lections. There is also a spine, possibly of Myliobatis (Fig. 60), and several teleost otoliths (Fig. 61). Several small, thin, rod-like fossils may also belong to rays (Fig. 62). Sub-Class HOLOCEPHALI. THE CHIMERAS. Teeth united to form bony plates. Jaws coalescent with skull. Gill-openings single in each side of pharynx, leading to four gill- slits. Skull without system of membrane bones, as opercles, suborbitals, etc. Skeleton cartilaginous. Mandibular suspens- orium wanting. Intestine with a spiral valve. Derivative radii sessile in sides of basal bones of limbs. Pectoral fins normally HOLOCEPHALI. 109 developed, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal. Males with claspers attached to ventrals. Skin scaleless, its muciferous sys- tem well developed. This group generally includes six families. Order CHIMAEROIDEI. Characters included in those of the sub-class. Family CHIM^RID^E. THE CHIMERAS. Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head compressed. Mouth inferior, small. Upper lip deeply notched. Jaws with' teeth confluent into four bony plates above and two below. Nostrils confluent with mouth, separated by nar- row isthmus. .Free gills 3, half gills 2, one on each side. Rakers small. Isthmus moderate. Males usually with cartilaginous hook on snout above, prickly at tip, turned forward. No spiracles. Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually branched anteriorly. Dorsal usually divided, anteriorly with strong posteriorly grooved spine. Caudal low, fold-like. Pec- torals free, low. Ventral abdominal, many rayed. Males with claspers. The existing forms are remarkable for their striking appear- ance. They are all natives of deep water and cold seas. Repro- duction is oviparous, the egg-cases long, elliptical and with silky filaments; About 17 genera have been described, all extinct, and only Chimcera persisting to the present time. Possibly Chimara afiinis (Capello) may occur in deep water off our coast, though it has not ever been so recorded. Passalodon was founded on vomerine teeth and Psittaoodon on mandibular teeth of two European fossils. Woodward says1 "the species mentioned below have also been determined upon xCat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., II, 1891, p. 84. no CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. the evidence of detached teeth, and, by a misunderstanding- of the generic characters, the majority of the American forms have hitherto been ascribed to Ischyodus. Most of the type specimens of the latter are in the collection of Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadel- phia, where the present writer has had the privilege of examin- ing them, and many of the specific distinctions cited in the diagnoses would be regarded as varietal in Britain." However, the present writer seems justified in following the views of Hus- sakof, who has studied these specimens now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Genus EDAPHODON Buckland. Bdaphodon Agassiz1, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, p. 351. Type Bdaphodon buck- landi Agassiz, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, II, 1891, p. 80. Bdaphodus, auct. Passalodon Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1838, p. 687. No de- scription or species. Psittacodon Agassiz1, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 1843, pp. 340, 348. Type Chimcera mantellii Agassiz, virtually designated, first species. Dipristis Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Type Dipristis miersii Marsh, monotypic. (Not of Gervais.) Bumylodus Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, p. 309. Type Bumylodus laqueatus Leidy, monotypic. Diphrissa Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875 (Feb. 9th)2, (2) p. 19. Type Ischyodus solidulus Cope, designated, monotypic. Mandibular tooth massive, with no definite thickening* on outer aspect, symphyseal facette very broad. Anterior tritor 1, sometimes smaller one below. Median tritor 1, occasionally di- vided longitudinally. External tritors 2. Palantine teeth robust, no .well-defined thickening on outer aspect, and three tritors as two inner and one outer. Vomerine teeth mostly triangular in side view, tritors on oral edge. Postoral region laterally expanded, without any thickening. The species, about 26, are all extinct. 1 Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond., II, 1838, p. 687. Descr. imperfect, no species given. 2 Issued April 20th, 1875. HOLOCEPHALI. in Edaphodon stenobryus (Cope). Ischyodus stenobryus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 285. Hornersiown, N. J.} Greensand No. 5. Bdaphodon stenobryus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39, PL 2, figs. 6-7 (types). Fig 63.—Bdaphodon stenobryus (Cope). (From Hussakof.) I; ii2 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. ¦;j Mandibulars compressed, outer edge rising rapidly from little •! , " behind apex, first to a shoulder which supports first exterior den- • tinal area, and then steeply to an oblique border which bears hind dentinal area. Dentinal areas very small, 'inner represented by : two columns widely separated from each other. Inner masticatory ; margin remains parallel with lower edge of jaw, marking one- third total depth. Grinding face vertical behind. External areas very narrow, and behind anterior smaller one appears in position of inner one of B. tripartitus, thus representing outer part of large removed from former, narrow, and extends little anterior to anterior border of anterior outer.. Apex of jaw obtuse, and terminal area on its superior aspect oval, and continues as edge of a lamina along outer margin of beak. No symphyseal plane, whole jaw much compressed and narrowed. Length 70 mm. (From Cope.) Said to have much the form of Leptomylus forfex, and ap- proaching E. laterigerus. Formation and locality. Only known from the type, a pair of mandibulars now in the collection of the American Museum, N. Y. They are from "Greensand No. 5" [the Homerstown marl, K.] at Homerstown in Monmouth County. I have not seen this species. ] ¦ Edaphodon tripartitus (Cope). ''' Ischyodus tripartitus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 286. Hurffville, N. J. Upper bed of Greensand. Edaphodon tripartitus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, ¦ p. 40, fig. 16, PI.-3, figs. 5-6 (types). Ischyodus miriUcus (nee Leidy) Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, XII, :v 1869, p. 314 (note). Ischyodus longirostris Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, . 287. Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5. ¦ Mandibulars little more than twice as long as deep, rami con- i verging in slight curve and ending in narrow produced symphy- ' j seal beak. Outer face of mandible with two longitudinal convexi- ;: ties, inner nearly vertical, and with short symphyseal plane. ji Dentinal areas moderate, anterior border not much produced, ] I' inner represented by three adjacent areas or three columns united 5* at their adjacent borders, and outer more than twice as large as either of two interior ones. Latter separated from inner angle of Fro. 64.-MapHo.lon triparitus (Cope). ^ Types of lschyodus Cope; 4, Type of ,ongiros,ris Cope; (a.. from Hussakof). HOLOCEPHALL 113 jaw by an oblique plane of same width. External areas narrow, posterior quite small, anterior elongate and extends far in advance of inner areas along- summit of horizontal ridge, latter produced as strong step on outer margin. Outer narrow border rises ab- ruptly opposite middle of anterior area, causing masticatory face to be very oblique at that point. Superior groove wide, outer face not produced. Length 175 mm. (From Cope.) This is the largest American species of the genus and said to be not uncommon. Hussakof has united Ischyodus longirostris Cope with this species after an examination of the types. Ac- cording to Cope the former differed in having the inner den- tinal area of the mandibular undivided, contracted and separated by a plane from inner margin. Outer posterior area lost in his specimen, but outer anterior opens in front of interior on hori- zontal step which forms strong angle of outer border. This border, therefore, abruptly excavated from that point forward, while inner border descends gradually from inner angle. Ter- minal area quite large and oblique. Symphyseal face large, in- ferior border of jaw obtuse and jaw end narrowly compressed. Palatal characterized by its small size and posterior position of anterior dentinal area, so that bone appears more produced. Pos- terior areas large. Formation and locality. The type, consisting of both mandi- bulars and left palatal, are from Hurffville in Gloucester County. The type of /. longirostris consists of one mandibular and one palatal, both from Birmingham in Burlington County (J. C. Gas- kill). All are recorded as from the greensand No. 5. [According to the present classification all would be referred to the Horners- town marl, although at both these localities the Hornerstown and Navesink marl beds are united in a single layer, so that they may be from the Navesink or lower member, K.]. They are now in the American Museum of New York. I have not examined these specimens. Edaphodon i,aterigerus (Cope). Ischyodus laterigerus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 243. Hornerstozvn, Neiv Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand No. 5. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288 (type). Edaphodon laterigerus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV., 1908, p. 38, PI. 1, figs. 7-S (type). 8 GKOL ii4 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 65.—Bdaphodon laterigerus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) Mandibular little more than twice as long as deep, end pro- longed and more flattened than any other species from our region, and thoroughly and regularly curved outwards and back- wards. Inner dentinal area undivided, extending to inner mar- gin of superior face of mandible, large in all dimensions. Below HOLOCEPHALL 115 a slender intero-lateral column. Anterior area produced anterior to inner area. - External areas on laminar crests of border, pos- terior area very small or less than one-third anterior, and anterior crest produced, or long and narrow, its middle marking anterior end of great inner area. When two mandibular rami are in place it follows from the above that median line of beak forms deep concavity walled in by high anterior outer crest. Posterior ouiter crest well developed, also prolonged acutely beyond posterior dentinal area. External terminal column largely developed ver- tically. Length about 165 mm. (From Cope.) Known only from the above example, the type, said by Cope to approach E. smockii but of double its size, more compressed and curved, with a much smaller posterior outer dentinal area and a very long anterior outer crest. Formation and locality. The type is a large left mandibular, almost perfect, from the marl [Hornerstown K.] at Horners- town in Monmouth County (J. C. Meirs), now in the American Museum at New York. I have not examined this specimen. Edaphodon smockii (Cope). Ischyodus smockii Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 316. New Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288. Horners- town. Greensand No. 5. Bdaphodon smocki Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39> PI. 2, figs. 4-5 (type). Mandibular moderately long and stout. Outer face uniformly concave transversely, inner also with longitudinal concavity much stronger. Surface striae longitudinal, sometimes broken. Den- tinal areas large, surfaces rather plane, elevated supero-anteri- orly, and plane of posterior face descends abruptly from supero- anterior margin of each. Outer margin, therefore, an incline of two steps, inner of one. Outer areas narrowed in front, and inner areas more obtuse and large, separated by very narrow strip from outer posterior, undivided and extending to inner margin of superior face of mandible. Length about 58 mm. (From Cope.) n6 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 66.—Bdaphodon smockii (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) This seems to be a well-marked species, about half the size of the smaller E. divaricatus. It is much less stout than in the latter and also less elongate than E. tripartitus. Formation and locality. Known from the types in the Ameri- can Museum at New York, consisting of three mandibular teeth and two fragments, and one of these represented only by an anterior extremity is thought by Hussakof to be probably differ- ent. They are all ascribed to the Greensand No. 5 [Hornerstown marl, K.] from Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers). I have not examined any specimens. Edaphodon eoc^nus (Cope). Ischyodus eoccsnus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 288. Eocene greensand of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J. Bdaphodon eoc&nus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 37, fig. 14 (type).. Mandibular with outer border of beak rising abruptly to con- siderable elevation, supporting anterior outer dentinal area. Lat- HOLOCEPHALI. 