^:?; V ?l%\"lZ^«& ~J v^": ^ E, K. CyBOPOB OCHOBLI HXTHOJIOrHH osr\o V y /K^-h To ,(o. ^ i i flOEOJIHEHHQE .Hym p BBicmero o6pa3QBaHna: CCCP b d nocodna ,a;jra H3.HATEJIBCTB0 «COBETCKAfl La Soviet Umim, t h I -4- s- . \m •"¦?-- & HPEflHCJIOBHE K I H3#AHHH) H3yMaiom.aa Han(5ojiee HH3KO opraHH3OBaHHBie rpynnLi iio3bohoh- HBIX JKHBOTHBIX, HBJIHeTCH BBICOKOTeOpeTHqeCKHiM npefflJieTOM, ll60 OHa CJiyiKllT OCHOBOfi CpaBHH- TejitHO-aHaTOMH^ecKHx conocTa.BJieHHii, ;n;aeT kjiioh k noHHMamiK) MHornx $njioreneTHqecKHX nocTpoeHHii, bhhchhh aBOJiioiniOHHBie nyTH pa3BiiTHa; OHa oiyjKHT MaTepiiajiow k no3HaHHK> MHornx $H3HOJionraecKiix npodJieM, paBHO KaK k bbihchghhio aMSpnojiornqecKJix 3aKOHOMep- HOCTefi. OHa cocTaBJineT Ba;KHyiOHacTB8Ooreorpa$HH; OHa, HaKOHen,, cjiyjKHT ochoboh h hjih bh- paSoTKH ecTecTBeHHoft KJiaccH$HKar?iin BHanirrejiBHOH qacTH no3BOHo*mBix. Ho BMecTe c TeM h BnojiHe npnKJiaflHaH HayKa, HMeiomaa, Hapafly c aHTOMOJiorneii, noHtajiyii, S .npaKTHnecKoe npHMeHeHne b HapoHHO-xo3flficTBeHHofi jkh3hh, TaK KaK OHa no^BOflHT oSocHOBaHHe hjih pa3pa6oTKH pai^HOHajiBHoro pufmoro xo3HficTBa. BypHHfi pocT OTe- oro pLiSojiOBCTBa Ha ocHOBe nojiHoli peKOHCTpyKijira noSHBaiorDteft h oSpaSaTHBaioimefi pH0HOfi npOMBIUIJieHHOCTH BBI3HBaeT K JKH3HH H OCBOeHHK) H0BH6 npOMHCJIOBHe pafiOHBI H HOBBIB oS^eKTH jiOBa. ^ocTaTOHHO yKa3aTB, hto B03HHKmHfi $aKTiraecKH b 1920 r. coBeTOKHii TpajiOBHtt npoaiHceji b EapeHijOBOM Mope b HacTOflmee BpeMH npjmocHT cBBime 2 mjih. uteHTHepOB pbi6bi- CBipi^a; TaKHM ?Ke o6pa3OM jiob HBacn b HnoHCKOM Mope, He cymecTBOBaBinHfi coBceM so 1925 r., ^aeT HBrae (1937) 1400 tbic. u,. Tojibko hto BO3HHKaiomHfl spn$TepHBifi jioBcejiB^H b BapeHito- bom Mope flOCTaBim Hamefi npoMHuuieHHOCTii 60 tbic. u, (1938). II. C. ^KeawyrnHHa b pe^H, jipo- H3HeceHHOli Ha KoH$epeHU,HH no BOcnpoH3BO,n;cTBy pbiShhx 3anacoB b HHBape— $eBpajie 1939 r. b MocKBe, yKa3ajia, hto H. B. GTajiHH npn^aeT oco6oe 3HaqeHne pa3BHTHio h opraHH3aE[HH npo- MHCJia He tojibko b pafioHax dojiBinoro pBi(5ojiOBCTBa, ho h b MajiBix BHyTpeHHHx Bo^oeMax. P npaBHTejiBCTBeHHHx pacnopHHteHHii cBnaeTejiBCTByeT, hto napTHa 11 npaBHTejiBCTBO oco6be BHHMaHne BonpocaM peKOHCTpymniH pBi^Hoft npoMHinjieHHOcTH KaK b c$epe H yKpenJieHHH KOJIXO3HOrO JIOBa H nO^BefleHHH MOIB(HOfi OpraHH3aL[HOHHOfi; 6a3BI B COI^aJIHCTH HecKHfi rocyAapcTBeHHHii jiob, TaK h b o6jiacTH Hay^rao-HccjieflOBaTejiBCKOft paSoTH. Cnpoc co ctopohh X03HiicTBeHHBix ii HccjieflOBaTejiBCKHx yqpejKseHHit Ha Hay^Ho-noaroTOBJieHHBie Ka^pH mojio^hx cneitaajiHCTOB pacTeT c KajKffBiM to^om, h BBicmne yqeSHBie 3aBe,n;eHHH He ycneBaiOT cnpaBJiHTBCH c noffroTOBKOfi Hy«KHoro KOJinqecTBa HXTHOJioroB 11 rnapodHOJioroB. BoJiBinoe 3Ha- qeHHe b jjejie BBiKOB&iBaHHH hobbix KaapoB HMeeT HajiHqiie yHeSHHKOB no HXTHOJiortra. JlHTepaTypa no HxTHOJioniH BBipocjia 30 rpOiMaflHBix pa3MepoB. TycTaa ceTB HayHHO-npoMH- cjiobbix jiaSopaTopnii h nccjieffOBaTejiBCKHx HHCTHTyTOB, nofloSHo KOTOpoii HeT hii b o«hom rocy- aapcTBe MHpa, npep;TE>flBJiHeT c Ka?K;n;&iM tohom Bee 0ojiBninft cnpoc Ha Hay^HBix pa6oTHHKOB. I^ejiHii pas BBnjaiomHxcH c^e^HaJIHCTOB BBraycKaeT npeKpacHBie KHiirn, cocTaBJiHromiie He3aMeHHMHe yqe0HBie nocoSaa. HyatHO jih HanoMimaTB o TaKHx Tpy,n;ax, KaK «Pbi6bi npecHHX bos CCGP» aKaa. JI. G. Bepra — HacTOJiBHofl KHiireflJia BcaKoro HXTHOJiora; hjih «rimpojiorna Mopefi h cojiOHOBa- thx bok» aKas. H. M. KHnnoBHia; hjih 06 yqeSHHKax npo$. B. K. CojmaTOBa—«Pbi6h, phShbh! npoM&iceji» h «IIpoMHCJiOBaa HxTHOJiorHa», q. I h II; hjih, HaKOHeu., 0 Kmire B. M. MefiCHepa nop; TeM we HaHMenoBaHHeM; 06 onpe^ejiHTejiax pH6 KHHnoBHqa, Coji;n;aTOBa, TapaHiiia, KHHrax II. K). ElMHflTa h «p. O,a;HaKO so chx nop He cyn^ecTByeT yHe6HHKa HXTiiojiornH, yflOB- jieTBopaiomero TpeSoBaHnaM yHHBepcHTeTCKHx nporpaMM. BHpaSoTKa coBceM HOBoro Kypca, OTBenaiomero ypoBHio h sanpocaM coBpeaieHHoro 3HaHHa — sejio ^JiHTejiBHoe, TpeSyiomee #jia CBoero ocymecTBJieHHH MHornx JieT HacTOifaHBOH h peryjiapHoit padoTH. nocjiesoBaBniee b 1938 r. b HCTopHqecKOfi pe^H B. M. MojiOTOBa npaBHTejiBCTBeHHoe yKa3amie o BBraycKe yieSHHKOB no uejioiwy pasy shci^hhjihh 3acTaBHJio ycKopnTt paGoTy no cocTaBJieHHK) pyKOBOffCTBa h BBinycTHTB ero b CBeT Ha nejiBiii toji, paHBine, neM npe^nojiaraji caM aBTop. Abtop C03HaeT He^ocTaTKH CBoero ToBapnnj;ecKaa KpHTHKa, 6e3 cojvraeHHH, no3BOJiiiT ejiy BBmpaBHTB bth HeAOCTaTKH. ABTopy MOryT nocTaBHTb b ynpeK 8JioynoTpe6jieHHe jiaTHHCKOH TepMHHOJiorneli. O^HaKO oh aTO coBHaTejiBHo, h6o c^HTaeT, ^to cneL[HajiHCT soji«KeH eio cboSosho BJia^eTB, TeM Sojiee, hto k cjiymaHHK) HXTHOJiorHH npaxo^HT CTy^eHTBi, yjKe SHaiomne o6myio 3OOJiornio, aHaTOMHio, riicTOJiorHio h npoxoflamne cpaBHHTejiBHyio aHaTOMHio. BMecTe c TeM HeoflHOKpaTHoe noBTope- HHe ohhhx h Tex me Ha3BaHHH h TepMHHOB ogjKr^aeT hx sanoMHHaHHe. . B HCTopEraecKOM o63ope pa3BHTHH HXTHOJiorHH, KaK HayKH, noKa3aHa nocTeneHHaa paapa- 6oTKa h coBepmeHCTBOBaHne cncTeMH pu6 Bcex rjiaBHeiimHx aBTopoB. B saKJiiOHHTejiBHoS «CHCTeiaaTHKa pH6» npe^jiaraeTca HOBaH, HSBecTHaa tojibko no KpaTKOMy nPERHGJIOBHE KO II H3flAHHK> y, CHCTeMa aKafl. JI. C. Bepra,. c KOTopofi aBTop HMeJi bo3mojkhoctb, c Jiio6e3Horo pa3pe- JI. C. Bepra, osHaKOMHTbCH b KOppeKTypHbix jiHCTax noRroTOBJieHHoro oSnrapHoro no KjiaccH$HKannH pbi6\ HeflocTaTOK BpeMeira, OTBejueHHoro jincTaHta h orpaHBraeHHel KOjiaqecTBa pucyHKOB He no3BO- jihjih c HeoGxosHMOft nojiHGTOfi ocTaHOBHTtcH Ha najieoHTOJioran pBi6; eft yaejieHO MeHtmee Mecro, OHa sacjiyHtHBaeT. Bnpo^eM, KaK JierKO ySe^HTCH ^HTaTejiB, yHedHHK cocTaBJieH no nocjieflo- npoBOflHMoft BBOJiioinioHHoft Hflee h nocTpoeH Ha cpaBHirrejikHO-aHaTOMiraecKOH ochobc ko II Hapo^Horo xo3flfiCTBa noc^ie OieqecTBeHHofi Bofmti napHfly c nocTaBnjio SoJibinae sanaiH h nepefl pH6H0fi npOiMtinuieHHOCTbio. pbi^Horo iipoM&icjia, BBiflBHjKeHHe ero b OTKptiToe Mope, pacmnpeHne Ha hobh0 paftoHH, BKjiioneHHe b Hcno3ib3OBaHHe hobhx 06'LeKTOB jioBa, BBeneHHe nyTeiw 6pHSH3ai^HH HOBtix KyjibTypHHx $opM, Haii6ojiee p xpaHHJiam, innpoKoe npoBefleHne rocyHapcTBeHHO-pHSoBO^Hbix MeponpHHTHft, npyaoBoro $OHfla, noflHHTne TexHOJioran pbigHbix npoayKTOB, nosBep;eHHe p 6a3bi noA pbifaioe xo3HiiCTBO, ero HayqHoe H3yqeHHe h noBcenHeBHHii KOHTpojib 3a coctoh- HneM pbiShhx aanacoB — Bee dto rjih npeTBopeHHH b ^ettCTBHTejibHOCTt TpeSyeT MHoro xoporao nonroTOBJieHHbix pa5oqnx pyK. Pa6oTa no noaroTOBKe hobbix BBicoKOKBajiHHHHKHHHe 0JIH3 THSpajITapCKOrO npOJIHBa JIOBHJIH TyHUa; HJIH BBICJViaTpHBaHHH TyHi^oB b HacroHmee BpeMfl ycTpaiiBaiOTCfl TaKHe Hie Ha6jnoaaTejiBHBie bbuqkh, KaKHe HpeBHHe rpeKK 2000 jieTTOMy Ha3an.TaKHM o6pa3OM cjien&i pH6ojiOBCTBa HaM H3BecTHH y HpeBHOCTir. Ho HaynHoe H3yneHHe paid HaqanocB c ApucTOTejifl (384—322 rr. so Hameft p) jiyHH reHHH KOToporo, npoHH3HBaH MpaK cpeflHeBeKOBbfl, HOCTHraioT Hamero BpeMeHH. ApncTO- Tejiio 6hjio H3BecTHO MHoroe no SHOJiornn ii aHaTOMnn pH6, ^to BnocjiencTBHii' 6bijio no3a6HTO h no£TBepJK,n;eHO tojibko cpaBHHTejiBHO HenaBHO. Oh tobopht o cepnute, cejie3eHKe, neneHH a menn- hom ny3Bipe, HtejiyaKe a nimopH^ecKHx npunaTKax pu6 a ynoMiraaeT o HiHBopoflHOCTH HeKOTopHX bhhob; oh npn3HaeT, hto Bee ^einyliHBie omnaftBiBaiOT HKpy. OnncBreaa noa MecTHBiMH HasBaHHHMa okojio 116 bhhob pBi0, ApHCTOTejib saHie sejiaeT HenoTopBie HaMeKH Ha ax KjiaccH$HKanaio. Oh pa3JiEraaeT cpenn »{hbothhx, HMeiomnx KpoBb h nBrniainnx HtaSpaMH pBi6, xpnmeBBix a pbiS c kocthmh; nocjieHHae oSjianaiOT /Ka6epHBL\ia KpBiniKaMH. Othcji, hjih Kpyr pBi£> OTJianaeTCH ot JKHBOTHBIX HaJIHHHeM nJiaBHHKOB H ffia6p, a HCHO OTftejieH OT KPITOB, KOTOpBie ftBimaT XpHiu;eB&ie pbi6bi CHa6?KeHBi jKecTKOii KOJKen, npoqne — noKpbiTH nerayea. ApncTOTejiH Ha bck) Haywyio mbicjib CKa3biBajiocb ho XVI b. yqeHHKH ApacTO- He BHecjia HH^ero HOBoro b asyqeHHe pbiS. Majio b 3Tom OTHonieHaa cnejiajia a yw kotopbix Sojibnie HanpaBJiHJicH Ha HCKyccTBeHHoe pa3BeHeHae, p p pBi6 b npynax a 6acceftHax (piscina, vivarium). IIoaTOMy K. IIjiHHHa H (23—79 rr. Haniea apBi) b CBoeii KOMnajiHTHBHOii aHi^aKJionenaa — Historia naturalis — tojibko noBTopneT naHHBie ApacTOTejiH, pa36aBJiHH ax aHeKHOTHMecKHMH paccKa3aMa a cBeneHaHMB no pBi0Hoa jioBJie a KyjiHHapaa; ecTb y Hero yKa3amiH o hhobhtocth, o JieqeSHHX CBoacTBax a no- jie3HOCTa HeKOTOpBix pub (KHara 31 a 32). PBiSojioBCTBy nocBHmeHa ^acTb Tpyna OnnaaHa (Ha- lieutia). Hejib3H TaKjKe He ynoaiHHyTb paMCKoro KOHcyjia b rajuiaa ^ei^aa MarHyca Ab3Ohhh (310—390 rr. Hauiea apBi), KOTopBia b CBoeft noaMe Mosella onacHBaeT pBi6, HacejiHiomax p. MosejiB, ynoMHHafl cpenn hhx Alausa, Fario a Tinea—Ha.3BaHHH, KOTOpBie npo*rao aaKpena-. Jiacb b Hayne. IIpoMBiceji cejiBHH — ohhh B3 CTapeaniax MopcKax npoMBicjiOB b EBpone. Enje b nepBBie ctojicthh Hameii apBi cejiBflB b cynieHOM ajia KomeHOM Bane arpajia HeKOTopyio pojit. b oSMeHHBix onepai(BHX Meatfly pa3JiaHHBiMa cTpaHaMH EBponn. 3acoji cejiBflu 6biji BBeneH nO3Hte. Ilpemfle Bcero Hayiajiacb jiobhtb ccjibhb Ha BpaTaHCKax ocTpoBax — okojio 495 r. Hamea apu. B VIII, IX, X bb. cejibflB 3arotoBJiHJiacB cyxaM cTonoBBiM nocojiOM. B nojioBHHe IX b. rojiJiaHflUH noKynajia cojieHyio pndy y moTJiaHflCKax pH^aKOB. B IX b. yme cymecTByeT cejibflflnoa npo- MBiceji b HopBeraa. TaKHte B3HaBHa b CeBepHoa EBpone pa3BBBaeTCH a TpecKOBHa npoMBiceji'. B KOHi^e XI b. raH3eacKae Kynn^i yjiy^mnjia nocoji cejiBHn a BnjiOTb ho XV b. ohhhm hs rjiaBHBix oSieKTOB ToproBJin raH3efiCKoro 00103a1 c ^aHaea, fflBei^aea a HopBernea cjiyacajia cejiBflb. B 8HaHBTejiBHoa CTeneHii Ha 6a3e ToproBJiH cejiBflbio BBipocJio a OKpenno MorymecTBO TaH3ea- coiosa 0BiJia BOJitHHe ropofla FaMSypr, BpeMeH h JIio6eK. I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH ckoto coio3a, a cTpeMJiemie JIioSeKa saKpeiuiTtcH hjih jiobjih cejibflu Ha aaTCKiix 6eperax npiiBejio k BoeHHOMy cTOJiKHOBeHino c TJamien. B XV b. rojuiaHanBi bborht SoqeHHLift nocoji 3H0peHoli cejiban. Bojiee BticoKHe Ka^ecTBa HCKOfi cejiban oGjier^HJin KOHKypeHiniio ri noflopBajiii aKOHOMiraecKoe MorymecTBO TaH3bi. rocnoacTByiomee nojiojKeniie b ToproBJie ceji&abio h ptiSoil 11 moihho pasBHB npoiu&iceji B OTKpblTOM MOpe, FOJIJiaHailH 6bICTpO CTpOHT SOJIblHOH JIOBen,KHH, TOprOBBlil II BOeHHBIH $JIOT ii BCKope npeBpamaeTCH b.nepBOKJiaccHyro MopcKyio aepniaBy. 3Ha*ieHiie rojuiaHRiiH KaK MopcKOft Bbi, 6hmo noaopBaHO 3Ha*niTejibHO no3JKe, bo BTopoft nojiOBirae XVII b. co BpejvieH KpoM- AHrjiaeii, KOTopaa cTym«ia Ha nyTb ycnJieHHoro paaBHTHH pbiSojioBCTBa, MopenjiaBaHHH h ToproBjiii. DKOHOMH^ecKoe 3HaneHHe pwSojiOBCTBa HeyKJiOHHo pacTeT. Ilepiioa KOjiOHiiajibHOfi 9KcnaHCHii n BpeMfl BejiiiKiix otkphthK KojiyMSa, BacKoae Faivia, MarejuiaHa nocjiyjKHJin cTHMyjioai nan. aajibHeiiraero pa3BHTHH pbiGHoro npoMbicjia. OTKpbiTiie AinepHKH BCKOJibixHyjio pbiSojiOBOB, KOTopbie, BnponeM, noBiianMOMy, n ao KojiyM6a nepeceKann OKeaH. CymecTByiOT yKasaHim, eaBa jih aocTOBepHbie, hto nopTyrajibitbi c AsopcKHx octpobob b 1444 r. aoxoainiii aJiH pbiSo^OBCTBa ao «3eMJin TpecKH», Baccalhaos — burumo, Hbio$ayHa- jieHaa, OTKpHTiie KOToporo HeKOTOpbiMii npimHCHBaeTCfl KopTe-Peajiio b 1462 r. IIpHHflTO c^h- Taxb, hto oh OTKpbiT KaSoTOM b 1498 r. HeyaiiBiiTejibHO, noaToaiy, ^to BCKOpe nocjie KojiyaiSa (1503) aJin jiobjih TpecKii b 3anaaHoit nacTii ATJiaHTiwecKoro OKeaHa noinjia ijejiaH $jiothjihh Ph6ojiobhhx cyaoB; qepe3 25 jieT nocjie nepBOro nyTeuieoTBim KonyM6a Ha 6aHKax Hbio$ayHa- jieHaa pa60Ta.no 50 HopMaHacKiix, aHrjiiiiicKHx, iicnaHCKiix 11 nopTyrajiLCKHx cyaoB. Botoa sa iicnaHCKoe HacjieacTBO »ie>Kay AHrjineft c coK)3HHKaMH h OpaHi^neii, 3aK0HHHBinaHCH b 1713 r. YTpexTCKiiM aoroBopoM, conpoBO>KaaBinaacfl ycmieHHbiM pa3BHTneM KanepCTBa rjih noapBisa MopcKOii ToproBJin npoTiiBHiiKa, npiiBejia k 3axBaTy seMejib no Fya30H0By 3ajiHBy, Hbio$ayHajieHaa u apyrux KOJioHiiajitHbix BjiaaeHiifi: AHrjiiieft. TaKiiM o6pa3OM HLio$ayHaJieHa ii npaBO pbi6ojioBCTBa ^Ha ero SoraTbix pbiSoio daHKax cJiyjKiuiii oaHOil H3 Ba?KHbix i^ejieft BoeH- hhx onepaqinl. B pe3yjibTaTe 3Toj[i BOiiHH Hbio$ayHaJieHa ocTajiCH 3a AHrJineii, a OpaHE[iia coxpamraa 3a coSoio npaBO pbi6ojioBCTBa ii aea ocTpoBKa — GeH-IIbep n MiiKejiOH. Ho h paHtuie Tdro pbi6ojioBCTBO y>Ke CTajio KpynHbiM 9K0H0MiiiecKHM $aKTopoM KaK b KJiaccoBOM paccjioeHHH, h b Hai^noHajibHbix OTHOineHiiHX. B XVI ii XVII bb. y ceBepHbix 6eperoB EBponti h Ha (ninimoepreH) pa3BHBaeTCH Sojibraoii MopcKOii npoMbiceji, nepBeHCTBo b kotopom pyccKiie. Ilpn octpom HeaocTaTKe b npoaanse aJin numeBbix E(ejieft cojih b cpeaHiie BeKa cojieHan cejii>ai> h cojieHaH pbi6a nrpajin 6ojjibiuyio pojib b h«h3hh h aKOHOMime HacejieHHH EBponti. B nepnoa cpeaHeBeKOBoro o6cKypaHTii3Ma npeKpaTiijioct pa3BHTne HayK; SnojiorHH ii hxtho- jiorHH He cocTaBiiJiii b btom OTHonieHini iicKjnoneHiiH. Tojibko XVI b. BHec HtHByio CTpyio b a^Jio H3yieHHH pbiS. B 1551 r. ITbep BenoH onyQjiHKOBaji L'Mstoire naturelle des etranges poissons marins, a HecKOJibKO no3JKe — De aquatilibus; saecb oh aaeT oniicaHiie 110 BnaoB pH6, rpynnn- pya BoaHbix jKiiBOTHbix no cnocoSy pa3MH0?KeHiiH, no Hiicjiy KOHeHHOCTeft h no ocoSeHHOCTHM cKejieTa. ITo^tii b to me BpeMH Bpa^ GajibBiiaHH (1514—1572) BbinycKaeT KHHry, coaepjKamyio onacaHiie h ii3o6pa?KeHiie Ha 76 TaSjiimax 92 BiiaoB pbi6 HTajiiiii. Hx coBpeMeHHiiK, TiiJibOM PoHaejieT (G-uilielmus Rondeletius, 1507—1557), Bpa^ no o6pa- onucaji ii ii3o6pa3ira b mhofotomhom Tpyae 200 BiiaoB MopcKnx h 50 BHao.B npecHO- pbi6 c noapoGHHMH aHaTOMiiHecKHMii cBeaeHiiHMii. OaHaKO ero nonbiTKH KJiaccH$nmipo- pbi6 He iiayT aa.ibuie pa3aeJieHiia hx Ha MopCKiie, pe^Hbie, O3epHbie ii SojioTHbie; npn dtom cpean MopcKiix oh pa3JiiraaeT $opMti, Beaymne nejianiqecKiiH n jniTopajibHbiii o6pa3 jkh3hh (ko- He^HO, He ynoTpeSjiHH awix TepMHHOB). Oh coeaiiHHeT b rpynnbi MHoro cxojkhx h 6jihbkhx pH6, xoth ii BnaaaeT BpeaieHaMH b Kypbe3Hbie oihh6kh; Hanp. (KHiira XIV—decongro),c yrpeBHaHBiiiH pH(5aMH oS^eaiiHaeT MiiHor h oceTpoB; MOpCKoro KOHbKa, Hippocampus, noMemaeT cpean insectis et zoophytis, a nruiy-ptiSy, Pristis, npiiHHMaeT 3a KiiTOo6pa3Hyio pbi6y (piscis cetaceus), H3o6pajKaa ee c $OHTaHo.\i 11 t. a- Bo bchkom cjiy'iae BejiOH 11 PoHaejieT nocjiyjKiuin ochobhhm HCTO^HHKOM RRH. nO3aHeHIIIIIX KOMnilJIHTOpOB. Cpean nocjieaHiix HyjKHO OTMeTiiTb KoHpaaaTecHepa (1516—1565), Tpya KOToporo, Nomencla- tor aquatilium animantium (1560), ynoivniHaeTCfl BnjiOTb ao Hainero BpeMemi.1 Oh aaeT jieHHHe onncaHiia 11 ii3o6pajKeHHH pbiS, conpoBOHiaaa hx Ha3BaHiiHMH Ha rpenecKOM, HCKOM, $paHi^y3CKOM, HeMei^KOM 11 apyrux H3HKax. Oh nepe^HCJiaeT nocjiao (species priina, species secunda), kohc^ho, He iiMea eme acHoro npeacTaBJieHiia 0 3aMeqaTejibH0, hto b nepBOM cBoeM Tpyae (1558) oh nocjie Ha3BaHiia pbi6H ynoMHHaeT aBTopa, y KOToporo OHa onHCHBaeTca, a imoraa cnyqaiiHO npHMeHaeT aa?«e SiiHapHyio homch- KJiaTypy (Hanp., Raja aspera Rondeletius), new npeaBOCxumaeT JIiiHHea; no3?Ke, Bnponeai, aToro oh yme He npiiaepjKHBaeTca. PacnpeaejiaiOTca pbi6bi coBepmeHHO HCKyccTBeHHO. IIpecHOBoaHbie aejiHTca Ha O3epHbix 11 pe*rabix; noapaBaejieHHa nocjieaHiix: a) jKiiBymae b KaMeHHCTLix pyqtax, 6) KapnoBbie, b) npocTO pe^Hbie, r) npoxoaHbie. 3aect cMeiraiBaiOTca npii3HaKH aKOJiornqecKoro xapaKTepa c aHaTOMnqecKHMH, TaK KaK Kapnoo5pa3Hbie MoryT OTHOCHTbca h k Tpew ocTajiBHHM rpynnaM. Mopcraie pbiSbi pa3aejiaK)Tca no $opMe Te.ia: oKpyrjiBie, mapoBHaHBie, C/KaTBie ^emyli- ^aTbie, KOJiioqiie aJiHHHHe, KOJiKraie njiocKiie, amepnE[eo6pa3Hbie, xpameBHe njioc.KHe, xpanje- BBie aJiHHHHe, khtbi (BKjnoqaa iiHJiy) h apynie. us cnyTHHKOB IlHsoHa b noxoae no Bpa3iiJiiiH (1637—1644), Teopr Maprpa$, onySjiH- Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae, libri octo, rae coo6u];aeT MHoro jiio6onHTHHX Ha- ]¦ Toraoe Ha3BaHiie: Gonradi Gesneri, medici, Tigurini Historiae Animalium liber IV quiest de piscium et Aquatilium animantium natura. 1558. I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHH <5jiioseHHfi; BlVKHHreffaeTCH onncaHHe 87 bhhob pH0, conpoBOJKflaeMoe o^eHB iijioxhmh pacyH- Kaivin. G 8thx nop b onncaHHHx pu6 pasjizraHBix aBTopoB Bee b SojiBineM KOjiH^ecTBe iiohbjihiotch ^K3OTiraecKHe pBi6&i. SKcnaHCHH ToproBoro KannTajia b kojiohhh conpoBOJKflaeTca nepBOHaiajiB- hhm OBHaKOMJieHHeM c ecTecTBeHHHMH SoraTCTBaMH h pecypcaMH. Hapnfly c 3thm Ha^HHaeT npo- •CyjKflaTBCH HHTepec k nccJienoBaHHHM no aHaTOMHH h $H3HOJiorHH jkhbothbix, a cpe#H hhx n pBi6. Ka6paMH. Cepji;i;e y flBimamnx JierKHMH HMeeT ABa wejiyflo^Ka; H3 hhx 3KHBopo;a;Hmne: BOflHHBie — khtbi, Ha3eMH&ie — TieTBepoHorne; HHi^eKJiaRyniHe—nTHU c OflHHM HtejiyHOHKOM: qeTBepoHorne HHiteKJiaji;ym;ne 11 3Men. K HBimanniM Hia6paMH h ¦KpOBB OTHOCHTCH p&l6&I. K HeHMeiOn^HM KpOBH OTHOCHTCH BCe 6ecnO3BOHOqHBie: MHrKHe, paKO- oSpasHBie h ^epenoKoatue, oSjia^aiomHe paKOBHHofi, a TaioKe MejiKHe (HaceKOMBie). Gpe^n pBi6 Pafi oSocoSjineT xpnn^eBBix, ho b hhx bhocht coBpeMeHHBix Pediculati (Lophius h np.). KocTHCTBie pacnpeaejiHiOTCH Ha ceraniH b cbh3h c $opmoh Tejia, c hhcjiom h xapaKTepoM njiaBHHKOB. Cpean ceKi^rilt momkho ynoMHHyTB o MHrKonjiaBHHKOBHX h KOJiioqenjiaBHHKOBBix. ©cero paccMOTpeHO okojio 400 bhhob pu6. HepeflKO, ho He Bcer^a Pali npn&ieHHeT HajKe HOMeHKJiaTypy (Lacerta viridis, L. vulgaris). HoBaa apa b pa3BHTHH hxthojiophh Ha^HHaeTCH c IleTpa ApTe^H, KOToporo JlnHHefi -BaeT ichthyologorum longe princeps, a FeHTep (Hunter) — oth;om HXTHOJioran. Dl p ,npyr JlHHHeH, nnroMen, yncajiBCKoro yHHBepcHTeTa, ApTe^n (1705—1735) sa cboio KopoTKyio 3KH3HB, npepBaHHyio HecqacTHoii cjiyqafiHocTBio — oh yTOHyji b AMCTepnaivie, ynaB tcmhoh hohbio b KaHaji — ycneji BBinonHHTB rpoMaHHyio paSoTy. Oh «aji hjih nepBoro H3AaHHH Systema Naturae JlHHHeH KpaTKHli o03op pBoefi HXTHOJiorH^ecKOM cHCTeMH. rjiaBHBiii ero Tpyn: Petri Artedi, svedi, medici, Ichthyologia, ocTaBinHftCH b pyKonncn, Sbiji saKOH^eH, nopaSoTaH h onySjiHKOBaH b nenaTH b 1738 r. K. JlnHHeeM, itejiHKOM b CBoeM Tpyne npHHHBniHM cncTeiviy ApTe^H. Ilpn btom ApTe^n hcho npeflCTaBjineT noHHTae BHfla h BapBeTeTa; oh oS'LeflHHHeT hx b porbi, npH^aBaH hm OTflejIBHBie HaHMeHOBaHHH, KOTOpBie He flOJIMKHH nOBTOpHTBCH HH CpeflH JKHBOTHBIXj HH Cpe^H pacTeHHii. 3,o;ecB oh p;ejiaeT to me, hto JInHHefi: cnejiaji b 6oTaHHKe. 9th npHHinin&i c Tex nop npn- HHMajincB nocjieayiomiiMH yieHBiMH. CncTeMa ApTeffH 3aKJiH)HaeTCH b cjieayiomeM. YcTaHaBiiH- saeTCH nHTB otphhob, hs kotopbix ohhh — Plagiuri — 3aKJiK)HaeT khtob h mopckhx KopoB; ocTajiB- HBie ^teTHpe oxBaTBmaiOT HacTOHm;Hx pBi6: Chondropterygii, xpnmeBHe, c 4 po^aMri, Malacopte- rygii, MHrKonepBie, c 21 poflaMH, Acanthopterygii, KOJiionenepBie c 16 poaaMii, h Branchio- stegi, 6e3 jKaCepHBix KOCTeft, c 4 po^aMH. Bcero onncHBaeTCH BnojiHe hcho 218 bh^ob. ynoMH- HyrHe Ha3BaHHH OTpHffOB coxpaHHJiHCB b HiHpoKOM ynoTpe0JieHHH no Haniero BpeMeHH. Kapji JlHHHeii (1707—1778) coxpaHHeT CHCTeMy ApTeflH, BnjiOTB ho IX n3,n;aHHH CBoefi Sy- stema Naturae. Ho yate b X nasaHHH, KOTopoe ho HacTOHm;ero BpeMeHH c^HTaeTCH ochobhhm ch- ¦GTeMaTHHecKHM TpynoM, HaxoHHM cyn^ecTBenHBie HBMeHeHHH. B to BpeMH KaK ApTeHH ycTaHaB- jiHBaji jinniB poHOBBie HaHMeHOBaHHH, npHnaBaa Ka?KflOMy KpaTKHe HHarHO3Bi bhhob, JlnHHeft1 c aToro BpeMeHH ycTaHaBJiHBaeT dHHapHyio HOMeHKJiaTypy. OTHBme pa3Ji£raeHHe bhhob He iipen- CTaBJiHoio saTpyHHeHHM, h npe>KHHH xaoTH^ecKaH Macca pa3po3HeHHBix HasBaHiifi cTajia yKjiaflBi- BaTBCH b 8aKOHOMepHBie h nocjieHOBaTejiBHBie paMKH; JlHHHeii onncBiBaeT 2600 bhhob pBio\ Tojibko TenepB BnepBHe khtbi B&mejiHioTCH ot pBi6 h coeHHHHiOTCH c MJieKonHTaioin.HMH.~3aTo oh KpaflHe bbohht non HMeHeM Amphibia nantes TpeTHft otphh cpeHH aM$n6HH, conepjKaniHH xpfl- pH6, Ghondropterygii, BMecTe c MHHOraMH, oceTpaMH h mopckhm hoptom; ciona me oh noTOM h Branchiostegi. IIo nojioaceHHio OpionraBix njiaBHHKOB oh Renwr pn6 Ha — Apodes, Iugulares, Thoracici h Abdominales. IIojiy^HjiacB coBepmeHHO yn Xoth cncTeMa ApTeflH h JlHHHeH OKa3ajia pemaion^ee bjihhhhg Ha HanBHefimee pa3BHTHe hxtho- JIOrHH, nonHTKH CO3HaHHH HOBOH KJiaCCH^HKai^HH He npeKpaTHJIHCB. GpeflH HHX MOJKHO 8 I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOriOr o cHCTene CKonojin (1777), KOToptiii sejiHJi pti6 Ha Tpn rjiaBHbix OT^ejia cooTBeTcraeHHO-.nojiOHse- hhio aHajiBHoro oTBepcraH, hjih o KjieftHe (1685—1759), KOTopbift pacnpe«ejiHJi; ptifr coo6pa3HO c ycTpofiCTBOM h nojiO/KeHHeM flbixaTejibHBix opraHOB, nprreeM nepBaH rpynna oxBaTbiBaaa pti6r SbiinamHx jierKHMH (khth), BTopaa — Hbiinamiix ckpbitbimh, TpeTBH — otkphtbimh Hta6paMH. Ko BTopoii rpynne 6bijih oTHeceHti, c oflHoii CTopoHbi Mypean h MHHorn, c flpyroii— anyjiH m MopcKHe qepra (Lopkius). KaK bhhhm, b OTHomemiH nepBofi rpynnBi KjieflH csejiaji mar Ha3aflr K ^OJIHHHeeBCKHM npeflCTaBJieHHHM. Bo bchkom cjiy^ae Tpyflbi ApTe^H h JIhhhgh nocjiyjKHJin tojihkom rjih ninpoKoro pa3BHTHB; Hay^Hofi mbicjih. IlpeoSjiaflaioinee HanpaBJiemie Hayna npHHHJia b cTopoHy pa3BHTHH cncTeMa- thkh; 9to 6biji nepHOH HaKonJieHHH $aKTOB; npeflnpHHHMaiOTCH aajieKiie nyTeinecTBHH, co6npa- K)TCflO6mPipHBie KOJIJieKUHH, OnHC&IBaiOTCH HOBBie BH^BI, BBIHBJIHIOTCH. HOBBie npOMBICJIOBBie H HenpoMBicjiOBbie o6i.eKTbi h He3aTpoHyTBie BKcmioaTaipieii paiiOHBi. HccJieaOBaHHH XVII h XVIII BeKOB hocht no npeHMymecTBy mhcto imBeHTapH3ai^H0HHBifi xapaKTep. raccejibKBHCT (f!752), KajiBM, JIe$jiHHr (f 1755), Oc6eK (1805), TyH6epr (1743—182S), A$iiejiHyc (17.50— 1838), OopcKOHb (f 1763) — co6npajiH pbi6 b ErraiTe, GeB. AMepune, IOjkh. AMepiine, Ha HBe n b KiiTae, b HnoHiiH, b A$pHKe, b KpacHOM Mope. PflH HaTypajiHCTOB conpoBO?K3;aji HCTopuqecKHx CojiaHHep h CnappMaH Sbijih cnyTHHKaMH Kyna, KoMMepcoH — ByreHBHJiH. mbi 6yfleM eme noji;po6Hee roBopnTb o pa6oTax Hainux 3Ha.MeHHTBix yqeHBix,.MHoro no- Has Hsy^eHneM Pocchh: cnyTHima KOMaHflopa BepiiHra-CTejuiepa (1709—1745), H. T. TMejiHHa (1709—1755), G. T. TMejiHHa (1744—1774), G. Ilajuiaca (17.41— 1811), H. A. rKWibfleHinTeffra (1745—1781), H. PI. Jlenexntta (1740—1802), C. II. KpameHHH- HiiKOBa (1716—1755), Teoprn (1774). najijiac b CBoett 3HaMeHHT0ii Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica othocht noJiKiijiOTepMHbix nosBOHO^HBix k Monocardia, a nocjieflHiix AejiiiT Ha Pulmonata (Reptilia n Batrachia), Spiraculata (xpHmeBbie pbi6bi c 6pbi3rajibqeM) h Branchiata (>Ka6poji;bi- niamiie pbi6bi) ; b ocHOBy CBoeii KJiaccH$HKai^nii oh Kjia^eT 3flecb ycTpoflcTBO opraHOB HbixaHira- B III t. ZoograpMa Rosso-Asiatica Ilajraac ji;aeT CBO^Ky aKafleMH^ecKiix 9Kcneji;Hu;iifi Toro BpeMeHii. HcKyccTBeHHoe onjiOflOTBopeHiie impH pbi6 Shjio BnepBHe npori3BeHeHO b TaHHOBepe Ct..' HkoSh b 1758 r. (ony6jiHKOBaHO b 1763 r.), ho He npHBueKJio Himbero BHiiMaHHH n 6bijio BCKOpe 3a6&ITO. BHOBB OHO SbLJIO OTKpBITO B 1840-X IT. <|>paHU,y3CKHM pBl6aKOM }KO3e$OM PeMH H HeKHM }KereHOM. OTKpBiTiie BCKOpe npiiBiraocB, TaK KaK npo$. KocTa (college de France) BBinycTHJi b 1858 r. pyKOBOflCTBO no pbi6opa3BefleHiiio. B 1856 r. BpaccKHfi BBeji «pyccKiiii» cnocoSonjio- flOTBOpeHIIH. K KOHny crojieTHH h b Ha^ajie XIX b. nncjio mm, 3aHiiMaBmHXCH HsyqeHHeM pbi6, HacTOJibKO- BO3paCTaeT, ^TO nepe^HCJIHTB IIX B KpaTKOM HCTOpHlieCKOM O03Ope CTaHOBIlTCH HeB03M0«KHBIM. TajiaHTjiHB&iJi nonyjiflpii3aTop M. E. Bjiox (1723—1799) BBinycTHJi oSmnpHBiti Tpya, nocBam,eH- hbih pbiGam, c MHoroHHCJieHHHMH piicyHKaMH, b kotopom oh H3MeHHeT cHCTeMy JliiHHeH, ynpa33- hhh Ha3BaHwe Amphibia nantes h bbohh nnTbifi OTpna— Cartilaginei. Ot Ha3BaHna njiaBaiomax aM$H0HH OTKa3ajincb TaK/Ke PeTi^ayc h IleHHaHT. Ho Bjiox cobccm Heysa^HO pa3HeJiHJi pbi6 no npii3HaKy nncjia ny^ieft b njiaBHimax: Hendecapterygii, Decapterygii h t. fl., hto, BnpoqeM, He noMeniajio euy cpeflii nocjie^Hiix nocTaBHTb He TOJibKO TpecKy c 10 jiy^eBbiMH Bii^aMH, mMerluc- cius — c 8 ii Brosmius — c 7 jiynaMii. TeM He MeHee ero KHHra, co,n;ep/Kaii];aH onHcamie 123 po^OB. c 1519 Bii^aMii, HJiJiiocTpupoBaHHaH xopomHMH pncyHKaMii, b TeneHiie flOJiroro BpeaieHH noJib3O- HM pacnpocTpaHeHHeM. no3Hte repMaHCKoro yneHoro Bjioxa BbinycTHJi oSuiHpHbifi Tpys no pBi6aM $paHi^y3 (de Lacepede, 1756—^^1825). OflHaKO npHHHTaH iim CHCTe.Ma, KaK coBepuieHHo ncKyc- He Morjia yaep^aTbcn b HayKe; ochobhhiM npH3HaKoai oh BBi6pa;i ?Ka6epHyio KpHniKy n HtaGepHyio nepenoHKy. Oh ycTaHaBJiHBaeT 32 OTpnfla, coe^HKHH BoeanHo ctojib pa3i[iraHbix pH6, KaK Anguilla, Xiphias, Ammodytes, AnarrMclias. y^eHMK Jlacene^a ^lOMepujib nepepaQoTaji ero ciicTeMy, nepeiiAieHOBaB ero OTflejibi (divisions) b OTpfl^H, a ero OTpnabi — b noaoTpHHBi. Oh. BnepBBie bbo;o;ht Ha3BaHHH noflOTpHHOB xpHm;eBBix Cyclostomi h Plagiostomi, npo^Ho yKope- HiiBniHecH b HayKe (1806). ^ BpyccoHe b CBoeii pa60Te (1782) npuMeHneT cpaBHiiTejiBHBie H3MepeHHH pa3JiHHHbix pbiobi. MeToa conocTaBJieHHH njiacTiraecKiix npii3HaKOB h Boo6m;e CuoivieTpiiKa nojiynnjiH miipoKoe npuMeHemie. B KOHLte XVIII h Ha*iajie XIX b. Hapn^y c $ayHiicTnqecKHMH paSoiaMH (Jlecioep, Pa$n- HecK, Phcco, ^oHOBaH, T^ioMepHJib h sp.) noHBJinioTCfl TaKHie ii aHaTOMiinecKHe. EcTecTB03HaHHe- H3 3-AinHpiiqecKoii Haywi cTajio npeBpamaTbcn b TeopeTimecKyio. IIpeiKae Bcero ynoMHHeM HinpHBifi Tpya AjieKcaHflpa MoHpo (1733—1817) no cpaBHiiTejibHoii aHaTOMim pu6; A. T (1708—1777) onucaji rjia3a h MO3r pa3JiiraHbix pu6; II. Kaiwnep (1722—1789) nsynain opraHbi: cjiyxa h MO3r c ^epenHBiMH HepBaMii. H3y*ieHneM MO3ra 3aHiiMajicH FeHTep (f 17.93); CKapna iiccjieflOBaji opraH&i cjiyxa h oSohhhhh. Pflfl paOoT pa3Hbix aBTopoB nocBHin,eH H3yHeHHK) HX OpraHOB, pa3MHOHteHHH, flblxaHHH. BHeji;peHHe cpaBHHTejibHO-aHaTOMHHecKoro MeTO^a nocTeneHHo nop;roTOBHJio no^By OTKpbiTHH XIX b. — KJieTOHHOfi Teopiin ffljieflfleHa h ElBaHHa h aBOJiioqHOHHoro HHH flapBHHa — flJIfl CO3aaHHH 3M6piIOJIOrHH, RJIH BBIHCHeHHH pOACTBeHHBIX B3aHMOOTHOmeHHii' Meat^y OTAejibHBiMH rpynnaMH h pa3pa6oTKH TeopHH $HJioreHeTHiecKHx CBH3efi. H3yqeHHe cTpoeHHH xejia npiiBjieKaeT BHiiMaHne H-nHHHoro pnaa nccJieffOBaTejiefij cpe^H KOTopBix HocTaTOHHo ynoMHHyTb o PeoMiope, CnajiaHnaHH, Be6epe, ocooeHHO o Wlo$$pya GeHT- Mjiepe. Ho snoxy b pa3BHTHH HayKH cocTaBHji reHHajibHBifi ffiopat KioBbe (1769—1'832);.3OOjioiv H HaOJIIOaaTeJIb C IUHpOKHM KpyrO3OpOM, OH C OCO0eHHHM BHHMaHHeM OTHOCHJICH: K aHaTOMHH VL JMOpCpOJIOrHH pbl6. OGblHHO erO C^HTaiOT TBOpiJOM eCTeCTBeHHOfi CHCTeMH HtHBOTHblX.. I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHH B. M. }Khtkob Bcenejio npHnncfiraaeT 3Ty *iecTB JlaMapKy. JlaaiapK 6bictpp npn3Haji HecocTOHTejiB- hoctb cncTeMH JInHHefl-H yrae b 1794 r. Hanaji pa3pa(5oTKy CBoeft co6cTBeHHofi, pa3«ejiHB jkhbot- hhx Ha n03B0H0HHBix h 6e3no3BOHOHHBix h npii3HaB cnepBa 5, a nc>35Ke — 13 KJiaccoB: nojimiBi, jiyracTBie, qepBH, HaceKOMBie, nayKOodpa3HBie, paKOO(5pa3HBie, KOJiB^enn, ycoHorne, mojijiiockh,. Pbi6h, penTHjiHH, nTHUH h MJieKonHTaioiHHe. KiOBBe c 1800 r. coctohji npo$eccopoM b College de France; npa nocpescTBe cbohx MHOro- qacjieHHBix yneHHKOB oh coSnpaeT b Jardin des Plantes rpoMaaHBie KOJiJieKiniH. B 1817 r. oh> BBinycKaeT cboh 3HaMeHHTBift Tpya Regne animal, a b 1828 r. b coTpyaHEraecTBe c BajiaHCBeHOM, nepBHfiTOM Histoire naturelledes poissons. BcecTopoHHe pa3o6paB b Ka^ecTBe THna aHaTOMHH> , Perca, oh flaeT onepK HCTOpnn iiXTiiojiorHH, oo3Op CHCTeM h onncaHiie ceMeficTB. Caere- qacTB cocTaBJieHa BecBMa HepaBHOMepHo; Hapnfly c npeBOcxoflH&iMH onHcaHHHMH. xapaKTepncTHKH pBi6 iiohth 6e3 ;piarH03a; HHorfla oco6h c iiojiobbim shmop$h3mom. h jiHHHHOHHBie $opMBi pBi6 onucBiBaiOTCH KaK OT,o;ejiBHBie BHfl&i. Ho KiOBBe BBeji HeMajio ycoBep- nieHCTBOBaHHfi b ciiCTeMy pBi6, TeM 6ojiee, ^to oh H3yHaji He tojibko coBpeMeHHBix, ho TaKJKe h hcko- naeMBix. Ilocjie c.MepTH KiOBBe H3flaHne EcTecTBeHHOfl HCTopHH p&i6 npoftOJiataji BajiaHCBeH; nocJieHHHli tom BBiuieji b 1849 r. KiOBBe pe3KO o6oco6jiHeT, coScTBeHHO pBi6 ot pBiS xpHpeB&ix. Ghondropterygii no xapara-epy ?Ka6p pa3,o;ejiflioTCH hm, c oflHoft ctopohbi, Ha Cyclostomi h Selachii, hjih Plagiostomi — c He- noHBH«KHBiMii jKadpaMii, a c Hpyroft — Sturiones, c ?Ka6paMH cbo0oji;hbimpi; k nocjiep;HHM othocmt oh h xHMep, xoth nos^epKHBaeT hx cxoflCTBO c aKyjiaMii. CpeffH kocthctbix p&i6 KiOBBe, B3aMeH OTpn,p;a ApTe,n;H Branchiostegi bbohht HBa hobbix — Plectognathi, cpocTHO^ejiiocTHBie, h Lop- hobranchii, ny^JKOHiaSepHBie. CoxpaHHH OTpn^Bi Acanthopterygii h Malacopterygii, oh sejiiiT nocJie^Hiix Ha 3 rpynnBi npiiMemiTejiBHO k nojiojKeHHio SpiomHBix njiaBHHKOB. ECJIH KiOBBe TOJIBKO KOCHyjICH IICKOnaeMBIX pBl6, TO OCO6eHHO 06CT0HTejIBH0 HMH 3aHHMaJICH; Jlyn Araccii3 (1807—1873); HMen npeflinecTBeHHHKOM no 3TOMy Bonpocy tojibko BjieHBHJiH (1777— 1850), Araccn3 BnepBBie oxBaTirji KOJioccajiBHBift MaTepnaji, othochbuihhch k!700 BPi^aM h goctohb- uihh H3 20000 3K3eMnjiHpoB. Oh nepBBifi BBmejimi MHHor n mhkchh b ocoSBiJi KJiacc. Eaiy me o6H3.aHa BBeneHneM xapaKTepucTHKii qeinyn h HaiiMeHOBaHHHMH ochobhhx ee tiihob raHOHftHOft, I^HKJIOHSHOit H KTeHOHAHOH. OAHaKO KJiaCTB B OCHOBy KJiaCCH$HKai^HH pBl5 3TOT IipHSHaK, KaK II BCHKHfi flpyrofl eflllHiraHBlft KpiITepiIH, 0BIJIO ODJH6oHHO. K pBi6aM oh OTHec KpyrjiopOTBix, k raHon^HBiM, KpoMe oceTpoBBix, TAKme comob, ny^p, cpocTHOiejiiocTHBix. EcTecTBeHHo, ^to TaKaH cucTeMa He Hauraa ce6e npHBepnceHi^eB h He Obiji* 3OOJioraMH. c 3Ha^HTejiBHBie inarii no BBipa0OTKe ecTecTBeHHoft cncTeMBi pBi6 csejiaji BBiflaion^HflcH nccjie- h MBicjniTejiB HoraHHec Miojuiep (1801—185S). nojio;KHB b OCHOBy cbohx HccjieHOBa- BBinojiHeHHoe cpaBHHTejiBHo-aHaTOMH^ecKoe H3yHeHHe, oh BnepBBie Ha cTporo- y npimij;Hnax ctpoht cbok» cncTeny h ycTaHaBJiHBaeT niecTB noflKJiaccoB: Leptocardii, Marsipobranchii, Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, Teleostei h Dipnoi. B raHOH^HBix oh o6ocot>jiHeT- Chondrostei ot Holostei. Cpean kocthctbix oh He tojibko oScTOHTejiBHO BBinejiHeT OTpflstH Pha- ryngognatM (c coe#HHeHHBiMH tjiotohkhmh kocthmh), Physostomi, Anacanthini, Acanthopteri,. Plectognathi h LopnobrancMi, ho h noHpo0HO xapaKTepH3yeT BXOflHn^He b hhx ceMeficTBa. Emjt Hte mbi o6fl3aHBi TmaTejiBHBiM H3y^eHiieM mhkchh h nonepe^HopoTBix. TenepB mbi BCTynaeM b nepHOjj, Kor^a cpaBHHTejiBHo-aHaTOMHHecKoe nsy^eHne b HayKe Ha- ^HHaeT npeBajmpoBaTB. Mojkho 6bijio 6bi nepeHHCJiiiTB hjihhhbih pnfl hmch HaTypajiHCTOB, BHecnnix 6ojiBinyio hjih MeHBinyio JienTy b H3y^eHne pBi6. B 3to me BpeMH BO3HHKaeT, KaK caMocTOHTejiB- OTpacjiB HayKH, 3M§pHOJiorHH; o pojin ocHOBaTejifl 3M0pHOJiorHH, Hainero 3HaMeHHToro aKa- K. M. Bapa (1792—1876), b HCTopira pH0Horo aejia mbi CKajKeM HecKOJiBKO HHHte, npn? p pa3BHTHH HXTHOJIOrHH B HanieM OTe^eCTBe. CpaBHHTeJIBHOli aHaTOMHefi H 3M0pHOJIOrHeife 3aHHMajnicB b stot nepHOH PaTKe, fle Onjinnnn, K. OorT, CTaHHHyc, Jleflsur, PeTEfnyc, , MaKC JQIyjiBi^e h sp. CyH,n;eBajiB nsy^aji nocT3M0pnoHajiBHoe pa3BHTne pBi6. HejiB3a He ynoMHHyTB o BBiaaiomeMca HXTHOJiore-cncTeMaTHKe Toro ?Ke BpeMeHH C. JI. BoHanapTe. E Iconographia'della fauna Italica, CHadxKeHHaH BejiHKOjienHBiMii ubcthbimh pncyHKaMH, nospoSHoe onncaHiie pBi(5 HTajinn. O^HaKO cncTeMa, npnHHTafl hm, HacTOJiBKo HecoBepmeHHa, ^TO' no3Hte oh caM ot Hee OTKa3ajicfl h nepepa6oTaji ee 3aHOBO npHMeHHTejiBHO k BO33peHHHM: H. MiojiJiepa.xoTH h H3MeHHJi b Heii HaHMeHOBaHne noji;KJiaccoB. Boo(5iH,e pnHcai'ejiBHOH HXTHOJiorHelfe TaKjKe 3aHHMajiHCB MHorne Hccjie^OBaTejin, H3y^aBniHe pH6 Bcero Miipa-. BejiHKHfi MBicJiHTejiB HapjiB3 J^apBim cnennajiBHO pBi6aMH He 3aHHMajiCH, ho npoHSBeseHHBift- hm nepeBopoT b MHpoBO33peHHH Bcero qejiOBe^ecTBa OTpa3iijiCH caMBiM pemHTejiBHBiM o6pa3OM Ha paSBHTHH HXTHOJIOrHH. IIonBITKH K CO3#aHHK) eCTeCTBeHHOH KJiaCCH$HKai^HH ffiejiaJIHCB H paHB- me — JIaMapKOM, KiOBBe, MiojiJiepoM, — ho TenepB, nocjie noHBjiemm napBHHOBCKoro «IIp6- HcxoHtfleHHH bhhob», cpaBHHT0JiBHaH aHaTOMHH H 3M0piiojiorHH HapHfly c najieoHTOjiorHeft npeJKae- Bcero 6hjih npH3BaHBi k penieHHio hchchbix h cnopHBix BonpocoB o poacTBeHHHX B3aHMOOTHonre- hhhx h $HJioreHHH. Gpeflii Hpy3eH h copaTHHKOB ,3[apBHHa FeKCjin (1825—1895) (Jojiee ^eM kto- jih6o apyrofi cnoco6cTBOBaji noSe^oHOCHOMy niecTBiiio h ninpoKOMy pacnpocTpaHeHHio BHHH3Ma h nosroTOBHJi b o6n^ecTBeHHOM MHeHHH no^By hjih cjie^yiomefi KHHra JJ «npoHCxoH«seHHO qejiOBeKa». Ho y?Ke nepBBifi H3 Ha3BaHHHx TpyflOB ^apBHHa npeBpaTHJi b yfiejKaeHHoro h HenoKOJie6nMoro no6opHHKa aapBHHH3Ma. ; PeKCJin npHHaHJieacHT ^jihhhhh pnff BBiflaioiniixcH pa6oT no 3OOJiornH, cpaBHHTejiBHOH aHaTO- mhh, 8M6pHOJiorHH, najieoHTOJiorHH h aHTponojiornn. Bpa^ no oSpasoBaHHio, yBJieKniHHCH 6ecK0- He^iHBiM pasHoo0pa3HeM h doraTCTBOM $opM b $ayHe KopajuiOBHx pn$OB bo BpeMH njiaBaHHa; k SeperaM ABCTpajinn h Hoboh PBHHeH, h npeBparaBinHHCH b nepBOKJiaccHoro 3OOJiora is. najieoH- ks 10 I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH Tonora, oh yaieji Bee qacTHBie BonpocBi, kotop&imh 3aHHMajicn b saHH&ift MOMeHT, pacmnpHTt h HHMaTt ho peineHiiH ochobhbix TeopeTiraecKiix npoSjieM. Bee cboh paSoTBi oh CTponji Ha ^ 3B0JIK)n,H0HH0M npilHUHIie. IIOMHMO MHOroqiICJieHHblX IiCCJieflOBaHHfi no CpaBHHTeJIBHOft aHaTOMHH, sooJiornn n $ii3iiojiornii, oh aaji Meatay npo?HM oSuinpHyio paooTy no KJiaccnifiHKanHH hcbohckhx Pbi6. (1861). . • EfeyiiiB raHonaoB, TeKCJin pa3aejiiui nx Ha 5 noflOTpnaoB: Amiadae, Lepidosteidae, Crossop- terygidae.Chondrosteidae h Acanthodidae. A nocjie onucaHira TeHTepow Ceratodus oh bbosht noHHTHH 06 aBTO-, nio- h aM$iicTiiJiini. Boo6me btot nepnoa XIX b. BbmBimyji nejiBiii pap; 3aiue- qaTejibHBix aHaTOMOB, 3M6pnoJioroB n nccjieflOBaTejieii: OyeH, TereHSayp, Kjiayc, Bnji;epcrenM, yp, ^opH, TeKKejib, TaTqeK, aKafleMimn: A. 0.' KoBajieBCKirii, O. B. Obchhhiikob, B. B. 3ajieHCKiin, npo$. K. O. Keccjiep, JIaHKacTep. CpeflH najieoHTOJioroB cjie^yeT ynoMHHyTb o 3acjiyrax Tpanyepa, ByayopTa, oco0eHHO, b ho- Beitniee Bpena, CTeHHiiio. Hhkto ii3 npetfinecTBeHHiiKOB He iicnojib3OBa.Ji npii cboiix iiccjieaoBaHHHx ctojibko ocTeojiorn- qecKoro MaTepiiajia, Kan 3aMeqaTejn>HBiii aMepiiKaHCKiifi yqeHBift Kon (1840—1897). Oh H3y*iHji He MeHee 1000 CKejieTOB h Ha stom ocHOBaHini nepecTpoira cucTeMy p&io\ HaweTHB ocHOBaHHH CBoeft KJiaccH$HKau;iiii b 1870—1871 rr., Kon nO3/Ke (1889) ee nepepaSoTaji, h b CBoeM OKOHHaTejitHOM Bii«e 0Ha coxpaHiuia sHa^eHiie n ao chx nop, rjiaBHtiM o6pa3OM b Tpy,n;ax aMepiiKaHCKHx nccjiep;o- BaTejien. IIpe/Kse Bcero Kon npoTiiBonocTaBJiHeT Leptocardii b KanecTBe HaflKjiacca Cephalo- chorda BceM npomm —Craniata. nocjie^Hiie, qepenHbie, pacnpemejinioTCH na flBa KJiacca: Agnatha h Pisces. BeciiejiiocTHi>ie, Agnatha, j^esimcH Ha 2 noaKJiacca: Ostracodermi h Marsipobranchii; nocJieflHHfi noflKJiacc noapasaejiaeTCH Ha Hyperotreti (mhkchh&i) ii Hyperoarti (Miraora). Ha- CTOflmne pLi6&i, Pisces, pacnpeaejiHiOTCH Ha 4 no^KJiacca — Holocephali, Elasmobranchii, Dipnoi ii Teleostomi. Cpean Eiasmobranchii pa3JiiraaroTCH Ichthyotomi ii Selachii. Teleostomi BKjiio^aioT b ce6e 4 HaaoTpHsa: Rhipidopterygia, Crossopterygia, Podopterygia n Actinoptery- gia. H3 hhx Rhipidopterygia aejiiiTCH Ha Rhipidistia [Osteolepidae] ii Actinistia [Coelacant- hiae]. Crossopterygii oxBaTbiBaiOT 4 0Tpflaa: Placodermi, Haplistia, Taxistia ii Cladistia (Polyp- teridae). Podopterygia o6pa3yeT ohhh OTpnji;. Chondrostei. HaKOHeii;, Actinopterygia HejnrrcH Ha HBe TpnO&i — Physostomi n Physoclisti. Kon ew$ b 1870 r. oSxefliiHUJi raHOHHOB h kocthct&ix BMecTe b oaim noaKJiacc jiyqucToneptix ii yme Torfla nepeHec TaK Ha3HBaeMtix kocthbix raHOHji;OB H3 rpynnti Chondrostei b rpj7nny OTHptiTonystipHtix, t. e. npiraticjihji k kocthcthm pH6ai«. Physostomi oh sejiHT Ha 12 OTpnaoB: Halecomorphi (Amia), Ginglymodi (Lepidosteus), Isospon- dyli, Plectospondyli (Kapnoo6pa3Hbie). Nemathognathi (combi)» Scyphophori (Mormyridae), Haplomi [Esocidae, Cyprinodonti], Glanencheli [Gymnotus], Ichthyocephali (Monopterus), Holostomi [Symbranchus], Enchelycephali [Anguilla], Colocephali (Muraena). 3aKpHTony- BHpHbie, hjiii Physoclisti, o6pa3yioT 9 otph^ob: Opisthomi [Mastacembelus], Percesoces (Mu- gilidae), Synenthognathi (Scomberesocidae), Hemibranchii [Gacterosteidae],. Lophobrancidi, Pediculati, Heterosomata (KaM6ajiti), Percomorphi n Pharyngognathi. He Tpy,n;HO BH^eTt, hto b CHCTeMe Kona b ochobhhx MepTax yjKe BanojKeHBi BJieMeHTH ecTecTBeHHOfi KJiaccn$HKauHH, KOToptie mbi Haft^eM ii bo Bcex nocjieayiomiix cucTeaiax. 3HaHnTejibHaH ^acTt OTpaftOB nop; 9THMII ace Ha3BaHiiHMii coxpaHeH&i y /];>KopaeHa h y PiireHa. Tacce o6pain;aeT BHHMaHiie Ha $opMbi o6ii3BecTBJieHHH no3BOHKOB nonepe^HopoTtix, hohhthh d;iikjio-, TeKTO- ii acTepocnoHaHJiijHoro no3BOHKa. ITpn btom Bee CKaTbi n HacTb nonaaaiOT b rpynny TeKTOcnoHHUJitHtix. HecKOJitKo no3>Ke Byayopa (Woodward), BLiaaronniiicH 3HaTOK HCKonaeMbix pH0, b KaiecTBe hobbix OTpH^OB cpean Elasmobranchii — Ichthyotomi h Acanthodii, a B. Pleuropterygii (Cladoselachia). 3areMejiB (1885) b cboiix KjiaccnqecKHx padOTax ofi- KapnoBbix, xapannmni; ii comobbix, KaK oGjiaaaTeneft CBoeo6pa3Horo Be6epoBCKoro annapaTa, b oaim OTpna Ostariophj'si, paBHO3HaHHBitt Tpe.M OTpH,o;aM Kona — Plectospondyli, Nematog- nathi n Glanencheli. Tiijib, KOTopBitt ewfi b 1872 r. b o03ope pBi5 CMiiTCOHiiaHCKoro HHCTHTyTa npeHJiowHJi cbokd •cucTeMy, no3/Ke aonojiHira ee BBeaeHiieM hobbix OTpnaoB (Lyomeri) ii, HaKOHeii, 3aH<3B0 nepepaSo- TaB (1893), 3Ha^iiTejiBHo npii6jiii3iiji ee k cucTeMe Kona. Cejiaxntt oh flejiiiT Ha Opistharthri, Prosarthri, Tectospondyli, Asterospondyli ii Hypotremi. Kocthctbix oh nonpa3flejiHeT Ha 16 OTpnsoB. C 3THX nop aMepriKaHCKiie iixTiiojioni HaqiraaioT nojib3OBaTBCH coeaHHeHHOii ciiCTeMofi Kona ii Tiijih; Bcnea 3aTeM ^jKopaeH no^Bepr cucTeMy Fiijih HeKOTop&iM BHH0H3MeHeHHHM, pa3- flejiHB Malacopterygii Ha Isospongyli n Iniomi, BBeaa Ostariophysi h t. fl. CncTeMa ^JKOpseHa b AiaepHKe oSmenpiiHaTa; ee mh 3aecB He npnBOflHM.1 . niapoKHM pacnpocTpaHeHiieM no:iB3OBajiacB b san. EBpone i-i y Hac cncTeMa BynaHHie. Ha3BaH- Hbift aBTop aan HecKOJibKO npeBOCxoRHBix pa6oT no cncTeMaTHKe pBi6. B cobmccthom Tpy^e c Bpus- weM oh npHHepjKimajicH cncTeMBi, ninpoKO npiiHHTOfi cpe^n HXTiiojiorOB «o HeflaBHero BpeMeHH, Kor^a ee CTaJia BBiTecHHTB cncTeMa PiireHa. ByjiaH^Ke npnji;ep?KHBajiCH Tanoro pa3«ejieHHH. Craniata — c 2 KJiaccaMii: Gyclostomata n Pisces. IlepBBiii aejiHTCH Ha 2 OTpn^a — mhkchh n mh- Hor — Myxinoides n Petromyzontes. Kjiacc Pisces pa3nejiaeTCH Ha 3 no^KJiacca — Elasmo- branchii, Teleostomi h Dipneusti. noaKJiacc Elasmobranchii coctoht H3 nflTH otph^ob, H3 kohx Tpa BHMepjin 1) Pleuropterygii, 2) Ichthyotomi, 3) Acanthodei; coBpeMeHHBie otphrbi — 4) Ho- locephali h 5) Plagiostomi; nocJieaHiift coctoht H3 HByx no^oTpflaoB: Selachii h Batoidei. Teleo- 1 KaK 3Ta, TaK h MHorne s o6pa3HBix ii pBifr>. JleHHHrpaA, 1 'ill H3ff. Hauiero yqe6HiiKa, 1940. spyrne cncTeMBi npiiBeseHBi JI. C. BeproM b KHHre «GncTeMa pH6o-, A, 1940. Tp. 3ooji. Hhct. AH CGGP, V. OHa noMenjeHa TaroKe b 940. U HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHE 11 stomi BKJiHmiOT OTpHA&i: 1) Grossopterygii, 2) Chondrostei, 3) Holostei, 4) Teleostei. fl HHft, Teleostei, cocTaBJieH 13 noaoTpjmaMii, hmchho: 1) Malacopterygii, 2) Ostariophysi, 3) Sym- branchii, 4) Apodes, 5) Haplomi, 6) Heteromi, 7) Catosteomi, 8) Percesoces, 9) Anacanthini, 10) Acanthopterygii, 11) Opisthomi, 12) Pediculati h 13) Plectognathi. Ilpn btom nooieflHuii noffOTpfln, Plectognathi, nospa33;ejiHeTca Ha Sclerodermi h Gymnodontes. Acanthopterygii, b cboio o^epeflfc, neJiHTCH Ha OTaeji&i: Perciformes, Scombriformes, Zeorhombi, Kurtiformes, Oobiiformes, Discocephali, Scleroparei, Iugulares, Taeniosomi. HaKOHen,, HeH3BecTHoe nojio- HteHHe b CHCTeMe 3aHHMaioT HCKonaeMbie rpynnH: Palaeospondyli, Ostracodermi c TpeMH OTpH- flaMH (Heterostraci, Osteostraci, Anaspida), a TaKme AntiarcM h Arthrodira. ryflpHH, npe^jioTKHBinnfi: cboio cHCTeMy b nepBOM EraaaHiin cpaBHHTejn>Hoft aHaTOMiin1, b ho- bom Tpyfle2(1930) nosBepr ee HeKOTop&iM nepe^ejiKain h H3MeHeHHHM. AntiarcM ii Arthrodira oh ^eaorOBopoHHO othocht b noflKJiacc Elasmobranchii, npH3HaBaH hx (5eccnopHoe poflCTBO c aKyjia- mh; ocTpaKo^epM oh noMemaeT cpe^H KpyrjiopoTtix, corjiacHo HOBeiiuiHM nccjie^OBaHUHM. BaiecTO Tpy^HO sanoMHHaeM&ix ManonoHHTHbix cTapBix Ha3BaHiiH no^OTpHflOB oh npenjiomim npocrtie h yaoSHLie HaiiMeHOBaHHH no TnnHHHOMy ceMeficTBy c npnSaBJieHHeM — formes, ^eu b 3Haqn- TejifcHofi CTeneHH ynpocTHJi h csejiaji noHHTHee h floxo^HiiBee cboio cHCTe.\iy. IToaoTpHa Acantho- pterygii oh pa30HBaeT yyne Ha 25 pa3aeJiOB, oxBaT&reaH btoh rpynnoit 3Ha^HTejiBHyK) qacTt ko- KHa 6bitb OTHeceHa h HOBOOTKpHTaH pBi6a — Latimeria. Hto KacaeTCH no^KJiacca Neopterygii, to k Heaiy othochtch 31 OTpHa: Protospondyli (Amia), Ginglymodi (Lepidosteus), BHMepniHe Halecostomi, Isospon- •dyli, Haplomi, Iniomi, Giganturoidea, Lyomeri, Ostariophysi, Apodes, Heteromi, Synenthog- nathi, Microcyprini, Salmopercae, Solenichthyes, Anacanthini, Allotriognathi, Berycomorphi, .Zeomorphi, Percomorphi, Scleroparei, Hypostomidae, Heterosomata, Discocephali, Plectog- nathi, Malacichthyes, Xenopterygii, Haplodoci, Pediculati, Opisthomi, Symbranchii. He sasaBancB iiejiBio HcnepnBmaiome ocbcthtb Bee cymecTByiomiie ciicTeMBi Hii3mHx no3BO- hohhbix, ynoMHHeM eme o KJiaccH$HKai|HH CTeHnrao (1936), Poaiepa, BaTCona (1937). Bee bth -CHCTeMH npeffJio«KeHBi najieoHTOJioraMH h jihdjb b Majioit CTeneHH OTpa?KaioT coBpeMeHHBie rpyn- nupoBKH pBi6; ohh He MoryT Hac yHOBJieTBopHTB b nojiHofi aiepe. C b pnse paSoT flaeT cjieayiomyio Craniata Pa3«eji Agnathi; KJiacc Ostracodermi Pteraspidomorphi, + Heterostraci, + Palaeospondyloidea, Myxinoidea. Cephalaspidomorphi, 4- Osteostraci, + Anaspidae, Petromyzontes. I. Elasmobranchii, f Acanthodii » + Placodermi, rpynna A. AntiarcM, B. Arthrodira, » Holocephali, » Selachii. Pa3neji Gnathostomata; II. Choanata, Crossopterygii » Dipnoi, » Tetrapoda III. Actinopterygii, BracMopterygii (Polypteridae) Chondrostei, Holostei, Teleostei. 1 Atreatise on Zoology. Part IX. Ed. by Ray-Lancaster. 1909. 2 E. S. Goodrich. Studies on the Structure and development of Vertebrates. London, 1930. 12 I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHH A. PoMep (1933 h 1937) npe^jiaraeT cJienyromee «ejieHHe: Kjiacc Agnatha Pld ill! 'II ' 'II i ! Agnatha Placodermi (Artbrodira, Antiarchi), ' Chondrichthyes (Acanthodii, Elssmobranchii, Rhenanida, Holocepnali), Actinopterygii, Choanichthyes (Dipnoi, Crossopterygii). HaKOHeu., BaTCOH (1937) npeffjiaraeT Tanyio KJiaccH$HKau;HK): BeTBfc Agnatha: BeTBB Gnathostomata: + Heterostraci, KJiacc Aphetochyoidea, id Athdii + Anaspida, +Osteostraci, + Cyclostomata. ». » y + Acanthodii, + Arthrodira, +Antiarchi, + Petalichthyida, + Rhenanida. Pisces: KJiacc Chondrychthyes » Osteichthyes TaKcoHOMimecKoe 3Ha*ieHiie BeTBeft h pa3BeTBJieHiiii b cncTeMax CxeHniiio h BaTCOHa 6e3 oco- 0BIX oS'BHCHeHIlii HenOHHTHO. CaMoii nocjieaHeii cucTeMoft, ciiHTe3iipoBaBiiien ii peBii3OBaBineM Tpy^Bi Bcex npeEmecr- BeHHHKOB, HBJiHeTCH cHCTeaia JI. C. Bepra. B 1936 r. oh bhobb nepepaSoTaji Ha ocHOBaHHH H3y^eHHH HCKonaeM&ix pBi6 cboio cncTe>iy ii b 1940 r. BBinycTHji b cbct oSninpHoe HccjieflOBaHiie «CiiCTeMa pBi6oo6pa3HBix n pBi6, H&me /Kireynnix ii iicKonaeMBix*1. JI. C. Eepr npHBOHHT He tojibko nOJIHyiO CHCTeMaTH3ai^HK) pBl6006pa3HBIX II pBl6 KaK COBpeMeHHBIX, TaK H B&IMepiHHX, HO H HaeT no;n;po6HBie xapaKTepHCTimii bbichiiix TaKCOHOMimecKiix efliiHim Hapn^y c Hc^epnBiBaio- nepequcjieHiieM Bcex ceMeiicTB, othochiuiixch k KaHt^OMy OTpHay. IlepepaSaTBiBaH npejKHHe o B3aiiMOOTHonieHHHX Me/K^y OTaejiBH&iMH ciiCTeMaTiraecKHMH e^HHHi^aMH, Bepr HecKOJiBKO hobbix KjiaccoB, noji;o6HO TOMy, KaK HBme pa36HBaK)TCfl Ha BHa^HTejib- HO'e '^iicjip KjiaccoB npe^cTaBHTejiii ii spynix tiiiiob jkhbothofo Miipa. IIoji;po6Hoe H3yneHHe hcko- naeMBix $opM no3BOJiHJio, c ohhoh ctopohbi — pes^e noa^epKHyTB pasjiH^HH HeKOTopBix rpynn pBi6, c apyroa — crjiannTb npoTiiBonojiojKeHHH hhhx nyTeM ycTaHOBJieHHH nepexoflHbix $opM. Mbi yn^e oTMeTiijra, ^to ByjiaHwe npn3HaBaji cpeji;H coBpeMeHHBix pBi6 Jinint ^Ba Kjiacca: Cyclo- stomata h Pisces. CnepBa AraccHu,, a 3aTeai PureH o6oco6jihiot cejiaxHii b ocoSbim KJiacc. Bepr npii3HaeT cpenn coBpeMeHHBix pBi6oo6pa3HBix h pBi6 6 KjiaccoB, noflnepKHBaH pe3Kne pasjiiraHH; MeiKji;y MHHoraMii, MiiKCHHaMH, 3JiacMo6paHxnHMH, xHMepaMH, nBy^BiniamiiMH h Teleostomi. Cpe^H BBiMepniiix ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH eme 5 KjiaccoB, TaKHM o6pa3OM hx o6mee hhcjio, c^HTan BMecTe c Sec^iepenHBiMii (jiaHu;eTHHKJ, nocTHraex 12. 3aTO, c apyrofi ctopohbi, Hajiirane nocTeneHHBix nepexoji;oB cpean iicKonaeMBix crjiaiKiiBaeT pa3JiimHH iiemxy Chondrostei, Holostei n Teleostei, xoTfl h He yHHHTO>KaeT hx o6oco6jieHHOcTH cpe^H coBpeMeHHBix. Bee ohh hbjihiotch ^jieHaMH rpyn- nBi Actinopterygii, jiy^HCTonepBix, KOTopBie Hapfl;a;y c Crossopterygii, KHCTenepBiMH, cocTaBJiHioT KJiacc Teleostomi; nocjie^Hiie npnivio noHpasaejiHiOTCfl Ha Sojitmee hhcjio otph^ob. K Actinop- terygii, KaK 3to naBHo ycTaHOBJieHo, othochtch ii Polypterus. B CHCTeMaTimecKott qacTH Haniero yqeSHiiKa mbi Sy^eM npiiHep/KHBaTbCfl cucTeMBi Bepra h nosTOMy cHHTaein Heo6xosHM&iM noMe- cthtb ee h 3HecB. B ocHOBy pa3aejieHim, cpean npyrnx npii3HaKOB, Bepr KJia^eT ycTpoficTBO cjiyxoBoro annapaTa. Hapnay c npiiMeHneMBiMH BeproM Ha3BaHiiHMH b cKoSKax npHBefleH&i 3Ha- Tex me CHCTeMaTiiHecKiix e^umiu, no .cucreMaM apyrux aBTopoB. Vertebrata — Acrania: 1 KJiacc — Leptocardii (Amphioxi), OTpna Amphioxiformes. IIoflTiin — Craniata, A — rpynna Haplota: Ha^KJiacc A. Agnatha. Phji; Ostracodermi: + 2 KJiacc Cephalaspides (Osteostraci), + OTpna Cephalaspiformes, -|- » Tremataspiformes, noaKJiacc Birkeniae (Anaspides), + OTpna Birkeniiformes, + » Lasaniiformes, + 3 KJiacc Pteraspides, + nojjKJiacc Coelolepides. -J-noaKJiacc Palaeospondyli, Marsipobranchii: 4 KJiacc Myxini (Hyperotreta). 5 KJiacc Petromyzones (Hyperoartii)- Ha^KJiacc B. Gnathostomi, Pisces + 6 KJiacc Pterichthyes (Antiarchi)T -f-7 KJiacc Coccostei (Arthrodira), + 8 KJiacc Acanthodii, 9 KJiacc Elasmobranchii, 10 KJiacc Holocephali, 11 KJiacc Teleostomi, 12 KJiacc Dipnoi. B — rpynna Euota s. Pentadactyla; 13 KJiacc Amphibia, 14 KJiacc Reptilia, 15 KJiacc Aves, 16 KJiacc Mammalia. in H3 3TOro of5m;ero noji;pa3ji;ejieHHfl, cym;ecTBeHHo OTjiOTHoro ot npeamnx hhh o BsanMOOTHomeHHHX Meffi^y OTflejiBHBiMH rpynnaMH, JJf Q, Bepr CJie;a;yK>mHM o6pa3OM ochobhom KJiacc, Teleostomi. 3ooji. hhct. AH CCCP, t. V, BBin, 2, 1940. I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH 13 Kjiacc Teleostomi: E noflKJiacc — Crossopterygii: -}-! OTpflff Osteole pi formes, S. oTpflff Coelacanthiformes,, II no^KJiacc — Actinopterygii: * Tpynna A +1 OTpHji; Polypteriformes. rpynna B -{-2 otpha Tarassiiformes, 4-3 » Palaeonisciformes, -f4 » Catopteriformes, +5 » Perleidiformes, 4-6 » Ospiiformes, 4-7 » Pholidopleuriformes, 4-8 » Bobasatraniiformes, 4-9 » Saurichthyiformes, 10 » Acipenseriformes, +11 » Dorypteriformes, 12 » Amiif ormes (Protospondyli), +13 » Pycnodontiformes, -j-14 » As,pidorhynchiformes, - 15 » Lepidosteiformes (Giiiglymodi), +16 » Pholidophoriformes, 17. » Glupeiformes (Isospondyli), 18 » Bathyclupeiformes, 19 » Galaxiiformes, 20 » Scopeii formes, 21 » Ateleopiformes, 22 » Giganturiformes, .23 » Saccopharyngiformes (Lyome- ri), :24 » Mormyriformes (Scyphophori), 25 » Gypriniformes (Ostariophysi), :26 » Angui Hi formes (Apodes), 27 » Halosauriformes (Lyopomi), 28 » Notacanthiformes (Heteromi), 29 » Beloniformes(Synenthognathi), 30 » Gadiformes (Anacanthini ex p.), Mbi no chx nop paccMaTpHBajiH pasBHTHe njteti. KJiaccHHKan,HH h hctophh B&ipaSoTKH ecTe- cTBeHHOli cHCTeMBi pbio*. Ho 9Ta padoTa niJia napajiJiejibHO c pa3BHTHeM 3HaHHfi no cpaBHHTejiBHoii ^LHaTOMHH, MOp$OJIOrHH, BMSpHOJIOrHH H 0HOJIOrHH pBl6. B HOCJieflOBaTejIBHOM pa3BHTHH HXTHO- JIOrHH mojkho npocjie^HTb, KaK nocTeneHHo npocTBie ^ayHHCTH^ecKHe h cncTeMaTHqecKHe necjie- CMeHHIOTCH CpaBHHTejIbHO-aHaTOMHHeCKHMH, KaK 113 HaKOHJieHHHX 3HaHHH BbipaCTaiOT uinpoKHx 3bojiiou[hohhbix o6o6m;eHHH, KOTopBie caMH no ce6e HanpaBJiaiOT nccjie- MBICJIb Ha BBIHCHeHHe $HJIOreHeTHieCKHX B3aHMOOTHOHieHHH H BOCCO33;aHHe HCTO- pa3BHTHH HtHBOTHoro MHpa. Hume mbi noKajKeM, KaK HXTHOJiorna oSpaTHJiacB b KaqecTBe TeopeTHqecKoit ochob&i Ha cjiynteHHe pBiSHOMy npoMBicJiy h Hapo^HOMy xo3HHCTBy. HejiB3H TaioKe ¦«6ohth MOJiHaHHeM saMe^aTejiBHBie pa6oTBi rjiy&OKOBOflHHX 8Kcne3Hi^HH, He tojibko oSoraTHBHiHX SOOJlOrHK), HO H OTKpHBHIHX HOBHH MHp CBOeO0pa3HHX rjiySOKOBOKHHX $OpM. He 3ap;aBaHCb i^ejibio Hcqepnbmaiomero nepeHHCJieHHH, ynoMHHeM npe?K#e Bcero 06 aKcne- BO3rjiaBJiHBniHxcfl y. ToMncoHOM — cnepBa Ha KaHOHepcKOfi jiosKe JlafiTHHHr (GBeTa- — 1868), saTeM Porcupine (1869), h, HaKOHen;, 11a SHaMeHHTOM ^ajuienaHiep (1872—1876). Ha TycKapope (1873—1876) h KOpa0Jie Bjisk (1877—1880), HTajibHHnBi Ha BeTTop (1882—1885), $paHuy8Bi Ha TajincMaHe (1883), HeMi^H na Ta3eJiH (1874—1876), oco- 6eHHO bo BpeMH njiaHKTOHHOH aKcneflniniH FeH3eHa Ha National (1889) h Ha BajiBflHBHH (1896— 1899), — co6paJiH rpOManHBiit MaTepnaji. HeMaJio noTpyanjiHCb Haa nayqeHHeM OKeaHa aKcne^H- flHH npHHi^a MoHaKCKoro (c 1885 r.). MHoro naHHHX coSpajiH aMepnKaHHBi Ha Ajib6aTpoce (1888, 1899, 1904). Hs no3,HHeHiHHx — yKaweM Ha rjiySoKOBOflHyio HopBeHtcKyio aKcne,HHD[HH) Ha Mh- Capce (1910).' HaKOHeii, HejiB3H He ynoMHHyTb o flBapmaTHnaTHJieTHnx pa6oTax saT^aH pyKOBOflCTBOM npo$. Hor. niMH^Ta (1905—1930) Ha Tope, KOTopBie pacKpujin TafiHy pa3MHO- h pacnpocTpaHeHHH peHHBix yrpefl, He tojibko eBponefiCKoro h aMepnKaHCKoro, ho Tarase H THXOOKeaHCKHX. ; rjiydoKOBOflHHMH pbi^aMH 3aHHMajiHCb TeHTep, Bpayep (cSopH BajibflHBHH), Myppefi h HopT, Vailland (TajincMaH h ap.), TapMaH (Ajib6aTpoc), Tyjs. h Bhh, Koefoed (M. Gape) h p;p. H mh TBepno yfieHt^SHBi, ^to He #ajieKO to BpeMH, Kor^a rjiydoKOBOflHaH GoBeTCKaa aKcneHnnara okoh- ^aTejiBHo no^HHMeT saBecy HeH3BecTHOCTH c rjiy0HH Hamnx sajiBHeBOCTO^Hbix Mopefl h nojiap- Horo CacceliHa. — HxTHOJiorna o^eHb paHo nepeinjia Ha cjiysteHne pH0HOMy npoMbicjiy, Ha pa3pa6oTKy ochob pbi6Horo xo3HHCTBa^ Ha 6opb(5y c HCTom;eHHeM npnpoaHbix 3anacoB, IIpoMBicjiOBoe phSojiobctbo" c GojibuiOH 6i>icTpoTOH napajiJiejibHO c ocBoeHHeM TeppHTopnii h OKeaHOB. MopcKHe 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47' 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 >x Macruriformes (tojkc), » Gasterosteiformes (Toracostei, Hemibranchiij, » Syngnathiformes (Lophobran- chii +Aulostomidae: Catoste- omi ex p.), » Lampriformes (Allotriognathi) » Cyprinodontiformes (Microcyp- rini), » Phallostethiformes, » Percopsiformes (Salmopercae),., » Stephanoberycif ormes (Xeno- beryces), » Beryciformes, » Zeiformes (Zeomorphij, » Mugiliformes (Percesoces), » Polynemiformes (Regnopteri), » Ophiocephaliformes, » Symbranchiformes, » Percif ormes (Acanthopterygii, Percomorphi), » Dacty lop terif ormes (Craniomi ex p.), » Thunniformes (Plecostei), » Pleuronectiformes (Heteroso- mata), » Icosteiformes (Malacichthyes), » Chandhuriiformes, » Mastacembeliformes (Opistho- mi), » Echeneiformes (Discocephali), » Tetrodontiformes (Plectogna- thi), » Gobiesociformes (Xenopterygii), » Batrachoidiformes (Haplodoci), » Lophiiformes (Pediculati), » Pegasiformes. 14 1. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHH I1 i *( V ." Ka3ajinci. HacejieHHBiMii HencTonniMBiMH sanacaMii pBi6 h HiiKaKiix, onaceHiift 3a 6'yaymee npoMBicjia nepBOHanajibHO He BO3miKajio. 9tom}' cooTBeTCTBOBajiH h TeopeTiiiecKiie npeflCTaBJie- hhh 0 dnojioniH npoMBicjiOBBix pi.16 Toro BpeMeHH. Tor;n;a npescTaBJiHJioct, hto cejibflb, 3Ta Ba?K- HeiimaH npoMbicjiOBan pt>i6a, HeiiCTiicjiiiMBiMH nojraimaMH HacejineT rjiySiiHBi jieflOBirrorojuopH, «H3 Koero OHe tojib BejiiiKiiMii pynawH b nojiyHOfflHBie cTpaHti EBponti 11 AMepHKH b nyTb noflfci- aiaiOTCH. ^ott h AHaepcoH cjieayioiniiM o6pasoM npoxojKaeHiie cue onHCBraaeT: ohh roBopHT,*HTO cejit^HOT cTpaxa MHorax BparOB, roHHiuiix hx, H36pajin oSHTajrameM ce6e jieaoBirroe Mope, b KOTopoe khtbi, TiojieHH ii Gejiyra, Oy^yHii npHHy/K^eHbi no npupone CBoefi nacTO B0npaTb b ce6a *ihctbih B03ayx, rHaTbCH 3a Hii.Mii He MoryT. PI KaK cejiB^n TaM chjibho pa3MHOJKaioTCH, to h npa- HyHi^eHH 6BiBaiOT no Hep;ocTaTKy niimii npii Hanajie Ka/K,noro rop;a OTnpaBJiHTL nocejieHHH. Chk rycTBiM pyHOM BHineH 113 no,n;ojiBji;y, pacnpocTpaHHiOTCH Ha HecKOjitKO cot mhjib b innpiray»... ...«npiiHyH^aaK)T pa33ejiHTBCH nx Ha asa KpBma, H3 koiix ohho npoflOJimaeT CBoii nyTt k 3anasy, a Hpyroe k BOCTOKy*...1 KaK OTMe^aeT b CBoeii HHTepecHoii CBORKe B. K EcnnoB, TeopiiH ^orra (1752) h AHflepceHa (1746), H3^0H{eHHaH b KHHre TefiHKe, ncxoflnmaH H3 npH3HaHHH nepeKoneBOK no oKeaHaM n mophm eaiiHoro CTaaa cejiB^efl, b TeneHiie HOJiroro BpeMeHH $iirypnpoBajia b jih- TepaType; c Hefi mbi BCTpe^aeMCH b Tpyaax KiOBbe (1830), IJuraepa (1857), a cpe^H pyccKHx mi- caTejien 11 ropa3HO inojibine (MaKCHMOB 1871, T^epraneB 1877). 3aMe^aTejiLHO, hto H,o;eii 0 HencTO- ihhmocth phohbix aanacoB OKeaHa 30 HeaaBHero BpeMeHH npoffOJiwajiH eme BHCKa3BiBaTb flame aBTOpiiTeraBie yneHBie, KaK npo<|>. T. TeKCJin (1883) n npo. MaKHHTOin (1899).'- OKOHHa- y^ap 3tiim HaiiBHBiM c TOHKii 3peHiiH coBpeMeHHOCTH npencTaBJieHiiHiM 6biji HaHeceH ycTa- oo.ibuioro racjia pac 11 OTflejibHHX nonyjiHi^nfl cpeflii cejiBAefl (refiHKe 1898) h flpynix npoMBicjiOBBix pBi6. ^eficTBiiTejibHO, naaeHiie pBi6ojiOBCTBa b npecHBix BO^ax 3anaji;Hott EBpon&i CTajio HeocnopH- mbim $aKTOM y?Ke b 50-x rr. XIX b., a Mopcraix — c 70-x. Hmchho k 3T0My BpeMeHH othociitch BBe- aeHiie b ninpoKoe ynoTpeojieHiie B3aMeH Sojiee npiiMHTiiBHoro 6iiMTpajia BectMa yjiOBHCToro h 30- SBiHjiiiBoro OTTepTpajia. ^ooBraa npnaoHH&ix pBio, nan TpajiaMii, TaK h Kpio^HOfi CHacTbio Hanajia 6&iCTpo yBejniqiiBaTbCH. B to me Bpewn BecLMa iiHTeHCiiBHo pa3Bireajicfl jiob flpn$TepHHMH ce- thmii, a aiecTaMii 11 KoniejibKOBtiM HeBOHOM. Hpe3MepHan HHTeHCH$HKaii;HH npoMbicjia, HepesKa xamHimecKafl opraHH3ai^iiH jiOBa c nenoMepHHM iicTpeSjieniieM MajiOMepHOii pbi6h, He Morjin He CKa3aTbca Ha coctohhiih pbi6hbix 3anacoB. BsaiiMHonpoTiiBopenHBHe aKOHOMiraecKHe HHTepecBi: y pBi6onpoMBiniJieHHiiKOB noBejin k B3aiiMHBiM o6BHHeHHHM b ncTpeSjieHHH ph6bi. HanaanaM noaBeprajiCH TpajiOBBiii npoaiHceji, KOTopoMy HHKpHMHHH.poBajin nopqy 11 yHiprro/Keinie pbi6hoh hkpbi HiiHiHett no^6opofi 11 CiooiiHuaMH Tpajia. HcTome- HHe npOAIBICJIOBBIX BOS, npeHi^e Ka3aBUIIIXCH HeilCTOmHM&IMH, OKa3ajlOCb HeCOMHeHHHM $aKTOM. Ha^ajiocb BBe^eHiie orpaHirarre.jibHBix MeponpuHTHfi, ycTaHOBJieHiie MiiHUMajibHofi Mepbi- Ha pbi6y 11 np. Hapnay c pocTOM 3KOHOMimecKoro 3HaxieHiiH pbiSojiOBCTBa 11 pa3BiiTneM XHmHHqecKOft BKcnjioaTai^iin Boa, Bee ^ame cTajni no^HiiMaTbCH npiiKJiaflHbie BonpocBi 0 coctohhhh sanacoB, 0 HOpjviajibHoii np0H3B0HHTejibH0CTii boh, 0 pocTe, pa3MH0JKeHHH h HCKyccTBeHHOM pa3BeseHim Ph6bi. ycHJiiiBaexcH nccjieflOBaTejibCKaH pa6oTa, h HXTiiojiorHH b sHaqiiTejibHdfi CTeneHH nepeKJiio- naeTCH Ha oScjiyjKiiBaHiie HyjKa 11 3anpocoB p&iohoh npoMHmjieHHOCTH. B 70-x rr. XIX b. Hanajincb iiccjieji;oBaHHH njiaHKTOHa h nejiarHnecKiix hhu, p&i6 TeHseHOM, a 3aieM AnniTeiiHOM. Co BpeMemi yqpejKHeHiiH flopHOM b Heanojie b 1874 r. nepBofi 3oojiorn- necKOit CTaHii;iiH, HanimaioT B03HiiKaTb no^oSHHe me y^pea?HeHHH h bo Bcex nponnx CTpaHax. B 1883 r. nocjie SBiBinefi b JIoHaoHe Me/KAyHapoRHOii pBioonpoM&iuijieHHOft BBicTaBKH npoi|>. Pafr JlaHKecTep opraHii3yeT nepByio BiiojionmecKyio cTaHi^nio, HMeiomyio i^ejibio oocjiyHiHBaTb cbohmh- HHHMii HVHiffBi pBiSoJiOBCTBa. TepMaHiiH ynpejKftaeT noji;o6Hyio /Ke CTaHi^Hio Ha BO3rjiaBJiHeMyio 3naMeHHTHM npo$. TeftHKe, HopBeniH — b BepreHe; to me o^jiaHHHH 11 apyrne. B Pocciui co3aaHa eme paHbirre CeBacTononbCKaH BHOJior B TaKOfi o6cTaHOBKe Bee yBejinqiiBaioiii.aHCH pojib pbiSojiOBCTBa h HeodxoHHMOCTb noa Hero HayiHoro TeopeTimecKOro 0*a3Hca cnocoQcTBOBajiH opraHH3au;HH b 1902 r. b Ko- neHrareHe nocTOHHHoro Me^ayHapoaHoro coBeTa no HccjieaoBaHHio Mopett, b cocTaB KOTopora BxofliiJin npeacTaBHTejni Bcex CTpaH CeBepHofi EBponbi (b.tom nncjie h Pocchh). Ka?K,a;aH CTpaHa saBO^HT HayqHO-npoMbicjioBbie cy^a, cnennajibHO 3aHHTHe ii3yqeHHeM Mopn, ero ayHBi h $jiopBi h ocoSeHHO Ghojiotcih pH6. IlepBeHCTBo b btom OTHomeHiiH 8aHHJia Pocchh, paHbuie Rpyrax no- CTpoHBiuaH cneqnajibHoe iiccjieffOBaTejiBCKoe cy^HO AHapeii IIepBO3BaHHBin Rjm MypMaHCKOit 8KcneaHmin no iiHimiiaTHBe npo$. H. M. KmmoBirqa (1900). TpyflBi MeTKayHapoflHOro coBeTa HBJIHK>TCH HaCTOflBHBIMH KHHraMfl 3;jIH BC6X 3aHIIMaK)IiniXCH HayHHBIM H3yHeHHeM pblSOJIOBCTBa. K 3T0My nepiioffy HyHxHo OTHecTii npeBOcxoRHbie pa6oTBi 6jiecTHUi;nx nccjieaoBaTejieH — TeiiHKe, 9peH6ayMa, IleTepceHa, HoraHHa IIlMnaTa, HopTa, 9iiHapa Jlea n MHorux «pyrnx. B to- me BpeMH paspaGaT&maiOTCH npo6jieMBi Hay^Horo pBiSoBORCTBa h H3yqaK)TCfl 6ojie3HH S B. To$epoM, M. IIjieH, BajiBTepoM, niiiMeHitoM h apyniMii. AMepimaHCKHe HXTiiojiorH^BO c ^JKopseHOM-/i;/KHJib6epT, HBepMaHH, 9fireHMaHH, GTapK, Cuattaep — H3ynaK>T pBi6 AM h THxoro OKeaHa, ho ocoSeHHo BejriiKH ycnexw HXTHOJiornn b Pocchh. -*j 3a nocjieflHee nojiycTOJieTiie b oSjiacTii iixTHOJioniii npoAejiaHarpaH;a;HO3HaH pa60Ta. B HacTOH- mee BpeMH OHa npH3BaHa cjiyHiHTb ochobhbim 6a3HC0M hjih npoMbicjiOBoro pBi6ojioBCTBa, Hero npoMHBie HayHHBie npHHi^nnBi. 9to, Bnpo^ieM, hh b Koeii Mepe He MeniaeT ee xHb. JlenexHH. OnacaHHe cejibnHHoro xoay, KaK n Kor«a cejibaefi jiobht... Hob- Co^ihh., h. VIII, 1787. Ak. HayK, CTp. 39—46. Mii O 2, 1932, CTp.56*. , , y, Cp 3946. 2 D,HTHpyeTCfl no KHare MeiicHepa, Ochobbi pBi6Horo xo3HHCTBa, I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH 15 He HOMy TeopeTKraecKOMy pa3BHTHK>, RaBaH b npaKTnnecKOM npiuiO/KeHHii ee hcxohhbix nojio?KeHH& HOByro nmn.y hjih TeopeTH^ecKHx o6o6meHHft. Ett npuxoaiiTCH HHiie peinaTb cjioa^HLie 3affaqH no onpe^ejieHHio CHpteBoii 6a3ti npoMHCJia, p;aBaTb AiaTepnajiH p;jih nporHO3OB u ycTaHaBJiHBaTb HcxoAHBie npHHi^nnbi hjih pai^HOHajiH3ar?HH npOMticjia. Ho coBepmeHHO o^eBHflHo, hto 6es xopo- mefi TeopHH He mohjct 6biTb npoflyKTHBHoro npaKTiraecKoro npHMeHeHPiH. Pa3BHTHe HXTHoaornn b Pocchh Ha HCTopnn pa3BHTHH iixTHOjioniii b Pocchh ocTaHOBUMCH HecKOjibKo noflpoSHee. Cjia5a sacejieHHaH pyccKan paBHima, 6oraTaH KpynHbiMH boj3;hbimii apTepHHMH h odinnpHbiMH O3epaMHr no CBH,n;eTejibCTBy HHOCTpaHueB, nocemaBuirix MocKOBCKoe rocyflapcTBO xt H3o6miOBajia pH0oii. Bo BTopoK nojiOBHHe XV b. H3 Mockbh eateroflHo xoahjih cy^a no Bonre Ha AcTpaxaHb sa cojibH> h pbi6oii; mjia KpynnaH no TOMy BpeMeHH TOproBJifl. Rjin nonptiBa Ka3aHCKOfi HpjviapKH BpaHt,n;e6- HOro HaM Ka3aHCKoro xaHCTBa npn BeniiKOM KHH3e Bacnjinn Qujio 3anpein,eH0 mockobckhm Kyn- i^ain xoflHTb b Ka3aHb pi co3fl;aHa npMapKa b HiKKHeM HoBropoHe. B CBH3H c 9thm, no cjiOBaMTep- 6epmTeHHa, b MocKBe TOBapbi no,u;opO/Kajin h ocoSeHHO nosHHJiacb b i^eHe BOJimcKaH pi>i6a. Eme- „ BeHei^HaHCKHft nocoji KoHTapHHH (1477),onnci>iBaH coBepmeHHyio nycTbiHio no OTcyTCTBHio Hace- jieHHH b IIpHflOHbe, yKa3HBaji Ha rpoMaflHbie pbi^HLie 6oraTCTBa ZtoHa, npejibin,aBmne mockobhtob,. Ha nyTH kotophx, Bnpo^eM, CTOHJia HeoaojinMaH ^jih TorsaniHeH Mockbh Typen.KaH KpenocTb- Asob. 3aTO TaTapbi Ka3aHCKoro h AcTpaxaHCKoro xaHCTB Majio 3aHHMajincb pliSojiobctbom h no- Bojire nocTeneHHO pacnpocTpaHHjincb pyccKne pbi6aKii. KapaM3HH b HcTOpnn TocyaapcTBa Poc- CHflcKoro (t.VI) coodn^aeT.^TO b1489 r. itapb HBaH III }KajiOBajicH,qTO «Hcero JieTa* jKHTejin AcTpa- xaHH Hanajia h norpa6min ero pbi6aKOB Ha Bojire. Kor.ua b 1521 r. b Ka3aHH BcnuxHyjio B03- MymeHae iipothb IHnx-AjieH, noflO3peBaeMoro b npeaaHiiocTH pyccKHM HHTepecaiM, OTTyzja hojijkhbi 6hjih cnacaTBCH SercTBOM 1000 mockobckhx pbiQaKOB; ohh npoMbiniJiHJiH ot /^eBirabHx Top ^a 3MenHoro KaMHH Ha 1000 BepcT HHjKe Ka3aHH, npiiMepHo ho coBpeMeHHoro BojibCKa. KoHerao, b cbh3H c 6e3Hopo«KbeM, Bcer^a OTJiiraaBiniiM CTapyio Pycb, h OTcyTCTBHeM Hajia* HteHHoro TpaHcnopTa, ^BHJKeHHe pbiShbix rpysoB 6bijio BecbMa orpamraeHO, h pH6a Sojibme cjiy- HtHjia o6i.eKTOM MecTHoil ToproBJiH, ho y Hac HeT HenocTaTKa b CBH^eTejibCTBax o 3Ha*ieHira pbi6- Horo npoMHCJia h oShjihh pbi6bi b npemHiie BpeaieHa; pbi6a yme Toraa cjiya^HJia hctoihhkom rocy- fls, Townee floxo^a «BejniKoro rocy«apH». IlepBtie CBeaeHHH 06 oSporaoM o6jio- ph6hbix npoMBicjiOB bocxo;o;ht k XIV b. Khh3b AHHpefi ^MPrrpneBHq (1397) ocboSohhjt CTapua KapHJiJia ot o6pOKa pH0Horo h nonuiim, a KHH3b Miixanji AH^peeBHi (1435—1447) npe#ocTaBHJi KHpHJiJiOBCKOMy MonacTHpio CBoSo^y ToproBJin pBi6ofi (Hkobjigb, 1901). BejiO3epcK, PhShhck, XojiMoropBi — 6bijih KpynHBiMH nyHKTaMH pBiSHOfi; ToproBJin. B XojiMoropH Ha bhm- hiok) HHKOJibCKyio flpiwapKy cbo3hjih BceB03M0jKHBie TOBapBi ceBepHOii Pocchh — TiojieHHft Htup^ cojib, pH0y — ceMry h TpecKy; BopBami, no HeHCJiepy, b ^bhhckom Kpae ffoobmajiocb Sojibine^ Hen, b ftpyrkx MecTax Pocchh. Tpecny h ceairy, no raKjiefrry (Hakluyt) AOCTaBJiHJia b Xojimo- ropH c MypMana.3 B 1557 r. CTe$eH Beppoy, OTBicKHBaa nponaBinne aHrjiniicKHe Kopa6jiH, noce- thji ycTbe Kojibi (Kerop) h 3,n;ecb noKynaJi TpecKy y ^HTejiefl, KOTopue 3a npaBO pHSojiOBCTBa njiaTHJiH neieHrcKOMy MOHacTBipio. C6bit Torji;a 6biji BecbMa 3aTpy«HeH; jKHTejin wajiOBajiHCB, ^to hm HeKOMy npo^aBaTb pBi6y 11 npuxoniiTCH OTHaBaTb ee rojuiaHfli^aM 3a Tanyio i^eHy, KOTOpyH> Ha3HanaT noKynaTejia. Beppoy, bh^hmo, TaKHte Hcnojib3OBaji 6jiaronpHflTHyio KOH'BiOHKTypy h Ha Tex me ycnosuax — 100 TpecoK sa 1 ^ojiJiap — npnoSpeji pbi6y. 06 pj3o6hjihh pbi6h bo BHyTpeHHnx BOftax CBHfleTejibCTByiOT h TaKiie hsbccthh, ^to jiob «h» BejiHKoro rocy^apH o6hxo# rocysapeBOfl noroHiioii jiobjih» no p. IHeKCHe 3 b 1666 r. npHHec 7907 cTepjiHfteft, a b 1667 r.—12 336. HanoMHHM, ^to b XX b. hh b meKCHe, hii b One CTepjiHflb- yme He BOflHJiacb BOBce, Tor^a KaK b XVII b. MepHOli cTepjiH^bio c^HTajia pBiSy ot 7 BepniKOB ao- IV4 apni., a ot 5 ho 7 BepmKOB — HenoMepKOM. B tot me nepnon, HecKOJibKO no3?Ke, jiob cTepjin* HefiHH}Ke8 BepniKOB Sbiji Boenpen^eH, «iTO0HTeM jiobom MejiKiix CTepuHHeii 3aBony HenepeBecTb». B tot me 1665 r. BeflaBmHit pbiShhm hbopom b Bejioo3epcKe MojioateHHH coo6maeT rocy- Hapio 0 cnocoSax jiobjih, o6pa6oTKH h o pa3MHOHteHiin CHeTKa b KoBH?e h KeMH, hto mohjho chii- TaTb nepBBIM B HCTOpHH pyCCKHM pBI0OnpOMBICJIOBBIM HCCJienOBaHHeM. B TO BpeMH HJIH JIOBJItt CHeTKa npHMeHHJiCH tot me MejiKOH^eftHBiH Tarac, hto h b Hauie BpeMH. IIomhmo yKa3aHHOH -Mepbi Ha CTepjiHflb cyn^ecTBOBaji h Torfla uejiBiii pnn o6fl3aTejibHbix pacnopH/KeHHii, 3a HapynieHae koto- pBix nojiarajiocb «0HTb b neHe h H^ecTOKOM HaKa3aHim 6es nomaji;Bi». H. H. CTpeflc (H3H. 1935 h 1936) b CBoeM «HOCTonaMHTHOM nyTeniecTBHH» oniicHBaeT HaSjnoHaBniyioca hm 6jih3 Ka3aHH «HHKOBHHHyio jiobjik) pBi6bi» npH noMomH nosnycKa hjih nepeMeia, a Taume yKa3HBaeT,qTo b ero BpeMH (1670 r.) b bojijkckom y^yre hhjk6 AcTpaxami flo6BiBajin b ohhh neHb 200—300, a nawe 400 oceTpoB h 6ejiyr, koh HOCTiirajiii 20—26 $yT. hjihhoio, npHHOCH HHorna 300—400 tob HKpbi. OnHCHBaa ycTpofiCTBO v^yra, oh npiiJiaraeT ero pncyHOK. BbrayB impy, pBi5 BH6pacBiBaroT pBi6y hjih cojiht ee"H otb'o3ht b MocKBy, rae OHa CHHTaeTCH xoponniM H 6jih)hom. Yjiob 8thx pBi6 BBi3BmaeT SojibHiyio ToproBJiio, npoH3BOHHMyio BHyTpa h sa npfl CTpaHH. B AcTpaxaHH, no ero cjiOBaM, Bee senieBo: KpynHHfi oceTp hjih ca3aH b 30 $yHTOB BecoM, hjih 25 cejibHefl TaKHx HtnpHHx, KaKHx oh HHKorna He BHnaji b rojuiaHflHH, (oTieBHHHo, KjiroqeBCKHft, 1918. 2 «their stock fish and salmon commeth from a place called Mallums, not farre from War- dehouse.» ' ; 8 MaTep. k HCTopnH pyccKdro pBi(5ojiOBCTBa. TocysapeBa noroHHaa mexoHCKan jiobjih CTep- eft b XVII ct. Mocraa, 1888 (TaraKe HtypH. Geji. X03. h JlecoB GXXI, oth. II, 1876). 1*6 1. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH cnnHKa) — ctohjih oflHH cTeiiBep (cTefiBep = 1/20 ryjibneHa, t. e. 3 Kon., a no Eyuiepy — 1 Kon.). «Pti6HHe GoraTCTBa KacnuftcKoro Mopa BecbMa irayMHTejibHti h nepcnncKHn KopojiL csaeT ero 3a ¦eojitrane neHbrii Ha OTKyn». BcTynaa b «nopannbie» c KpecTbHHHHOM-3eMJie;n;ejibneM, 3eMJieBJia;n;ejieu, ji;oroBapHBaeTCH c hhm: ^oeMJiio opaTH h ceaTH, ceHO kochth, pti6y jiobhtii. ..»; noMHMO neHejKHbix noBHHHOCTeit BHOCHJiaci, h HaTypajitHafl njma — nHTLift CHon xjie6a, pti6a c pbi6Hbix yro^Hfi h np. K cpeflHHe XVII b. Kpenocraaa npOMtiuiJieHHOCTt cnejiajia y?Ke He Majitie ycnexn: iiohbjthjotch mejie3O3;ejiaTejiBH&ie, cojiHHbie, noTanmbie ii np. npennpHHTiia Mopo3OBa, napa AjieKcea Mnxaft- jiOBnqa, OsoeBCKoro, MOHacTbipcmie; ToproBJia nocTeneHHO pa3BHBaeTCH h yBejinqHBaeTca. OflHaKO no anoxn IleTpa I hh oSmerocynapcTBeHHoe nojiojKeHHe, hh cocTOHHne npocBenjeHHa He Morjiii CTHMyjinpoBaTt pa3BHTiia HayKii Boodme, a TeM 6ojiee pa3BHTHH HXTHOJiorna h Hayq- Horo HHTepeca k pbi6e. BcTynjiemie Pocchh b pan eBponeftcKHx rocyflapCTB, pe$opMH IleTpa, :MHJIHTapH3an,HH CTpaHBI, npOflOJIffiHTejILHbie BOHHH, 06yCJI0BJieHHBie C0iniaJII>H0-9K0H0MHraeCKHMH jia XVIII b., B&i3Bajra yciraeHHoe pa3BiiTiie npoMbiuiJieHHOCTii, ocoSeHHO ropHOft, , TKan;Kofi; noTpe6HocTH "pacTymeft apMiin h CTpoiomeroca $JiOTa noci'aBHJiH TaKHe sanpocbi, KOToptie 6bmh 6h HenociuiBH&i nope$opMeHHOft npoM&iuiJieHHOCTH. Ko BpeMeHH IleTpa no^Tii Bee pyccKiie 3eMJiH6biJin oo'beftHHeHbi, a hjih yHiiBepcajibHoro HacTynjieHHH HeoSxoanMO 6hjio Mope. IIpo6y?K3;aeTCfl HacTOHTejibHan noTpeSHOCTb b pa3BHTHH HayK h oco0eHHO b oSjiacTH no3HaHHH caMOft OTe*iecTBeHHOH TeppiiTopHii ii iicnojib3OBaHna Bcex ee npiipoEHbix npOH3Boa;H- TejibHbix chji. IIo mhcjih h yKa3y IleTpa (1724) co3aaeTca PoccHttCKaH AKa^eMHH HayK b IleTep- 6ypre (1725). nonaji;o6njiocb ocoSeHHO HanpnjKeHHoe o6i>e3;iiHeHHe Teopiin h npaKTHKH HMeHHO b TaKOfi MoaieHT, Koraa Pocchh CBoeft KyjibTypoft h iniBHJiHsaijHeH BCTynmia b ceMbio nepe^oBHx IleTp I KJiaaeT ocHOBaHiie ii3y^eHHio Pocchh nyTeM opraHH3ai^HH cneu;iiajibHbix aKcne- npecjienoBaBiHiix He TOUbKO npaKTimecKHe, ho h TeopeTH^ecKHe 3ap;aHii. Co3ji;aHHe ceTH nyHKTOB, KaK 6a3bi reorpa$n^ecKiix KapT, OTKpbiTne npojiHBa, OTsenaioiHero AMepimy, nsyHeHiie aiviepHKaHCKoro noSepemba h BejiHKaa GeBepHaa 9KcneflHu;Ha ctohjih Ha- pasy c H3yTieHiieM npnpoflbi pi ^ejiOBeKa. AKa^eMHa 3aHHJiacb cocTaBJieHneivi ATJiaca PocciiHCKoro, KOTopbiii cocToaji H3 19 KapT ii 6hji saKOH^eH b 1745 r. Eme npn h«i3hh IleTpa h no ero nopyne- hhio 6bino CHapaHteHo ceMb 9Kcneji;iiti;Hft: V. HIo6epa na Hhtkhioio Bojiry (1717—1720), Meccep- uiMHRTa (1719—1724) b CnSupb, $oh BepaeHa ii CofiMOHOBa (1719—1721), a TaKHte TepSepa (1722— 1729) Ha Kacmiii. IleTp caMOJinqHO nncan hhctpvki^hh B. BepnHry. AKaneMHa HayK c caiworo CBoero B03HiiKH0BeHna B3ajia b cboh pyKii HccjieflOBaHiie npnposbi Pocchh. 0,o;hhm H3 caMbix rpaH- flHO3Hbix npeHnpiiHTiiH AKaaeMini HayK 6bi.no ocymecTBJieHiie neTpoBCKOii H^en BejiHKOli GeBep- Hott 9Kcnep;HB;iiH 173:2—1743 r. B. Bepirara npn yqacTHH CTejuiepa, G. H. KpauieHHHHHKOBa, H. T. TMejiiiHa, Miijuiepa. neTpoBCKiie pe$opMbi ii BOMHbi, eBponeii3ai^HH Pocchh, bhxoh ee k mo- PH) — CnOCOSCTBOBaJIH pa3BHTIIK) TOpoaOB, npOMbUHJieHHOCTH H TOprOBJIH. IIpOMHHIJieHHOe pa3BH- Tne cTpaHbi cnocoGcTBOBano h flajibHeiimeMy pocTy ii pa3BHTHio pbiSHoro npOMbicjia. Fpa$ H. H. IIlyBajioB, BniiaTejibHbiii BenbMOJKa ejiH3aBeTiiHCKoro BpeMeHH, BJianeji SoraTeiiniHMH CejIOMOpCKHMH, aCTpaxaHCKHMII II KaCnHHCKHMH pblSHHMH, a TaKffie MOp?KeBbIMH, 3BCpHHbIMH H cajibHbiMH npoMbicjiaMH no6eperaM JleaoBHToro OKeaHa.OffHaKOHOH, KaK h 3aypaAHbifi pbiSonpo- MbnnjieHHHK-Kyneu,, o^HHaKOBO omymaji Ha ce(5e OTcyTCTBne TpaHcnopTa h 6e3Hopo>Kba, TopMO- SHBmee ecTecTBeHHbifi pocT pbiSHoro Rejia. HHTepec k pbi6aM h BO3MOJKHOMy pbiSojiOBCTBy npoaBJiaJica h paHbnie, bo BpeMH 3axBaTa ¦h KOJiOHH3ai^iin CHSnpcKHx oKpaiiH. Ka3aKii, o6aaraBHiHe acaKOM aSopnreHOB h OTKpbiBaBHiHe HOBbie' seMJin, SojibHie Bcero HHTepecoBajincb nyuiHHHoii, hjih «MarKOH pyxjiaabio», o^HaKO He •ocTaBJiajiii 6e3 BHHMaHiia h pbi6y, BepoaTHO, nojiynaa cooTBeTCTByiomHe HHCTpyKii;HH b 3tom Ha- npaBjieHHH. TaK, b anpejie 1655 r. Ka3aK lOpiitt CennBepcTOB cooSmaeT, ^to no AHa^bipio «KeTa H;a;eT BBepx MHoro, a Ha3ap; He njiaBaeT, bch nponaaaeT BBepxy»; Tor^a me Oe^op Bctohikhh nn- meT: «Ta pbi6a 3aMnpaeT BBepxy AHaabipn, a Ha3aH k Mopio He BbinjibmaeT...» B «CKa3Ke» caTHHKa Bji. ATJiacoBa ot 10 $eBpajia 1703 r. roBopirrca: «a pbi6a b Tex peKax b 8eMJie MopcKaa nopo;n;oio oco6aa, noxoaiiT OHa Ha ceiwry h jieTOM KpacHa, h BejinqHHOio ceMrn, a HHO3eMizbi ee Ha3HBaioT OBeHHHOfi. A hhhx pbi6 MHoro — 7 ponoB pa3Hbix, a Ha pyccKae ;pbi6bi He noxoftHT. A Hji;eT tow pbi6bi 113 Mopa no TeM peKaM ropa3so MHoro h Ha3aji; Ta pbi6a b Mope ¦He BO3Bpain.aeTca, a noMnpaeT b Tex peKax h 3aBoaax»... TaKHM o6pa3OM, cocjtob Ka3aKOB, «mh- rpaitHH ho CMepTii>> Ghjih H3BecTHbi c XVII b. CepjKaHT EMejibHH BacoB, npenCTaBJiaa b KaHii;e- jiapnio OxoTCKoro nopTa noKOpHeHimiff panop-r o mopckom Boa?Ke b 1747 r. Ha ocrpoB MenHbift (H3 KoMaHRopcKHx), coo6iii;aeT, hto KpoMe caMoposHofi Mean h 205 KaMenmoB SojibniHx is. Majibix, •dbijia HafifleHa He3HaeMaa BeHi;b, «pyaa jih OHa hjiii KaKaa He3HaeMaa Bem;b, KOTopott b3hto ii npa- Be3eH0 $yHTa c «Ba. ^a eni,e HafmeHa HOBOKypbe3Haa pbi6Ka...» TaKiix fi mo»ho HaiiTH He Mano. Bo3pocinaa b EKaTepuHHHCKoe BpeMa ho 3HaqHTeJibHbix pa3MepoB p 6h h Ha ocHOBe KpenocTHoro xo3aiicTBa, Bee me TpeQoBajia H3bicKaHna HOBbix hctohhhkob cp h 6onee unipoKoro ncnojib3OBaHiia ecTecTBeHHbix npoH3BOHHTejibHbix chji. IlepHOH 1768—1774 it. HBJiaeTca KyjibMHHaiH'ioHHbiM nyHKTOM 9KcneHHi^iioHHOH seaTejibHOCTH AKaaeMHH HayK; ocHOBHbie aKcnesi^HH pa6oTaiOT b 3to BpeMa: opeH0yprcKaa — n. G. Ilajuiac, H. n. O H. H. JlenexHH; acTpaxaHCKaa — H. A. TiojibHeHHiTeHT h C. T. TMejinH. nocjienHHM 11 caMHM 6jiecTHmiiM 113 Hauinx aKaHeMHKOB-HccjienoBaTejiefi 30 jiHHH h JiHHHeeBCKOro BpeMeHH, yMepniiiM b ceMHHecaTHJieTHeM BO3pacTe (8 IX—1811 r.), 6biJi 3HaMeHH- THii IleTp Chmoh najuiac, noHCTime BejinqaHHiHtt HaTypajiHCT, BonjioTHBmnii b ce6e Bee 3HaHHH CBoefi anoxn o npnpone h BHecniHM b nsyqeHiie Pocchh 6ojibnie, neM kto-jih6o npvrofl. B cBoefi Zoographia rosso-asiatica Ilajuiac H3JiaraeT co6cTBeHHyio cncTeMy pbi6. xoth I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJTOrHH 17 B 1785 r. H. H. O3epeu,KOBCKHH nocemaeT Jla^OHCCKoe h OHeHtcKoe O3epa, a Ilajijiac — hh- BObbh BoJira h KpbiM b 1793—1794 rr.. ¦•¦;¦• ynoMHHyTBift B&inie aKa;^ CaMynji TotjihS TMejiHH, CKOHHaBmHHca b 1774 r., coof5in,aeT. 06 ogjiope 3 HoaSpa 1769 r. hm npii HBanqyHtCKOM yqyre, rae b Teqemie 2 nacoB 6bijio q «500 6ejiyr pa3Hofi Bejin^HHti; 6ojn>niaa qacTb ohbix SbiJia no copoKy, no naTHflecaTu h Toptifl no ceMH^ecflTH nyff, a Meac^y hhmh saMemajiacb tojibko o#Ha ceBpiora h o#hh oceTp». OTMe^aH TaKoe CKonjieHHe 6ejiyr Ha HMax Ha sHMOBKy, FMejiHH npoflOJiJKaeT: «yflHBjiajica a KaK yatacHOMy ceMy MHOjKecTBy p&i6ti, TaK h SjiaroroBeHHio Tor,n;auiHero nupeKTopa, KOTopHft chh) EoSBrey npHnHCBmaji odeRne, no ero npnKa3aHHio npe?K3;e b nepKBH OTCJiyHteHHOft». IlpnB0ji,n~3TH yKaaaHHH, HaM xoxejiocB 6u oSpaTHTB BHHMaHHe Ha cjieayiomne o6cTOHTejiBCTBa. Bo-nepBBix, b snoxy nepBOHa'iajiBHoro cjia6opa3BHToro h TexHHqecKH npHMHTHBHO opraHH3OBaHHOro npo- MBicJia pH0a Morjia ^OHtHBaTt p;o ^pe3BBiHaiiHo npeKjiOHHoro BO3pacTaS" bo-btophx, TaKHX MomHbix CKoniteHHii Ha HMax 6ejiyr b XIX b. mbi y?Ke He BCTpeiaeM; B-TpeTBax, npa OTcyT- ctbhh HHTeHCHBHOro BHJiOBa (npoMBiceji 6"biji HanpaBJieH HCKJiio^HTejiBHO tojibko Ha KpacHyio p&i6y h KpynHBifi ^acTHK) b ecTecTBeHHBix 3anacax cosflajiocB TaKoe paBHOBecne, rfl;e H3O§HJiOBajiH xHm.- HBie ph6bi. no?i;o6HBifi npHMep ojtHocropoHHero paBHOBecHH mh Haxo^HM b HOBeiwnee BpeMH npa BanycKe Ha A3Jien,K0M O3epe2. OpnrHHajiBHO, hto h bo BpeMH rMejiHHa, naK h Teriept, cjiBnna- nncb Htajio0H, (Jyffro npeatfle b AcTpaxaHH 6bijio (5ojibine pbi6bi, Ha hto TMejiHH saMeiaeT: «a eo,n;ajiBHO-noMeinHqHft cTpofi ToproBonpoMbiuuieHHOM 6ypHtya3HH noBJieKJio sa co6oio.oJKHBJieHHe b 30—40-x rr. XIX b. Hay^HOii mbicjih K DTOMy BpeMeHH othochtch nyTeuiecTBHa Ka3aHCKoro npo$eccopa 9. H. 9fixBajn>sa (1795— 4876) Ha KacnnHCKoe Mope h ero H3BecTHaa Fauna caspio-caucasica (1841), A. R. Hop^aiaHa (1833—36) Ha HepHoe Mope b cocTaBe aKcneftHUHii, CHapa?KeHHOH A. H. ^eMH^OB&iM «jih Hsy^e- hhh ecTecTBeHHBix SoraTCTB IOjkii. Pocchh h KpBiMa; b qto me BpeMa bgjihcb pa0OTH Kapejnraa Ha KacnHH. BpaHHT H3yqaeT oceTpoBbix (1833). Tor^a me Ha^HHaeTca aeaTejiBHocTB Bapa. Bce- o6T.eMJiK>mHH yM reHHajiBHoro aKafleMHKa K. M. Bapa He nponieji mhmo pbi0Horo aeJia. Oh HHTepecoBajiCH aHaTOMHen p&i6 (Hanp., OTHonieHHeM no3BOHKOB HaBarH k njiaBaTejiBHOMy nysHpio), BonpocaMH ycTpHE[eBOscTBa, oh 6biji co3ji;aTejieM 8M6"pHOJiorHH, oh npeflnpHHHMaji nyTemecTBHH {HoBaa 3eMJia), oh H3ynaji hctophh) pBi6ojiOBCTBa. Ho He3a6BiBaeMOH ero 3acjiyroH HBJiaeTCH npoH3BeaeHHoe hm coBMecTHp c H. H. ^aHHJieBCKHM HCCJie^OBaHHe 0 coctohhhh p&i6ojiOBCTBa © Pocchh. Bnpo^eM, nepy Bapa npHHaHJiewaT tojibko flBa nepBBix roina HccjieffOBaHHfi; ocTajitKHe cocTaBjiHJiHCB yme ^aHHJieBCKHM. HsyneHHe pBiSojiOBCTBa b Hy^cKOM h IIcKOBCkOM O3epax h BajrrHHCKOM Mope, KOTOpoe nocjiy- jkhjio KaK 6bi BBegeHaeM h HanajiOM HccjiejtoBaHHft p&i6ojiOBCTBa Pocchh, 6&ijio npeanpaHHTO , s CBH3H c H?ajio6aMH Ha yMeHBHieHHe pbi6bi BCJie^cTBHe iicTpeSjieHHH npanJiOfla MejiKoa^eHHHMH opy^HHMH. Ilocjie Toro KaK nonuTKH nojiyqHTB HeoSxoflHMBie CBeaeHaa 0 coctohhhh pH6ojiOBCTBa - h ero HyHt^ax qepe3 nocpe^CTBO hhhobhhkob oco6bix nopyieHHii OKa3ajiHCB TmeTHHMH, Mhhh- CTepcTBOM roc. HMymecTB dujia CHapaateHa aKcne^Hi^Ha (1851), bo rjiaBe kotopoh, no npefljiOHteHHio MnHHCTepcTBa Hapo^Horo npocBemeHHa, 6biji nocTaBJieH aKaaeMHK K. M. $oh Bap. IIo HHHitHa- THBe Bapa Me?Kffy npo^HM b 1852 r. 6HJia npoH3BeaeHa BnepBBie b Pocchh nepeca^Ka H3 p. HapoBW b 03. neftnyc Jiococeft, TafiMeHa h $opejieH. npH«raHbi H3yqeHHH KaciiHHCKoro pHSojioBCTBa, ycTpoeHHe KOToporo H3^aBHa npHBJieKajio BHHMaHHe npaBHTejiBCTBa, xopomo noacHeHBi caMHM B (Hccji. o coctohhhh p&i6ojiOBCTBa b Pocchh, t. II. 1860). Hapafly c Heo6xoflHMOCTBio paa- npab Ka3HH ot npaB qacTHBix nmj,, ocoSyio 3a6oTJiHBOCTb npaBHTejiBCTBa 6 1 HanSojiee KpynHBie Sejiyra b KOHite XIX b. ffocTHrajia H3peflKa 90 ny^OB (1,5 tohhbi). 2 Ha Asjiei^KOM 03epe KaflHHKOBCKoro ye33;a BojioroflCKOH ry6., rffe b TeqeHHe 7 JieT He npo- «3boshjiocb JioBa, b 1918 r. apTejiBio pBiSaKOB H3 KHpHJiJioBCKoro ye3fla 6biji npoHSBeaeii o6jiob HeBOffOM; npa 9T0M OKasajiocB, hto BecB yjioB —• okojio 501^. — coctohji HCKJiioqHTejibHO H3 Kpyn- «bix myK h OKyHefi: 75% myK Becnjin ot 4 ao 16 Kr, HaHMeHbniaa HMejia 1.25 Kr; OKyHH 6bijih ot Ot8 bo 5 kt. flpyrax bh^ob h MejiKOft p&i6bi He oKasajiocb bobcc OqeBH^HO, Bee ohh 6hjih HCTpe6- xnnniHKaMH, pa3BHBuiHMHca 3a cqeT csoeft 2 OCHOBbI HXTHOJIOrUH nr 18 I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH ^iacTBie H yOBiTOTHHMH HJifl Ka3HBi, Tan KaK, cTecHim OTKyn, ohii yMeHBiiiiraii aoxoa Ka^HBi. npnqHHOtt TaKHX HeynoOcTB nocjiyaamo oTcyrcTBiie y^eHBix iiccjieaoBaHiifi o ;kh3hii pBi6 b KacniificKOM Mope h ero npiiTOKax, 06 ycjioBimx, aeiicTByiomiix Ha nx pa3MHOJKeHiie n ymraTO/KeHHe a 06 OTHonie- HHHX, B KOTOpBIX HaXOflHTCH 9TII yCJIOBIIH K CnOCOQaM JIOBa. AcTpaxaHCKiifi pBioonpoMBinijieHHiiK rojiiiKOB no/KepTBOBaji b PyccKoe reorpa$iraecKoe 3000pyo. c npocBQoii npoii3BecTii b KacnnficKOM Mope yiieHBie ii3BicKaHiiH.B CBH311 c 3thm BMecTe c MiiHiicTepcTBOM roc. imyiH,. oBuia co3aaHa komiicchh, paspaooTaBniaa njiaH Eapy Hania cTpaHa o6H3aHa BBeaeHiieM b KaqecTBe numeBoro npo^yKTa , KOTopas no Tex nop iiuia Ha jKiipoTonjieHiie. Hm BBipa6oTaHBi npoeKTBi 3aKOHOB no oxpaHe pbi6bi jj cBicKa3aHBi ocHOBHBie ii^en npaBiiJiBHoro pBiSHoro xo3Hi"iCTBa. ITpeKpacHO HaniicaHHHe Kaspi- sclie Studien KOCHyjincfc ochobhbix BonpocoB KacnuficKoro aiopn, KaK cpe^Bi o6iiTaroiH BajKHeftmnx npo.MBiCJioBBix pecypcoB. O6m,eii3BecTHBi 3aK0H Bapa 0 noHMBiBaHini npaBoro Sepera peK, Bs- pOBCKiie oyrpBi Hii3OBBeB Bourn 11 np. YjiyqmeHiie n pa3BiiTiie TpaHcnopTa nocjiyHiiuio tojpikom ^jih pa3BHTiiH 11 pocTa pBiSojioBCTBa. ^0 1843 r. napoxo^cTBO no Bojire BJia^iuio HxajiKoe cymecTBOBaHiie. Tojibko c 3Toro MOMeHTa BCJie^cTBiie o_6i>HBJieHiifl cboSo^bi napoxo^Horo njiaBaHim, oho Ha^ajio pa3BiiBaTBCH. K 1850 r. BO3HiiKaeT na'poxoscTBO Ha Bojire, ,3[Henpe, Bojixobg, HeBe, O3epax JlaaoiKCKOM, HjiBMeHe, BaflKajie. HpoTH/KeHiie /Kejie3HO3opoH;Hofi ceTii c 98O.BepcT b 1855 r. yB HO 34.000 BepcT b 1SS5 r. Hiicjio napoxoflOB peiiHBix c 399 b 1860 r. BO3pocno 30 2539 b 1895; ko- jin^ecTBO napoxo^OB Ha Eejio.M, BajiTiiiicKOM n MepHOM Mopnx yBejiinniJioct 3a sto BpeMH b 7 pas. Pbioojiobctbo EBponefiCKOii Poccnii c 21.1 mjih. ny^oB (1851—68) BBipocjio «o 67 mjih. nj'aoB (1893).x yBejiinniBajiiicB 11 KaniiTajiOBJiojKeHiiH b pBiOHoe aejio. Xneo 11 cejiBCKOxo- 3HilCTBeHHBie npoayKTBi arpapHOfi Poccnii b sHaHiiTejibHoil i\iacce 3KcnopTiipyioTCH na MiipoBoH Pbihok; 3,Birayjincb sa rpaHimy n HeKoxopBie pBiOHBie TOBapBi. PacTymaH b aKOHOMiiKe CTpaHBi pojib> pBiGHoro npoMBicjia npiiBJieKaeT Bee 6oji&niee BHiniaHiie Hay^HBix paooTHiiKdB. Bee stii .oSi-flCHfliOT cossaHiie ^enapiaMeHTa 3eimeHejiiiH, a no3/Ke 11 Pbiohofo OT^ejia npn HeM. KpynHyio pojib b pa3BiiTiin nxTiio.norini b Pocciih CBirpan npocjteccop 3OOJiomii pyp cKoro yHiiBepcirreTa K. . Keccaep. c^iih 113 opraHii3aTopoB IleTepoyprcKoro OomecTBa 11 Bce- poccniiCKiix cbe33;oB ecTecTBOiicnbiTaTejien. Eyay^n nepBOKJiaccHBm iiXTiiojioro.M, oh name oji;ho BpeMH ^HTajicnemiajiLHbifiKypc iiXTiiojioriin, Hane^aTaHHbiii hm OTjjejibHon MaJienbKOil KHHJKKott. Ero nepy, ¦ Meanly npoiniM, npimaHJie/KiiT o0CTOHTejibHBifl Tpya: «Pbi6bi, Boanmiiecfl 11 Bcrpe^aio- innecfl b Apa^o-KacniniCKO-IIoHTimecKOfi nxTiiojioriPiecKOfi oo«uacTii», rp;e oh c Sonbineii noflp66- hoctbk) paccMaTpimaeT Bonpoc poacTsa nxTiio(|)ayHBi noHTO-Apajio-KacninlcKoro 6accefiHa Ha ocHOBaHiin MaTepriajiOB, coopaHHBix Apajio-KacniificKOiiaKcne^Hmieii, CHapHH^eHHon IIeTep6ypr- ckiim O6m,ecTBOM ecTecTBOiicnbiTaTeJieii2. KacninlcKoe Mope 11 ero ayny iiccjie^OBaji npo$. O. A. TpiiMM (1873—76), BnocJieacTBini imcneKTop pyccKoro pbioojioscTBa, BBiflaioimificH 3HaTOK pBi-' SoBoacTBa 11 aiipeKTop HiiKOJibCKoro pbioOBO3;Horo 3aBoaa, ocHOBaHHoro 11306peTaTejieM pyccKoro" cyxoro cnocoSa onjioaoTBopemiH impbi—B. IT. BpaccKim (1S56). TpmiMOM 6blti npeftJiojKeH cnoco6 BbiBeaeHiiH iikpbi b B.najKHon aTMOc$epe. FpiniM cHOBa pa0OTaji b 3;ejibTe Bojiru noii3y- cejibsefi b 1884 r.; ero coTpy^iniKaMii Gbijiii H. M. KHimoBiii 11 H. A. Bopo^iiH. Bbiaaio- paooTBi no 3Mopno.Tioriiii oceTpoBBix 11 MiiHoni, no pBiooBoac-TBy n pbi6ojiOBCTBy, 6&ijih bbi- . . B. Obchhhiikobbim, B. B. 3a:ieHCKiiM. BnocjieacTBini ocooeHHO no h no ciicTeMaTiiKe paSoTaji npocf). A. A. Octpo37mob. Pbi6 BailKajia 11 AMypa ii3yiia.n flbiooBCKiiii. MaxepnajiBi, coGpaHHBie H. M. I 11 apyniMii nyTeniecTBeHHiiKaMii no Asiin, oopa6aTbiBajnicb 3OOJioroM My3eH A repneHiUTefmoM. Bo^binyio noMomL b aejie ii3yiieHiiH pBio 0Ka3ajin cboiimii p A. A. OcTpoyMOB 11 ocoochho H. A. BapnaxoBCKiiil; Hejibsn He ynoMHHyTb 11 JI/ II. c ero H3BecTHHM TpyaoM «Pbi6bi Pocciiii» ii A. M. HiiKOJibCKoro -r- «raabi 11 pBi6bi». L(eHHBifi «Pbioojiobctbo ii 3aK0H0ji;aTe,nbCTB0» Haniicaji B. H. BeuiHHKOB (1894). Pbiohbih npoMbiceji Haxoannca b saBeabmaHini /^enapTaMeHTa 3eMJie;a;ejiiiH, no3Hie — Pbi5- Horo OT^ejia. 3aecb BBiaBimyjicn paa KpynHBix aeaTejieii no pBiSojiOBCTBy, ncc^eflOBaTeJieil h op- raHH3aTopoB: KpoMe yjKe ynoMHHyToro fl-pa O. A. Tprnma—II. J\. Ky3HeLtOB, cnei^naJiHCTH H.A.Bopoaim 11 II. H. ApHOJiba, no3«e — ¦qpesBBiHafmo TajiaHTJiiiBbifl aaMimncTpaTop, opraHH3'a- Top 11 nccneaoBaTejib B. K. BpajKHiiKOB. YqeHBiMii cnei^iiajiiiCTaMii no pBioojiOBCTBy npii .ZJenap- TaMeHTe 3eM.neae.iim npoii3Boanjincb rnaBHefimiie iixTiiarronraecKiie nccjieaoBamiH b aopeBOJiio- ij(iiOHHoe BpeMH. B SO-x rr. XIX b. bo3hiikjio O6m,ecTBO pbiooBoacTBa 11 pbidojiOBCTBa (npeaceaa- Tejib 0. A. FpiiMM), koiim H3aaBajicH BnjiOTb 30 OKraopbCKOfi peBOJiK)L[iiii «Be'cTHHK PH6onpo- MBiHiJieHHocra», OKasaBuinil cymecTBeHHyio noMomb b ae^ie no3HaiuiH p.bjoojiOBCTBa. v B 1893—1895 rr. Ha BapeHi^OBOM Mope paooTaJi H. M. KHiinoBini. ^SecTOKiiii uiTopM oceHbK) 1894 r., pa3pa3iiBHiuficH Ha BejioM Mope 11 noryoiiBuiiiii ao 25 noMopcKHX cyaoB, HeKOTopbix 60 Bceii KOMaHaon, npiiKOBaji o6ni,ecTBeHHoe BHiiMaHiie k HyraaaM pbiooiioBCTBa. npii O6ui,ecTBe coaefiCTBiiH pyccKOMy ToproBOMy MopenjiaBaHiiio BO3HiiKaeT KoMiiTeT noMOiini noMopaM pyccKoro ceBepa. ^eaTejibHocTii 9Toro KoMiiTeTa o6fl3aHa opraHii3an;riH MypMaHCKOfi HayHHO-npoMBicJio- Boii aKcneaimini noa pyKOBoacTBOM npo$. H. M. KHiinoBEraa (1899). BnepBbie obijio nocTpoeno . ^ PIjiii, cooTBeTCTBeHHO, c 3.460 tbic. u, ao 11.176 tbic. u,. 2 KeccJiep nay^aji TaK/Ke pBiS HepHoro, A3OBCKoro n BajiTiificKoro Mopefi, TypKecTaHa,. IIeTep6yprcKoro 11 KneBCKoro yiie6iiBix OKpyroB. HayK 1 - 2 i >. ?J~v * \z " I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrHH 19 H. B. K. y p ITepBO3BaHHfcifi», nocjiV/KiiBiuee o6pa3uo.\i ;a;:ra nocTpoeHHBix no3JKe no^oSHtix cy#OB b HopBeniii, J$amm, eKTiiBHHe ycjio- bhh pa6oTH Ha OT^ajieHHOM ceBepHOfl OKpaime npn OTcyTCTBim o6ecnexieHHoro peryjiapHoro TpaHC- nopTa He Morjiu b to BpeMa npiiBJienB. qacraoro KaniiTajia, n Myp.iiaHCKiifi npn6pe/KHHft npOMBiceji eme b TeiieHiie aojiroro Bpe.\ieHH npoaoji/Kaji BJiamiTB ajajiKoe 'cyniecTBOBaHiie, xoth aHrJiiifiCKiie npoMBimjieHHiiKii Harujiii hjih ceoH BBiro^HBiM c 1905 r. HanaTB b BapeHitOBO.M Mope TpajiOBBifi npOMBiceji, oBiCTpo neperHaBuiutt no pa3Mepa.Ai pyccKiift npiiopea^HBifi- Kj^CTapHBiii TpeCKOBBlft JIOB. . H. M. KHirabBini c 3Tiix nop obiji Heii3MeHHBni pyKOBoaiiTejieAi Bcex 6ojibhiiix HayqHO-npo- mbicjiobbix OKcnefliimifi, CHapH/KaBinnxcH ^enapTaMeHTOM seMJieaejiHH,-PbiOhblm OT^ejiOM, a no3-' me — rjiaBpBi5oil (KacniiflCKiie 3Kcne,o;immi 1904, 1912—13, 1915 r., AsoBCKO-HepHOMOpoKaa 1922—1927). IlepBafl H3 KaeniificKiix aKcneHiiii;iiii 1904 r. oBiJia cuapHmeiia. no xo^aTaficTBy n Ha CpeflCTBa aCTpaxaHCKIIX pBIOOnpOMBIIHJieHHIIKOB, yCMOTpeBUIIIX B OBICTpOM pa3BHTHII npOMBicjiaBaojiBJiopcKoro nodepe/KBH Kacnun, coBnaBiuero no BpeMeHii (c 1890-xrr.} c.pe3KHM yna^KOM acTpaxancKoro cejiBSHHoro jiOBa, He tojibko onacHoro KOHKypeHTa ceoe, ho h O0BHHHBH1HX ^arecTaHCKiix npOMBHHJieHHHKOB b nepexBaTBiBaHiiu ii,n;ymeii b Bojiry sjih pa3MH0- memm cejiBAii. Cjie^yiomafl KacnnfiCKaH 8Kcne,n;imnfl pBijia conpflH^eHa c nocneuiHBiM h .\iajioo6oc- HOBaHHBiM co ctopohbi ^enapTaAieHTa 3eMJieaejniH BBeaeHiie.M MimiiiviajiBHOii MepBi Ha pBidy, *BBi3Bajio jiHoroTnicjieHHBie HapeKamiH 3aiiHTepecoBaHHBix kpjtob n He3aKOHHoe MaccoBoe ^ jieHiie MajiOMepHoii boojibi fljin BBinapBiBaHim HKpBi. B aKcneaimunx KHimoBiraa Ha^iiHajiii cbok> noneBVio paooTj^ .Aiojio,n;Bie HaTypajiiicTBi, BnocjieacTBiin BBiaBiiHyBiuiiecH Ha pyKOBO^amyio poas B 9toh o6jiacTii b Ka^iecTBe yxieHBix cneniiaJiiiCTOB. ^TnoMHHeM 113 mix B. JI. HcaneHKO, H. A. G.MiipHOBa, B. K. CoJiji;aTOBa, C. A. MirrponojiBCKoro, E. K. CyBopoBa, B. H. MeflCHepa, O. H. BapaHOBa, K. A. KncejieBiina, B. C. IIjiBima, M. II. Tnxoro, H. JI. ^IyryHOBa n Hpynix, KOTopBie c ycnexoM npo^oji/KaiOT npoBoaiiTB ochobhj'io yciaHOBKy K «tojibko rjiySoKoe BcecTopoHHee 3HaHiie npnpo^Bi npoMBicjiOBBix B03 ocHOBy ajifl BnojiHe i^ejiecooopa3Horo ncnojiB3OBaHiiH nx ecTecTBeHHBix ooraTCTB». Bonpocaani pBi5oBOACTBa, Kpo.Aie 0. A. rpmiMa, 3aHii.MajincB xaK^e BBiaaiomriecfl 3HaTOKii H. ApHOJiBa 11 H. A. Bopoftira; no3^e — M. II. Comob, F. T. Fazm;, npo$. EjieoHCKHfi. ^ajiBHeBOCTo-iHBie Boabi ii3yTiajin H. A. FpeoHimKiift, npo$. II. 10. IUmiist, B. K. C BpaH^HiiKOB, M. M. IlaBJieHKO, F. y. JIiiHji;6epr 11 s^yriie. IIpo<|>. GojiaaioB 11 nepBBiit oiipeaejiiiTejiB ji;ajiBHeBOCTOTiHBix pBio, xie.Ai 0Ka3a.nn rpoMa^Hyio ycjiyry b $ayH&i boctohhbix Mopen. HecKOJiBKO no3>Ke BBiaBiiHyjiiicB BBiffaioiiiii'iecfl — npo$. A. H. ^ep/KaBim, M. IT. Comob, II. O. npasanH, ^. E. Eejunrar, II. O. IT. F. BopircoB 11 npynie. CmiBHoe pa3BiiTiie pBi&noro npo.MBicjia, yBejiimeHiie npoii3BOfl;cTBa, ocBoeniie hobbix npoMBicnoBBix pafionoB, ycujieHiie KOHTpOJIH 3a PBI0OJIOBCTBOM — BBIHBIIJIII H6O6XO3IIMOCTB B nOffrOTOBJieHHBIX KagpaX tj;jih CTpaTiiBHOfi 11 iiccjieflOBaTejiBCKofi pa6oTBi. B. K.Epa?KHiiKOBy o6fl3aHBi .mbi pa3paooTKOil npoeKTa 11 nuaHOB nepBoro BBicuiero cneqiiaJiBHoro ..pBiooxosHilCTBenHoro y^ieoHoro saBesemiH nepBOiia- xiajiBHO b KanecTBe OTHejieHiifl CejiBCK0X03HHCTBeHH0ii aKaaeMini ii.m. npo$. K. TiiMiipH3eBa b ITeTpoBCKO-Pa3yMOBCKOM (1912). ITpoeccopoM iixTiiojiorini obiji npiiBJieqeH JI. C. Bepr, yme k aTOAiy BpeMeHii Bbi^BiiHyBiuiiiicfi Ha nepBoe MecTO cpegn pyccKiix iixTiiojioroB. BBiaaiomHiicH 3OOJior, oojiaflaiomiiii KOJioccajiBHeflmefi apy^imiieii, saMeHaTejiBHBiii reorpa$, JI. C. Bepr hb- jineTCH b to Hte BpeMa HXTiiojioroM MiipoBoro 3HaxieHiiH. Ero «Pbiobi npeciiBix BOfl» 11 «OayHa Poc- cpih», «GiiCTe.Ma pBioooopa3HBix 11 pBi6», He roBopH 0 jtjiiihhom page apyrnx Tpy^OB, hbjihiotch HacTOj[BHBiMii KHiiraMii BCHKoro HXTiioJiora.' K 3TOMy /Ke nepnogy HyjKHO OTHecTii 11 noHBJieHiie u[eHHOii KHi-in-i 6e3BpeMeHHO yMepuiero KeB^iiHa (1913), 3aKJiKmiomefi o03op pBiSojiOBCTBa Poc- chh; hm noflc^HTaH yjioB 1910 r. b 1.1,5 mjih. d; (iijiii.69.2 mjih. nya.). 3HaHiiTejiBHO paHBine bbi- ABimyjicH O. O. KaBpaftcKiiH. 3HainiTeJiBHBie BJio»:eHiiH KaniiTajia b pBioHoe fleno coaeiicTBOBajiii ycmreHHOMy pocTy Horo npo.MBicjia 11 b to /Ke BpeMH cnocoocTBOBajiii yciuieHiiio KOHKypeHinni My rpynnawn pBiopnpoMBiinjieHHiiKOB n Me>B*ay pa3JiiiHHHMii npoMBicjiOBBi.Mii paiiOHaMii. HeoSxo- ne TOJiBKOxoxpaHBi pBi0Bi, ho ii CTpeMJieniie k bo3moh{ho paBHOMepHOMy pacnpe^ejieHiiio emxy KOHKypiipyiomiiMii n poMBnnjieHHimaiviH 11 3amiiTe.apeHji;yeMBix hmii B03 OT-o6jiOBa co CTopoHH MaccBi jiOBeifKOfi 6eaHOTBi — no6y>K3ajin i^apcKoe npaBiiTejiBCTBO k BBefleHiiio pnsa 3aKOHo,o;aTejiBHBix orpaHiiHeHHfl, 3anpeTOB, ycujieHiiio HiTaTa npaBiiTejiBCTBeHHoro Hafl3opa 11 Rame k paspeuieHHio pBioonpOMBiinjieHHiiKaitf co3HaBaTB pBi6onpoji&icjioByio oxpaHy Ha qacTHHe cpe,a;- HHCTiiTyT CMOTpHTejieii 3a pbi6ojiobctbom aenTejiBHO cnoco6cTBOBaji BcecTopoHHeMy h Hayii- H3yiieHHio OTe^ecTBeHHoro pBiSHoro npo.MBicjia (ABepKOB, Ajiei^caHflpoB, BaH^eHOB, Bepr, ITOKpOBCKIltt). _ ¦ v ITocjiepeBOJiK)n.HOHH&ifi nepnofl BBi,n;BHHyji pas KpynH&ix HXTiiojioroB, BHecninx He tojibko eii A b iisyqeHHe npoMBicjiOBBix boa h hx ayHBi, ho h nocTaBHBinnx HOBBie npo- H3 oSjiacTii Teopim pBiOHoro xO3HiiCTBa 11 paLtiiOHajiBHOli ero opraHH3aii;Hii. Mbi aioaceAi y 0 A. H. EepegOBCKOM, A. H. Pa6nHepcoHe, npo$. C. B. ABepimD;eBe, A. B. Mopo3OBer F. H. MoHacT&ipcKOM, OopTyHaTOBe, F. y. JlnHflo'epre, IT. F. BopucoBe h Hp. Phsbi paSoTHHKOB pBiSHoro flejia nonojiHHiOTca TanjKe 113 y^emiKOB pBiSonpoMHCJiOBBix TexHiiKyMOB, nepBBifi H3 kotopbix 6biji oprami3OBaH b JlemiHrpafle no 3a^aHHHM napTHii h npaBiiTejiLCTBa E. K. GyBOpo- bbim b 1922 r. HeoL[eHHM&iii BKJia,a; b no3HaHne pBiS BHecjin HXTiiojiorH S Horo 20 i. Ak. HayK — repueHiirreim, A. M. HiiKOJibCKiifi, M. H. MiixafuiOBCKiitt, JI. C. Bepr, A. H. Gpe- tobhhob, n. 10. HImhrt. KoHeMHO, pa3BHTHe HXTHOJlOrHH B POCCIIII UIJIO He TOJIbKO nyTHMH COBepiUeHCTBOBaHHH CH- cTeiviaTHKH, $ayHHCTiiqecKHx h npoMHCJioBbix iiccjieflOBaHHft. He MeHbiiie BHHMaHHH yaejiHJioct cpaBHirrejibHO-aHaTOMHHecKHM ri 9M6pnojioriiMecKHM HCCJieaoBaHHHM. Hejib3a He BcnoMHHTb o Tawix HMeHax, Kan anas. A. O. KoBajieBCKiiii, B. B. 3ajieHCKiiH, O. B. Obchhhhkob, A. H. Ce- BepupB, npo$. A. A. OcTpoyMOB; no3JKe MHoro paCJOTaji npo$. K. M. .IJepiorHH, B03rjiaBJiHBinnft uiKOJiy riiftpoo'HOJiorOB h iixthojiofob. Ero BHeprim o6a3aHO C03p;aHiie b JleHHHrpaacKOM cnerniajibHOft Ka$ep;pbi rimpoSiiojionin n HXTHOJiornH, nojjrOTOBHBineft rjih CTpaHH pea MOJioabix HccjieaoBaTejieft; cpesn hhx ocoSeHHO BbmejniJica H. C. XpaHHJioB. Kvpc iixTiiojioniH b IleTepSyprcKOM VHHBepcHTeTe cnopasiraecKii HiiTajica b Ka^ecTBe neo6H3aTejibHoro npeffweTa c 1907 r. npo<|). fl. K). DImhstom, — Bbi«aioi^iMca iixraoJiorOM, oco6eHHO MHoro noTpyHHBiiiHMCH HaR nsy^eHiieM pbi6 sajibHeBOCTOMHbix Mopett; no3>Ke Kypcbi ^acTHOft h oSmeH HXTiiojiornn b JleHHHrpa^cKOM rocy^apcTBeHHOM yHHBepciiTeTe BejiH npo$. II. O. IIpaBftHH h E. K. CyBopoB. MocKOBcnaH iiiKOJia aKaa;. A.H.CeBepuoBa Bbi^BMHyjia KpynHbix aaaTOMOB — B. BacHeu;oBa, C. F. Kpti/KaHOBCKoro, MouiKOBueBa, ERiejibHHOBa. MHoro rjih pa3- bhthh HXTHOJioriin CRenajiH aHaTOMbi — npo$. R. H. KauiKapoB n npo$. B. C. MaTBeeB. B nocjiepeBOJiioi];iioHHoe BpeMa, c npeBpameHiieM pbiSHoro npoMbicjia b pbiSHyio npoMbiui- jieHHOCTb, c ee iiHTeiiciiBHott iiHaycTpiiajinsauiieH h MexaHH3aii;MeM, — oaHOBpeMeHHO c 3thm nepecTpomiacb ii HXTiiojionm b cooTBeTCTBHii c ctohluhmh nepea Heft npoQjieMaMH. 