117 ter oval, well within border, cut off at its posterior portion, but in advance of position of inner area. Dentinal areas moderate, inner undivided, extending to inner margin on upper face of mandible, and outer area produced anterior to inner area. Inner and posterior outer dentinal areas lost. Length, to anterior outer area, 50 mm. Terminal column laminar, extending well back on outer edge of beak. Outer face of jaw uniformly convex to an- terior outer area, apex transverse, not compressed. Symphyseal face not well marked. (From Cope.) This species is stated by Cope to be quite near B. rnirfficus, dif- fering in uniform convexity of outer face, which in the latter is Fig. 67.—Bdaphodon eocanus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) partially concave. Cope says the palatal areas are large, elongate, but not on elevated bases as in B. smockii. Outer face of palatal smooth, lower border very oblique to interior, which is longitu- dinally grooved. The specimen he had included five dentinal columns, inner borders more or less exposed, and median or in* terior column longest. This piece was similar in generic char- acters to that of B. ndriiicus. Formation and locality. The type consists of a mandibular in the American Museum at New York. Two paratypes are a pala- tal and a fragment, all from, the Eocene greensand of Farming- dale in Monmouth County. I have not examined any examples. 118 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Edaphodon incrassatus (Cope). Ischyodus incrassatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 289. Hornerstown, New Jersey. Greensand of Cretaceous No. 5. Edaphodon incrassatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 38, PI. 1, figs. 5-6 (type). Mandibular with beak little curved outward, long, thick, sym- physeal face a narrow border along inner edge. Convexity of lower half of outer face of jaw very strong, so that lower border thicker than in any other of our species. Inner dentinal area un- Fig. 68.—Edaphodon incrassatus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) divided, of median extent, extending to inner margin of superior face of mandible, apex, marking only middle of anterior oval outer area instead of anterior extremity, latter horizontal on a considerable tuberosity removed well within outer border of jaw so that latter not angulated there as in some similar species. Length 125 mm. (From Cope.) HOLOCEPHALI. 119 Formation and locality. Only known from the type, an im- perfect right manibular in the American Museum at New York, from the "Greensand of the Cretaceous No. 5" [Horners- town marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers). I have not examined this example. Edaphodon fecundus (Cope). Ischyodus fecundus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, PP- 28S» 290. Medford, N. J. Greensand of Cretaceous, No. 5, from Birmingham and Hornerstown. Edaphodon fecundus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 38 (type). Fig. 69.—Edaphodon fecundus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) I2O CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Mandibular moderately long, long axis strongly curved, and outer side concave in vertical as well as transverse section. Inner face also concave, with narrow symphyseal plane along inner border. Inner border of beak with same abrupt descent as outer. Dentinal areas moderate, inner undivided, both narrowed an- teriorly and terminating on same transverse line. Anterior outer Fig. 70.—Edaphodon fecundus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) rather small and wide, horizontal, so that apex rises abruptly above outer border of beak. Posterior outer area rather small, while inner large and extending to inner edge of upper face of mandible. Apical column an oblique lamina. Length 135 mm. (From Cope.) According to Cope this species is second in size in the genus to E. tripartitus or about twice the size of E. smockii. Palatals nar- HOLOCEPHALL 121 rowed and truncate in front, and dentinal areas large, especially posterior. Superior groove deep, and outer face extensive and longitudinally ridged. Formation and locality. Known from eight lower jaws, some with palatals, of which seven mandibulars and one palatal are in the American Museum of New York. They are from the marl [Hornerstown marl, K.] at Birmingham and Hornerstown. Cope also had an example from Medford. I have not seen any material. Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. Edaphodon miriUcus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Bur- lington Co., N. J. Cretaceous Greensand. Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 306, 350, PI. 37, figs. 6-12 (types). Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 38, PI. 2, fig. 3 (Cope's material). Ischyodus miriUcus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 291. (Barnesborough and Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Ischyodus monolophus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 314. Barnesboro (Barnesborough), Gloucester Co., N. J. Greensand. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 289 (type, Green- sand No. 5). Ischyodus gaskillii Cope, 1. c, pp. 285, 290. Birmingham, Greensand of New Jersey, No. 5. . Mandibulars a little more than twice as long as deep, rami converging in a curve and ending in a long, symphyseal, bird-like beak. Outer surface of each mandibular concave medianly and convex above and below. Outer profile concave anteriorly, then sloping up convexly, and below and behind convex. Inner sym- physeal edge beveled, flat and rather narrow, and below this and posteriorly slightly convex with several longitudinal striae. Oral surface of beak concave and posteriorly forms plane sloping in- wards, this largest dental area. Anteriorly and externally an- other small rounded dental area, situated on a slight convexity, and followed back by a concavity at first rather spacious and then narrow where it separates a third dental area. Latter situated j-ust inside external crest of mandible and about opposite middle in length of largest dental area, and elongate, though same width as anterior dental area about twice as long. A fourth short, nar- 122 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. if row dental area on external oral extremity of beak, and another still shorter along inner edge. A fifth area, small, varying in elliptical pattern, at posterior symphyseal bevel opposite front of largest oral dental area, and followed by a prominent ridge which is convex with about two rather prominent longitudinal ridges, and curving back forms edge of mandible ramus posteriorly inside. Upper maxillaries a little more than twice as long as wide, and their depth a little less. Form generally depressed. Upper sur- face of each with a deep wide gutter extending forward about two- thirds its length and ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is Fig. 71.—Bdaphodon mirfficus Leidy. (Type of Ischyodus gaskillii Cope, from Hussakof.) flat and horizontal. Sides of upper maxillaries flat and sloping obliquely out. Lower surface with prominence in front sloping forward, its crest giving rise to an elongated round dental area sloping slightly down behind, where a crest forms, which gives rise in turn to iargest dental area. Latter extends well back and close to inner edge, rounded, and also sloping down concavely behind, while laterally it also extends well towards outer edge. Just external to largest dental area another elongated dental area arising on a slight convexity opposite hind region of anterior' dental areas, and extending back opposite deep posterior con- d > is pe, ea es md ea or' m- Fig. 72.—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *i-= lirificus Leidy. *i-5 New Jersey; 6-9, New Jersey "greensand." Fig. 73.—Bdaphodon mirificus Leidy. *] 6 i mirificus Leidy. *i-6, New Jersey (6616). r 7^ 2 Fig. 74.—Bdaphodon mirificus Leidy. *i-8, I1 urificus Leidy. *i-8, New Jersey (6658). Fig. 75—Edapi Fig. 75.—Bdaphodon mirificus Leidy. (Types.) 7S-—Bdaphodon miriiicus Leidy. (Types.) HOLOCEPHALI. 123 cavity of largest dental area. Between anterior and lateral dental areas on oral surface a concave depression extending back to largest dental area. Posteriorly on oral surface externally edge arises in an elevated ridge, apex forming about opposite concavity in largest dental area, surface inside evenly concave. Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat. As Leidy pointed out, the dental areas appear as white chalky friable spaces, which have more or less decomposed, leaving the little more durable tubules o>f the vaso-dentine projecting! from their surfaces. He supposes originally tubecular structures were found over the dental areas covering the dental columns, but have now disappeared, leaving only their depressed and crum- bling surfaces as now seen. These dental columns, corresponding with the dental areas, may all be located at the posterior ends of all the maxillaries. Length of longest lower maxillary 14 cm. I have described several of L,eidy's types above, now in the Academy, and note that the others agree in most respects, as he has already remarked. At present they are a pair of maxil- laries and two pairs of mandibulars. Another small example, a right mandibular, agrees. It is from the New Jersey greensand, and shows a few transverse crescentic striae on its damaged in- ferior surface. Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous green- sand at Barnsboro and Hornerstown [the Hornerstown marl probably, K.]. According to Hussakof Ischyodus gaskillii Cope and /. monolophus Cope, the types of which he has examined, and which are now in the American Museum at New York, are a small left mandibular, apparently of a young individual, and two mandibular teeth, respectively, of the present species. I have also seen several examples in the collection of the Geological Survey. They are a right and left mandibular from the Cretaceous of "New Jersey," and one right and two left mandibulars without data. Edaphodon miersii (Marsh). Dipristis miersii Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Horners- town, N. J. Upper Cretaceous Marl Ischyodus miersii Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 292. (Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J.) 124 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Mandibular with long and straight beak, and outer face con- cave to base of anterior outer dentinal area. Long axis of jaw straight, also inferior border. Inner dentinal area undivided, transversely thickened, narrow and extending to inner edge of superior face of mandible. Anterior outer dental area not pro- duced anterior to border of inner area, not on a projection, and not extending as far as inner. Apical area end of a curved lami- nar column. Length ioo mm. (From Cope.) This species was originally described by Marsh from an ichthyodurlite he assigned to a chimaeroid fish. It was a nearly perfect dorsal spine about 356 mm. long, somewhat curved, re- markably slender, tapering regularly to its apex, compressed transversely, outline generally suboval, posterior surface slightly concave in lower portion, upper half of this surface armed with two rows of very sharp decurved teeth while corresponding part of anterior face had sharp cutting-edge finely serrated toward distal end, and sides of spine smooth or faintly striated. He also noted that fragments of this species of much larger size were not uncommon in the same geological horizon in other parts of the State. Formation and locality. Cope had a broken mandible and a dorsal spine, which latter he thought identical with the one noticed by Marsh. All the material examined by these two writers was from the upper Cretaceous marl bed near Homers- town [the Hornerstown marl] in Monmouth County (J. G. Meirs). The identity of the mandible, described above from Cope, must be considered provisional, resting entirely on the fact that it was topotypic and has not been demonstrated positively to belong to the same fish to which the ichythodorulite belonged. Edaphodon divaricatus (Cope). Ischyodus divaricatus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 315. Cretaceous marl of Burlington Co., N. J. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, PP- 285, 292. (New Jersey greensarid, No. 5, from near Hornerstown.) Right mandibular a trifle more than twice as long as deep, and rami would apparently converge in a slight curve, nearly an HOLOCEPHALL 12=; ill Tig. 76.