3anpocH aKTH- BH3au,nii jiOBa, CBH3aHHbie He c nacciiBHbiM otfuisaHtieivi nop;xoji;a pbi6w, KaK 6buio npew^e, a c aK- thbhhmh ee noHCKaMH, c BbiSBHJKeHiieM npoMbicjia b Mope, HaBCTpeny H^ymett pbiQe, — nocTaBHJin HOBbie saffa^H, HOBbie BonpocH no H3yqeHHio h ou;eHKe cbipbeBOtt 6a3bi, no opraHH3aii;HH npoMW- •cjiOBOtt pa3Be^Kii, no nocTpoeHHio pbi6oxo3HttcTBeHHbix nporHO3OB. PpoMaaHoe rHApocTpoHTejib- =ctbo h co3ji;aHHe Mom,Hbix BOAOxpaHUJiHiu; nocTaBnrai Bonpoc o njiaHOMepHOM hx ocBoeHHH; BO3- MOJKHOCTb co3aaHiia paunoHajibHoro xo3HHCTBa Ha^HHaeT npiioOpeTaTb peajibHbie $opivm. B miipoKHX pa3Mepax CTajin npinweHHTbca MeTOffbi iiHTpoayKitiiH h aKKJiHMaTH3au;HH; nepe- ^ejiKa rhkoh npuposbi npnMeHiiTejibHO k 3anpocaM xo3HlicTBeHHott jkh3hh nponcxonuT Ha caMOM p;ejie. BBe^eHHe njiaHOBoro xo3HMCTBa co3naeT HanSojiee TecHbiii KOHTaKT Teopnn h npaKTiiKH b ph6hom aejie, no6y?«T];aeT b jtajibHeiiuieM K6ojiee tjivSokom pa3pa(50TKe Teopnn pbi6Horo xO3Htt- CTBa; coBpeMeHnaH iixTiiojioniH Bceuejio nepemjia' Ha cayHveHHe HapoflHOMy xO3aftcTBy h coii;iiajiHCTiiqecKOMy cTpoiiTejibCTBy. B coBeTCKoe BpeMH uejibift pap; BKcnejiiiiuriii paSoTaji Ha Bcex Mopax. YnoMaHeM A3obcko- MepHOMOpcKyio — npo$. KHimoBuqa', BceKacnuiiCKyio aKaseMiwecKyio — b MepTBbiii KyjrryK h KattAaK, 3Kcnegnij;iiH, BO3rjiaBJiaeMbie K. M. 3ePK)rIIHMM Ha HaJibHeBOCTOMHbie Mopa, 9Kcne- Shiihh Foe. OKeanorp. HHCTHTyTa (FOI1H), Hhct. PbiOHoro xo3aftcTBa — IJeHTpajibHoro (BHHPO), rionapHoro (IIIIHPO), ^ajibHeBOCTO^Horo (THHPO), OsepHope^Horo (BHHOPX), ApKTuqe- CKoro, Hhct. riojiapnoro 3eMJiep;ejiHH h p;p. B pe3yjibTaTe noaBHJiocb MHoro KHHr: flepiorHHa (cDayHa Bejioro Mopa), AHftpHaineBa (Pbi6w BepuHrOBa h HyKOTCKoro Mopeft ii nojiapHoro 6ac- ceftHa), Jlimaoepra (PbiSbi HnoHCKoro Mopa), EcunoBa B.K. (Pbi6bi KapcKoro, nojiapHoroMOpa), F. B. HiiKOJibCKOro (Pbi6bi ApajibCKoro Mopa, Pbi6bi Tan>KHKHCTaHa), A. M. IlonoBa (PbiGbi ceBepHbix Mopett), no ncnojib3OBaHHio BonoxpaHnjiHm; — M. H. THxoro, no caraM — H. O. ITpaB- no miTaHiiK) pbio JI. A. SeHKeBiraa, no npoMbicJiy A. A. DIopbiriiHa, MHoroHHCJieHHHe HHCTHTyTOB, B GOJlbUIOH Mepe CnOCO6CTByK>mi'ie pa3BHTHK) MOpCKHX H O3epHHX npOMblCJIOB. HO OHHIIMH SKCneaHUHOHHblMH pa6OTaMII H6nb3H BCeCTOpOHHe H3yHIITb npOMblCJIOBbie BOflbl. TaiKecTH pa6oT CTajiw nepeHociiTb na nocToaHHbie Ha6JiK)p;aTejibHHe nyHKTLi, Ha MecTHbie poMbicjiOBbie hjih pbi6oxo3HHCTBeHHbie cTaHu;HH. KaK ii3BecTH0, nepBaa SHOJiornqecKaa b Pocchh ocHOBaHa b 1871 r. b CeBacTonoJie (paHbiue HeanojiHTaHCKOft); nepe3 10 JieT CojiOBei^Kaa craHmiH (1881), k Ha^ajiy HacToamero ctojicthh nepeBej];eHHaa b pK Ha MypMane.1 IIo3}Ke Sbijia OTKpbrra'npecHOBORHaa cxaHi^Ha Ha 03. FS Ho Bee 9th cTaHUHH, KaK mhcto SnojiorHHecKHe h rjiaBHbiM oSpasoM 3OOJiorH*iecKHe, hjih noiTH coBcew. He ii3yHajin pbi6, KaK npoMbicjiOBbie o6T>eKTH. nepBaa jia6opaTopna 6bijia opraHH3OBaHa ,H,enapTaMeHTOM 3eMJiep;ejiHH (3aBeji;yK>iiiiHiicTaHi^iieHG. A. Mh- TponojibCKiift) b 1906 r. b AcTpaxami npn KacniiHCKO-BojiTKCKOM ynpaBJieHHH pbiSHbiMH h npoMHCJiaMH. HeMHoro paHbiue BO3HHKaeT npecHOBoaHaa CapaTOBCKaa cTaHuna. padoTHHKaMH, H3yHaBfflHMII pbl6Hbltt npOMHCeJl H COSupaBIHHMH IIXTHOJIOrHMeCKHe b bto BpeMH, HyjKHo cniiTaTb yqeHbix cneu,HajincTOB, cMOTpHTejieft 3a phSojiobctbom y PbrtJHOro OTflejieHna JlenapTaMeHTa 3eMJiep;ejiHa. B KanecTBe CMOTpHTejiett 3a pu6ojiOBCTBOM npoBO^HJiH qacTb CBoeft HXTiiojiorHHecKOtt aeaTejibHOCTH TaKHe h 3HaT0KH pbiSHoro xo3attcTBa, KaK JI. C. Bepr, B. K. BpantHHKOB, K. A. KwcejieBHi. 1910 r., O3HaMeHOBaBHiiiHCH peopraHH3auneft h pacmnpeHHeM PbiSHoro OTji;ejia ^ seMJienejiHa noji; pyKOBOjjCTBOMB.K.Epa/KHiiKOBa, cocTaBHji anoxy BoSjiacTH nay^eHHa pyccKpro pbiSHoro p;ena. Bwji c$opMHpoBaH 3HaMHTejibHbift iijTaT yneHbix cnei^najincTOB no pbi6ojiOBCTBy h pbi60B0p;cTBy, mnpoKo CTajia pa3BepTbiBaTbca HayqHo-HccjieHOBaTejibCKaa pa6oTa, CTana nena- Taxbca MHoroHHCJieHHHe Tpyp;bi, Haqajin BbixoRHTb b cBeT: «MaTepnajibi k no3HaHHK) pyccKoro pbi6ojioBCTBa» (penaKTop E. K. CyBopoB). Ho AettcTBWTejibHo innpoKHtt, HeBH^aHHtifi ho Tex nop pa3Max nojiyHKJio pa3BHTHe Haineft HayKH TOJibKO nocjie OKTaopbCKOtt peBOJIK)^HH^pH coBeT- 1 MypMaHCKaa 6nojiornqecKaa CTaHUHH b c. riojiapHOM (6. AjieKcaHjjpoBCK) 6biJia saKpbtTa b 1932 r., a c 1936 r. HanaJia d)yHKU,MOHnpoBaTb HOBaa CTaHinwa AKaseMHH HayK CGGP J^Sft ry5e. r- ! •tvjw1' ^, "^^;b>^ -¦»¦ \I. HCTOPHH KXTHOJIOrHH 21 CKOii BJiacTH. ^o HacTynjieHHH BTopoii OTeMecTBeHHOii BoiiHbi cooTBeTCTBeHHO 3anpocaM couHajiH- CTHH6CKOrO CTpOHTejIbCTBa 6bIJIH pa3BepHyTH HayHHO-HCCJieROBaTeJIbCKHe HHCTHTyTbl B M0CKB6, JleHHHrparie, AcTpaxaHH, BaKy, MypiaaHCKe, Kep^H, BjiaRHBOCTOKe, IleTposaBOHCKe h pbiSoxo- 8HflcTBeHHHe HayiHbie CTaHunn b ApxaHrejibCKe, Op;ecce, XepcoHe, PocTOBe, HoBopoccHHCKe, BaTyine, TypbeBe, Maxan-Kajie, KpacHOBO^CKe, MaHrncTay, ApajibCKe, Ha Bajixanie {Bypjno- Tio6e)v CaxajiHHe, IleTponaBJiOBCKe-KaM^aTCKqM, b KyflSbiuieBe, HBaHOBe, Ka3aHH, To6ojibCKer KpacHOflpcKe, HKyTCKe, aoTHbiHe h Ha IOjkh. CaxajiHHe h KypHjibCKHx ocTpoBax. C 1927 nol930r., b. ryoe IIop^HHxa (MypMaH) paSoTajia xopouio o6opyji;oBaHHaH C. H. MHTTejibMaHOM HayMHO- npoMbicjiOBan CTaHi^HH HHCTHTyTa no H3yHeHHK> CeBepa, no3?Ke peopraHH3OBaHHoro b ApKTnne- CKHH HHCTHTyT H HHCTHTyT IIOJIHpHOrO 3eMJieAeJIHfl, JKHBOTHOBO^CTBa H npOMHCJIOBOrO X03HH- CTBa. CTOJib rycToii ceTH HayHHO-nccjieffOBaTejibCKHx npoMbicjiOBO-HXTHOJiorHHecKiix CTaHijHft HeT hh b oaHOM KanHTajiHCTH^ecKOM rocy;napcTBe b MHpe. B HOBeflniee BpeMH BH^BHHyjiHCb hx- ,UipflrHH,'MeHbHiHKOB, IleTpoB, IIpo6aTOB, Pace, TejierHH h MHoro mojiorhx. Bee B03- COBeTCKHX HXTHOJIOrOB nOR pyKOBOffCTBOM napTHH ffpyjKHO BKJIIOHHJIHCb B peKOHCTpyK^iio pbi6Horo xOBHiicTBa. ' yncHHTb ce6e coBpeMeHHoe HanpaBJieHHe HXTHOJiorH^ecKHx HccjieflOBaHHfi, HyjKHO ot Tex H3MeHeHHii, KOTopue npoH3OuiJin b ph6hom xo3HHCTBe. KoHeHHO, KpafiHe sa- B KpaTKOH, HO HCHepnbffiaiOmeii $OpMe H3JIO)KHTb BCe Te OCO6eHHOCTH, KOTOpHO xapaKTepHsyiOT HSMeHeHHH, npoHcinejjuiHe b odJiacTH pbi6Horo Rena h hxthojiophh b Te^eHHe nocJie^Hiix 30 JieT, sa nepnon coBeTCKOii BJiacTH. BiviecTe co BceM Hapo^HbiM xo3hhctbom CTpaHM KOpeHHHM O6pa3OM H3MeHHJI0Cb pbl6HOe XO3HHCTBO H pbl6HHH npOMUCejI, npeBpaTHBHIHHCfl HbIHe b pH6Hyio npoMbiuiJieHHOCTb. PeopraHHsanHH npe>Kne Bcero cKa3ajiacb b tom, hto Bee coBeTCKoe XO3HHCTBO CTaJIO nJiaHOBblM. IIjiaHOBOCTb B O^HHaKOBOfi CTeneHH npOBOftHTCH KaK B XO3HHCTBeHHO- npoMbmiJieHHOH ^eHTejibHOCTH, TaK h b HayHHO-HccjienoBaTejibCKOH paSoTe. BaatHoe 3HaHeHne, Kanoe Hbme npnaaeTCH sonpocaM npHKJiaflHofl HayKH, cTHMyjmpyeT CKyio pa6oTy h b o6jiacTH TeopeTHqecKofl HXTHOJiornn. ,U|ocTaTOHHo HanoMHHTb, ^to 3a no roflbi pa3pa6aTbmajiHCb BecbMa Banmbie npoSjieMbi cpaBHHTejibiiofl aHaTOMHH, $HJioreHHH pbi6, npoHcxoHtfleHHH SunojiflpHOCTii, BbipaSaTHBajiacb HOBeiiuiaH cncTeMa KJiaccH$HKai^HH pbi6ooo'- pasHHx h pbi6. 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Pbi6a ^ojiJKHa riocTynaTb noTpeSnTejiio — TpyflHmHMCH ropoma h cejia — b caMOM coBepuieHHOM BH^e — B CBeffieM, OXJiaTKfleHHOM, 3aM0p0HteHH0M, KOHCepBHpOBaHHOM, H TOJIbKO B MajIOH CTeneHH — b cojieHOM hjih cyuieHOM. CaMbie npoiteccH JioBa hsmchhiotch ro Hey3HaBaeM0CTH; npoMbiceji hs naccHBHoro nepexo^HT b aKTHBHHii: jiOBen, He ?K«eT nonxop;a pbi6bi, ho caM H^eT en HaBCTpeny; mnpoKO npHMeHHeTCH pa3Bep;Ka Ha cy^ax h no BO3«yxy; npHMeHHiOTCH HanSojiee aKTHBHHe cno- co6h jioBa — TpajiOBbifl, SpH$TepHbiH, ceiiHepHbiH. Bee npoi^eccbi JioBa MexaHH3HpoBaHbi. Bbi- poc coBeTCKHii pbi6onpoMbiuiJieHHbiii $Jiot, coctohiuhh H3 Sojibinoro ^ncjia PT (TpayjiepoB), cefl- HepoB, p;pH$TepoB, KOMSaflHOB — napoBbix, ^HsejibHbix, motophhx. MejiKHe cyAa MOTOpna©- BaHH. IIpoMbiceji BbiHBHHyjicfl_B OTKpHToe Mope, Torp;a KaK npe?Kfl;e oh iothjich b npHdpeHiHOfi BOHe h ycTbflx peK. B cbh3h c bthm HSMeHHeTCH h cocTaB yjiOBOB: Hbme b noSbme Ha^HHaioT npe©6jia- js,B.Th MopcKHe pbi6bi, BbrrecHHioiHHe npesK^e npeoSJiaAaBHinx npecHOBOflHbix h npoxo^Hbix. Tanoe HBMeHeHne Bcero oOjiHKa cobctckoh ph6hoh npoMbiuuieHHOCTH He MO/KeT He cKa3bi- Ha Bceii TeMaTHKe h 3ap,aHax coBpeMeHHbix HXTHOJiornHecKnx HCCJiep;oBaHHH: ohh nocBH- H3yHeHHK) pbl6 H HX GHOJIOrHH BO BCeX BO^OeMaX, B OCBOeHHH HOBblX pattOHOB, MajIO HJIH He 8aTpoHyTbix npoMHCJiOM; TaK, 3a nocJiesHne rosbi 3Ha^iHTejibHO nposBHHyjiocb H3y- coBeTCKHx nojinpHbix Mopefl h hx ayHH, Mopen ^ajibHero BocTOKa; npoeKTHpyeiviaH rpo- THxooKeaHCKaH aKcnenni^HH nonHHjMeT 3aBecy TanHCTBeHHOCTH c rjiy6oKHx bor Tnxoro 1; ho h ocBoeHHbie H3^aBHa BO,o;oeMbi npo^ojiJKaiOT cjiyjKHTb mcctom HeTajibHbix, rjiySoKHx b o6jiacTH DKOJiorHH 11 $jiK)KTyai^HH 3anacoB npoMbicjiOBbix pH6, onpe^ejieHHa cbipbeBHx sanacoB, H3yHeHiiH h BBeneHHH hobhx oOxeKTOB JioBa h hx coBepuieHHOra HCnOJIbSOBaHHH.0 IIomhmo cibipbeBOH 6asbi coBpeMeHHan hxthojiophh H3y^aeT BonpocH aKKJiHMaTHsai^HH — HanoiwHHM nepecejieHiie Ke$ajiH b KacnHiicKoe Mope, nepeca^Ky KaM6ajiH Typ;a me; b ^acTH KacnHH nocjieffHHH yate Ha^HHaeT nonanaTbcn h TaM pa3MH0>KaeTCH; Sojibnioe otbohhtch npaKTH^ecKOMy pbi6oBo;n;cTBy—rocy^apcTBeHHOMy h npysoBOMy. IJejiHH pHH Hbix saBO^OB totobht nocaHOHHbiH MaTepnaji h nsyiaeT saKOHbi cos;epffiaHHH, pocTa h MOJIORH. COB^aHHe HOBblX BOSOXpaHHJIHni; BblffBHHyJIO HOBBie BaRa^H no HX SacejieHHK) H OCBOeHHIO. ^ocTHHteHHH bo Bcex 3THx oSjiacTHx HXTHOJiorHH, OTpaHteHHHe. b rpoMaflHOH cnei^aajibHofl JiHTepaType nocJiepjHHx JieT, ocBen^aiOTCfl b cboahhx CTaTbnx, nocBHmeHHbix noHBeseHHio HTorOB B pa8BHTHH HayK 3a HCTeKHIHe 30 JieT, H B 3HaHHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH OTpaJKeHbl Ha p i- h H 22 x I. HCTOPHH HXTHOJIOrilH JIHTEPATFPA HO HXTHOJIOrHH Oom,asi P. ' ! 1 i' I'- Bepr Bepr Bepr B JI. JI. JI. 3 II. H. Ochobh npysoBoro xo3aftcxBa. 1931. C. OayHa Pocciih ii conpesejibHbix CTpaH. AH CCCP. C. PbiSbi npecHbix B03 CCCP. 3-e 1-133. C. Ciicxeua pbiooo6pa3Hbix 11 p.biG. AH CCCP, 1941. p e ft x y c JI. JI. PhGhhiI npo.Mbiceji pyccmix noxMopOB b ceB. JIe«oBiiTOM OKeaHe, ero nponiJioe 11 nacxoamee. MaT. k no3H. pyccK. pno. II Bbin. 1. 1913. OCfeopHbie cxaxtH no ucTopim coBeTCKoft nxxiiojioniii Bepra H3B. AHOME"H. 1937, 3eHKeBiraa, 3ooji: jk. BHn. 5. 1937, JIiiH36epra, Hpiiposa JV° 10. 1937, HimojibCKorp, 3ooji. jk.JY° 7. 1937. Bap, J\ a h 11 ji e b c k ii ft. IIccjie30Baniia o cocxoaHHii pbiGojiOBCXBa b Pocciiii. r p II M M. Pbl5OBO3CTBO. 1931. E ji e o h c k ii ft. Ochobh ptiOoBOflcTBa. 1936. ¦ 3 e p'H o b C. A. O0maa nmpoGiiojioriia. 1934. H b a h o b H. n. Oomaa ii cpaBi-mrejibHaa sjiGpiiojionia. 1937. K e b 3 ii h. CoBpeMeHHoe ph5ojiobctbo Pocciiii. 1915. K h ii n o b ii q H. M. rii3pojiorna MOpeft n cojionoBaxbix BOsoeaiOB. 1938. KouixoaHu;. Ochobh cpaBHiixejibHoft $ii3iiojiorni-i. 1940. MeftcHep B. PI. npoMHCJiOBaa iixxnojionia. 1933. " " Ochobh pbiOHoro xo3aftcxBa. «Ph5ho6 xO3aftcxBO», 1922. A. M. Taabi'ii pbi0bi. 1902. H ii k o ji b c k ii ft T. B. PbiObi Ta^JKiiKiicxaiia. Tp. TaaiKHKCK. Ba3H AH CCCP, VII, 1938. H ii k o ji b c k ii ft T. B. PbiQbi ApajibCKoro Mopa. H ii k o ji b c k nft F. B. BiioJioriia pbi6. 1944.. II yi k o b. ii3iiojioriia pu6. 1941. n p a b 3 ii h II. . PynoBoacxBO no iray^eHino pbi6. 3-e 1133., 1939. JI.. Ph5h Pocciiii. M. 1911, 1916. A. H. PIccjiesoBaHiie 06 aBOJiioqriii hii3uiiix nosBOHO^Hbix. PyccK. Apx. x. I, b. 1, 1917; x. II. HanpaBJieHiia 3BOJiion,iiOHHoro' npoi^ecca. 1934. M e ft c h e p B. PI H 11 k 0 ji b c k 11 ft C a 6 a h e e b CeBepijoB niCTOJi. 41 CeBepu,OB CeBepuoB C a.Mop., A. H. A. H. Mop$ojiorniiecKiie 3aK0H0MepH0cxn 3bojiioij;iiii. 1939. C 0 ji 3 a x o b B. K. Pbiobi, pbiOHbift npo.Mbiceji. M.-JI. 1928. C o ji 3 a x 0 b B. K. ITpo.MbicjiOBaa iixxiiojiorna. Hacxb I, 1934; q. II, 1938. T 11 x 11 ft M. 11 B 11 k x 0 p 0 b II. 3anacbi pbi6 11 rii3pocxponxejibcxBO. 1940. Ill m 11 3 t n. 10. Pbi6bi bocxo^hhx Riopeii. 1904. Ill y ji e ft k 11 h B. OiiepKM no $ii3iiKe Mopa. 1936. H e p $ a c . B. H. Phoobo3Cxbo b ecxecxBeHHbix BO3oeMax. 1940. Hep|ac B. Ochobh paunoHajibHoro osepHoro pbiGHOro xO3aftcxBa. 1934. Abderhaldens Handbuch der biolog. Arbeitsmethoden. ¦ B 0 u 1 e n g e r G. A. and Bridge T. W. Fishes. Cambridge. 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Eojie3Hn pbi6. M.-JI. 1931. H o f e r B. Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. Stuttgart, 1906. Plehn M. Prakticum der Fischkrankheiten. Stuttgart, 1924. eft E K JI HcTOpHff HXTHO.lOrHH epr. CncTeMa pti6oo6pa3HHX h pw6. 1941. 3 p K. M. MaTepaajiti rjih hctophh pbiQojiOBCTBa b Pocchh h Mopax. • ' ' , ap K. M. HccnesoBaHHH o coctohhhh ptiSojioBCTBa b Pocchh. I h II CII5, 1860. e in h a k o b B. H. PbiOojiobctbo h 3aKOHOji;aTe^iBCTBO. CII0, 1894. enTHe.p B. F., 9. A. 9 b e p c m a h h. Mock. o6m. ncn. np., 1940. m e ji h h G. T. IlyTeuiecTBHe no Pocchh ajia nccJieji;0BaHHH Tpex i^apcTB npaposbi. H. I, GII6, 1806; H. II, Cn6, 1777. • p h m m O. A. ITepBbift p&i6ojiob 11 nepBaa yAO^Ka. BecTH. ptiSonpoM., 1889, J\» 1. onOJIHeHHH K aKTaM HCTOpHqeCKHM. 1851. c h n ob B. K. Pa3MHOJKeHne eejibHH. IIojihph. h.-h. hhct. MopcK. pH6oxo3. h OKeaH. TpyffH, _ b. 4, 1939. ht k o b B. M. CiiCTeMa JlHHHea h CHCTeivia JlaiviapKa. Biojij?. Mock. 06m;. Hen. np., OTfl. 6hoji., xlix, b. 1, 1940. - •¦:¦¦¦ cTopHH GCGP, t. I.h II, AH CCCP, 1940. h c e ji e b h 1. KacnHfiCKO-BOJBKCKHe cejifa^H. III. IIpoMbicejT. AcTpax. HayiHO-npoM. 9Kcn., 1914—1915, t. II, B.- 3. ji K) q e b c k h ii. GKa3aHHH HH0CTpaHii;eB o mockobckom rocy^apcTBe. neTporpas, 1918. . ojiOHnajibHaH nojiHTHKa itap«3Ma Ha KaMnaiKe HHyitOTKe. CSopH. apx. MaT. hhct. Hap.-CeBepa.- JI., 1935. h m e h.k 0 n. HcTopHa HapoffHoro xo3HHCTBa GCCP. T, I, AH CCCP. M., 1939, jih hctophh aKcnesHi^HH AH b XVIII h XIX bb. Tpyaw apxHBa AH CCCP, b. 4, 1940. pH k hctophh pyccKOro ptidojiOBCTBa. H k 0 b ji e b. FocysapeBa noroHHaa mexOH- CKaa jiOBJia CTepjiap;eti b XVII b. CejibCK. XO3. h JiecoB., CXXI. Ot,h. II, 1876. O 6pomk>pa M. 4888. • i'1 K 1 , '. f . 24 M e I. HCTOPHfl HXTHOJIOrHH c h e p. Ochobh pH6Horo xognitcTBa. P. X. 1922. HaaBHaBiUHKOB. HaropHH 3OOJiorHH. YmieRrm, 1941. C t p e ft c H. TpH nyTemecTBHH. HHOCTpaHHHe nyTeniecTBeHHHKH o Pocchh. Hop, peg. G. IIh- OHTKOBCKoro. OFH3. CouaKrH3. Ilep. Eopofliraoft, pep,. Mopo3OB, 1935. C t p e ft c H. H. Tpa ^ocTonaMHTHLix h ncnojiHeiraBix MHorax npeBpaTHOCTeft nyTeraecTBHH no HTajiHH, rpei^HH, JlH^JiHHflHH,, Mockobhh, TaTapHH, Mh^hh, ITepcHH, Oct-Hh^hh, flno- hhh h pa3JiH^HBiM npyrHM dpaHaM. HcropiraecKiie nyTeinecTBiin, coct. B. AjieKceeB. Cxa- jiHHrpafl, 1936. T h x m e h e b. HcTopa^ecKoe o6o3peHHe o6pa3OBaHHH Pocc.-AMep. K°. CII6., 1861. HKOBJieB B. B. 3HMHHe phi6nbie npoMHCJiH Ha BejiOM Osepe b XVII b. ^en. seMJi., 1901,. CII6. (to ate, BecT. pH0onp., 1900). Adams W. M. Fisheries and fishermen on all countries from the earliest times. London, 188B*- Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. VI, Abt. I.Pisces. Lohnberg. Leipzig, 1901- De Lacepede. Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 1841. Samuel. The Herring, its effect on the history of Britain. London. Murray, 1918. \t ,«; JOLMPBAR mo ~p.moJi-or.HJi II. BHEIHHEE PACMJIEHEHHE H OOPMA TEeTIA; flBHJKEHHE PBIB BHeniHne npnanaKn. Tejio ph6h mojkho pa3,nejraTB Ha rojioBy, TyjioBHme h xbuct. Xboctoboh qacTBio cJie,nyeT c^HTaTL y^acTOK Tejia, jiejKanjHH no3a,HH aHajn>- Horo oTBepcTHH hjih, TOHHee, Havana aHajiBHoro njiaBHHKa. 3to MecTO b 6ojib- mHHCTBe cJiynaeB cooTBeTCTByeT KOHn,y hojiocth Tejia h Hanajiy reMajitHHX ho3boh- kob; HHor^a, Bnpo^eM, hojioctb TeJia 3axo#HT .najieKO Ha3aA 3a aHajiBHoe OTBep- CTne (TpecKOBHe); y caMOK (ho He y caMijOB) Kaai6aJi nojioBue opraHH b^ojil ho3bo- HOHHHKa npoTflTHBaiOTCH Ha 3HannTejiBHoe npoTflmeHne Hafl aHajiBHHM HJiaBHHKOM, no3a,HH o6m;eH hojiocth Tejia. 8tot npn3HaK, no3BOJiflion];HH y3HaBaTB hoji KaMSani* Ha npocBeT, 6e3 bckphthh, paccMaTpaBaa ee c rjia3HOH ctopohh, npnjioHtHM k Pleu- ronectes, Limanda, Rhombus, ho He k Solea. IIoJiOHteHHe aHaJiBHoro BecBMa pa3HOo6pa3HO. Ecjih hphhhtb 3a ncxo^Hoe MecTOHaxojKfleHne ero y Ph6 (cejiB^B, jiococb), to y BHmeopraHH3OBaHHHX nacTO HaxoflHM ero meHHHM Bnepe,n (oKyHeBtie, KasiSajiOBHe). GeMencTBa Electrophoridae, Amblyop" sidae h po^ Aphredoderes oSjiaflaiOT aHycoM, pacnojiaraiomnMca Ha ropjie. TaK ?Ke= HajieKO Bnepea CMemeH oh h y CBpeo6pa3HHX Phallostethiidae. Y Rhamphichthys (h3 Gymnotoidei) aHajiBHoe OTBepcTne Haxo^HTCH Ha ypoBHe rna3, a Ha^HHaeTca npoTHB H?a6epHofi mejin. IIpoTHBonoJiosKHafl p y po^a Opisthoproctus: 3a#Henpoxo;nHoe OTBepcTne HaxoflHTca Ha canoM 3a#HeM KOHi^e Tejia now xboctobhm njiaBHHKOM. IlpocTpaHCTBO Me^^y kohi^om aHaJiBHoro njiaBHHKa h Ha^ajiOM XBOCTOBoro HMeHyeTCH xboctobbim CTe6jieM; 3AecB o6hhho HaxoflHTCH HaHMeHBinafl BHGOTa b to BpeMH KaK HanSojiBmaa — nepeff cnnHHUM Ha rojioBe CJie^yeT paSjrn^aTB cjieflyiomne flo nepeflHero Kpan rjia3a Ha3HBaeTCH phjiom, a hhm KpaeM 5Ka6epHOH kphdikh —3arjia3HipmBiM npocTpaHCTBOM, Torfla KaK ctok ot rjia3a ro 3aflHero Kpaa npeflKpnine^HOH kocth HMeHyeTCH meKon; npnxo- oSpantaTB BHHMaHne, hokphth jih meKH qemyen hjih ocTaioTCfl tojibimh. e^K^y rjra3aMH HMeHyeTCH ji6om, hjih MesKrjia3HHHHHM npocTpaH- CTBOM. , TopjioM Ha3HBaiOT npocTpaHCTBO MejK^y ma6epHHMH nepenoHKaMH h ocHOBa- HneM rpy^HHX miaBHHKOB, a no,n6opo^KOM — ynacTOK Mem^y hhskhhmh neJiiocTHMEr h MecTOM npHKpenjieHHH H?a6epHHX nepenoHOK. 2Ka6epHaa nepenoHKa npeflCTaBJiaeT" C06010 CKJia^Ky, OKaHMJiHK)in.yio C3a^n Hta6epHyro KpHmKy. CHH3y ohh BMecTe h cpacTaiOTca, HHor.ua npnpacTaH k isthmus, HHor.ua ocTaBJina ei*o hbim h o6pa3yH b TaKOM cjiynae noa hhm CKJia^Ky. MeH?a«a6epHHM npoMeiKyTKOM, hjih isthmus (nepemeeK), Ha3HBaiOT npocTpaH- ctbo, pa3flejiHK>mee jKaftepHtie hojiqcth. 5Ka6epHHe nepenoHKH m pacnpaBJifliOTCfl 5Ka6epHHMH jiy^aMH (radii branchiostegi). C&opMa Teaa. 06HTmHe npe^CTaBJieHna 0 HeMHoro cataTOH c 6okob o6pa3HOH $opMe Tejia pn6 othochtch tojibko k HandoJiee o6ibiKHOBeHHHM p TejiHM 9toh rpynnH. B $jopMe nponnx ph6 rocnoflCTByeT ^pesBH^anHoe pa8HOo6pa- 3ne, BH3HBaeMoe npncnocoSjieHHeM k ycjiOBBWM jkh3 a. IIpHflepHtnBaflCL chctcmbi A6ejifl, MOHtHp o6oco6htb 12 pasjiHTiHHX thhob IlpocTpaHCTBO ot KOHna KpaeM rjia3a n f.V 8 »• - ,/fi 26 IIEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH 1. ToprreAoo6pa3Hafi — HanSoJiee npncnocoSjieHHaa K.SbiCTpoMy n njiaBaHnio; TaKon $opMoft Tejia oSjiaaaiOT Hanjiyqnrae miOBHbi — hckjiio- neJiarimecKne pbiSbi, Bpoae Tymja, aiaKpejin, rojiySon aKyjm. KpanHe noKa3aTeJiLHO, *rro^ra me (popMa caMOCTOHTejiBHO BbipaSoTajiacb h ope^n jjpyrnx BOflHBix ooiiTaTeJieii, sajieKo oTCToamiix ot pBi6, KaKOBBi KnTOo6pa3HHe •nrae nxTH03aBpbi. 2. CnMMeTpiwHocjKaTaH $opaia — npn 3Ha^:nTejiBHOH BBimnHe HeoojiBinne mnpiraa n ^JinHa. Giofla othocht rpoMaflHyio JiyHy-paSy (Mola), Kopaji- aoBLix pBi6 ni;eTnHO3y6oB — Ghaetodontidae. 3to TaKJKe HeKTOHHHecKaa <|>opMa, nopoio cBOHCTBeHHaH cpaBHirrejiBHO xopoinnai njiOBn;aM, xoth n He npe#npinraMaio- mm SHa^nTejiBHbix nepeMem;eHnn. KopaJiJiOBBie pti6Kn — Chaetodon, Holacan- thus — nopa/KaKT CBoefl k>pkoctbk» ii SbiCTpoToii. HaoSopoT, oSHHHaa K>jKHoaMe- piiKaHCKan fleKopaTnBHafl pbiSna Pterophyllum, iiMen no^Tn Kpyrjioe Teno c bhco- jkhmix BepTHKajiBHbiMn njiaBHiiKaMH, npeflno^HTaeT noHTn HenoflBii/KHO ctohtb cpeflH BOflHOH paCTnTeJIBHOCTII. 3. yrpeBiiflHaH (J)opMa CBoiiCTBeHHa SeHTOHiiqecKiiM pbioaM no npenaiymecTBy;" Ha nonepe^HOM pa3pe3e ohh npe^CTaBJiaiOT OBaji. Gio^a othochtch yrpn (Anguilla, Conger), Symbranchus, Protopterus. HeKOTopBie npe^CTaBHTejin nMeiOT no^TH BnflHO y^JiiiHeHHoe Tejio, KaK' Nemichthyidae, OKeaHnnecKne yrpn. 4. GnjuomeHHbiH b ji;op3OBeHTpajibHOM HanpaBJieHnn Tnn CBOHCTBeHeH - bh/khhm: npiiflOHHbiM oSiiTaTejiHM, KaK CKaTbi, naHi];bipHbie comh (Loricariidae) H3 Lophiiformes — Oggocephalus, Lophius. 5. GTpejiOBiiflHbin Tnn xapaKTepn3yeTCH C/KaTbiM c 6okob, y,a;jiHHeHHHM xejiOM paBHOMepHoii bhcoth no^Tn Ha BceM npoTH/KeHiin, 3aocTpeHHon tojioboh, flajieKo OTOflBHHyTHM CnHHHbIM IDiaBHHKOM flO ypOBHfl aHaJIBHOrO HJiaBHHKa. 3aMeTHB am pbiSbi 6pocaiOTCH Ha Hee c HpesBbiqaHHOii SbiCTpoTon. Giofla othochtch Esox, Lepidosteus, Belone, Scombresox. 6. napycoBHflHbin Tim OTJin^aeTCH ciuibHbiM pa3BHTneM cnnHHoro b flJiHHy ii BbiinnHy, KaK Hanp. Histiophorus, Alepidosaurus. 7. JleHTOBHflHafl (J)opMa xapaKTepn3yeTCH 3HaHHTejibHon ^juihoh Teji, c Sokob, noflo6Hoii Regalecus, Trachypterus, Trichiurus. ri Tpn ^opMbi Tejia npimaftJie/KaT k HeKTOHnqecKHM oonTaTejiHM; Bee 8. MaKpypoBiiflHbiii Tim — c TejiOM, pe3KO cy/KHBaiomnMca K3afl;n; ero Han- BbicoTa Haxo^nTca no3aflii tojiobbi — Macrurus, Fierasfer, Parali- paris. 9. G/KaTO-acnMMeTpn^ecKnH thh CBOHCTBeHeH KaM6ajioBbiM. 10. AcTepojieniiAHbiH, hjih Ky3OBKoo6pa3Hbin; b 8tom cjiy^ae nepejrHHH ^acTB Tejia 3aKJiioqeHa b njiOTHbifl KOCTHbiii naHUbipb, TaK hto rjik HBiiJKeHHH mojkgt cjiy- TKHTb TOJibKo XBOCTOBan ^acTb — Ostratioii. Gio^a JKe cJiesyeT OTHecrn h CBoeo6pa3- Horo MopcKoro KOHbKa Hippocampus. 11. HlapOBHflHblH THH COnpOBOJKflaeTCfl 3HaHHTeJIBH0H yTpaTOH nOABHJKHOCTH. :GKajio3y6bi — Tetrodon, Diodon; Eumicrotremus (kojiio^hh niraarop). 12. HrjiOBHflHbit thh CBOHCTBeHeH aiopCKHM nrJiaM — Syngnathus. « roaosa. FojiOBa y pa3Jin^Hbix pbi6 BapbnpyeT He MeHee, qeM bch <|>opMa Tejia. B o^hhx cjiy^aax BepxHHH qejuocrb BbiTarnBaeTca b ^jihhhhh Me^eBH^Hbifi npH> .aaTOKj.npeflCTaBJiHiomHH cnjibHoe opy^He HanafleHHH, KaK y Mena-pbiSbi, Xipkias, y Histiophorus; iiHor^a OHa HMeeT npn^aTOK nnjioo6pa3HbiH (Prisfis, Pristiopho- rus). B flpyrnx cjiynaax Bnepefl BbiTHrnBaeTCH npn^aTOK jihhib Ha HH?KHeH ^ejiiocTH (Hemirhamphus). HHor^a o6e nejiiocTH paBHOMepHO BHTHHyTH Bnepe^ HanofloSne KJiiOBa (Lepidosteus, Belone, Tylosurus); a y Nemichthys KOHnbi qejuocTen 3arn- 6aiOTca BBepx n bhh3, TaK ^to aaiKe He MoryT coMKHyTBCH. Gnathonemus elephas H3 -a^pHKaHCKHx 03ep CHaSiKeH chjibho H3orHyTbiM KJuoBOBnflHHM phjiom, npn noMom;H .KOToporo oh MOJKeT H3BJieKaTB floSn^iy n3-no,o; KaMHefi n Kap^en. Polyodon HMeeT^ TOJioBy c rpoMaftHHM JionaTOBH^HbiM pacninpeHHeM; Ham TypKecTaHCKHH jionaTOHOC, Pseudoscaphirhynchus o6jia,naeT phjiom HanofloSne 3acTyna. Y Fistularia h MopcKHX poT BbiTjrayT b. ^JiHHHyio TpySKy, b to BpeMH KaK y KpyrjiopoTbix oh npeBpameH ^^^^ II. BHEIUHEE PAGITEEHEHHE H OQPMA TEJIA; ftBHJKEHHE PHB 27 35 Momsyio npncocKy^ Phjio BHTfrayTO b TpySKy.H y opnrnHajiBHOH p •okoh ph6h Rhamphichthys (m3 Gymnotdidei). CoBepmeirao CBoeo6pd3Ha rojiOBa y aKyjiBi-MOJiOTa, Sphyrna, RencTBHTejiBHo HMeiomen <|opMy MOJiOTa, Ha KOHnax i ">TOporo pacnojia.raiOTCH.rJiaoa. IIo noJioJKeHHK) pOT pa3JinqaK>T KOHerabin, BepxHnn n hh^hhh. AKyjiH h CKaTH xa, aKTepH3yiOTCH c^BnHyTBiM Ha3aA nonepenHO pacnojioJKeHHtiM hhjkhhm ptom (Plagiostomi). y MHornx anyji poT flocTnraeT rpoMa^Hbix pa3MepoB. B AMepnKaH- ¦ckom My3ee xpaHHTCH ^ejiiocTn ncKonaeMofl aKyjiBi, b nacTH KOTopoii moikho pa3- 8 qejiOBeK (pnc. 1). Eme oojiee nopaH?aeT cbohmii Henponopi^HOHajiBHO Sojib- pa3MepaMH poT MHorux rjiySoKOBOflHBix pBi6, cnocoSHBix nporjiaTBiBaTB pa3Mepaivin npeBOCxoflamyio caMiix xnmHHKOB. OcoSeHHO CBoeo6pa3HBi $opMBi, KaK Eurypharynx, $p Saccopharynx, Malacos'teus; y no- poT ^aHiiMaeT okojio ^eT- HHBi TeJia. y MHorux pBi6 , ca3aH) poT KocTen. FojiOBa He- BoopyjKeHa rairaaMii h KOJiioiKaMn; MHorne pn6bi hmgiot jchkh, KaK opraHbi BKyca h ocasa- Hna (Silunis, Mullas, Gadus). Ho- iijiii oSoHHTejiBHbie OTBepOTna pacnojiaraiOTca sne- rjia3. y KpyrjiopoTbix HMeexca OTBepcTiie (oTciofla — Monorhyni), y npo^nx .^sa c Ka?K- JljOH CTOpOHH rOJIOBH. OAHaKO y Hexagrammidae, Pomacentridae, n -Cichlidae HMeeTCH Bcero jihdib no OflHOMy HOCOBOMy OTBepCTHK) C KaJK- ,^oh ctopohh. y Tropidichthys (cgm. Tetrodontidae) coBceM HeT Hapy?K- HHX 060HHTeJIBHHX OTBepCTHH, B3a~ kotophx no^HHMaeTca no 6y- C HepBHHMH OKOHHaHHHMH. B OTJinqne ot nponnx, aKyjibi, n xnMepH oojia^aiOT hoco- BHMH OTBepCTHaMH, JieJKamilMH Ha HH/KHefi, fjia3a pacnojiaraiOTca no 6oKaat tojiobh, b flajieKo HaBepx (Uranoscopus), a y KaMoaJi 06a rjia3a pOHe. GymecTByiOT cjienne ph6m, coBceM He iiMeiomHe rjia3. no3a,q;H rjia3 y HeKOTopbix pn6 (SojiBinnHCTBO aKyji, Polypteras) pacnojiarsteTca no OTBepCTHH) c KaJK^on ctopohh •spiraculum, — no nponcxo?KAeHHio Pnc. 1. IlacTL aKyjiti Carcharodon megalodon My3ee. (H3 KaiiJia.) a He Ha BepxHen CTopoHe tojiobh HeKOTopnx cjiy^aax ohh CMemenn Ha OflHOH CTO- oceTpoBwe, 9to 6pbi3rajiBD;e, JKa6epHOBt rojibBbi Haxo,fl;HTCH jKaSepHbie mejin hjih OTBepcTna. H3 KpyrjiopoTHX y mhkchh c KaiKflOH CTopoHH no ofl;HOMy JKaSepHOMy OTBepCTHK), ^ajieno OTHeceH- HOMy Ha3a,D(; y Bdellostoma 6—14 OTBepCTHH, y MHHor — 7. Bojibhihhctbo aKyji h Bee CKaTH nivieiOT 5 ?Ka6epHHx iqejien, HenocpescTBeHHo OTKpHBaiomHxcii Hapy?Ky. Tojibko y. HeMHornx aKytJi (Chlamydoselachus, Hexanchus) HMeeTca 6 hjih aa?Ke 7 (Heptanchus). Y aKyji mejin OTKpHBaiOTCfl c 6okob Tejia Bnepe#H hjih jmjx rpy^HHx njiaBHHKOB, y CKaTOB — c SpiomHon ctopohh, no,n ocHOBa- rpyAHHx njiaBHHKOB. B OTJin^ne ot Bcex cejiaxna XHMepn HMeiOT 4 ?Ka6ep-' mejin, npnKpHTHe cKJiaflKOH kojkh HanofloSHe JKaSepHon KpnmKH. HacToamyio y KpnniKy HMeiOT Jinint BHcmne ph6h, y KOTopHX OHa npnKpHBaeT H?a6epHyio mejib c 5 JKaSepHHMH N /¦_. 4 ', ) 28 HACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH y Bcex pBi6 JKa6epHue mejra orapBiBaiOTCH c o6enx CTopoH Tejia, ho y. Symbrari- chus oda ?Ka6epHHe OTBepcraa cJiHBaiOTca BMecTe H OTKpHBaiOTca Hapyacy o#hhm< HenapHHM OTBepcTneM, oSpameHHHM BHn3. IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH TyJIOBHID,a HeoSxOAHMO 06paTHTL BHHMaHHe Ha 6OKOByK>- JIHHHK) H HJiaBHHKH. (linea lateralis), coBepmeHHO CBoeo6pa3HBin opraH ^yBCTBr c 6okob Tejia, npoaoJDKaacB TaKJKe n Ha ronoBy, b BH^e no^KOJKHoro Ka- , cooSmaioiiiierocH c HapyHtHOH cpeson OTBepCTHHMH hjih TpySo^KaMH, npo-^ Heniyio hjih noKpoBH. BoKOBaa jihhhh npncyma He tojibko 6ojii>niHH^ CTBy KOCTHCTBix, ho TaK?Ke KpyrjiopoTHM h aKyjiaM. BHemHHH BHfl Sokoboh JiHHnn BectMa pa3HOo6pa3eH. Y oflHnx pn6 OHa npoxoflBT" b BHfle npHMon jinHHH ot tojiobbi flo ocHOBaHHH XBOCTa (ca3aH, jiococl), y flpyrnx — o6pa3yeT cjiojkhbih H3rn6, ocoSeHHO b oSjiacTH rpy,o;HHx njiaBHHKOB (Pelecusr Limanda). Y npeflCTaBHTeJien ceM. Scaridae SoKOBaH jihhhh coctoht H3 flByx 060- npepHBaacB npoTHB KOHn;a cnnHHoro njiaBHHKa, OHa bhobb. flon hojiocoh 3HanHTejiBHO HHH^e. PbiSbi oeM. Hexagrammidae- c KajK,n;oH CTopoHH Tejia no 4—5 jihhhh ; KaM6ajiBi po^a Cynoglossus o6jia,n;aH)T 1—3 JIHHHHMH C rJia3HOH CTOpOHBI TeJia H 1—2 HJIH HH OftHOH — Ha HHJKHeH, CJieHOfe CTopoHe. Eme opnrHHajiBHee SoKOBaa jihhhh npeflCTaBJieHa y HeKOTopiix Blennii- dae; HanpnMep, y Emogrammus c ctopohbi Tejia no Tpn jihhhh, h H3 HHX CHa6?KeHa MHOrO^HCJieHHHMH KOCHMH KOpOTKHMH BeTBHMH, a OzOTther homhmo Tpex Sokobbix jihhhh, HMeeT eme rbq Hefl;opa3BHTBix; Bee ohh cBH3aHBi MejKfly C06010 HanoAoSne eeTH OTXoAHmnMH nofl hphmbim yrJioM MHoro^HCJieHHHMH OTpocT- KaMH. BoKOBaa jinHna SojiBnieio ^acTBio SuBaeT nojiHaa, ho y KopiomKH, rop^aKa n BepxoBKH (Osmerus, Rhodeus, Leucaspius) OHa THHeTca Ha npoTameHHH Bcera HeCKOJIBKHX HemyH. Y HeKOTOpBIX H3 KOCTHCTBIX ee HeT COBepmeHHO; TaKOBBI GlU- peidae,1 Gobiidae, Cyprinodontidae; ee OTcyTCTBne Ha Tejie BO3Meni;aeTca chjibhq pa3BHTOH CHCTeMOH CeHCMOCeH3OpHBIX KaHaJIBI^eB Ha TOJIOBe (TpeTBHKOB, 1939).. K 6okoboh jihhhh, npoflOJimaacB Ha roJiOBy, o6pa3yiOT BecBMa xapaKTepHoe 3flecB mo?kho pa3JiH^HTB HeTHpe ocHOBHBie KaHajia: 3aTHJio^HHH,. noji;rjia3HHHHHH n rnoMaH3H6yjiapHHH; nocjie^HnH npoxo^HT no- (pnc. 94). B cncTenaTHKe Ch^kob, Gobiidae, SojiBmoe reHimopaM, t. e. me^HHM nopaM — CHCTeMH 6okoboh jihhhh Ha Bo MHornx cjiynaax SoKOBaa jihhhh HMeeT 3Ha^eHHe b KanecTBe CKoro npn3HaKa. B TaKOM cjiynae y MHornx oco6en c^HTaiOT hhcjio ^emyn, bxoji;h- hi,hx b ee cocTaB, a TaKJKe onpejjejiaiOT hhcjio pa^OB ^emyn Has Gokoboh JiHHHefi RO OCHOBaHHH CHHHHOrO HJiaBHIIKa H HOfl HdO — flO OCHOBaHHa SpiOHIHOrO. IIpH3HaK 9tot AJia ypajiBCKoro ca3aHa oSosHa^aio? b BHfle ^opMyjiH cjiesyioni.HM eft 1.1. o—6 OSmenpHHHTO BO33peHne Ha nponcxo^fleHHe njiaBHHKOB KaK kojkhoh CKJiajjKH, onoacBiBaBmen Bee Tejio. O^HaKO G. B. E hob (1939) oTBepraeT 9Ty rnnoTe3y, He npn3HaBaa pa3H03HaHHBiM a CKJiaflKy h chhhhoh HJiaBHHK c ero CKejieTOM h MycKyjiaTypon. Oh c^HTaeT, b $HJioreHe3e HnKor^a He Sbijio CKJia^KH cnjiomHoro, OKaHMJiaBmero Bee Tejio He- napHoro njiaBHHKa; no ero MHeHHio, xboctoboh HJiaBHHK, c oahoh ctopqhh, cnnHHoa h aHaJiBHHH — c flpyron, BO3HHKajin caMOCToaTejiBHO. IIofl;o6HBiM me o6pa3OM-. H napHHe HJiaBHHKH He MOrJIH BO3HHKHyTB H3 06niieH 60K0B0H K03KH0H CKJiaj^KH,. t8lk KaK rpy^HHe 3aKJiaflBiBaiOTca 3HaHHTejiBHO paHBme SpioniHBix, h cnHTaeT.. ^to h ohh BO3HHKJIH He3aBHCHMO OflHH ot Hpyroro. IIjiaBHHKH pa3AeJiaioTca Ha napHBie, cooTBeTCTByioiniHe KOHe^HOCTaM bhchihx no3BOHO^HHx, n HenapHHe, hjik BepH. IlapHHMH HBJiaioTca rpyflHHe — P (pinna pectoralis) n 6piomHBie — y . aToqHee, y Clupeidae HMeeTCH ot 2 (Clupea) ao 5 (Sardina) nepeRHHx ^eniyft, npo6op;eHHur OTBepCTHHMH SOKOBOtt JIHHHH, B3aMeH KOTOpoii MOIU.HO pa3BHBaeTCH CHCTeMa CJIH3eBHX Ha rojiOBe h HiaGepHOH II. BHEfflHEE PACqCJIEHEHHE H VHBie , CBH3aHHHe ^>H6pO3HOH TKaHBH) ; C 3HAOCKeJieTHHMH laCTHMH TpHXHH CHHHHOrO H aHaJIBHOrO njiaBHHKOB COeflHHeHH CyCTaBaMH (pHC. 2 H 3). IIjiaBHHKOBbie JiyiH, no KHepy, ^eJiHTCH Ha npocTBie h qjieHHCTHe >h BeTBHCTtie. IlepBiiie Jiynn njiaBHHKOB nacTO npeBpam;aK)TCH b Moni;HHe HHorfla CHaSjKeHHHe haobhtbimh ?Kejie3aMH. Kojironne Jiynn He njieHHCTH h He pa3- «eTBJieHbi, c noJiOH ocbio Ha BceM npoTajKeHnn. MarKne jiynn MoryT 6htb pa3BeT- ;BJieHHHMH n Hepa3BeTBJieHHHMH. fljiH KpaTKOCTH njiaBHHKH o6o3HanaK)T <|>opMyjiaMH, ob KOTopHX OTfleJiBHo yqHTHBaiOT TBepftHe Hepa3BeTBJieHHtie h MflrKne Jiynn. Lucioperca lucioperca — ID — XIII—XV'; HD — I—III —19—23; P — I—II 12—16; V—I —5; A— II—III — 10—14. ,H|jih CHCTeinaTHKOB ocoSeHHO BaJKeH cneT jiynefi b D h A, TaK KaK hx KOJiniecTBO J KOCTHCTHX COOTBeTCTByeT HHCJiy HO3BOHKOB Ha H3B6CTHOM HpOTHJKeHHH T6Jia; Bao6opoT, rpy^HHe h, ocoSeHHO, Spionrane oSHapyjKHBaiOT MeHBniyio ckjiohhoctb W BapBHpOBaHHK>;XBOCTOBHM HJiaBHHKOM B 3THXD;eJIHX oSHKHOBeHHO He nOJIB3yH)TCfl. HoCMOTpHM, KaK BapBHpyiOT B HOJIOJKeHHH, pa3BHTHH H BHfle BCe HJiaBHHKH. IlapHHe njiaBHHKH. Fpy^HHe njiaBHHKH, KaK yjKe yKa3HBajioci», tojibko b peflKHX cjiyqaax OTcyTCTByiOT coBceM; nx HeT y KpyrjiopoTHX, Symbran- ir*r^ OPMA TEJIA; flBii.JKEH.HE PBIB 34!' Oco6oro pa3BHTna Tanne «pyKH» flocTnraiOT y Ogcocephalus, Anten- narius h np. Trigla, Prionotus rjih. toh me nejra— noji3aHHH no y b TpH HJIH flBa HHJKHHX Jiy^a, OTfleJieHHBIX OT npOHHX H MOflH^nipipOBaHHHX B naJiBEteo6pa3HHX npn^aTKOB. 9th me OT#eJieHHLie Jiy^ra cjiymaT # Eme 6oJiee b HanpaBJieHHH ocfl3aHHH cnennajin3HpyiOTCfl Jiynn rpy#Horo, a nHoryja h 6pioiriHoro njiaBHHKa, BbiTflrnBaacB b fljiHHHBie hhth; y Polynemus 4—8 ny^e^ npe,n;cTaBJieHH b BH^e HHTen ,n;jinHHee Bcero Tejia; to me n y rjiySOKOBOflHon Batypf- terois. BpiomHBie njiaBHHKH chjibho BapBnpyiOT no nojiojKeHHio. HopMajiBHoe nojio- 3KeHne — aSflOMKHaJiBHoe — ohh 3aHiiMaiOT tojibko y Hnme opraHH3OBaHHBix KaKOBH ceJiaxHH, a H3 kocthcthx — cejiB,n;eo6pa3HHe n Kapnoo6pa3HLie, ceJiB^B, jiococb, ca3aH. y 6ojiee BHCoKoopraHH3OBaHHHX pBi6 6piomHBie caiemaiOTCfl bhh3 n snepeA, 3aHHMaa TopaKajiBHoe nojioiKeHne no^ (Perca, Scomber) iran saiKe Bnepe^n hhx, Ha rjiOTKe — noJiO/KeHne yp; TaKOBH Gadidae, Blenniidae; y Ophidiinn barbatinn 6pioniHBie njiaBHHKH npiutpen- jieHbi k noflSopoflKy. IlepeMemeHne njiaBHiiKOB ctoht b cbh3h c coKpameHneM SpioniHoro OT^ena bl KOHn;eHTpai^HeH BHyTpeHHOCTeii b nepe^HeH ^acTH Tena. IIpH cJiaSocTH Ta3OBoro nonca HeyflHBHTejiBHO, ^to V pesyiprpyiOTCH hjih cob- cen nc^esaiOT ropasflOHame^eM rpy^HBie. BpioniHHx njiaBHHKOB HeT y Kpyrjiopo- thx, y Syngnathidae, SymbranDhii, Gymnotidae, Tetrodontidae, Diodontidae; HeT ix y Bcex yrpefl (oTCio^a Ha3BaHne OTpn.ua Apodes). Hfo 3to HBJieHne BTopnHHoe, HBCTByeT H3 Toro, hto HCKonaeMEiH yropB Urenchelys oSjraflaJi oSohmh napHHMH. h oSocoo^eHHLiM XBOCTOBHM njiaBHHKaMn. O^eHB cJiaSo pa3BHTH V y Blenniidae h Boo6ni;e y pLi6, 3a6npaioni;Hxca b hopkh. BaMe^iaTejieH Cyprinodon nigrolineatus, y KOToporo o^hh ocoSn nx nneiOT, apyrne JinnieHBi. y rypaain — O$phromenus, Trychogaster — r,n;e V npncnocoSjiniOTCH 0CH3aHHH, HeKOToptie Jiy^n BHTHrHBaiOTCH b fljinHHLie hhth. HHorji;a ot coxpaHHeTCH Bcero HecKonBKO HHTeii, KaK y Regalecus. V kojuodikh, Gasterosteus, ot njiaBHHKa coxpaHHeTCH tojibko o^Ha KOJiionKa n ojph MnrKnn Jijn, ay Mono-^ centris n Balistes Bcero tojibko o^Ha KOJiio^Ka. "^pesBH^anHo xapaKTepHo n3MeHeHiie 6pioniHLix njiaBHHKOB b npncocKy. y Cyclopterus n Liparis npncocKa sepiKiiT pi.i6y TaK npoHHO, ^ito ee Tpy^HO oto- ot KRME.H.. YLepadogaster (ceM. Gobiesocidae) npricocKa pa3BHBaeTCH 3a c^eT p njiaBHHKOB, cKJia^KH ko>kii ii HSMeHeHHLix KocTen HJie^eBoro noaca. Em;e 6ojiee ycJiO/KHeHHan npncocKa pa3BHBaeTCH y Gastromyzon, oSnTaiomieH b rop- hhx noTOKax BopHeo; y Hen b npucocKy npeo6pa3yeTCH bch SpioniHaH CTopoHa- BMecTe c rpy^HLiMH njiaBHHKaMn. HaKOHen;, KpanHe CBoeo6pa3Hoe npeo6pa3o- npeTepneBaiOT sa^Hne Jiynn SpioniHBix njiaBHHKOB y aKyji n CKaTOB, npeBpa- b opraH coBOKynjieniiH, — MiiKConTepnrnn, iijih nTepnrono^nn, KOTOpBiir He tojibko flJiH yflep/KaHiiH caMKii, ho y^iacTByeT n b aKTe onjioflOTBopeHHH (piic. 5). HenapHLie n ji a b h h k n. H3 HenapHBix njiaBHimoB npe/K^e Bcero pac- CMOTpHM XBOCTOBOH. IIo ^OpMeiinO paCHOJIOJKeHHIO OTHOCHTeJIBHO KOHna n03B0H0ltI- HHKa M0>KH0 paSJIIWIITB HeCKOJIBKO THIIOB XBOCTa. Bee pBl6tI B JIH^nHO^HOM HJIH 3M6pnoHajiBHOM cocTOHHnn npoxo^HT CTa^nio ciiMMeTpnHHOH Sesjiy^eBon njiaBHH- koboh KafiMBi, oKpyjKaiomen Konen; nosBOHO^HHKa, KOTOpyio mo^kho 6bijio 6bi Ha- 3BaTB npomoi\epnueii. OffHaKo H3 coBpeMeHHBix npeflCTaBiiTeJien tojibko y KpyrJio- POtbix mojkho KOHCTaTnpoBaTB cym;eGTBOBaHne noaoSHon njiaBHHKOBon KanMH, noAflepjKHBaeMOH HeJKHBiMHJiyHaMH n oxBaTHBaioni;eH3aflHHH KOHen; cnnHHOHCTpyHBi. IIoji;o6hbim me o6pa3OM y flByflBunan];Hx.no3BOHOHHHK BXO,o;nT npiiMO b XBOCTa. TaKan $o'pMa nepBHHHo cnMMeTpnqHoro XBOCTa KpatHe pe^KO b npnpofle; CKopee nonBJieHne hojihoh BHyTpeHHen n BHeniHefl cnMMeTpnn HyH?HO paccMaTpnBaTB KaK^BTopnnHoe HBjieHne; oho H3BecTH0 noa HMeHen r h $ n n; e p- k hh (pnc. 6). CyftH no TOMy, hto y flpeBHennrax Dipnoi xboct reTepon;epKHHS[, y flBy^HmamiHx fln$nn;epKnfl — HBJieHne BTopn^Hoe. y Bcex HanSoJiee ,a;peBHnx rpynn HacTOHm;HX pBi6, KaK Lepidosteus, a TaK/Ke y MHornx HCKonaeMbix $opM, HMeeTCH *iactb tiepbah. MOPoJiorna i V 1 , I 1 , 1 S i i (-I \- 'in it -i xboct, b kotopom KOHeq; no3BOHoqHoro CTOJioa pe3Ko 3arH- 6aeTca BBepx, nojmepjKKBaa BepxHioio h hhskhiok)—JionacTH. 3Ta acHMMeTpn^. Has <$opMa hocht Ha3BaHHe zemepoi^epnuu. B pejjKHX cjiy^aax (ncKonaeMtie) iio3bohonraHCTBa kocthcthx pa3BHBaeTca BTopniqHaH <|>opMa XBOCTa, op;HaKO c 3arH6aroin;aMCH BBepx ypoeraiieM. onapaiOTca b Bepxaefi Ha ocracTHe otpoctkh sa^Hnx no3BOHKOB, a nm- BHfl;on3MeHeHHHe jinmeHHHe reaiajiBHoro , npeBpamaiOTCH b njiacTHH^aTHe o6pa- 30BaHHH H CJiyjKaT OHOpOH HHSKHeBL H OTHaCTH BepXHefr nOJIOBHHH XBOCTa. 3fleci> mh HMeeM HaaSoJiee pacnpo- Hyio $op&iy cOMoi^epnujo. Y TpecKOBHX ptio BCJieACTBne paBHOMepHoro bh^bh- HveHHa BepXHHX H HH3KHHX OCTHCTBIX OTpOCTKOB, Ha KOTOpue OHHpaiOTCH pa3BHBaeTca BTopire- BHpaJKeHHaa b Ha- lt BHyTpeHHefi CHMMeTpnH ee o6h^ho Ha3HBaiOT U30- y MaJIBKOB TaKOH XBOCT He- pejjKO SbisaeT noMonepKHHM. H30- n,epKHa npncyma TamKe Anguillidae, Zoarcidae. B HeKOTopBix CHMMeTpna C06CTBeHH0 XBOCTOBOrO KOTopHH 3aMeHaeTca ho- BHM, 06pa30BaHHHM CJIHHHHeM pa3- pocranxca Ha3aji; nacTen cnnHHoro n anajiBHoro njiaBHHKOB; 3RecB HJiaBHH- KOBtie Jiy^n onnpaiOTca Ha HacToamne nTepnrHo^opH. Tanoe cocTOHHne ee- (fiupoi$epRuu CBOHCTBeHHO Mola, Fie- rasfer. B npHMeHeHHH k 3aocTpeHHOMy XJIHCTOBHRHOMy XBOCTy THHa MaCTUTUS hjih HeKOTopHX Blenniidae HHorp;a ynoTpe6jiaiOT TepMHH jienmou^epnuu.^ GpaBHHBaa BeJiHHHHy BepxHen h HHJKHen JionacTH XBOCTa, moh^ho 3aivieTHTB, BepxHaa JionacTB 6HBaeT SojiBine, paBHa hjih MeHBnte HHJKHen. Ha 3tom ocho- TOBOpaT 06 9HH-, H30- HJIH THnoOaTHOM XBOCTe. ' IIojiHoe OTcyTCTBne XBOCTOBoro HJiaBHHKa Ha6jiioji;aeTca cpaBHHTeJiBHO pep;Ko ¦{Trygon, Hippocampus). Y Trachypterus xboctoboh nJiaBHHK HanpaBJieH noji; npa- MbiMyrjioM k npoHOJiBHOH ochTeJia BBepx; HaoSopoT, y Aeoliscus, phSbi, miaBaioni,eH b BepTHKaJiBHOM noJiojKeHHH, oh HanpaBJieH no OTHomeHHK) k och bhh3, a <|>aKTH> ^ecKH Bnepea (pne. 8). OopMa XBOCTOBoro njiaBHHKa Haxo^HTca b cbh3h c o6pa3OM hxh3hh ph6. Fefe- ipon.epKHH 6ojiBnieK) ^acTBio cBH3aHa c hidkhiim nojioiKeHHeM pTa (oc ho He Lepidosteus). Y anyjiH Alopias vulpes, mopckoh jihchihh, BepxHaa XBOCTa ftocTnraeT ^jihhh Bcero Tejia; bhhhmo, ctojib MomHoe pa3BHTHe XBOCTa •ocTaTOK KaKHX-TO yTpa^eHHtix^yHKiiiHH; HtiHe oh cJiynsnT rjih p,o6BiBaHHa JIeTaiOHi;He puSn hmciot hh^khioio JionacTB XBOCTa 6ojiee chjibho pa3BHTyio, ¦cnocoScTByeT BbinptirnBaHHio H3 borh; ho b to me BpeMa y rjiySoKOBOAHOfit Gigan- tura HH?KHHa jionacTB XBOCTa ^ame npeBuniaeT ftJiHHy TeJia. Phc. 5. MiiKCorrrepHriift, hjih nTepiirononntt: A — Somniosus microcephalies; B — Lanina cornubica; C — Rhinobatus columnae; e cniiH- . 1 HOft CTOpOHH. (IIO K)preHCOHV.) a — npHHaTOHHbiii xpam; ap — npoKCHMaJibHHft HJie- hhk CTBoaa; ax' — oceBoft rjiaBHbiii xpam MHKConTepii- thh; ax'—niiCTajibHbiu kohcti; CTBOJia; bp—6a3Hirre- .^Hrnii; md, me— aop3ajibHbiii n BeHTpanbHuti Maprn- HajibHHe xpHmH; r — 3anHiie Heii3MeHeHHHe radii Ha ¦ OasHHTepnran; id, tdi, tv, tvt —nop3ajibHuu hhu KOHueBHe xpam,n. I II. BHEHIHEE PACHJIEHEHHE H OPMA TEJIA; RBHSKEHHE PHB 33 3T0M OCHO- KOCTHCTHX pH6 B CBH3H C o6pa3OM 3KJZ13HBL pa3JIHqaiOT 6 <$OpM XBOCTOBOrO : 1) nonyJiyHHHfi — TyHeri;, 2) BHJioo6pa3HHS[ — cejn>Hi>; 3) BHeMnaTHfi (nHor«a aBOHKOBHeMWTHft) — ca3aH, jiococb, cy«aK; 4) yceneHHHH — nnHarop; 5) OKpyrjieHHHft — HaJiHM; 6) 3aocTpeHHHH — SejiB^iora. OopMa XBOCTOBoro njiaBHHKa He MomeT He 6htb CBH3aHa co ciioco6hoctbk) nna- JI 6 6 6 p BaHHfl. JI,OJirO H 6HCTpO n BHeM^aTHM xboctom; $ npncymn MeHee no- O6pa3 5KH3HH. njiaBHHK b 6oJifcniHHCTBe cjiynaeB nr- TOJIBKO C HOJiyJiyHHHM, BHJI006pa3HHM paeT pojib khjih; b cbh3h C 9THM pti6H (Harip., CKaTH) ftaiOT HJIH HJiaBHHKOM, HJIH OH y HHX HMeiOT ORHH HJIH JljBa D. y aKyji ceM. Heterodonti- dae n Squalidae nepep; Ka?KAHM H3 AByX CnHHHBIX HJiaBHHKOB HMeeTCfl HO XO- pomo' pa3BHT0My innny. BHMepmne flO 1 cnjiBHee pa3BHTHMn; ReBOHCKHX H KaiVteHHO- njiacTax oneHB KpynHHe, M B JJ,JlVm.y, HXTHORO- Pnc. 6. XboctoboiI A—npoToiiepKiiFi, Miraora; B—reTepouepKHH, Acipenser; C—ro- McmepKira, Elops; D— iisouepKim, Gadus; E— JienTOUepKim, Mala- , cocephalus; G— re$npoitepKHH, Mola. mne o nHiHHOM aKyji b Te anoxn. GpeflH KOCTHCTblX TOJIb- ko b peftKHX cjiy^anx HeT cnnHHoro iraaBHHKa (Hanp., Electrophorus — ckhh yropb). B cjiyiaeB hx 6HBaeT , ,o;Ba HJiH Tpn (TpecKa). Y napycHbix pbi6, Histiophorus oh ftocTnraeT ocoSeHHO 6oJibmnx pa3MepoB b AJiHHy n BbiniHHy. y njiaBaioni,eH b BepTHKajibHOM nojio?KeHHH Aeoliscus Tejio, o^eToe b kocthhh ^yTJiap, BHTHrnBaeTCH KHH3y b rain, h RBa cnnHHHX njiaBHHKa, paBHo KaK h xboctoboh, nepeMemaiOTCH Ha Spionrayio cto- poHy; nocjieRHHH nocTaBJieH nofl; yrjiOM k npoflOJibHOH ocn TeJia n HanpaBJieH Bnepeff (pnc. 8). • B Tex cjiy^aHX, Kor^a D cjiya?HT opraHOM RBHiKeHHH (KaiviSaJia), oh pacTHrn- BaeTCH rjihhhoh JieHTOH b^ojib cnHHbi. V KOJiio^enepbix nepBbie Jiynn hjih Becb nepBHfi D npeflCTaBJiHiOT cnjibHHe kojiio^ikh, Hepe^KO CHa63KeHHbie H,a;oBHTbiMH.jKe- Jie3aMH. TojibKO b pejjKnx cJiy^anx b mecTKne npeBpamaiOTCfl nocJieffHHe' Jiyna njiaBHHKa (Zoarces). Kojiio^kh, KaK ocTaTKH njiaBHHKa, MoryT ctohtb ot Hero o6oco6jieHHO (Gastero- steidae—Pygosteuspungitius); y hiiohckoh pbi6bi Monocentris kojiiohkh HancKOCB, HanpaBO h HajieBO, a He b BepTHKajiBHon hjiockocth, KaK y npd^inx y CKyM6pneo6pa3HHX (Scombriformes) no3aAH xopoino pa3BHTHX cnnHHoro h aHaJibHoro njiaBHHKOB pacnoJiaraeTCH em;e n;ejiHH pH^ MajieHbKHX JibHHe HJiaBHHKH HMeiOTCH hj Polypterus. 3 Ochobu Hxxaoaornn - ' I1 M I O \< \ IV. r' : i I;: i >*¦ * ¦ fcfi? HACTb HEPBAH. MOP«X>OJIOrHH GBoeo6pa3Hoe npeBpameHne Ha6lJiioflaeTca y pH6Bi-npnjinnajio, Echeneis. CiraH- hoh njiaBHHK y nee nepeMemaeTca Ha rojioBy n npeBpanjaeTca b npncacHBaTeJiBHHfi. npn 9tom Jiy^n pa33eJiaiOTca Ha ABe hojiobhhh, pacxoRHmneca b npoTHBO- CTopoHH, o6pa3ya nonepe^HBie njiacTHHKH. IIpncacHBaacB k aKyjiaM, KopaSjiaM, 3Ta pH6a naccnBHO nepeMemaeTca na 3Ha^HTeJiBHBie paccToa- hhh. . B HeKOToptix cjiy^aax OTflejiBHBie Jiy^n njiaBHHKa, BBiTarnBaacB b flJiHHHBie' hhth, BHflHMO, aBJiaiOTca opraHaMH 0CH3aHna. y MOJiOftHX Trachypterus mecTB nepBHX jiy^efl cbohmh pa3MepaMH B^eTBepo npeBHmaiOT jyinHy Bcero Tejia. y npeflCTaBHTejien yHHJiBnniKOB, Lophiidae, nepBHH nyn D H30JrapoBaHHO* Ha Mopj];y n BHTarnBaeTca b fljJiHHHyio hhtb, cJiysKamyio npi^aHKofi (illicium). y poflCTBeHHBix hm rjiySoKOBORHBix Ceratiidae Ha ifo;n;o6HOH- hhth pacnojiaraeTca cBeTHmHfica oipTdL&.,dLy Lasiognathus Ha Hen,KpoMe (J>OTO$opay aajKe h KpioHOK, KaK y HacToamero yflnjiBm;HKa. njiaBHHK, nop;o6HO cnnHHOMy, cjryjKHTbKa^ecTBekhjih; b HeKOTOpHX oh aBJiaeTca opraHOM RBHJKeHna n Tor,n;a chjibho pa3BHBaeTca b ji;jiHHy (KaMSana, yropB, BneKTp^^ecKHH yropB, com). Hao6opoT, y Tra- chypterus, Regalecus, Squalus — oh coBcen OTcyTCTByeT. y TpecKBL A. Jlynn b aHajiBHOM njiaB- MarKne; nepeRHne n3 hhx MoryT npeBpamaTBca b mnntt n kojiio^kh, KOToptie HHor,o;a. (Caranx, Trachurus,Zeus)~ Oco6eHHO CBoeo6pa3Hoe npe- BpameHne moskho otmgthtb y npeflCTaBHTejieH ceM. Gyprino- dontidae (Poeciliidae), y koto- pHX. aHajiBHHH njiaBHHK npn- cnocoSjieH rjih n;eJieH Konyjia-' d;hh; to 5Ke Ha6jiiojiiaeTca y Hemirhamphus H3 ceM. Scombre- Phc. 7. ^BHJKeHiie pLi6. CBepxy — anyjia, CHH3y — socidae. yropb. (IIo Mapett.) ^BHSEeHHe pLi6. Hsy^ieHne- MexaHHKH HBHSKenna pBi6 b no- CJieHHee BpeMa c^enajio BHaniiTejiBHBie ycnexn npn noMomn noflBOjiiHOH khho- ci>eMKH. Mo?kho cHHTaTB, ^to cymecTByeT ABa rjiaBHBix cnoco6a RBHJKeHna: 1) npn. BOjiHOo6pa3HBix H3rn6oB Tejia, nyTeM nocJienoBaTejiBHoro coKpameHna, 'yjiOBnn^a n XBOCTa, h 2) npn noMomn paSoTBi njiaBHHKOB. Han6ojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHHH cnoco6 RBH/KeHna — nepBHfl. Ilpn n3rn6aHna npoSeraeT no TeJiy cnepe^H Ha3aj];,- ot tojiobh k XBOCTy; y pn6 n3rn6aHHH npoxoji;aT b ropn3OHTaJiBHOH hjiockocth, y nnaBOK — b BepTHKajiBHOHr y. RejiB^nHOB — h b ropn3OHTajiBHon, h b B.epTHKajiBHOH. Bnpo^eM, HapxoB (1939) ocnapnBaeT nocJie^Hee Ha6jiioji;eHne DlyjieHKHHa n yTBepjKRaeT, hto nocTynaTejiB- Hoe ABHJKeHne HejiB^HHa socTnraeTca K0Jie6aHnaMH XBOCTa BBepx n bhh3 6e3 Kpy- roBHX RBH.meE.wu. XBOCTa. y yrpeo6pa3HBix KOJieSaHna npon3BOji;aTca BceM TejioM,. y apyrnx, Bpo^e Kapna hjih ^opejin, BOJiHOo6pa3HHe RBHjKeHna npnyponeHBi tojibko k XBOCTOBOMy oT^ejiy Tejia, b to BpeMa KaK nepep;HHH KOHen, jihhib HeMHoro KOJie6- o6e CTopoHBi. B.B.Elyjichkhh (1936 r.) npOTHBonojiaraeT yrpeBHflHyio $opMy pnSaM: y yrpen npoSeraionjaa no Teny «TBepflaa BOJiHa» npoxojptT c no- y BepeTeHOo6pa3HBix pti6 — c BO3pacTaioni1eH k XBOCTy aMHJIHTyji;OH. GKOpOCTB RBH?KeHHa TBep^OH BOJIHB1 npeBBIHiaeT CKOpOCTB RBHSKeHHai 9Ta pa3Hnn;a n BBi3HBaeT OTTaJiKHBaHne pbiSbi Bnepeji;. IIpo^). lUyjieHKHH paccTOHHne, npoxop;nMoe ph6oh 3a nepnop; ohhoh TBepRon bojihh, Ha- 3HBaa ero «maroM»; mar cocTaBJiaeT okojio hojiobhhh rjihhh Kopnyca. '>!i'v' V7"/* II. BHEHIHEE PAC^JIEHEHELE H <3>0PMA TEJIA; JJBH5KEHHE PHB 35 nojie3Horo aencTBHH1 npn btom HOCTnraeT 0.63—0.85, b to BpeMH KaK bhht cyjn*a HMeeT ero paBHBiM 0.75. Oh bbojplt eme noHHTne «npnBe,n;eHHoro mara», nojiy^aio- merocfl ot #eJieHnH nepnojja o^hoh bo^ehbi Ha rjiehj pbiSh, t. e. T: L, rpe v — CKopocTB,T — BpeMH h L — fliTHHa pbi6h. IIpHBefleHHHH mar HanSojiBmHH y yrpen h Boo6m,e KoneSjieTCH ot 0.45 ro 0.57. HanSojiBmaH pa6oTa npn njiaBaHHH Ha 3anHK)K) ^:acTB Tejia, Jie?KaniiyK) no3ann OKOH^aHHH hojiocth Tejia. ^BHTKeHHH pBlStl HyTeM BOJIHOo6pa3HBIX KOJieSaHHH yCTaHOBJieHBI y -^xvj.-xjai, TyHii;a, MaKpean. OnBrra Bpe^epa c KpacHonepKon noATBep3K,n;aK)T BTopoCTeneHHyio pojiB XBOCTOBoro nnaBHHKa. OTpe3an nocjieftHnfi coBepmeHHO, Ha3BaHHHH aBTop OTMeTHJi, *rro onepnpoBaHHaH pn6a npnncnyre npoSeraeT. RJraHy aKBapnyMa c Ta- kok) ?Ke'CKopocTBio, KaK h 3,o;opoBaH. Ho, KOHeHHo, coBceM OTpnn;aTB pojiB xbocto- Phc. 8. A — Aeoliscus strigatus; B—Synodontis batensoda. (IIo HopMaHy.) Boro njiaBHHKa HejiB3a, h6o oh nrpaeT pojiB He tojibko pyjin, ho OT^acTH h Becjia, KaK npn rojuiaHflCKOM cnocoSe rpe6jin. Xopomne hjiobuih HMeiOT o6hkhob6hho chjibho pa3BHTBie xboctobhc JionacTH, a xboctoboh CTeSejiB ctpohhbih h MycKyjincTHH; HHor,n;a oh eme 6HBaeT 6okobhmh khjihmh (MeH-pBi6a). Ecjih CTpoeHiie Tejia HCKJiio^aeT bo3mojkhoctb BOJiHOo6pa3HHx Hanp.,y Ky3OBKa, Ostracion,xboctoboh njiaBHHK nrpaeT rjiaBHyio pojiB b B HeKOTopBix cJiynaHX ^asKe cnnHHofi njiaBHHK, o6hhho nrpaiomnH pojib khjih, oSjia^aeT BOJiHooSpasHHM^BHJKeHneM n cnocoScTByeT nocTynaTeJiBHOMy flBiisKeHHio; TOMy jKe cnocoScTByeT h aHaJiBHHH. 9to mh bh^hm y Amia. Kanvi6ajia MOHteT pa3- BHBaTB 6ojiBinyio ckopoctb flBHJKeHHH, npoH3BO,Di;fl BOJiHOo6pa3HBie ABHH?eHna Tejia be ooohx HenapHBix njiaBHHKOB, aHanBHoro h cnnHHoro. GoBceM CBoeo6pa3HO abhskctch mopckoh kohck. ycnjieHHO pa6oTaa chhhhbim h rpyflHHMH HJiaBHHKaMH, oh b to ?Ke BpeMH BOJiHOo6pa3HO H3rn6aeT xboctoboh CTeSejiB, jinmeHHHH XBOCTOBoro njiaBHHKa, h nepeMeni;aeTCH BBepx no BHHTOo6pa3- HOH JIHHHH. Pojib napHHX njiaBHHKOB 3aKJHonaeTCH b no^^epiKaHnn paBHOBecnH Tejia, a paBHO H B H3MeHeHHH HanpaBJieHHH ^BHJKeHHH. HeKOTOpyK) pOIEB B ABHJKeHHH M03KH0 npn3HaTB 3a rpyRHBiMH HJiaBHHKaMH y Diodon, Monacanthus. 3aTO Momjao pa3BH- 1 T. e. HacTHOe ot nojie3HOii paSoTH Ha bcio !'. ll •! tX u it- 'i. k I '£ .?' Ijil ll 'I' '111 is HACTb IIEFBAH. P y CKaTOB, HapHffy C BepTHKa^IbHblMH BOJIHOO6pa3HbIMH RBHH^eHHHMH jiOBJiHBaiOT b cny^ae Ha^oSHOCTH o^eHb SHCTpoe ABHH?eHne. GoBceM oco6hh po^ ABH?KeHHfl onncHBaeT XpaHHJiOB (1929) y Enedrias (Blen- niidae). Ha3BaHHaa pH6a MoateT nepeMemaTBca no RHy, ynnpaacB b rpyHT ffByMH .ynaMH A n BbinpflMJiaH Tejio; 3aTeM 0Ha 3an,enjiaeTca 3a rpyHT H3Me- b kojiio^kh V, pacnojiojKeHHHMH B03Jie rojiOBbi, h, H3rn6aa Tejio, noftTa- xboct k rojioBe; ^ajiee 0Ha bhobb BbinpaMJiaeT Tejio n t. n* ixaHH^ecKoe oTTaJiKHBaHHe CTpyn boaw, nponycKaeMOii. nepe3 5Ka6epHyio BO BpeMH ^blXaHHH, IipH RBHJKeHHH He HrpaeT CaMOCTOHTeJIBHOH pOJIH. Gkopoctb pajKeHifl pn6 pa3JiHHHa. TIo MaHBHHy (Magnan), jiococb n KyM5Ka npoxo^aT b ceKyHRy 5, TyHen; — 6, roJiySaa anyjia — 10 m. HtoSh npHBeCTH 3TH BeJIHHHHbl B CpaBHHMblH BHJi;, OH fl,eJIHT Ha6jIK)fleHHyK) CKOpOCTBL B CM/ceK. — \ Ha 3T0M OCHOBaHHH OH 1) KaTeropnn. 6bicTpHe ph6h. Ko3$Hn,neHT ckopocth ;r7— paBeH Ha KBaapaTHbifi KopeHb H3 ajihhh Tejia b cm L: —j= . 30 — 70. MHorne y 2) BHCTpne. Ko3$HD,HeHT — 30—60. JIococb, 3) YMepeHHo SbiCTpHe — 20—30, nopoio cnocoSHLi k Sojibniofi cKopocTH — cenbj],b, Ke^aJib, Tpecna. 4) He 6biCTpHe— 10—20. GiOAa othochtch pe^Hbie ii npnSpeHtHbie, KaK ca3aHbi. 5) Me^JieHHbie — 5—10 — cySjiHTOpaJibHbie npnji;oHHbie: Shhkii, 6) O^eHb Mep;jieHHbie, npenMymecTBeHHO nepeffBHraiomneca hhkob: KOJiioinKa n np. B OTji;eJibHHX cjiy^anx HeKOTOpbie ph6h MoryT pa3BHBaTb KOJioccajibHyio CKopocTb. B jiohji;ohckom KeHCHHrTOHCKOM My3ee BbicTaBJieHa ^tacTb sySoBoro mnaHroyTa KopaSjin b 30 cm tojhh;hhoh h noKpbrroro Mep,bio, HacKBO3b npoSnToro Mena-pbiGbi. Me^i cjioMajica h ocTajicH b Kopnyce KopaSjiH. IIo BH^acjie- aKaaeMHKa A. H. KpHJiOBa, pbi6a b momcht yp;apa ROJiwHa 6bi.ua pa3BHTb CKOpOCTb 90 KM B HaC. GoBceM ocoShhkom ctoht nojieT jieTy^eii ph6h^ GnocoSHOCTb k noJieTaM cboh- CTBeHHa DieJiOMy pa^y pbi6. V hhx oco6eHHo cnjibHO pa3BHBaiOTCH rpy^HHe njiaB- hhkh, KOTopbie ftJiH Exocoetus (pHC. 4) cjiyjKaT napaniiOTOM, a y Dactylopterus RasKe npoH3BOji;HT Bn6pnpyioHi,He p,BHJKeHHH. KopoTKne CJiy^afiHbie nojieTbi bo3- mo5khh TaKme y a^pnKaHCKOH pe^Hofi ph6h Pantodon buchholzi n roHraoaMepH- KaHCKiix Gasteropelecus, Carnegiella h Thoracocharax (h3 Gharacinidae). Y hhx y Bcex HMeeTca rnnoSaTHHH xboct c 6ojiee chjibho pa3BHTOH muKHen JionacTbio. Ilo cjiOB.aM npo$. UlyneHKHHa, jieTy^aa pn6a pa3BHB'aeT MaKCHMajibHyio Hyio CKopocTb ji;o 18 m b ceKyH^y, t. e. CKopocTb KypbepcKoro noe3p,a, xboctobhm njiaBHHKOM Hanoji;o6ne KOJibn,eBHx bojih. npn 3tom H3 bohm, nepBOHa^ajibHO CKOJib^H Ha peRaHe; njiaHnpyiomne rpy^HHe pacnpaBJiHiOTCH noaoSHo rn^ponjiaHy h rjinccepy, h pbi6a, HaKOHen;, ot bohh h JieTHT no BO3fl,yxy. IIoJieT Exocoetus npoROJDKaeTCH ro 18 ceK. Ha npoTH- TKeHHii 200 m, ho b HCKJiiOHHTejibHHX cjiy^aax — so 1 mhh. n 400 m b AJraHy co cko- pocTbio 7—20 m b ceK. Bhckohhb H3 BOflbi noji, yrjiOM 30—45°, pbi6a aocTnraeT BHcmen tohkh noA^eMa, nocjie ^ero nocTeneHHO onycKaeTCH, orn6aH rpeSHn bojih. Dactylopterus pejjKo nojib3yeTCH CBoen chocoShoctbio k noneTaM, ho see me o 20 m Ha BbicoTe0.3 m. BHmeyKa3aHHHe npecHOBOAHHe He MoryT npojieTaTb no BO3Ayxy 6oJiee HecKOJiBKnx OcoSae |opMH njiaBaHHH. nojib3OBaHne naccHBHoro nepeMemeHHH TaKH?e Haxo^nT npHMeneHne y pbi6. GiORa y napycoo6pa3HbiH chhhhoh njiaBHiiK y npeACTaBHTejiefi Histiophorus\ em,e, CBoeo6pa3Hee rojiOBHaa npncocKa Echeneis, no3BOjraioiH,aH pn6e npnKpenjiHTbca k TeJiy anyji hjih Kopnycy Kopa6jiH. Tetro- h Diodontidae, pa3p,yBaH BO3Ayx6M mejiyaoK h njiaBaa Ha cnnHe, e«Ba jih bto ji;ejiaiOT c n;ejibK) nepeMenj,eHHH; CKOpee 3to 3aHi,HTHoe npHcnoco6jieHHe, h6o c him CBH3aHO pacnpaBJieHne bo Bee ctopohh II. BHED3HEE PACHJIEHEHHE I 40PMA TEJIA; RBHJKEHnE PHB 37 ero K. Cyclopterus, pa3AyBancB, noAHHMaeTCH BBepx n BeneT Torp,a o6pa3 JKH3HH BMecTO oStraHo S Ph6h Boo6me njiaBaiOT b HecKOJifcKO BecLMa CBoeo6pa3HHX yKJioHeHnfi. Ecjih BepTHKaJitHoe MopcKoro KOHBKa hh y Koro He BH3HBaeT yflHBJieHHH, to 3totojibko opnrnHaJibHofi $opMH TeJia, KaK SyATO rjih Toro h npeAHasHa^eHHoro. Ho p ceM. Gentriscidae b Mhrhhckom OKeaHe HMeeTCfl KypBe3HaH pBi6Ka Aeoliscus stri- gatus (AmpJiisile); coSnpancB MaJieHBKHMn CTaflKaMH b hojiaiojkhhbi oeo6en, OHa njiaBaeT b BepTHKaJiBHOM noJioJKeHnn, o6opothcb TpyS^aTHM phjiom BBepx, a ho- jKeBHAHO-3aocTpeHHHM 6pK>niK0M Bnepep;. Eme Sojiee cBoeo6pa3Ho comhkh a^pnKaHCKMx pen Synodoutis batensoda, a TaKme Rhinodoras. nepeMemaflCB y noBepxHocTH boah, ohh jiesKaT, o6opoTHCB SpioxoM BBepx, a chh- hok) bhh3, — cboSctbo, xopomo H3BecTHoe speBHHM erHHTHHaM, KOTopue H3o6pa- 3KaJIH CHHO^OHTa B CBOHX CKyJIBHTypaX HMeHHO B TaKOM nOJIOSKeHHH. Cym,eCTByH)T yKa3aHHH, ^to njiaBaHne Ha cnirae Ha3BaHHHX comob HyjKHO paccMaTpHBaTB KaK COH HJIH COCTOHHHe HOKOH (pHC. 8). BeaHHHHa pw6. IIo BejinHHHe cpeRH pa6 HaxoAHM *ipe3BHreaHHHe KpafiHOCTH, OT THraHTCKHX Hy^OBHUi; JJO KpOXOTHHX OpraHH3MOB B HeCKOJIBKO MM RJIHHOK). K Han6ojiee KpynHHM pn6aM HysKHo bTHecTH HeKOTopHX aKyji, KaK Cetorhinus maximus — rjihhoio ao 15, a HHor^a, KaK HCKJiio^eHHe, Aawe «o 30 m; apyraH , Rhineodon typicus, AOCTnraeT 17 mh 6ojiee. HeKOTopHe CKaTH TaK?Ke ot- rpoMa^HOH Bejin^HHofi; Ceratoptera vampyrus, HMen rhck mnpHHOio ro 6 m h Bee fro 500 Hr, mojkct npep;cTaBHTB rjih pnSaKa cepte3Hyio onacriocTB, oco- 6eHHO Korffa samnmaeT fteTeHHma. B KacnnficKOM Mope b KOHne nponuioro CTOJie- thh eme nonaflaJincL 6ejiyrn flo 1.5 tohhbi bccom. Gomh b pa3HHX peKax BCTpe^a- jihcb npe5K,o;e flo 2—2. 5 n;; 6pa3HjiBCKan Arapaima gigas, apananMa, hjih nnpopyKa, flocTHraeT b AJiHHy 4.5 m h Beca 2 i;. . npoTHBonojiosKHyio KpanHOCTB npeflCTaBJiaeT Kpome^Htin 6hhok Mistichthys luzonensis b 03epax o. JIion;oH (OnjinnraiHCKne ocTpOBa). HecMOTpflHa cboh 10— 14 mm, oh npn rpoMaAHOii hjioaobhtocth npeacTaBjraeT HeMajiOBasKHHfi npoRyKT HeKOTopue H3 Tponn^ecKnx Poeciliidae ne npeBLimaiOT 25 mm. (1932) omicaJi jin^HHOHHyio $opMy, OTHeceHHyio hm k poay Hemir- hamphus. OflHaKO }Khjit3 (Giltay, 1934) npn3HaJi, ^ito bto ocoShh pop; Schindleria ceM. Schindleriidae (n3 Blennioidei); 3to ManeHBKne pbi6kh, ;o;ocTHraioii!,He 3pe- JIOCTH, HMefl 12 MM B ftJIHHy. HanMeHBiniiM 113 iio3bohohhbix b npe^eJiax GGGP aBJiaeTCH Hyrcanogobius bergi Iljin b KacnHiicKOMMope; BejiimiiHa B3pocjiHX caMii;oB paBHaeTca 31, a caMOK— 26 mm; nojiOBO3peJiocTH btot Gbi^ok ^ocTHraeT npn RjiHHe 21 mm. HanSojiee KopoTKoii ?kh3hbio, He CBHme 1 rop;a, oSjiaffaeT np03pa^HHH[ S Latrunculus pellucidus n KHTaiicKafl pnSKa Salanx. TaKOBa JKe p JKH3HH MHornx Haniiix Shhkob, KaK Benthophilus, Caspiosoma, Proterorhinus, Bubyr h Ap.; ohh yMiipaiOT nocjie OKOH^aHHH pa3MHOJKeHHH hjih, caMHLi, nocJie (Mjibiih). . Bee Tejia ph6h HeMHoro npeBHinaeT eRHHimy. B qacTHOCTH, y Raja clavata oh paBHHeTCH 1.22, y Platessa platessa — 1.21. Ilo JIo63HHy (1940), yaejib- hhh Bee ca3aHa npn 15° 0.987, npn —3.5° 0.944, coMa 5KHBoro ot 0.995 no 1.01,. Tor^a KaK napHoro 0.933. Ilo KacaTKHHy, y«. Bee ca3aHa 0.972—1.001, cy«aKa 1.055—1.082, boSjibi 0.992^-1.040; y«. Bee noTponieHHoii ph6h BBiine 1.055—1.082; npn 3aMopa5KHBa- hhh—:yMeHBmaeTCH. ToTiKa 3aMep3aHHH: TpecKa —0.75°, MaKpejiB h yropB—0.83y Kapn —0.67,oKyHB —0.5°, njioTBa —0.15°, aKyjia n CKaT —1.8—2.0°. M paSoTH A. II. AHflpHHHieBa no onpeaeJieHHio yHejiBHoro Beca pn6 b cpe,o;e oSnTaHHH; hjis BLFmcjiemiH oh nojiB3OBaJicfl ^opMyjioti: d = jrzp j Bee ph6h b BQ3fl;yxe, Px — to JKe — b BORe, k — hjiothoctb boah, b KOTopofi npo- h3boahjiocb soffHoe B3BemHBaHHe c tohhoctbh) «o 0.001. np B3BemHBaHHH pH6a ajih ocBo6o?KAeHHH KmneHHHKa b Te^eHne cyTOK m in V !,r i ' ft M i" a ; HACTB HEPBAa. MOPOOJIOriia b aKBapnyMe nofl ^aHepHOfi KpBimKoir b 10 —15 cm HHJKe ypoBHH BOflBI. Ohbith oxsaTHJin CBBime 100 9K3eMiraapoB ph5, OTHoeam;iixca k 20 k 3aKJiio^eHHio, hto ph6h, hhm ny3HpeM, HMeiOT HenocTOHHHHH; 6 . Bee MopcKoii Bee, Jinnib HeMHoro pu6 — b npe^ejiax 1.012—1.021. Ph6bi, jinmeHHBie ny3BipH, hmciot 6ojiee nocTOHHHHfl jr. Bee, H3MeHHioiii;HHCfl no COOTBeTCTBeHHO CTeneHH HX npH^OHHOCTH*. Mullus barbatus ponticus 1. 061 Gobius ratan, G. fluviatilis, G. melanostomus 1. 070 __ j 078 Scorpaena porcus -1. 077 — 1. 079 Trachinus draco 1. 080 Uranoscopus scaber 1.- 085 p onpeflejieiraH y#. Beca noHciraeT TecTep (Tester. Rep. Pac. Biol. St. Nanaimo, 1940), ycTaHOBHBniHH oflHOTHnnocTB ce3OHfibix H3MeHeHHH y#. Beca n HtnpHOCTH cejiBfln, hto no3BOJifleT cjiO/KHHe onpe^eJieHna 3aMeHHTB npocTBiM onpefleJieHBieM jjs,. Beca. JIHTEPATyPA K T.UABE II no3BO- E m e ji b h h o b C. B. Pa3Bimie h cTpoeHiie HeKOToptix MajioiiccjieaoBaHimx HonHHKa. C6opH. naM. aK. CeBepi;oBa, 1. 1939, AH GCGP. JI o 6 3 n h II. H. OiiairaecKiie CBoiicTBa pbi6bi. C6. pa6oT no xojio,o;. TexHOJiorim ptiSH. Tp. BHHPO, t. XIII, 1940, numenpoMHBffaT. H a p x o b. O HBiiJKeHHHX DelpMnus delphis ii Tursiops tursio bo BpeMH njiaBaHim. 3ooji. >KvpH., XVIII, b. 2, 1939. HI y ji e ii k h h. jkhbothhx, MyqHH, coflep?KHT SejiKOBLie Beme- CTBa H rJIK)KO3aMHH, TOrfla KaK CJIH3L pbl6 COCTOHT TOJlbKO H3 Phc. 10. KjieTKa c hbim coflepjKHMbiM b MHCe MHKCHHH. (H3 Mana no ByHnepy. yp 3aiD,HTHBie CBOfiCTBa KO^HLIX nOKpOBOB no OTHOUieHHK) K paCTBOpeHHHM B BOAe HAOBHTblM Beii^eCTBaM 3OKa3bIBaiOTCH IlaiiKa (1934). B paciBop CTpHXHHHa b MopCKOit BO^e Fundulus; ohh njiaBajin HopMajibHO, He o6Hapy?KHBaa OTpaBJieHMH. Ho ecjiii b BOjjy SpocajiH nwiny h d ee 3arjiaTbiBajiH, — yme nepe3 HecKOJibKO uimyr cyAoporn, xapaKTepHbie nsm OTpaBJieHHH ctphxhiihom; BaTejibHO, oh neflcTBOBaji Tiepe3 Kiiine^HMK, a He nepe3 KO7Ky hjih JKaSpbi. To >Ke nonynaeTCH h c aTponimoM, b 1 % pacTBope Koero, no IlyHKOBy (1941), Kapnbi MoryT Haxo^HTbCH 0e3 Bpep;a b Te^ieHHe HecKOJibKiix cyroK. HaoSopoT, KOKaim (0,5%), ype- TaH (0,5% — 0,25%), iniaHiicTbiii najiii b oneHb pa3BeReHHbix pacTBopax ii up. fleiiCTByioT 6biCTpo, HapKOTii3Hpyn iijiii oipaB- pbi6. B aanHOM cjiynae iipoHiiKHOBeime, ohgbiirho, nponc- 6 yca^a 12- G t p o e h n e ko?kh coxpaHHeT Te ?Ke ocHOBHbie H3 MHornx cjioeB 15 paflOB, ho y Mopcmix nroji — Bcero n > HacToamHX pBi6 3nnjiiepMHC coctoht z. KJieTOK (Ha TyjiOBiime mHBIH nOKpOB CBO- rroBepxHocTii HaSjuo^aeTca tojibko y bmSphohob aKyji, ho He y B3pocjitix pBi6. HapyjKHHH KJieTOHHBin cjioh kocthctbix oSjia^aeT kpomkoh 9K3onjia3MH, ?KeH Bec'BMa SoraTO. Gpe^H hhx HyjKHO pasJiimaTB cjni3HCTBie, cepo3HBie n koji6o- BHflHHe KJieTKH. GjiH3HCTBie KySKOBH^HHe KJieTKH (puc. 11) pa36pocaHBi no BceMy TeJiy; nx HeT tojibko y aKyji.-., fleHTeJiBHOCTn bthx kjictok o6H3aHBi HeKOTopne ^ByflHrnamne (Protopterus) CBoen chocoGhoctbio o6jieKaTBCH bo BpeMfl jieTHen chhhkh Kancyjion. GjIH3HCTBie KJieTKH pa3BHBaiOTCH H3 HHflH^)epeHTHHX BHHflepMaJIBHBIX KJieTOK 6a~ 3aJiBHoro cjioh; nocTenemio BBiTHrnBaacB n OTTecHHHCB k noBepxHOCTH, ohh otkph- BaiOTCH HapyJKy, npeBpamancB b KySKOBHfljHHe h ohopojkhhh cboh ceKpeT. Gepo3HHe H?eJie3HCTHe KJieTKH oShjibho npeflCTaBJieHBi y aKyji, ho OTcyTCTByior y cKaTOB; mnpoKO pa3BHTH y kocthctbix, ocoSeHHO y KOJiio^enepHX. Gepo3HHe KJieTKH IipeflCTaBJIfllOTCH B BH^e niapOBHHHHX HJIH OBaJIBHBIX 06pa30BaHHH C TOJICTOK o6ojiohkoh n peflyn,npoBaHHOH njia3Mon; a^po TecHO npnjKaTO k CTeHKe (pnc. 12). HI. KOJKHBIE HOKPOBH. OPrAHH CBEHEHHfl 41 lOUieHHK) K IIo IlaBJiOBCKOMy, cepo3Htie ?KeJie3HeTBie kjigtkh Trachinus pa3BHBaiOTCH H3 o6bi*i- hbix annffepMaJibHHX kjictok; ohh coftepjKaT to roMoreHHBin, to 3epHHCTBin ceKper n oTKpHBaiOTCfl HapyjKy, jinniB .nocTnrHyB nOBepxHOCTH kojkh. HS CBoeo6pa3HBiM H3 m BCeX KOJKHBIX 3JieiVteHT0B HBJIHIOT- Cfl KOJl6OBH,D[HBie KJieTKH, IipO- HCXOAflm,He H3 OCHOBHOrO, HH5K- Hero cjioh anHTejina; y yea Ha h yrpfl mojkho nocJieAOBaTejiBHO p n yTOH^aeTCH CTeSeJieK, HHIOIIPEH HX C OCHOBaHHeM H Ta cbh3b nocTeneHHO (pnc. 13). IIo Pn,na, 3th KJieTKH flaJK ciiocoShoctbio aKTHBHoro nepe- bas—'6a3ajibHuft cjioh anHflepMaJibHHX KJieTOK; co—Kopnyiw; dp—noKpoBHan njiacTHHKa; ho—KOJiGoBiiflHHie kjictkh; hz — 3epHiiCTue HtejiesncTue kjictkh; n — hx Hflpo; s — cjih- ac KjieTKii. (IIo Payiepy.) KOJl6OBHjD(HBie KJieTKH ^°eHHHMHTWe? aHn ^HHHM^e- PhC- "' Pa3pe3 ^^ anH«ePMHC r0J10BW Cailtchthy* myHHHM noKpoBOM. Ohh hmciotch y yrpen, comob, jihhh, Misgurnus, HO HeT HX y JIOCOCeBBIX, KOJIIOHe- nepBix, Ke$ajien h GneniHC^HHecKHe pBl6 BO3Jie HIHHOB H hhh HflOBHTBix pBi6 (rjiaBa XII). OporoBeHHH,KOJKH flJiH 3ain;HTBi ot MexaHH^ecKHx noBpejK,neHHH y Kpyrjiopo- tbix, kocthctbix h flByflBimamHx name Bcero, 3aMeHHH 3y6Bi, BCTpenaiOTca Ha rySax H HeJIIOCTHX y iKeJie3H, HaxoffHin;necH b noKpoBax , 6y,n;yT paccMOTpeHH OTfl;ejiBHO npn onnca- stoma, Capoeta, Schizotho- rax. TaKne o6pa3OBaHna coBepineHHO OTcyTCTByiOT y aKyjioo6pa3HBix n oceTpo- BBIX. HMH HBJIHIOTCH H 6yropKH hjih CBinB, BO3HHKaioin;He b- jh nepnofl y MHornx cnroBBix h KapnoBBix pti6 (pnc. 14). Ohh o6pa3yiOTCH Phc. 12. Pa3pe3 Hepe3 KOWHtiii coco^eK Balistes, X 240. bas— 6a3ajibHKHi cjioii 9nnaepMnca; 61— Kannjurapbi; I— norpaHHi- aan nepenoHKa; se— cepo3HHe, sz— cjinsHcme kjictkh, sch — Memyfl. (no PayTepy.) KOTOpBIH KOHyCOBHflHO BH- ^BHraeTCH HapyjKy, bhhhh- BaacB b to ?Ke BpeMfl He- MHoro b KopnyM. HBie SyropKH KpyHHHMH KJieTKaMH C DJH- POKHMH MeH?KJieTO^IHBIMH H HCHO BBI- 6yropoK b nepnofl pa3MHO5KeHHH, HHKaKHX BHemHHX Pa3BHBaacB- chhb no3?Ke cSpacHBaeTca, He ?! i r i 11 * If' 11 t ! 1 < I I .! 1 r 'I M !l II i I Wit *IACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrEJT pa3BHTHfl TOJIBKO y Phoxinus XOTfl cbihb noHBjraeTCH b pe3yjiBTaTe BO3,n;eHCTBHH hojiobbix ropMO- H3 Toro, ^lto npn KacTpaE;HH 0Ha He pa3BHBaeTca. y 3ojiotoS ph6kh, auratus, OHa nosBJiaeTCfl c flByxjieTHero BO3pacTa n nocTnraeT nojiHoro k 4—5 ro;a;aM. KaK o6m;ee npaBnjio, ?KeMqy?KHaH chhb pa3BHBaeTCfl caMijOB, ho y Coregonus wartmanni b BoffeHCKOM 03epe, a TaKJKe y laevis, rojiBHHa, h Chondrostoma nasus, noflycTa, — TaK?Ke h y caMOK, chhb BBipaJKeHa cjia6ee n nacTO noHBJifleTca tojibko Ha ro- PacnoJioJKeHne jKeivrayJKHBix SyropKOB qpe3BH^aHHO cjiojkho; hx CBH3B C ^VBCTBHTeJIBHHMH HO^KaMH flO CHX nop OCTaeTCfl HepemeHHOH. C TOJIBKO HTO OnHCaHHBIMH 06pa30BaHHH B BHfte KOJKHBIX COCOHKOB HaSjUO^aiOTCH Ha rySax naHi;BipHHX comob, Loricariidae,— a TaKJKe HeKOTopBix KapnoBHx. npHBO^HT K ySeJKAeHHK), ^TO 06pa3pBaHHfl B HeKOTOpBIX MoryT pa3BHBaTBca rjih OTnpaBJieHHH onpe- ^ejieHHBix MexaHH^ecKHX (|>yHKiiiHH, — no MeH3eHrenMepy, rjih. yBejiH^enna TpeHHH. O6pa3OBaHHH, nop;o6HHe JKeM^yjKHOH chhh, BCTpenaiOTCH TaKJKe n y aM(|)H6HH. HhJKHHH CJIOH KOJKH, KOpnyM HJIH KyTHC, nocTpoeH cJiojKHee BepxHero, annTeJiHajiB- Horo. Oh cJiojKeH npoxoflHH],HMH b kocom BOJIOKHaMH 3,o;ecB ?Ke 3ajieraiOT H HepBBI C HX OKOH^aHHHMH. Ko- pnyM b TyjioBHmHOH 66jiacTH, na^ mbiih- i^aMH, r,o;e oh cnjiBHee Bcero pa3BHT, moskct 6htb pa3fleJieH Ha cjieflyiomne cjioh, Ha^H- TTD CT PTTD T*t*\T^T?TT * xlclxl vila U V jSXxL • 1) norpaHH^Han njiacTHHKa, HHor,n;a He- npaBHJiBHo Ha3BiBaeMafl 6a3ajiBHOH (pnc. 12); Ha Hee onnpaeTCH annTejinn BnnsepMnca; HHor^a OHa oSHapyjKHBaeT (|)H6pHJiJiflpHpe CTpoeHne, ho He co^epmnT HOTKaHHHX KJieTOK; 2) pHXJIBIH hjih cy69HH;n;epMaJiBHBiH cjioh; 3) njiOTHBifi •COeSHHHTeJIBHOTKaHHHH BHyTpeHHHH CJIOH; 4) HaKOHeH,, y SoJIBIHHHCTBa pBl6 KOHxen jie?KHT pbixjiaH noflKOJKHan, hjih cySKyTaHeaJiBHaa TKaHB, pe3KO OT CO6CTBeHH0 KOPIIVMa H HaCTO COnpOBOJKIiaeMafl OTJIOHteHHJIMH xpoMaTO^)opoB. 3,o;ecB HepeAKO 3ajieraeT SHa^HTejiBHoe kojih^cctbo jkhpoboh TKaHH. y HeKOTopHX pBi6 — HanpHMep: Ljparidae, HeKOTopHe Zoarcidae — 6jiaro- O^IHHpHHM nO^KOJKHHM JIHM^aTH^eCKHM HOJIOCTHM, KOJKa Ha TyJIOBHme CBO- W Piic. 13. Pa3pe3 Anguilla. pa3BHTiia ho1, ko"2, fto3 — K0J1D0BHHHHX KJieTOK oanoft H3 hux; ly p Han 6a3ajiBHi>iM cjioen; s1—s;i — CTajtHH pa3BU- thh cjiii3iicTbix KJieTOK. (IIo Maypep.) MeHTHBie OTJiosKeHna y pu6 pa3HejiflK)TCfl no MecTy Haxo- Ha Ko?KHHe (aepMaJiBHHe), nepnHeBpaJiBHBie, nepnniejiOMHqecKHe n nepn- yp lHrMeHTHBie kjictkh — nponcxo5K,n;eHHfl Me3OAepMajiBHoro. Ochob- Hoe MecTO 3ajieraHHH nnrMeHTa — b cy69nnji;epMaJiBHOM cjioe KopnyMa n b cy6Ky- TaHeaJiBHOfl coeflHHHTejiBHOH TKaHH. B annsepMnce, KaK npaBHJio, nnrMeHTa HeT; b Tex pe^KHx cjiynaax, Korp;a MejiaHo^opBi hjih Jinno^opH (ho HHKor,o;a He ryaHO- ) Ha6jiioji;aK)TCfl cpe^n noBepxHOCTHoro annTeJina, mojkho c^iiTaTB, ^to ohh cioji;a no JinM^aTHHecKHM nyTHM. IIjiothbih cjioh KopnyMa o6bi*iho jinmeH xpoMaTO(|>opoB. Pa3JiHHHaa OKpacKa pn6 BH3HBaeTCH coneTaHneM b hx kojkc pa3JiHHHtix nnr- IMeHTHBIX KJieTOK, XpOMaTO(|)OpOB. GpeffH HHX MOJKHO paSJIH^HTB". MeJiaHO^)OpH, III. KOJKHBIE HOKPOBH. HEfflYH. OPrAHBI CBEHEHMH 43 KcaHTO$opu, H, hjih ryaHO^opH (ohh me npn- h, HaKOHen., npe^cTaBJifliOTCfl 3Be3,n;*iaTBiMH KJieTKaMH c OTpocTKaMH. fljiH KaJK^oro BH,o;a ph6 b onpefleJieHHHX MecTax xapaKTepHBi o,n;HHa- KOBHe $opMH MejiaHO(|)opoB, cxoflHtie y po,n;cTBeHHBix bh^ob (pnc. 15). MejiaHO^opH BKjno^aiOT b ceSfl Kopn^raeBBie, nepHHe hjih CHHe^epHHe 3epHHmKH MejiairaHa. B oTJinine ot npeiKHnx npeACTaBjieHHH, H&rae npn3HaiOT, ^to $opMa nnrivieHTHHX KJieTOK. nOCTOHHHa. B n;eHTpe KJieTKn jieJKHT CBoSoftHoe ot nnrivieHTa hhtho, hjih «c<|>epa», no 3ojib- repy, ot KOToporo pa^naJibHo, BnjiOTt,n;o otpoctkob, pacxoflaTCH 3epHtimKH Mejia- IlepeMemeHHio nnrMenTHbix 3epHBinieK o6fl3aHa hhtghchbhoctb oKpacnn Phc. 14. Pa3pe3 opraH na Ji6y Leuciscus idus. has — 6a3ajibHtie annnepMajibHue KJieTKn; co — KopnyM; h — poroBOii 6yrop; ly — JiHM$a- ii plexus- p— npynHLie onimepMajifeHHe kjictkh noa poroBHM OyrpoM. (no Maypep.) TaKii, o6pa3OM 3epHBiniKH 3th MoryT pacnpefleJiHTBCH hjih paBHOMepHo no Been KjieTKe, hjih coSnpaTBCH b n;eHTpe; npn hojihom KOHn;eHTpHpoBaHHH 3epeH — kotophx oSHKHOseHHO b MejiaHO$opax SBiBaeT flBa — ocTaiOTCH BHe nnr- kaccH. flBHJKeHHH 3epHBiineK, no BajijioBHn;, nponcxo^HT b njia3Me no paanajiBHBiM KaHajiBijaM no,n; B03AeHCTBneM HepBHBix bojiokoh, hcxo^hd^hx ot CHMnaTn^ecKoro HepBa; BOJioKHa 3th noflxoAHT k Ka5K,o;oH nepHon nnrMeHTHOH, Mejia- IIpH3HaiOT, ^to pa3MHO3Keirae nponcxo^HT nyTeM aeJieHHH eme He HHx MejiaHo6jiacTOB; B3pocjiBie c(j)opMHpoBaHHBie KJieTKH He hhh, noBHflHMOMy, npepiCTaBJifleT coSok) SeJiKOBoe Tejio, nepeBe^eHHoe b pacTBopHMoe cocTOflHne, ho KyHHHHraM npH3HaeT pojucTBO MejiaHHHa c Jinnoxpo- MaMH. 3ep^[HinKH MejiaHHHa pa3pymaiOTca ftencTBneM 25% e^Koro KaJin-; cojiHHaa n cepHan khcjiotbi b toh ?Ke KOHn;eHTpai;HH pa3pyinaiOT nnrnieHT b Te^eHne Tpex ; nepeKHCB BO,nopofla oSeci^Be^HBaeT kjictkh. Gjieflyioni;aH rpynna xpoMaTo^opoB hocht Ha3BaHne KcaHTO^opoB; ohh ctojib me b KO?Ke pBi6, KaK n MeJiaHo^opu, flaate n CTpoeHne hx oAHHaKOBO; SojitmeH) 9th KJieTKH flByflflepHH; 3epHBimKH nnr&ieHTa TaKHte pacnojiaraiOTCfl pa- ! r .I'll 1ll 1 I, ' ill*!, if 'Ji i'1 in 44 »IACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH TaK ?Ke nepe^BHraioTCH b njia3Me, ho ceTH HepBHHx oKOHHaHHH y hhx He 3a- . IlHrMeHTHBie 3epHBimKH KcaHTO^opoB 6ojiee MejiKH n oKpameHBi npn npo- CBeTe, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOJim.HHBI CJIOH, OT CBeTJIOJKeJITOrO flO TeMHOOpaH- f '¦*,"$..&: K I Piic. 15. Mejiano$opi.i us Bepxnero cjioh KopiiyMa Pleuronectidae. o— Hippoglossus; h— Hippoglossoides platessoides; c, d— Rhombus maximus; e— R. laevis; / terus norvegicus; g—Arnoglossus laterna; h—Pleuronectes platessa; i—mojiojwh pbi6a; ft— o—Solea vulgaris; p—S. lutea. (no IUS) — Zeugop- P. flesus; 5KeBoro n;BeTa. Ilpn TecHo cSjiirvKeHHBix KcaHTO(|)opax BMecTO o6BiHHoro JKejiToro fl;a?Ke nojiy^aeTCH KpacHoe oKpamiiBaHHe, KaK y himibi Nerophis maculata, ho BooSme KpacHaa oKpacKa 3aBnciiT ot HajiiiHHH cneuiiajiBHoro copTa nnrMeHTHBix kjictok. B xHMiinecKOM OTHonieHini niirMeHTHBie 3epHBiniKH KcaHTO(|)opoB othochtch k jihiio- XpOMaM, paCTBOpHMBIM B Kpen- kom aJiKorojie, cepHOM 9^>npe h apyrnx pacTBopnTejinx ?kh- poB, ii HepHeiomnM ot oCMHe- boii khcjioth ; cepHaa KncjioTa oKpainiiBaeT hx b chhhh n;BeT. -- ^ Ha CBeTy JinnoxpOM 3pHTpO$OpBI — HJIH KpaC- HBie nnrkeHTHHe KJieTKH — BCTpenaiOTCH ropa3flo pe5Ke,— SojiBineio HacTBio y 8K30THHe- CKHX pBl6 H He BO BCeX HaCTHX Tejia. GTpoeHne kjictkh Hano- MHHaeT MejiaHo^opBi, TaK KaK OHa HMeeT otpoctkh iioctohh- HOH $OpMH, HO HffpO SOJIBHieiO tojibko oflHo; 3aTO cnoco6HOCTb k KdHHeHTpnpoBaHHio h pacmnpeHHio- 3epHBnneK nnrMeHTa b Hen no^TH MOMeHTaJifcHaH. IlHrMeHT 3pHTpo(|>opa othochtch k JiiiHOxpOMaM. Ho y Gyprinodonti, no BajiJiOBnn;, b thhhhhhx Phc. 16. HepBHbie oKOnqaHiiH na Mejiano<|)ope 113 kojkh 1. O6pa6oTaHo cepeSpoM (no BajiJioBim H3 ~~ III. K03KHBIE HOKPOBH. OPrAHH CBE^EHHH 45 CH nOCTOHH- Haxo^HTCH KpoMe Hero TaKJKe HepacTBopnMBift b 3$npe nnrivieHT; mojkho npeAnojiaraTL, ^to HMeioTCH ^Ba copTa nnrMeHTa: HapH^y c pac- TBOpHMHM JKeJITOBaTBIM, eme HepaCTBOpHMHfi KOpH^HeBO-KpaCHMfi. ^jih oKpacKH pH6 coBepmeHHO HCKJiiOHHTejiLHoe 3HaneHHe HMeeT p rpynna kjictok, HMeHyeMaH JienKO^opaMH, ryaHon;HTaMH hjih (pnc. 17). B OTJIHHHe OT MeJiaHO$OpOB 3TH KJieTKH JIHDieHH OTpOCTKOB, HMdOT ibHHe hjih OBajiBHBie oHepTaHHH n o6jiafl;aiOT tojibko oahhm n^poM. «C$epH» b hhx He saMe^eHo, ho nepeMeni;eHHe 3epHBraieK ryamraa nponcxoflHT npn homod^h TaKHX JKe BHyTpHKJieTOHHBIX TOKOB, KaK H B IipO^HX XpOMaTO(|)OpaX. GaMHe 3G*p- JKejiTOBaTbie b npoxo^aniieM n CHHeBaTbie npn na^aiomeM CBeTe — npe#- CO Piic. 17. a — njiocKOCTHOii pa3pe3 iiepe3 Senoe nnTHO Hippocampus brevirostris: ryaHHHOBLie cJioeM, HMeioTCH flApa, ho HeT HBCTBeHHoro paarpaHHHeHHH KJieTOK; 6— pa3pe3 Hepe3 KOHiy H3 SeJioro co— KopayM; epd— animepivinc; ml— norpaiiiignaH nJiacTHHKa; pi— cjioii Mejiano$opoB; r— A cjioii ryaHimoBUX nnacjiiHOK. (IIo PayTepy.) coSoh) ryaHHH hjih, 6htb MomeT, ryaHHHOBbin Kajibn;HH. Ilo KpanHen Mepe, c ^yHKDinoHHpoBaHHfl ne^eHH n noaBJieHHeM kpobhhhx h JKejiHHBix nnrMeHTOB. o6pa3OM nnrMeHTHBie OTJiojKeHHH ¦ pacciviaTpHBaiOTCfl KaK aiecTHBie yy pe3yjiBTaTOB oSaieHa BemecTB; 3to ocoSeHHo hcho BBipaJKaeTCH b OTHOineHnn rya- KaK 9KCKpeii;iiOHHoro HpoflyKTa, .ajaiomero npn pa3pyineHHH nypnHOBHe ocho- flflejiBHO, nnrMeHTHBie KJieTKH npHcymn He tojibko BHeniHnM noKpo- Ban, ho 3aJieraiOT TaKme h bo BHyTpemnix opraHax; BO3HHKHOBeHne niiraieHTOB. y 3M6pnoHOB npnypo^eHO k o6jiacTH KmneHHHKa; no BajmoBHH., nepHBiii nnrivieHT, o6pa3yflCB b nepHTOHeyivie, OTKO^eBBiBaeT b ^pyrne MecTa. IIoBTOMy nepBOHanaJiB- Hoe 3HaneHne Been cncTeMBi xpoMaTo^opoB cueflyeT HCKaTB b c^epe oSMeHa Bern,ecTBr npii3HaBafl xpoMaTH^ecKne 3<|)<|)eKTBi HBJieHneM btophhhbim. OKpacKa pBi6. BajKHenmyio pojiB b OKpacKe pn6 nrpaiOT OTJiojKeHHH cy6- annaepMHaJiBHBix h cySKyTaHeanBHBix cJioeB xpoMaTO^opoB. Ot pa3JiHHHHX kom- 6nHan;HH nnrMeHTHHX o6pa3OBaHHH nojiynaeTCH mnpoKoe pa3HOo6pa3ne OKpacKH. Hhcto SeJiBin cepeSpncTHH ijBeT BBi3BiBaeTCfl otjio/Kghhhmh b KOJKe ryaHima npm OTcyTCTBHH flpyrnx xpoMaTO^opoB h hojihom OTpa/KeHnn cbgtobbix Jiy^efl. Ecjih npoxo^HT ^epes MyTHoe paccenBaiomee TeJio h na^aiOT Ha TeMHBra cjioh, to OTpaiKaiOTca b rjia3 HaSjiioflaTeJifl Jinmt kopotkobojiho- BBie CHHne Jiy^H, a Bee ocTaJiBHHe — norjiomaiOTCH; no3TOMy ecjin ryaHO(|)opHr KaK MyiHaH cpefl;a, JieJKaT b rjiySnHe kojkh h no^CTHJiaiOTCfl ^epHBiMH MeJiaH0<|)0- paMH, noHBJineTCH cHHee 0KpaniHBaHne. Ecjih noJiycoSpaHHHe hjih cmaTBie b map ^epHBie nnrivieHTHBie KJieTKH jiemaT BHine ryaHo^opoB — nojiy^aeTca cepaa OKpacKa. Ecjih npn HajnraiH MejiaHo^opoB h ryaHo^opoB, BH3HBaioni;Hx cnHee OKpamnBaHHer eme Haxo^HTca n KcaHTo^opH, to BO3HHKaeT 3eJieHHfi n;BeT. Ilpn tohkhx ryaHHHOBBix JincTo^max noHBJiHiOTCH npn3Hpyion],aH HHTep$epeH- UiHOHHafl OKpacKa; 0Ha coo6in;aeT neJiarn^ecKHM pnSaM CBoeo6pa3HHH 3epKaJiBHHBr OT6jiecK; ecjin jkg 3tot cjioh noflCTHJiaeTCH JKejiTBiM, KopH^HeBHM hjih KpacHBiM nnr- MeHTOM, noJiynaeTca MeTajiJiiraecKHH SjiecK. FycTOTa hjih HacBirn.eHHocTB n;BeTa CTOHT B CBH3H C TOJim,HHOH CJIOeB HHrMeHTHBIX KJieTOK. BoraTCTBO OKpaCKH TpOnH- necKHx pBi5 He noanaeTca onncaHHio; k comaJieHHio, o6Biiq;HBie chocoSh My3enHoro KOHcepBnpoBaHHH SucTpo H3MeHHK)T OKpacKy h jijajKe oSecnBe^HBaiOT ph6. B th- nax OKpacKH BacHen;oB pa3JiH^aeT aoHHyio h nejiarn^ecKyio (HeKTOHHyio). H3MeHeHne o k p a c k n. OKpacKa TeJia He hbjihctch hoctohhhoh; ona noflBepjKeHa H3MeHeHnio nojs, BJiHHHneM BHeniHnx h BHyTpeHHHx ^aKTOpoB hjih 6hctpo n flame hohth MrHOBeHHO, hjih, b ftpyrnx cjiy^aax, qpe3BBi^iaHHO MejiiJieHHO n nocTeneHHo. OKpacKa H3MeHaeTca b cbh3h c BO3pacTOM, nojioM, cocTOHHneM 3ji;opoBBH h BHyTpeHHHMH 3mod;hhmh. MajiBKH jiococh — parr — o6jia;naiOT none- peHHHMH nojiocaMH, no3JKe, b CTa^nn smolt, nc^esaiomnMH. 3ojiOTaa Carassius auratus — b rhkom coctohhhh Kopn^HeBan hjih 3eJieHaH, npn HeHHH npno6peTaeT nepBOHanajiBHO nepHyio OKpacKy, saTesi cepeSpncTHfi n;BeT H, HaKOHen,, BO B3pOCJIOM COCTOHHHH — KpaCH030JI0TyK) OKpaCKy. SaMenaTeJIBHO, npn pereHepan;HH oTpe3aHHoro XBOCTOBoro njiaBHHKa oh npn hobom c$opMnpo- oKpamnBaeTCfl b ^epHHH n;BeT. MejiaHH3M pa3BHBaeTCH n npn HeKOTopHX 3a- 6ojieBaHHHX. Ilpn BepTeyKe JiococeBBix ot 3apaJKeHHH napa3HTOM Lentospora cereb- ralis xboct n3rn6aeTca h nepHeeT; noBH,o;HMOMy, 3to nponcxo^HT ot 3am;eMJieHHH npn HCKpnBJieHHH CHMnaTH^ecKoro HepBa, ^eM napymaeTca cbh3b c n;eHTpoM no- CBeTJieHHH b MO3ry; no IHenepKJiaycy, — npn^HHOH HBJiaeTCfl B03neHCTBHe hao- bhtbix npoflyKTOB oSMeHa BeiqecTB napa3HTa. Ilpn noMyTHeHnn xpycTaJiHKa ot BTopmeHHH JiHHHHOK cocajiBinHKa Diplostomum volvens, paBHO KaK npn nopa5KeHHH rjia3 canpoJierHnen n flanse npn nopaHeHHH hx kpiohkom — noHBJiaeTca nepHan OKpacKa TeJia. Ocjienjiemiafl ^opeJiB ^epHeeT n yTpa^HBaeT choco6hoctb npncno- coSnTeJibHOH OKpacKH. Ecjih nocajniTB MOJiOAyio ^opejiB, rojiBHHa (Phoxinus laevis), no^aMeHinHKa (Cottas gobio), coMHKa Amiurus n Rp. b cocy^H c 6ejiBiM n ^epHHM rhom, — pbiSbi b Te^eHHe HeKOToporo BpeivteHH cBeTJieiOT hjih TeMHeiOT, H3MeHHH OKpacKy npn nepeHoce b npyron cocy#. Percottus glehni (ceM. Eleotridae) III. K05KHBIE nOKPOBBI. OPrAHBI CBE^EHHH 47 b peKe Aaiyp, noMemeHHBin b cocjr H3 Sejioro MeTajma, MeHHeT cbok> nepHyio oKpa- CKy Ha 6jieAHOH«ejiTyio.B TeneHne 5—10 MHHyT (Bepr, 1912). OcoSeHHO H3yMHTejiBHa chocoShoctb KaMSaJi H3MeHHTB cbok) OKpacKy npiEvie- HHTejibHO k ijBeTy h pacyHKy ^Ha; b nocTaBJieHHHX omaTax KaM6aJiBi BOcnpon3BO- flHJIH BHeiliHHH BH,n; #Ha HaCTOJIBKO COBepmQHHO, HTO CTaHOBHJIHffb HO^TH He3aMeT- hbimh Ha o6m;eM <$OHe. McKyccTBeHHoe ocBemeHne 3epKajiOM Hnnraen 6ejion ctopohh Pleuronectes flesus BBi3BiBaeT noflBJieHne xpoMaTO^opoB h OKpacKH cjienon ctopohbi (KyHHHHreM, MaK-MyH). 9to CBHfleTejiBCTByeT o bjihhhhh CBeTa Ha pa3BHTne mir- MeHTa KoJiioniKa, Gasterosteus, b ycjiOBHflx onHTa Tanme MeHHeT OKpacKy b 3aBncn- mocth ot n,BeTa flHa. TacMaHHHCKaH Latris hecateia b npnaa^y k o6h^hbim nocTOHH- hbim 0JinBK0B0-3ejieHHM noJiocaM noJiy^aeT b KanecTBe hohhoh OKpacKH nHTB ma- Pokhx flonojiHHTejiBHBix hojioc. O6men3BecTHO npKoe paci^Be^eHne 6ohi];oboh ph6kh, Betta pugnax, b pa3jo;pa?KeHHH bo BpeMH 3paKH. Trigla lineatus npn 6ecnoKofiCTBe 6jie,HHeeT,.a Scorpaena porcus — TeMHeeT. flpKne nepejiHBBi KpacoK yMnpaiomen cyjiTaHKH, Mullus, npnBJieKaJin BHHMaHne eme RpeBHHX phmjihh. Il3MeHeHne oKpacKn nponcxofliiT no,n; BJiHHHneM HepBHOH cncxeiviH h ctoht b cbh3h c 3pnTejiBHBiMH BocnpHHTHHMH, n6o ocJienjieHHafl KaM6aJia TepneT cnoco6- hoctb npHMeHHTBCH k OKpacKe flHa. 0 tom me CBiiflGTeJiBCTByiOT n ohhtbi cneflyiomero pofla: ecJin KanSaJiy noMecTHTB TaK, hto6h rojiOBa JiemaJia Ha cbctjiom $OHe, a Ty- jiOBHiri;e%- Ha TeMHOM, Bee tcjio noJiy^aeT Ty ?Ke OKpacKy, hto h rojiOBa; npn o6paT- hom nojiO/KeHHH — o6paTHafl OKpacKa (Byfl,neH6pOK). 3$$eKT xpoMaTO^opos BBi3BiBaeTCH He tojibko CBeTOBBiM Bos/jeHCTBueM Ha rjia3a, ho flame ocBemeHHeM oSjiacTH HHHeaJiBHoro opraHa (ohbith Ha# KapnoBHMH, €>pnni). KaK yme 6bijio OTMeneHO, nepeMemeHne nnrMeHTHHX 3epHHmeK BHyTpn xpOMa- TO$opoBnpoHcxoflHTnoflBO3fleHCTBHeM bojiokoh cnMnaTHqecKoro HepBa, npncoefln- HHiomerocH k cnnHHO-MO3roBHM HepBaM b TyjioBnme n k TponHH^HOMy — b rojiOBe. IIo ®pinny, u;eHTp, Jiemamnfl b nepe^Hen ^acTH npoflOJiroBaToro M03ra, ynpaB- jiaeT oKpacKofl: ero pa3,npa?KeHHe BH3HBaeT nocBeTJieHne, a pa3pymeHHe — noTeMHe- Hne Bcero Tejia; i^eHTp b npoMemyTO^HOM MO3re nrpaeT pojib TopMO3Hm;ero. IlHrMeHT- yTpaTHBinne nyTeM pa3pe3a HepBOB cbh3b c MO3roM, npnHHMaiOT <|>opMy , c pacnpocTpaHeHHHM MejraHHHOM, t. e. nepHeioT. TaK mo/kho ycTa- hobhtb, *lto BOJioKHa, HflymHe ot n;eHTpa nocBeTJieHHH b npoflOJirosaTOM M03ry, BBixoflHT H3 cnnHHoro M03ra y roJiBHHa okojio 12—18 iio3bohkob, y ^opejin — okojio 26 h BCTynaioT b CHMnaTH^ecKHH HepB. IIoflHHHeHHHH n;eHTp flBHJKeHHfl'nnr- MeHTa xpoMaTO^opoB Haxo^HTCfl b chhhhom MO3ry b panoHe 15 no3BOHKa y Phoxinus laevis, 8 — y Crenilabrus, 3 — y Trigla. Ilpn nepepe3Ke cHMnaTiraecKoro HepBa okojio 15 no3BOHKa npiiKJiaflBiBanne npe^MeTa c noBBimeHHOEt TeMnepaTypofi bh- 3BiBaeT Bnepe^n nocBeTJieHne, a no3a,HH — noTeMHeHne, b to BpeMH KaK Ha xojio#- hoh CTopoHe — oSpaTHoe HBJieHne — Bnepe^n noTeMHeHne, a no3afln — nocBeTJie- Hne. BjiHHHne TeMnepaTypBi — HecoMHeHHo. Ilpn HapymeHHH KpoBooSpameHHH n HejjocTaTKe KncJiopo^a —no6jieflHeHne, npn H36BiTKe — noTeMHeHne (Opnm); npn MexaHn^ecKOM pa3flpaJKeHnn (.naBJieHne ceTn) n npn oxjiaJK^eHnn — nocBeTJieHne. H3MeHeHne OKpacKH y Elasmobranchii, no,no6HO aM$n6nHM, oSycjiOBJieHO bjihh- HneM ropMOHa, BBiflejraeMoro npoMemyTOHHon ^ojien rnno$H3a (Waring, 1938). Ho ropMOHaJiBHoe BO3flencTBne Ha OKpacKy, Hapn^y c HepBHHM, OTMe^aeTCH n y ko- cthcthx; ASpaMOBH1? (1936), Hefijui (1940) npn3HaiOT o6a MexaHn3Ma y AmiuTus, Fundulus, Salmo, Anguilla. Menep (1939) HH'BeKnnflMH BHTH?KeK H3 rnno$H3a b CBeTJiyio CTopoHy MopcKon KaM6ajiH n Raja clavata BH3HBaji 9KcnaH3nio MeJia- HO^OpOB, H BHBOflHT OTCIOfla 0 BO3MO3KHOCTH TOpMOHaJIBHOrO B03fleHCTBnfl Ha HHX. XnMHHecKne pa3flpajKHTejin, flencTBya ^epe3 kpobb, OTpamaiOTCH Ha xpoMaTO^opax. Mojkho flyMaTB, hto n dpa^Hoe H3MeHeHne OKpacKH hbjihctch pe3yjiBTaT0M B03,n;eH- ctbhh hojiobbix ropMOHOB; npn KacTpan;HH ph6 He3aflOJiro ffo HacTynjieHHH nepnofla pa3MHOJKeHHH 6paTmafl OKpacKa ne pa3BHBaeTCH. Cym;ecTByiOT yKa3aHna, hto 6pan- HBIH Hapflfl KOJIIOmKH pa3BHBaeTCff HOfl BJIHflHHeM FOpMOHOB, BHfleJIfleMHX HHTep- CTH^HaJIBHBIM^ (npOMemyTO^IHHMH) KJieTKaMH CeMeHHHKOB. ByHflep BH3HBaJI y TOp- Til ¦ll, iii u ¦ J* 48 HACTB IIEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl h kojuohikh 6paHHyio oKpacKy yate *iepe3 ^ac nocJie BnpHCKHBaHHH 0,1 cm? ajiKajion.ua HOXHMSnHa 1 : 10.000; TaK me aeficTBOBaji 9KCTpaKT (FeHHHHr) n a,npeHaJiHH. Fjia3ep h Fe&raeJiB BBi3BiBajra Spa^Hyio OKpacKy ropMOHaMH aasKe y KaCTpnpoBaHHHX ropnaKOB. IJoHfleK HHTepMe^HHOM, nojiy^aeMHM H3 npOMeJKyTOHHofl eojih rHno$H3a, bh- 3BiBaJi ^encTBHe Ha nnraeHTHBie KJieTKH rojiBflHa; FHpc6epr TaKJKe ffencTBOBaJi npenapaTaMH n3 rHno$H3a. IlocJie pa3pymeHHH rnno^)H3a tojibhh b Te^eirae 3 RB.eii npnoSpeji jKeJiToe h KpacHoe oKpamnBaHne, nocJie nero oKpacKa o6ecn;BeTHJiacB, h rojiBHH yTpaTHJi ciiocoShoctb H3MeHHTB OKpacKy Ha pasjiH^HHX OKpaineHHBix cy6- CTpaTax; bto CBHjteTeJiBCTByeT o tom, hto nocJie pa3pynieHHH ?KeJie3H ropMOH nepe- CTaeT BHpaSaTHBaTBCH. J^aiKe npn HHi>eKip[ii rojiBHHy rHno$H3a apyrnx jkhbothhx hjih npoH3BO,HHoro H3 Hero — HH<|)yH,nHHa, — noflBJiHeTCH jKejiTan n KpacHaH onpacKa. O^HHM H3 OCHOBHHX ^aKTOpOB OTJIO?KeHHH HHrMeHTa B nOKpOBaX pLl6 C^HTaeTCH CBeT; 6eci];BeTHHe noKpOBH nemepHHX pn6 Amblyopsis spelaeus, Typhlichthys mbterraneus, Stygicola dentata, Lucifuga subterranea noftTBepjKflaioT cbh3b MeJK^y hhmh. O,a;HaKO cnjiBHan nnrMeHTan;HH hohth Bcex rjiy6oKOBO,o;HHX pBi6 He nOSBOJIfleT yCTaHOBHTB 3Ty 3aBHCIIMOCTB C HOJIHOfi KaTerOpHHHOCTBK). y mhophx pBi6 ycnjieHHoe OTJiomeHne nurMeHTa h HBJieHHH MeJiaHH3Ma npo- HcxoffaT no,n BJinHHiieM pa3JiHHHBix ^aKTopoB, HanpnMep, npn 6ojiBinoM npnTOKe 6ojiothoh BOffH, SoraToii ryMimoBtiMii Bem,ecTBaMH (^opejiB, no KjiiOTUHHrepy), npn npo^ojiJKHTenBHOM rojioflaHiin (KapnoBBie, no KHayTe) hjih npn h36htohhom niiTaHHH (Nemachilus, no Ge^epoBy). IIpoTHBonoJio?KHoe HBJieHiie — OTcyTCTBne nnrMeHTa, hjih aJiB6iiHH3M, BCTpenaeTCH Hepe^KO, ho npeflCTaBJiaeT C06010 naTOJio- rnnecKoe HBJieHne. OTcyTCTBiie oTJio?KeHHH ryaHHHa h cepeSpncToro Sjiecna OTMe- neHO 3h6ojib/];om Ha roJiOBJie, noflycTe, ^opejin h Ha3BaH0 ajiaMnneH. Ilpil yCHJieHHOM pa3BHTHH 9piITpH3Ma (KHH3BKH) II KCaHTOpH3Ma nOHBJIHIOTCfl a6eppan;iiH KpacHLie h/KejiTBie; ecjin oSnjine ryaHHHa npn^aeT hm MeTaJiJin^ecKHii OTTeHOK — nojiynaiOTCH 30Ji0THe BapBeTeTBi (KapacB, H3B, hjih op^)a, njiOTBa, jihhb, Misgurnus jossilis). H3 HKpH 3OJiOTBie phokh BtixoflHT c oKpacKofl, npHcymeH oSbihhhm KapacHM. 3ojioTHCTafl OKpacKa noaBJiHeTCH nocJie RByx MecnneB ot pom^eHKH. ripn co^ep- H?aHHH 3ojiotbix phSok b TeMHOTe, ohh b flBa Mecflnja npeBpaniiaiOTCH b npocTBie, Ha CBeTy — bhobb BO3Bpam,aiOTCfl k 3ojiotoh onpacKe. ^. Tojibko OTcyTCTBne qeniyn b HapyjKHHx nonpoBax KpyrjiopoTBix mojkho* KaK nepBH^Hoe HBJieHne. Bee HacTOHinne pbiSh oSjia^aiOT rojiBie noKpoBBi HeKOTopHx H3 hhx (MHorne comh, HeKOTopBie Gottidae, Trygon, Torpedo) — HBJieHne BTopn^Hoe, pe3yjiBTaT no3flHenmeH hx IIpH3HaBafi cKejieTOoSpasyiomyio n cjiH3eoT,nejiHTejiBHyio $yHKii;HH kojkh hbimh, B. G. MaTBeeB (1945) c^HTaeT, hto ohh HaxoAHTCH b aHTaroHH3Me n no,naBJiHeT ^pyryio (npHMep cy6cTHTynnH ^yHKiinfl). Ilpn ycnjieHnn. ?Kejie3HCTOH fleflTejiBHocTii n ycnjieHHH OTfleJieHHH cjih3h choco6hoctb koskh BHpa6aTBiBaTB neinyio no^aBJiHeTCH (npnMepoM cjiyn?aT Callichthys n Silurus). Bee pa3Hoo6pa3ne ^einyn mojkho CBecTH k TpeM ochobhhm TnnaM. HanSoJiee apeBHeii H3 hhx cJiymnT njiaKon^HaH, xapaKTepnsyromaH cejiaxnii. rijiaKonffHaH ^einyfl COCTOHT H3 6a3aJIBHOH nJiaCTHHKH, Ha KOTOpOH nOflHHMaeTCH KOHH^eCKHH HJin rpn6oBHfl;HBiH 3y6en; (kojkhbih 3y6);^3y6en; mojkct OKaH^HBaTBca o,hhhm hjih HecKOJiBKHMH ocTpH^MH. HaJiHHne kojkhbix 3y6oB npH^aeT KOJKe pe3Kyio niepoxo- BaTOCTB; Ko?Ka aKyjiBi cjiy?KHT MaTepnanoM ,o;jih npnroTOBJieHHa npeBoexoflHon inarpeHH. 3aKJia,n;BiBaeTCfl 3y6 npn CBoeM pa3BHTnn (pnc. 18) b BH^e coco^Ka Me3o6- jiaeTHqecKHx KJieTOK, BHeflpHioni;HxcH H3 KopnyMa b ann^epMnc; noBepxHOCTHHe KJieTKH COCOHKa, OAOHToSjiaCTBI, BBI^eJIHIOT A6HTHH; OCTaJIBHHe KJieTKH COCOHKa mhkotb 3y6a, hjih nyjiBny. GnapyiKH coconeK oAeBaeTca cjioeM 3nn,n;ep- pnsMaTH^ecKHx kjictok, aMeJioSjiacTOB, BBmeJiHioinHX Ha noBepx- hocth 3y6a 9MajieBBiHK0JinaH0K. BnojiHe pa3BHTHM 3y6en;, pa3ABHraa KJieTKH ann- jjepMHca, CBoSoflHO top^ht Hapy?Ky (pnc. 19). B o6pa3OBaHHH 3Toro copTa nemyn npnHHMaioT ynacTHe ajieMeHTH 9kto- h Me3OflepMH. Bnpo^eivi, FyflpnH, MapKepT in. KoasHHE rioKPOBH. qEmya. oprAHH cbe^ehhh 49 ih HKoBcraren BecB njiaKOHfiHHH opraH npHHHjvtaiOT 3a fleHTHHHoe o6pa3OBaHne. B 0TJin*ffle ot Bcex npo^nx. bh^ob nemyn HJiaKOHflHaa He HBJiaeTca a BpeMeHaMH c6pacBiBaeTca h CMeHaeTCa hoboh. PacnoJiaraeTca njiaKOHflHaa ^emya flnaroHa.JiBHHMH pa^aa npoxoa«fleHHH) ny^KOB KOpHyMa. Ghjibho pa3BHTaa b Koate aKyji b SHa^HTeJiBHOH CTeneHH flerpa^HpoBaHa y CKaTOB^npoHeMjBTexcjiyqaax, Korfla OHa y nocjieflHHX coxpaHaeTca, — mojkct AOCTnraTB 3HaiHTejiBHOH bcjihhhhh. ILias- HHKOBHe KOJIK)imH aKyji (HIKHH HOrOTHHHBl), CJIOMKeHHHe fleHTHHOM H 9MaJIBK), npeflCTaBJiaiOT MO^H^HKai^Hio njiaKOH^HOH qemyn; TaKOBH me 3y6n,Bi nnjiH Pristis h Pristiophorus. 3a3y6peHHBiH xboctoboh mnn Trygon oTJinnaeTCa chjibhhm pa3BH- ¦ -"-«" Tpa6eKyjiapHoro #eHTHHa. y Trygon brevicaudata momkho npocjie#HTB nocTe- jiepexofl KpynHHX xboctobhx nemyn b xopomo pa3BHTHH mnn. XHMep MOflH^HnnpoBaHHtie KOffiHHe 3y6Bi coxpaHHJincB Ha MHKConTepnrnH. KeJieT BHMepmnx naHnnpHBix pBi6, bh^hmo, npe,q;CTaBJiaji co6oio pe3yjiB- pa3pacTaHHa h cjihhhhh njiaKOHflHHX neniyn hjih hx 6a3aJiBHBix Piic. 18. - p p ay KOJKH 6pnoHa Squalus acanthias. a,— aMeJioOjiacTH; coe, coi— Hapy>KHHft h BHyTpeHHnii cjioii Kopn epd—annaepMiic; p—3y6Hoft cocoieK. O6pa3o- HH aeHTHHa eme He 3aMeTH0. (H3 PayTepa.) Phc. 19. IIpoHOJitHHtt pa3pe3 qepe3 nJiaKOnaHHtt opraH Mustellus. b—6a3aJibHaH njiacTHHKa; d—tohthh; e— aaianb; epd— anHjjepMne; p—mhkotb. . (H3 TepTBHra.) Bcanaa HHaa ^eniya, Kpoaie njiaKon^Hofl, HMeeT npOHCxojKffeHne H Hoe: BnnTejinajiBHHH cjioh b hx o6pa3OBaHnn He npnHHMaeT HHKaKoro B nocjie^Hee BpeMH bhobb nosHHMaexcH nonpoc o npoHCxojKaeHHH ijHKJionaHoft Heniyn He tojilko H3 Me3o;n;epMbi,— ho yKa3bmaeTCH Ha ynacTHe b ee o6pa3OBaHHH h aKTo^epMH. Hctophh «3yieHHH neiiiytt H3JiOH?eHa y Ta3e. CoBceM HOByio ToiiKy 3pemiH BHCKa3BmaeT Mapnyc (1934) h <&ax (1935). Ohh npH3HaioT Me3o,o;epMajiE>Hoe npoHcxo?Ki];eHHe neniyn, ho npHnncHBaioT o6pa- ¦3OBaHHe jKecTKOii cyScTaimHH ceKpeTy, BtmejiHeiviOMy anaaepMHcoM, h TaKHM o6pasoM npoBO^HT nojiHyio roMOJiorHK) Bcex bh,o;ob leuiyfi. Ha pan Haxo;n;HT, ^to o6pa3OBaHne Heoiya y G-ymnophiona, no MapKycy— He mojkgt 6biti> nepeHeceHO Ha pbi6. fl ^emya CBOHCTBeHHa, no npenMymecTBy, HCKonaeMBiM npeflCTaBHTejiefi Osteolepidae (h3 Grossopterygii) h Dipteridae (Dipnoi) raHona Haa nemya 6HJia npe^CTaBJieHa b BH^e TaK Ha3HBaeM0H KocMonflHon Hemya (pnc. 20). v3^ecB b rjiy6oKon hjiothoh 3OHe ^emyn 3ajieraeT H3oneflHHOBBiH cjioh c CKys- hbimh cocy^HCTHMH KaHaJiaMH; Hafl hhm pacnojiaraeTca mohi;hbih kocmhhobhh cjioh, UpOHH3aHHHH TOHKHMH fleHTHHOBHMH Tpy6KaMH, paCXOflamiHMHCa OT oSmHpHBIX nfi, BHHOJiHeHHBix nyjiBnoH. CHapyntn nemya noKpBrra cJioeM raHOHHa. ' no BHemHeMy BH^y HanoMHHaeT 9MajiB, ho 9to cxo^ctbo o6i»acHHeTca n, h6o neniyn coBpeMeHHHX pn6 HBJiaiOTca KOHe^HBiMH 3bchbhmh p jihhhh 9BOJiion;HH; raHOHH- oSHapyjKHBaeT cipoeHHe, 6jiH3Koe k flen- THHy. B qemye coBpeneHHoro Polypterus H3one,HHHOBHH cjioh hohth coBepmeHHO BHTecHaeTca, 3aTO kocmhhobhh c o6hjibhbimh Tpy6KaMH h JiaryHaMH, noKpHTHH raHOHHOM, pa3BHT chjibho. MemyH BToporo pofla H3 coBpeMeHHHX o6jia;naTeJieH HemyH, Lepidosteus, xapaKTepH3yeTca OTcyrcTBHeM KOCMHHOBOro H CJIOH, KaK paBHO H30HeAHH0BBIH, — Hp66oflaeTCa JIHHIB 4 Ochobu v\ 50 HACTB HEPBAfl. MOPopMH- pyeTCH no3H?e,.Kor,na pn6a flocTnraeT 30 cm; cbohm nponcxoH?«eHneM oh, MOMy, o6fl3aH fleflTejibHOCTH npnjieraiomero pnfta ocTeo6jiacTOB. pflflOB 6ojiBmHx iii;htkob — jKy^eK, KOTopu py oceTpoBHX, He HBJifliOTCfl raHonflHon ^emyen. Ohh HMeiOT pom6h- dt ch -ch uc L Pac. 20. HacTt Heinyii Megalichtkys hib- berti Ag. c—nojiocTH b ry6qaTOM hocthom cnoe; ch—KaMepu B KOCMHHOBOM CJIOe; dt----KOCMHHOBbie (iteHTHHOBHe) TpyGoHKH; q— cjioh raHOHHa; i— HsoneflHHOBBiii cnofi; o—OTBepcTHH Ha noBepxHOCTH; pc—nyjibno- BHe nojiocTH; uc—nanaa nun cocyaa. (H r) Phc. 21. CnejieT XBOCTOBoro Polyodon. an, ah —-bcpxhhh h hhwhhh Hyrn; ch xopua; /—$yjibKpti; I— 6 1 4 (Hs $opMy n CHa6H«eHH iraorHyTHMH rannaMn; nx noBepxHocTB paflnajibHO ne- p BnpoMeJKyTKax MejK,ny pn^aMH JKyqeK 3aJieraiOT b KOJKe MajieHBKiie njia- CTHHKH. Bee OHH CJIOJKeHH H3 KOCTHOH TKaHH, COffepJKameH pa3BeTBJieHHBie KJieTKH, a b mHTK'ax — n raBepcoBBi KaHajiu. Ko?Ka Polyodon ocTaeTCH tojioh. OyjiBKpBi coxpaHHJrncB b xboctobom njiaBHHKe oceTpoBHX, a y Lepidosteus — b napHBix h He- napHBix njiaBHHKax; y kocthcthx ph6 cpyjiBKp HeT, ho y comob Doras h Synodontis aHaJiornitmoe o6pa3OBaHne no BepxHeMy h Hna?HeMy KpaflM XBOCTa — . yKa3HBaiOT Ha Hajnrane no^oSHoro o6pa3OBaHHH TaKTKe b Hepa3^ejieHH0M chhhhom Jiy^e Macrurus. HecMOTpa Ha cboio 6jih3octb k Lepidosteus Amia npeflCTaBjineT BHflon3MeHeHne Hen^yn. 3^ecB raHOHH ncne3aeT coBepmeHHO, nemyfl coctoht H3 KOCTHHX HJiaCTHHOK, CpeflH KOTOpHX MOJKHO pa3JIHHHTB 6a3aJIBHH^[ H HORpBIineTOBlft cjioh; nocjieflHHH noKpHT peSpBmiKaMH CKJiepnTOB. ^epennnieoSpasHoe HaJieranne h BHeapeHne ocHOBaHna nerayn b nemynHHe KapMamKH CBH^eTejiBCTByeT, hto 3jD[ecB. mh HMeeM yme n;HKJion3Hyio nemyio. TaK»?e 6jiH3Ka k mnKJion^HOH ^emya coBpeMeH- hbix jipyjiliznia.mjs.xipia.6(Neoceratodus). TaKHM o6pa3OM, KaK bh^ho, npHHii;HnHaiiB- Horo paBJin^na Meatfly raHOH^HOH n n;HKJiOHflHOH HemyaMH HeT; o6e ohh nponexo- H3 COe^HHHTeJIBHOH TKaHH H MCJKfly HHMH MOHtHO HaHTH HpOMeJKyTO^HBie ^OpMBI. ohh CBH3aHH MejKfly coSoio. flencTBHTeJiBHO, y HCKonaeMofi Aetkeolepis 1 H3 xboctoblix $yjii>Kp oceTpoBHX TypKMeHH h KasaxH eme He#aBHO Bupe3ajiH KpiOTOK flJIfl JIOBJIH CeJIbRH — III. K03KEBIE nOKPOBBI. OPrAHBI CBEHEHHH 51 6hjio noKptiTp raHOHflHOH, axBOCT — hiikjioh;hhoh nemyeft; ; kocthctbix, Palaeoniseidae, hmcjih raHOHjjHyio Hemyio. PoM6n*iecKaa (JjopMa 6ojiee npHMHTHBHa, ^eM nHKjioHflHaa, pa3BHTne KOTopon conpoBOJK,q;ajiocB qeHHeM 6okoboh nofl|BH?KHOCTH Tena. . TpeTHH Bnfl qeinyri, cbohctb6Hhhh kocthctbim pH6aM, npeflCTaBJieH n KTeHon^HOH ^einyHMii. O6e bth $opMH poACTBeHHH MejKfly C06010; 6oJiee npHMHTHBHOH, KTeHOHRHan — 6ojiee nporpeccHBHOH:. Boo6m;e, opraira3OBaHHBie pbi6h — cejiB,n;eo6pa3HHe, ni;yKH, KapnoBH^HHe, yrpa: n fl;p.