—Edaphodon divaricatus (Cope). (Type.) 126 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. isoceles triangle, ending in a moderate symphyseal beak. Outer surface of mandibular concave medianly and convex above (below damaged). Outer profile concave anteriorly, then sloping up somewhat undulated and ending above convexly, below and behind (damaged) apparently more or less convex. Inner sym- physeal edge beveled rather short and deep and flattened, except behind, where a slight convex ridge projects and continued back as a groove along posterior inner edge. Inner surface of mandi- bular below and behind symphysis very slightly concave above and equally convex below, with several indistinct longitudinal striae. Oral surface of beak well concave and posteriorly forms plane sloping slightly inwards, equally slightly convex, edges not elevated externally. Inner dental area largest, comprising whole inner posterior surface, extending forward slightly before an- terior dental surface as sharp angle along inner edge, and form- ing deep undulation or loop just below anterior outer dental area. Latter smallest of dental areas, rounded, and placed on com- paratively level surface. Posterior outer dental area much longer than anterior, close to edge, elongated and still closer to inner dental area, only separated by a narrow level area. Lower face of mandibular exposing rather broad longitudinal area marked with numerous even broadly lunate striae. Length 115 mm. Only the type described above have I been able to examine. Cope had three other examples besides the type from Greensand No. 5, near Hornerstown, in Monmouth County. He notes that they showed the general peculiarities, as interrupted masticatory surface, small external areas, anterior subround and opposite or behind apex of very large inner. Narrowed beak forms an angle with posterior part of jaw and penetrated by a laminar column of little width. Formation and locality. This species is recorded as from the Cretaceous marls of Burlington County and near Hornerstown in Greensand No. 5. It is tentatively referred to the Horners- town marl. HOLOCEPHALL 12/ Edaphodon solidulus (Cope). Ischyodus solidulus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1867, p. 244. Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5. Diphrissa solidula Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283. (Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Bdaphodon solidulus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39, PI. 2, figs. 1-2 (type). Mandibular compressed, rather deep, or depth about half its length. No distinct external crests. Terminal area of beak forms round extremity of a narrow column. Inner and outer margins, anterior to large area, of equal elevation, regularly curved outwards without angulation. No anterior outer den- Fig. 77.—Bdaphodon solidulus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) tinal area. Posterior outer dentinal area very small and faces inwards from gradual elevation of outer superior margin. Inner area very large, undivided, accompanied on inner margin by a slender column which issues in posterior corner of symphyseal plane. Length (restored) about 64 mm. (From Cope.) This species was made the basis of a separate genus by Cope. The large inner area of dentinal tubules, with a terminal one is- suing near the apex, and only a single small external dentinal area were the chief characters he advanced. However, I accept Hay's action in merging Diphrissa with Bdaphodon. 128 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Formation and locality. Known only from the type, a left mandibular, from. "Greensand No. 5" [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers) now in the American Museum at New York. Edaphodon latidens (Cope). Diphrissa latidens Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283. Greensand of New Jersey, No. 5. Bdaphodon latidens Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 38, fig. 15 (type). Fig. 78.—Bdaphodon latidens (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.) Mandibular with anterior portion of beak narrowed, apical area flat or crescent-like. Inner area very wide, leaving but nar- row border on outer side. This band but little oblique, edge slightly elevated and without any dentinal area. Single outer column issues near border, hind edge in transverse line with an- terior edge of inner area, its front end extending short distance beyond. Anterior border of inner area broad and obtuse. Length 94 mm. (From Cope.) HOLOCEPHALL 129 Formation and locality. Only known from an imperfect man- dibuilar ascribed to the "Greensand of New Jersey No. 5" [the Hornerstown marl, K.] and now in the American Museum at New York. Edaphodon sp. Right palatal depressed, a trifle more than twice as long as wide, and depth about one-third length. Upper surface with a deep wide gutter ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is flat- tened and horizontal. Side flattened and sloping obliquely out. Lower surface with conspicuous prominence in front or crest, Fig. 79.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey "greensand." sloping steeply forward. Apex of crest gives rise to anterior den- tal area, latter elongated, scarcely wider posteriorly, though at that point deeply concave, and extending slightly behind front of inner posterior dental area. External posterior dental area arises very slightly behind front end of posterior inner dental area. Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat. Length 70 mm. 9 i J 130 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY -FISH. I have but the single example, fragmentary, described above. It somewhat resembles the palatal of B. mirificus, except that the anterior dental areas are much longer and arise on a much higher crest. For fixation and locality. Recorded only as "from the Green- sand of New Jersey.'7 Edaphodon sp. Mandibular bone, right ramuis, a trifle more than twice as long as deep, and width a little more than a third its length, so that rami would converge nearly in a triangle, ending in a short, deep symphyseal beak. Outer surface of mandibular generally de- Fig. 80.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey "greensand" (Gabb). pressed, slightly concave medianly and equally slightly convex above and below. Outer profile undulated slightly anteriorly, arising somewhat convexly behind above. Lower anterior pro- file convex, then sloping up posteriorly and hind profile verti- cally convex. No beveled symphyseal edge, though anteriorly well depressed or flattened, then surface rather convex, and flaring slightly, more so inward, behind. Oral surface well marked by lateral edges, though these scarcely prominent ridges, except slightly at anterior symphyseal region and posterior ex- HOLOCEPHALL ternal. Front region of oral surface, near symphysis, and about midway in its length or opposite front of inner dental area, dis- tinct concavities. Inner dental area extends forward slightly be- fore middle in length along inner edge and externally well towards outer edge. Below anterior symphyseal region traces of parallel striae transversely. Lower surface of mandibular largely convex. Length 63 mm. Besides the above fragment another with same data seems to resemble the posterior or outer flange of the palatal of H. miri- fictis. Formation and locality. I have two fragments "from the Greensand of New Jersey" (W. M. Gabb). Edaphodon sp. Mandibular bone, right ramus (hind end largely broken away) about half long as deep, and rami probably well diverging behind. Symphyseal plain, moderate, distinct. Outer mandi- bular surface generally depressed, somewhat concavely. Inner dentinal area large, and apparently begins a little behind outer, though latter but imperfectly preserved. Length about 68 mm. The above fragment is in the collection of the Geological Sur- vey and is without data, though, like the next, was most likely from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Similarly it suggests E. incrassatus, but is too imperfect for satisfactory comparison. Formation and locality. Not given. i l >h 132 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 81.—Bdaphodon sp. *New Jersey. Edaphodon sp. Mandibular bone, right ramus (probably half broken away) a trifle more than half deep as long, and width similar, and rami probably slightly diverging. Symphyseal plane moderate, dis- tinct. Outer mandibular surface generally depressed. Inner dental area (only anterior portion remains) extends to inner HOLOCEPHALI. 133 ) a mi lis- ler ler Fig. 82.—Bdaphodon sp. *New Jersey. i34 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. mandibular edge, and in front begins slightly behind outer den- tinal area. Latter similar, and apparently large. Length about 80 mm. This fragment is in the collection of the Geological Survey and is without data. It suggests B. incrassatus and may be iden- tical or referable to some similar species as yet undescribed. Formation< and locality. Not given. Genus BRYACTINUS Cope. Bryactinus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. Type Bry- actinus amorphus Cope, monotypic. This genus differs from Edaphodon in having several dentinal areas exposed along outer edges, the apical tube exposed at both extremities and the excavation of posterior half of inner face. A single extinct species known. Bryactinus amorphus Cope. Bryactinus amorphus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282, PI. 45, fig. 12. Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand of No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 37, fig. b (type). ml Fig. 83.—Bryactinus amorphus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.) Dental plate triangular, base representing grinding face, not level, but like others slightly convex. Opposite angular ridge, only extends half jaw length, then sinks and exposes hind end of apical column of dentine. On grinding surface along outer border three other columns issue, not parallel in their courses, but HOLOCEPHALL 135 divergent from nearer origins. Inner face behind posterior exit of apical column excavated, possibly for application of another bone. Grinding face convex at middle, divided into two planes behind, outer narrow and elevated, and inner oblique and sepa- rated by an obtuse angle from excavation of inner side. Length 42 mm. (From Cope.) Pormation and locality. Known only from the type described above, from the "Greensand No. 5" [Hornerstown marl, K.] of Hornerstown, N. J., and now in the American Museum at New York. I have not seen this example. Genus ISOTVENIA Cope. Isotania Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, P- 293. Type Isotania neoccesariensis Cope, monotypic. Differs from Edaphodon in lacking superior groove. Repre- senting two anterior dentinal columns of the latter are two similar exposures, both on same' plane and masticatory face together, only separated by a narrow partition. A single species, extinct. Isot^enia neooesariEnsis Cope. Isotania neocasariensis Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293. Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, PI. 3, figs. 3-4 (type). Palatal with three solid planes, widest opposite to dentinal columns and parallel, and nearly wide as latter. Lateral planes not parallel, with one another, wider forms acute angle with last described and narrower very obtuse angle so as nearly continuous with same, running out into it posteriorly. More vertical side re- tains same depth throughout. One end of bone rounded and truncate, other end excavated directly at right angles to den- tinal areas and then continued as an edentulous plate. Length 93 mm. (From Cope.) Formation and locality. Known only from the above-described type from "Greensand No. 5" [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at 1;!; ¦ 5 I 136 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 84.—Isotcenia neoccosariensis Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.) Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers), and now in the American Museum at New York. I have not seen this speci- men. Genus LEPTOMYLUS Cope. Leptomylus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 313. Type Lepto- mylus densus Cope, monotypic. This genus is related to Psaliodus Egerton,1 differing in hav- ing a single small, narrow dentinal area near the inner margin of the mandibular, which is also without any symphyseal bevel. Median interior longitudinal ridge obtuse and little marked, coated with dense glossy layer. Species 3, all extinct. 1 This genus shows no dentinal areas in the mandibulars. HOLOCEPHALI. Leptomylus cookii Cope. 137 Leptomylus cookii Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 384. Near Mount Holly, Burlington Co., 'N. J. Greensand No. 5. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. (Near Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Leptomylus cooki Hussakof. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 41, PI. 2, figs. 8-9 (type). Mandibular with posterior portion curved out from symphy- seal, latter much compressed and moderately prolonged with inner face quite concave, posteriorly outer face also slightly con- cave. A single obtuse external crest descends gradually to plane Fig. 85.—Leptomylus cookii Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.) of beak, presenting no dentinal area. A single small oval area represents internal, lies along inner margin and latter much thickened, rolled over inwards and symphyseal face very narrow. End of beak (broken away) in section shows no inferior plate- like column, but a round column, which issues on upper surface of beak behind apex. Length nearly 70 mm. (From Cope.) Cope says the apical dentinal column distinguished it from L. densus, in which no such column exists. He also says at hind fractured section of jaw apical column is seen, while internal dentinal area not, latter occupying only a pocket, not a column. The species is like Bdaphodon solidulus in the apical column, 138 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. which has same form in both, though two dentinal faces latter possesses are those of true Edaphodon. Formation and locality. % Known only from the type, described above, a right mandibular, from the marl near Mount Holly in Burlington County, referred to by Cope as "Greensand No. 5" [but now recognized as the combined Navesink-Hornerstown marl bed, K.] now in the American Museum at New York. LEPTOMYUJS DENS US Cope. Leptomylus densus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 313. Birmingham, N. J. Cretaceous marl pits. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. II, 1875, p. 281. (Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Mandibular with front end prolonged, slightly narrowed, hind face plane, and transversely concave longitudinally. When ex- ternal edge rises internal falls off, and narrow dentinal area di- rected obliquely upwards and inwards. Inner face, above an anterior thickened margin as deep as prolonged beak, concave, but again convex near superior margin. Marked with obscure curved, coarse lines parallel to hind outer edge. Lower or front edge a contracted ridge, inner plane vertical and upper part of inner face expanding upwards. Dentinal column supporting tubercle large as a goose quill. No other columns. Length from first point about 140 mm. (From Cope.) Cope also describes a palatal he thinks may belong to this species. It differs from Edaphodon in the presence of two very narrow dentinal bands, which are opposite and parallel, one on the outer margin and the other within the inner margin of the bone. Form much depressed and spade-like, superior face scarcely descending regularly to edge. Outer margin expands an inch behind end and beveled off frorri continued width of upper face, latter showing slight longitudinal striae. Proximally usual large groove. Formation and locality. Known only from Cope's account, reproduced above, based on a mandibular from the "Greensand No. 5" [the Navesink-Hornerstown marl bed, K.] of Birming- ham in Burlington County (J. Gaskilf). Also a supposed palatal, with same data. HOLOCEPHALI. 139 Leptomylus forfex Cope. Leptomylus forfex Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875 (Feb. 9th), p. 19 (nomen nurum). New Jersey Cretaceous. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., IT, 1875, p. 281. Hornerstown and Barnesborough, N J. Greensand No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, PI. 3, figs. 1-2 (type). Mandibular much elevated, elevation being1 confined to outer side which rises as a lamina, causing masticatory face nearly vertical much its length, and but short extent level to apex. Slight marginal swelling where anterior outer dental should be, and an abrupt rise in margin to position occupied in Edaphodon- by posterior outer area. Inner border of masticating surface parallel to inferior border of jaw except where two converge to apex, here entire face included between them occupied by large symphyseal facet. Inner dentinal area represented by narrow acuminate patch on inner angle of masticatory face opposite tuberosity representing anterior outer. Apical area very narrow, extends same distance along exterior angle of superior face. Length 135 mm. (From Cope.) Cope also notes that the palatal found in connection with the mandibles of Edapho don nrirfficus does not pertain to them, and is only inferentially referred to this species. The resemblance to the species is very great. Its oblique superior and outer face gireatly extended, while inner narrow and vertical. Usual superior groove present, close to edge of latter. Inferior border quite thin. Only two dentinal areas, these exceedingly small and representing outer and anterior inner of species of Edaphodon. Length 140 mm. Formation and locality. Known from the type, described above, from "Greensand No. 5" [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers), now in the American Museum at New York. Cope also had a mandibular and palatal from near Barnsboro in Gloucester County (J. C. Vorhees [probably from the combined Navesink-Hornerstown marl beds, K.]. . 140 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Fig. 86.—Leptomylus forfex Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.) ICHTHYODORULITES. ICHTHYODORULITES. 141 This group is purely artificial, and is used merely as a reposi- tory for various spines, dermal armature, tubercles, etc., of such cartilaginous fishes as sharks and chimseras, which are only known from fragmentary remains. It often follows that such incomplete indications of these animals are very similar in the various genera, and that their determination as to higher rank is very difficult, if not impossible, for which reason it would be convenient to at least indicate them in this provisional ar- rangement. About 82 genera have been described. Genus CYLINDRACANTHUS Leidy. Cylindracanthus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 12. Type Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, monotypic. Ccelorhynchus (nee Giorna) Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., V, 1843, pp. 892. Type Cwlorhynchus rectus Agassiz, first species, and name only, restricted by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 331. Glyptorhynchus Leriche, Poiss. Eoc. Basin Beige, 1906, p. —(not consulted). Spine very long, slender, gradually tapering, rounded in sec- tion, without denticles, external face longitudinally ridged and grooved, each'ridge corresponding toi wedge-shaped plate which forms small sector of spine. Central cavity relatively small, sometimes in part simple, but usually divided by median parti- tion. Division plane passing through middle of partition, thus allowing spine to be readily split into two symmetrical halves. This genus was originally thought to be possibly allied with the sword fishes, and others have thought it located near the chimse- roids. Its true position must still be considered doubtful. Cyundracanthus ornatus Leidy. Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 12. Cretaceous near Pemberton, Burlington Co., N. J. (W. Taylor), and Alabama. Ccelorhynchus ornatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 294. (Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.) Spine cylindrical, slightly tapering (both ends damaged). Surface with longitudinal strise of more or less even length, 142 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. variation in striae only due to greater width or depth of grooves separating them, and entire surface evenly smooth to touch. As spine narrows occasionally, two will unite and then continue singly. Striae vary 35 to 45 in number. Length (damaged) 87 mm. Diameter 14 mm. All the smaller examples exhibit about 35 or 36 strise, while in the largest there are 45. Allowing for the flutings, which are not over 10, the variation is considerable. Formation and locality. The types, three fragmentary spines from the "Cretaceous near Pemberton" [may mean the Navesink- Hornerstown marl just west of Pemberton at Birmingham, the Vincentown limesand nearer town, or the Manasquan marl, ex- posed in the banks of the creek at Pemberton, K.], in Burlington County (W. Taylor), and four small fragmentary spines from the Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J. Smith). Cyundracanthus acus (Cope). Ccelorhynchus acus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XII, 1870, p. 294. Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. /. Cylindracanthus acus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 44, fig. 1 (type). Fragment of small spine with single median cavity, and exter- nally 19 ridges separated by narrow grooves. Length about 29 mm. (From Cope.) Cope originally states this to be a portion of the muzzle of a fish similar to C. rectus, but smaller, also much smaller than C. ornatus, and differing from the latter in much fewer ridges. Formation and locality. The type, described above, from the Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J. Smith), and now in the American Museum, at New York. ICHTHYODORULITES. 143 5. 10 Fig. 87.—Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy. 1-6, New Jersey; 7-10, Mon- mouth Co. Fig. 88.—Cylindracanthus acus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.) Genus SPHAGEPCEA Cope. Sphagepcea Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Type Splmgepcea aciculata Cope, virtually designated, monotypic. Spine slender, acute, nearly straight, with thin projecting an- terior edge deeply notched from tip to short distance above base, producing an acute dentition. No teeth behind, but two promin- ent ridges separated by a deep groove. Sides of spine longitudi- nally grooved. The single extinct species known. 144 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Sphagepcea aciculata Cope. Sphagepcea aciculata Cope, Proc. Artier. Philos. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Cretaceous Greensand of the upper bed, Birmingham, N. J. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293. (Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 50, fig. 22 (type). Spine much compressed in general form, but section of eden- tulous portion broad as deep. Sides with two eievated ridges, an- terior only continued to near tip, gradually broken into series of tubercles near base. Length about 140 mm. (From Cope.) Cope says this spine may be referred to either a pycnodont, chimseroid or possibly even a plectognath fish. He also adds it resembles the spine of Micro don mtchalis figured by Dixon. Fig. 89.—Sphagepoea aciculata Cope. (Type, ^ size, from Hussakof.) Formation and locality. Known only from the type which Cope says was discovered in the Cretaceous greensand of the upper bed at the pits of the Pemberton Marl Company, Birming- ham, in Burlington county (T. Kite). Hussakof, however, gives the locality as Hornerstown. [In either event it seems referable to the Hornerstown marl, K.]. Sub-Class ACTINOPTERI. THE TRUE FISHES. Membrane head bones, as opercle, preopercle, etc., developed. Skeleton sometimes cartilaginous, usually bony. Skull with sutures. Lungs imperfectly developed, or degraded to form swim-vessel, or entirely absent. Heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle and arterial bulb. Gills with their outer i\ r ACTINOPTERI. 145 edges free, their bases attached to bony arches, normally four pairs of these, and fifth pair being typically modified into tooth-bear- ing lower pharyngeals. Ova small. Median and paired fins de- veloped, latter with distinct rays. No claspers. Series GANOIDEL THE GANOID FISHES. A scarcely definable assemblage of largely provisional nature first used by Agassiz for those fishes armed with bony plates in- stead of the usual type of cycloid or ctenoid scales. The orders are: Lysopteri, Chondrostei, Selachostomi, Pycnodonti, Lepi- dostei and Haiecomorphi. Order PYCNODONTI. THE PYCNODONTS. Notochord persistent, without ossifications in its sheath. Opercle small. Preopercle large. Branchiostegal apparatus re- duced. No subopercle or interopercle. No infraclavicles. This order contains a single family. Family PYCNODONTIDJE. THE PYCNODONTS. Trunk deeply fusiform or cycloidal. Mouth gape small. Pre- hensile teeth on premaxillary and dentary, wanting on maxillary (if this bone present) and pterygo-palatine arcade, tritorial on single vomer and splenials, and all teeth without vertical suc- cessors. Cranial bones robust, median occipital plate separating parietals. Facial bones delicate or wanting. O'percle reduced till small, preopercle large. Branchiostegals not more than two. Man- dibular suspensorium much inclined forward. Notochord per- sistent, without ossifications in sheath. Scales rhombic when present, frequently wanting on whole or part of caudal region, and almost invariably strengthened by inner rib on anterior edge 10 geol 146 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. and united by peg-and-socket articulation in connection there- with. Fin-rays robust, majority well-spaced and articulated, fulcra absent, except perhaps quite at base of caudal fin. Dorsal and anal more or less extended. This family, of which all its members are extinct, is appar- ently most closely related to the sturgeons, near which it has been placed. About 15 genera have been described. Genus PYCNODUS Agassiz. Pycnodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., II, 1835, p. 183. Type Zeus platessus Blain- ville, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, III, 1895, p. 276. Periodus Agassiz, 1. c, p. 201. Type Periodus hoemigii Agassiz, monotypic. Trunk deeply fusiform, gradually passing into slender caudal peduncle. Teeth smooth or with slight apical pit and feeble rugosity. Oral vomerine surface slightly convex from side to side, with five longitudinal series of teeth. Splenial dentition com- prising three series of teeth, innermost largest. Head and oper- cuJar bones externally rugose and punctate. Neural and haemal arches of axial skeleton of trunk expanding to encircle notochord. Scales covering front part of body before median fins. Fin rays delicate, spaced, articulated, somewhat divided distally. Pelvic fins present. Dorsal and anal low, fringe-like, former occupies greater part of back and latter much shorter, arising posteriorly. Caudal with slightly excavated hinder border. About 32 species have been described. Pycnodus phasEolus Hay. Pycnodus phaseolus Hay, Amer. Nat, XXXIII, 1899, p. 788 (name only, based on L,eidy). Pycnodus faba (nee Meyer) Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., I, 1873, pp. 292, 349, PI. 19, fig. 15-16. Greensand Marl of Crosswicks, Burlington Co., N. J. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, P- 280. (Greensand No. ? of N. J.) Jaw fragment with three broad teeth arranged obliquely parallel with one another from within backward and outward. Outline il. ACTINOPTERL 147 elongated, bean-shaped, slightly concave in front and convex behind, and slightly wider externally than internally. Length of tooth about 20 mm. (From Leidy.) The above paratype, figured by Leidy, differs from his type in not having small lateral teeth in at least one series each side of the median, and on one side traces of a second series. Formation and locality. Originally from the Cretaceous of Mississippi, but also known from Leidy's record of the above- described example from the greensand marl of Crosswicks in Fig. 90.—Pycnodus phaseolus Hay. (Type, from Leidy.) Burlington County (J. H. Slack). This example was said to have been in the collection of the Academy, but I have not located it. [A marly clay, the Merchantville formation, outcrops at Crosswicks village, but no true marl beds occur within several miles of that place. The Navesink marl was formerly dug along Crosswicks Creek, south of Walnford, and 6 or 7 miles above Crosswicks village. It is impossible to determine whether the specimen is referable to the Merchantville clay or to the Nave- sink marl, probably the latter, K.] Pycnodus bobustus Leidy. Pycnodus robustus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 168. Green- sand of Nezv Jersey. Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 293, 350, PI. 37, figs. 18-19 (type). Tooth elongate, rather depressed, slightly convex anteriorly as viewed above, with either end very slightly tapering and rounded. Edges all rounded and like surface smooth. Viewed below 148 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. tooth deeply excavated, leaving trenchant edges all around and longer ones slightly more approximated than edges of upper surface. Length about 29 mm. This was probably inclined from left downward to right end, and beginning at former greater portion beveled as triturating Fig. 91.—Pycnodus robustus Leidy. (Type). surface, leaving lower right portion more convex. Coloration brownish and all about edges rather pale slaty. Formation and locality. Only the type, described above, with- out definite locality or geological horizon (G. H. Cook) is known. It is now in the collection of the Academy. Order LEPIDOSTEI. THE BONY GANOIDS. . Skeleton bony. Subopercle and preopercle present, also coro- noid and mesocoracoid. Branchiostegals present. Ventral fins abdominal, with basilar segments rudimentary, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of hind limb generally reduced to one rudi- ment. Optic nerves form chiasma. Intestine with spiral valve. Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Air vessel lung-like, cellular, connected, with oesophagus by duct. Skin covered with ganoid or cycloid scales. Tail heterocercal. ACTINOPTERI. 149 Family LEPISOSTEID^E. THE GAR PIKES. Body elongate, subcylindrical. Jaws mostly elongate, spatu- late or beak-like, upper projecting beyond lower. Eyes small. Premaxillary forms most of upper jaw edge. Maxillary trans- versely divided in several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as in reptiles, coronoid present. Both jaws with outer series of small teeth followed by one or two series of large teeth, besides series of small close-set rasp-like teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Large jaw teeth of conic form, pointed, striate, placed at right angles to jaw. These teeth resting in rather deep furrow protected on outside by raised border of jaw, on inside by similar ridge, pierced in center by foramen communicating with maxillary canal through which nerves and blood-vessels enter pulp cavity of tooth. Forms of folded dentine layers within teeth peculiar. Pharyngeal teeth rasp-like. Tongue tooth- less, short, broad, emarginate, set free at tip. Nostrils close to upper jaw tip. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit after fourth. Gill-rakers very short. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchiostegals 3. Accessory gill on inner side of opercle. Air-vessel cellular, lung-like, somewhat functional. Stomach not ccecal. Pyloric appendages numerous. Intestinal spiral valve rudimentary. Body covered with hard rhombic ganoid scales or plates, imbricated in oblique series ex- tending downward and backward. External skull bones very hard, rugose. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal fin short, rather high, posterior, nearly opposite similar anal. Tail heterocercal, in young produced as filament beyond caudal. Caudal convex. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, few rayed, latter nearly mid- way between former and anal. j The existing forms are large fishes, chiefly of the fresh waters of North America, referred to one or two genera. Several generic names have been applied to the fragmentary fossil forms, which are here included under Lepisosteus. It seems likely that the existing forms are divisable into two genera, of which Cylin- drosteus may also be maintained. 150 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Genus LEPISOSTEUS Lacepede. Lepisosteus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 330. Type Lepisosteus gavial Lacepede, first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 84. Lepidosteus, auct. Psallisostonus Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pise, III, 1792, p. Type (no species given, except "Esocis species L.") Bsex osseus Linnaeus, affixed by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 81. (Name inad- missible as only a reprint.) Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, Ich. Ohien., 1820, p. 72. Type Lepisosteus platos- tomus Rafinesque, first species, restricted by. Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c, p. 87. Atractosteus Rafinesque, 1. c. Type Lepisosteus ferox Rafinesque, first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c. Sarchirus Rafinesque, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, pt. 2, 1818, p. 418. Type Sarchirus vittatus Rafinesque, monotype. Pneumatosteus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 242. Type Pneumatosteus nahunticus Cope, monotype. Clastes Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), p. 633. Type Clastes cycliferus Cope, second species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, III, 1895, p. 445. Trichiurides Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, IV, 1876, p. 31. Type Trichiurides sagittidens Winkler, monotypic. Characters included in those of the family. Lepisosteus knieskerni sp. nov. Detached scale of lateral line unevenly rhomboid in contour of enameled surface, both upper and lower anterior edges slightly concave and upper posterior side longest. Enameled surface with number of minute pores, and median transverse short exca- vation (evidently a pore of lateral line) about first three-sevenths Fig. 92.—Lepisosteus knieskerni Fowler. (Type.) in length of scale. This pore opens on under side of scale in a pore placed about last third in its length, and continued back hori- zontally as rather deep groove. Inner or lower surface of scale rough, not enameled, with short hook-like process at upper angle. Length about 17 mm. ACTINOPTERI. 151 This species.is only known to me from the above-described type, No. 2264, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., from Monmouth County, N. J. (Dr. P. D. Knieskern). Unfortunately it is without other data and is accompanied by two small fragmentary bones, one minutely denticulated, possibly belonging to the same animal? This fossil is quite interesting as indicating the first instance of the antiquity of Lepisosteus within our limits. Formation and locality. No formation or definite locality has been given for this species, which would, however, seem to be Cretaceous? (Named for Dr. P. D. Knieskern, who collected the type.) Order ISOSPONDYLI. THE ISOSPONDYLOUS FISHES. Anterior vertebrae simple, unmodified, without auditory ossi- cles. Symplectic present. Opercles distinct. Pharyngeal bones simple above and below, lower not falciform. Jaw bones de- veloped. Maxillary broad, distinct from premaxillary, forms part of upper jaw edge. No barbels. Shoulder-girdle well de- veloped, connected with cranium by bony post-temporal. No interclavicles. Mesocoracoid arch always well developed, as in ganoids, forming bridge from hypercoracoid to hypocoracoid Gills 4, slit after fourth. Air-vessel, if present, with pneumatic duct. Scales usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid, occasionally absent. No developed photophores. Dorsal and anal fins with- out true spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Ventral fins ab- dominal, sometimes wanting. A large group, containing about 54 families, some of which show characters analogous in some of the ganoid Halecomorphi, seemingly pointing to a possible line of descent. The present order is a very large group, containing a vast number of marine, soft-rayed fishes among living forms, though the fossils are much less numerous. Family RAPHIOSAURIDyE. Dentition with short stout fangs occupying alveoli, of which inner side and part of anterior posterior walls incomplete Teeth 152 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. more or less pleurodont, but extremity of root received into conic fundus of alveolus. Premaxillary bones well developed, maxillaries more so, and enter largely into composition of mouth border. Well developed angle of mandible. This family differs from the Chirocentridce in its dentition. All its species are extinct. Genera about 21. I may note that Pachyrhizodus Dixon1 is antedated by Raphiosaufus Owen,2 and therefore the present family appellation should stand as above rather than as Pachyrhizodontidce. Genus CONOSAURUS Gibbes. Conosaurus Gibbes, Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., II, 1851, p. 9. Type Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes. Conosurus, auct. Conosaurops Leidy.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 202. Type Cono- saums bowmani Gibbes, virtually, as this name proposed to replace Conosaurus believed preoccupied. Detached teeth conic, in transverse section circular, solid, sharp-pointed, slightly curved backward, fluted near base on inner face with smooth and fine enamel, and with an expanded osseus support. Only a single species. Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes. Conosaurus bowmani Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 200. (Greensand of Burlington Co.) Conosaurus bowmanii Cope, Rep. U. S. Geel. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 276. (Greensand of Burlington Co.) Fragment of jaw slightly compressed, outer surface above less inclined than inner above, also former nearly plane or scarcely convex and latter slightly concave with inclination extending well down. As viewed above fragment slightly convex in general contour. At present three teeth alternate with four deep alveoli, * latter appear as slightly ellipsoid pits of rather large size when 1 Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 374. 2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1841 (1842), pp. 145, 190. ACTINOPTERI. 153 viewed from above. Anterior tooth perfect, inclined slightly back, entirely conical, and tip directed slightly inside. Last two teeth damaged apically, solid, similar to first, and last smallest. Teeth all placed close together. Length 70 mm. The above example is described by Leidy and referred to this species. Another smaller fragment, similar, only with two teeth, an alveolus between and traces of one externally to each tooth, Fig. 93.—Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes. Burlington Co. (Taylor). agrees in having solid conic teeth. In this fragment the ex- ternal face, apparently, of the jaw, is well inclined. Length about 41 mm. Formation and locality. The two fragments above described are from the greensand of Burlington County [which are Creta- ceous, K.] (W.J.Taylor). The species was originally ascribed to the Eocene of South Carolina. .ir I .' j'l 154 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. } Family ICHTHYODECTID^. 