— ii, CTonmne BBiine b cncTeMe (SojiBnraHCTBO Acanthopterygii) —;. . Ho npaBirao 9to ne aScojiiOTHo; HMeiOTCfl h ncKJiio^eHHfl. G fleo6pa3HBix (Clupeii'ormes) po^H Brevoortia n Ethmidium oSnaaaiOT neniyeH, Tor,o;a KaK Sjihskhh po,n Alosa — Tnnn^HOH ujhrjioh^hoh:; TpecKOBBie, Gadidae, HMeiOT n;nKJiOHAHyio, a Macruridae — KTeHon^Hyio. BoJiee Toro, y iae- KOTOpHx Gobiidae b pa3H&ix hecth-x Tena 6HBaeT Ta n flpyraa nemyH; y Epinephe- lus (ceM. Serranidae) BHine 6okoboh jihhhh KTeHOH^HaH, a HH?Ke — u;hk-. jiOH^Han; Mullus b mojio^octh 06- jia,n;aeT hjhkjioh^hoh Heinyen, bo B3pOCJIOM COCTOHHHH—KTeHOHflHOH. y Morone labrax Ha menax h Ji6y n;nKJionjiiHafl, Ha TeJie — KTeHOH«- Haa. y KaMSaji po^a Liopsetta (L.glacialis) caMijBi HMeiOT K Hyio, caMKH y ; y Ar- noglossus n Pleuronectes punctatus- Ha rJia3H0H: CTOpOHe nepBaa, Ha cjienofi—nocjieflHHH. IIo IIpoSaTOBy (1935), Ha jKaSepHoii KpHmKe Perca fluviatilis nemya h KTeHon^Haa, h UjHKJIOHflHaa. B . CBOeM pa3BHTHH npoxo^HT Phc. 22. IIonepeHHtiJi pa3pe3 nepe3 neniyio Ruti- lus rutilus. b—.GaaaJifeHHH cjiofi; d—noKpmne^Hufi cjiofi; h—no- jiocth; rl— KOJibi;eBHe (CKJiepnioBHe) peOpuniKn. Ha rase.) n OTJiH^aeTca ot p y no Kpaio 3y6nHKOB hjih mnnnKOB. Ecjih KTeHOHflHBift rpeSeHB npnoSpeTaiOT bh,h pecHH^eK. HaoSopoT, ecjin 3y6n;Bi npeBpa- mnnti, ho^oSho TOMy, hto HMeeT Mecro y Sparus, maiOTca b Ha3BIBaK)T oco6eHHOCTBio HemyH kocthcthx puS aBJiaeTca cnocoS ee BHe,npaacB. cbohm ocHOBaHneM b HemyftHBiH KapMameK, b KopnyM, OHa cboSorhbim kohhom Hepennneo6pa3HO HajieraeT Ha nemyio. Tojibko b peflKnx cjiynaax MejiKne HemynKH 6HBaK)T cnopaffHHecKH pa3- SpocaHBi no koskc GHapyatn ^emya noKpHTa anHflepMncoM. PacnoJiaraeTca OHa npoaOJIBHBIMH, BepTHKaJIBHBIMH H KOCHMH pH^aMH; HOCJieAHHe, KOCBie, pHflBI €OB- na^aiOT c HanpaBJieHneM 3aJieraHna bojiokoh coeflHHHTejiBHOH TKaHH KopnyMa. Bo MHornx cjiynaax mojkho otmcthtb cerMeHTajiBHoe pacnojiojKeHne Hemyn^ npn- neM KasKflOMy MHOMepy cooTBeTCTByeT o^hh (Clupea, Cyprinus, Leuciscusjmjm #Ba (Tinea, Salmo) K0CHxpafl;a. KoHeirao,npHMejiKOHpa36pocaHHOHHeniyef'^lwg«;87Za> Lota) yjioBHTB -3Ty 3aKOH0MepHOCTB Tpyjtfiee. Hhcjio pa^OB h KOJin^iecTBa b npo;n;ojiBHOM pa^y c BO3pacTOM He H3MeHaiOTca; noaroMy nx c^eT HMeei? Ph6h HMeiOT nocTOHHHyio KOH«y h HecMeHaeMHfl ^emyftHHH nonpoB, ho a$pn KOHeK (horsefish) H3 ceM. Scorpaenidae — Agriopus oSjia^aeT cnoco6 hoctbk), ho;ho6ho 3Mee, c6pacHBaTB KO3Ky jioxMOTBaMH, pa3BHBaa no;* Heio HOByio oKpaineHHyio. GTpoeHne n;HKJioHflHofi n KTeHon^Hofl nemyn mojkho nsy^mTB Ha pa3pe3e. Ha- HJIH nOKpBimeTfflHH CJIO&, Ha3BaHHBIH To^epOM rnaJIOReHTHHOBBIM, MO- 6bitb, noTa3e, pas6nT Ha fljBa njiacTa (pnc. 22): BHemHHH — 6ojiee roMoreHHBift, HHM npH3MaTHqeCKHH. HHJKHHft, HJIH 6a3aJIBHBIH CJIOH ¦— BOJIOKHBLGTHH, CO ctoht H3 mhophx njiacTHHOK, cJiojKeHHBix napaJiJieJiBHBiMH BOJioKHaMH, nepeceKaio 52 1ACTB HEPBAfl. M0P4>0JIQrHff iN1 PS) b cocefljHHx njiacTHHKax nofl pa3JiHHHHM yrjioai; 3tot cjioh HMeeT xapaKTep kocth. B njiacTHHKax HaxoflHTCH CBoeo6pa3Htie TejiBna MaHflejiH, npeflCTaBJiHK>mne co6oh) KpHCTajiJiH^ecKne o6pa3OBaHHH, HMeHyeMHe KajiBKoc^epHTaMH (pnc. 23). KaK noKpBnneHHHH, TaK h 6a3ajn>HBiH cjioh jrameHBi kocthhx kjictok. KocTHBie TejiBna HaSjiioflaiOTCH H3peflKa jihuib b ^emye HH3K0 opraHH3OBaHHBix kocthcthx (Albulidae, Mormyridae, Osteoglossidae; y Cyprinydae — tojibko b qemynx 60- koboh jihhhh). TucTOJiorHH ^emyn nsy^ajiacb Hh6b (Neave), KOTopuft noffTBep- Me3OflepMajiBHoe nponcxosKfleHne nemyn h cjioh hto rna.Jio#eHTHHOBHH[ pa3Horo KOCTHBlfi, BOJIOKHHCTBlfi H o6pa3yeTCfl H3 COeflHHHTeJIBHOH TKaHH Kap- Maiiraa; oh cnepBa KOJiJiareH- HBlfi, a 3aTeM HH$HJIBTpyeTCH HXTHOJiennAHHOM; koctb pa- CTeT tojibko no KpaHM BCJiefl;- CTBHe aKTHBHOCTH KJieTOK HO nepH^epnn KapMamKa. Fpe6- hh o6pa3yiOTCH KJieTOK HapyjKHoro cjioh. Phc. 23. khcjiotli H3 KpacHonepKH — a, '— b. (ITo Ta3e.) IIpH ROJirOM KHIIHHeHHH hjih b 2% e;n;KOM KajiH qemyn pac-, naji;aeTCH ot pacTBopeHHH opraHH- necKoro BemecTBa, ho H3BecTKOBbie MaCTH COXpaHHIOTCa. IIpH HefiCTBHH 5% a3OTHOii hjih 10% cojihhoh pp H3BecTKOBtie cojiii h ocTaeTCH 6eccTpyKTypHaa jKejiaTHHono,o;o6HaH njia- CTHHKa; b KpenKoft cojihhoh KHCJiOTe pacTBopaeTCH Bee 6e3 ocTaTKa. OpraHH^ecKoro BemecTBa 41,16—55%. MuHepajitHbie BemecTBa HMeioT TaKOit cocTaB b npoi^eHTax: Kapn UlyKa CaO 15.98 21.93 MgO 0.48 0.51 P2O5 13.12 18.00 CO2 1,43 2.30 6biCTpo pa3BapiiBaeTCH b KJieii; b qeinye nocjie y^ajieHHa H3BecTH S) Ha3BaHHoe MepHepoivi (Mdrner) JlnnieHHaa H3BecTH ocTaeTca 6ejiKOBoe lemyn, npnKpBrrafl HajieraromeH coce^Hen, saMeTHO OTJin^aeTCH no CTpoe- OT CBOSoflHOH HenpHKpHTOH HaCTH H OTfleJIHeTCH HCHO Ha nepeceieHHH jihhhh, onpeflejiHiomen rpaHnny HenpnKpBiTon naroHajin Jiemwr neHTp ^emyii. OTcio^a pacxo^HTCH b pa3HHX kojih- - (o,n;Ha h 6ojiee) paflnajiBHBie hojiockh — KaHaJiH ^jih nHTaHHH ^emyn. Onpe- n;eHTpa nemyn BamHO ^jih HCHHCJieHHH bihphhbi roflH^HHX HapaCTaHHH • npn oSpaTHHX pac^mcjieHHHX TeMna pocTa. Bch Hemyn no noBepxHocTH Horo cjioh SHBaeT CHaSsKem 6ojiee hjih MeHee KOHBteHTpHHecKH MeCTaMH BBIKJIHHHBaiOmnMHCH CKJiepHTOBHMH HOJIOCaMH, HJIH peSpHDIKaMH, CTpHHMH (pnc. 22). TaKoro Tnna BHemHee CTpoeHne y cejiB^n. y apyrnx puS xapaKTep nemyn hhoh; y TpecKH, HanpHMep, noKpBnneHHHH cjioh neinyH cocTaBJieH H3 kgpotkhx CKJiepHTOB, to 6ojiee nrapoKHx, to 6ojiee ysKnx, 3ajieraiomHX c 3aK0H0MepH0CTBK> BOKpyr i^eHTpa qerayn. Bmccto paflnajiBHHX nojiocoK mh HMeeM npoMejKyTKH Me^K^y cKjiepnTaMH, cjiysKamne nyTHMH (pnc. 24). HacjioeHne CKJiepHTOB nponcxoflHT nepnoflH^ecKH, h bto no3BO- no hx BHenraeMy BH^y He tojibko c*iHTaTB roAHHHHe KOJiBi^a, ho h onpe^ejiHTB pOCTa H OTMe^aTB MOMeHTH pa3MH0?KeHHfl, 0 HeM nOflpo6HO TOBOpHTCH B TJiaBe XV (Bo3pacT). OffHaKO roflnHHBie KOJiBna Ha nemye, no B. B. IleTpoBy h B. K. IleTpymeBCKOMy, p6pa3yioTCH coBceM He TaK, KaK roflnqHBie KOJiBn;a ^epeBBeB. Hemyio y ca3aHa nocjie Mai^epaB[HH moh^ho JierKo pa3fleJiHTB Ha pnfl ropn3OHTaJiBHHX njiacTOB, HajieraioniiHx r Ha flpyrqn ho^o6ho yce^eHHon nnpaMHfle. IIoBTOMy ro^n^HBie cjioh L^rafFtjs^;^^ III. KOJKHHE IIOKPOBH. . OPrAHH CiBEHEHHH 53 b pa3HBixTopH3OHTajiBHHX hjiockocthx orhh nofl; flpyrnM h 6ojiee MOJioj[Bie —6oJiee 3JiHHHbie. Bto o6cTOHTeJiBCTBO oS^HCHHeT, noneMy y TpecKH ^acTO nonajjaiOTCH CojiBmne ^emyn jihihb c orhhmh HapysKHBiMH, H03,uHeHinnMH roflHHHBnvra KOJiBnaMH n c roMoreHHofl, jimneHHon CKJiepnTOB cpeflHen *racTBio qemyn; a Hapjmy c hhmh: h o^eHB MeJiKne ^enryiiKH, bhrhmo, OTCJioHBnraecH ot nepBBix neinyn jiococh HpBHH MeH3nc TpaKTyiOT KaK pereHepnpyio- 6pK>mHOEC ^hhhh Tejia, HHor^a, KaK y KacnnficKOH cejiB^n, o6pa3yiOT pnfl khjicbbix ^eniyeK c ocipBiM nnjiB^aTopejKymnM KpaeM. Hemyn, jieJKamne no 6okoboh jihhhh, npoHH3aHBi CBoeo6pa3HBiMH Tpy- — KaHajiBii;aMH opraHa ^yBCTB 60K0B0H JIHHnH. 3aKJia,DfbiBaeTCH-HemyH y eyaaKa, no KpynnHy, cnepBa b xboctoboh, 3aTeM b cpeffHefi n, HaKOHen;, b nepe^HeH ^acTH [O^OCTHSKeHHH MaJIBKOM 3.5—4 CM :; Hao6opoT, y ^opejin OHa 3aKJia- cnepBa b nepeflHen nacTH 3 cm nojj, norpaHHHHOH CTHHKOH B BepXHeH -^aCTH KOpHyMa BH- HBJIHeTCH COCO^eK H3 Me30,HepMajIBHBIX KJieTOK: (bopMnpyiomHecH snecB ocTeo- 6jiacTBi BHflejiaiOT qemyHHyio Ky. IIo M. M. MemKOBy hcho Has nemyfl 3aMeTHa y H3fl 18—20 mm Ha 35—40 jjeHB nocjie BBiJiynjieHHH; innjiB^e (1936) HameJi nemyio y hjiotbh 20 mm Ha 70 HeHB pa3BHTHH. ^einyfl OTJiiraaGTCH ot KOJiioHeK. y Go- bius nepBafl KOJiioiiiKa o6pa3yeTCH b cbhsh C nepBHMH CKJiepHTOBHMH H HOBHe KOJIIOHKH BO3HHKaK)T MeHHO C pa3BHTHeM HOBB1X CKJiepHTOBBIX KOJien;. IlyinKapeB OTMe^aeT Ha ^lemye OKyhh, Perca, coBnafleHna KTeHOH^OB C HHCJIOM TO.ipi^HBIX KOJiei^. Bo BHyrpeHHeii, npnjieraiomeS k Teny ^acTH nemyn 3aJieraeT tohkhh cepeSpn- cthh 6jiecTHm;HH cjioh, co,nep«Kani;HH KpncTaJiJinKH ryaHHHa n H3BecTH. Oco6eHHo> oShjibhh 3th KpncTaJiJinKH b neniye yKJien, ceJiBflH, nexoHn; nx jierKo BHaeJiHTB. nyTeM BBiMBiBaHHH BOfloio, ^lto npoH3BOflnTCH b cnen.Ha.JiBHBix 6apa6aHax. PacTBo- peHHBiM b nejionflHHOBOM naKe ryaHHHOM noKpHBaiOT CTeKJiHHHBie mapnKn, h TaKHM o6pa3OM nojiy^aiOT ncKyccTBeHHHH jKeM^yr (pyccKHH cnoco6 npon3BOflCTBa). fljia n;ejiHMOJKeT6HTB npnMeHeHa TaKJKe nemyfl bchkoh spyron ^actHKOBofi ph6h. KpncTaJiJiHKOB ryaHHHa (HanpnMep, y KopiomKn) oSycjiopjiHBaeT nemyn. nemyn pa3Hoo6pa3Ha. B to BpeMH KaK y Anguilla OHa MaJia, y Megalops — aocTHraeT 5 cm b jpaaMeTpe, a y HHflHHCKoro Barbusmosal, H3 ropHHX peK A3hh — ho BHBe^eHH pa3JiHHHHe nopoffti Kapna^acTBio cHopMaoiBHOHHemyeH, coBceM 6e3HemyH (kojkhcthh Kapn),HacTBio cHeMHoro^HCJieHHBiMH c, pacnojio?KeHHHMH b pHfl no 6oKaM Tejia (3epKaJiBHHH). To$ep OTcyTGTBHH HemyH TaKH?e h y jihhh. Phc 24. Heniyn TpecKH. Gadus morhua Lr. roffHqHtie KOJibii;a. (<1>oto AranoBa.) 54 nEPBAfl. If!, 3epKajitHofi ^emyn b npnpofle cpe/ni KapnoBHx HaSjnoflajiocB eoKpaTHo; no PiOHrepy (1934), oHa OTMe^eHa Bn3e (1932) Ha njioTBe h KpacHonepKe, To^epoM h KHayTe — Ha Kapace. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe 3epKajiBHHX ^emyfi PiOHrep o6i>HCHfleT HapymeHneM MHHepajiBHoro o6MeHa, t. e. hhcto $H3HOJiorHHecKHMH npn^HHaMH, n yKa3HBaeT Ha cymecTBOBaHne nepexoftHHX $opM k oSh^hoh neinye. y HeKOTopHX kocthcthx ^emya He MOJKeT 6htb OTHeceHa hh k u;hkjioh1d[hoh, hh k KTeHOHflHon; OHa KaK 6h 3aHHMaeT npoMe?KyTO*moe MecTo Mem^y oSbihhoh ^e- myen n ko?khhm 3y6bM. Hanpninep, y Centriscus (h3 Syngnathif'ormes) KOJKHan ^emya coctoht H3 6a3ajiBHOH poMSEraecKon njiacTHHKH, CHaSJKeHHOH H3orHyTbiM Ha3afl kocthhm mHHOM c BHyTpeHHefl hojioctbh), 3anojiHeHHon nyjiBnoH. IIofloSHBie me o6pa3OBaHHH HMeiOTCH y Ogcocephalus (Lophiiformes), Balistes, Monacanthus (Tetrodontiformes) h flpyrnx. Bee me mojkho c^HTaTB, q-ro reHeTH^ecKH ohh cbh- 3aHBi c KTeHOHffHOfi nemyefi. y Diodon qemyn npeBpameHH b noflBHjKHBie kojiio^kh, paciipaBJifliorniHecfl npn pa3flyBaHnn,Tejia BO3flyxoM. y:MHornx pn6 BMecTO nemyn Ha KOHte pa3BHBaiOTCfl kocthhc njiacTHHKn; ohh OTJiniaiOTCfl SojiBmoH MaccHBHOCTBK) h rjiySoKHM 3aiEeraHHeM b KopnyMe; npn btom o6pa30BaHHH nemyHHoro KapMamKa He nponcxoflHT. Hepe^Ko — KaK cpe^n npefl- Agonidae, Syngnathidae — KoaraBie m;nTKH oSHapymnBaiOT cerMeH- paenojiojKeHne. KpynHHe KOHnnecKne KOH«HHe o6pa3OBaHHH Cyclopterus CBoeo6pa3HHM CTpoeHneM. HMefl hcho BBipa?KeHHyio cjioeBaTOCTB,, OHH HpOHH3aHH TOHKHMH KaHaJIBIjaMH, KOTOpHe Fa3e CHHTaJI 3a fleHTHHOBBie Tpy- 6ohkh, ynofloSjiflH nx CTpoeHne njiaKOH^Hon nemye. O^HaKo, no TpeTBHKOBy, Ka- 3KymaflCH fleHTHHOBafl CTpyKTypa o6i>fl:cHHeTCH BHe#peHneM coeflHHHTejiBHHX bo- jiokoh; b o6pa3OBaHHH bthx d^htkob annflepMiic He npuHHMaeT HHKaKoro ynacTHH. IE[htkh Syngnathidae n Gasterosteidae coctoht H3 bCTeoH^HOH MaccBi, pacna,o;aio- nuenck Ha flBa cjioh; Hapya«HHH npo6oflaeTca tohkhmh KaHajiBii;aMH, o6pa3yeMBiMH coeflEffiHTejiBHOTKaHHHMn BOJioKHaMH (mapneeBCKHMn). GoBceM CBoeo6pa3HBi KOJKHBie o6pa3OBaHHH ^aH^BIpHHx comob — Plecostomus (ceM. Loricariidae), Callichthys. IIjiacTHHKH naHHBipa coctoht n3 HacTOHm;eH koct- hoh TKaHH c raBepcoBHMH KaHajiBnaMH n HecyT 3y6 c ^eHTHHOBOH CTpyKTypofi n nyjiBHon, a no FefiHKe — flaate n c BMajieBHM KOJina^KdM; nocjieflHee, Bnpo^eM, OTBepraeTCH AraccnneM. KajK^an KocTHaa njiacTHHKa npe^CTaBJineT co6oh caato- CTOHTejiBHoe o6pa30BaHne, BCTynnBmee c 3y6n,0M b cbh3b btoph^ho. OpraHti CBe^eHHa:.1 GBeTamiHecfl opraHH npeflcfaBJiHiOT coSoio Kpairae cBoeo6pa3- Hyio oco6eHHocTB b opraHH3Me ph6h. FeHeTH^ecKH $oto$oph hbjihiotch ycJiojK- HeHHHMH 3HH,n[epMaJIBHHMH o6pa3OBaHHHMH, B $OpMHpOBaHHH KOTOpBIX npHHHMaiOT n 9JieMeHTH KopnyMa; 3a c^eT nocne,D[Hefo pa3BHBaeTCH nnrMeHTHaH 060- h pe$JieKTop. HecMOTpn Ha hbho jKeJie3HCToe nx nponcxoJKfleHne, 3th opraHBi ^CTBeHHO CBH3aTB c o,o;HOKJieTOHHBiMH ?KeJie3aMH annaepMHca TaK TOO OHH COCTaBJIHIOT HeTBepTHH, CBOeo6pa3HHH THH ?KeJie3HCTHX 06pa30- , 6HTB MOHxeT CpO^HHH CJIH3HCTBIM KJieTKaM; OflHaKO OpraHH He BBIfteJIHIOT HHKaKoro ceKpeTa. no noflCHeTy Bpayepa (1908), H3 309 poflOB c 1007 JBHflaMH rjiy6OKOBOflHHX pBl6 TOJIBKO 37 pOflOB H 112 BHflOB OTHOCHTCH K CBeTHm;HMCH. Ho HopTy n Myppeio, hhcjio CBeTH^nxca npeBBiniaeT 239 bh^ob. Ilpn 9tom Heo6i:oIa;nMo nofl^epKHyTB, hto Bee ohh BeflyT SaTHnejiarnnecKHH o6pa3 3KH3Hn; HH OftHH BHfl He HpnHaflJieJKHT K npHflOHHBIM. G flpyrOH CTOpOHH, CBeTHffliHeCfl j)h6h BCTpe^iaiOTCH TaKHte n cpeflH npnopemHHX $opM (HanpHMep, Anomalops, JPkotoblepkaron, Porichthys n Hp.).Pfl,n bh^ob (Myctophum, Lampadena, Diaphus) m.3 rjiy6nHH no Ho^aM noAHHMaioTCH Ha noBepxHOCTB. HaKOHen;, jvraorne CBeTHntnecH «^opMH KKHByT He HHme 400 m; HaodopoT, Han6oflee r.ny6oKOBOflHBie po^H, KaK Cyclo- thone, LampanyctusiBMeiOT cna6ee B ne 1 B HacToameft rjiase mm coBceM He KacaeMCH HBjieHHii CBeieHHa opraHH^ecKiix B ^aCTHOCTH, npOflyKTOB (MHCO,pH6a, OCO6eHHO COJieHaH), BHBHBaeMMX CBeTflmHMHCH Sp Tanoe CBeneHne npoHcxoftHT b npncyTCTBHH KHCJiopo^a h Ha cyScTpaTax, coflepjKamax NaGl, ^ito yKa8tiBaeT Ha MopcKoe npoHcxoHtp;eHHe bthx mhkpoSob. IIpoflyKTH, H3JiyHaiomHe CBeT (Hanp., cBeTHmaHca Tpecna), c caHHTapHoft to^kh speHHH Bnojrae HoSpoKaHecTBeHHH h \ioryT ynoTpe6- jihtlch b n«my 6e3 bchkhx ii HI. KOJKHHE HOKPOBH. . OPrAHH CBEHEHHH 55 npeflnoJiaraTB, ito CBeTainneca ph6h npnyponeHH 6oJiee k cjia6o ocBemeHHOH 3OHe, tom k o6;nacTH hojihoh tcmhoth. PaccMaTpHBaa CTpoeHHe ^OTO^OpOB, HX MOJKHO paCHOHOSKHTB HO CTeneHH CJIOH?HOCTH, HO TaKOH pHfl COBep- ineHHO He cooTBeTCTByeT ^HJioreHeTH^ecKHM OTHonieHHHM nx oSjiaRaTeJieH. Koh- «TaTHpya mnpoKoe pa3Hoo6pa3ne CTpoeHna CBeTamnxca opraHOB, Heo6xojpiMo npn3HaTB, npn Hajinnnn <|>yHKnHOHajiBHoro cxo#CTBa, pe3Kne pa3JiHHHa b hx npo- HCXOsKfleHHn; HejiB3a npoBOflHTB roMOJiorHH MesKRy opraHaMH it kocthcthx; HejiB3a TaKJKe roMOJiorn3HpoBaTB opraHH formes h Scopelidae, noao6- hhm me o6pa3OM HejiB3a Isz Glupei- y opraHH Stomiatidae h Ano- riialopidae. Bonpoc eme 6oJiee ycJiosKHHeTCH, ecun OTMeTHTB, ^ito b OTfl;eJiBHHx cjiy^aax BO3- moskho HcnycKaHne CBeTa Bceft TeJia 6e3 Ha- cnen;HaJiBHHX cbgth- opraHOB; TaKOBH Lep- toderma H3 BeHrajiBCKoro 3a- jiHBa h Harpodon (ceM. Myc- tophidae) nepea ycTBflMH peK . IIpHHHMaH BCe 3T0 BO -CTHTB B npOHCXOJKfleHHH H ¦CTpoeHHH OpraHOB HBJieHHfl KOHBepreHn,HH K ho n Tonorpa^H^ecKH mnecH opraHH secBMa pa3Hoo6pa3Ho. y Ma- lacosteus laevis (ceM. Macru- Tidae) — eAHHCTBeHHHH $oto- ^>op b ?Kejio6Ke nepefl; hhm OTBepcTHeM; y BnTeJien Lophiif ormes— TaK?Ke eflHHCTBeHHHH opraH Ha KOHn;e m;ynaJiBn;a, — y^HHeHHoro nepBoro Jiy^a D. y Anomalops katoptron (Berycif ormes) n Photoblepharon palpebratus n 0,5 cm nrapHHH, b HMKax CO sc Phc. 25. CBeTHmiificH opraH Spinax niger c CTopoHH rostrum; big—KpoBeHOCHHii cocyji;; bis—KpoBeHOCHBrii cirayc; co pnyM; epd — annjiepMHc; hst— nnaKOHHHHH opraH; isz— jihh3u; \z— CBeTHmnecH kjictkh; sc—cyOKyTaHeajibHaa c TKaHb. (Ho HoraHHy.) ko- no 2 KpynHHX $oTO$opa — okojio 1 cm rJia3OM. y Tp^TBnx — pflflH n rpynnn opraHOB p G t p oeHne CBeiamixca opraHOB an y ji h. opraHH noJiapHOH anyjiH, Somniosus microcephalus, Bcero cnjiBHee pa3BHTH y bh- njieBHBaromierocH 9M6pnoHa; no3H?e ohh npeTepneBaiOT perpeccHBHoe npeo6pa3OBa- hhc PacnojiaraK)TCH ohh hor 3aRHen HtaSepHOH mejiBK), Ha aaTHJiKe h b nepeAHefi ^acTH TyjiOBHma, paBHo KaK hpoaojibhhmh nojiocaMH Has 6okoboh JiHHHeft:Hao6o- poT, y Isistius, Euprotomicrus, Paracentroscyllium h Spinax — opraHH* pacno- jiaraiOTCH Ha 6pioniHOH CTopoHe; Isistius brasiliensis CBenwi 3ejieHHM ^oc^opnHe- ckhm CBeTOM Bcero HHJKHeio HacTBio Tejia h tojiobh. y Spinax niger (pnc. 25) KajKjpift opraH npeflCTaBJieH He6ojiBmHM 3nnflepMajiBHHM yTOJirneHneM, b ocHOBaHnn koto- poro JiesKnT nnrMeHTHaa ^ama h KpoBeHocHHfi cnHyc, a 5Kejie3HCTaa nacTB ¦CTaBJieHa hcckojibkhmh paflaMn cBeTHmnxca kjictok c H^paMii y nepn^epHH; hhx b opraHe moxkho otmcthtb HHflH^epeHTHHe annflepMaJiBHHe kjictkh h ;hhh3h, Jiemamne b 2 hjih 6ojiee jpa.ua. - G b e t a in, h e c a opraHH kocthcthx. 3Ha*iHTe;!iBHO pa3HOo6pa3- CBeTHmneca opraHH kocthcthx. B Han6ojiee iiojiho BHpajKeHHOH $opMe $oto- HACTb HEPBAfl. I l.-ji i m 56 $opa HMeeTCH rpynna JKejie3HCTBix KJieTOK, o6pa3yiomHx MaccHBHHH hjih cHa6-r HOJIOCTBK) OpraH; BHyTpeHHHfl nOJIOCTB MOJKeT 6bITB 3aMKHyT0H HJIH COO6- c HapyjKHOH cpeflOH BnnTeJinajiBHHM xo^om. Ha# jKeJie3HCTBiMH jiHH3onoflo6Hoe npo3paTnioe o6pa3OBaHHe H3 roMoreHHBix hjih ; bo MHornx cjiynaflx- xpycTajiHKa He cymecTByeT bobcc Pe^JieKTop, cjio- MO#H(|)nnHpOBaHHBIMH COe^HHHTeJIBHOTKaHHBIMH KJieTKaMH H K HHTMeHTHOH Hanie, MOH?eT 6HTB pa3BHT, HO MOJKeT H OTCyTCTBOBaTB. cjioh noflCTHJiaeT opraH co flHa h 6okob. B HeKOTopHX cjiy^aax b pa3BHBaeTCfl CJIOH CTyfleHHCTOfi TKaHH. Ecjih pacnojioHtHTB cTpoeHHe $OTo$opoB b nopaflKe nocTeneHHoro », KaK jme OTMe^ajiocB, He coBnaffaeT c nojiowKeHneM pbi6bi b cncTeMe, to mojkho* cjiejtyiomee. HanSojiee npocTo ycTpoeHHBin ^)OTO$op Haxo^HM y Chaulio- dus (Stomiatoidei); oh jicjkht b KopnyMe CHapyjKH HemyH, HMeeTmapOBH^Hyio ^>opMy n cjiomeH paflnajiBfio pacnojioH«eHHHMa H?eJie3HCTHMH KJieTKaMH, CXOflHmHMHCa BepinnHaMH k D;eHTpy, r,ne Haxo^HTca He6ojiBinan nojiocTB, coflepHtamaa ceKpeT; KJieTKH BBIHOJIHeHBI rpy603epHHCTBIM CO- ^epjKHMBiM (pnc. 26).. OpraH o6jieKaeTCJL TOHKOH COeflHHHTeJIBHOTKaHHOH o6oJIO*I- koh. 3aMenaTejiBH0, hto b btom opraHe* HeT HHTMeHTHOH HaniH. Ho yme y flpyrnx npeflCTaBHTejien Toro ?Ke noflOTpflfla Sto- miatoidei, HMeHHO, Idiacanthus Idiacanthidae) $OTo$op CHa6jKeH HHTeJIBHO TOJICTOH nHrMCHTHOH o6oJIO^;- koh; H.eHTpaJiBHoro npocBeTa b PHC. 26. Pa3pes nepe3 cnomubiH opraH Chauliodus sloanei. (Ho Bpayepy.) JBoo6me b noflOTpfl^e Stomiatoider (oTp. Glupeiformes) CBeTnmnMHCH opraHa*- mh BoopyjKeH&i Gonostoma, Sternoptyx^ Argyropelecus, Cyclothone, Stomias, Chau- liodus, Malacosteus, Batkylychnus, Astronestes h #p. Gonostoma elongatum o6jia,n[aeT- COpTaMH $OTO$OpOB: MaJIHMH KySKOBHflHHMH, SOJIBIHHMH Ky6K0BHflHbIMH---- pacnojiaraiOTCH npo,g;ojiBHbiMH pa^aMH — n MeinKOBH^HBiMH. M Ky6KOBH,HHLie opraHBi CHaS/KeHti nnrMeHTHOH ^amen, b ocHOBaHnn KOTopofi 3HCTBie KJieTKH pacnojiaraiOTCH BOKpyr H,eHTpajiBHoro CHHyca; nocJieflHHH coo6- maeTCH c HapyjKHOH cpe^ofi: npn noMomii BBiBOflHoro npoTOKa, npiiqeM hojioctb. BBicTJiaHa HejKeJie3HCTBiMii KJieTKaMH. BojiBnine KySKOBH^HBie opraHBi nocTpoeHBi CJiojKHee: b hhx nnrMeHTHaa oGojio^Ka ocjiomHeHa 6okobhmh 5Kejie3ncTBiMH KJieTKaMH h nnrMeHTHOH namen 3aJieraeT pe$JieKTOp, opraH KpyroM; Men^y anH^epMHcoM h pe^JieKTopoM 3ajierae TKaHB, Cpe^H KOTOpOH MO?KHO 3aMeTHTB KpOBeHOCHBie COCyflBI H HepB. B MemKOBH,H-' hom opraHe JKejie3HCTBie kjictkh rpynnnpyiOTCfl b npaBHJiBHBie Tpy6o^KH (acini)i BOKpyr CHHyca; MemKOBH^HHe opraHBi hbjihiotch MOfl;n^)HKaii;HiiMH hjih py^HMeH- TaMH,KpyHHHX. . B Ky6K0BHflH0M opraHe Cyclothone microdon (ceM. Sternoptychidae) no- flBJIfleTCfl 3a^aTOK JIHH3BI B BHfle O^HOrO CJIOH J^HJIHHflpH^eCKnX KJieTOK. H Ha hhm p jihh3h, opraH Cyclothone HBJineTCH hcckojibko c ^OTO$opoM Gonostoma,. h6o jKeJie3ncTBie BMecTe, a pacnaflaiOTCH Ha HecKOJiBKo MajieHBKnx rpynn, Astronestes. 3^ecB HMeeTCH cnennajiBHaH MHnma noffo6HO« m;aH CBeT. opraH npoTHB h 3aKpBiBaioni;afl o6pa3OMi KySKOBH^HBie opraHBi Chauliodus sloanei HMeioTnpocTyiojiHH3y, ho pe^JieKTopa (pnc. 26). B opraHax noflo6Horo Tnna MOHten BHBOflHOH HpOTOK, npo6o^aK)Hi;HH JIHH3y. ,* 5"* * i *^— j ^ V1 III. K05KHBIE HOKPOBBI. - OPrAHH CBEHEHHfl G apyrofi ctopohh, Porichthys (ceM. Batraehidae), npn6pe3KHafl Kajra$opHHH- CKan pnSa, oco6eKH0 6oraTO CHaSsKeHa cseTflmnMiicfl opraHaMH; ohh pacnojia- raiOTCH npoflOJiBHHMH pfl^aMH b BHfle CBeTJiHx nnTHT>nneK b KOJuzraecTBe jjo 350 JKeJie3HCTHX KJieTOK, h CTOpOHH. O0T0$0p mapoBHflHHM xpycTajiHKOM (pnc. 27); opraH 1 pe^JieKTopoM h nnrMeHTHoft o6ojioiiKoii. ipeffn Beryciformes oSieMHCTu sit no HHHraeMy Kpaio op6nTH, cnoco6HOCTBio 3aKpHBaTB opraH CBeT HeBE^EQVfHM HyTCM BBOpaHHBaHHH hx BHyTpb rjia3Hon nojiocTH npn noMon;H xpn- nteBoro CTeSejiBKa (Anomalops) "hjih nyTeM no«- pt' HHJKHefi CKJiaflKH BeKa (Photoblepharon). Anomalops catoptron (pnc. 28) coctoht mejie3HCTBix TpySo^eK, BHe- b KopnyM n QTKpHBaioinnxcfl b nofl- hojioctb; nocjieflHHH coo6miaeTCfl c cpeflon He6ojiBmHM OTBepcTneM. OpraH HHTMeHTHOH o6oJIOqKOH H pe$JieKTOpOM H3 COeflHHHTeJIBHOTKaHHHX KJieTOK C 3epHHHIKaMH ryaHHHa, npoHH3aHHHx cocyflaMH n HepBOM n3 KOMHJieKca trigeminus-facialis ¦ (V—VII). Bnpe- 3aHHHe CBeTHmnecH opraHH Anomalops coxpa- hhiot chocoChoctb ncnycKaTB bseT b TeqeHne hcckojibkhx qacoB; Ty3eMn;H Mopm. HOJIB3yiOTCH HMH flJIil HaHtHBJieHHfl CBOHX H3 KOJKHyio Phc. 27. Pa3pe3 Porichthys; bl---- COeUHHHTeJIBHaH 61— KpOBeHOCHHe cocyHBi; dr—- SHCTHe KjieTKH; I-—JiHH3a;' pi — r—pe$JieKT0p. (Hs TpHHa.) y y GoBceM HHa^e ycTpoeHH $oto$oph CBeTHin;Hxcji aH^oycoB (Scopelidae). V Neosco- pehis macrolepidotus opraHH pacnojiomeHH npofloJiBHHMH pn^aMH no SpionraoH. CTopoHe Tejia; CBepx Toro c KaJK^ofi ctopohh H3HKa HMeeTCH pn^ H3 9—10 <*)oto<|>o~ POB, H3 KOHX 3aflHHH — CaMHE! KpyilHHH. CBeTflmefiCH HaCTBH) CJiySKHT BIUITeJIHaJIB- HaHTpy6Ka, OTKpHBaioin;aHCflHapyH?y; cnennaJiBHOH jihh3h HeT; BM,ecTO Hee b ycTBe- nnrMeHTHofi ^ami 3ajieraeT npo3paHHaH CTy^eHHCTaH TKaHB. Em;e 6oJiee CBoeoSpa- 3eH opraH y Myctophum; oh cjiojkch H«ejie3HCTHMH KJfeTKaMH, Hafl kotophmh B3a- MeH jihh3h, 3ajieraeT npospa^Hoe yTOjnneHne ^emyn (pnc. 29). Gpep;n Lophiiformes — ceM. Geratiidae (Ceratias, Melanocetus, LinQphryne)^ ceM. Gigantactidae, Antennariidae (Ckaunax), Ogcocephalidae (Maltopsis, Ha- lieutea) — CBeTHinnecH opraHH, KaK jme yKa3HBajiocB, pacnojiaraiOTCH noo^n- Phc. 28. Pa3pe3 nepe3 $OTO$op Anomalops hatoptran. (IIo Steche H3 Penners.) Ha KOHite niynajiBna Hj HecoMHeHHO, hmciot BHa^eHne b KanecTBe . OoTO(j)op Gigantactis npeflCTaBJineT mapoBHflHyio JKejie3y TOpOM H HHTMeHTHOS: oSOJIOHKOft; BHyTpeHHflfl HOJIOCTB HteJie3H, ceKpeTOM, coo6maeTCH c HapymHoft cpefloli KopoTKHwr xoflOM. | LI l W* '' 'I yHjpipyeT ^epe3 nepenoHKy. GBe^ieHHe nojiy^aeTCH npncMeniHBaHHHoSoHXBemecTB; npn okhcjichhil KHCJiopo^OM jiion;n$epHHa b okch- ,jiion;H$epHH Jiioi^H^epa3a nrpaeT pojiB KaTajiH3aTopa. J3KOH 06jiaCTBK) OKOJIO 5.100 A°. Phc. 29. EpiouiHoft $OTO$op Myctophum (Lampanictus) lacerta: 4 —<- Monn$nimpoBaHHaH ^emyn; g— CTyaeHncxaH TKanb; r— ]ie$- •jieKTop; pi — nnrMeHT; get — Kpo- we cocyjtbi; dr — HKejie3U- KJieTKn. (H3 Bpayep a.) hjih hhom daBO^HHe rjia3a n np.). hh oflHa pn6a He HMeeT cjiyqae OHa mo- . III. KOJKHHE HOKPOBH. . OPrAHH 59 CBeTHmnxca opraHOB flajieKO He Bcer.ua hohhtho. O*ieHB npocTO cy6oKyjiJipHHe opraHH Anomalopidae h Stomiatidae, SpqcaiomHe h ocTaB^rornne rjia3a b tchh, pasHO ksuk HaxoflHmnecfl Has tojioboh Ha p KOpOTKOM ni.ynajibiiie y Lophiiformes; ohh cjjysKaT OoTO^op Ha fljiHHHOM mynajiBije — nepe^HeM jiynecnnHHoro njiaBHHKa Lasiog- nathus, ycmta Stomiatidae n Ha H3HKe Scopelidae — cjljtkwt b Ka^ecTBe , xoth Taimse npnBJieKaeT h Bpara. GoBceM HenoHHTHH opraHH, rjia3a, n HaxoflminiecH y aHajiBHoro OTBepcTira. IIoctohhctbo pacnpe#ejie- hhh fljifl KaH?floro BHfla h pa3JiiraiH b ^ncjie h nojiomeHHH ^OTO^opoB y caamos jh caMOK HeKOTopHX BHflos no3BOJiflH)T npeja;noJiaraTB, hto ohh nrpaiOT pojiB b oth- •CKaHHH caMOK. OflHaKO, y Malacocephalus $OTO(|)opH HMeiOTCH y o6ohx hojiob xl bo Bcex BO3paCTax, TaK hto, bh^hmo, He Haxo^HTca b cbh3h c hojioboh mn3HBio. B ¦c Teai HenoHHTHo, noHeaiy CBeTamnecH opraHH npneymn tojibko 6 HO OTCyTCTByiOT y npHflOHHHX, KOTOpBIM TaK JKe TpyffHO OTHCKHBaTB HaoSopoT, rjih Porichthys ycTaHaBJiHBaeTca c'bh3b CBe^eHHH c nepHOffOM caMi^H CBeTHTCH BecHOio n JieTOM, Korfla CTeperyT cboh npia- njio,o;. GhocoShoctb HcnycKaTB cbct npenMymecTBeHHO bhh3, b 6pioniHyio cropoHy PayTep HHTaeTCH o6ilhchhtb no aHajiornn c Sejion oKpacKOH SpioniKa noBepxHO- -CTHBIX pn6, KOHM nOCJieRHflfl CJiy^KHT 3aiHHTHOH OKpaCKOH. iio erO MHeHHIO, pOB- ,hhh roJiy6oBaTHH CBeT, ncnycKaeMHH pnSon, no3BOJifleT eik cjiHBaTBCH co 6 S hhmh npo6jiecKaMH H3 rjia3 CHH3y, c JIHTEPATyPA K TJIABE III UpoGaTOB. K way^eHHio OKyHH 03. CaHTyp. H3B. Bhoji. hhct. IlepMCK. yHHB., b X, 1—2, 1935. . TpeTB-flKOB. TKaHeBoft cocTaB qeinyw pH6. Apx, aHaT., thct. h 9M6pM XV, JVT» 2, 1936. Aboli n. Beeinflussung des Farbweclisels der Fische durch Ghemikalien. Arch. f. Entwickl. Mech., Bd. 104, 1925. Ballowitz. Uber die Pigmentstromungen in den Farbstoffzellen und die Kanalchenstruk- tur des Chromatophorenprotoplasmas. Pfliig. Arch., Bd. 157, 1914. Biedermann. W. Vergleichende Physiologie des Integuments der Wirbeltiere. Erg. d. Biol., Bd. I, 1926; Bd. II, 1928; Bd. VI, 1930. D ii r k e n. Methoden zum Studium des Pigmentwechsels. Abderhaldens Handb. d. biol. Arbeits- ' meth., Abt. IX, Teil 4, 1922. Pa c h. Zur Entstehung der Fischschuppe. Zeitschr. f. Anat. u. Entwickl., 103, 1934. . Hase A. tJbev das Schuppenkleid der Teleostier. Jenaische Zeitschrift f. Naturw,. Bd. 42, 1907. . • Hase. Die morphologische Entwicklung der Ctenoidschuppen. Anat. Anz., 40, 1911. Hofer. t)ber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Cycloid- und Gtenoidschuppen. Ber. Ges. Morph. Physiol., Munchen, 1882. Hickling. On a new type of luminiscens of fishes. Journ. of the marine biol. Assoc., XIII, 1925. . N ardi. Zur Genese der Fischschuppen. Biol. Zentralbl., 1936, Bd. 56, Heft 11—12. ¦N'e a v e. On the Histology and Regeneration of the Teleost Scale. The Quart. Journ. of Microsc. Sc, Oxford, T. 81, 4, 1940. "N e i 11. On the existence of the two types of chromatic hehaviour on teleostean fishes. Journ. .- Exper. Biol., 17, 1940. .Hlinger. Spiegelartige Beschuppungen bei. Rotfedem und die Ursache ihrer Entstehung. Zeitschr. f. Fischerei, XXXII, H. 4, 1934. Schnackenbeck. Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die Pigmentierung marinen Fische. Zeitschr. f. mikrosk. anat. Forschung. Bd. 4, 1925, Leipzig. Severtzoff. The development of the scales of Acipenser ruthenus. Journ. Morph., 42, 1926. • ¦ .- opraHH.— Cm. Panners. Handb. d. vergl. Anat. v. Bolk u. a. Bd. I, 1934* Rauther, Bronn's Kl.-u. Ord. der Tierr. Brauer, Tiefseefische. *" i'lll i- 1 *l it ii r 60 *IACTB HEPBAfl. MOP<&OJIOrHfl IY.-GKEJIET PaccMOTpeHne CKeJieTa HaHHeM c oceBoro. Ochoboh CKeJieTa h ero HBJiaeTca cnnHHaa CTpyHa (HOTOXop#a). B B3pocjioM coctohhhh ohsu y KpyrjiopoTBix, oceTpoBBix, xnMep h flBy#Hinannix; y nponnx ph6 oHa BBrrec- HaeTca hosboho^hhkom. Ha^HHaacB ot 3aAHeH nacTH nepena Me?Kfly cjiyxoBHMH KancyjiaMH, CTpyHa (chorda dorsalis) KpyrJiopoTHX npoTarnBaeTca BnjiOTB ro XBocTa b n;eJiBHoro HecerMeHTnpoBaHHoro mHypa, Ha pa3pe3e — ob Tojibko xBOCTOBaa ^acTB ee coctoht H3 xpama. Ha 6ojiBmen ^acTH cBoero npoTa- CJIOJKeHa H3 ny3BipHaTBIX BaKyOJIH3HpOBaHHHX COeflHHHTeJIBHOTKaH- ' hbix KJieTOK; baojib ee cpe^n- hbi npoTarnBaeTca JieHTa pa- flnaJiBHo pacnojiojKeHHBix 60- jiee njiOTHBix kjictok. Xop#& MHHOrH OfleTa OflHOCJIOHHHML anHTeJineM h oKpyjKeHa.. coe- flHHHTeJIBHOTKaHHBIM chz H3 Horo CJioa c npHMecBio ^eCKHX BOJIOKOH, BBICTJiaHHHM HapyJKHOH 3Jia- CTiwecKOH o6ojiotiKOH[, elestica, externa. OT^eJiBHO ot BJiara- jiHm;a pacnojiaraeTca cKeJieTO- reHHBIH CJIOH. y MHKCHH B- BOJIOKHHCTOM CJIOe MOJKHO pa3JIHHHTB chstr Phc. 30. Pa3pe3 nepes xop^y MiiHorn. chstr—i3(eHTpajibHbiii th;k xophbi; chz—kjictkii xopau; chep — xopflbi; ichs—BHyTpemiee BJiarajinme xopaw; duchs— HapyaiHoe BJiarajiiime. (H3 Kpay3e.) H mh- Ha Honi TejiBHBiMH xpnmeBBiMH o6pa- 3OBaHHHMn, nJIOTHO npHMH- CBepxy k xop^e. B KajK#OM OT^eJie xop^Bi, no TpeTBHKOBy, onpe- ^hcjio nosBOHO^HHX ,n;yr, o6maa cyMaia kotophx onpefleJiaeTca y b 130 nap. Pa3BHBaiOTCfl tojibko BepxHne flyrn noBBOHo^HHKa ^ cerMeHT, t. e. Me?K^y #ByMfl MeHtcerMeHTHBiMH cocy,n;aMH, npnxo- #Be BepxHne flyrn — nepe^HHa h 3a,HHflH. BepxHne flyni pa3fleJiHH)T Kopem- kh cnnHHOMO3roBBix HepBOB; cnepBa otxojjht SpioniHon KopemoK, 3aTeM KyT&, 3a hgio cnnHHon KopemoK n, HaKOHen;, Kay^aJiBHaa flyra CTpoeHne no3BOHoqHHKa). HnjKHne Aym y KpyrjiopoTBix OTCyTCTByiOT;; y MHKCHHOBBI-X HeT H BepXHHX JJ,JT nO3BOHOHHHKa. y HacToamnx ipu6 kjictkh coScTBeHHo xopflBi TaKJKe BaKyoJiH3HpyK>Tca nocjie 3aKJia,nKH. TKaHB xop^Bi HacToamnx pBi6 coctoht H3 y b kotophx njia3MaTH^ecKHii cjioh c a#poM OTTecHaeTca k nepn^epnn oSdihphbimh: KjieTKH coe^HHaiOTca MeJKKJieTOTmBiMH MOCTHKaMH. O6pa3yeTca: xapaKTepHaa TypropHaa TKaHB, oTJiH^aiomaaca Sojibihoh ynpyrocTBiO' h: gjiacTHHHOCTBio. KaK h y KpyrJiopoTHX, b oceBOH nacTH xop^H npoxo^HT Taat H3 6ojiee hjiothhx KJieTOK. b xop^e rjiiOTHHa h xoH^pHHa (PeTnnyc) CBH^eTeJiBCTByeT, tito» xopflBi HejiB3a cHHTaTB xpameBofl; bto coBepmeHHO CBoeo6pa3Haa. TKaHB. y HacToamnx ph6 xop.ua cnapyHtn o^eTa flBycHOHHOH o6ojio^koh; cjioh o6pa3OBaH elastica externa, 3a hem cneayeT moih;hhh cjioh, caMaa BHyTpeHHaa nacTBKoero o6pa3yeT elastica interna (Hajinnne nocJie,n[He& y KpyrjiopoTBix OTBepraeTca). ¦IV. CKEJIET 61 py xopaa c ee o6ojio*iKaMH oKpyjKeHa coe^HHHTejiBHOTKaHHHM , hjih cKejieToSjiacTH^ecKHM cJioeM. 3a cneT KjieTOK GKejieToreHHoro cjioh .otyrn, BOKpyr xop/jBi o6pa3yK)TCfl Tejia iio3bohkob, a b HHTepMyc- eHXHMe — pe6pa. B 03HHKH0BeHHe nepBHHHHX H03B0HK0B HpOHCXOflHT HyTeM oSojioneK xopaBi; hphbtom KJieTKH GKejieToreHHoro cjioh, npoHHKafl BJiacTH^ecKHH cjioh, npeBpamaiOT $H6po3Hyio oSojio^Ky b xpam,, kotopbih ee nosBOHKH. TaK B03HHKaK>T xop^ajiBHHe H03B0HKH nonepe^iHopoTHX, JB. npOTHBOnOJEOJKHOCTB nepHXOpflaJIbHBIM, CBOfiCTBeHHHM npO^HM nO3BOHO^HHM, B tom HHCJie h kocthcthm pu6aM. V Teleostei Tejio no3BOHKa o6pa3yeTCH H3- TKaHH uemny ocHOBaHHHMH flyr, npn^eM o6ojiohkh xop^H b no- n03B0HKa He npHHHMaiOT yqaCTHH. 3aKJiaflKa ,^yr (arcualia) y HacTonmnx pti6 nponcxo^HT no TOMy me flnnjio- Tnny, ito n y MHHor, T.e. b BH^e «Byx nap—yjKe He tojibko Bepx- ho n hhjkhhx; npii 9T0M o6e nocjieAOBaTejiBHHe flyrn pa3BHBaK>TCH HepaBHO- H3 hhx (basale), pa3BHBancB cnjiBHee, cocTaBJineT coScTBeHHO flyry, onnparoniiyiocfl Ha xop^y; #pyraH, MeHBinan, npe^CTaBJiHeTCH b BH^e BCTaBHOfl {intercalare hjih interbasale), He ^oxo^amefi ,n;o xop^H. O^HaKo b OT,n;eJiBHHX o6e cocTaBHHe *iacTH flyrn — basale n interbasale — MoryT cjiHBaTBca c cocea- •HEMHBJieM'eHTaMHflpyroro cerMeHTa, t. e. HHTepMeTaMepHO (BLicnrae ph6bi n apyrne no3BOHOHHLie); bo3mojkho, HaKOHen;, HCHe3HOBeHne Toro hjih HHoro H3BeCTJieHHfl H03B0HK0B COBpeMeHHBIX CeJiaXHH: 6HBaH)T o6pa3OBaHHH kocth HHKor,o;a He nponcxoAHT. GooTBeTCTBeHHo nyTHM »06T>H3BeCTJieHHfl MO/KHO paSJIH^aTB TpH Cn6co6a OTJIOateHHH H3BeCTH. H3BeCTH B BHflQ eflHHOH H3BeCTK0B0H HJiaCTHHKH B Cpe^HeM CJIOe no3BOHKa, npnHHMaiomeH Ha nonepe^HOM pa3pe3e KOjn>n;eo6pa3HBiH — cocTaBJineT n;HKJiocnoH^HjiBHHH thh (pnc. 33—A); oTJiojKeHne KOHn;eHTpH- njracTHHOK Bpo,o;e BJiomeHHHX offHa b ^pyryK) Tpy6oK— hhh thh (pnc. 32); HaKOHei?, paflnaJiBHo pacxoHflmHecH ot nepBHHHofo y oro Tnna (pnc. 33). c no3BOHKOB y cejiaxnfl KOJie6jieTca ot 100 (Cestracion) ho 365 (Alopeas vulpes). B xboctoboS nacTH aKyji, hoaoSho bhchiem pH6aM, hhjkhhc flyrn cmbi- KaiOTCH, o6pa3ya reMaJiBHBifi KaHaji, b kotopom npoxo^aT XBOCTOBHe apTepna h Dipnoi CTpoeHne no3BOHO*mnKa cxo^ho c thhom CTpoeHnn y aKyn, ho coxpa- xop^a, h Tejia hosbohkob oTcyTCTByiOT. yoceTpoBBix hobbohkh He o6pa3yK>Tca ; xopomo pa3BHTHe flyrn cocTaBJieHH n3 qepeHyiomHXca basalia n inter- basalia (pnc. 34); basidorsalia cxop;aTCfl BMecTe Has cnnHHOMO3rbBHM KaHaJioai n cn&6meHM octhcthm otpoctkom; b xboctoboh tooth basiventralia, cxoshcb, o6pa- mm f 1 * 62 *IACTB HEPBAfl. MOP«DOJIOrHH hbctbghho 3aMeTHBi y Amia b 3aKJiaflKe #bohhbix #yr; KpoMe Toro, y Hee b xboctoboh nacTH ho3bohkh nq,D[pa3fleJieHBi xpmneBon npocjioft- koh nonepeK n HBJiHiOTCfl .hbohhhmh, xoth o6e ^acTH HMeiOT o^Hy o6myH>' y B to BpeMH KaK Bee ph6h HMeiOT aM$ni^ejii>HBie hosbohkh, Lepidosteus cocTaB b 9tom OTHomeHHH e^HHCTBeHHoe HCKJiio^eHHe: oh o6jia#aeT Phc. 31. A — carHTTajibHHtt pa3pe3 3M0pHOHa Scyliorhinus canicula no3BOHKa 61 mm; az,mz, iz— Hapyaraan, cpe^HHH n BHyTpeHHHH sohu xpmn;eBoro Bjiara- Jiniqa; ch—xopna; ee—elastica externa; fs—OecKJieTOHHan BoitOKHHCToro BJiarajrama; iv—. nHTepBepTeSpaji&HBift yiacTOK Horo BOJioKHHCToro BJiarajiHmaj pb— nepnxopHajibHan TKaHb. (no PadJiio.) B — oceBoii $poHTajiLHutt pa3pe3 nepe3 no3BOHOiHbitt ctoji6 9M6pHOHa Mustellus 14 cm o;jihhoio; s—MHOcerrrbi; sp — chhh- HOMO3roBofi raHrjinft. OcTajitHHe o6o3HaqeHHH Te me. (IIo PayTepy.) j iii. ¦'I. no3BOHKaMH, t. e. BHnyKJiMMH cnepe^BE h BorHyTHMH c3affH. OflHaKo ^a?Ke h y Hero* B JIH^IHHO^HOM COCTOHHHH, HpH ffJIHHe TeJia 5.5 CM, H03B0HKH TaKH?e b BH^e aM^Hi^eJibHMx. HaKOHen;, y HeKOTopux yrpefi nepe^HHH H03B0HK0B 6tIBaeT HJIOCKafl. y KOCTHCTHX 06pa30BaHHe n03B0H0HH0r0 no o6meMy njiaHy. Mo?kho c^HTaTt, no IIIaynHCJieHay, ^to BepxHne h kocthcthx cooTBeTCTByioT basalia, t. e. KayflaJiBHtiM BJieMeHTaivi Tor.ua KaK 3a#HHfl ^acTB no3BOHKa OTHocnTca k KpaHnaJiBHoft nocjie^yiomero cerineHTa. H03B0H0K KOCTHCTHX HMeeT CJieflyiOHIiHe HaCTH. B HeM MOJKHO OTKoero BBepx otxojjht HeBpano$H3Bi, t. e. BepxHHH ji;yra, pa3JIH- IV.. CKEJIET b MeflHajiBHofi ceirre Me- MHOTOMaMH B BepXHHfi OCTH- otpoctok {processus spi- nosus, s. neuralis). BepxHHH flyra CJiOJKeHa H3jo(Byx cerMeHTOB, ba- sidorsale n interdorsale; ciihhho- MOsroBOHi KaHaJi 3aMBiKaeTca Ma- jieHBKHMSupradorsale, HenapHHM y anyji h napHHM y Teleostomi. HnJKHne flyrn npe#CTaBJieHBi b BH^e napH moih;hmx 6okobhx oTpocTKOB — napano$H3OB, TaK- ?«e cjiOH^eHHHX H3 RByx cerMeH- tob — basiventrale n interven- trale. B nepetfHen nacTH TyjiOBnma OHH 3HanHTeJIBH0 CflBHHyTH BBepx, a y Cyprinidae hx Bne 3aKJiafl;KH flame c BepxHHMH ayraMH. y napano$H3H He cpacTaiOTCH c TeJIOM. B XBOCTOBOH HaCTH pH6 nonepe^HHe otpoctkh 3aMtiKa- iotch CHH3y (reMano$H3H), o6pa- B 6a ,c Phc. 32. A — TyjiOBHmHHii no3BOHOK MOJiOflofi Cetor- hinus maximus; nosJKe b HapyiKHLix HBBecTKOBLix KOJiBiiax npH6aBjiHK)TCH HenpaBHJitHtie pa^HajitHtie nJiaCTHHKH. B--- XBOCTOBOfi II03B0H0K aiVl6pHOHa 26,4 cm. Squatina squatina; nO3me ^hcjio H3BecTKOBHX ko- 30 30, noHBJiaiOTca cjiaGue pa- 6 cZ—KOHKeHTpiraecKne H3BecTKOBHe KOJiti^a b Hapy>KHofi 80He xpflmeBoro BjiarajiHma; g— 30Ha pocTa; iz— BHyTpeHHHis soHa BJiarajiHHia, oxBamBaiomaH oct8tkh xopjiw. ITpoiiie o6o3HaHeHHH TefcHte, ito Ha phc.133 (Ho PaiiflByny.) 3yfl hhjkhioio, hjih 6 y CHa6JKeHHyio hhjkhhm octhcthm, hjih reMaJiBHHM otpoctkom. Uojs, hhjk- hhmh flyraMH 3flecB jiea?aT infraspinalia, a BeHTpaJiBHee — ventrispinalia. 02 Phc. 33. IIo3bohkh Elasmobranchii c 3OHaMH o6iiH3BecT- (lepHHiw). A — Squalus acamhtas — XBOCTOBOit B — Ldfnna cornubica — iio3bohok H3 KJioa- ; C—Mustellus vulgaris—nocTKJioaKajib- no3BOHOK; D — Cestracion philippi H3 oSJiacTH 2 D; E t- Torpedo narce — nepeflHHH XBOCTOBOfi; F — Rhino- batus granulatus— H3 ocHOBaHHH XBOCTOBOro hhcjio TyjioBinnHHx (npeKay- n KayaaJiBHBix, hjiie H03B0HK0B MOJKeT* CJiyJKHTB BaJKHBIM OTJIHHH- TeJiBHBiM npn3HaK0M. y o6bik- HOBeHHoro coaia, HanpnMep, H3t oSrqero nncjia 72 iio3bohkob — B OCHOBaHHH BepXHHX Rjr cnepefln n Ha caMOM TeJie no3- BOHKa -— C3aflH UOflHHMaiOTCH' MaJteHBKne 3nrano&H3Bi, cy- CTaBHHe OTpOCTKH flJIH COeflH- HeHHfl C COCeflHHMH II03B0HKa- MH. y HeKOTOpBIX pH6 M03KH0 OTMeTHTB He TOJIBKO BepXHHer ho n HHJKHne nonepe^HBie ot- Poctkh — flnatio<|>H3Bi h napa- ho$h3h; hbjihiotch jih flnano- BHHHHMH 06pa30BaHHHMH HJIED OTmemifliOTCfl . ot napanod&H- 3ob—Hen3BecTHO. y Murciena, OT CpeflHHBI TyjIOBH- nonepe^HHe otpoctkh pac- Hoi IxxjGL • i>"|JA.JtUiHX ii1 H3 KOHX 6d—baaidorsale; bv— basiventrale; c—oOtHSBecTJieHHuS nep- „ v^nnrnnnn4z. ^x^nnmn ni_nrrn. BHHHHfi flBotooH KOHyc; d—HHaroHaJibHHe H3BecTKOBHe nJia- B XBOCTOBOH OOJiaCTH, CKJIOHH- cthhkh; ee—-elastica externa; il—cjihshcthS cjioft; n1—xopaa; gnr -dttxtq PTnmaPTr1? -r nr—HepBHHH KopemoK; oz — Hapy>KHaH soHa oxpHmeBeBmero »CB BHH3, CJIHBaeTCH B xopflH; p—xpameBBie intermedialia; pi—obiHSBeCT- HBIH OTpOCTOK (pHC. 35). ero nacTH; r— pajjHaJibHHe H3BecTKOBue —••»'"•—™™--~- * — ; p it—noBepxHocxHue otjiojkchhh hsbgcth. (Ho iotch ) yGlupeidae^ I1- illr >i I- ^ *b4 ^ACTB IIEPBAfl. MOP haemale. OftHaKO btot npn3HaK He Bcer^a ycTonqHB: y Enedrias, KaK h y npo^nx Blen- niidae, chjibho pa3BHT xboctoboh Piic. 34. IIO3BOHOMHi>ifi CTOJ16 Acipenser Gturio; TyjiOBiimHan oSjiacTt. a — cOony; b— nonepenHtifi paape3. (IIo pnny, ) Phc. 35. Muraena helena L. A—39-ii no3BOHOK c o6o3HaHeHHHM pacnj;enjieHHeM hhjkhhx nonepenHBix otpoctkob; B—69-fl no3BOHOK; C—79-ft nosBO hok; Bee cnepe^H, nocJieaHnfi h c JieBOii ctopohh; ah — reMajibHan Hyra c hh>khhm octhcthm otpoctkom; an— nepenHnft, orpamiHeHHHft npesErrano* $H30M, axofl: b HeBpajibHHii TyHHejib; da—AHanp$H3H; pa— napano$H3bi; sp—BepxHHft octhcthu otpoctok. (IIo Payrepy.) fed, bv—basidorsale h basiventrale; fs—BJia- rajinme xophh; he—re.MajibHHii KaHan; id, iv—- ¦interdorsale u interveutrale; li—- aopsajibHtili pi— iuieBpajibHbie nyra; sp— octu- CTHli OTpOCTOK. ;npn o6meM KOJinnecTBe no3BOHKOB so 85 tojibko flBa nepBHX npeflCTaBJiaiOTCfl th- aiTOHMH TyjioBHEqiaHMH, TpeTHH — nepexojUHBift, a Ha^mHaa c ^eTBepToro no3BOHKa y?Ke HBJifliOTCfl reMajiBHbiMH, xoth hojioctb Tejia npo,o;oji?KaeTCfl ho copoKOBoro ;no3BOHKa. IlocJiefl;HHHE xboctoboh no3BOHOK pud Hepe^Ko CBoeo6pa3HO BHflOH3Me- ^HaeTCfl: ero Tejio BHTarnBaeTCH b BHfle naJiotiKH BBepx n HOcnT Ha3BaHne ypocTHJiB. 3aflHHe H03B0HKH B006m,e BimOH3MeHflIOTCfl B CBH3H C 06pa30BaHHeM XBOCTOBOrO njiaBHHKa; ohh ynjiomaiOTCH, BepxHne h oco6eHHO HHSKHne. flyrn npeBpamaiOTCH b njiacTHHKH, cpeflH kotophx HHor^a HMeeTca KpyrJioe OTBepcTne (foramen hypu- xale), r^e noMemaeTCH jiHM^aTHHecKoe cep^e. ynjiomeHHHe HH3KHne nyrn nocjie#- hhx no3BOHKOB.fia3BiBaiOTCfl rnnypaJiBHHMH KOCTOHKaMH, hypuralia, a BepxHne — p, uroneuralia. ceM. Elopidae, KpOMernnypajiefi,HMeeTCfl 4napBi ypoHeBpaJinn, a y Megalo- »pidae — 3 napH ypoHespajinfl. OSmee *ihcjio no3BOHKOB y Teleostomi SHa^HTeJiBHO MeHBme, qeM y aK-yjiOBHX, ji tojibko b oTfleJiBHHX cjiy^aHX noflHHMaeTCH BHme 100, aoxoflfl ro 200 (yrpe- 'o6pa3HBie), ho sto mo?kho oStflCHELTB BTopHHHBiM yBejiHHeHHeM. y Auguilla anguilla 114 H03BQHK0B. BBicoKoe KOJiHHecTBO y Amid — 95 n Polypterus—77. y Mallotus •villosus sl Ammodytes tobianus — 71. Clupea harengus — 57, Lucioperca lucioperca — 44. HaHMeHBmee KOJinnecTBO — y Plectognathi (Mola —17, Ostra- cion —14). .B Ka^ecTBeaHOMaJiHH HepejjKo BCTpe^aiOTCH ho3bohkh c AByMH h 6ojiee BepxHHMH m hhh«hhmh flyraMH, KaK pe3yjiBTaT ojihhhhh 3aKJiafl;oK no3BOHKOB. y fi IV. CKEJIET 65 Tp h ^eTBepHtie cjihhhhh BCTpe^aiOTCH b oSjiacTH nocT3M6pnoHaJibHoro nepeiaemeHDH aHajitHoro OTBepcTHa h SpiomHHX njiaBHHKOB. KeHffjiep (1932) HaxojpiT, *ito ^ame Bcero wrajrane ho3bohkob npoiicxoffiiT Ha npeflnocJieffHeM xboctobom (y MopcKon KaMSaJiti 44%), peace—• Ha uepBOM as £ S O r CO m o n s Ph S § X P3 CO O O M G® S 1 X 1 tr o o n ¦•* CO cs o C K W o 0) CO o CO e Ok e- (12%). TaKaa HeHopMajiBHOCTB y MopcKofi KaM6ajiH qame HaCjuoftaeiCfi y rpaHHi; pacceJieHHH: b .bocto^hoS: nacTH BajiTHHCKoro moph b 19%, a b GeBepHOM Mope— ae BCTpe^eHa. HeM HH?Ke ^hcjio hosbohkob, TeM ^ame BCTpeiaiOTCH aHOMajinn. Opp'sia aHOMaJiHfl—hjih cpacTaHne no3BOHKOB c coxpaHeHneM cJieAOB cpacTaHna: HJIH HOJIHOe CJIHHHHe B OflHH KOMnJieKCHBlft H03B0H0K; 3T0, OHeBHffHO, 60Jie3HeHH0e 5 Ochobh HXTHonorHH " . . • - 66 HACTB IIEPBAH, i if f f' !i n.! V Jlnnmee hhcjio octhctbix hjih reMaJiBHBix otpoctkob aaeT bo3mo3Khoctb COCHHTaTb ^HCJIO COCTaBJIHIOinnX 9JieMeHTOB n03B0HKa. Ka6epHHX p;yr b HacTOHmee BpeMH mojkho cHHTaTb Bceueno yTpaTHBinefi 3HaneHHe. Kan yme yiiOMHHajiocb, dojitinnHGTBO 3OOJioroB cKJioHHeTCH Tenept cnopee b nojiL3y Teopnn pa3BHTHH KOHe^HOCTefi H3 Sokobhx kotk- Hbix CKJianoK. H npoTHBonojiOTKeHne uemjs,y Me3opaxnqecKHM h njieBpopaxMHecKHM njjaBHHKaMH npHXOffHTCH o6t>hchhtij He3aBHCHMHM pa3BHTiieM H3 HHHH$epeHTHLix nepBH^Hux CTaHHfi. Bnpo- neM, EMejibHHOB (1939) OTBepraeT a 9Ty Teopnio, He npH3HaBaH paBHosHa^HtiMH Kcmmyio CKJiap;Ky h cnHHHOft njiaBHHK h He Haxo^H b $«JioreHe3e CTap;HH cnjioniHoro OKaitMJiHBuiero Bee Tejio njiaB- i y KpyrjiopoTHX napHBie kohc^hocth BOoSme OTcyTCTByioT. y HacToamnx HMeiOTca njie^eBOH h Ta3OBHfl noaca; nocjie^nnn, Bnpo^eM, pa3BHT cjia6o n fl OTcyTCTByeT coBepmeHHO BMecTe c 6pioniHHMH njiaBHHKaMH. Fpy^HOH h 6piomHOH HJiaBHHKH BHOJIHe rOMOAHHaMHH MCJKfly CO6OH). Tpy^Hofi noac. Han6oJiee npocTO ycTpoeH njie^eBOH noac y cejiaxnt h XHMep, Oh npeflCTaBJiaeT co6oio chmmctph^ho pacnojiojKeHHyio napy xpameBHx rjt, cjiHBaiomnxcH na 6pioniHOH CTopoHe hjih, KaK y Notidani, coeAHHHioin,HxcH CBH3Ka- mh; cnHHHHe kohh;h noaca aKyji JiemaT cbo6ohho b MycKyjiaType chhhh, a y cKa- tob hjiotho coeHHHHiOTCfl c nepe^HeH qacTBio nosBOHO^HHKa, peme (Narcobatoidei) COeftHHHIOTCH MeJK^y CO6OH) Hafl H03B0H0^HHK0M. B njie^eBOM noace ceJiaxHH pasjin^aiOT nacTB, jieH?am,yioHa^ coe^HHeHneM c njiaB- hhkom — scapulare, h jiesKamyio HHJKe — coracoideum. GKeJieT caMoro njiaBHHKa ceJiaxHH xpam;eBOH (oTciofla Ha3BaHne — Chondropterygii) h coctoht H3 Tpex 6a3aJiBHHx, npHMBiKaiomHX k noflcy ^acTen, — npo, Me30- h Ill/ IV. CKEJIET 67 pa3BHT cnjiBHee npo^nx h cjiymHT njiaBHHKOBOH ocbk>; \HHOi\na npoHcxoffHT cjiHHHne xpamen, a y B3pocjioro Somniosus HMeeTca Bcero tojibko OflHH 6a3ajiBHHfi xpam;. HHoraa (Squalus) BCJieflCTBne pa3BHTHH hoct- (nocJieoceBHx) Jiy^e^ njiaBHHK HanoMHHaeT 6HcepHaJiBHBiH. OTJIHTOIOTCH CHJIBHO pa3BHTBIMH rpyflHBIMH HJiaBHHKaMH, C BBIflBHHyTHMH Bnepefl nponTepnrHflMn; Bnepe^n ohh coeffHHeHBi CBH3KaMH^c processus antorbitalis (Raja) hjih cxohhtch BMecTe Bnepean ^epena (Trygon). O Ha nrepHrnn radialia no^flepsKiiBaiOT poroBtie njiaBHHKOBHe ny^n, hjih tphxhh (pnc. 48). " ' .OceTpoBBie. B noncax KOHeHHOCTea Bume ctohhi;hx pti6 noKpoBHBie kocth, ho 3aMemaK)mHx y oceTpoBBix HeT. TIjieHeBofi none oceTpoBBix 6htb k TOMy me THny, wro h y cejiaxHH, ho y hhx pa3BHBai0TCfl kjhohhhh, o6e — mepMaJiBHHe kocth, cleithrum n clavicula. Ohh HMeioTCH TaKJKe y Neo- _ceratodus n Polypterus, ho y Bcex kocthcthx clavicula HCHeSaeT, BHTeCHHHCB MOm.- ho pa3BHTHM cleithrum. y 6ejiyrn b njie^eBOM nonce csepxy jicskht Sojib- moe cleithrum, BHH3y - 6ojiBinafl KJHO^HHa — cla- vicula; KpoMe Toro HMe- iotch 3Be MajieHBKne ko- CTO^mn, supracleithrum h postcleithrum. IIjieHeBOH none KajKHOH ctopohh npn nocpeflCTBe noKpoBHon ko- cth — posttemporale — coe- c HepenoM. B.06- Phc. 37. Acipenser ru- thenus, rpyRHoii njiaBHMK C BGHTpajIBHOfi CTOpOHbl. jpffi__fissura niGtaDtsrv- JiacTH cyCTaBa CHJiaBHHKOM Pnc. 08. Jigbbih iijig^gboh none, gica; /—JiGnHAOTpMXHM; jieJKaT: WOp3aJiBHO — sea- rpyffHoti njiaBHHK h Ta3OBHe mint — MeTanTGpHrnfi; rmla RPHTna TrT,Hn __ rnra- kocth Serranus cabrilla. ru — 3anHHG paffHajiHM pnirJpnm cl — cleithrum; co—KopaKOHH; p — JlJKGHHG MGTa- t'Uiucuui. Ta3OBHe kdcth; pel, pcU—post- st — KOCTHBitt HeCKOJIBKO HOflpo6Hee cleithrale; pt—posttemporale; r — Irr ~[ -^"^i _ r pannanHH; sc—aonaTKa; scl—¦ sup- jjjr'j.'^no C.GBGpu,OBy.) OCTaHOBHMCfl Ha HJie^eBOM racleithrale. (Ho TynpHHy.) nonce kocthcthx. GoeflHHe- Bne noflca c.^epenoM ROCTnraeTCH npn homoh^h saAHeBHeo^moH kocth, posttemporale, KOTopaa flBVMH cbohmh BeTBHMH npHKpenjifleTCH k epioticum n opisthoticum. iflHeBHCO^moH Jiea?HT HaflKJiKranHafl, supracleithrum, 3a KOTopon koctb noflca, moht;ho pa3BHToe cleithrum. icb c 6pioniHOH ctopohh o6e cleithra cocTaBJiaiOT ocHOBy Bcero noHca. npn pa3fleJiKe ph6h h ynajieHHH tojiobh KJieHTpajiBHHe kocth BHiur'iHBaiOTCfl H3 TeJia; hmh ^acTO nojiB3yiOTCfl npn onpeflejieHHH BO3pacTa ph6h. Ilo3aflH kjiiohhiiih pacnojiaraiOTca flBe, peate o^Ha hjih Tpn 3aflHeKJiiOHHHHHe — post- cleithralia; b hckotophx ceMeflCTBax 3thx KocTen HeT coBceM. Ohh otxohht Has'a^ b MecTe coeflHHeHHH cleithrum h supracleithrum. K cleithrum npnMHKaeT JionaTKa, scapula, JierKO OTJin^HMaa no KpynHOMy OTBepcTHio, a HHJKe — coracoideum. y hh3- 3hhx kocthcthx (Glupeiformes, Gypriniformes) moskho otmcthtb eme b caMOCTOHTeJiBHoro OKOCTeHeHHH Me3OKopaKOHfl (hjih arcus supramuscularis Topnx aBTopoB). Boo6ine me njie^eBOH noac kocthcthx noflfiepmeH mnpoKHM Bapnan;HflM b cbh3h c aflanTHBHHMH HperpeccHBHHMHH3MeHeHHHMH;oco6eHHo yKJio- HHiotCH b perpeccHBHyio CTopoHy jionaTKa n KopaKOHH, Hanp. y Gobiiformes. K JionaTKe y kocthcthx npHMHKaiOT 6a3ajiBHHe, hjih pa;nnajiBHHe koctohkh, KOTopne BiioJiHe cooTBeTCTByiOT HTepnrHo^opaM HenapHHX njiaBHHKOB. B hhx MOJKHO paBJIHHHTB KOCTHHe HaJIO^KOBHRHHe HpOKCHMaJIBHHe HaCTH, KOHX HHCJIHT- ch, KaK npaBHJio, iihtb, HHorji;a ^eTHpe (ho y Caspialosa—- 6, Anguilla — 8 — 97 68 *IACTB HEPBAH. Si-1 ay MGJioflHx flaiKe 1-1; y KOJiioienepHX n oco6eHHO Lophiif ormes nx hhcjio y : Lophius — 2). K npoKcnMaJiBHOMy paay paflHaJinH npnjieraiOT «66aBoopMy h chh- ochobhhx xpama 3a pro-, meso- Hmetapterygium(pnc. 39); y oceTpoBHX o^ho basale, KOTopoe cpaBHHBaioT c metapterygium (pnc. 37). HoyKocTH- ctbix HeT HHKaKHX cjieflOB MeTanTepnTHH. BtiMepmne Palaeoniscidae, KOTopux m&i paccMaTpHBaeM KaK npeflKOB oceTpoBHX n kocthcthx, no CTptoeHHio njiaBHHKOB 6jih3kh k oceTpoBBiM(EpeMeeBa, 1940), o6Hapy?KHBafl ^acTtio 6ojiee nporpeccnBHtie (o6pa3OBaHne KocTHoro basipterygium, HaJinnne KHJieBHx qeniya), ^acTBio 6ojiee npHMHTHBHHe (hct metapterygium) npn3HaKH. S mt pt. Phc. 39. Polypterus delhesi, BCKpbiTtitt CKeneT rpyftHOro (Ilo CeBepijOBy.) cm— cpeflHHH 6a3anbHaH xpnmeBaH nJiacTHHKa c AeHTpoM OKOCTeHeHiin— rue- 3onTepHrneM; /. mt.pt—fissura metapterygica; rx—nepeflHHii KpaeBOii Jiyi— «nponTepHrufi»; rd—jjncTajibmae pajiiiajiiiii; mt. pt. — 3ammii KpaeBOii Jivq. Ta3OBLiii noac. B to BpeMH KaK njie^eBOD: none coeflHHHeTCs npn noMom;H: p KOCTen c ^epenoM, Ta3OBHH jie?KHT cboSoaho b Mbiomax, qeM h oStncHHeTCH ero cjia6oe pa3BHTne, HCHe3HOBeHHe hjih, HepeflKo, cMemeHne Bnepefl, HHor^a Hame 3a rpyflHtie njiaBHHKH (Gadiformes). B Ta3OBOM noace moh?ho npoBecTH nojiHyio- roMO^HHaMHio c njieneBBiM. B 6pK>mHHx nJiaBHHKax ceJiaxnfi radialia HenocpeflCTBeHHo onnpaiOTCH Ha oceBOft xpflm, cooTBeTCTByioin;HHMeTanTepHrHio,Ha3LiBaeMHH o6hhho basipterygium; C 6pK)mHOfl CTOpOHBI OH CJIHBaeTCfl C OflHOHMeHHBIM XpflmeM npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOH: CTopoHBi. y caMniOB Elasmobranchii n fPleuracanthodii 3aflHHH HacTB 6piomHoro npeBpamaeTCH b KonyjiaTHBHHft opraH — MHKConTepnrHH, hjih HTepnro- . Oh npeftCTaBJineT co6oio npoflOJiJKeHne 6a3nnTepHrnH b BHfle o^Horo oceBoro xpaniia c RByun. MaprnHajiBHHMH xpamaMH, BKJuonaiomHMH jkcjioSok coflepjKHMoro ?KeJie3HCToro MemoHKa; CBepx Toro naieeTCfl HecKOjiBKo (jl—4) kopotkhx xpameBbix ^JieHHKOB (pnc. 40 n 5). MnKConTepnrHH xniviep 3Ha- ^HTejiBHO yKJioHHeTca no CTpoeHHio ot TaKOBoro ?Ke aKyji h CKaTOB. y KOCTHCTHX Ta3OBBIH HOflC COCTaBJieH ^ByMfl TpeyrOJIBHBIMH KOCTHMH, OSSa pubis, c3aAH ohh cpacTaiOTca (pnc. 38). y OKyHeo6pa3HBix Ta3OBBie kocth CBH3KaMH c cleithra, a y KaMSaJiOBBix — HenocpeflCTBeHHO ch,hht Ha . B Tex cjiy ^anx, Kor^a 6a3ajiBHbie xpamn ncqe3aiOT, HJiaBHHKOB HenOCpeflCTBeHHO nOflXOflflT K Ta3OBBIM KOCTHM. Pe6pa. iIto6bi hokoh^ihtb c onncaHHeM cKeJieTa, ynoMHHeM ern;e o pe6pax. Pe6ep JinmeHH Kpyr.nopoTHe, a btoph^ho — TaK>Ke CKaTBi h XHMepH, Polyodon- tidae, a H3 kocthcthx — MopcKne nrjin, Syngnathiformes, h Tetrodontiformes. y aKyji HMeiOTCfl pe6pa, KOTopne MoryT 6htb OTHeceHH k Tnny BepxHHX, hjih cnnHHHX, 3aJieraiOHi;HX b ropn3OHTaJiBHOH n nonepe^HHx MycKyjiBHHx cenTax, IV. CKEJIET 69 ossa P-- HJIH chhhhoh h 6piofflHofl nojiOBHHaMH MEmm,. IIo MHeHHio FennepTa, npe#KK oSjiajjaJin He tojibko BepxHHMH, ho h hhskhhmh pe6paMn; hx acTaTKH b pac^JieHeHHHX KOHijax hhjkhhx Ayr ho3bohkob. OjniaKo, cyan no hobch- Ha6jiK)fl;eHHflM EMejiwraoBa, mojkho ayMaTB, hto pe6pa cejiaxnn, npeTepneBaa CBoeo6pa3Hoe pa3BHTne, TaK3Ke hbjihiotch hhjkhhmh^ hohoSho npo^HM ptiSaM. . EMejiBHHOB HaxoffHT, wro pemaTB Bonpoc, hbjihiotch jih pe6pa BepxHHMH hjih hh5khhmh, cjie^yeT He Ha B3pocjiOM MaTepnaJie, a no hx OHToreHeTiraecKOMy pa3BH- thk). HiDKHne pe6pa noaBJifliOTCfl KaK caMOCTOHTejiBHHe n;eHTpH oxpani;eBeHHH no BHyTpeHHeMy Kpaio TpaHCBep3aJiBHHX cenT, Ha^HHan ot npoKCHMajiBHHX ^acTen, npnjieraiomnx k no3BOHOHHHKy, h OTCiosa paCTyr b BeHTpojiaTepaJiBHOM Hanpa- BJieHHH. BepxHne — 3aKJiafl,HBaiOTCH b hh- CTaJIBHOH HaCTH TpaHCBep3aJIBHHX CeHT B MecTe nepeKpecTa c ropn3OHTaJiBHOH, h pa- CTyT OHH B CTOpOHy n03B0H0HHHKa. Hn5KHHe pe6pa bo BpeMH pa3BnTHH H3MeHflH)T CBoe ne n y B3pocjiHX pacnojiaraiOTCfl b nonepe^HHx cenT, HHof.ua RoxoRfl ro ropn3OHTaJiBHOH, t. e. pacnoJiaraiOTCH no Tnny BepXHHx. 3aT0 BepxHne b xop;e CBoero pa3BHTHH He H3MeHHK)T OTHOCHTCJIBHOrO HO- JIOJKeHHfl. IIO EMeJIBHHOBy, HH5KHHMH, Cy^H no OHToreHe3y, hbjihk)tch pe6pa Plagiostomi, Ghondrostei, Holostei, Dipnoi, Apoda n Am- niota, Tor^a KaK BepxHHMH — tojibko Bepx- hhh napa Polypterini, 3aTeM Teleostei h Urodela. HnjKHne pe6pa HBJiniOTCfl npnMHTHB- hhmh 9JieMeHTaMH oceBoro cKejieTa, BepxHne— o6pa3OBaHHHMH, pa3BHBaiO- y He6ojiLmoro nncjia $opM. JKaK Te, n npyrne noHBJifliOTCfl b BH^e o6pa3OBaHnn, He3aBHCHMLIX OT HHJKHHX RJT HOSBOHOHHHKa. Bee ajieMeHTH oceBoro CKejieTa Teleostomi MoryT pa3BHBaTBca no Tnny coeAHHHTeJiBHo- o6pa3OBaHHH, yTpa^HBan xpnmeBHe noBTOMy HenpaBHJiBHO npoTHBono- JiaraTB coeHHHHTenBHOTKaHHHe BepxHne n HHJKHHe KOCTOHKH XOHflipaJILHHM BepXHHM H hhskhhm peOpaM. - h Ho cym;ecTByiQn5HM B033peHHHM, Polypteridae o6jiaflaiOT KaK BepxHHMH, TaK h hhjkhhmh pe6paMH, npn^eM b nepeflHefi ^acTH TyjioBnma-xopomo pa3BHTH BepxHne, a HHSKHne kopotkh hjih jjasKe (Calamichthys) coBceM He pasBHTH, Tor^a KaK b nacTH Tejia h XBOCTe — HaoSopoT. Bee npo^ne ph6h — ffByflHmam;He, oceTpoBHe, kocthcthc — CHaSsKeH paMH HH5KBMMH, hjih 6pioniHHMH, 3aJieraion];HMH noa 6pioniHOH MHnmeH b 6pioniHOH noJiocTH. Ohh He cooTBeTCTByiOT peSpaM bhchihx no3BOHoTfflHX. p jihiotch pe6pa hjih npHMo k TeJiy no3BOHKa, hjih k napano$H3aM (pnc. 36). B Ka^ecTBe ocTaTKa BepxHnx HacTOHB^nx pe6ep Bpyx onnctiBaeT y Salmonidae n Clupeidae HeSoJiLmne MeJKMycKyjiBHHe xpflm;eBHe o6pa3OBaHHH b ropH3OHTaJiB- hoh cenTe. y Dipnoi, KaK H.y npo^nx, pe6pa, hjih njieBpajiBHiie wyrn, hhskhhc; ho y hhx H3 Tpex, cJiHBaionnixcH c *iepenoM no3BOHKOB, nocJieAHHH, npnMHKafl k occipitale laterale, coxpaHneT TaK Ha3HBaeMHe roJiOBHtie pe6pa. . KpoMe pe6ep, y kocthcthx ph6 noflnnpaiomyio pojil nrpaiOT MajieHBKne tohchb- Kne kocto^ikh, pacnojiaraioin,Hecfl b nonepe^HHx MnocenTax n pa3BHBaH)nuiecH •nyTeM OKocTeHeHna cyxojKnjiHH. 9to TaK Ha3HBaeMHe <(MHCHHe kocto^kh)), npHHaK)- niiae CHJiBHyio koctjihboctb Mncy MHornx KapnoBHX pti6; HeKOTopae aBTOpH conocTaBJifliOT nx c BepxHHMH peSpaMH. Hx mojkho pacnpe^ejiHTB Ha Tpn rpymm — —tv Phc. 40. Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garm. — npaBaa nojiOBHHa Ta30Boro noflca h SpioniHOii njiaBHHK, c ciihh- Hoii CTopoHH. A — caMKa, B — a— npnjjaTO«iHHfi xpam; ap HHii HneHHK MHKConTepurnji; ax— ero oce- Bofi raaBHHfi xpnm; b%> — 6a3HntepHrHft h ero KOHeqHHii qjieHHK (bp'); p—TasoBHil xpam c HepBHUMH OTBepcTHHMH; r—panna- jihh; td, tv— nop3ajibHHe h p xpHmn. (Ho Tyaefi.) pe6- 70 1AC1B IIEPBAH. ill 1 pi :k \\ KocHe cnHHHHe, 6pK>nraBie h Sokobbic 06mee Ha3BaHne rjih hhx — epipleuralia, ho ecjin ohh cHflHT Ha BepxHHx inyrax, hx mojkho HastiBaTb epineuralia, Ha Tejie H03B0HK0B — epicentralia, Ha caainx pe6pax—epipleuralia. y Gottidae epineuralia pa3BHTH CHJiBflee, qen pe6pa. B OTjra*nie ot sthx mhchbix pe6pa pa3BHBaiOTCH H3 xpama. . ¦" (1935) c^HTaeT, hto Bee MeyKM&iine^HHe kocto^ikh, pacnojioJKeHHHe b ropH3OHTaJiBHOH cenTe, — Bee paBHo, xpnmeBLie ohbe wsivl hct — cJieflyeT Ha3H- pe6paMH. Han6ojiee cjiojkho ycTpoeH ^epen pH6. npocjie^HM ero nocxeneHHoe fl c hh3dihx $opM. KpyrjiopoTHe. Pa3JinqnH memjiy MHKcnHaMHH MHHoraMH iHKH, ^HjioreHeTHHecKH ohh ctoht MeiKAy coSoio o^eHB aaJie ( 1927, 1932); roMOJiorn3an;nfi memj^y tojiobhhm CKeJieTOM MHHor n mhkchh v. traj} trab.Kom.\ "¦t hyp.Kn. caps.aud. corn. Kn. p Phc. 41. Hepen MHKCHHti. (ITo TojitMrpeHy n Gremiino.) caps. aud. — cjiyxoBan Kancyjia; corn. kn. — KopHyaJibHHii xpHm; trab., v. trab. — 3anHHH ir nepeflHHH i"acTH GKyjiH; trab. kom. — TpadeKyJiapHan KOMMaccypa; hyp. kn.— ninoHoii nJiacTUHKii; n. g.— HocoBOiixofl; n. k.— HOCOBaH Kancyjia; Sn. kn.— noflHocoBofi ; tl—til— mynHKii I—II; v. sk. — nacTb BeJiapHoro cneaeTa; z. pi. — CKeneT 3yOHoit naacTHHKH. JimnB b ooihhx ^epTax, a MeiKfly HepenaMH KpyrjiopoTHx n OHa n coBepmeHHO HeBO3MO?KHa,TaKKaK Gyclostomata,HJin nepBHHHue Agnatha, o6oco6jieHHyio SoKOByio bctbb, k KOTopon HacToamne pbi6bi He HMeiOT HenocpeflCTBeHHoro OTHomeHHfl.MnKCHHHoSjiaflaiOT HanSoJiee hphmhthbho ycTpoeH- hbim CKeJieTOM, npeflCTaBJiHioiniHM, no mhchhio IlapKepa, 3aHaTOHHHH CKeJieT MHHorH, oSHapyatHBan cxo#ctbo c CKeJieTOM necKopoftKH (Ammocoetes). K cojKaJieHHio, Fyflpn1! (1930) b CBoeM nocJieflHeM Tpy,ne o CTpoeHHH h pa3BHTHH hosboho^hhx coBceM oSxo^ht KpyrjiopoTHx, KaK Kpatoe cnei];HajiH3HpoBaHHLie $opMH. B ocHOBy Hamero H3Jion«eHHH mh hojiO/khm HOBeHmne o ^cepenax Toji&MrpeHa n GTeHinno (1936), TeM Sojiee, hto b TOJiKOBaHHH hhx ^acTen CKeaeTa mhkchhh MeHt^y IlapKepoM n KoJieM, rjiaBHMMH BaTeJIHMH aHaTOMHH 3THX 5KHB0THHX, HMeeTCH MHOrO pa3HOrJiaCHH. Hepen mhkchh h. ^[epenMHKCHH&i, h^h C3a^H Hanepe^;, mojkho p Ha TpnqacTn: oSjiacTB napaxopflajinn, oSjiacTB 3aflHeH HHTepTpa6eKyjiH n nepeflHen HHTepTpaSeKyjiti. B CKejieTHon TKaHH, no IlapKepy, pa3JiHHaH)T copTa: TBepflHH xpHm, MarKHH xpam, ajiacTHiecKyio ry6n:aTyK) BaKyoJiBHyio h 6ejiyio $n6pHJuiflpHyio TKaHB, KOTopyio IlapKep Ha3HBaJi bojiokhhcthm xpnni;eM. HeBpoKpaHnyM cjiomeH ^acTtio coeflHHHTejiBHon TKaHBio, lacTBio xpnmaMH. GoeflHHHTejiBHOTKaHHaji MO3roBan Kancyjia noAffepjKHBaeTCH 6a3ajiBHHM n jiaTepajiB.- hbimh xpiimaMH. B ocHOBaHHH ^epena Jie?KaT napaxop^ajinn n hx Henocpe^CTBeHHoe , — TpaSeKyjiu. IlapaxopflajinflMH Ha3biBaiOT ynacTKH xpama, oxBa- tojiobhoh KOHen; xopflti; c napaxop^aJinHMH coeffHHaiOTCH cjiyxoBtie KancyjiH, mnpoKo OTKpbiTHe BHyTpB ^epena;no3aflHCJiyx6BOHKancyjiti H3 kojkhoh MO3roBon KancyjiH bbixo^ht HepBH IX n X, a BnepeffH ot Hee — V h VII. i ? IV. "CKEDIET 71 pp npoflOJiJKaioTca Ha3an h Bsepx b KopoTKHe otpoctkh cnepBa TBepfloro, 3aTeM MHrKoro xpama, KOToptie ToaiBMrpeH be CTeHnrao cwraiOT 3a*iaT- BepxHHx jjyr no3BOHO^HEU?a h KO#Topoe cooraBJiaiOT. BKJiip^eHHBie b nepen— qacTHCKe-JieTa. BeHTpaJiBHHe npoftOJDKeHna napaxopffaJiHH eKKe hujkhhc ayrn. TaKHM o6pa3OM, no FojiBMrpeHyn C y mhkchh HMeeTCH cjia6o pa3BHTaa 3aTHJio*fflaa oSjiacTB, KOTopaa y Gephalaspid.es 6HJia pa3BnTa cnjiBHee. Ot napaxopflajinfi pocTpaJifcHO nnyT Tpa6eKyjiti, orpaHiraaBaiomHe C06010 yffjiHHeHHoe OTBepcTue, fenestra basicranialis anterior; Bnepejpi o6e Tpa6e- KyjiH coeflHHHiOTCfl: TpaSeKyjinpHofi KOMMnccypoEi, planum trabecularum anterior, CHaSateHHOfi KpynHHM Ha3aa HanpaBJieHHHM poroBHM 3y6oM. Ba3HKpaHnaJiBHoe okho 3aTHHyT0 nepenoHKofi, HaKOTopofi noKOHTCH M03r. Ot Tpa6eKyjiapHOH[ KOManac- cypH c Kas-Kflon cTopoHH otxoaht BnepeA Mflrnne xpameBBie Tpa6eKyjiapHHe pora (KopHyaoitHHfi xpmn;). G ocHOBaHHeai ^epena coeanHeHti *iacTH HocoBoro, rjiOTO^Horo be poTOBoro cnejieTa. Hocobo^: cnejieT 3aKJiioHaeT CKeJieTti HocoBoro xofla, hocoboS: KancyjiH h HeSHOHocoBoro KaHajia; ciofla me cjie^yeT othccth nepe^Hioio HHTepxpa KOTopan cocTaBJineT He hto HHoe, Kan noAHOcoBofi xpflm;. Hocobo^ xoa xpameBHivtH KOJitn;aMH, a HOcoBaa Kancyjia — pemeTKOo6pa3HHM , otkphthm b BeHTpaJibHyio CTopoHy. 3affHflH nonepe^Haa onopa hocobofo penieTKOo6pa3Horo xpnm;a npoROJHKaeTCH Ha3afl, nepexo^a b 3aflHioio HHTepTpaSe- Kyjiy IlapKepa, b JioJKKOBHRHylo rnno$H3apHyio njiacTHHKy, om6aioni;yio cHH3y M03r h Jie3Kam;yio noa He6H0H0C0BHM KaHajiOM b 6a3HKpaHnajiBHOH nepenoHKe. ITo,hhocoboh: xpain; Bnepea OT,o;aeT TOHKne xpnmnKH, cocTaBJiHH)ni;He onopy o6ohx y BHcn;epajibHHH[ cKejieT tjiotkh b. pTa coctoelt h3 chctcmh xpani.eBHX p;yr h KOMnjieKca xpamefi H3BiHHoro annapaTa. J],op3aJiLHHe xpanpt HannHaiOTca y cpe- RHHH TpaSenyjiH, orpaHHHHBaa noflrjiasHHHHoe okho, fenestra subocularis, ^epe3 KOTopoe bhxoaht n. n. trigeminus, facialis h lateralis anterior. Hn?Ke n C3a,nii cySoKyjiapHoro oKHa OTxoHaT neTHpe xpameBHX Ryrn rJiOTO^moro CKejieTa, H3 hhx TpeTba h neTBepTaa noffBepHseHti 3Ha*mTejiBHHM BapnaniiaM, CBHffeTeJiBCTByioni;HM, ^ito 3th ayrii ^ereHepHpyiOT hjih npno6peTaiOT Ot 3aAHero Kpaa poTOBoro OTBepcTHa npoTarnBaeTca 6a3ajitHaa nnacTHHKa, cocToamaa H3 nepeflHero, cpe«Hero h 3aflHero OT^ejios; IlapKep Ha3HBaJi nx basi- hyale anterior, basihyale posterior h basibranchiale. ilepejniaH ^acTB 6a3ajn>HO& njiacTHHKH cjiosKeHa AByMa 6okobhmh h ffByMa MeflnajiBHUMH xpamaMH. GKeneT 3y6HHx njiaCTHHOK coctoht H3 nepeffHefi h 3aRHeH[; o6e ohh BOppyjKeHH 3y6aMH h MoryT BTarnBaTBca Ha3afl, ro ypoBHa nepBOft rjioTO^mofi: ayrn, h Bnepea, p6pa3ya Mommfi 3a3y6peHHHH a3HK, BHffBHraeMHft H3 poTOBoro G aop3ajiBHOH CTopoHbi rjioTO^mofi CTeHKH b o6iiiacTH nepBOfl tjiotohhoh CBHcaeT b npocBeT Kmneraoro TpaKTa TOJiCTaa CKJia^Ka, velum, o6jiaHaioni;aa xpHm;eBOH ochoboh. Ot nepeftHeSoKOBtix yrjioB 6a3ajiBHoro c KaatflOH CTopoHH xpam;eBaa wyra k HocoBOMy OTBepcTHio; ayrn nepBHfi h TpeTHfi niynaJiBmH; neTBepTH onopofi. ^epen m h h o r h oSjia^aeT ^epTaMH 6oJiee bhcokoh opraHH3anTaH. M03- roBaa Kancyjia orpaHH^eHa chctcmoh napaxopaaJinft, TpaSenyJi n 6okobeix CTeHOK, no,oiHHMaion];HXca Ot TpaSenyji h cjiyxoBHx Kancyji. IlapaxopAaJrani, cjih- BaacB BMecTe, o6pa3yiOT cnjiomHoe kojibhio, Ha KOTopoe onnpaiOTca cJiyxoBHe k rtpn nocpeACTBe npoMesKyTO^HHX xpameBHX hojkck, pedunculi, napaxop- nepexo^aT b TpaSeKyjiH. OcTpne xop,n;H oKaH^iHBaeTca cboSosho b 6a3HKpaHH- oKHe, fenestra basicranialis anterior, saJieraxoineni Meatfly Tpa6eKyjiaMH; cnepefln coeflHHaiOTca nepeaHefi TpaGenyjiapHofi KOMMHCcypoat; njiacTHHKa Haxo^HTca nofl; hcShohocobbimxo^om (canalis nasalis posterior). B ot Tpa6eKyjiapHOH KOMMHecypH jicjkht xpam;, Ha3BaHHHH IlapKepoM BTMOHffOM; 3tot ft ynnpaeTca b 3affHHH «op3ajibHHfi xpam; HHJKe TpaSeKyji noffrjia3Hi2ra- 15"' m in :\'i M> 72 HEPBAH. MOPHEifi xpam; v. I. kn— nepeflHHH OoKOBOfi xpmq hjih 6oKOBaa poTOBan :i jKemioe FeKKejieM, HenpaBHJibHO. IIpH3HaBaH HenapHocTB HOcoBoro HBJieHneM BTopnHHHM, GeBepitOB Ha3HBaeT ero Ha3ornno$H3apHHM Oh yiBepjKflaeT, hto TpaSenyjiH ^epena MHHor He cooTBeTCTByiOT TaKOBHM ctom h hto ohh roMOJiorHHHH nepeflHefl *iacTH napaxop.uaJinttpHS; noaTOMy nx 6hjio 6bi npaBHJiBHee Ha3HBaTB nepe,HHHMH napaxopflaJiHHMH, b OTJiiraie ot o6m;enpHHflTHX 3a^HHX. Beet qepen MHHorn, no GeBepn;oBy, xopflajiBHHfi, hjih ; y Gyclostomata HeT npexop^ajiBHoro nepena, Tor.ua KaK ^epen toctom coctoht H3 flByx OTffejiOB: xopfl;aJiBHoro, pa3BHBaiomerocfl b oSjiacTH h npexop^aJiBHoro (Tpa6eKyjiapHoro), pa3BHBaion^erocH Bnepe^n ot BaiecTe c TeM oh HaxoflHT, ^ito coBepmeHHo HenpaBHjiBHo npHMeHHTB b OTHomeHnn k KpyrjiopoTBiM Ha3BaHHa rHOH^Haa n *iejnocTHafl flyra, h6o ohh ne npoH3omjiH ot rHaTOCTOM.OH npeffnoTiHTaeT Ha3BaHHH: nepBan npeflH?a6epHaa (bmccto rnonflHon), BTopaa npe;n?Ka6epHaH (sMecTO hcjiiocthoh), TpeTBa npefla?a6epHaa n, HaKOHen;, 3aflHHH n nepeflHHH SoKOBLie xpani;H poTOBoro CKeJieTa c^HTaeT 3a neTBepTyio h naTyio npe^iKaSepHHe flyrn. TaKHM o6pa3OM, oh npnHHMaeT, hto BHcn.epajiBHEra tojiobh MHHorn coctoht H3 5 npefl?Ka6epHHX n 7 5Ka6epHHX, Bcero 12 FojiBMrpeH h GTeHmno (1936) yTBepn?fl;aiOT, hto Sokobhc poTOBHe pa3BHBaiOTca jramb nocne MeTaMop$o3a,HTO ohh He MoryT hmctb ^ sHa^ieHHH h hto cJie^OBaTejiBHo npeflH?a6epHBix #yr Bcero 3, a He 5. B ^epene MHHorn tojibko cJiyxoBHe n HocoBaa KancyjiBi cjiojKeHH H3 xpama; MO3roBaa Kancyjia nprntpHTa He xpam;eM, a coeflHHHTeJiBHOTKaHHOH nepenoHKofl, o6pa3yionteH ^epennot CBOfl, tectum cranii. B p Bncn;epajiBHHH cKeJieT nepena annapaTH. Potoboh cnejieT, potoboh h ?Ka6epHBiH cjiojkho ycTpoeHHtiH, CBepxy IV. GKEJ1ET nepe^HHM n 3a^HHM aop3ajiBHBiMH xpamaMH, Gartilago anterior dorsalis^ nC. posterior dorsalis. PoTOBan BopoHKa OKpymeHa KOJiBijeBBiM xpflin.eM, G. annu- laris, BMecTe c TpeMH ManeHBKHMH onopHHMH xpHmnnaMH poTOBoro Kpaa c Ka- «Hofl ctopohh. G KOJifcEjeBHflHHM CBH3aH napHBra G. styliformis. K nepeftHeaiy #op- 3anBH0My c KasKflOBi ctopohh no Kpaio Bxo.ua b poTOByio nojiocTL npnMHKaeT nepen^ hb-Sokoboh, G. anterior lateralis, a k cy6oKyjrapHOH ayre— 3aflHHH 6okoboh, G. posterior lateralis. HsH^HHe xpflmH cocTaBJiHiOT onopy H3HKa. 3^ecL Haxo^HTCH HenapHHH nepea- hhh h napHHH 3aflHHH H3HHHHe xpflnjn, KOToptie IlapKep Ha3HBaji basihyale; nepe,nHefl3HTfflHfl coeflHHeH cbh3koh c MeffHOBeHTpaJiBHtiM xpnmeM. GySoKyjispHaa pyra TaKJKe othochtch k TBncn;epaJiBHOMy cneJieTy. B MecTe nepexo^a potoboh nojiocTH b rjioTKy jiemwr velum, cocTaBJieHHHfi rbjmh. 6a3ajiBHHMH TpeyrojiBHH- mh njiacTHHKaMH. }Ka6epHan Kopo6Ka 3aJieraeT He B03Jie H?a6epHH a HenocpeflCTseHHo nofl Konten; OHa coctoht h3 fl;eBHTH nonepei|mHx iraacTHHOK, H3 kohx ^Be nepBHe Ha3BaHBi IlapKepoM extrahyalia, a ceMB extrabranchialia, hjih 3Ka6epHBie wyrn CeBepnoBa. I[pohojibhhmh BBime n hhjkc 3Ka6epHHX oTBepcTHH h no 6pioinHOH jehhhh (commissurae p p p ( epi- n hypotremicae n c. ventralis) 3th njiacTHHKH coeflHHeHH uem^j co6oio. 3 S pj^ p py y py py, cepwn;e — G. extrapericardialis, hjih cardiobranchiale. KasKffoe ma6ep- Hoe OTBepcTne OKpymeHo He6oJiBmHM xpan^eBBiM kojibh;om. ^epen Elasmobranchii. HeBpoKpaHHyM nonepe^HopoTHX n;ejiH- KOM COCTOHT H3 Xpflma, HaCTH15H0 06lI3BeCTJieHH0r0; TOJIBKO BO3Jie 060HiITeJIBHHX Kancyji HMeeTca nepenoH^aTHH cboa ^epena. B ^epenHot KopoSne mohsho pa3Jin- hhtb neTHpe OT^ejia: a) aTMon^ajiBHafl o6jiacTB, b KOTopofi JiejKaT hocobhc Kan- cyjiBi; Bnepeff BHTflrnBaeTCH rostrum; 6) rjia3HHHHO-BncoiiHafl 0601actb, pacno- jiararomiaHCH b TpaSeKyjiapHOM panoHe MejK,try processus praeorbitalis n processus postorbitalis; y Notidanidae h CKaTOB nepe^ op6htoh cHH3y BHCTynaeT eme pro- cessus antorbitalis, kotopbih y CKaTOB coe^HHaeTCfl co cKeJieTOM rpysHoro njiaB- Hm?a; ero cjie^yeT othochtb k 3TMon;n;aJiBHOH[ oSjiacTn; b) o6jiacTB cjiyxoBHx Kan- cyji b pafioHe napaxop,u;ajiBHOM n r) saTHJio^raafl oSjiacTB. B BepxHefi ^acTH nepena Measly o6enMH cjiyxoBHMH KancyoiaMH b napHyio HMKy OTKpHBaeTCH ductus endo- lymphaticus. B KanecTBe Tnna ncnojiB3yeM ^epen Squalus acanthias. Gpe^n cejiaxHH b CTpoe- HHH BTMOHHaJIBHOH o6jiaCTH M05KH0 pa3JIHHHTB flBa THHa CTpyKTyp I OflHH — C npO- ctbim pocTpajiBHHM otpoctkom (Squalus, Spiuax, Heptanchus, Raja), apyron c CJI05KHHM rostrum, cocTOflmnM H3 MennajiBHoro h «Byx 6okobhx xpflm;eH (Mustel- lus, Scyliorhinus). BTMOH^aJiBHafl o6jiactb coctoht h3 Tpa6eKyjiHpHoft pocTpanBHoro xpamia n pocTpajiBHofi njiacTHHKH, op6nTOHa3ajiBHOH h o6oHHTeJiBHBix Kancyji. Ha Hop3ajiBHOH CTopoHe pocTpyMa jicjkht rjiy6oKoe npenMO3roBoe B^aBJieHne, BHnojiHeHHoe CTyseHHCTofi coeflHHHTejiBHOH G" BeHTpajiBHofi ctopohh pocTpyMa MeiK^y hocobbimh KancyjiaMH khjib. HocoBHe KancyjiBi Kpyrjiue, c xpflm;eBHMH CTeHKaMn; tojibko 3a,nHHs, hhhkhhh h BHyTpeHHHH CTopoHa o6pa3OBaHa nepenoH^aTOH (froHTanejiBio (n. font). K 9TM0HflaJIBH0H o6jiaCTH OTHOCHTCH H 3TM0H,HaJIBHBIH OTpOCTOK, KOTOpBIH ocoSeHHO pa3BHT y CKaTOB; y Squalus btot otpoctok orpaHH^THBaeTopSnTy cnepenn; p oh nepexo^HT b processus antorbitalis. Op6HTOTeMnopajiBHaH o6jiacTB orpaHH^eHa cnepefln- npeopSnTajiBHHM otpoct- HaBepxy — Ha^Jia3HHHHBiM rpe6HeM (crista supraorbitalis), C3afln — nocTop- SHTaJIBHHM OTpOCTKOM, a TaKSKe BBIXOffOM TpOHHHHHOrO (V) H JIHH;eBOrO (VII) HepBOB. AHTopSnTajiBHHH otpoctok npoflOJBKaeTCfl b BBimeynoMflHyTBiH Ha,nop6H- rpeSeHB. IIo BepxHeMy h 3aHHeaiy Kpaio opSnTBi — pafl OTBepcTHH. ^jih HepBOB, HHJKe — hjih cocyaoB; OTBepcTHe 3pnTejiBHoro HepBa jiesKST op6nTH. O6jiacTB cJiyxoBHX Kancyji HaHHHaeTca ot 3aHHero Kpaa op6hth; Hop3OJiaTepajiBHOH rpaHnn;eH cnymnT pe3K0 BHCTynaromnH crista spheno-pterotica, 3aMHKaeTCH TynBiM processus pteroticus. Ha Hop3ajiBHOH CTopoHe Haxo- rjiySoKaa HMKa, fossa endolymphacea; k Hen npnMHiKaiOT 4 74 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH nepeftHne— aHflOJinM^aTH^ecKHe, 3aflHHe — nepHJiHM^aTnqecKne. C6oKy n bhhsj o6jiacTH BHCTynaeT bulla acustica; HecKOJiBKo BBime npirajxeHHeTCH hyomandibu- lare. SaTBiJio^maH o6jiacTB y Squalus BBiTjrayTa Ha3a#; ctghkh 3aflHHX noJiyKpyr- jibix KaHaJiOB o6pa3yK>T bbictviibi c hcho BBipajKeHHBiMH 3aTbiJio^HHMH rpe6HiiMH:. no CTOpoHaM xopflH cjia6o pa3BHTHH 3aTLiJioqHBifi cycTaB (condylus occipitalis) flonycKaeT Jinmt He3Ha^HTejiBHoe jj.Bwm.esKQ. B Sokobom yrjiy odjiacTH bbixo^ht n. IX, a no3aflH h HHiKe ero foramen obturatum (-fenestra postotica), a TaK?Ke Ill I 111 pr. ant orb eel eth. p.p.o f.cor. int. f.per.ly fend.iy Pnc. 43. Hepen Squalus acanthias. A — CBepxy. B — CHH3y. (IIo Fojism- rpeHy ir CTeHunio.) ect. eth—9KT3TMOH^ajii.HBjn otpoctok; f.car. int.— foramen carotisinterna; /. end.ly— fossa endolymphatica; for. end. ly — foramen endolymphaticum; jor. per. ly—fora- men perilymphaticum; n. k. — HocoBaa Kancyjia; pr. ant. orb.— processus antorbi- talis; p. p. o—processus postorbitalis. I OTBepcTHH fljia n. X, hjih: vena cerebralis posterior n ^jih TpeTBero rjiaBHHe BeTBH nocjie^Hero (z n y) BMecTe c SjiymflaiontHM HepBOM bbixorst 0603Ha^aK)TCH flCHO 6opO3flKaMH CJIH3HCTHe Ha nepenHBix xpnm;ax. Bncn;epairBHBiH 9H,nocKeJieT cjioJKeH OflHOH hjih flByMfl rySHBiMH syraivin, 6yjinpHOH, rnon^HOH h 5—7 ?Ka6epHBiMH. Ty6HHe 3yrn OTcyTCTByiOT y Heptanchus H CKaTOB. Fy6HBie xpHma: coctoht H3 Tpex ajieMeHTOB: AByx ^op3aJiBHBix (npeMaK- CHJiflpHoro n MaKCHJiflpHoro, JiejKamnx Ha palatoquadratum) h o^Horo BeHTpaJiBHoro Ha mandibulare. A. H. GeBepn;oB npHHHMaeT rySHBie xpHmH anyji 3a ocxaTKH TpeTBen h ^eTBepTOH npeSpaHxnaJiBHHx (npeflH«a6epHHx) flyr. MaHfln6yjiHpiHafl Ayra coctoht H3 palatoquadratum n MeKKejieBa xpama (mandibulare); o6a ohh mohi;ho BoopymeHH 3y6aMH. y Squalus HeSHOKBaapaTHBie xpamn c #op3aJiBHofi CTopoHBi HMeiOT no flBa OTpocTKa — op6nTajiBHHfi h OTHKajiBHBiH. K MaHflnSyjiJip- hoh ayre, BeponTHO, othochtch h cnnpaKyjiapHBin xpHm, kotopbid: HyjKHO paccMaT- pnBaTB, KaK maSepHBin Jiyq 3toh Ayra. rnoMaHffHSyjiHpHafi ffyra coctoht H3 KopoT- Koro hyomandibulare, coHJieHHiomerocfl c CJiyxoBOH pSjiacTBio n Hecymero cycTaB IV. CKEJIET 75 c HroKHefi nejnocTBio; 3aTeM ^jinHHoro keratohyale (hyoideum) HenapHoro basihyale (-copula); nepB&ie «Ba ajieaieHTa HecyT Ha ce6e y npHMHTHBH&ix aKyji (Heptanchus) hyomandibulare HMeeT Majio 3HaqeHHH b HHH HHHtHeii HeJIIOCTH H CpaBHHTejIBHO CJia0O CBH3aHO C XOHftpOKpaHHyMOM, Ha KOTOpOM y Haa noBepxHOCTB tojilko ep;Ba HaMeqeHa. y nponiix aKyjr, rji;e hyomandibulare cjiyntHT noaBecKOM Rjia HHJKHeii nejiiocTH, Kan y Squalus, cycTaBHaH noBepxHocTt Ha xpnmeBOM qepene BLmoji6jieHa rjiy6a?e. IIo IHayHHCJieHji;y (1903), JIiOTepy (1909) h Bjijihc (1915) hyomandibulare aKyji cooTBeT- CTByeT anHrnajibHOMy ajieiaeHTy rHOH^Hott ayrH, a He $apHHrorHajibHOMy, nan nyMajiH y Mustelus, Galeus h Stegostoma JIioTep Haineji CBo6oji;HHtt $apHHrorHajiBHHft ajieMe c ariHTHajltHi>iM (hyomandibulare). K 3Toft Tonne 3peHHa npnMKHyjiH FojitMrpeH- h HejiB3a, cjieflOBaTejibHO, npnpaBHHBaTi. hyomandibulare $apHHrorHajii>HOMy 9JieivieHTy. Gnoco6 coeAHHeHHH ^ejiiocTHoro annapaTa c ^epenoM nivieeT cymecTBeHHoe HanSojiee hphmhthbhoh ^opMofi cjiesyeT chhthtb aM m nocpe^CTBOM processus oticus c nocTopSnTajiBHHM otpoctkom. }Ka6epHBix' ,a;yr y aKyji oShkhobchho 5; tojibko y Chlamydoselachus, Pliotrema m. Hexanchus no 6, a y Heptanchus —7. y aKyjic5 jKaSepHHMH flyraMH cym;ecTByeT eme pyflmvieHTapHaH mecTaa h pyflHMeHTapHHH aepnBaT mecTOH H?a6epHOH meJin (cynpanepHKap,n;HajiBHoe TeJiBije); y aKyji c 7 flyraMH nMeeicfl pyflHMeHTapHaH bocb- BocBMofim;eJiH. 5Ka6epHHe ayrn hmciot CHrMOo6pa3BHfl bhh, TaK KaK 76 1ACTB IIEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHfl I; pharyngo- n hypobranchialia HanpaBJieHBi Ha3afl« KaJK^aa #yra coctoht H3 pex ceraieHTOB: BepxHero, pharyngobrancniale, 3aTeM epi-, kerato- h hypobran- chiale. GHH3y hypobranchialia coeflHHfliOTCH nocpejjCTBOM copula; H3 sthx no- CO Phc. 45. Hepen Hexanchus. ji/d co—copula riionflHofi EyrH; hm—hyomandibulare; I— rySHOii xpam; md— MaH,nH6yjia; prao.— pro- cessus antorbitalis; pre—processus ethmoidalis; pro — processus oticus palatoquadrati; n—hoco- Bafl Kancyjia; ophth — Buxo^Hoe OTBepcTne rami ophthalmici; prpo—processus postorbitalis. (IIo rereH6aypy). Phc. 46. Hepen Somniosus microcephalus. " Hm—hyomandibula; hyoid—hyoideum; P. qu — palatoquadratum; . c. M. — MeKKeneB xpmu; p. pbs I. — proc. palatobasalis lateralis. Bhj^hh ry6- Hue xpHmH— 3-H h A-h npeflJ«a6epHHe «yrn (ep. lo» ep. Ii) n pharyngo-mandibulare ph. m.— 2 npejKKadepHHe (MaHanSyjiHpHoii) ayrH. (IIo Ce- ) " if fl Bcero pa3BHBaeTCH 3a^HHH, 3amnmaK)maH cepwe, cardiobran- chiale (pnc. 49). Pharyngobranchiale, a HHor.ua h hypobranchiale nocjieflHefi, nnToft Ha epi- n , radii Hepe^KO cjiHBaiOTCfl c npeffbiflyrqen hjih fla?Ke cobccm keratobranchiale nepeflHnx neTBipex JKa6epH&ix flyr ch^ht branehiostegi, w opt rhy Phc. 47. Hepen Chimaera monstrosa. bhy—basihyale; chy—keratohyale; ehy—epihyale; io—septum interorbitale; Z—ry6Hofl xpnm; lab — o€wiacTf> jiaCapiiHTa; md—MaHnn6yjia; nc—hocoboi! xpam; opt— OTBepcTHe spHTeJitHoro HepBa; pq— pa- latoquadrat.iim; rhy—rnoimHHe Jiynii (JKaOpoKpume1!- Han nJiacTHHKa); ro— pocipajiBHHfi xpan?; st— jioGhhh OTpOCTOK. (no . 3KCTpa- 9KTo6paHxna- JIHHMH) Ha3BIBaH)T MOflH$HD;HpOBaHHHe »Txoflflni;He no BHem- Kpaio ma6epHHX neperopo^OK. cynjecTByiOT TaK^e extra- hyalia. Hepen x- h m e p 3HaHHTejiBHO Tpy^Hee pa3^ejiHTB Ha ^acTii; oco6eH- HO 3aTpyflHHTeJIBHO OTrpaHHHHTB 9T- oSjracTB, cpocmyiocfl o Otmcthm oco6eHH0CTH CTpoeHHH ^e- pena XHMepu. MeiK^y aHTop6nTajiBHH- Ml OTpOCTKaMH HpOTflrHBaeTCfl rpeSeHB, nepexoflamiiH b pOCTpaJIBHHH no CTopoHaM ocHOBaHHH nocjie^nero ot- KpHBaiOTCfl nepe^HHe OTBepCTna 9tmo- HflajiBHoro KaHajia, Ha^HHaiODnerocfl b rjia3HHB;e. GpeflHHa MeflnajiBHOH ctchkh o6jiacTH nepe- . B nepe#He-HHJKHeM yrjiy op- 6hth OTKpuBaeTCH opShtohocoboh Ka- p . C ^0p3aJIBH0H CTOpOHH KOpOTKOfi CJiyXOBOH 06jiaCTH HpOTflrHBaeTCfl xpamesoH rpeSeHB bhjiotb ro SojiBmoro 3aTHJiOHHoro OTBepcTHH. Hepen (rojLOCTHJiHH, no Fperopn). B BHCE[epaJiBHOM CKeJieTe — Tpn ry6HHX Rfg?3^S%*?g5^ xpnma, noffo6HO aKyjiaai; KpoMe hhx — eme napa xpHnjeft b o.6JiacTH jiiocTHoro ciai$H3Hca—roMOJiorn MaHAnSyjiflpHBix ry6H&ix xpHineft cejiaxHft,tlo «JIh)- Tepy. FHonflHaa wyra cocTOHTHspharyngo-, epi-, keratohyale h copula; hypohyale OTcyTCTByeT; Ha keratohyale—12 xpnmeBBix JiyqeH:. 5Ka6epHHx flyr 5, H3 hhxttojibko 1, 3 h 5 onnpaiOTCfl: nocpeACTBOM rnnoSpaHXHajrafi Ha copula, Torfla KaK 2 h 4 rnno- 6paHxnaJiHH noKOHTca Ha 3affHnx BHCTynax npeflinecTByiomHx S ro md prao prpt mspt pe bpi Phc. 48. '< GneJieT Raja c SpiomHOii CTopoHBi. bpt — Ca3HirrepHrHM; md—MaHflaGyjia; mtpt — MeTairrepHTHft; n—HoepBHe KancyjiH; pe—Ta3OBUH none; pq—He6HOKBaHpaTHHH xpHm; nepefl hhm, no3ann hocobhx Kancy^i, ryOHHe xpHiqn; prao—processus aatorbitalis; prpt — jipo- ft r— pajiaajiHH rpyaHHx nJiaBHHKOB; ro—rostrum, (no I^) THno6paHXHaJiHH 4 h 5 cpacTaiOTCH BMecTe. BpaHxnajiBHHH CKejieT xkinep 3aHHMaeT coBepmeHHO HHoe nojiojKeHne, tom y cejiaxnn: oh ^ajieKo CflBHHyT Bnepep h kom pacnojiOH?eH now opSnTOfi. 3aMeHaTejiBH0, ^to Tanoe me nepe^Hee oh 3aHHMaeT n y ns.cKona.euux Coccostei. V xnaiep rnonflHafl Ayra He HMeeT o6m;ero c noABemnBaHneM Hejuoarn h cycTaBHaa noBepxHocTB hyomandibulare Jie- 3kht He b OTH^ecKofl o6jiaarn, KaK y cejiaxHfi, a Ha ypoBHe nepeAHero Kpaa rjia3HHijH. 0 s t e i c h t h y e s. y Bcex BBimecTOflmnx pBi6 npHMopAHajiLHBiH[HepenTaioKe 3aKJiaAHBaeTCH b bhac xpameBoro o6pa3OBaHHH, oAHaKo BCKope b HeM h Ha HeM pa3- kocth, qacTBK) b KaiecTBe 3aMemaion^Hx xpaid;, qaeTBio b KemHoro nponcxoJKAeHHa. IIo $opaie moh«ho pa3JiH^H:TB ABa Tmra ¦i 4 ¦I •i •41 v.. 78 HACTB HEPBAfl. 11 I hob: njiaTn6a3aJiBHuii c pacmnpeHHoft HepenHofi hojioctbio b 3to HMeeT MecTO y 6ojiBmHHCTBa Ckondrichthyes, Dipnoi, PolypterusyAcipen- *pf eel Phi Phc. 49. ^Ka6epHBift CKeJieT Pristiophorus japonicus c cniiHHoft cto- POHH. c— cardiobranchiale; ce— ceratobrancliiale; e— extrabranchiale; g— cyCTaB- Han roHOBKa hyomandibulare (bm); h—hypo-, ph.—pharyngobranchiale; rbr, rhy— ?Ka6epHi>ie h rHOHflHHe JiyHn; incjia 1—3 noKaauBaioT npH k cooTBeTCTByiomeH ?Ka6epHofi nyre. (Ho ro$MaHHy.) ser, Amia a Ostariophysi H3 Teleostei, h TponH;6a3ajiBHHfi, c MO3roM h cy^teHHOH Me?Krjia3HH*moH neperopo^KOH; nocJie^HHa ^)opMa xapaKTepHa Lepidosteus h SojiBmnHCTBa Teleostei. Bnpo^eM, Wejhe (1922) c^HTaeT (F,pa.me EpaAct ex.se. m (fipa.lam Rsph. Epa.med: Phc. 50. Hepen Neoceratodus forstet-i, 6e3 HHJKHett ^eniocTH. C6oKy (a) h csepxy (b H CTeHIUHO.) D. sph. — dermospbenoticum; ex. sc. m.— extrascapulare mediate; F. pa. lat. — frontoparietale laterale; F. pa. med. — frontoparietale mediale; I. o. — infraorbitale; "kh—keratohyale; n. k.— HocoBan Kancyjia; op— operculum; s. op—suboperculum; s. t. it— supratemporp-intertemporale; ex. sc. 1., ex. sc. m.— extra- scapulare laterale h mediale. TepMHHH MOp^OJIOrHHeCKH HeTOHHHMH H - m TponHTpa6eKaJiBHHM. HX 3aM6HHTB IV. CKEJIET 79 Dipnoi o6jianaK)T BecBMa CBoeo6pa3HHM, Bnojme aBTOCTHJiEraecKHM B iepene HRieeTCH MHoro oKocTeHeHHfi, ho 3HairaTeJiBHBie y^acTKH ocTaiOTCH xpa- 3aMem,aionjen koctbk) hbjihiotch tojibko exoccipitalia, Bee ocTaJiBHtie IIoKpBnneTmHe kocth y Neoceratodus b 6ojiBmHHCTBe oTCTaiOT ot xpanjeBoro CBO^a, TaK ^to MHmnsi BHenpfliOTCH Memjs,j y be flepMOKpaHHyMOM. Bnepean HaxbffHTCH xpflmeBue HOCOBHe Kan- c Hop3ajiBHofi ctopohh npoHH3aHHHe MHornMH OTBepcTHHMH. Gsepxy jie- 3KaT KocTHHe BTMOHfl h frontoparietale, pn^oM :—supraorbitale, c6oKy — squa- mosum. B o6jiacTn cJiyxoBtix Kancyji ^epen chjibho pacmnpeH. 3y6ti HecyT b Bepx- pterygopalatiimm h napHHfi vomer; MeKKejieB xpam; ocTaeTCH He- cnepe^n HMeeTCH noKpoBHan koctb, Hecyman 3y6Li — spleniale; Phc. 51. Mepen h nepesHHH KOHevmocTb Protopterus. (IIo Bh- HepcreiiMy h B) ang— angulare; br— HapyjKHHe waGpH; chy— keratohyale; cl— clavi- cula; eo—exocipitale c otbcpcthhmh hjih n. hypoglossus; eth—stmohh; /p—frontoparietale; hr—roJiOBHHe pe6pa; mk—MeKKejieB xpam;-n— HocosaH Kancyna; ok—ymHan Kancyna; os—supraorbitale (aBTopoB); prao—aHTopCHTajiBHHM xpnin;; ptp — pterygopalatinum; r—rjiaBHtiH jryi rpy^Horo nnaBHima (npH * ocTaTW noSoiHoro iryia); spl—sple- niale; sq—squamosum; v—oTBepcTne hjih n. vagus. OnepKyjinpHue kocth yflajieHii; 1 — nepBan Hta6epHaH jryra c cbohm nepeHHim otpoct- kom 1; nyHKTHpoM o6o3HaieHH KOHTypu waSepHux il 'd. m. Ha MeKKeJieBOM xpHme em,e pa3BHBaiOTCfl angulare h praearticulare, 3aTO dentale neT coBceM. HpesBH^aHHO xapaKTepHon oco6eHHOCTfcio aBJiaeTCH to o6cTOHTeJiB~ CTBO, HTO H3 TpeX H03B0HK0B, npHHHMaiOmHX y^aCTHe B CJIOTKeUWK SaTHJIOHHOS nocJieaHnft eru;e coxpaHneT CHflHmne Ha ^epene pe6pa (roJiOBHHe pe6pa). B HacTOHmeM Kypce mh He HMeeM bosmo^hocth paccMOTpeTB nepena KHCTenepux, Grossopterygii, H3y^eHHe kotophx npeflCTaBJineT irpen ihmjs BOSHHKHOBeHHH 3eMH0B0flHHX. HepeH e^HHCTBeHHOrO COBpeMeHHOrO KHCTenepux, Latimeria, em;e He noflBeprajica cnei^naJiBHOMy KacaeTCH Polypterus, KOToporo mh SesoroBopo^mo npn^ncJifleM k Actinop- terygii, to b hcm HaxoflHM y?Ke i^ejiHH pn,n 3aMem;aK)in;Hx KOCTefl (basi- h exoccipir talia, opisthoticum, prooticum). O6pani;aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHne chubho pa3BH- toh parasphenoideum, npoTHrnBarontHHCH Ha3aa bhjiotb ho saTHJio^Hon oSjiacTn; cnepeflH npnjieraeT napHHH vomer, c 6okob — oSpasyiomne cboh . potoboh nojiocTH — ecto-, ento- n metapterygoideum, 3aTO HeSHHe kocth oTcyT- CTByiOT. Hhh?hhh ^ejiiocTfc cocTaBJieHa H3 articulare, angulare, dentale u sple- niale, Hecymero 3y6H. Symplecticum em;e OTcyTCTByeT. Fopjio noKpHTO napoa: 6ojiBmHx ropjiOBHx njiacTHHOK — gularia, 3aMenjaionpix H«a6epHHe npn3HaK BecBMa npHMHTHBHoro CTpoeHna. HepenHofl cboe cjiomeH frontalia, parietalia h supratemporalia. }Ka6epHHX ayr 4 napu. ¦80 *IACTB HEPBAfl. < 33i i I ft !Jj si- f I I 0 c e t p o b h e. Hepen oceTpOBHX coxpaHaeT oSiuhb: thu CTpoeHHH p OdaBaHCB Bnojrae xpmn;eBBiM, oh CHapyiKH npnKpBiT o6hjibho pa3BH- TBIMH nOKpBHHeHHHMH KOCTHMH, pHXJIO COeffHHeHHBIMH: C l A crnx eth Phc. 52. Hepen Polypterus bichir, A — co criHHHOft, B — c 6pioiiiHoft cto- poHti. (IIo PayTepy.) ecpt—3KTOnTepnroHji; enpt—3HTOnTepnroiw; eth—MesaTMOiia; hym — hyomaadi- bulare; hym1—ero cyCTaBHoii otpoctok hjih coiJieHeHHH c operculare-op; mpt—Me- TanTepnrona; occ—basioccipitale; pa—napneTajibHaa; po—nocTopOnTajibHaa; pop— npeonepKyjiapHaa; psph — napac$eHOHfl; pte — nocTTeMnopaabHan; sop — cySonepKy- jinpHaa; sp—cnnpaKyjinpHaa njiacTHHKa; st—cynpaTeMnopajibHaa; fr—$poHTajib- Haa; n— HOCOBaa; mx— MaKcnjuiapHaa; imx— HHTepMaKCHJUiapHaa qu — KBaji;paTHaa; v — comHHK. HepHHe toikh b , A — OTBepCTHa tojiobhux nyBCTBRTejibHux k2J — HeiKHaa niarpeHeBaa 3y0HaTOCTb. xapaK- pen pyccKoro oceTpa, Acipenser giXldenstadtii, nocjiyjKHT npniviepoM TepncTHKH nepenoB Bcex oceTpOBHX. 3TMon,najiBHaH oSjiacTB OTJin^iaeTca chjibhbim pa3BHTneM pocTpajiBHoro C OTOflBHHyTHMH Ha3afl HOCOBHMH HMKaMH H Ha3a,H HanpaBJieHHbIM MOmHHM 8KT3T- oxpocTKOM, jie?Kain;HM no nepe#HeMy Kpaio opSELTti. Planum antor- rost. pr. ant. orb. ecteth. a.o.H. Phc. 53. Hepen oceTpa, Acipenser guldenstddtii, c(3oKy. (IIo Fojibm- rpeH h C) a 0# ft.__KaHsn aopTu; ecteth—otpoctok 9KT3TMonna; ng—HocoBaa aMKa; occ lai—occipitale laterale; par—napaceHonn;; par. f.— Kpbuio napac$e- Hoima; pr. ant. 07-b.— processus antorbitalis; pr. po—processus postorbi- talis- rosU—rostrum; sph—xpameaoft c$eHOTHKyM; II—X—OTBepcTna ' HepBOB II—X. otpoctok, 6 Mtale, oSpasyiomee HaBepxy HBCTBeHHBifl aHTopSnTajiBHBifi otpoctok, orpaHH^m BTMonflaJiBHyio oSjiacTB. rio HBfflKHen CTopoHe rostrum Meatfly o6ohmh 6a3H- oTpocTKaMH npoTarnBaeTCH b op6nTajiBHyio oSjiacTB MeflnajiBHBifi GKEJIET 81 khjib. B op6nTOTeMnopajiBHOH oSjiacTH 3aflHHfi Kpan rjia3HHi^H o6pa3OBaH xpflme- bbim sphenoticum, npHKpHTBiM Bocxoffflnpnvi otpoctkom napac$eHOH,na. B ocho- xpflmeBoroiepena Ha BceM ero npoTflJKeHnn 3ajieraeT napac$eHOHfl, ynn- BnepeflH b HenapHHH vomer y ocHOBaHHH chjibho pa3BHToro pocTpyMa. o6jiacTB KopoTKa h nocTeneHHO nepexoftHT b 3aTBiJiOHHyio; b BepxHett cjiyxoBOH o6jiacTH pacnojiaraeTCfl SojiBmaa eycTaBHafl flMKa fljra tojiobkh hyomandibulare, no3a,UH Koen BaeTCfl loryjiflp KaHaji, a 3a hhm — OTBepcTne h3bi- KorjioTOTiHoro HepBa (IX); MesKfly OTBepCTHflMH HepBOB IX H X HaXO- flHTCfl cyCTaBHaa noBepxHOCTB nepBOH ?Ka6epHOH flyrn. Ha KpBinie cjiyxoBOH o6.nacTH JiejKHT rjiy6oKafl napHafl flMKa, fossa Bridgei, BBinouiHeHHafl h«hpoboh TKaHBK). Ha ypoBHe sa^Hero yrna op- 6hTH0 CTOpOHaM CpeffHeH JIHHHH Jie?KHT no OTBepCTHio fljifl ductus endolym- T"\ Kl DTI f*n Q I QQ fTJT TT/^ TTTT f\ TT f\^\ TTQ f*ffiT. Tf^ ^Sf^ TTOCh UJLLol UXLfAJlo* vuOctXJDJ.JXtJMJ3.UJd UUJXdwXJDivf UUJXtJc hjih MeHee hjiotho cpacTaioTCfl 6—7 H03B0HK0B. Lfl HOJIOCTB OCeTpOBHX Be- rostr nas dmeth , ho tojibko Majiafl ee nacTB 3aHHTa M03r0M. " j Phc. 54. Acipenser ruthenus, noKpoBHHii qepen c cnHHHoft ctopohbi; HepBHHe Memo^KH HMeeT SojiBmoe 3Ha^eHne. K 3aMemaiomHM kocthm HeBpoKpaHnyMa OTHOCflTCfl: ectethmoideum, orbito- sphenoideum, alisphenoideum, prooti- cum, opisthoticum h occipitale late- rale. GjiaSoe pa3BHTne koctch b nepene oceTpoBBix npHBOflHT Gtchhiho (1921, 1925, 19o2) k saKJUO^eHHio, hto oceT- poBBie Bee me b SHa^iHTejiBHOH CTe- neHH ^ereHepHpoBaHHBie hotomkh Ghondrostei c btophhho oxpflmeBes- mHM CKejieTOM. HapyjKHBiH CKejieT nx CHJiBHO BapBnpyeT; 3th BapHa^HH, b CBfl3H C TeM, HTO HCKOHaeMBie $OpMH o6jia,naJiH CKejieTOM, hoaoShmm npo- Actinopterygii, noka3HBaeT, hto HpHMHTHBHOCTB OCeTpO- bbix MOJKeT 6bitb btoph^ihoh. Hao6o- poT, GeBepi^OB (1926) c^HTaeT, hto Ghondrostei He flereHepnpoBaHHHe, npHMHTHBHHe HOTOMKH CeJiaXOHflHHX pH6. Bncn;epajiBHi»m CKeaeT. BepxHflfl hcjiioctb o6pa3OBaHa xpflmeBBiM palatoqua- dratum, BepxHflfl ^acTB KOToporo cocTaBJiaeT processus metapterygoideus. G HeoHO- KBaflpaTHBiM xpflmoM coeflHHaiOTCflnoKpoBHHe kocth : ento-H ectopterygoideum, auto- palatinum, praemaxillo — maxillare h quadrato —jugale. Hn^KHflfl ^ejiiocTB npe,n- CTaBJieHa MeKKeJieBBiM xpflmoM,KOTopHH HeceT cjih3hcthc koctohkh—dentale h prae- articulare. HeSHOKBaflpaTHHH xp«m npn nocpe^CTBe symplecticum c hyomandibulare; nocJieflHflfl OKocTeHeBaeT tojibko nocpeffHHe h o6jiaffaeT OTBepCTHflMH flJifl ramus mandibularis VII h r. hyoideus VII. KopoTKoe stylohyale (interhyale) CBfl3BiBaeT symplecticum c keratohyale, 3a kotopbim cjieHyeT hypo- hyale; TaKHM o6ga3OM rnon^Hafl flyra coctoht H3 Tpex nacTen. 5Ka6epHBix jsjt hjitb. ~ tojibko y Tpex H3 hhx cymecTByiOT basibranchialia; Tpn nepBHx 6 OCHOBH HXTHOflOrHH dmeth—HepMOMe3eTMOHH; epiph—ann$H3apHHe kh; fr— jioBHHe; nas—HOCOBue; nuch— Hyxaji; par—napHeTanbHan; pstfr— nocT$poHTajibHaa; rostr— pocTpajibHue; socc—HepMOcynpaoKmrnErrajibHaH; squam— squamosum; suprcl. — cynpaKJieftTpajitHan; suprt, suprti— HapyHtHan h BHyrpeHHHH (Ho JIiOTepy.) J 82 HACTB HEPBAfl, MOPOOJIOrHH Ml' ft KopoTKne hypobranchialia n #jiHHHBie keratobranchialia. HeTEipe nepBBrx epibranchialia, nepBan, BTopan h neTBepTan ^op3ajiBHO pacmenjieHBi Ha supra- n infrapharyngobranchialia, TpeTBH —- HMeeT tojibko suprapharyngobran- chiale. HH$pa6paHxnajiHn cohjighhiotch c napac$eHon,q;oM, cynpa^apHHreaJinn ¦r— HenocpeflCTBeHHo c BH^oKpaHnyMOM. IIoKpBimeHHHH ^epen, cjiojKeHHBin kojkhhmh kocthmh, coctoht H3 MHoro^ncJieH- hhx MejiKHX rostralia, napHoro dermomesethmoideum, ann$H3apHBix iraaeTHHOK, napHHx nasalia, frontalia, parietalia, postfrontalia, squamosa, supratemporalia h HenapHHX dermosupraoccipitale n nuchale. H{a6epHan KpBiinKa coctoht H3 operculare, suboperculare n praeoperculare, 3aTO interoperculare -^ He eyme- CTByeT (pnc. 54 — no JIiOTepy). cnejieT iuho. CeBepu;oBbiM h, b HOBeiiuiee BpeMH — rojitMr.peHOM h nocjieflHiix aBTopoB, mojkho cjiesyiomHM o6pa3OM pacnpeRejiHTt kocth i I r Piic. 55. Hepen Amia calva. ar—apTiiKyjinpHafl; d—HeHTajibHan; ept—9KTOnTepnronji;HaH; eth—3tmoiiii; /—$poHTajibHaH; iop—iiHTeponepKyjiapHaH; I—JiaKpiiMaJibHan; m—Man- ciiJiJiapHaH; mpt—MeTanTepuroimHan; n—HocoBaa h c Hero phji;om—adna- sale; op—onepKyjinpHan; or—cyOopOiiTajibHan; orp—nocTop6HTajibHaH; pa—napneTajibHaa; p/—nocT$poHTajibHaH; pm—npeMaKCiiJiJiapHaa; prop — npeonepKyjinpHan; pt — nocTTeMnopajibHan; q — KBaapaTHaa; sa — cynpaaH- pnaH; sm — cynpaMaKCHJiJiapHaa; sop — cySonepKyjinpHan; sq— squamo- sum; si—cynpaTeMnopajibHan; sy—symplecticum. (no Jlioxepy.) 1. Kocth b cbhsh c HH$paop6iiTajiLHtiM h rojiOBHtiM OT^ejioM 6okoboi! jihhhh: a) rostralia, antorbitale, lacrimale, infraorbitalia, a TaK/Ke infraorbitalia accessoria (-suborbitale, CeBep- i^OBa); b) postorbitale—dermosphenoticum; c) supra — temporo — intertemporale (squamosum); d) extrascapulare laterale (-supra temporale); e) extrascapulare mediale (dermosup- raoccipitale) ; 2. Kocth b cbh3H c cynpaopSnTaJibHHM KaHajioM: a) nasale; b) frontale; c) parietale. 3. Kocth b cbh3H c npeonepKyjio-MaHRHo'yjiHpHHM KaHajioM: a) 5—6 npeoiiepKyjinpHHX KOCTefr. 4. Kocth 6e3 OTHOinennH k cjih3hcthm KaHajiaivi: a) postrostralia; b) basirostralia; c) infraor- bitalia accessoria; d) supraorbitalia; e) operculare — Sojibiuan n^acTHHKa, BepoHTHO, cooTBeT- CTByiomaH suboperculum Paleoniscidae. 5. Kocth HejirocTefi h poTOBOHnonocTH: a) parasphenoideum; b) praemaxillare — maxillare; c) entopterygoideum; d) ectopterygoideum (-dermopalatinum); e) quadrato — jugale (-dermo- quadratum CeBepupBa); f) dentale; g) praearticulare. Acipenser n Psephurus HMeiOT BBiflBHJKHBie qejiiocTH, Tor^a KaK Polyodon o6r Jia^aeT HeBLiflBHJKHHM qeniocTHBiM annapaTOM, ^to CBn^eTeJiBCTByeT, no TaTapno (1937), o paHHeM o6oco6jieHHH Polyodontidae ot o6mero npe^Ka Bcex Ghondrostei,. KocTHCTBie. H3 Han6ojiee hh3ko ctohiii;hxkocthcthx ^epena Amia h Lepi- dosteus npeflCTaBJifliOT HeMajio ocoSeHHOCTen, CBH^eTejiBCTByioiniHX 06 nx npHMH- THBHOCTH, XOTH 06mHH THH CTpOeHHfl OflHHaKOB C ^epenaMH npOHHX KOCTHCTHX. Ohh BOBce jinmeHBi supraoccipitale; b OTJin^ne ot oceTpoBBix ohh bhobb oSna^aiOT napHHM comHHKOM. Hhjkhhh ^eniocTB cJiomeHa MHoroHHCJieHHHMH kocthmh: denta- le, angulare, supraangulare, articulare n spleniale. TaKHM o0pa3OM spleniale , \ ¦ •-;• IV. CKEJIET 83 , KpoMe Holostei,TSiKmej Dipnoi n Polypterini. .y BBimecTOflinHx kocth- ctbix b KanecTBe caMOCTOHTejiBHoro o6pa3OBaHHH ero HHKorfla He S BecfcMa, CBoeo6pa3Hofi oco6eHHOCTBio Amia h Lepidosteus flBJineTCfl MeTanTepHroH.ua npn noMomn oTpocTKa c prooticum n parasphenoideum. HaKO- ., y Amia coxpamuiacB eme GoJitmaH ropjiOBaa miacTHiraa, gulare. . KOCTettHH?KHeiinejiiocTH, no cyinecTBy,,HenpaBHJibHa. Dentale Oh Ha3fcmaTb dentale-spleniale, TaK Kan jcoctoht H3 dentale ii roMOJiora "articulare coctoht h3 dermo- ¦ / articulare h codcTBeirao articulare; BpHffjKa, a ce3aMOBHjiiHaH articulare— \ F^-'-^W t / OCTaTOK MeKKeJieBOI^KOCTOHKH. TeM He AJAi1''-^^ / P mbi coxpaHneM npeiKHee, npn- JTJ.aW, KOCTefi. . "" ' ' . opht. m a.ps. eff -a.car. int. tnhm W HHTHBHoro KocTHoro Hepena 3a- KJia^HBaeTCH h pa3BHBaeTCH npn- MOpflHaJIBHHH XpflmeBOH XOHfl- poKpaHnyM, H3yneHHe KOToporo HMeeT cymecTBeHHoe TeopeTH^e- CKoe 3HaneHHe, E[o3me b HeM npoiicxo^HT BecBMa coBepmeHHoe ; HapH^y c 3aMe- KOCTHMH pa3BHBaH)TCH n MHoro^HCJieHHBie noKpBimeH- HBie. npociiesHM BKpaTi^e pa3Bii- THe xoHflpoKpaHnyMa y 3M6pno- hob (JopejiH, Sahno trutta fario. B Ka^iecTBe nepBHX 3aKJiaflOK y 8M6pnoHa Jo- hhx a.car.extWi Phc. 56. BHROKpaHHyM Salmo c HepBaMH, cocyjiaMH 11 rjia3HtiMH MbinmaMH. - (IIo se Beepy.) a. car. ext.—• arteria carotis externa; a. car. inf.— art. carotis interna; a. oph. m.— art. oplitahlmica magna; a.ps. eff.— art. pseud obranchialis efferens; ep. br. •— 3nH$n3apHi>iii mo- cthk; m. obi. — musculi obliqui; m. red. ext. — m. rectus externus; n. olf. — n. olfactorius; r. pal. VII— ramus pala- tinus VII; s. na.~ septum nasi; trab— TpaGeKyjia; tr. pi.— TpaSeKyjiflpnaa nnacTHHKa; tri hm.. VII—truncus hyomandibularis VII; v. jug. — yena jugularis (capitis late- ralis + medialis); v. pit. — vena pituitaria; III—X — HepBH ni-^-x. ¦¦••¦•¦• CaMOCTOHTeJIBHO B03HH- KaiOT cjiyxoBBie KancyjiBi, koto- pBie no3»?e coeflnHHiOTCH cnepBa nepeflHHMHj a 3a hhmh :— 3a^- HHMH 6a3HKancyJIflpHBIMH KO- MHecypaMH c napaxopflajiBHBiMH xpamaMH. Ha nepe^HeM KOHn;e cjiyxoBHX Karicyji o6pa3yeTCH pro- cessus paroticus, kotophh npnHH- MaeT ynacTHe b OTrpaHH^eHnn for ramen facialis, cjiymam;ero jj,jih npoxo3Kji;eHHfl vena jugularis n arteria orbitalis (-a. carotis externa aBTopoB). IlepeflHHe nacTH Tpa6eKyji, cjiHBaacB c KOMnccy- pofi, o6pa3yiOT 9TMOHflajiBHyio njiacTHHKy, Ha KOTopon no3?Ke B03HHKaeT septum internasale. no #op3ajiBHOMy Kpaio rjia3Hnn; o6pa3yiOTCfl cynpaopSnTajiBHBie xpamiH (taenia marginalis); ohh coeftHHHiOT cJiyxoByio Kancyjiy c BTMOHflajiBHBiM OTpOCTKOM H MCSKHOCOBOH IieperOpOflKOH. TaK B03HHKaK)T 060HHTeJIBHHH KaHaJI H KaHaji nepe^HHX (kochx) rjia3HHX MBnnn;. 3aTHJioHHHe flyrn, paspacTaacB, coefln- HHiOTCfl c cnyxoBBiMH KancyjiaMH n o6pa3yK>T foramen vagi, #ajiee BO3HHKaeT 3a- tbijio^hbih CB03, tectum occipitale. B BHfl;e MOCTHKa MejKjry cynpaopSnTaJiBHBiMH xpamaMH ^opMHpyeTCH 3nH^)H3apHaa njiacTHHKa. Ha btoh CTa^nn musculus rec- tus externus jicjkht jtkq b o6pa3OBaBmeMCfl mho^omc b oeHOBaHHH nepena 3a^HHH HacTB Tpa6eKyji b o6jiacTH MHO^OMa paccacBiBaeTca h cbh3b MesKjry TOHa3ajiBHOH njiacTHHKOH h napaxopfl;a«iiHflMH npeKpamaeTca. y 6ojiBmHHCTBa ko- cthcthx, KpoMe Gyjprinidae, Siluridae n HeK. ap., ot Tpa6eKyji nofflaHMaeTCfl sep- 84 HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHH ; i turn interorbitale, KOTopaa BHH3y M03ra nepexo^HT b cTeHKy ^epennofi hojiocth. BncijepaJiBHHft CKeJieT 3aKJia^HBaeTCH y 3M6pnoHa ^opejin 9,5 mm eme paHBrae, neM Tpa6eKyjiH, b BH#e MeKKejieBa xpflin;a, keratohyale h hyomandibulare; BCJieff 3a TeM o6pa3yiOTCH quadratum h symplecticum, coejpraeHHBie c hyomandibulare. ayM B3pocjioro Salmo xapaKTepn3yeTCH chjibhbim npeoSjiaflafiHeM nepeA 3aMem;aiomHMH kocthmh; y flpyrnx kocthcthx (Abramis, Gadus) * . ' .'¦¦--.¦. ' ¦¦'¦ I. i Gl Phc. 57. IIjiacTHqecKaH peKOHCTpyiujMH xoHp;poKpaHHyMa jihhhhkh.— Osmerus eperlanus ajihhoio 22 mm. fOpnr. pnc. E. K. CyBOpoBa). A — nepen CBepxy. B — nepen c6oKy. nrpaiOT noHtmHeHHyio pojib, a y Angailla coxpaHHiOTCH tojibko •OCTaTKH xpHma B HOCOBOEt o6jiaCTH. y Salmo XpfimH OCTaiOTCH B 3TM0HHaJIbH0fi O6- ^jiacTH, b ^epenHpM cBO^e, b op6nTOTeMnopajiBHOH[ oSjiacTH n Mem,ny BepxHefi h 60K0BBIMH SaTHJIOHHBIMH KOCTHMH. XoHflpOKpaHHyM OsmeTUS (pHC. 57) OTJIH^aeTCH ot TaKOBoro JKe Salmo JimnB b ReTaJiflx. Hepen BspocJioro Salmo. Chjibho pasBHTaa OTMonjcajibHaH o6jiacTb y jiococh MaeT Sojiee TpeTH hjikhbi qepena. STMOHnajibHHii xpnm cojjepjKHT b ce(5e Me^najibHO Henap- £31? & IV, CKEJIET 85 nepeRHHit mhorom, b kotopom npHKpenjiHiOTCfl KocHe rjiasHtie Munmu; mhorom p b rjiasHHijy no oSeaM CTOpoHaM MentrJiaaHH^HOtt neperopORKH. JIaTepajibHee MHOROMa saneraeT o6oHHTejiLHUtt KaHaji (canalis olfactoris), b kotopom, KpoMe o6oHHTejibHoro HepBa, npoxoRHT TawKe opSHTOHaaajitHHe apTepna h BeHa. BeTBH arteria orbitalis BeHTpajibHee saRHero ycTbH MHOftOMa npo6oRaiOT planum antorbitale nepeR BXOiKReHHeM b nepeRHHft mhorom. y jio- coch 8Reci> HMeeTCH JiHmt oRHa koctb, ectethmoideum, KOTopHft 6ojitmeio HacTtio aBTopaMH Ha- 8WBaeTCH praefrontale — oStraHaH rjih Bcex kocthcthx KOCTb. flopsaJiLHan noBepxHOCTb 3tmoh- ti ofijiacTH noKptrra iiokpobhmmh kocthmh rostrale — postrostrale. y apyrnx $opM \Esox) 3KT9TM0HR0M jie>KHT em,e MajieHbKHit npenaTMOHp;, praeethmoideum. Op6HTOTeMnopajn>HaH oSjiacTb no^TH TaKOtt me BejiHHHHbi, KaK h npeRbinymaff. BeHTpajib- Hee ^epeiraoii nojiocTH rjia3HHii,H pa3AejiHK)TCH septum interorbitale. XpHmekaH cenTa nepexo- rht b nepenoH^aTyio neperopoRKy, KOTopan nponojiHtaeTCH BnjiOTb ro HHTepHa3ajibHdfi. K Haa nojiocTb orpairaqeHa cnepeHH op6HTOC$eHOHp;oM, c 6okob — ajinc$eHOHp;oM. K Phc. 58. Mepen Salmo salar c6oKy. (H3 FojibMrpeHa h Ang—angulare; Bh—basiliyale; Dent, spl—dentale-spleniale; ec.pt.