1', l'< , Body elongate. Snout not produced. Teeth acuminate, al- most or exclusively confined to premaxilla, maxilla and dentary bones. Supraoccipital prominent, partly or completely separat- ing parietals in median line. Squamosals reduced, otic region 1 very prominent. Parasphenoid enclosing basicranial canal. Cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium in- clined forwards, but mouth gape wide. Premaxilla and maxilla robust and firmly fixed, both entering upper mouth border. Opercular apparatus complete, with branchiostegal rays, but no 1 gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse 1 processes. Ribs nearly or completely encircling abdominal cavity. Haemal arches more or less fused at base of tail. Intermuscular bones present. Post-temporal bones in contact with postero- lateral angles of cranium. Scales thin, cycloid. Fin-fulcra ab- sent. Fin rays divided and closely articulated distally. Dorsal f and anal fins remote, latter elevated into an acuminate lobe an- teriorly. Represented by about eight genera, all extinct. Possibly the most salient character, as distinctive from the Chirocentridcs is the [ anal fin having an elevated anterior lobe. , ' Genus SAUROCEPHALUS Harlan. Saurocephahts Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1824, p. 337. Type 1 Saurocephalus lanciformis Harlan, monotypic. Saurodon Hays, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) III, 1830, p. 475. Type Saurodon lea Hays, monotypic. Daptimus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, P- 339- Type Sauro- cephalus phlebotomus Cope, specified, monotypic. j Teeth hollow, in sockets, compressed to sharp edge in front and behind. Maxillary and dentary teeth almost uniform, only slightly increasing in size backwards, and those on premaxillary not much enlarged. Successional teeth formed on inner side of functional teeth, and a series of nutritive foramina on inner face of jaw below alveolar border or inner margin of each dental alveolus deeply notched. Small toothless presymphyseal bone ACTINOPTERL 155 in mandible. Vertebrae about 60 (=25 + 35). Centra ex- hibiting two deep longitudinally extended pits on each side. About 20 species. Saurocephalus leanus (Hays). Saurodon lea Hays, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) III, 1830, p. 476. Upper Cretaceous of Pensauken Creek. Saurodon leanus Hays, 1. c, p. 477, PI. 16, figs. 1-10 (type). Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 536 (compiled). Cope, U. S. 'Geol. Surv. Wyom., 1871, p. 421 (reference). Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 255. (Greensand No. 5r N. J.) Saurocephalus leanus Harlan, Tr. Geol. Soc. Pa., I, pt. 1, 1834, p. 83 (not consulted). Harlan, Med. Phys. Res., 1835, p. 286 (remarks). Morton, Amer. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only). Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 302 (compiled). Leidy, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1857, pp. 91, 94, PI. 6, figs. 12-15 (largely compiled). I 2 Fig. 94.—Saurocephalus leanus (Hays). 1-2, Allowaystown (Yarrow), and", others type (from Hays). 156 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Portion of mandible with rami nearly parallel, below through whole extent of fragment in contact apparently united by suture. Posteriorly on each a smooth shallow cavity. Near hind end appearance of suture, most distinct on left side. Dental bone with single row of alveoli continued in front for teeth. Just below alveolar border a series of foramina, one foramen to each alveolus. Teeth of mandible (crushed?) close within upper. Just within dental bone on left side rectangular portion of unde- termined bone. Premaxillaries very distinct, united behind by squamous suture to upper maxillary, and apparently lachrymal, anteriorly premaxillaries rounded, and hind portions each side with four or five teeth. A lachrymal between premaxillary and maxillary on each side, deep groove on its front portion passing forward and down becomes smaller as it descends. Each lachry- mal with small smooth superficial groove on upper portions, inside small smooth, slightly convex, apparently articulating surface. Maxillary above and in front, near junction with lachrymal, with smooth convex articulating surface inclining little inwards and alveoli for teeth distinct. Near alveolar edge, on inner sur- face regular series of foramina. Outer surfaces of maxillary and premaxillary with shagreen appearance. Teeth in both jaws close together, uniserial, in distinct alveoli, similar or mandibular rather more compressed, and anterior of latter also smaller than posterior. Crowns of teeth enameled, smooth, lanciform, slightly inclined inwards, and those at hind part of mandible slightly curved forward. Roots hollow, slightly grooved externally, and very slight groove internally. Apparently .9 or 10 intermaxillary teeth and about 30 in each maxillary. Length about 87 mm. (From1 Hays.) Formation and locality. The type was found in the upper Cretaceous marl of Pensauken creek 5 miles southeast of Moores- town (J. Brick). [The headwaters of Pensauken Creek originate in the belt of Navesink-Hornerstown marl south of Mount Laurel, so that the specimen may be referred to that horizon, K.] I have not examined any examples unless a detached tooth from the marl at Allowaystown [Miocene, K.] (H. C. Yarrow) is identical. ACTINOPTERL Family. ENCHODONTID^E. 157 Snout not produced. Teeth fused with supporting bone, not in complete sockets, those on pterygo-palatine arcade and dentary largest. Supraoccipital not prominent, but extending forwards to frontals and separating small parietals in median line. Squa- mosal reduced, only partly covering otic region, which projects laterally. No basicranial canal. Cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined backwards, and mouth gape wide. Premaxilla delicate, considerably extended, and excluding great part of slender maxilla from upper mouth border. Opercular apparatus complete, with few slender branch- iostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes. Ribs not completely encircling adominal cavity. Compound hypural bone at tail base. Inter- muscular bones present. Scales • delicate or absent, but occa- sional longitudinal series of scutes and dorsal series, when pres- ent, unpaired. Fin fulcra absent. Rayed dorsal never extended much, usually near middle of back, and sometimes an adipose fin behind. Related to the existing Everinanellidce and Alepisauridce, both fishes of the deep sea. All the members of this family are ex- tinct and comprise about 10 genera. Genus ENCHODUS Agassiz. Bnchodus Agassiz; Poiss. Foss., V, 1843, p. 64. Type Bnchodus halcyon Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, IV, 1901, p. 191. Isodus Heckel, Russegger. Reis., Ill, 1846-49, p. 342. Type Isodus sulcatus Heckel, monotypic. Ischyrocephalus Marck, Zeitsch. Deutsch: Geol. Ges., X, 1858, p. 248. Type Ischyrocephalus gracilis Marck, monotypic. Solenodon Kramberger, Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst, XXXI, 1881, p. 373- Type Solenodon neocomiensis Kramberger, first species, restricted by Wood- ward, 1. c, p. 204. (Preoccupied by Brandt 1833.) Holcodon Kramberger, Rad. Jugoslav. Akad., LXXII, 1885, p. 19. Type Saurocephalus? lye0don Kner, virtually monotypic. Buryganthus Davis, Tr. Roy. Dublin Soc, (2) III, 1887, p. 601. Type Bury- ganthus ferox Davis, monotypic. fill T 's 1 158 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Trunk elongate-fusiform, and, like head, laterally corn- pressed. Mandible little prominent, with inner widely-spaced series of large slender teeth, front largest, also marginal series of minute teeth all nearly or completely solid. Premaxillary in form of vertical lamina, deepest in front, tapering behind, with uniserial small teeth. Maxillary long, slender, either finely toothed or edentulous at oral edge. Palatine thickened, tumid, with only one large tooth fixed at front end. Ectopterygoid ro- bust, with single spaced series of large slender teeth, gradually diminished in size backwards. No teeth barbed. Operculum strengthened on inner side by ridge extending,horizontally back from point of suspension. Cranial roof with deep median longi- tudinal depression, lateral and occipital margins ornamented like other external bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine. Branchiostegal rays about 12—16. Vertebrae 40-50, about half caudal. Centra at least long as deep, constricted mesially, and marked with small irregular longitudinal ridges. Rudimentary dermal scutes not overlapping, in single median series between occiput and dorsal and along course of lateral line. Pair of en- larged hook-shaped dermal scutes at base of tail, one on either side of caudal peduncle. All except foremost rays of each fin finely divided distally, but none excessively elongated. No post- clavicular plate. Dorsal and anal large, neither much longer than deep, and former arising much before middle point of trunk, lat- ter also far forwards. Posterior adipose dorsal. Caudal forked, with curved fulcral rays and stout articulated undivided rays at base both above and below. Pectoral large. Ventral much smaller than pectoral, and far forward. About 30 species have been described. Enchodus ferox Leidy. Bnchodus ferox Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 397. Greenswd near Mount Holly, N. J. Emmons, Man. Geol. Ed. 2, i860, p. 214, fig. 182 (no loc). Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Below Greensand No. 5, New Jersey.) Hay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XIX, 1903, p. 68, fig. 50 (Cope's material). Hussakof, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72 (Cope's material). ACTINOPTERI. 159 Sphyrcena Morton, Synop. Organ. Rem. Cret., 1834, p. 32, PI. 12, fig. 1. (Blue Marl of Monmouth Co.) Bnchodus pressidens Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geo. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Greensand No. ? of N. J.) Fragment of left premaxillary with base of anterior tooth (damaged). Length 38 mm. Tooth (damaged) compressed laterally, forming rather broad longitudinal concave groove each side, and constricted convex surface with numerous fine parallel vertical basal striae. Broad •expanded convex surface smooth. Entire cutting-edges sharp. Crown of this tooth tapering rapidly to broad compressed and finally sharp point. Base of crown slightly flaring a little behind. Length' 36 mm. Another tooth comparatively broader, without striae, form more compressed so convex side faces assymmetrical laterally. This tooth also shows very minute serrse along its cutting-edge. Length 38 mm. The above examples are described in detail as they are Mor- ton's originals. This species is the most abundant of the genus within our limits. It seems to be characterized by the cutting- edges of the large teeth extending both sides basally. Formation and locality. Besides the above-described examples, ascribed to the "Blue marl of Monmouth County" [either Nave- sink or the Shark River, probably the former, K.] (3); a large fang and portion of attachment from "the Greensand at Free- hold in Monmouth County" [Navesink marl] (J. H. Slack 1) ; also portion of jaw with three large conic teeth without other locality than New Jersey (C. C. Abbott 1) ; portion of jaw and its attachment labeled New Jersey, and fragment of jaw with two large solid teeth and a series of externals of small size from Bur- lington County. The following detached teeth seem to belong to this species: r of moderate size found with Hadrosaurus foulkii at Haddonfield [in the Woodbury clay, K.]; 1 from. "New Jersey" (C. C. Abbott) ; 1 from "New Jersey" (E. D. Cope) ; 1 from the Cretaceous of "New Jersey" (J. Leidy) ; 1 imperfect from Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott) ; 1 from: Vincentown in Bur- !'r I' I, •Hii :t 160 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. ! ! Fig. 95.—Bnchodus ferox Leidy. 1-2, New Jersey "greensand (Slack) ; 3-5, New Jersey (Abbott); 6-8, New Jersey (Cope); 9-12, New Jersey (Leidy) ; 13-17, Monmouth Co. (Morton) ; 1&-20, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 21-22, Haddonfield. ACTINOPTERI. 161 Fig. 96.—Bnchodus ferox Leidy. 1, New Jersey (Abbott) ; 2, New Jersey; 3, Burlington Co. Fig. 97.—Bnchodus ferox Leidy. *i-6, one mile southwest of Farmingdale in Manasquan Marl; *7~8, near Crawford's Corner in Wenonah sand. lington County [Manasquan marl or the Vincentown limesand, K.] (T. M. Bryan). I have allowed Bnchodus pressidens Cope to fall with this species, as suggested by Hay. II GEOI, 162 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Enchodus semistriatus Marsh. Bnchodus semistriatus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869 (1870), p. 230. Lower Cretaceous Marl Bed of New Jersey. Phasganodus semistriatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, P- 277. (Greensand of No. 4, New Jersey.) Tooth slightly sigmoid in shape, compressed, with front sharp cutting-edge minutely denticulated. Rounded posterior surface marked by delicate striae, except near apex, which latter is furnished with a barb. Length about 23 mm. (From Marsh.) Marsh also identified some smaller teeth more nearly straight, but apparently without the apical barb. Formation and locality. Known from detached teeth from the "lower Cretaceous marl bed of New Jersey" [probably mean- ing the Navesink marl bed, K.]. Enchodus serrulatus sp. nov. Tooth somewhat sigmoid in form, well compressed, and front cutting-edge sharp, very finely serrated. Convex posterior sur- Fig. 98.