— 9KT0nTepH- tohh; epiot— epioticum; Fr. ¦— frontale; Gh— glossohyale; Hh— hypohyale; Hm — hyomandibulare; lop—interoperculum; Kh—¦ keratohyale; Mt. pt.— MeTanTepHroiw; Afx — maxillare; Na—nasale; Occ. sup. — occipitale superius; Op—operculum; Opist — opisthoticum; P. mac.— praemaxillare; Pr. S—praeoperculum; Q — quadratum; Bad. br.— radii brancliiostegi—Rost. p. rost.— rostrale-postrostrale; S. ang. — supraangulare; Sup. orb. — aupraorbitalia; Symp -i— symplecticum. Kpaio KaatROro a^HC$eHOHji;a npHBeniHBaeTCH coeRHHHTejibHOTKaHHaH nepenoHKa, npo6oji;aeMaH apHTejibHUMH HepBaMH. BeHTpajibHee foramen opticum o6e nepenoHKH coeRHHaiOTCH BMecTe, a Ha8aRH npHMHKaiOT k 6a3HC$eHOHji;y. ITepenoHHaTaH cenTa npoROJUKaeTCH Ha3an b hhwhioio ^acTi> BapjHero MHOROMa, o6pasyH septum myodomi; b HHjKHeii nacTH MHOROMa npoxop,HT npHMbie rjia3- Hbie MHumbi, KpoMe musculus rectus externus, KaKOBott jiejKHT b BepxHGM OTp;ejie MHOROMa. Hhmk- HHft OTReji MHOROMa mowho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK KayRajibHoe npoROJiaceHHe op6HTaju>Hoft jiojiocth, m pp Mhorom, noRo6HHft jiococeBMM, BCTpenaeTCH y Gyprinidae, Clupeidae (6e3 ropH3OHTajn»Hoft cenTH), Esocidae, Gasterosteidae, Perciformes, Scorpaenidae. HaoSopoT, y Amia, Gobius, Zoarces, Tetrodontiformes h p;p. HMeeTCH mhorom, cooTBeTCTByiomHfi TOJibKO pjopsajibHOMy OTRejiy mho- ROMa jioqoch; oh BKjnonaeT TOJibKO m. rectus externus. HaKOHen;, y Gobitidae, Gymnarchus, Siluroidea, Conger, Gadidae, Lophius — mhorom hjih coBceM OTcyTCTByeT, hjih. chjibho H. - ~ TaKHM oSpasoM b op6HTOTeMnopajibHoft oSjiacTH jiococh HaxoRHTCH HenapHHe orbitospne- noideum, basisphenoideum h napHue alisphenoidea. Boo6me, y 6ojibmHHCTBa kocthcthx hmoiotch h opdHTO- h ajiHc^eHOHRH, ho y Cyclopterus, noBHRHMONty, OTcyTCTByip.T o5a. Neryus trochlearis (IV) npoSoRaeT ajiHC$eHOHR RopsajibHee h csaRH spHTejibHoro oiBepcTHH, a no3aRH nocjieRHero b op6HTy bxorht N. oculomotorius (III), npoSonaH nepeRHHfit Kpait prooticum. 3aRHHH ^paHH^a opdHTLi oSpaaoBaHa basisphenoideum, a TaiOKe OTHOCHm,HMHCH k o6nacTH autosphenoticum h prooticum. Hojkkh anac^eHOHRa onpeRejiaiOT bkixor lo m Is ft 86 HEPBAfl. MOPC&OJIOrHfl B6HH, op6HTajibHOft apTepHH h ramus ophthalinicus superficialis n. V; C3aji;H hb TpHreMHHo-$a- iniajiBHOii KaiaepH bbixorht nervus trigeminus (V). MeflHajibHan CTeHKa stoh KaMepH o6pa3OBaHa ' prooticum; Ha p;He KaMeptr bbixojjht ramus palatinus VII, KOToptift npoxoftHT Ha3a;n; no mho- HOMy MejKfty ocHOBaHHeM qepena h napac$eHOHp;oM. Ba3HC$eHOHs> o6pa3yH KpBimy MHO^OMa, Me^HajiBHO npoHH3HBaeTCH OTBepcTHeivi hjih npoxoavffeHHH BHyrpt nepena arteria carotis interna. y Abramis 6a3HC$eHOH^ cpacTaeTCH c napac$eHOHfl;oM. B cjiyxoBOft oSjiacTH nepena Salmo HMeeTCH RBe CojiBmne $OHTaHejiH. K oftjiacTH othochtch yniHtie kocth 3aMein;aioinHe: autosphenoticum, prooticum, pteroticum (squamosum), epioticum h noKptiiiie^HaH opisthoticum (intercalare). B yrjiy6jieHHH RiejK,a;y prooticum h basisphenoi- deum noMemaeTCfl rnno$H3. nepeftHeyuraaH koctb npoSonaeTCJi OTBepcTHeM n. n. trigeminus . h facialis, HMeeT BHCTynti nepe^nero h SoKOBoro nojiyKpyjKHHX KaHajioB; 6oKOBoti nonyKpyHtHtiii npoxoflHT h no pteroticum. N. abducens (VI) npo6o,o;aeT KpBimy npooTKraecKoro MHO^OMa. 3aTBijiOHHaH o6jiacTb cjio?KeHa hctbipbmh kocthmh: basioccipitale, supraoccipitale c BBipa- saTBraoHHBiM rpe0HeM h napHBiMH occipitalia lateralia; nocjie^HHe npoHH3aHBi OTBep- cthhmh ffijiH npoxo?K3;eHHH n. n. IX h X (glossopharyngeus h vagus). HHOr^a cymecTByeT eme OTBepcTiie hjih cniiHajiBHoro HepBa. BHci^epajiBHBitt c k e ji e t. TaK Ha3BmaeMBie npeMaHflH6yjinpHHe hjih npenpaHHajiB- - H&ie xpnmeBBie 3JieMeHTBi y Salmo npe,o;cTaBJieHBi subrostrale nocTopoHaM 0CTpHH,3TM0Hp;a. y Si- luroidea, Scomberesocidae, Cyprinodonti h Ap. Ha nepe^HeM KOHi;e qepena HMeeTCH HenapHBitt xpnin, rostrale (3areMejiB); Ha HeM Jie?KHT praemaxillare. y Catostomidae, Gymnotus h Perca noff maxillare BCTpe^aioTCH xpHm.H submaxillaria; HaKOHei^, y pa3JiHHHBix p&i6 HaSjnoflaiOTCH xpnm;H b yrjiax pia. Mop^ojioraqecKoe 3HaqeHiie Bcex sthx xpHiuei! hghcho h HeH3BecTHO, mojkho jih hx roMOJiorPi3HpoBaTB c rySHBiMH xpHujaMH aKyji. MaH^nSyjinpHaH nyra y 6ojiBuiHHCTBa p&i6 nocTpoeHa no oaHOMy rany, Palatoquadratum coctoht H3 3ap;Heil h nepe^HeM ^acTH; b 3aji;Hefi OKOCTeHeBaiOT quadratum n metapterygoideum, b nepeRHeft — autopalatinum, ho ^jacTB xpnma coxpaHHeTCH. IIoKpBiiHeHHbie kocth, pa3BHBaio- nniecH b HeSHOKBanpaTHOM xpnm;e—ecto h entopterygoideum, quadratojugale H.dermopalatinum. MeKKejieB xpflm; c BHyTpeHHefi ctopohbi coxpaHHeTCH Ha 3HaMHTejiBH0M npoTH/KeHira: 3a^HHH HacTt OKOCTeHeBaeT b articulare, nepep;HHH — b mentomandibulare. IIoKpBiHieHHbie kocth: dermoarticulare, angulare, supraangulare h dentale — spleniale. C HHJKHefi nacTBio opisthoti- cum co^jieHHeTCH oKOCTeHeBaiomee hyomandibulare, npo6o,n;eHHoe OTBepcTiieM hjih truncus hyomandibularis VII (KpoMe Cyclopterus, y KOToporo btot HepB npoxoniiT nepep; hyomandibulare, He npo6o,n;aH ero). IIocpescTBOM symplecticum oho coejjHHHeTCH c MaH^HSyjiapHofi flyrott; b to me BpeMH nocpe^cTBOM stylohyal hyomandibulare CBH3aHO c rnoH^Hpfi flyrofl, cocTOHiii;eM H3 epi-, kerato- h hypohyale c RByMH H«paMH OKOCTeHemiH; hypohyale onHpaeTCH Ha basihyale. Basihyale nacTO HeceT 3y6bi: oho Hepe^KO Ha3BmaeTCH HHa^e — glossohyale. TpH nepBBie jKa6epHbie ffyra coctoht H3 qeTBipex caMOCTOHTejiBHBix sjieMeHTOB: pharyngo-, epi-, kerato- h hypobranchiale. Ha qeTBepToii flyre hypobranchiale OTcyTCTByeT, a pharyngobran- chiale ocTaeTCH xpnmeBBiM. IlHTan ayra coctoht H3 OAHoro branchiale h pyflHivieHTapHoro xpn- meBOro epi branchiale. FjiOTOHHoro annapaTa Ha 4 h 5 syrax, ctojib Mom,HO pa3BHToro cpeRH Kap- no'BBix, JiococeBbie He hmciot. IIoji; cepneft 6a3H6paHxnajiBH&ix KocTeft HHHte hypohyalia y SojiBHiHHCTBa kocthctbix JieatHT noKpoBHaa koctb urohyale, 3a^Henoj];'BH3BiiiHaH: KpoMe onncaHHoro BHyTpeHHero CKejieia, ^epen o6jiaji;aeT eme HapyiKHBiM CKejieTOM, pa3- BHBaiOinHMCH HaCTBK) B CBH3H C CJIH3HCTBIMH KaHajiaMH H CHCTeMOH TIOp OpraHOB 60K0B0H JIHHHH, HaCTBK) He3aBHCHMO OT HHX. KOCTO^KH CJIH3CBBIX KaHaJIOB: • B cbh3H c HH$paop6nTajitHBiM KaHajioM 3aKjnoHaK)T: rostrale — postrostrale (stmoh^ aBTopoB), 6e3 cjiH3eBoro KaHajia; pnji; infraorbitalia, H3 kohx nepBan o6o3HaHaeTCH KaK lacrimale c 5—6 nopaMH, 3aTejvi KOCTOHKa c 4 nopaMii, h no 3a^HeMy Kpaio opSnTBi Tpn koctohkh, c oflHofi nopoii; hhcjio HH$paop6HTajiBHBix KOCTett y pa3HBix pBi6 BecBMa H3MeHHiiB0. ,2[ajiee gthochtch dermosphenoticum,-hjih postfrontale, KOTopaH y Salmo OTcyTCTByeT; b cjiynaeB noji; HMeHeM postfrontale o6o3HaHaiOT autosphenoticum 6e3 noKpbiuie^HOH kocth. Pteroticum, hjih squamosum coctoht H3 SByx KOMnoHeHTOB — noKpOBHOit kocth, coot- BeTCTByiomeH supratemporo-intertemporale Holostei, h saMenj.aiom.eft. J^ajiee, k HH$paop6HTajiB- Hoft CHCTeMe othochtch jjBe Tpy6KOBH,o;HBix (y Salmo) 3KCTpacKanyjiHpHBie kocto^kh. • Kocto^kh b CBH3H c cynpaop6HTajiBHBiM KaHajioM: MajieHBKoe nasale c 2—3 nopaMH h 6ojiBinoe frontale. B cbh3H c npeonepKyjio-MaHji;H6yjiHpHBiM KaHajioM: suprapraeoperculum, praeopercu- lum, angulare-suprangulare, dentale-spleniale; nocjie^HHH cnepeflii oxBaT&iBaeTCfl MeKKejieBHM xpnmoM h nepexo^HT y Salmo b 3aMemaK)in;yio mento-mandibulare. Kocth qepenHofl Kpbinin — parietale; y kocthctbix OHa Majia h nacTO cpacTaeTCH c 9KCTpa- CKanyjIHpHBIMH KOCTHMH. Kocth BHe cbh3H c cjinseBBiMH KaHajiaMH- supraorbitalia — y kocthctbix BCTpe^aioTCH peflKO, HanpnMep, y Elops, Chanos; y Salmo hx ftBe; onepKyjinpHBie kocth, kohx o6bikhob6hh6 0BiBaeT Tpn1-— operculum, suboperculum h interoperculum. y comob OTcyTCTByeT interop'ercu- lum. JJajiee, k btoh ?Ke rpynne Kocren othochtch >Ka6epHBie Jiy^H, radii branchiostegi (y Salmo hx 10—11) h HenapHoe lae^HajiBHoe gulare, KOTopoe coxpamiJiocB jiiiuib y Elopidae m Amia. , praeoperculum, HMeeT cjih3hctbih KaHaji onepKyjiflpHO-MaH,n;H6yjiHpHOH jihhhh. IV. CKEJIET 87 Kocth nejiiocTH h poTOBott nojiocTH. Cioji;a othochtch Hecynnie aySfci napHtie praemaxillare, jKeHHBie y Salmo 3y6aMH maxillare, supramaxillare jiokht b sa^HeM BepxHeM Kpae Hap; maxillare; y HeKOToptix cejib;n;eBi>ix — Engraulis, Clupea, Elops, Megalops — no RBe. cynpaMaK- CHJiainpHbix, Tor^aikaK y Mormyridae, Heterotis, Arapaima — hh op,Hoft; ffajiee, dermoarticulare, yomer h npHMtiKaioinHii k HeMy parasphenoideum; dermopalatinum, cpacTaiomaHCH c autopala- tinum; saTeM ecto n entopterygoideum h, HaKOHen,, quadrato — jugale, npHpacTaiomaH b BHjie OTpocTKa k KBap;paTHo tt. . • - B npHBep;eHHOM o63Ope Hepena Salmo, no FoJiBMrpeHy h CTeimiHO, coxpaHeHH npuHHTHe hmh Hia3BaHHa KOCTett, He Bcer;o;a coBnap;aK)mHe c ninpoKonpHMeHHeMfciMH. IIpHji;aBaH Hsy^etiHK) nepena oco6eHHo 6ojibinoe sHaneHHe, Mti 6erjio paccMOTpHM em;e, b npoTHBOBec chjibho Salmo, Bnojme OKOCTeHeBiuHH nepen BticineH puSti, Perca jluviaiilis. paccMOTpeHne HeBpoKpaHnyMa Perca c3aRH, mojkho y6e,n;HTLCH, co^JieHJieTCfl c ochobhoh 3aTHJio^HOH, basioccipitale; A ethnf, eM ethm ethi prop- Phc. 59. Perca fluviatilis. A—nepen (6e3 op6nTajibHtix) h njieneBoii iiohc c6oKy; B — nepen CBepxy. a—dentale; or—articulare; cl—cleithrum; co—KopaKonn; enpt—• aHTOirrepnroHH - BMecTe c 3KTonTepnroHHOM; ep— epioticum; ethm, ethi— Me33TMonn n 3K33tmohji;; /-— (JtpoHTaJibHaH; /p—noCT$poHTaJibHan; h — rnonnHan; iop — HHTeponepKyjiapHaH; mx — MaKcaaiJinpHaH; mtp—MeTanTeparonn;; oe—3K30i?i^nnnTaJibHaH; op—onepKyjinpHan; os—cynpaoKunnHTajibHaa; pa—• napHexajtbHaH; pel — noCTKJieHTpajibHaH; pi—nana- • •'. THHHan^ pmac'—npeMaKCHJiJinpHan; prop—npeonepKyjinpHan; pt — nocTTeMnopanbHaH; q— KBanpaTHaa; rbr— SpaHXHOCTerajibHbie Jiynn; sc— CKanyjiapHaa; scl— cynpa- ' - -: KJieiiTpaJibHaa; sop—cyOonepKyjinpHan; u—urohyale; w—coiuhhk. (no KioBbe h - , BaJiaHCbeHHy.) HOBepXHOCTb Jie?KHT HOR 60JIBDIHM 3aTHJI0HHHM OTBepCTHeM; HO CTOpOHaM OT OCHOB1- Hofi: 3aTBiJioHHOH JieJKaT napnLie exoccipitalia, hjibl occipitalia lateralia, a Btnne — supraoccipitale, CHaSiKeHHaft rpe6HeM rjih npnKpenjieHHH Mtimn;. BoKOBHe 3aTH- jio^HHe HMeiOT OTBepcTHH rjih npoxojKfleHHH 'ii. X. BnepeRH ot Gokobhx hhx pacnoJio5KeHH cJiyxoBHe KancyjiH. O6hhho y pn6 ohh coctoht H3 hhth, JH3 ^eTHpex KocTen: prooticum, opisthoticum (yMHornxpHS OTCyTCTByromen), epio- ticum, pteroticum h sphenoticum. IIobtophm, ^lto noKpHme1[ffloe sphenoticum HepeRKO HastiBaiOT postfrontale; pteroticum TaioKe n3BecTH0 noji; Ha3BaHneM squar iriosumn., HaKOHen;, opisthoticum hjih intercalare. IIpH3HaK0M nepeflHeymHofi cjiy- ¦mws OTBepcTue hjih TpoHHH^Horo HepBa. B oSjiacTH. prooticum pacnonaraeTCH 3HfiKpaH[ ^epenHoro CBop;a o6pa3OBaH pteroticum, py 6okoboh 3aTHJioHHOH; KOBHyTpn ot pteroticum epioticum. Bnepe^n ot exo^amnxefl nepeAHeynmtix jie?KHT MajieHLKna: 6a3nc- , ocHOBHaa KJinHOBHRHaa, y MHornx ptiS OTcyTCTByromaH.HepenHo^L CBORKne- ot BepxHe3aTHJioitmo^[ o6pa3OBaH napHHMH, He conpHKacaiomnMHCH MeiKsy co- TeMeHHHMH, parietalia, a ^me Sbjiee Bnepe^n — h BKJiio^eHHHMH MejK,n;y 'hhmh — napHHMH frontalia, jio6hhmh, coeRHHeHHHMH nocpeRHHe hibom h SeH m fell If! i4 ! to M; 88 HACTB HEPBAH. MOPOJIOrHH rpeSHHMH. IlHHeaJiBHoe OTBepcTne, Boo6me OTcyTCTByiomee cpe,HH kocthcthx, OTMe^eHO y pfl^a comob — Plotosidae, Bagridae, Callichthys. Bnepe^n ot jioShbix KocTen 3aJieraeT HocoBaa oSjiacTB. 3#ecB nepe#Haa CTeHKa ^epeiiHOBE hojiocth cJioiKeHa napHHMH ethmoidalia lateralia, HHane Ha3HBaeMBiMH praefrontalia, c OTBepcTHHMH rjih. oSoHaTejiBHBix HepBOB; Memjiy hhmh pacmwia- raeTCH BTMOH^ajitHHH xpanj; BHine nepe^HejioSHHX, HaKpHBan nx, jiejKHT HenapHan pemeT^aTan, ethmoideum, a enje BHme — HajieraiOT napHHe HOcoBHe, nasalia. B ocHOBaHHH nepena, Bnepe^n ot prootica h basisphenoideum, o6pa3yn 6oKa MO3roBofl kopoSkh, 3ajieraioT napHHe KpHjio-KJiHHOBH/jHLie kocth, alisphe- noidea. 3,necB HaxoflHTcn rjia3Haa Bnaflima, b o6pa3OBaHHH KOTopoii, KpoMe ajinc- h jioShoS, npnHHMaeT y^iacTne TaKJKe sphenoticum; k nocjiefl[HeMy npn- hyomandibulare, c-JiyjKamee onopon fljia qejriocTHoro annapaTa h nta- p y KapnoBHX CTeHKa op6nTH o6pa3OBaHa ajrHc^eHOH^aMH h op6nTOc$eHon,n;oM; b Apyrax cjiy^aax op6nTOc$eHOHfl o6pa3yeT ^cacTBio KOCTHyio, nacTBio xpameByio Me«Krjia3HHHHyio neperopo^Ky; Tor.ua MO3roBaa hojioctb He floxo^HT 30 rjia3Hnn;, KaK y jiococh. Hepe^KO, o^HaKo, opSnToc^eHOH^ nc^e3aeT coBceM h neperopoffKa 3aMein;aeTCH ^>n6po3HBiM cjioeM, npoTHHyTHM MejKfly jio6hoS: koctbio h napac$eHOH- KaK 3to HMeeT MecTo y TpecKH. BoKpyr rjia3a pacnojiaraioTCii ^epMajiBHHe infraorbitalia; Bnepe^n rjia3a Jie- Kpyiman praeorbitale, name Ha3BiBaeMaH lacrimale; CHH3y h c3a,HH — neTHpe (hjih iihtb) postorbitalia (suborbitalia). O ^epena CHH3y hokphto moih;hbim Me^eBH^HBiM napac^eHOH^OM, ynH- Bnepe^n b HenapHHK cohihhk ; vomer coctoht H3 tojiobkh h pyKOHTKH; OH Jie?KHT nOfl BTMOHflaJIBHHM XpflmOM H BTMOH^aJIBHOH: KOCTBK). HejirocTHoii annapaT cjiomeH BepxHeHH HHJKHen ^ejiiocTflMH. BepxHHfl coctoht H3 jinnieHHOH 3y6oB ^rejiiocTHOH maxillare h BoopyHteHHofl 3y6aMH prae- hjih interma- xillare, orpaHH^HBaiomeH poT cnepe^n. K conmnKy c Ka^K^OH ctopohbi npHMBmaiOT kocth, palatina, nacTO Hecymne 3y6H. 3a hhmh .najiee Ha3a# n KHapyiKH cjie- -, ento- n metapterygoideum. BHJioo6pa3HBinectopterygoideum ynnpaeTca kohii;om b 3aflHeKpHJioBHflHyio, metapterygoideum, apyrnM — b paTHyio, quadra turn. Gpe^HeKpHJiOBH^HaH (ento- hjih mesopte-rygoideum) MaeT ynacTne b cjiojk6hhh 3aflHen cTeHKH rjia3H0H *op6nTH. Hh?khhh cocTaBJieHa H3 Tpex KOCTen: yrjiOBOH, angulare, paflOM c Heio — articulare, h cHapyHtH Sojibhtoh, Hecymnn 3y6H, dentale — 3y6Hon. Ha CTopoHe nejriocTH eme coxpaHHioTca ocTaTKH MeKKejieBa xpama. Articulare c KBa^paTHOH; nocjie^HHH npn iiomoihh MajieHBKOH cbh3o^hoh, sym- plecticum, coe^HHaeTCH c hyomandibulare, noflBecoHHOH. Hyomandibulare, KpoMe symplecticum, coe^HHeHa em;e c hhtbio kocthmh: postfrontale, prooticum, pteroticum, praeoperculare, a TaKme stylohyale. BHem- hhm npH3HaK0M hyomandibulare cjiyjKHT OTBepcTne fljia npoxojKfleHHH Sp bctbh jini^eBoro HepBa. 5Ka6epHaa KpHniKa coctoht H3 "seTupex koctch — npeflKpBimeHHOH, mem- h no^KpHnieHHOH — operculare, prae-, inter- h suboperculare. iflHafl flyra. Hyomandibulare cjiyatHT He tojibko rjih. co^JieHeHHH ^ejiiocTH; OHa b to me BpeMH HBJiaeTCH OHopofi h rnonflHOH Hyrm. Hmchho* k Hen npHMHKaeT MajieHBKaa naJiOHKoo6pa3HaH stylohyale (hjih interhyale), 3a KOTopoii cjie^yeT no^i.H3HHHaii, cocToamaa H3 ^eTupex ^acTea:: epi-, kerato- h #Byx MajieHBKHX hypohyale. Me^^y hh?khhmh hypohyalia 3aJieraeT basihyale (hjih glossohyale), a hhjkc h c3aAH — 3a^He-no^p&H3HHHaH, urohyale. KaK epi-, h keratohyale cJiyjKaT onoporo tohkhx hjihhhhx koctohck, H^a6epHHX radii branchiostegi, no#;jepjKHBaioinnx 5Ka6epHyio nepenoHKy. y OKyHH nx eewtB e KaatflOH ctopohbi, y apyrnx pn6—HHoe ^ihcjio (y Elops 30—35, y Syngnathidae 1—3). JKa6epHBie ^yrn. ^KaSepHHe flyra, qncJioM iihtb, nocTpoeHH no TOMy me Tnny, hto h rnoH^HaH. K BepxHen CTeHKe tjiotkh ohh npnKpenjifliOTCH npn nocpe^cTBe pharyngobranchiale, rjioTOHHo-?Ka§epHOH; 3a Hen cJie^yiOT epi- kerato- h hypobranchiale. B ocHOBaHHH neTtipex nepejjHHX H?a6epHHX IV. CKEtfET 89 b Ka^ecTBe cbh3kh hypobranchialia, JiesKHT basihranchiale. ILrraa ;nyra 6ojibineK) nacTLio coctoht H3 OflHorp Monnioro keratobranchiale h npeBpamaeTca b HHH?HerJiOTOHHyio koctb, os pharyngeum inferius; naTaa jryra, BMecTe c TeM, jiht meHa 3Ka6epHHx JienecTKOB, KOTopHe pa3BHBaiOTCH He 6ojiee, tom Ha nepe^Hnx ffyrax. Pharyngobranchiale BTopoH, TpeTtea: a ^eTBepTon flyr o6pa3yH>T kocth, ossa pharyngea superiora. FjioToiHHe 3 y 6 bi, oco6eHHO moih;ho pa3BHTHe Ha HHSKHerjiOTfrraHX kocthx KapnoBHX pBi6, pacnojiaraioTCH b 1—3 pa#a, H3 kohx BHyTpeHHHii, ocTaio- mnnca eflHHCTBeHHHM y po^os c oflHHM pflflOM 3y6oB, o6pa3OBaH nanSojiee Kpyn- hhmh h MHoro^ncjieHHHMH 3y6aMH. BepxHerjioTOHHHX 3y6oB y KapnoBHX HeT;. BMecTO hex Ha BepxHei; cteHKe tjiotkh noMemaeTcn TBep^aa poroBaa no^yniKa, mepHOBOK, no;mepjKHBaeMafl otpoctkom ochobho^ 3aTHJio^mofi[ kocth, processus pharyngeus. PeKKejit pa3nn^aji 4 Tnna tjioto^hmx 3y6oB KapnoBHX, pa36nBaa nx Ha 12 rpynn coo6pa3HO hx $opMe; thiih bth cJie^yioniiHe: a) BHAOJi6jieHHHe c S no 3aflHea: cTopoHe kopohkh; 6) KKeBaTejitHHe; b) KpioHKOBHHHHe e njioma^KOfi n r) Kpio^KOBH^HHe 6e3 jKeBaTejiBHOH njiom;afl;KH. Bto- onncaTejiBHaH cncTeMa o^HaKO coBepmeHHO HCKyccTBeHHa h coBceM He OTpa- ecTecTBeHHofi reHeTHHecKoS cbh3h. ioTOHHBie 3y6H CMeHHiOTca esKero^HO; cpOKH cmchh eme He BnojiHe ycTaHOB- : 3n6ojiLfl othochji bto HBJieHne ko BpeMeHH pa3MH0?KeHHH, TeflHRe — k jiio- 6oMy BpeaieHH ro^a, A. B. TpnS (1930) — k oceHHHM h 3hmhhm Mecfln;aM. B nep- bbih tor 3y6n cmchhiotch ,o;Ba pa3a, npH^eM nepBaa reHepannfl BTopon. Ka6epHBie thhhhkh Moryr o6pa3OBaTB BecBMa coBepmeHHBiH i^eflHJiBHHH annapaT. I^aH^ep pasjin^aeT Tpn $op- mh n;e^HjiBHoro annapaTa: 1) SncepnajiBHo-CHMMeTpn^ecKHH b Bn^e paBHOMepHO pa3BHTBix otpoctkob Ha nepeflHeM h 3aj;HeM Kpae ?Ka6epHBix jnyr (Gadidae); 2) rh- MOp$HO-MOHaKaHTHHH THH — C flJIHHHHMH THHHHKaMH Ha Hepe^HCM Kpae ItepBOft flyrn (Scomber); 3) flHMopijjHO-nojraaKaHTHBiH thh — thhhhkh Ha nepejn^eM Kpae nepBOH h nocjie,nyK)ni;Hx ,qyr chjibho pa3BHTBi (Glupea). J^jih araorax pBi6 KOJinqe- ctbo, a TaKHte fljiHHa n TOJimnna »ta6epHHX thhhhok HBjiHioTCfl BajKHHM cncTeMa- TH^ecKHM npn3HaKOM. TaK, Caspialosa caspia HMeeT Ha nepBOH flyre CBHme 100 tbi- ,hhhok, C. kessleri — okojio 70, C. braschnikovi —30 h t. r. Bapnan;HH B'cTpoeHnn nepena. Mepena pbi6bi npeflCTaBJiaiOT ^pesBH^aHHO noy^iHTejiBHBiH pa^ npHMepoB H1^HoaAa^Ta^HH, apoMop$o3OB h were- Hepan;HH. Bcero HanoMHHM oco6eHHOCTH b npoxoasfleHHH rjia3HBix MBimn;. Kocue ot rjia3a H,nyT Bnepefl, b 3TMon,najiBHyio oSjiacTB, Tor^a KaK Bee ^eTHpe npoxo^HT Ha3a,n, b ocHOBaHHe nepena. ITpoxojKReHHe npaacbix rjia3HHX o6pa3yeT mhosom, t. e. mnpoKHfi TyHejiJieo6pa3HHH npoMejKyTOK Me^K^y 6a3HC$eHOH,HOM, prOOticum H OCHOBHOH 3aTHJIO^HOH KOCTBIO, C OflHOH CTOpOHH, h napac^eHOH^OM c flpyron. Hapy^KHaa npaaiaa, m. rectus posterior, h BHyrpeH- Haa, m. rectus anterior, npoxo^aT b nepen no 6oKaM rnno$H3apHOH hmkh, D 3aJii>Hee Tpa6eKyji, o6pa3ya TaK Ha3. ;n;op3ajiBHBiH mhorom. .Djajiee ^epe3 rHno$n3apHbe okho b BBnneyKa3aHHHH TyHHeJiB MeH?^y ocHOBaHneM nepena h napac$eHOHflOM (BeHTpajiBHBin mhorom). y Salmonidae Hapynraaa npaiviaa, m. rectus posterior, ROCTnraeT 3aTBiJio*raoH o6jiacTH, a BHyTpeHHaa, m. rectus anterior, npoxoflHT b BeHTpajiBHOM OTffejieHHn Mno^OMa, oT^ejieHHOM ot nop3ajiB- Horo ropH3OHTajiBHofi nepenoH^aTOH neperopoflKon. OTcyTCTBne both cjia6oe pa3-. HACTB HEPBAfl. MHOflOMa, — KaK 3to HMeeT MecTO y Acipenser, Lepidosteus, Siluridae, An- guillidae, Gadidae —yKa3BiBaeT Ha perpeccnBHOCTB nepena; y nx npeflKOB mho- ik y mhophx HH3mHX kocthcthx (Glupeiformes, HeKOTopHe Cypriniformes) Ha p cxopoHe ^epena MejK^y Me3aTMon,nroM n jio6hbimh noHBjiaioTCfl <|>OHTaHejii>, hjih fissura. Y Glupeidae n .rjpyrnx hh3ko ctohupix ceMencTB HMeiOTCfl 1—2 supra- maxillaria. Hepen Kapnoo6pa3HHX OTJiEraaeTca ot npoqnx pn^OM npn3HaKOB. noBepxHOCTB Hanson 6okoboh saTHJio^Hon cHa6?KeHa oSmnpHHM ot- aKHM o6pa3OM Kapnoo6pa3HLie o6jia,naioT TpeMH 3aTHJioHHHMH OTBep- ctmrmw. 3aTHJiOHHHe $OHTaHejiH, no XpaHHjioBy, cjiyiKaT nyTeM ^jih coo6m;eHHH hojiocth ^epena c BHeHepenHHMH JiHM^aTHHecKHMH npocTpaHCTBaMH, no kotqphm jiHM^a nepeMemaeTCH b Ty hjih HHyio CTopoHy npn H3MeHeHnn BHemHero flaBJieHHH .H conpH?KeHHoro c sthm H3MeHeHna ynpyrocTH TKaHefi:, BCJie^cTBHe ^:ero ycTaHa- .BJiHBaeTCH rH/tpocTaTH^ecKoe paBHOBecne. Hepe3 (jJOHTaHejin TaKa?e npoxo^aT saTHJio^HHe HepBH, Tor#a KaK y jiococeBBix ohh cjie^yioT qepe3 foramen magnum. OcaoBHaH saTHJio^HaH y Kapnoo6pa3HBix CHa6?KeHa moui;hbimh rjiOTOHHHMH ot- j)OCTKaMH, processus pharyngealis, pa3BHBaioin;HMHCH 3a c^ieT OKOCTeHeHna Jinra- -MeHTa, CBH3HBaioni;ero ocHOBaHne ^epena c njiaBaTejiBHHM ny3BipeM; OTpocTKH cjiy?KaT aHTaroHHCTaMH HHJKHerjioTOHHBiM kocthm. CHa6?KeHa chjibho pa3BHTBiM OTpocTKOM, HanpaBjieHHHM Ha3aA- Ba3Hc$eHOH,q; ot- cyTCTByeT. Anguilliformes jimneHBi praemaxillare, a cpe^n hhx Muraenidae, TaKme :n maxillaria. Hao6opoT, y cpocTHonejiiocTHBix, Tetrodontiformes, Te n ^pyrne chjibho pa3BHTH H CJIHBaiOTCH BMCCTe. B OTJiEprae ot npo^nx Teleostomi — Acipenseridae, no TaTapKO (1936), hmciot b BepxHen ^ejirocTH HenapHBifi: xpam; Me/K,n;y HeSHOKBa^paTHBiMn, a TaKme xpame- OTpocTKH Ha ocHOBaHHH HeBpajiBHoro ^epena; 9to o6ycjioBJiHBaeT cnjiBHoe Bnepe^ n bhh3 Bcefi nejiiocTHOH .nyrn. y kocthctbix c bbi^bhjkhhm pTOM, KpoMe KapnoB, praemaxillare CHa6?KeHO ^jihhhbim otpoctkom, CK0JiB3Hm;HM no 9TMon,ny. 1 ¦•Kny MHineHHHMH nyHKaMH, sbhut — cy6Ky- TaHeajibHaH coeH. TKaHb, rf— KpaeBtie BOJioKHa c capKonjia3MoS (sapl), HHpaMH (K), MHo$H6pnjuiaMH (myf) H capKOJieMMOH (sal); zf—iieHTpajibHbie BOJioKHa c MHOilmOpHJiJiaMH (myf, cJieea), flaH ( h capKOJieMMOii (sah); I— npoMemyrKH(hckycctb. b MycKyjiBHHe npoine- H T. fl. MycKyjiaTypa tojiobh, 2Ka6p, KHineHHHKa h KpoBe- hochbix cocy/joB Ha3HBaeTCH BHcn;epaJiBHOH: n npoTHBonojiaraeTca hjih napneTajiBHOfl MycnyjiaType TyjioBHma. MycKyjiaTypa MO?KeT 6htb na MBinmH tojiobh, mhihhh TyjioBHina h mhihi];bi pa3JiHHHHX opraHOB. Ha nepe^HCJieHHH rojioBHBix MBimii;, kohx y MHHorn ^lhcjihtch 39, He SyjjeM. Hx moh?ho pa3flejiHTBHa ceMB OT^ejiBHHx rpynn: napneTajiBHHe, rjia3HBie, MHmnBi rjiySonnx cJioeB, HejiiocTHBie, rjioToi«iHHe, velum h H?a6epHHe. rjia3HBie MHraipj pacnojiojKeHH TaK jKe,1 KaK y Bcex (4 npHMHe n 2 KOCBie MBimnBi). }Ka6epHBie npeACTaBjieHH hcthpbmh skhbothbix 1 Ho m. rectus inferior HHHepBHpyeTca HeTOJibKO III, ho h IV HepBOM (TpeTtHKOB). 92 HACTB HEPBAfl. M0Pnrayio ^acTH. M. obliquus, Kocaa MHnma, TaHeTca ot tojiobbi h 5Ka6epHOH oSjiacTH, o(5pa3ya CTeHKH 6pioniHOH hojiocth: c 6pK»mH0H ctopohh OHa HOKpHBaeTca npaMOH, m. rectus, npocTHparomeHca y mhkchhh 30 3aflHenpoxo#Horo oTBepcTna; no3aflH no- vulv^^xlCJ. \J \J tjlXJlxXxxoLji. KjX U I) i "H cf rl XBOCTa o6pa3OBaHa m. trans- versus caudalis. MycKyjiaTypa CTByeT coBepmeHHo. Bee OL Phc. 61. Salmo trutta fario. Muuiu,bi nepe^Heii (IIo Maypep.) peOpa; I—OoKOBara jihhhh; oe—m. obliquus exterior, na aHHX cerMeHTax yaajieHHHH, htoOh noKa3aTt oi—m. obliquus interior; R— m. rectus abdominalis; rl— m. rectus lateralis. BHme nonepe^HonoJiocaTH. MnmnH Knme^iHHKa h cocy- — rjia^Kne. B cTeHKax kh- pacnojiaraioTca Bisy- HpOflOJIBHHe H KOJIB- n;eBHe HapyjKHHe MycKyjiaTypa COCy^OB COCTOHT H3 HHX BOJIOKOH, B BeHaX TOHKHX, a B BeHaX OHH H COBCeM OTCyT- CTByiOT. HacToamnx pn6 TaKJKe OTJin^aiOT coMaTHHecKyio MycKyjiaTypy, H3 MHOTOMOB HepBH^HBIX H03B0HK0B, OT BHCItepaJIBHOH, pa3BH- 3a c^eT BHCi^epajiBHoro jincTKa 6okobhx njiacTHHOK. OT^ejiBHO paccMOT- MycKyjiaTypy TyjioBHina, tojiobh h njiaBHHKOB. TyjiOBimHaa MycKyjiaTypa npe^cTaBJiaeT rjiaBHyio, Han6ojiee chjibho pa3BHTyio CHCTeMy. OHa coctoht H3 napH MontHHX THH?en, npoxoflamnx no 6oKaM Tejia ot ^epena h njieneBoro noaca bhjiotb ^0 XBOCTa — Sojibhioh: 6okoboi1: MHmnBi, m. lateralis magnus. IIpoflOJiBHOH coe^HHHTejiBHOTKaHHOH npocjiOH- koh KasK^aa MHnma, b otjih^hc ot KpyrjiopoTHX, pa3^ejiaeTca Ha BepxHioio, chhh- Hyio, h hhjkhiok), 6piomHyio, *iacTH. IToepeflCTBOM mhokomm, hjih MHOcenT, 6oKOBHe MHnmBi pa3,neJiai0Tca Ha MHOMepH, KOJiiniecTBeHHO' cooTBeTCTByioniHe h, cjie^oBaTejiBHO, nncjiy ho3bohkob. MnocenrH npoxo^aT HancKocB, ^ero MHOMepn hmgiot bh^ KOHycoB, bjio^chhhx oflHH b Apyroii n noBTOMy Ha none- pe^moM pa3pe3e MHnma npe^cTaBJiaeTca cjioskchhoh h6Ckojibkhmh KOHiteHTpHHe- ckhmh KpyraMH. OcoSeHHo y,no6HO c^HTaTB MHOMepH y jihhhhok pn6; y k&phobhx nepBHX MHOTOMOB HeT COOTBeTCTByK)nj;HX nOSBOHKOB, KOTOpHe BOmjIH B ^epena; noaTOMy hhcjio no3BOHKOB y hhx Ha flBa MeHBme, ^ieM hhcjio MBimeHHHX cerMeHTOB (MemKOB). y OCeTpOBBIX H KOCTHCTHX HOBepX SOJIBHIOH SOKOBOH MHnmH HpOTHrHBaeTCff BflOJiB Sokoboh jihhhh npaMaa SoKOBaa noBepxHOCTHaa MHnma, m. rectus latera- lis (s. m. lateralis superficialis). Ha^nmaeTCH OHa hcckojibko otctvhh ot noaca h TaHeTca bhjiotb 30 XBOCTa. y jiococcbhx aTa MHnma coflepatHT MHoro h cocy^os. B CpioniHOH o6jiacTH cejiaxHH mohcho otjihhhtb cncTeMy kochx MHnra,} m. obli- quus (superior, medius h inferior), CHH3y 3aMHKaeMyio npaMoft 6pioniHOH, m. rectus abdominalis. y kocthcthx TaKHte HMeioTca Kocne MHrnip (m. obliquus V. H 3-JIEKTPH^ECKHE OPrAHH «xternus h internus), 3aTO m. rectus abdominalis y oahhx ph6 xnieercji (Cypri- nus), y jjpyrnx ee HeT (Anguilla). MycKyjiaTypa tojiobm. FjiaBHon MHmmeB:, no,nfl;ep3KHBaioin;eH ro- cejiaxnn, HBJiaeTCH m. subspinalis, npoxoflamafl CBepxy jKaSepmix jjyr ot qepena k nepBOfi (hjih k nepBOH n BTopon) pharyngobranchiale; aajiee 9Ta MHnma cineHHeTCH mqtkjjj jKa6epHHMH inyraMnm. m. interbasales. Hx HeT y kocthcthx ptiS. Hn?Ke H?a6epHHX jjjv npoxo^HT m. m. coracobranchiales '— ot njie^eBoro noHca k ?Ka6epHHM flyraM, k rnoHflHofi (m. coracohyoideus), k 6yjie (m. coracomandibularis). CTHCTHx 3tot no,o;?Ka6epHHft annapaT ycTpoeH npome; m. coracohyoideus, nanje Ha3BiBaeMHH[ m. sternohyoideus. Oh 6pK)niHOH[ MycKyjiaTypH, npoTarHBancB ot cleithrum k urohyale. Ily^OK Mtnnn; ot cleithrum k V H?a6ep- ho:& flyre, npnKpiiBaiomHH: ^ocTyn k tjioto^ehm 3y6aM, Ha3HBaeTCH m. pharyngoclavicularis exter- nus h intjemus. 5Ka6epHHe pjns. cenaxaft hmciot xopomo pa3BHTyio cnennaJibHyio MycKyjiaTypy. H3 6ojiee Ba?KHHx MHran; moh«ho At L"PL p*^ A2spalop'DopAdh pto Lp Phc. (62. MycKyjiaTypa KOCTett Cyprinus carpio C 6pK>ni- HOft CTOpOHH. JR — m. retractor ossium pharyngea- iium; np—HteBaTenbHan nJiacTHHKa; ¦w—Tejia no3BOHi;oB; z — rjummHue 8y6iu; Tv. V— m. pharyngeus trans- versus; Phcli 1, Phcii 2—m. pha- ryngeo-clavicularis internus; Phcle — m. pharyngeo-clavicularis externus. (Ho T) Phc. 63. IloBepxHOCTHaH rojiOBHan MycKyjiaTypa Gadus morhua. Aid, Atb, A2 — ^acTH m. adductoris mandibulae; Adh—m. adductor hyomandibularis; Dop—m. dila- tator operculi; Hh m.hyohyoideus; Lop, cjieBa —m. levator arcus palatini; Lop, cnpaBa—m. levator h adductor operculi; 21—CBH3Ka Mewjty praemaxillare h palatinum npoTH- Bonojio>KHofi cjopoHtj; I" — CBH3na Meamy maxilare h MesaTMOumoM; lp — ligamentum mandibulo-maxillare po- sterius; r—TyjiOBumHue mhotomu; . pto—pteroticum; pt—posttemporale; sci—supracleithrum; spo—sphenoticum. eyio Jc?KHMaiomyK) —,m. constrictor superficialis; 5Ka6epHHe Jiy^n CBH3aHH C06010 in. m. interbranchiales; b rjiySnHe, no BHyTpeHHefl noBepxHOCTH jKa6epHHX flyr, npoTHrnBaiOTCfl m. m. adductores arcuum branchialium—npHBo^flmne jKa6ep- hhx nyr; hx coKpameHne cSjinjKaeT BepxHne n hhh?hhc cerMeHTH jKaSepHtix jsjt, pa3flBnraeT H?a6epHHe Jiy^n h pacinnpfleT ?Ka6epHHe hojiocth. BepxHne MejKjry- —m. m. arcuales—CBa3HBaiOT coce^Hne maSepHHeflyrn; m. trape- CBH3HBaeT HX C HJieqeBHM HOflCOM. ^[TO y BEimeopraHH3OBaHH£IX pH6 B CBH3H C pa3BHTHeM 3Ka6epHOH cncTeMa KOHCTpHKTopoB HC*ie3aeT, a MycKyjiaTypa Ha KOHn;ax jKaSepmix ,nyr, BepxHHX h hh»?hhx, — pa3BHBaeTCfl cnjitHee. B BepxHeft nacTH ma6epHHX m. m. levatores arcuum branchialium, OTxoflamHe ot ocHOBaHHH ^epena. coceflHHMH HyraMH npoTflrnBaioTCfl CBepxy m. in. interarcuales dorsales, KaK CHH3y — m. m. interarcuales ventrales. , cocToaniHe b cbh3h c qejuocTHoft h thohahoh j^yraam, Bee me npe^CTaB- JIHIOT CO6OK) CHCTeMy KOHCTpHKTOpOB. V OCCTpOBHX (pHC. 64) MOJKHO pa3JIHHHTb 94 IIEPBAfl. MOPd>OJlOrHfl if'ii ii ' I)!'. m. constrictor ventralis, m. protractor hyomandibularis h ero aHTarOHHCTa m. retractor hyomandibularis; #ajiee, m. levator operculi; 3th npHBO^HT b ^BH?KeHHe H?a6epHyio KpBiinKy; h, HaKOHen., m. adductor mandibulae.. y kocthctbix k 9THM MBimnaM npHCoe#HHHeTCH eme m. levator arcus palatini. BMecTe c m. adductor mandibulae Rh ^'iff hm1 OHa o6pa3yeT MHCHCTyio in,eKy mho- thx pBi6 (pnc. 63). r«Jia3 npHBOflHTCH B #BHJKeHHe, h y Bcex hosboho^hbix, ne- npaMHMH (m. m. rectus superior, posterior, anterior h infe- rior) H #ByMH KOCHMH MBinm,aMH (m. m. obliquus anterior n poste- rior). MycKyjiaTypa ata6epHbix flyr h tjio- TOMHoro annapaTa y kogthcthx flocTHraeT- oojibmoro pa3Hoo6pa3HH. Sflect. mojkho- pasJitmaTb cjieflyiomne rpynnbi MBiimj. 2. m. m. leva tores arcuum branchia- Hum ot ocHOBaHHH Wpena k BepxHHM Phc. 64. Mbiumbi qejtiocTHOH ii ruoiiflHofi syni KOH^aM ataoepHbix flyr; cpeflH hhx pa3- Acipenser guldenstddtii. JinqaiOT BHeuiHHe — externi (kohx y Kap- JJ x ... ,' „ „ . noBbix—5), h BHyTpeHHHe — interni A—m. adductor mandibulae; Cva, Cvp — m. constrictor ,,r m._, n ' o, _. „„„./,._, »^TTV 1 4-2 ventralis anterior n posterior; Lo~ m. levator oper- (y Tex »«e — 3); y Kojuoienepbix, y koto- culi; Ph—in. protractor hyomandibularis; Rh—m. ret- pbix Ha3BaHHHX Mbinm Ha OflHy MeHbllie, ractor hyomandibularis; hm—oKocTeHeBiuan iacTB hyo- OTJinnaiOT itBa 3ajTHHx JieBaTOpa __poste- mandibulare; hm1—onepKyjinpHaH roji'oBKa hyomandi- n;rtT,QO ttttat'ttit^ vTm nf^A«m,m 't, n; n \r bulare; ih — interhyale; kl— xpnmn ocHOBaHiiri; qepena; "Ores, iiflymne OT pteroticum kIVhV mx—maxillare; pm—postpalatinum; sp—0pu3rajibn;e; JKa0epHbIM flyraM. sy—symplecticum. (no JIWTepy.) 9. m. in. interarcuales dorsales Meatfly . qjieHHKaMH Toft ate hjih flByx coceflHHx ata- 6epHbixji;yr; ciofla othochtch KOCbie, m. m. obliqui dorsales superiores h inferiores, a TaKate m.obliquusdorsalisposterior;3,a;eci. ateHyamo ynoMHHyTb o m.m. transversi dorsales h m.rentractor ossium pharyngealium; 3th nocjieflHiie y KapnoBbix h KOJiioienepbix HepaBHO3HaHHbi (puc. 67).— ITo JlefleGypy h ByHflepy, flBHateHne tjiotkii cowa oSycjiOBJiHBaeTca He MeHee neu 9 napaMH mhihii. 3. m. m. interarcuales ventrales, k kotophm othochtch cjieflyiomHe: m. m. obliqui ventralis. Ha I—III ataSepHbix fly rax Meatfly kerato- h hypobranchiale; nacTO cymecTByeT m. arcuo-hyoi- deus (ot III ata6epHOM flyra k urohyale) h m. pharyngoarcualis — ot HiiatHerjiOTO^Hbix KOCTeit Kill h IV ataSepHbiM flyraM, a y KOJiionenepbix — m. pharyngohyoideus ot HuatHerjiOTorabix k uro- hyale. JXajiee m. m. transversi ventrales Meatfly ker ratobranchiale 11 HiiatHerjiOTO^HbiMH kocthmh, ii m. pharyngoclavicularis externus h internus. Y KapnoBbix oh npeflCTaBJieH flByMH MOUIHOCTH MMUiqaMH (pHC, 62). MycKyjiaTypa njiaB GnHHHOH H aHaJIBHBIH nJiaBHHKH flByMH aHTaroHHCTaMH — pacnpaBJiaionieH, m. erector, h c?KHMaioHi;eH, m. depressor (pnc. 66). 8th MBiinnBi o#eBaioT HHTepcnu- HajiBHBie h HHTepreMajiBHBie kocto^kh; Ha noBepxHOCTH Haxo^HTCH, Kpoaie hhx, m. inclinator, npiiKpenjiaiomnHca k kojkhbim LCi I er Phc. 65. cnHHHoro nnaBHHKa Ca- rassius auratus. de—m. depressor; er—m. erector; id—m. inclinator; I— jienimoTpnxiiii; r— interspina- lia. (no TappiiccoHy H3 Payrepa.) B xboctobom njiaBHHKe kocthctbix HMeeTCH npHBO,[i;am;aii, m. adductor; 3aTeM, OT H03B0HK0BBIX JJJT K XBOCTOBBIM Jiy^aM H^eT Crn6aTeJIB, m. fleXOr #Op3aJIBHBI& h BeHTpajiBHHH; Jiynn Memjjj co6oio CBH3aHH nyiKaMH Me?KJiy^:eBOH, m. inter- radialis. Xboctobbic MunmBi, KpoMe Toro, npnKpBiBaiOTCH CHapyHtn 6okoboh Tyjio- bhih,hoh (pnc. 66). B njie^eBOM nonce ochobhoc 3HaneHHe hmciot npoTpaKTopBi, ot ^epena k cleithra n supracleithra: m. protractor pectoralis, qacTo 3a m. trapezius; 3aTeM m. levator pectoralis—ot ochobhoh noBepxHOCTH cleithrum, B KanecTBe aHTarOHHCTa nepBon amnmH BHCTy- V. MBimnH H 3JIEKTPHHECKHE OPrAHBI 91> naeT m. retractor medioventralis inferior, KOTopBifi npn rpy^HOM nojioraeHHii 6pK)mHBix njiaBHHKOB, npeBpamaeTca b m. pelvico - clavicularis (m. protractor ischii). MycKyjiaTypa napHBix njiaBHHKOB (pnc. 67) cocTaBJieHa H3 cncTeMBi npHBOfla- nnix h OTBOflamnx MBinm— m. adductor h m. abductor superficialis n profundus- KpaeBOfl jiyn rpyjnioro njiaBHHKa, b Tex cjiy^aax, Kor#a oh chjibho pa3BHT y comob) pacnpasjiaeTca Mom.- hhm m. arrector dorsalis n ventralis; nocjiefl] KpanHe cjia6o pa3Bnra y pBi6, r^e nepBBra (Gobiidae). Macca bhx MBimn; coctoht H3 ot KopaKonfla k pa- — m. coracoradialis, xopomo pa3BHTBix y KOJiio^ene- pHx, a ocoSeHHO y noji3aion];Hx no rpyHTy (Periophthalmus, Lophius); b GojiBmefl hjih Tex Lp. Ls4. tflf. pa3BHTH f.v.spr. Phc. 66. XBOCTOBan MycKyjiai-ypa Oncorhynchus tscka- wytscha. A—noBepxHocTHBie MHnmu. Int—m; interradiales; Ip — m. lateralis magnus (s. profundus); Lsd. Lsv — m. lateralis super- ficialis dorsalis n ventralis; td—vd— cyxoJKHJiue Ookobhx no- BepxHOCTHMx Mbinm. B—rjiySoKne mhiiikh, av — m. adductor caudalis—rnnoxopnajibHaH MHiiina; Fdi, Fds—m. flexor dor- salis inferior n superior; Fvi, Fvspf, jvspr—ottojiu m. .flexor ventralis; int—rjiy6oKiie m. interradialia. (no TpHHy.) CTeneHH m. m. interradiales. Mhco p bi 6, KaK 06- mee npaBnjio, 6ecn;BeTHO, hjih OKpameHO b bhh n;BeT (jiococb), a y B TeMHHH KpaCHOOpaHJKeBBIII. GBoeo6pa3Haa OKpacKa Maca jiococeBBix pBi6 3aBncnT ot HajiH^na onpeji;ejieHHBix HuipoBBix BemecTB; hx pacxo,u;oBaHHe n ncTomeHne b nepnpfl HepecTa n jiomaHHK BBi3BiBaeT oSeci^BeHHBaHHe h yxy^nieHHe nnTaTejiBHBix h BKycoBBix Ka^ecTB Maca. XnMEPiecKnH cocTas Maca h KOJinnecTBO eoflepmainnxcH b HeM H^npoB pa3JiHHH0 He tojibko y pa3HBix BHflOB, ho h b pa3HBix ^acTax pH6; pa3jn?raie XHMH^iecKoro co- cTaBa BBi3HBaeT pa3JiHHne h bo BKycoBHx flocTOHHCTBax. B SejiBix MBimn;ax pnS, KaK n ,n;p. h?hbothbix, coflepmaHHe ?Kejie3a pa3a b nojiTopa MeHBme, ^eM b KpacHHx; noflo6HBiM jKe o6pa3OM n Me^n b 6ejmx MHmu;ax MeHBme; 3aT0 ohh Sora^e $oc<|)o- poM n cepon. GBemaa pBi6a nepeBapnBaeTca n ycBanBaeTca nejioBeKOM 6HCTpee, mhco ySoHHoro CKOTa, ho MeHBme HacumaeT opraHH3M. ITo TypnaeBy, b ^a- TpecKn MLinmti....... HKpa . ....... M0.10K3....... - iKnpa BenKOB MnH. Bem;. 81.76 0.37 18.28 0.96 27.28 65.81 5.33 0.42 75.81 1.78 : 19.92 1.29 84.51 1.60 12.38 1.59 B TOM IS'aCl 0.17 0.16 0.51 0.35 B 3anaflHOH Espone HanSojiee bhcokhmh no BKycoBBiM Ka^ecTBaM pBi6aMH HeKOTopne KaM6ajiH, KaK TiopSo — Scophthalmus, cojib — Solea, p KaM6ajia, Pleuronectes platessa. Ho b to BpeMH KaK pBi6y npnHHTO CHnraTB jiy^nneH cpa3y nocjie hohmkh, caMOH CBe?KeH, h6o mhco yTpaHHBaeT BKyc flame nocjie- Heflbjiroro jrejKaHHH, y Solea, no mhchhio 3HaT0K0B, HanjiynrnHH BKyc pa3BHBaeTCH nepe,3 2—3 ,hhh nocjie CMepTH, yn?e nocjie nanajia npon;eccoB aBTOJiH3a h nepBHx CTaflHH.pa3JioH«eHHH. TaKHMme o6pa3OM yjiy^maioTCHBKycoBHe CBoncTBa 3y6aTKn, -Anarrhichas, a TaKJKe TepnyroB, Hexagrammidae, nocjie Heflojiroro nocona. Ilocjie- \ :' ¦f-r *IACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH i\ yjiyqmaeTCH BKyc Mnca h nojrapHoft slkjjiu, Somniosus, Boo6me Bonpo- H3yneHHH BKycoBux Ka^iecTB pH6Horo MHca #0 chx nop Majio HHTepecdBa- jihcb, Toiyja KaK MejK,ny hhm h mhcom jkhbothbix HMeeTcn Heiaajio cynjecTBeHHBix pa3JiH^HH:. B to BpeMH KaK mhco jkhbothbix ynoTpeSjiaeTCfl b many nocjie hgkoto- poro jieH?aHHH,?no OKOHqaHHH Tpyimoro OKO^eHeHHH, p£i6y, HaoSopoT, nycKaioT b , HO BO3MOJKHOCTH, HRteHHO npH HaJIHHHH TpyHHOrO OKOHeEteHHH. BeCBMa BO3- 1TO Ka^eCTBO RIHCa MHOrHX BHAOB MOH«HO 6HJIO 6h 3aMeTHO nx cnei^najiBHOMy HCCJieAOBaHnro c 3Tofi to^kh 3peHHH. I all « 'r P SI 5 if a. Phc. 67. Gadus 'morhua L. — MycKyjiaTypa napHLix A — JieBHii rpyHHofi miaBHHK. B — to me. nocjie ynajieHHH m. adductoris super- ficialis HrjiaBHOH Maccu m. adductor profundus. C — JieBbua: rpyflHoii nJiaBHHK c BHyTpeHHea ctopohu. D — oh ate, nocjie yaajieHHH m. adductor superficialis h rjiaBHoft Maccti m. adductoris profundus. E— npaBbiii Opronraoa iuiaBHHK, hhjkhhh CTOpoHa. F—to jKe, CBepxy. Abp—m. adductor profundus; Abp1 — ero rjiyOoKaa iacTi>; Abs—m. adductor superficialis; Adp—m. adductor profundus; Adp1—ero rjiyOoKaa nacTb; Arrd—m. arrector dorsalis; Arrv — m. arrector ventralis; cr—m. coracoradialis; &—basale—OpiomHoro miaB- cl—cleithrum; cor—coracoideum; rstr—KpafiHHH jiyq; sc—JionaTKa. (Ho T) IIocMepTHoe OKoqeHeHne — rigor mortis — pa3BHBaeTCfl b cbh3h c o6pa3OBa- HHeM MOJIO^HOH KHCJIOTH; HpOHCXOflHT CBepTHBaHHe 6eJIKOB B MyCKyJIBHO^i HJia3Me — HMHoreHa. B pe3yjiBTaTe pacna^a rjiHKoreHa noflBJiaeTca KHCJiaa peaKn;Hfl. — npn3HaK 6e3ycjiOBHOfi ftoSpoKanecTBeHHOCTH CBemefi ph6bi. CMeHfleTCH aBTOjiHTH^ecKHM pacna^OM, kotophhe npoTeKaeT no cjie#yiomeft cxeMe: npoTenHH — aJiB6yMO3H h nenTOHH — nojinnenTHflH '¦— aMHHOKHCJIOTBI. XOTH HO XOfly aBTOJIH3a HOJiyqaiOTCH flO6pOKaiieCTBeHHHe aMHHO- khcjioth h ocHOBaHHfl, ho TeM caMHM noflroTaBjiHBaeTCH TaKJKe n nHTaTejiBHaa cpe^a 6 p Ilpn nocjie^yromieS nop^e ph6bi mhco yTpa^BaeT ynpyrocTB, Ha Tejie ocTa- jotch cjieflH ot flaBJieHHH naJiBi^eM, rjia3a CTaHOBHTCH TycKjniMH h Bnajmara, H«a6- yTpa^HBaiOT KpaCHHH D^BeT, CTaHOBHTCil CJIH3HCTBIMH, 3aTeM CepHMH; CJIH3B Ha V. MHHIIP H 9JIEKTPHHECKHE OPrAHBI 97 "\ v 5Ka6pax npno6peTaeT 3anax, aHaJiBHBift 6yropoK npnnyxaeT, mhco oTflejiaeTCH ot , npnoSpeTan «3arap» h «,3aTH?KKy». Boo6ine nocjie CMepTH pbi6bi qacTo Ha- eHne cjih3h («MacKa»), b KOTopofi pa3BHBaeTCH Macca 6aK- npoHHKaioinHX 3aTeM b TKaHH pbiSbi, xoth cauia no ce6e cjih3b erne He npn3HaK0M nop'qn. HacTynneHne h npo,o;ojiJKHTejiBHOCTB nocMepraoro OKoneHeHHH ctoht b 3aBH- chmocth ot oKpymaioineH TeMnepaTypu; npn 2—3° G y ckvmSphh Ha^HHaeTCH oko- qeHeHne *iepe3 hcckojibko MHHyT nocjie CMepTH, a y cejiB#H — nepe3 qac, y b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot BejiHHHHH, *iepe3 4—G.^acoB, y TpecKH n caHjnrf— 5^ac, y 6anH — 10 qac. IlpoflOJi?KHTejiBHocTB oKOHeHeHHH y KaRtSajiBi npn 3° — 72—96 'npnl7°—30—34 nac, npn30°—70 MHHyT. yy6p6 no35Ke, ^eM y MefljienHO ycHyBmeH. OrjiymeHHBra y^apoM no rojioBe n b Jiefl 3epKaJiBHHfi Kapn noftBepraeTca OKo^eHeHHio nepe3 21/2—3 cyTOK h oho npoflOJiH«aeTCfl He MeHee 3 cyTOK; nocjie CMepTH HacTynaeT yBejinneHne khcjiothocth b iranmax h noHHjKeHne pH; stot npon;eec ocTaHaBjiHBaeTCH Ha TpeTnn ^eHB, a c 5—6 #hh pH no^HHMaeTCH n nocTeneHHo npno6peTaeT nijejio^Hoe 3HaneHHe. }Knp, BH^ejieHHHH H3 6ojiBmHHCTBa pBi6 b HanSojiBmeH Macce coctoht H3 tjih- jkhphhx khcjiot, h tojibko y HeKOToptix anyji b HeM npeo6jia,n;aK)T CTe- (BOCKOo6pa3HBie Bem;ecTBa) h yrjieBo^ti. Ilpn xpaHeHnn nofl; BJinaHneM khc- jiopo.ua n CBeTa jkhp H3MeHHeTCH, nponcxo^HT pacmenjieHne JKnpa c o6pa3OBaHneM 6ojiee kopotkhx jkhphbix khcjiot h aJiB^erHflOB; npn btom mnp nporopKaeT, n;BeT ot CBeTJiojKejiToro ^o KpacHo6yporo; b pH6e noHH?KaiorniaH Ka^ecTBO TOBapa. BnponeM, KpacHaa OKpacna b HeKOTopBix cjiy^aax oSycjiOBjieHa npncyTCTBneM SojiBmero hjih MeHBmero kojih- KapoTHHOB; bto b ^acTHOCTH othochtch k JKHpy KOJiioniKH, Gasterosteus, BCJieflCTBne SToro npHMeHHeTCH npn jieneHHH paH b Ka^ecTBe 6ojieyTOJiaio- m,ero h cnoco6cTByioin;ero CKopenmeMy 3aHxHBJieHHio. 5Knp npecHOBOflHBix pij6, ocoSeHHO Kapna, Sora^e jkhphhmh KHCJiOTaMH ojien- HOBoro h jiHHOjieHOBoro pafta, ^ieM mnp Mopcnnx pH6. Ilpn o6hjibhom nHTaHHH y pn6 nponcxo^HT HaKonjieHne 3Knpa, nepe^KO npnypOr k onpeflejieHHHM qacTHM Tejia: 1) b MBimnax (Hanp., y jiococh); 2) rjiaB- o6pa3OM hjih HCKJiio^HTejiBHO b ne^eHH (TpecKOBHe, aKyjia); 3) no nepnTo- HeyMy, b 6pioniHHe, BOKpyr BHyrpeHHOCTen (cyAaK). Bo3mojkhh, HnpoBaHHHe $opMBi OTjioH?eHHH sKHpa (oceTpoBHe, B ?KHpe hh3dihx pn6 Haxo^HTCfl 6ojiBmoe B ^aCTHOCTH, B JKHpOBOH TKaHH aKyJI HX COflepJKHTCH 60JIBme, khcjiot. Gpe^H HeoMBiJiaeMBix Bem;ecTB aKyji n cKaTOB Han^eHO MHoro yT- (H300KT0fl;eKaH, cKBajieH n flip.). Y. 6ojiBmHHCTBa npoMBicjiOBHx pn6 HeoMHJiaeMHX BemecTB He npeBHmaeT 1,3% h cpe^n hhx He coflep- , a BMecTo hhx — xojiecTepHH, $oc$aTHflBi, BHTaMHHH. HaieHr ho b HeoMHJiaeMHx BemecTBax Haxo^HTCH pacTBopeHHHe b jKnpax BHTaMHHBi A (aHTHKcepo$TajiBMHHecKHH) n D (aHTnpaxHTnqecKHH). H3MepeHne coflepsKaHHH BHTaMHHa npoH3BOfl;HTCfl KpucHHBiMH e^HHHi];aMH RE: fljia npefloxpaHeHHfl ot 3a- 6ojieBaHHH kphcbi flocTaTO^nio 1 r npo^yKTa; TaKHM o6pa3OM b 1 Kr —1000 eflHHnn; RE. Go3ep?KaHHe BHTaMHHa A ycTaHasjinBaeTCH n;BeTHOH peaKEtnefl Kappa n Ilpenca (c SbGl3) n BHpajKaeTca b eflHHHn;ax GLO (God Liver Oil), t. e. e«HHHn;ax TpecKO- Boro ne^ieHO^Horo ?Knpa; e^HHnn;a GLO paBHa 208 Me?Kfl;yHapoHHHX e^nHnn;, hjih 50 RE (kpbichhbix eflHHHn;), hjih 125 y BHTaMHHa A 1, hjih HaKOHen;, 10 chhhm p kom6h- Bem;ecTB; B HacToam;ee BpeMH 3a BHTaMHHaMH npn3HaeTCH HacTOJiBKO 6ojiBmoe Ha hhx Heo6xoflHMO ocTaHOBHTBca cnennajiBHO. BnTaMHH A (aKcepo$TOJi, no TepMHHOJiornn Kappep) o6pa3yeTca b pBi6; ero KOJinqecTBo K0Jie6jieTca no BpeMeHaM ro^a; jieTOM b neneHH >ero b 20 pa3 6ojiBme, neM 3hmoio. Pa3BHBaeTca oh HacneT KapoTHHOB — hob, co«epH?am;HXCH b pacTHTejiBHOH mime. OfliHaKO b nnni;e TpecKH te i 1y = 0.001 Mr. 7 OCHOBU HXTEOJlOrHH 98 HACTB nEPBAH. M0P4»0JI0rHfl Majio BHTaamHa A h KapoTHHa; cjieflosaTejiBHO oh CHHTe3npyeTca H3 npyroro npoBHTaMHHa, b qacTHOCTH, H3 acTannHa h #p. jkhbothbix icapoTHHOHflOB no cjieayiomeH nHmeBOH nenn: #HaTOMOBBie BOflopocjra — njiaHKTOHHBie paKooSpas- pbi6bi. TaKHM o6pa3OM nocJie^HHe cjiyjKaT ;hjih ximrax puS npoBHTaMHHOB. IIpeBpameHHe p B BHTaMHH A npOHCXOftHT HOfl BJIHHHHeM <£epMeHTa. — KapOTHHa3H. OTCyTCTBHe BMme BnraMHHa A y jkhbothbix Be^eT k ocTaHOBKe pocTa, 3a,n;ep?KKe HopMajiBHoro nojioBoro ipnuia y caMOK n 3aTyxaHHio nojioBoro Bjie^eHHH; npn aBHTaMHH03e A cjiH3HCTaa o6ojio*iKa BJiarajinma, KraneK, rjia3 — npeTepneBaeT aerenepaTHB- HBie E3MeHeHHH; 3a6ojieBaHne poroBHipj h kohi>iohkthbbi, BBi3BiBaeMBie OTcyTCTBneM b name BHTaMHHa A, Ha3HBaeTca Kcepo^TajiBMna. MecTOM oTJiosKeHiui BHTaMHHa A y pBi6 cjiyjKHT ne^eHB; oTMe^eH oh h b ceT^aTKe rjia3a. y OKyHeBBix opaHHteBan oKpacKa npHMoa: khdikh cBH3aHa c co^epsKaHneM b cjiH3ncTofi odojio^Ke oShjibhbix KapoTHHOH^oB. BHTanjiHBaeMHH H3 KOJiiomeK H?np, o6jiaflaioin;H^[ 6hctpo sajie^HBaTB paHH h cnoco6cTBOBaTB pereHepai^HH TKaHefi ot KapoTHHOB OKpameH b KpacHBifi: n;BeT. Ecjih BHpa3HTB co#epjKaHMe BHTaMHHa A b jKnpe ne^eHH pa3HBix pBi6 b eAHHnn;ax ?Knpa ne^eHH TpecKH (GLO) Ta6jinn;a (h3 Kappepa no ByKHHy): BHTaMHHa A b CLO Ha 1 i Gadus morhua . ..............0.5—3 Rutilus rutilus............... 27 Perca fluviatilis.............. 29 Esox Lucius................. . 30 Acipenser sp................. 80 Salmo salar................ 143 ne'ieHOHHoro Hippoglossus hippoglossus...... 200 Solea solea............... 350 Scomberesox saurus.......... 500 Thunnus thynnus........... 300—700 Rhombus maximus........... 800 Stereolepis ischingi.......... no 3000 § Ilk TaKHM o6pa3OM flajieKO He oflHH TpecKOBHe MoryT anyjKHTB nocTaBmHKaMH HHHCKoro JKHpa. HanSojiee 6oraTBiM cupBeM rjih. nojiyneHHH BHTaMHHa A 0Ka3ajincB. ne^eHH najiTyca, coMa, MopcKoro oKyHH, hcjibmh, 6ejiopH6HHH (400—210 Mr Ha 100 r. JKHpa), a TaKJKe Jieni;a, cy^aKa, 6ejiyrn, KeTH, ceBpiorn n oceTpa (300—60 Mr). Hgtojibko ne^eHB, ho h BHyTpeHHOCTHHH ?KHp MHornx pn6 npHro^eH fljifl nojiy^eHHH BHTaMHHa A. BnTaMHH A jierKO pa3pymaeTCH no,n bjihhhhgm khcjio- po^a, oco6eHHO npn noBBimeHHOH TeMnepaType; 3a to b OTcyTCTBnn KHCJiopo.ua BHflepjKHBaeT HarpeBaHne ,no 120°, He TepaH aKTHBHOCTH. Pa6oTH nocjieffsnx BHHBHJIH HaJIH1?He, OCO6eHHO y HpeCHOBOflHBIX pBl6, BHTaMHHa A2, 6jIH3KOrO A1? 6ojiee CBOHCTBeHHoro mopckhm pBi6aM. a D, npoTHBopaxHTH^Horo, b ne^eHOHHOM jKnpe TaKHte coAepjKHTCH KOJin^ecTBo. Ero npoBHTaMHHOM hbjihgtch aprocTepoji. Han6ojiB- men aKTHBHOcTBio oSjia^aeT ne^eHB TyHn;a, Tor^a KaK ne^ieHB aMepnKaHCKoro oceT- pa, A. rubicundus, coBceM He co^epjKHT BHTaMHHa D. B TaSjrane mwpa. TpecKH npnHHTa 3a 100 (no KomTOHHny): k AKTHBHOCTL BHTaMHHa D B Thunnus thynnus........... 40.000 Xiphias gladius............ 10.000 Neothunnus macropterus....... 10.000 Stereolepis gig as............ 5.000 Sebastodes paucispinnis....... 2.100 » ruberrimus.....< . . 1.500 •» nebulosus......... 1.400 Ophidion elongatus.......... 1.400 Oncorhynchus tschawytscha........1300 Hippoglossus hippoglossus........1200 Sebastodes elongatus........... 