—Bnchodus serrulatus Fowler. (Type.) face with many fine longitudinal basal striae, not reaching apex or cutting-edge. No distinct barb, but apex with entire cutting- edges, posterior extending below short distance as minutely ser- rated edge. Striae quite deep and distinct on basal part of crown. Length 16 mm. Formation and locality. A single 'tooth, without formation, from Vincentown in Burlington County [the Manasquan marl, K.] (T. M. Bryan). This example approaches B. semistriatus, but differs in its posterior serrated apical keel, the apex itself being entire. Type No. 5,866, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. (Serrulatus, with little serrae.) ACTINOPTERI. Enchodus gsntryi (Cope). 163 Phasganodus gentryi Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. Miocene of Cumberland Co., N. J. Enchodus gentryi Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72 (type). Long tooth of jaw anteriorly slender, curved back, front view shows cutting-edge from apex to base and no cutting-edge or angle on posterior face (unless at damaged apex). On one side cementum smooth, on other and posteriorly crown keeled-striate from base to near apex. Length 10 mm. (From Cope.) This species seems to be distinguished by having a single cut- ting-edge on the large front teeth in the jaw. Formation and locality. Known only from the type now in the American Museum at New York. It was from the .Miocene [the Kirkwood formation, K.] at Shiloh in Cumberland County. I have not seen any material. Enchodus tetr^ecus Cope. Enchodus tetrcecus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278. Cretaceous No. 4, Delatvare and New Jersey. Hay, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 103, p. 74, figs. 54-55 (types). Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXV, 1908, p. 73 (note on types). Elongate anterior teeth narrow and slender, greatest basal diameter at right angles to upper part of crown. Posterior side, as usual, much more convex than anterior, two faces separated by Fig. 99.—Enchodus t&trcecus Cope. (Type, from Hay.) cutting-edges, both of which extend to base of crown. Shallow groove runs just behind each cutting-edge to base, giving latter an unsymmetrical figure 8 form of section. Anterior face but little convex, perfectly smooth and posterior very convex, marked with sharply defined grooves about half way to apex from base between lateral shallow grooves. Fifteen may be counted from side to side. Length of crown 30 mm. (From Cope.) 164 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. <,'/ |f Formation and locality. Known from various teeth, the type j:1 ,' ' a palatine tooth, in the collection of the American Museum at 5 j New York. It is from the "Cretaceous No. 4" at St. Georges, Delaware, though Cope also had other material, from the same ,! horizon in New Jersey. Not seen by me. ¦ i Enchodus oxytomus Cope. j ' I << , Enchodus oxytomus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278. Clays below Cretaceous, No. 4, N. J. 1 Long tooth from front extremity of premaxillary or dentary. Differs from other species of the genus in extent to which hind cutting-edge prolongs downward toward base of tooth, nearly equaling in this respect anterior edge. As in all other species of the genus cutting-edges not opposite, and a section of base un- , 1 symmetrical. Cementum mostly smooth. Crown rather broad I for its length, which is below average of Cretaceous species. j (From Cope.) Only known from the above incompletely described example, originally in the Cope collection. I Formation and locality. Known only from "clays below Cre- f taceous No. 4." Not seen by me. Enchodus sp. Tooth solid, curved, compressed, rounded convexly behind and constricted to sharp cutting-edge in front, and (though imper- } ' feet) apparently entire. Crown as viewed from cutting-edge Fig. 100.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Slack). deflected convexly to one side, and basally slightly expanded. Each side of base with fine parallel striae of rather uneven depth, and not extending up more than basal two-fifths. Length 14 mm. ACTINOPTERL 16* Formation and locality. A single imperfect tooth, with, front cutting-edge extending whole length, from Monmouith County (J. H. Slack), without formation. Enchodus sp. Tooth solid, slightly sigmoid, conic, swelling basally so that transverse section would be deeply elliptical, and apex com- pressed transversely with lateral keel extending downward each Fig. ioi.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern). side for about two-sevenths length. Edge of each keel under a lens slightly roughened. Surface of tooth entire or smooth, though basally with minute parallel striae of various perfection. Length ii mm. . Formation and locality. A small tooth, without formation, from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern). Enchodus sp. Teeth similar to the last except entirely conic, without any keel whatever. Possibly striae were one time present, but only one example shows basal longitudinal striae now. All are rather Fig. 102.—Bnchodus sp. 1-2, New Jersey (Burtt) ; 3-5, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 6-7, Vincentown (Bryan). compressed basally so as to appear elliptical in transverse section. Length of largest 18 mm. iff. f }fi 166 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. J'i f. Formation and locality. Like the last from Monmouth County .«;!• |; (P. D. Knieskern) 7. Besides these, also another tooth showing u'u) several transverse rings below its middle, from "New Jersey" ,| (Burtt), and one from Vincentown [the Vincentown limesand , t or the Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M- Bryan). ; ; Order HAPLOMI. '' THE PIKE-UKE FISHES. Mouth with teeth. Post-temporal normally attached to cra- nium. Parietals separated by supraoccipital. Symplectic pres- ent. Opercular bones well developed. Mescoracoid wanting. Coracoids normal. Hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid separate,, with developed actinosts. Pharyngeals distinct, superior di- rected forward, 3 or 4 in number, lower not falciform. No inter- L clavicles. Scapular arch joined to cranium by post-temporal. f Front vertebras unmodified. Air-vessel with distinct duct. Head usually covered with cycloid scales, like on body. Fins with so Central portion of pharyngeal dental plate with very thick ' teeth, longest of which considerably curved, so that crushing sur- face of plate transversely concave. (From Marsh.) ,;! Marsh says this species is readily distinguished by the un- ;!; usual thickness of the teeth and the longest being considerably 'f curved. ti Formation and locality. Known from the Miocene marl near i '\ Shiloh [Kirkwood, K.] in Cumberland County. Not seen by me. Phyixodus ELEgans Marsh. ;' Phyllodus elegans Marsh, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Bocene , !;i Greenland at Farmingdale, in Monmouth Co. \\ ¦; Pharyngeal dental plate obtusely triangular, small, and tri- ¦ i 'fj turating surface a little convex. Central teeth enlarged, circular, ACTINOPTERI. 185 well depressed or disk-like with central portion well pressed down, giving each tooth appearance of shallow cup. Only rims of each tooth covered with smooth enamel. Though most all teeth circular they vary into irregularities of circular design. Marginal teeth all smaller, similar, only with triturating sur- faces less concave, and enameled marginal ring less defined, so enamel extends equally over concave median portions. Succes- sional teeth equally enlarged median as seen from lower sur- Fig. 108.—Phyllodus elegans Marsh. Monmouth Co. face, as they are above, and marginal teeth also correspondingly reduced. Longest diameter 18 mm. The above-described example agrees with Marsh's account, which states the lateral or smaller teeth to be rather few. Formation and locality. Known only from the type ascribed to the Eocene greensand at Farmingdale (A. J. Smith), and pre- sented to the Yale Museum, and another example in the Academy from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern), most likely from the same horizon, though this is not given. [See comment on page 180, K.] t-1 {•3 I '4' 1 if I INDEX. Names in italics represent synonyms. A. PAGE. Acanth opteri, ................... 168 Acrodobatis, ..................... 30 serra, ............... 30 Acrodontobatis,.................. 30 Acrodus, ........................ 28 humilis, ................ 28 nobilis, ................ 28 Actin opteri, .................... 22, 144 JEllopos ivagneri, ................ 24 Aetobates, ....................... 98 Aetobatis, ....................... 98 Aetobatus,....................... 98 perspicuus, ............ 99 Mtobates perspicuus, ............. 99 JEtobatis, ........................ 98 JEtobatus, ....................... 98 Albian formation, ................ 8 Alepisauridae, .................... 157 Allopos, ......................... 24 wagneri, ................. 24 Allovvay, formations near, ........ 20 Ammonites placenta, __.......... 52 Anotodus, ....................... 31 agassizii, .............. 31 Aprionodon gibbesii, ............. 75 Aster ospondyli, ................. 23, 27 Atractosteus, ..................... 150 B. Barnsboro, formations near, ...... 19 Barracudas, ..................... 169 Barrennian formation, ........... 8 Batoidei, ........................ 23,80 Bates, .......................... 84 spectabilis, ............... 84 Beacon Hill formation, .......... 15 Berycidse, ....................... 172 Berycoidei, ......\............... 172 Berycoid fishes, ................. 172 Beryx, .......................... 172 decadactylus, ............ 173 insculptus, ............... 173 Birmingham, formations at, ...... 18 Blackwoodstown, formations at, ... 19 Bony ganoids, .".................. 148 BoreogaleuSj ..................... 66 Bryactinus, ..................... 134 amorphus, ........... 134 Bullhead sharks, ................ 27 (1 C. PAGE. Carcharias canceolatus, ........... 59 collata, ............... 80 lanceolatus, ........... 59 megalodon, ........... 62 megalotis, ..........'... 60 polygurus, ........... 61, 62 Carcharodon, .................... 58, 59 acutidens, ......... 60 angustidens, ........ 60 auriciilatus, ........ 59 carcharias, ......... 61 megalodon, ......... 61 polygurus, ......... 60, 61 verusj ............. 59 Cenomanian, .................... 8 Cestracion, ...................... 77 Cestraciont sharks, .............., '27 Cestrorhinus, .................... 77 Cetorhinus maximus, ............. 61 Chimaera, ...................... 109 affinis, ................. 109 mantellii, .............. no Chimaeras, .......................108, 109 Chimaeridse, ..................... 109 Chimaeroidei, .................... 109 Chirocentridae, ...................152, 154 Chondrostei, ..................... 145 Clastes, ......................... 150 cycliferus, ............. 150 Cohansey sand, .................. 15 Coslorhynchus, ................... 141 acus,............. 142 ornatus, .......... 141 rectus, ........... 141 Conosaurops, .................... 152 Conosaurus, ..................... 152 bowmani............ 152 bowmanii, .......... 152 Conosums, ...................... 152 Corax, .......................... 62 affinis,................... 64 appendiculatus, ........... 64 falcatus, .*................. 63, 64 pristodontus, ............. 64 Cretaceous, European, ........... 8 Cretaceous formations described, .. 7 Crosswicks, formations near, ..... 18 Crommyodus, .................... 182 irregularis, ........ 182 87) II B < ! 0 !'- 188 INDEX. PAGE. Crossopterygia, .................. 22 Cyclospondyli, ................... 23 Cyclostomes, ..................... 22 Cylindracanthus, ........,........I4i> 180 acus, ........... 142 ornatus, ........141, 142 rectus, ......... 142 Cylindrcstcus, ...................i49> 15° Cynocephalus, ................... 74 D. Daptimus, ............ phlebotomus, Danian, .............. Deal, formations near, Dictyodus,, ........... silovianus, speciosus, 154 154 8 16 170 170 171 Diphrissa, .......................no, 127 latidens, .............. 128 solidula, .............. 127 Dipnoi, ......................... 22 Dipristis, ........................ no miersii, ................no, 123 Dirrhizodon, .................... 71 elongatus, ......... 71 E. 84 13 Eagle rays, ..................... Eocene system, .................. Edaphodon, no, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139 bucklandi, .......... no divaricatus, .........116, 124 eocsenus, ............ 116 fecundus, ........... 119 incrassatus, .....118, 131, 134 laterigerus, .........112, 113 latidens, ............ 128 miersn, ............. 122 mirificus, ........... 117, 121, 130, 131, 139 smocki, ............. 115 smockii, ........115,117,120 solidulus, ...........127, 137 stenobryus, ......... in tripartitus, .....112,116,120 Edaphodus, ...................... no Elasmobranchii,.................. 22 Embalorhynchus, ................. 180 kinnei, .......... 180 Enchodontidae, ................... 157 Enchodus, ..............157, 158, 164, 165 ferox.......*.......... 158 gentryi, .............. 163 halcyon, .............. 157 oxytomus, ............ 164 pressidens, ...........159, 161 semistriatus, .......... 162 serrulatus, ............ 162 tetraecus, ............. 163 Englishtown sand, Eopristis, ........ Esocidae, ........ Esox, .. ¦......... osseus, ... Eulamia, ........ PAGE. ............ 9 ............ 81 ............ 166 ............ 167 ............ 42 Eulamia, ........................ 62, 78 Eumylodus, ...................... laqueatus, ............ Eurygnathus, .................... ferox, ............. Eusphyra,....................... Evermanellidae,................... Exogyracostata,.................. F. Farmingdale, formations near, Fishes, ..................... Fragmentary selachians, ..... no no 157 157 77 157 52 17 22 105 G. Galei, ........................... 29 Galeocerdo, ...................... 64, 66 aduncus,.............. 67, 70 appendiculatus, ....... 64 arcticus, ............. 67 contortus; ............ 67, 69 egertonii, ............ falcatus, ............. latidens, ............. pristodontus, ......... tigrinus, .............. Galeodes, ........................ priscus, ................ Galeorhinidse, ................... ...... 75 ...... 63 ...... 70 ....... 64 ...... 66 ...... 66 ...... 66 ...... 66 Galens pristodontus, ............. 62, 64 Ganoidci, ........................ 145 Gar pikes, ....................... 149 Gault, ........................... 8 Ginglymostoma, .................. 30 obliquum, ........ 30 serra, ............ 31 Ginglymostomidae, ................ 29 Glyphis, ......................... 74 egertoni, ................ 75. 79 hastalis, ................. 74 subulate., ................ 75 Glyptorhynchus, .................. 141 Goniobatis, ..........*........... 98 Greensand No. 5 of New Jersey, .. 20 Grisets, ......................... 23 Guebucu, ........................ 177 H. Hadrosaurus foulkii, ............. 52, 159 Halecomorphi, ...................145, 151 Haplomi, ........................166, 169 Hemipristis,...................... 71 serra................. 71 Heptanchus, ..................... 24 Heptancus, ...................... 24 INDEX. 189 PAGE. Heptranchias, .................... 24, 26 plectrodon, ......... 25 primigenius, ........ 24, 25 Heterodontidae,................... 27 Heterodontus, .................... 27 Hexanchidse, ..................... 23 Hexanchus, ...................... 24 Histiophorus, .................... 177 americanus, ......... 177 antiquus,............ 177 homalorhamphus, .... 178 parvulus, ........... 180 Holeodon, ....................... 157 Holocephali...................... 22. 108 Holorhinus, ..................... 84 Hornerstown, formations near, ... 17 Hornerstown marl, ............... 12 Hybodus, ........................ 28 I. Ichthyodectidae, .................. 154 Ichthyodorulites, ................. 141 Jchthyotomi, .................... 23 Ictatus, .........;............... 84 Introduction, .................... 5 Ischyodus, ...................... no divaricatus, .......... 124 eoccEnus, ............. 116 fecundus, ............ 119 gaskillii, .............121, 123 incrassattis, .......... 118 laterigerus, ........... 113 longirostris, ..........112, 113 miersii, .............. 123 mirfficus, ............112, 121 monolophus, .........121, 123 smockii, ............. 115 solidnlus, ............no, 127 stenobryus, .......... in tripariitus\ .......... 112 Ischyrhiza, ...................... 167 mira, ................ 167 Ischyrocephalus,................. 157 gracilis, ......... 157 Isodus, ......................... 157 sulcatus, ................ 157 Isospondyli, ..................... 151 Isospondylous fishes.............. 151 Isotaenia, ........................ 135 neocs-sariensis. ......... 135 Istiophoridse, .................... 180 Istiophorus, ..................... 177 antiquus, ............177, 178 gladifer, ............. 177 homalorhamrhus, ..... 178 parvulus, ............ 180 Isuropsis, ....................... 31 Isurus, .....................31, 32, 42, 74 acuminatus, ............38, 43, 47 desorii, .............32, 35, 43, 47 PAGE. desorii,................. 42 hastalis, ................. 35 oxyrinchus, .............. 35 oxyrinchus, ............. 32, 35 sillimanii, ............... 40 J. Jerico, formations near, .......... 20 K. Kirkwood formation, ............. 14 Kiimmel, H. B., report by, ...... 7 L. Labridae,........................ 183 Labroid fishes, .................. 183 Lamia, .......................... 42 Lamna, ......................... 42, 74 Lamna, ......................... 52 acuminata, ............... 38 cuspidata, ..............32, 43, 50 denticulata,............. 43 elegans, ............32, 43, 48, 52 lanceolata, .............. 57, 58 mantelli, ............... 38 mudgei, ................. 51 obliqua, ................. 57 oxyrhina, ............... 31 texana, ................. 52 Lamnidse, ....................... 31 Lampreys, .....,................ 22 Lancelets, ....................... 22 Lepidostei, ......................145, 148 Lepidosteus, ..................... 150 Lepisosteidse, .................... 149 Lepisosteus, .................149, 150, 151 ferox, .............. 150 gavial, .............. 150 knieskerni, .......... 150 platostomus, ......... 150 Leptocardii, ..................... 22 Leptomylus, ..................... 136 cooki, .............. 137 cookii, .............. 137 densus, .............137, 138 forfex, .............112, 139 Long Branch, formations near, ... Lysopteri....................... 145 M. Macaria, ........................ 177 Machcera, ....................... 177 Mackerel sharks, ................ 31 Magothy formation, ............. 8 Makaira, ........................ 177 Manasquan marl................. 13 Marshalltown formation, ......... 9 Masticura,...................... 84 Merchantville formation,......... 8 190 Microdon nuchalis, .............. Micromesus, .................... Miocene system, ................. Mount Laurel sand, ............. Mullica Hill, formations near, Myliobates, ...................... bisulcus, ............ fastigiatus, .......... obesus, .............. rugosus, ............ serratus, ............. Myliobatidse, .................... Myliobatis, ...........84, 99, 101, bisulcus, ............ bovina, ............. fastigiatus..........8 gigas, ............... glottoides, ........... holmesii, ............ jugosus, ............ jussieuii, ............ kummeli, ............ leidyi............... magister, ............ marginata, ........... obesus............... pachyodon, .......... pachyrhizodus, ...... rectidens, ........... rugosus, ............. (Zygobatis) rugosus, . serratus............. suturalis, ............ toliapicus, ........... INDEX. Mylorhina, Myriosteon, vicomicanus, higginsi, PAGE. 144 102 14 10 19 84 85 85 93, 95 93, 95 9i 84 102, 108 85 84 5, 87, 9i 92 88 88 90 101 95 89, 90 101 93 88 97 92 89 95 92 92 92 92 101 81 81 N. Navesink marl, ........ Neocomian, ........... Nothistium, ........... Notidani, ............. Notidanoid sharks, Notidanus, ............ primigenius, Notorhynchus, ......... Notorynchus, .......... maculatus, Nurse sharks, ......... 177 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 29 o. Optian, Otodus, ......................... 8 ......................... 53 apiculatus, .............. 35 appendiculatus, ......... 53,57 lanceolatus............. 54. 57 levis, .................. 57 obliquus, .............53, 57, 58 F.AGE. Oxyrhina, ....................... 31, 42 Oxyrrhina, desorii, ............... 35 glauca, ............... 31 minutus, .........32, 35, 40, 42 xiphodon, ............. 35 P. P achyrhizodontidcz, ............... Pachyrhizodus, .................. Paraphyllodus, .................. Passalodon, .....................109, Pemberton, formations near, ...... Percesoces,...................... Perch-like fishes, ................. Percoidea, ......................176, Percomorphi, .................... Periodus, ....................... hoemigii, .............. Petalodus, ....................... Phacodus irregularis, ............. Pharyngognathi, ................. Phcsganodus gentryi, ............ semisiriatus, ........ Phyllodus, ...................... curvidens, ............ elegans, .............. toliapicus, ............ Pike-like fishes, .................. Pikes, .......................... Pisces, .......................... Platysqualus, .................... Plicodus, ........................ thielensis, ............. Plinthicus, ....................... stenodon, ............ Pliocene system, ................. Pneumatosteus, .................. nahunticus, ...... Poplar, formations at, ............ Porgies, . . ,..................... Prionace, ........................ Prionodon, ...................... Prisiibatis, ...................... Pristidse, ........................ Pristiopsis, ..................... Pristis, ......................... amblodon, ............... antiquorum, ............. curvidens, ............... perrotteti, ............... (Eopristis,) reinachi, ..... Pristobatis, ...................... Prisiobatus, ..................... Proarthri, ....................... Psaliodus, ....................... Psallisostomus, .................. Psittacodon, .....................109 Ptychacanthus faxijasii, ........... Ptychodontidse, .................. 152 152 184 in 18 169 175 183 175 146 146 23 182 183 163 162 184 184 184 184 166 166 22 77 30 30 100 100 15 150 150 16 181 74 74 81 80 81 81 81 81 82 81 81 81 81 27 136 150 . in 84 84 INDEX. 191 PAGE. Ptychodus mammillaris........... 84 Ptychopleurus, .................. 84 Pycnodonti, ..................... 145 Pycnodontidae, ................... 145 Pycnodonts, ..................... 145 Pycnodus, ....................... 146 faba, ................ 146 phaseolus, ............ 146 robustus, ............ 147 R. Raja fiagellum, .................. 98 narinari, ................... 98 Raj idae, ......................... 80 Raphiosauridse, .................. 151 Raphiosaurus, ................... 152 Raritan formation, .............. 7 Rays, .......................... 80 Red Bank sand, ................. 11 Requiem sharks, ................. 66 Reniceps, ....................... 77 Rhinas, .......................... 23 Rhinoptera, ...................... 102 adspersa, ............ 102 dubia, ............... 103 lalardii, ............. 102 vesperiilio, .......... 84 Riddleton, formations near, ...... 20 S. Sail fishes, ...................... 176 Sarchirus, ......:................ 150 •vittatus, ............... 150 Sarcura, ........................ 80 Saurocephalus, .................. 154 leanus, ........... 155 lanciformis, ...... 155 lycodon, ......... 157 Saurodon, ...................... 154 tea, .................154,155 leanus, ............... 155 Saw fishes, ..................... 80 Scombridre, ..................... 170 Scombroidea, .................... 176 Selachostomi, ................... 145 Selunonius, ..................... 42 Senonian formation, ............. 8 Shark-like fishes, ................ 22 Shark River, formations near, .... 16 Shark River marl, ............... 13 Shiloh, formations near, .......... 20 Solenodon, ...................... 157 neocomiensis, ......... 157 Sparidse, ........................ 181 Sphagepoea, ..................... 143 aciculata, ............ 143 aciculata, ............ 144 Sphyra, ......................... 77 PAGE. Sphyrsena, ...................... 170 Sphyrcena, ...................... 159 speciosus, ............ 171 Sphynenidse, .................... 169 Sphyrccnodus, ................... 170 silovianus, ......... 170 speciosus, ......... 171 Sphyrna, ....................... 62, 77 Mochii, ................ 77 ¦ denticulata, ........... 78 gibbesii, .............. 78 prisca, ................ 75, 78 tiburo, ................ 78 Sphyrnias, ...................... 77 Sphyrnidae, ...................... 77 Spiny rayed fishes, .............. 168 Squalus, ................38, 57, 59, 60, 61 arcticus, ............... 66 cinereus, .............. 24 cormibicus, ............ 42 glaucus, ............... 74 pristis, ................ 81 selanoneus, ............ 42 tiburo, ................ 77 zygana, ............... 77 Squankum, formations near, ...... 17 Stoasodon, ...................... 98 Stow Creek, formations near, .... 20 T. Teleost otoliths, ................. 108 Tertiary formations, ............. 7 Thectodus, ...................... 28 crenatus, ............ 28 Tinton beds, .................... n Trichiurides, .................... 150 sagittidens, ......... 150 Trikeras, ....................... 102 True fishes, ..................... 144 sharks, ............. 29 Trycera, ........................ 102 typica, ................. 102 Turonian, ....................... 8 Typical sharks, .................. 27 V. Vincentown, formations near, .... 19 Vincentown sand, ............... 12 w. Wenonah yand, ................. 10 Whitfield, R., divisions of Cretace- ous by, ....................... 21 Woodbury clay, .................. 9 Wrasse fishes.................... 183 X. Xiphodolamia, ................... 25 ensis, ............. 25,26 Xiphodontolamia ................. 25 192 z. Zanclurus, .......... indicus, .. Zens platessus, ...... INDEX. PAGE. Zygcena, .............>.......... 77 PAGE. blochii, ................. 77 177 Zygana, ......................... 77 177 Zygcbates, ...................... 102 146 Zygobatis, ...................... 102 I jii t ! 1