1000 Platichthys stellatus........... 1000 Scomber scombrus............. 750 Sphaeroides maculatus....... . . . 570 jKnpe pti6. Oncorhynchus keta............. 400" Reinhardtius hippoglossoides....... 260 Gadus morhua............... 100 Clupea harengus tcio .......... 10Q Lophius piscatorius . .......... 70 Pollachius virens............ . . 5Q Raja binoculata.............. 25 Squalus sucklei . ............. 20 melanogrammus aeglefinus........ 10 Mallotiis yillosus............. 3- Squalus dcanthias............. 3 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus....... 1 Acipenser rubicundus........... 0* , • y/ i. '."v; V. MHIIIUHII BJIEKTPBraECKHE OPFAHH 99 npnEo^HT coaepjKaHHH BHTaMHHa D b 7 Ha 100 r y... 10—125 CkaT.................80—200 HaBara............... 40—400 MnHora pe^Haa..........130 » MopcKaji .......... 100—125 BHyTpeHHOCTHHH SKUp CQJhJlK . .500 B atap yca^a . . 125—162 ........:\ .... 100.000—150.000 ............. 17.500—23.750 Eaudaia ..-..-.......... 3.000—7.500 Polyprlon .............. 5625 MopcKofi HajiHM.......... 1250 IlajiTyc............... 5000—10.000 JEococl..............- - 500 TpecKa b cp............. 250 ' HejiB3H He o6paTHTB BHHMaHHH, *rro no coflepjKaHHio aHTnpaxHTHHHoro MHHa D ijejiuH pH,nBHflos 6oraltie, *ieM TpecKa; nHKina b 10 pas 6e,HHee Tpecnn; b 9tom OTHomeHHH e^Ba jih n;ejiecoo6pa3HO npn BtiTonKe Me^nitHHCKoro jKnpa CMeniHBaTB^ b ohhom KOTjie ne^eHB TpecKH n nnKinn. HaoSopoT, TyHn;oBHe, MopcKne epnin, jiococh, najiTycH.n MHorne KaM6ajiH 3acjiyH?HBaioT caMoro cepBe3Horo BHH- MaHHH. ^pe3MepHO 6ojiBniHe #O3bi BHTaMHHa (b 3500 pa3 6ojiBine jie^eSHBix hjih b 700 pa3 — npH npoflOJiH?HTejiBHOH fla^ce) BH3BiBaK>T TOKCH^ecKoe ,n;eHCTBHe h HBJieHHH rHnepBHTaMHHO3a b BH,o;e yMeHBmeHHH Beca jkhbothofo, noHoca, ycnjieH- Horo OTJiojKeHHH cojien KaJiBHHH h $oc$opa b pa3JiHHHHX opraHax h cocy,q;ax, . HaKOHen,, BO^HopacTBopHMoro BHTaMHHa Bx — npoTHB 6epH-6epn n pnTa (aHeB'pnHa) — b ph6hhx npo^yKTax HMeeTcn bj Ha 1 r TpecKa, MLinmH cLipne ..... 1.16 BejropH6Hii;a, cnpaa....... 0.6 IlajiTyc atapeHHH......... 1.2—1.74 CapflHHH KOHcepB......... 0.6—0.87 Hicpa cejrLHH............ 1.74 K Bapemie ........ 0.6 ..............6.0 B2 — pn6o$JiaBHH— b pn6ax (b y Ha 1 r)s 2.6 y TpecKH........... 0.53 ........... 10—20 ¦•¦1 B6 — aHTH^epMaTHT KpHc — b y Ha 1 r JIococl................ 10 CejEbflL................. 10 TpecKa.....* •......... 10 ........... 2,5 KaK yjKe yKa3HBajiocB, KOJin^iecTBo mnpa b ne^eHH n Mace K0Jie6jieTCfl no ce3OHaM ro.ua. IIo flpyKKepy h KjiHKOBy, coflepiKaHHe nrapa b 100 r Maca c BO3pa- CTOM H3MeHfleTCfl pacT ceabflb8 a AcTpaxaHCKHft 3 12 4.85 4 15 — 5 17 5.55 6 — 7.21 7 — 8.14 IIo coflep?KaHHio JKnpa pa3JiHHaiOT pn6 Tonprx — ot 0,2% ^o 1,2% (6bpiok, TpecKa, HHiana, OKyHB, myKa, cy^aK), cpeflHea?npHHX — ot 1,5% «o 4,5% (Bo6jia, KaM6ajia, Ke$ajiB, cajiaica, Jiem., ca3aH, cnr, chgtok) h jkhphbix — ot 5% js,o 22% (6ejiopH6nn;a, jiococb, KopioriiKa, oceTpoBHe, cejiB^B, HBacn, S xaMca, yropB). mt. 100 ^ACTB nEPBAR. MOPOOJIOPHH XnMHHecKHH cocTaB n nnTaTeJiBHaa neHHOCTB HeKOTopBix pud, no KjiapK h Kjio$: 1 ¦ TpecKa rtaiTyc IQyKa OopejiL CejrL^B JEococt HjiOTHHe Be- BeJiKH (Nx 6.25) 3ojia 17.4 0.4 16.5 ' 1.2 24.6 5.2 18.6 . 1.0 20.2 0.5 18.7 1.1 22.2 2.1 19.2 1.2 27.5 • 7.1 19.5 1.5 35.4 12.8 22.0 1.4 36.4 17.8 17.8 1.1 Kajiopnii 715 1245 815 920 1455 2100 2380 cocTaB Maca pbi6bi, h b cbh3h c bthm h ero BKycoBBie Ka^ecTBa He OCTaiOTCH IIOCTOflHHHMH, HO H3MeHHK)TCfl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BpeMeHH H MeCTa IIOHMKH. HanjiyiqniHX nnTaTeJiBHBix n BKycoBBix cbohctb oho #ocTnraeT b nepnofl Haryjia n otkopmkh; ho h b 9to BpeMH ero Ka^ecTBa He oflHHaKOBBi; Hepe^Ko mhco npnod- peTaeT thhhctbih npnBKyc, ot KOToporo, BnponeM, ero mojkho ocbo6o,hhti>, BBi^ep- ?KaB pn6y npe^BapnTejiBHO b ca^Kax c ^ncTOfi npoTOHHOH bo^oh. OneHB jierKO pn6a npnoSpeTaeT HenpnaTHHH BKyc n 3anax, Haxo^HCB b Bo^e, 3arpH3HeHHoa[ He^THHHMi npoH3BOflHHMH h naxy^HMH BemecTBaMH. GocTaB MiDiH ph6h p ho OT3HBaeTca Ha Ka^ecTBe ee Maca. MBepceH yKa3BiBaeT, wro TpecKa, nTeponofloft — Limacina helicina, npno6peTaeT npOTHBHHH 3anax h BKyc. To ?Ke CaMOe OTHOCHTCH H K CeJIB^H, MHCO KOTOpOH npH 3TOM CTaHOBHTCfl BO^HHHCTHM H, no cjiOBaM aHrjiHHCKHx pH6aKOB, name Majio npnroflHBiM ,p;jih nocojia n yTBepJKflaiOT, ^TO MHCO HeKOTOpHX pH6 CTaHOBHTCH HflOBHTHM, eCJIH OHEE KopajraaMH. E[pn KopMJieHHH KapnoB Ha pncoBBix hojihx KyKOJiKaMH TyTOBoro mejiKonpfl^a mhco ph6h npnoSpeTaeT HenpnHTHHH npnBKyc, ot KOToporo ero moh?ho ocBo6oflHTB, BH^epjKaB pBi6y b Te^eHHe HecKOJiBKnx flHen Ha ^pyroM KopMe. HaoSopoT, HHTaHne ph6 Koneno^aMH n cxn3ono,a;aMH coo6m;aeT MHcy npeKpacHHe GBoncTBa. Tohkhh BKyc MHca jiococeBHx nojiy^aeTCH npn KopauieHnn 6oKonjiaBaMH (Amphipoda). B nepno,n pa3MHomeHHH n HepecTOBHX Mnrpan;HH mhco CTaHO noTaMO,o;poMHbix cTpaHCTBOBaHnax npoxoflHBix ph6 BKycoBHe Ka^ecTBa BHme no peKe nonaiaHa pH6a. GoflepH?aHne mnpa b aomore B.CBH3H c MecTOM h BpeMeHeM noHMKH: b ^ejiBTe Bojirn b 0KTn6pe b nen mnpa 34,07%, a b <|>eBpajie Ha 200 km BBime no peKe — 28,29%. p c 3thm H3 Hee mojkho bbitohhtb b ^epHOM Hpy 15% H?npa, b GrajiHHrpafle 12.5%, a b KaMHmHHe Bcero 8.8—10%. CejiB^B ^epHocnnHKa, C. kessleri, nepe# ycTBHMH Bojirn coflep?KHT 18.46% JKnpa, a y GapaTOBa — Bcero 2.24%. BejiopH6nn;a npn Bxo/je b Bonry — ot 21.22 30 26.10%, a b y$e nocjie HepecTa— 1.5%,. npn Bxo^e b peKy — 16.4%, Ha MecTe HepecTa —2.6% ?Knpa. Itpn no^-Beine k HepecTHjinmaM nponcxo^aT KpynHBie H3MeHeHHH b opraHH3Me He tojibko BHemHne, ho h BHyTpeHHne: Bee KOCTen yBejin^HBaeTCfl b 1.2—1.5 pa3a, Bee kojkh — b 1.7—2.4 pa3a 3a cwr seca MHmn;. B MBimijax yMeHBmaeTCH KOJin^ecTBO cyxoro BemecTBa (c 31.35 n33.05%30 14.27 n 15.3% y canijOB n caMOK). Hao6opoT, kojih- qecTBO bo,o;bi yBejin^HBaeTCH; jkhp H3 MBimn; ncnesaeT (cooTBeTCTBeHHO c 9.9 n 11.28% ^0 0.17 n 0.49%), paBHO KaK n KOJin^ecTBO a3OTncTBix BemecTB. B o6m;eM, npn nepexo,ne Ha 1200 km caMen, TepaeT mnpa 98,72% o6ni;ero ero KOJiifaecTBa, a caMKa 97.27%, 6ejiKa 57.29 n 57.68%, t. e. b o6meM cBHme 3/4 cBoen 3anaceHHon 3Heprnn (IleHTeroB, Mchtob n KypHaeB). Bee bto hcho noKa3HBaeT, ^to ^jih paE[HOHaJIBHOrO HCn0JIB30BaHHH pBl6BI HyJKHO BHHMaTeJIBHO BHSnpaTB MeCTO H 1 Bojitnioe KOJinnecTBO aHajiH3OB pti6 npHBOAHTCH b CBOji;Ke BnHorpa,a;oBa ( p cocTaB opraHH3MOB Mopn, q. III. Tp. BnoreoxHM. JTaSop.-VI. AH GGGP. 1944. h 6H6jiHorpa$HH'(He ) V. H 8JIEKTPHHECKHE OPPAHH 101 BpeMH 3ioBa, no bo3mojkhocth, flajiBine ot nepnofla pa3MHO?KeHHH, bo BpeMH Haryjia; #jih npoxo^HHX — Jiy*nne b Mope, neai b pene, h Jiynme b ycT&HX, neM b BepxoBBflx. BjieKTpBraecKHe opram,i. BnepBne ajieKTpHnecKHe opraHH 6hjih 3aMetaeHH yTorpedo OpaH^ecKO Pe^n b 1671 r. b BHfle flByx MycKyjios cepnoBHflHOH $opMH. Bto OTKpHTne 6hjio noffTBepJKfleHO ero y^eHHKOM JIopeHipEHH b 1678 r. GBoeo6pa3- Hoe cboSctbo npo,nyn;HpoBaTB ajieKTpn^ecKHtt tok npncyme MHornM BHffaM ph6, oflHaKO cnjiBHBie pa3pHffti/cnoco6HHe npnHecTH 6ojie3HeHHoe omymeHne ^ejioBeny H BHCmHM H«HBOTHHM H flaJKe OrjiymHTB H y6HTB pH6 H MeJIKHX JKHBOTHHX,— MOryT npOH3BO,nHTB jiHmB BJieKTpHHecKHe yropB, CKaT n com, o6jiaflaTejin aneKTpn^ecKHx opraHOB. B ropa3fl;o MeHBrnefiL CTeneHH 9THM CBOfiCTBOM o6jiaflaiOT TaK?Ke BHflBI CKaTOB Raja, ac^puKaHCKne Mormyrus, Gymnarchus (ceM. Mormyridae) n aMepn- KaHCKHH[ Astroscopus (ceM. Uranoscopi- dae); Bee ohh o6jiafl;aiOT cjia6o pa3Bn- tbimh «nceBfl;o9JieKTpHHecKHMH» opraHaMH. Gpe^n BHMepmnx nepBo6HTHtix pn6 h pBi6oo6pa3HHx ajieKTpH^ecKHMH opra- S MHorne npe,q;cTaBHTejiH; HanpnMep, Bee Gephalaspides (Osteostraci) c moiu;hhmh opraHaMH b rojiOBe 1, HHHepBnpyeMBiMH Han6ojiee tricus, kh, — opraHaMH jinn;eBoro HepBa; ohh npecHHe bojuh b cnjiypHHCKHH h ckhh nepnoflH. 6 moh];hhh H3 KTpn^ecKoro annapaTa — yropB, Electrophorus elec- peK Ophhoko n AMa3OH- c KajK^on ctopohh flBy- npoTflrHBaiomHMHCfl b^ojib Bcero XBOCTOBoro cTe6jiH Ha npoTHJKeHHH */5 ^jihhh Tejia; oh coctoht, ho 3aKcy, H3 6000 OTfleJIBHHX HJiaCTHHOK, HBJIHK)- eo;hxch CBoero po^a 9JieMeHTaMH 6aTapen, KOTopan flaeT pa3pHfl no HanpaBJieHHio ot XBocTa k rojiOBe. B tom me HanpaBJieHHH HfleT pa3pH,n h y Mormyridae; Hao6opoT, y coMa h CKaTOB ot tojiobbi k xBOCTy, a y Torpedo — ot 6pioinHOH cTopoHBi k cnnHHon. K KajK^on BJieKTpn^ecKOH njia- CTHHKe, nepecjianBaeMOH cTy^eHHCTHM BemecTBOM, noflxo^HT HepBHHH ctbojihk; HepBHaa CTopoHa njiacTHHKH 9JieKTpn3yeTCfl b momcht yjjapa OTpHn;aTejiBHO, npoTH- BOnOJIO?KHaH, CBOSoflHaH OT HepBOB, — nOJIOJKHTeJIBHO; BO3HHKaiOinHH TOK, HO npaBHJiy IlaHHHH, HjjeT BHyTpn opraHa ot KOHn;eBOH njiacTHHKH b cjioh Phc. 68. Torpedo marmorata c opraHaMH (o) h (IIo Macca opraHa no OTHomeHHio k Macce Bcero yrpn cocTaBJiHeT 1:2,66. ctoji6hkh yrpa pacnojioJKeHH ropn3pHTaJiBHO, Tor.ua KaK y CKaTa — Bep- GooTBeTCTBeHHO nojioJKeHHio b Tejie opraH yrpfl HHHepBHpyeTCH He rOJIOBHBIMH, a MHOrO^HCJieHHHMH CnHHH0M03r0BHMH HepBaMH. ECJIH npHHHTB HanpHJKeHne ajieMeHTa 3aHHejIfl 3a-e^HHnny, pa3pnfl 9JieKTpn^ecKoro yrpa .hocth- raeT 300—450 flaHnejien; cnjia TOKa y6nBaeT b BOfl;e JiHrynmy h pnSy. Jlynnie scero H3y^eHBi 9JieKTpHHecKne opraHH y cpeAH3eMHOMOpcKHX Torpedo ocellata n T. marmorata. V CKaTOB opraHH Jie?KaT MejK^y BHcnepajiBHHM Cephalaspis, no CTeHniHO, HMeJi Ha rojiOBe Tpn ajieKTpnqecKHx nojiH — RBa 6okobhx Ji K Sokobhm ot raHrjiHH JiHi^eBoro HepBa nijia 6 tojictlix HepBHHx ctbojiob: bth opraHH pasBHjiHct H3 Toii MycKj'jiaTypti, KOTopaH HHHepBHpyeTCH 7 HepBOM (n. facialis). 1 |! A I1' ns 102 /5ACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH H rpyflHHMH HJiaBHHKaMH; OHH COCTOHT C Ka?K,HOS[ CTOpOHH npH6jIH3HTeJIBHO H3 600 mecTHrpaHHHx ctoji6hkob b BHfle cot; KaJK^Hft ctojiShk cofl;ep?KHT ^o 40 rOpH3OHTaJIi>HHX HJiaCTHHOK, K fili l H3 HMX HOflXOflHT HO HepBHOH H3 n. n. facialis, glossopharyngeus n vagus x. BeTBH HepBOB H3 moed[hbix ajieKTpn^ecKHX jionacTen, Lobi electrici, npo^ojiroBaToro M03ra. Hanpa?KeHHe #0 31 flaHneJia hjih, no Kpeinepy, 77—80 bojibt, a no Besnard (1935) — 300 bojibt n 7—8 aainep.. Phc. 69 noKa3HBaeT, hto ajieKTpiraecKnH ajiejweHT coctoht H3 HepBHHX njiacTHHOK h npHjieraiomnx k hhm CTyneHHCTHX npocjioeK. CTy,o;eHHCTHH cjioh jicjkht Memjs,j h3bhjihctoh bojiokhhctoh, c o^hoh ctopohh, n nannjijinpHOH nOBepxHOCTHMH ajieKTpn^ecKnx njiacTHHOK — c .apyron; noaTOMy HOBepXHOCTH COnpHKOCHOBe- HHH CTyflHH C TKaHaMH Hpe3- BejiHKH. Cpa3y b ine BBOflaTca 6ojib- MaccH CTy^eHHCToro Be- a.conpoTHBJieHne qe- pe3 CTy^eHB Majio. Pa3pafl;H MoryT cjie^oBaTB o^hh 3a ^^^^^^iltSs thm flo 1000—1500 pa3 nofl pafl npn o^eHB Majion yTOM- jiaeMOCTH. jQph cjia6oM B03- 3aMeTHoe noBHnieHHe TeMne- paTypn ro 0,002°, npn chjib- hom BO36yjK,n;eHHH sch 69. BjieKTpiiHecKiie opraH&i cnaTa; npH3Mbi; Phc. epd—smmepMHC KO/KH cnnHH; hut—Kyriic; pr— npH3MU; sch—coeflimirreJibHOTKaHHoe BJiarajmme; nJiacTHHKii; bgf — KpoBeHocHHe n — HepBH. (Ho Kpayse.) p pi nepaTypu. G norjiom;eHHeM Tenna pa6oTaeT ajieKTpn^e- CKafl u;enB Tnna KOHn;eHTpa- uhohhoh, t. e. Taitaa, b ko- TOpOH HOHH HMeiOTCfl B HaJIH1!- hocth c caMoro Ha^iajia, a pa3HOCTB noTem^HajiOB onpe- flejiaeTCH HepaBeHCTBOM pac- hohob b pa3H£ix ^acTnx npoBOflHHKa, npn'qeM BHemHHH aBJiaeTca cjie,ncTBHeM nepejjBHJKeHHH hohob b njenn fln$- £y H3 MecT SojiBineH KOHi^eHTpaniHH b MecTa MeHBmen KOHi^eHTpai^HH, t. e. b cTopoHy paBHOBecHH. ITpn btom Tenjio yTHJiH3HpyeTca. 3flecB Ha MexamraecKHH 9$$eKT nepeHoca ^acTim BemecTBa, b .naHHOM cjiyiae Ha ycKopeHne nepeHOca hohob ^n|)^)y3HeH n, cjie^oBaTejiLHo, Ha yBejinieHne BHemHero ajieRTpn^ecKoro $$ (A. A. yXTOMCKHH). B TaK oG^acHfleT BJieKTpn^ecKHH a^)^)eKT. GTy,q;eHHCTHH cjioh, KaK TKaHH, nponHTaH ajieKTpojiHTOM; nocjieflHHH HaxoflHTca b cocToa- hhh CHJiBHoro pa36aBJieHHa, t. e. npe^cTaBJiaeT co6oio HOHH3npoBaHHHH pacTBop. Ha noBepxHOCTH conpnKOCHOBeHHa MejK^y cTyflHeM h TKaHaMH BO3HHKaioT xhmh- lecKne npon;eccH, BcjieflCTBHe ^ero po^^aeTca KOHTaKTHHfl noTeHn;Haji. Ilofl bjihh- HHeM HepBHHX HMnyJIBCOB npOHCXOflHT XHMH^eCKHe H3MeHeHHa, KOTOpHe BH3HBaK)T n3MeHeHne KOHTaKTHoro noTeHiniajia, Tor^a KaK Ha npoTHBonojio?KHOH cTopoHe CTy^Ha oTHomeHHa ocTaiOTca npe^HHMH; BO3HHKaeT tok, HanpaBJieHHHH ot MecT 6ojiBmeH KOHii;eHTpai^ini nojiO/KHTejiBHHX hohob k MecTy MeHBrnen KOHB[eHTpa]^HH. GoBepnieHHO CBoeo6pa3Ho nocTpoeH ajieKTpnqecKnS opraH y ajieKTpn^ecKoro coMa, Malapterurus electricus, a$pnKaHCKnx peK. 3#ecB coBceM HeT mecTHrpaHHBix ctojiShkob; HaoSopoT, chjibho pa3BHTHH CTy^eHHCTHH cjioh, 3ajieraion?HH: Henocpe^- t, OKyTHBaeT MycKyjiaTypy h Tejio cnjiomHHM $yTJiapoM. OpraH nepeflHHH HepB 3a n. trigeminus, a Tpn nocjieHyiomHx — 3a 1 HeKOTop&ie aBTop&i n. vagus. V. 9JIEKTPBraECKHE OPrAHH 103 ot rojioBH no Havana jKnpoBoro h aHajiBHoro njiaBHHKOB. O6e nojiOBHHH opraHa cxoflHTca no cpeflHHHOH jihhhh chhhhoh h 6proinH0H CTopoHBi, pa3flejiHHCB MeiK^y coSoio coeflHHHTejiBHOTKaHHon neperopoffKOH. Ot mero cjioh opraH JierKo OT^ejiHeTCH n, BMecTe c KOJKen, no Bilharz, 1 :4 ^acTB o6ni;ero Beca Tejia (pnc. 70). ~'" sc pa36pocaHH coBepmeHHO HenpaBiui&HO h pa3MemaioTCH nonepeK ^jiedhh nx KOJiiraecTBO onpe^ejiHioT 2 000 000. Bhtb MOHteT, Ha opraH cjie,nyeT CMOTpeTb, Kan Ha npo- 2 n 3 flo 360 OpraH HHHepBHpyeTca ot ranrjiHO3HOH KJieTKH CnHHHOMO3rOBHMH ctopohh; ero MomHOCTB bojibt (PeMMJiep). Gpe,o;H cKaTOB ceM. Rajidae chjib- nee Bcero pa3BHTH BjiercrpizreecKHe opraHH y Raja batis, R. alba, R. mac- rorhynchus, Tor.ua KaK y R. clavata, R. radiata el ap. ohh pa3 b flBeHa- flu;aTb MeHbme. J[eH?aT ohh b Ka^ecTBe napHHX o6pa3OBaHHH no o6enM cto- pOHaM nOBBOHO^HHKa Ha npOTHJKeHHH -3aji;HHX Tpex qeTBepTefl XBOCTa; ne- peflHHH ero ^acTL nepexoflHT b xbocto- Byio MHmn;y. Beet opraH o6jieKaeTCH COefljHHHTeJIbHOTKaHHOH oSoJIO^KOH, OT KOTOpOH BO BHyTpB OTXOflHT 60JILHI0e 'qHCJio npo^ojiLHHx n nonepe^Hux cenT, pa3BHBaK)innx opraH Ha MaJieHBKne Ka- S hojiocth, 3anojiHeHHHe vu Phc. 70. IIonepeqHHH pa3pe3 nepes TyjiOBHma Malapterurus electricus. c— HapyJKHbiii ko>khbih cjioh, aniroepMnc n THpoBaHHHii HapyatHbiu cjioh Kopnyiia; c1 — HHH CJIOH KOpHyMa (BHyTpeHHHH Han o6ojiOHKa BJieKTpH^ecKoro opraHa); eo— 3JieKTpn- HecKHii opraH; int—KHmeHHHK; mis—m. lateralis superficial is; n. e. — n. electricus; ov— hhhhhk; r — sc— cyGKyTaHeajibHan TKaHb; sfe— 6oKOBOfi vu— MoieBoii ny3bipb; w— ho3bohok. (Ho PayTepa.) b KajKROH Kaaiepe njiacTHHKa. Hhcjio KaMep y R. batis, no K)apTy (Ewart), hoxoaht ro 2000 npn 2.08 mm2 (pnc. 72). BjieKTpn^ecKHe njiacTHHKH: coctoht H3 nepeAHero n 3aflHero KopKOBoro cj^oh, Memjij kotophmh Jie?KHT BHyTpeHHHa cjioh, MeaH^pH^ecKOH (H3orHyroH) nojiocaTocTBio. OopMa h cTpyKTypa ajieKTpn^ecKHX njiacTHHOK pa3HOo6pa3Ha y cpeflH hhx mojkho yKa3aTB flBa KpaftHHX Tnna, reHeTH^ecKH cBH3aHHHx: Phc. 71. BjieKipimecKHft com, Malapterurus electricus Lacep. h BjieKxpiiMecKHX opraHOB (3aiirrpi!X0BaH0). (IIo BajuioBH njiacTHHKOo6pa3HHH h p , 6ojiee npHMHTHBHBiH, H3BecTeH y ^eTHpex bh^ob, — R. elongata, R. circularis, R. fullonica, R. radiata; oh coctoht H3 KOMnaKTHOH ^anra n 6ojiee hjih MeHee pa3- BHTOH pyKOHTKH (pHC. 73). Pfl^OM nepeXOAHHX $OpM 9TOT THn CBH3aH C THM THHOM. i 104 *IACTB HEPBAfl MOPie TcraapH. M., 1927. H ji h h h M. 3. PtiSa, Kan nHmeBoft npoayKT. CII6.. 1911. HBaHijOBH. MnKpocKonHqecKoe CTpoeHiie ajieKTpiwecKoro opraHa Torpedo. Yh. 3an. Mock. yHHB. OTp;. ecT. hct., b. 11, 1895. K. ji a p k h Kjio$- IlHmeBaH h nHTaTejiLHan i^eHHOCTb pbiSh h mopckhx jkhbothhx. H3fl^ AcTp. hxt. Jia6., 1927. K ji a c c e h. TexHOJiorHH ph6hhx TiponyKTOB. 1925. K p a 10 x h h. BjieKTpHqecKHfi y;nap Raja clavata. Biojiji. 3Kcn. 6hoji. h MeHHi^., 7, b. 2—3, 1939. • IleHTeroB, MeHTOB h KypHaeB. OH3HK0-xHMHqecKaa xapaKTepncTHKa HepecTOBO- MHrpaijHOHHoro rojioji;aHHH KeTbi. M3B. Thxook. Hay*mo-npoM. ct., t. 2, b. 1, 1928. CSopHHK pa6oT.no xoJiOflHJiBHOliTexHOJiorHHpLi6HHxnpoji;yKTOB. Tp. BHHPO, t. XIV, 1940. JI 0 6 3 h h. On3H^ecKHe CBOiiCTBa pbi6ti. X h t p 0 b. 06 H3MeHeHHHx b pn6e bo BpeMH xpa- HeHHH Ha Jibji;y. TexHOJiorHH ph6hbix npojjyKTOB, non pe^. KacaTKHHa, CTaTLH TypnaeBa, KoJiieBa h Rp. yxTOMCKHiiA. A. ®H3HOJiorHH RBHraTejitHtix annapaTOB. b. 1, 1927. Ballowitz. Die elektrischen Organe. Handb. d. vergl. Anat. von Bolk u. a. Bd. V. B e s n a r d M. Electric fishes. Discovery. 1935. Greene. The skeletal musculature of the King Salmon. Bull. Bur. Fisheries. Washington, 33, 1913. H a m p e 1 O. Die Schlundknochenmuskulatur der Cypriniden undihre Funktion. Zool; Jahrb. .4bt. Anat. 27, 1909. Ledebur und Wunder. Anatomie und Physiologie der Schlundknopfe des Flusswels. Z-ft vergl. Physiol., Bd. 21, 1934. L u b 0 s c h. Die Kaumuskeln der Teleosteer. Morph. Jahrb., 61, 1929. Maurer. Die ventrale Rumpfmuskulatur der Fische. Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw., 49, 1913. T r e s s 1 e r. Marine products. 1 VI. HEPBHAfl CHCTEMA H OPFAHLI B HepBHOH CHCTeMe M05KH0 pa3JIHHHTI> I|;eHTpaJlBHyiO ^aCTB, COCTOflmyH) H3 TO- jiOBHoro n cnHHHoro M03ra, h nepn^epHHecKyio, cjiosKeHHyio OTXOjs.a.mjsM^ ot hhx h nx raHrjinflMH; k nepn^epn^ecKofi cncTeMe othochtch h CHMnaTHHecKaa. nojiornHecKH HepBHaa cncTeMa ^aKJia^HBaeTCH hjih b Bn^e 9KTO,nepMajiBHorQ , no3?Ke 3aMtiKaioin;erocH b 3aKpHTyio nojiyio Tpy6ny (mhkchhbi, cejiaxnn) hjih, ^to ^anje (MHHorn, kocthcthg), b BHfl;e njioTHoro BKTO,n;epMajibHoro mHypar b KoeM no3?Ke o6pa3yeTCfl hojioctb. B nepe^Hen nacTH HepBHOH Tpy6Kn 3aTeM BO3- HHKaiOT Tpn ny3BipeBH,aiHBie pacmnpeHHH: nepe^HHH ny3Hpt cnepeflH o6pa3yeT oflHH hjih #Ba BHCTyna nepe^Hero hjih dojiLmoro M03ra, hojiocth kohx o6pa3yioT 6oKOBBie JKejiyflOHKH; ocTajiBHan ^acTB nv3HpH ^aeT Ha^ajio npoMeHtyTO^HOMy M03ry, BHyTpn Koero 3aKJiio^eH TpeTHH mejiyj^oneK. Ha HHJKHen noBepxHOCTH npoMesKyTO^Horo M03ra B03HHKaeT HenapHHH BHCTyn, BopoHKa, infundibulum. B BopoHKy OTKpHBaiOTCH xopoino pa3BHTLie y HacTOHnpEX Ph6 Tpn npn^aTKa; 3a,HHHS HenapHBiH cocyflHCTHH MemoK, saccus vasculosus h flBa 6okobhx, Ha3HBae- mhx hhtkhhmh flOJiHMH hjih jionacTflMH, lobi inferiores. 9th nocjie^Hne/ HHJKHne flOJiH, coBceM He pa3BHBaioTCH y KpyrjiopoTHx. K HHJKHeMy K0Hn;y bopqhkh hphmh- KaeT rHno$H3, hjih HHTyHTapHafl H?ejie3a, hypophysis s. glandula pituitaria, H?ejie3a BHyTpeHHen ceKpennH, cenpeT KOTbpon cTHMyjinpyeT pa3BHTne nojiOBoro annapaTa h pocT Tejia. ~ B CTeHKa npoMe?KyTOHHoro M03ra o6pa3yeT 3Keji opraH, hjih 9iih$h3, epiphysis s. glandula pinealis; ph^om c hhm ii: I1 I if IP?, I! & 106 HEPBAH. MOPHHii; 25 — gan- glion maxillomandibulare; 19—g. ophthalmicum profundum; 20 — spHTeJitHtrii HepB; 21 — rjiaa; 22—nojiymapHH nepenHero M03ra; 23 — sulcus rhinencephalicus; 24—bulbus olfactorius; 25 — oOoHHTeJibHBift nepB; 26 — plica encephali; 27 — rHno$H3; 28—area basalis telencephali; 29 — sulcus basalis anterior; 30—n. glossopharyngeus— vagus (IX—X); 31—lobus vagi; 32—ganglion n. Tateralis anterioris. (Ho Pemaycy, HHCeHOM.) HaJIOM. H3 nepe#Hero ny3Hpn bo3hh- rjia3HBie ny3Hpn b 6okobhx BHCTynoB, BepmnHH kohx BHyTpB, 1TO K 6oKajioB; xpycTa- jihk pa3BHBaeTca 3a 3KT0flepMBI. no cTopoHaM 3aj^Hero MO3roBoro ny3Bi- pa noflBJiaeTCH BTopaa napa HapyJKHOH 3KT0^epMH, KOTOpBie TJI3 norpyntaioTca b hojioctb tojiobbi h 06pa30BaHHK) rxoflamHM ot Hero KaHajiOM, ductus endolympha- ticus. HaKOHen;, Ha nepejnieM KOHn;e ro- jiobbi BO3HHKaeT TpeTBH napa 9KTOflep- MajiBHBix njiaKOjt b BH^e oSohhtcjibhbix hmok, y KpyrjiopoTHX npn cjiHBaiomHxca b HenapHyio. qacTH M03ra b pasjin^HBix rpynnax npe- TepneBaioT Heo^HHaKOBHe H3MeHeHHH, hto npHBd^nT k cym;ecTBeHHHM: yKJiOHeHHHM 06m;aH Macca M03ra HH^TOHtHa: Bcero 1/700 nacTB Beca Tejia y HajinMa, 1/13Oo y myKH n Iq;ame1/37000 y aKyji. CoBceM oco6- hhkom CToaT npe^CTaBHTejiH ceM. Mormy- ridae, kotophx Ha btom ocHOBaHHH JI. G. Bepr BH^ejiaeT b oco6bih OTpaji;. y hhx n cocTaBJiaeT 1/52—T/82 oSnjero Beca Tena, nero He Ha6jno,n;aeTCH 6ojiee he y Koro H3 HH3IHHX HEPBHAH CHCTE3I4 M03r. KpyrjiopoTBie. Mhkchhh HMeioT HanSojiee ynpomeHHH^ M03r (pnc. 74). B HeM mh Haxo- chjibho pacmHpeHHBie napHHe oSohh- JionacTH c OTXoftHmMMn HecKOjiB- KHMH KOpemKaMH 060HHTeJIBHBIX HepBOB. FS 6opo3flaMH M03r flejiHTCH Ha nepeflHHH 0T,neji, npnMBmaioinHfi K 060HHTeJIBHHM JIOHaCTHM, COCTaBJIfleT 6ojiBmne nojiymapira nepe^Hero MO3ra i VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPrAHH TOBCTB 107 (telencephalon). Mosr mhkchh OTJinqaeTCH ot bccx npo^nx Graniata Teai, s. habenularis; 28 — eminentia habenularis <29 — saccus dor- salis; 30 — 6 $ MO3ra (diencephalon). KomraecKHH bhctvii c MO3ra no3afl|H Bxo.ua 3pHTejiBHHX HepBOB cocTaBJineT infundibulum, BopoHKy, Ha KOTOpOfi CH^HT rHH0$H3. BKJIHHHBaflCB MeJKfly nOJiymapHHMH n diencephalon c ftopsajiBHOft ctopohh, pacnojiaraeTca ranrjiiift, gi habenulae. 3a diencephalon jiejKHT OT^eji M03ra, mesencephalon, 108 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHil »t } !¦ H i OflHH. — MIX SoJItmHHCTBO — BeCB H,eJIHKOM npHHHMaiOT 3a CpeflHHH M03r, OTpH- n;aH TaKHM o6pa3OM cymecTBOBaHne MO3JKe^Ka; jjpyrne paccMaTpnBaioT ero 3aflHHBr OTpe3OK, OT^ejieHHHH nonepe^Hon 6opo3^Ko£[, 3a mosjkchok (BopTHHrTOH). Han- 6ojiBmafl ^acTL — npoflOJiroBafTBra MO3r — oxBaTHBaeT c o6enx ctopoh h noflCTH- jiaeT CHH3y mesencephalon. 3nn$H3a MHKCHHa He HMeeT (FojiBMrpeH). Fojiobhoh MO3r MHHorH, Lcmipetra japonica (pnc. 75 a n b), no CanTO, cocTonr H3 nsnnu uacmeii: 1) nepe^Hero MO3ra, telenceph^alon; 2).npoMejKyTOTiHoro, dien- cephalon; 3) cpe^Hero, mesencephalon; 4) MO3?KeHKa, cerebellum; 5) Toro MO3ra, rhombenceplialon. IlepeflHHH M03r coctoht H3 cjia6o pa3BHTBix nojiymapHH hoh njejiBio, fissura longitudinalis telenceph'ali; BHyTpn 3ajieraeT HenapHHH (ventriculus impar telencephali), a c 6okob k nojiymapnaivi npnjieraiOT bulbus olfactorius h ropa3flo MeHBman oSoHHTejiBHan jionacTB — lobus olfactorius. KaK n y ^pyrnx pLi6, BepxHHH cxenKa nojiymapHH cocTaBJieHa o^hhm. cjioeM anHTejinajiBHBix kjictok n. coBcen He co,n;ep?KHT HepBHHX ajieMeHTOB; nocjie,n;HHe 3ajieraioT jihiub b ocHOBaHnn n b Sokobhx CTeHKax nepe^Hero MO3ra. Cjieflyioinnii 3a nepe^HHM MO3roM OT^eji — diencephalon, hjiee npoMejKyTO1^^^!^ M03r c cnnHHOit CTopoHH cHa6?KeH oSninpHHM cnnHHtiM MemKOM, saccus dorsalis, b cpe^Hen naCTii KOToporo noflHHRiaeTCH 9nn$H3, hjih nHHeajiBHBin opraH, n phji;om: c hem napaniiHeajiBHBifi, a no3a,n;H Hero— ganglion habenulae. G Spionraoft ctopohh, Ha BopoHKe, infundibulum, pacnojiaraeTCH saccus vasculosus n rHno$H3, hypophy- sis; nocjieflHiiii Bnepe^n ,o;ocTHraeT xna3MBi 3pnTejiBHHx HepBOB. rnno<|)H3 coctoht H3 #Byx nacTen, MO3roBOH h afleHOHftHofi. y mhkchh rnno(|)H3HC c HedHOHOCOBBiM KaHaJiOM, Tor^a KaK y MHHor oh 3aMHKaeTca aniiTe- HHteM, n KaHaji OKaH'qnBaeTCH cjieno,He coefl;nHflHCB c potoboh hojioctbio. 6bijio ynoMHHyTO, MHHorn HMeioT flBa napneTajiBHHX opraHa. BepxHHH — rjia3, hjih nnHeajiBHHH opraH, 6ojibihhx pa3MepoB; hhjkhhh — napa- opraH — MeHBmHH. GTeSejieK nnneajiBHoro opraHa co6ok> nHHeajiBHBin HepB; napannHeajiBHHH CBH3yeTCH c jieBBiM rjia3 npe^CTaBJiaeTCH ny3BipBK0M c npospa^Hon nepe^HeS h c HenHBepTnpoBaHHOH peTHHOH b 3aflHen CTeHKe. napanHHeajiBHBin rjia3 noMe- m;eH noji; niiHeajiBHHM n HMeeT cxo,o;Hoe c hum cTpoeHne. XpycTaJiHKa b hhx noBTOMy TeMeHHon rjia3 cnocoSeH BoenpHHHMaTB tojibko CBeTOBHe ho He $opMBi npeflMeTOB. GBepx Toro napneTaJiBHBin opraH oSjiajtaeT TaKme h ceKpeTopHon fleHTejiBHOCTBK). HyjKHO #yMaTB, ^:to o6a opraHa hmciot roMOMepHoe nponcxo/Kfl;eHHe n npe^CTaBjiajin: napannHeajiBHHH opraH — neBBin rjia3, nnHe- ajiBHBin — npaBBin. Mesencephalon, cpe^Hnn M03r, kotophh Ha3BiBaeTCH 3pnTejiBHOH lobus opticus, CHJiBHo pa3BHT; oh o6jra#aeT otkpbitbim HaBepx TpeTBHM kom — HBjiemie, Hen3BecTHoe y ^pyrnx no3BOHO^HHX. KaK cpe^HnH MO3r, h BHa^HTejiBHaH nacTB npo^ojiroBaToro, CBepxy npnKpBiTBi cocyfliicTOH oSojiohkoh,. tela chorioidea. IlpoMeyKyTO^Hafl ^acTB BBHji;e neperopo^KH mem^y cpeflHHM MO3roM h neTBepTBiM jKejiyuo^KOM c^HTaeTca Mos^Ke^KOM, KOTopBin pa3BHT ropa3,n;o cjia6ee,. y Bcex nponnx no3BOHo^HBix. Ilpoji;ojiroBaTBiH M03r, rhombenceplialon, o6jia- oSinnpHBiM HeTBepTBiM JKejiy^o^KOM, nepexo^HT b cnnHHOfl M03r. Pbi6bi nonepe^HopoTBie ii cpocTHorojioBHe. Oco6eH- hoctbk) MO3ra nonepe^HopoTBix HBjiHeTCH oTHOCHTejiBHo cnjiBHoe pa3BHTne Hero MO3ra, kotophh npn btom He 6BiBaeT pa3,n;ejieH Ha nojiymapufl n HMeeT o6mnH H?ejiyfl;oHeK; y HeKOTopBix cKaTOB #a?Ke n 9Ta hojioctb ncnesaeT, n MO3r CTaHOBHTCH nJiOTHBiM. Y XHMep — Holocephali — nepeffEHH M03r HH3Be,o;eH ,o;o Kpome^HBix pa3MepoB. O6OHHTeJIBHHe JIOnaCTH pa3BHTBI HpeSBBI^aHHO MOIHHO; OHn oSHKHOBeHHO; otxo^ht c 6okob nepe^Hero MO3ra, Tor^a KaK y Holocephali HanpaBJieHH npHMO' Bnepefl;; Hepe^Ko odoHHTejiBHBie jionacTH He npnMBiKaiOT Henocpe,n;cTBeHHO k nepen- HeMy MO3ry, a coe^HHHioTCfl c hhm npn homohi;h #jihhhbix CTe6ejiBKOB, tract|is olfactorius (pnc. 85). Ha npoMemyTOHHOM MO3re 9hh$h3 pa3BHT xopomo, ho napne- VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPrAHBI 109 opraHH, npe#CTaBJieHHBie TaK chjibho y KpyraopOTBix, 3,necB yrae OTcyT- Ha HHJKHefi CTopoHe npoMeJKyTO^LHpro MO3ra JiejKaT xopomo pa3BHTHe hhk- ane jionacTH, cocyancTBifi MemoK Hrnno$H3. CpeflHHft MO3r, b Bn^e 3pnTejiBHBix 6yr- poB, 3Ha^aTejii>H6 ycTynaeT b pa3BHTnn MO3JKe^Ky; y Holocephali M03JKeH:eK nofl- pa3,o;ejifleTCH Ha rrepe^HioK) n 3a,nHioio *racTH. PoM6onflaJiBHaH HMKa oSbi^ho npHKpBi- MO3?Ke^koM He hojihoctbio, a jiheib HacTHHHO. B nepeftnefi ^acTH npo^ojiroBaToro MO3ra ajieKTpnHecKoro CKaTa pa3BHBaioTCH eKTpHqecKne ^ojih, lobi electrici (pnc. 76), no pa3MepaM He ycTynaiomne MO3ry. Torpedo o6jia^aeT c Ka^^ofi: ctopohh neTBipBM p H3 kotophx pocTpajiBHBifi npHHa^jieJKnT k ii. trigeminus, a ¦rpn — n. n. facialis, glossopharyngeus n vagus. B CBOflKe PayTepa n. trigeminus telenz sprlo Phc. 76. ro—rostrum; au—raa3; elo—3JieKTpnHecKHft opraH: V—TpofiHEraHMft HepB; J — tractus olfactorius; sprlo—Gpusrajime; oka—cjiyxOBaa Kancyaa; eln—aJieKTpnqecKHe HepBH; spn—cnHHanbHHe HepBH; 1—5—JKaSepHtie ayra; rm—cnHHHofi Moar; X—GJiyJKnaiomiifi HepB; rhoenz—npoHOJiroBaTHii M03r; loel—9JieKTpiiHeCKaH JionacTb; klh—M03?KeHeK; mesenz—cpeAHnfi MO3r; dienz—npoMemyTO^HHii M03r; II—3pnTejibHbrii HepB; \telenz — ii M03r. (H3 Kpay3e.) He ynoMHHaeTCfl. Holocephali no 6oKaM npo,o;ojiroBaToro MO3ra HMeioT c ctopohh RByjionacTHofi BHCTyn, recessus lateralis. no npaKTH^ecKHM coo6pa?KeHHHM paccMOTpnivi BKpaTn;e M03r S CKaTa, Raja radiata. npn paccMaTpiiBaHHH c ,q;op3ajiBHOH ctopohh MO3ra mo?kho 3aMeTHTB, ^LTO xopoino pa3BHTHe lobi olfactorii JiejKaT c 6okob nepeflHero MO3ra, OTflejiflflCB ot telencephalon 6opo3,o;oH, aoxoflmnen flo 6yrpa, o6o3Ha^eHHoro ,H?kohctohom (1911) KaK primordium hippocampi; Henocpe,o;cTBeHHO nepe^ noc- no Me^najiBHoS jihhhh jicjkht recessus neuroporicus. Tractus olfactorius TynHM yrjiOM otxo^ht b ctopohh ot o6oHHTejiBHBix jionacTen; b,o;ojib hhx n. terminalis, OTXOflamHH ot ocHOBaHna BHyTpeHHen ctopohbi tractus olfactorius (pnc. 77). Diencephalon BMemaeT b ce6e TpeTHH jKejiyfloneK, npnKpBiTHH CHapymn pia mater; c BeHTpajiBHon ctopohh npoMejKyroHHBifi: M03r npnKpHT xna3M0H, moid;ho pa3BHTHMH lobi inferiores n saccus vasculosus; rnno$H3 ,o;aeT Bnepeja; otpoctok. 3pnTejiBHHe flOJin cpe^Hero MO3ra no^TH Kpyrnon $opMH. MomHO pa3BHTon meten- cephalon, MOBiKe^eK, ^ejinTca Ha ffBe ^acTH, nepeflHioio n 3a3Hioio, n npoflOJiBHHM 5Kejio6oM Ha npaByio h jieByio ,o;ojih; csa^H MosyKe^ieK pe3KO cy?KHBaeTCH. Bca 3a,o;HHH nacTB metencephalon OKpymeHa MaccHBHHMH corpora restiformia; noBepx- hoctb nocjieflHHx pa3flejieHa Ha Tpn nacTH — nepeamoio, cpeflmoio n |\v 110 HACTL HEPBAfl. MQPOOJIOrHH i.' ill k m l'ftig'1 M03r, myelencephalon hjih rhombencephalon, b CTeneHH npnKpHBaeTCH MOBJKe^KOM. flajiee cjie#yeT cithhhoh MO3r. RocTHCTHe. GTpoeHne rojiOBHoro MO3ra kocthcthx paccMOTpnM no#po6- Hee. IIpnjiaraeMHH cxeMaTH^ecKHH npoflOJiBHHft pa3pe3 (piic. 78) noKasuBaeT ero ie ot hocobhx hmok o6oHHTejiBHHe HepBH bxo^ht b bulbus olfactorius. hjih HenocpeflCTBeHHo npHMHKaeT k nepe^Heiny MO3ry, — KaK 8to jiococeBHM h 6ojiBmnHCTBy npoinx kocthcthx—njin, no Tnny cejiaxnii, c hhm nocpe^CTBOM ^jkehhhx tractus olfactorius, hbjihhcb KaK 6li KaK sto npncyme KapnoBBiM, comobhm h TpecKOBHM. Ha n.tr recNeur.- pr.hlpp. A -A?:j/j. B Phc. 77. Mo3r Raja radiata CBepxy (A) h CHH3y (B). Tel —telencephalon; Met—metencephalon; Dien—diencephalon; Mes—mesencephalon; Myel— myelenceplialon; pr. hipp— primordium hippocampi; cor. rest— corpora restiformia; v4—HeTBepTHii jKejiyAoneK; li—lobi inferiores; s.v.— saccus vasculosus; pt—rimo$H3; lolf—o6oHHTejibHaH JionacTb; M. sp—cninraoii MO3r; rec. neur—recessus neuroporicus; t. olj. — tractus olfactorius; n. op. ll— 3pHTeJibHHii HepB; n. tr.— n. terminalis; III—X — cooTBeTCTByiomae HepBH. (no TajineBy.) OCHOBaHHH MOJKHO TOBOpHTB 0 ffByX THHaX CTpoeHHH M03ra KOCTHCTHX. the, npHcym;HH KpyrjiopoTHM, xapaKTepH3yeTCH TeM, ^:to o6oHHTejiBHHH opraH cnflHT HenocpeflCTBeimo Ha oSoHHTeJiBHHX jionacTHX, KOTopne npnMO npiiMHKaiOT- k MO3ry. flajiee cjie^yeT nepeflHHH M03r (telencephalon), kotophh y kocthcthx pa3Bnr ropa3flo cjiaSee, neM cpeflHHH. B nepe^HeM M03re mojkho pa3Jin^HTB flop3ajiBHo jiejKHT TOHKan anHTejinajiBHaH nepenoHKa — pallium —• ot hojiocth ^epena o6m;HH K?ejiy,a;o^eK, ventriculus communis; b ocho- nepeflHero MO3ra jiemaT nojiocaTHe TeJia, corpora striata, b 6okobhx ^acTHX Koero HaxoflaTCH HepBHne kjictkh. y cejiaxnn HepBHHe BJieMeHTH 3ajieraiOT He tojibko b nojiocaTHX Tejiax, ho h b pallium. IIojiocaTHe Tejia coctoht- H3 flop3ajiBHoro oTflejia, epistriatum, n 6a3ajiBHoro, kotophh cocTaBJineT npHRioe npoflOJimeHHe tractus hjih bulbus olfactorius. O6e n'acTH pa3,ntejiflioTCH nocpe^CTBOM: Sokoboh 6opo3,HKH, fovea limbica. O6oHHTejiBHHe BOJioKHa, H^ymne no tractus olfactorius, OKaH^mBaiOTCfl b: epistriatum. B striatum HannHaiOTCH MomHHe ny^KH, H3BecTHHe nofl HMeHeM MO3roBHX HOJKeK, pedunculi cerebri, h HanpaBjiaioTCfl b hypothalamus; BMecTe- VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPrAHBI 111 C 060HflTeJIBHHMH BOJIOKHaMH OHH COCtaBJIfllOT 6a3aJIBHBIH OTfleJI HOJIOCaTBIX 1Q31r corpora striata. O6a nojiocaTHX Tejia CBH3aHH aiejKay coSoio nonepe^Hcn kommhc- cypon. * Telencephalon kocthctbix HBJineTCH neHTpoM o6ohhhhh,h cTeneHB ero pa3BHTHH CTOHT B CBH3H CO CTeneHBH) pa3BHTHfl 8TOrO HVBCTBa. Y ptl6 MOJKHO BBipa6oTaTB> ycjioBHHe pe$JieKCH Ha hbct, $opMy, 3anax, BKyc, 3Bvkoboh toh, h Bee 3th pe- $jiqkch, KpoMe 3anaxa—coxpaHHiOTCH h nocjie y^ajieHHH 6ojiBmoro M03ra. B onBrrax HlTefiHepa (Steiner) pn6a, jinraeHHafl nepe^Hero M03ra, Morjia HopMajiBHo RBnraTBca n xBaTajia immy, Haxo^fimyiocfl b nojie 3peHHH. O^HaKO pe$jieKTopHHe accou;Hai];HH B03HHKai0T He b iiepe^HeM M03re. ripinviepoM chocoShocth k ycjioBHHM pe^ MOJKeT cjiysKHTB oiiht TpHjuieTa (Trillet), kotophh noMern;aji MajieHBKyio now CTeiuiHHHBiM $yTJiHpoM b SojiBmoS: aKBapnyM co myKofi. IIocjieAHflH MHoroKpaTHHe hoiihtkh cxBaTHTB 1^o6H1tiy; Kor^a, HaKOHeu;, $yTJinp 6hji yp;ajieH> He TpoHyjia P. lopttion9-.valv. veL.ant. cer. n.ac: b.oif. h. s.v. jih- Phc. 78. CxeMaTH^iecKHii npop;ojitHHfi paspe3 okojio hhh qepea Mosr jiococeBHx. aq. s—CnjitBHeB BOHonpoBOH; B. olf. — bulbus olfactoriuB; cer.; c. str.— ncwiocaToe tcjio; ep—3nn$ns; g. hab—ganglion habenulare; h — rnno$H3; i—infundibulum; I, inf—lobus inferior; I. opt. — spHTejiKHaa jio- nacTb; n. ac. — nucleus acusticus; p—pallium; r—r poM6oBHji;HaH HMKa; s.v.— saccus vasculosus; t. long—torus longitudinalis; valv—valvula; vel. ant — velum anticum; vel. post. — velum posticum; v. com — o6maft . (Ho JlnccHepy.) py M03r, diencephalon, SoJiBmeio ^acTBio Majio 3aMeTeH cnapyjKH. Oh cjio?KeH H3 Tpex laciefi: epithalamus, thalamus n hypothalamus. Epithalamus coctoht H3 napHoro ganglion habenulare n noflHHMaioni;erocH ot hhx ann$H3a. Ganglia habenularia BKJiHHeHBi MesK^y telencephalon h tectum opticum. BHyTpn jie?KHT thalamus, kotophh cbohmh BHyTpeHHHMH 6okobhmb orpaHHHHBaeT Tpemfi sKejiy^o^eK. Hypothalamus coctoht H3 bopohkh, infundibulum, n rnno$H3a, hjih 3Kejie3H. G 6okob pacnojiaraioTCH Monmo pa3BHTHe lobi inferiores, a hhmh BHji;aeTCfl cocyflHCTHfl MeniOK, saccus vasculosus; y HeKOTopnx $opMy Esox lucius, nocjieAHHH OTcyTCTByeT. 3a«HHfl nacTB hhskhhx jionacTen, OTfle- 6opo3flKOH, cocTaBjineT lobus mammilaris, b kotopoh jiejKHT ganglion mammilare. Bnepe^H ot bopohkh Haxo,o;HTCH nepeKpecT 3pnTejiBHBix HepBOB, chiasma nervo- rum opticoriim, kotophh k npoMemyTOHHOMy M03ry He othochtch. nepeKpecT HepBOB coBepmeHHBiS: HepBHtie ny^KH He cMemiiBaioTCH, npn btom o^hh HepB npo6ofl;aeT flpyron hjih pa36nBaeTCfl Ha nyHKH, n KasK^HH nynoK nepeKpemnBaeTCH. B thalamus neJKaT HeKOTopne Hflpa, KOTopne ctoht b coeAHHeHnn c nepe^HHivi MosroM, hypothalamus n MOsme^KOM. MHoro^HCJieHHHe Hflpa hypothalami CBH3aHH c nepe^HHM MO3roM, thalamus, M03?Ke^K0M h npoAOJiroBaTHM MO3roM; TaM me HaxoflHTCH n;eHTpH rjih. HHHepBan;HH rnno$H3a h cocyflHCToro Menma (nucleus posterior tuberis flJiH rnno$H3a n nucleus nervisacci vasculosi). JH'i i 'I w 112 i HACTB nEPBAfl. MO3ra, npoMejKyTO^Horo M03ra saKJiio^aeTCH b tom, hto oh co6ok) i^eHTp fljifl nepeKJiiOHeHHH B036yjK#eHHH,. Hflymnx H3 Bcex €BH3aHHHX C HHM. " < no TOMy, ^eto y cjienHX Amblyopsis o*ieHB Majm lobi inferiores, mojkho L, ^TO HX CTeneHB pa3BHTHH KaK~TO CBH3aHa C pa3BHTHeM 3pHTeJIbHOfi chocoShocth. HeKOTopHe aBTopu c^HTaiOT, ^to HHJKHne JionacTH irrpaiOT pojiB b Ka^ecTBe i^eHTpa BKycoBLix omymeHnfi, xoth, KaK H3BecTH0, BKycoBoa: HepB, n. IX, ncxo,n[HT H3 npoflOJiroBaToro M03ra. PHno$H3 HMeeT sHa^eirae ?KeJie3H BHyTpeHHefl ceKpen;HH, ceKpeT KOTopon CTHMyjinpyeT pa3BHTne nojioBoro annapaxa h pocT . BnpHCKHBaHne pacTepToro rnno$H3a b nojiocTb nepena hjih b MBinmti taetha tea Phc. 79. pa3pe3 p (IIo Kpay3e.) epi—9nn$H3; do.sa—saccus dorsalis; ve—JKejryjuoieK npoMeJKyTO^Horo MO3ra- gha— ganglion habenulae; teo—tectum opticum; co.ge.la—corpus geniculatum laterale; ophth—n. ophthalmicus profundus; 11— spnTejibHHii; III—rjia3OHBn- raTeJibHHii HepBH; chia li-r- xnasMa; hyp— rnno$n3; tha—thalamus opticus: tae. tha— taenia thalami. jinpyeT pa3BHTne hojiobhx npoflyKTOB. Tmno^ms cbohmh ropMOHaMn bjihhgt Ha OKpacKy Tejia, BBi3HBaa noaBJieHne Spa^Horo HapH^a. Pa3pyineHne rnno^)H3a npeKpamaeT cnoco6HOCTb npnMeHHTtCH no n;BeTy k OKpymaiomeMy cyScTpaTy. 3nn(|)H3, npeflCTaBJifla C06010 BHna^HBaHHe BepxHen ctghkh npoMeyKyTO^Horo j\i03ra, HBJiaeTCfl roMOJioroM nnHeajiBHoro opraHa Sauria; HHor^a nepe^ hhm y kocthcthx jieJKHT uojs,o6noe me TpyS'qaToe BBinH^HBaHne, Ha3HBaeMoe napa$H30M, napneTajiBHOMy hjih napannHeajiBHOMy opraHy (pnc. 79). 9m6phohob kocthcthx pH6 no3afl;H 3HH$H3a 3aKJi jiBHHH) opraH, no3JKeaereHepnpyiomHH (Hill), y B3pocjiHX nepe,n; ^ p HaxoflHTCH TpySnaTHH BBipocT, saccus dorsalis, 0T#eJieHHBiH ot nepe^Hero M03ra CKJiaflKOH, velum transversum. B nocjie^HeM Hepe^KO o6pa3yeTCH cocy^ncToe cnjieTeHne, plexus chorioideus, CBoflcTBeHHoe M03ry KOJiioqenepHX, ny^Koa?a6ep- hbix h cpocTHO^ejiiocTHBix (T. Rass, 1929). IIapa$H3, pa3BHBaion];HHCfl y HH3D3HX KJiaccOB pu6 Bnepe^n velum transversum, y kocthcthx o6hhho OTcyTCTByeT h plexus chorioideus He#opa3BHBaeTCH. OflHaKO b OT^ejiBHHX cjiynaax, KaK no.Kasaji Pace (1929) Ha Sphaeroides (Tetrodontiformes), napa$H3 b BHfl;e nojioro BnpocTa, conpoBO?K#aioiii;ero 3hh$h3, He ycTynaeT nocjiefl- no pa3MepaM, n, S p $ plexus, pa3BHT xopomo. 6hji cpe; Ost( schi don Eos .'Ah HHl fro: Ho fro: opi phc 113 VI. HEPBHAR CHCTEMA EL OPrAHBI TOBCTB IIapa$H3 — flpeBHH& oprak, npeflCTaBjieHHBiii y cejiaxnn npocTHM hhsm; y oceTpoBBix mteeT iKejre3HCToe CTpoeHne. y Tremataspis, Osteolepis oh 6hji xopomo pa3BHT: b hx nepene Rohon (1899) yKa3HBaeT cneiprajiBHoe OTBepCTne flnH Hero; ^acTo HMeeTCfl OTBepcTne jujih aiiH$H3a. KaK oTMe^aeT JI. G. Bepr (1939), cpeffEt Teleostomi mmeaJiBHoe OTBepcTne MesK^y frontalia HMeeTCH He tojibko y Osteolepides (Osteolepis, Eustenopteron), ho h y Palaeoniscidae (Cyrolepidotus schmidti Rohon). GpeflH coBpeMeHHHX Actinopterygii oho HMeeTCH Tai??Ke y Polyo* don, HeKOTopHX BHflOB Acipenser, Scaphirhynchus, Pseudoscaphirhynchus, Psephurus. mmmm drla hyp Phc; 80; paspe3 p py hypothalamus h rnno$H3 (hyp); MO3r i/—- BopoHKa; cofr.—commissura Opnqa; loimp—lobus impar; nuant—nucleus anterior hypothalami; nula — nucleus lateralis; hila — MOsroBan JionacTB rnno- $; drla—mejiesHCTan erb jionacTB; x—KJieTOHHHe OajiKH c okch$hji£>hhmh rpaHyjiHn.HHMH; tutha — tractus tuberotnalamicus. (Hs Kpayse.) y nocjieflHero flBa. OTBepcTna: OflHO Me^K^y frontalia, ^pyroe—Measly parietalia. Ectb oho h y Teleostei: y comob — Callichthys, Doras, Clarias, Loricaria, Plotosusr Arius. Boo6me, y MHornx kocthcthx MeH?,ny jio6hhmh, a HHor.ua h hhmh, Ha6jiH)^aiOTCH oflHO hjih flBa m;ejieo6pa3HHX OTBepcTHH; Tana y frontalia h parietalia HMeeTCfl y araornx Gharacinidae, Gyprinidae, Gatostomidae, Homalopteridae, Gobitidae. H3BecTHa $OHTaHejib Me^Kfly nepeaHTnynr K0Hn;aMH frontalia y cejib,neo6pa3HHx—Chirocentrus, Alosa, Caspialosa n ^aa?e ctojib bbicoko- opraHH3OBaHHHX, KaK Scombroidei, Xiphoidei, Thunniformes—• Xiphias, Histio- phorus, Scomber, Cybium, Sarda, Thynnus. Ho tojibko y BBimeHa3BaHHBix comob ¦ 3iiHr M03rqBaH 6opo3ji;a; cote—commissura tecti; teo—¦ tectum opti- cum; toso—torus semicircularis; III laz, 111 doz, 111 vz—OoKOBoe, nop3ajii>Hoe, BeH- Hoe flflpa rjia3OHBHraTeJli>Horo HepBa; loinf—lobus inferior; veloinf—ero atejiy- coip—corpus interpedunculare; coan—commissura ansulata; hlb — 3aflHHii tHHU nyHOK; sic—sulcus intercephalicus; vemesenz—HtejiyaoieK cpe^Hero M03ra; tolo—torus longitudinalis; vace—valvula cerebelli. (no Kpayse.) MO3r, n #op3ajiBHOH, tectum opticum. IIocjieflHHfl, tectum opticum, pa3,n;ejiHeTCH npoflOJiBHon 6opo3,nKOH Ha #Be lobi optici. Ha cBoefi CTopoHe, o6pam;eHHOH k TpeTBeny JKeJiy^o^Ky, ohh hmciot ,o;Ba npo^ojiBHtix y KOTopBie, cxoflHCB no cpe#HeH jihhhh, o6pa3yiOT torus longitudinalis.. BHfleH cHapymn tojibko b tom cjiy^ae, ecjin lobi optici b 3aflHen nacTH: p Me?Kfl;y co6oio, KaK bto HMeeT MecTO y Agonus cataphractus, Tinea w Cyprinus. B ocHOBaHHH cpe#Hero MO3ra, TaM, r,qe lobus opticus nepexo^HT b hhjk- hhh oT^eJi, co ctopohh, o6pam;eHHOH: b H^eJiyao^eK, pacnojiaraioTCH ^Ba yTOJimeHHn, torus semicircularis. Ohh 0Kpyn?ai0T valvula cerebelli, KOTopaH, cocTaBJiHH nacTB MO3H?e^Ka, B^BHraeTCH Bnepe,n BHyTpB Htejiyflo^Ka, no# tectum opticum. T.ori semicirculares HapyjKy coBceM He BHCTynaioT; nx mojkho 3aMeTHTB tojibko y Gyclothone, irje 3pnTeJiBHHe .hojih hhhtojkho pa3BHTH. HHor.ua lobi optici, chjibho pacxo^HCB c3a^H, ocBo^o^^aioT MecTO, Ky^a BHeApneTCH nepe^HflH qacTB MosjKe^Ka (Spinachia) (pnc. 81). KaK 6bi hh pacxo^HJiHCB b oT^ejiBHBix cjiy^aHX onTHHecKne hojih n ckojibko 6h hh o6Ha?KajiHCB tori longitudinales,#ejio HHKor^a He floxo^HT ro toto, vroftu. otkphjich H^ejiyAoneK, ^ito mh bh^cjih y MHHorH. KayflajiBHan ^acTB jKejiyflOHKa torus longitudinalis b BH^e tohkoh nepenoHKH 3aTflrnBaeTCH commissura VI. HEPBHAH CELCTEMA H OPrAHH 115 dorsalis (hjih decussatio dorsalis tecti optici), kbk bto Ha6jiro#aeTCfl y KapnoBHX. OyHKijHOHajiBHoe 3HaHeHHe cpeflHero M03ra saKJiiOHaeTCH b cjie.qyioin.eM. 3pHTejiB- HHe JIOnaCTH, lobi Optici, HBJIHIOTCfl nepBIPIHBIMH 3pHTeJIBHBIMHneHTp'aMH, BOCIipHHH- MaiomHMH BO36y3K,a;eHHH; H3 hex 6epyT Ha^ajio Bojioiraa 3pHTejiBHoro HepBa. Onepa- nHH.c cpeflHMM MO3roM Be^yT k HapymeHHio 3pHTejiBHBix. $yHKn;HH n paBHOBecHH, TaK ^to ijeHTpti paBHOBecHH o6HKHOBeHHO othocht k ocHOBaHHio cpeflHero M03ra; 3pHTejibHHe n;eHTpBi JiemaT b KpHme'cpe^Hero M03ra. Tori longitudinales, CTOflmne B HenOCpe,HCTBeHHOH CBH3H, C OflHOft CTOpOHH, C 3pHTeJIBHHMH a c flpyroH, c valvula cerebelli, cjiysKaT n;eHTpaMH j^jih TaKnx 3pHTejiBHBix BocnpnH- thh, KOTOpBie ,o;oji3«HH BH3BaTL 6hctpbih pe^jieKc. OcHOBaHHe cpe^Hero M03ra BTopH^HHM.3pHTejiBHHMn;eHTpoM, rjiaBHBiM o6pa3OM, npoBoitamHM BO36y- B ocHOBaHHH cpe^Heroi M03ra CBepx Toro JieiKaT fl#pa III n IV rjia3HHX (rjia3o,n;BHraTejiBHoro n 6jioKOBoro). OiHTaiOT, hto CTeneHB pa3BHTHH 3pnTeJiBHHX flOJien onpe^enfleTCH CTeneHBio pa3BHTHH opranoB 3peHHa; y rjiy6oKO- n cjiemux pBi6 tectum opticum pa3BHT cjia6o. BojiOKHa n. oculomotorius o6pa3yioT BHyTpn MO3ra jpn fl^pa, a HeMHoro Kay- BHXOflHTHn. trochlearis. rjia30,HBHraTejiBHHH Heps co,n;ep?KHT h qyBCTBHTejiBHBie BojiOKHa; nocjie^HHe oKaH^HBaioTca b jjHe p torus semicircularis.. Gpe,a;HHH M03r noKpHBaeT cocTOHmiHH: H3 flByx hojiobhhok TpeTsn tectum opticum, nepexo,n;H c KaHtfloa ctopohh b n;eHTpajiBHOM HanpaBjieHn^i b ocho- Bairae cpe^Hero M03ra, o6pa3yeT flBe nbjiOBHHBi, KOTopHe pa3fl;ejiHH)TCH fi H3 JKejiyflO^Ka 6*opo3AKOH — sulcus intercephalicus, r^e 3ajieraeT rjia3OflBnraTejiBHoro HepBa. Me?K#y Ha3BaHHHMH HepBaMH oSenx BK3iHHHBaeTCH corpus interpedunculare; nocjieflHHH cjionteH BOJioKHaMH, BHXOflflm;HMn b SojiBinefl nacTH H3 ganglion habenulae (tractus habenu- lopeduncularis). B tectum opticum BCTynaioT BojiOKHa H3 MosHte^Ka, tractus cerebello-tectalis, H3 cnHHHoro M03ra, tr. spinotectalis, H3 flflep cJiyxoBoro h TpofiHHHHoro HepBOB, tr. bulbo-tectalis. HaKQHen;, h3 tectum H^yT BOJioiraa —: tr. tecto-thalamicus, tr. tecto-bulbaris n tr. tecto-spinalis. Mo33Ke^OK — cerebellum hjih metencephalon — jicjkht cBepxy b 3a«HeH M03ra, Hajieraa Ha npo^ojiroBaTHH M03r. B HeM mojkho pa3JiH^HTB ochobhvio , hjih TeJio, corpus cerebelli, h flBa 6okobhx BBiCTyna, pa3Jiinmo pa3BHTHX, ^HccypoH, eminentiae granulares. Gbohm nepe^HHM kohii;om b TpeTHH mejiyAO^eK, o6pa3yn y?Ke ynoMHHyTyio Valvula cerebelli. pa3BHTHH qacTen MO3JKe^Ka h Bcero ero b n;ejioM no^BepjKeHa mnpoKHM ;Bapnan;Hfl:M: HHorfl;a Tejio MOSJKe^Ka, corpus cerebelli, hh3bo,c[htch ^o cTeneHH MajieHBKoro 6yrpa no3a,HH 3pHTejiBHHX flOJiefl c KpomeHHHMH 3MHHeHn;HHMH (Gichli- dae h Gyprinodonti); b ^pyrnx cjiy^aHX moihho ]pa3BHT0H MosH^e^OK HaBHcaeT Hafl; npoflOJiroBaTHM MO3roM, npHKpHBaa poM6oBHflHyro HMKy. y Plotosus, h Boo6m;e y comob, M03?KeH0K pa3BHT cHJiBHee Bcex npo^Hx nacTen M03ra. y Mormyrus MO3- ocoSchho bcjihk; oh npocTHpaeTca Bnepe^ 30 nepe,o;Hero M03ra; no othoch- ^HHe MosjKe^iKa 9th ph6h npeBocxoAHT He tojibko Bcex npo^HX pbi6^ ho h Boo6me nosBOHOHHBix; no BejiHHHHe ero mojkho cpaBHHBaTB c 6ojiBmHM jvio3roM ^ejiOBeKa. B HeKOTopux cjiynaax Tejio M03?KeHKa BflBHHyTO Bnepefl MeiK^y lobi optici, h b btom cjiy^iae ero $opaia npHo6petaeT T-o6pa3HHH bh,h. Ot MO3JKe^Ka Ha3a,q; THHeTCH dneajmrna, o^eBaiomafl poM6oBHflHyio HMKy. Ha Tejie Mos^KeHKa HHor^a mojkho 3aMeTHTB npoflOJiBHBie 6opo3^KH, KOTopHe- OpaHn; Ha3BiBaeT «6oko- bhmh pa$aMH» (pnc. 82), Eminentiae granulares BapBnpyioT no pa3MepaM ot Kpome^HHX BHCTynpB 30 Hpe3BHHaHHO KpynHHX KpHjiOBHflHBix npHflaTKOB (Coregonus albula). C spyroH ctopohh, y Osmerus eperlanus, MO3JKeHOK Koero o^eHB aiaji, o6e eminentiae cjih- BaiOTcn no cpeflHHHOH jihhhh, o6pa3yH e^HHoe yTOJimeHHe, Ha KOTopoM hokohtch . Valvula cerebelli,/BflBHraflCB hoa tectum opticum, coeffSHHeTCfl c ero KpaeM aneH^HMOH, Ha3HBaeM0H velum anticum. MejK,n;y velum anticum, 116 HACTB HEPBAH. MOP doho—RopaajitHuii por; gglx—raHrjinfi OjiysKflaiomero HepBa; veho- - ~ por; vefu—BeHTpajiBHan 6opO3JtKa; spohzn—KopeniOK cnHHH0MO3roBoro HepBa; spoftzz— ero HanajiBHue kjictkh; veho— BeHTpajiBHaa KOMMnccypa; ap-^- BepmHHa nepenoHna- Toro opraHa cjiyxa; maufa—wayTHepoBCKne BOJiOKHa. (Ho Kpayse.) hchojihhckhx KJieTOK, 3ajieraioin;Hx b npoaojiroBaTOM h cpeffHeM MO3re; BepoaT- ho, ohh CBH3aHH c n;eHTpaMH, ynpaBJiflK>in;HMH TOHycoM MycKyjiaTypii. ii i 1 p p y ohh npoxo^HT b BHflie bojiokoh MayTHepa b BeHTpajiBHHX ^acTHx cnnHHoro M03ra: nocTeneHHO noflHHMaHCB BBepx, ohh aocTnraiOT ,o;Ha ^eTBepToro «^Mo3roBtie aseay^OHKH y pasjin^HHx ph6 BapbnpyiOT no $opMe n Ventriculus communis cocTaBJiaeT hojioctb nepe^nero M03ra. y Gyprinidae oh Bnepe^ b^ojib tractus olfactorius, floxo^n bhjiotb fl;o bulbus. BecBMa o6mnpeH Bee nojiocTH BHCTynoB M03ra otho- k npoH3BOflHHM TpeTBero jKejiyflo^Ka; cioflame othochtch hojiocth infundibu- lum c ero saccus vasculosus, paBHO KaK n hojiocth hhmkhhx jionaareny lobi inferiores* G BOflOnpoBOfl —aguaeductus Silvii — y3KHH KaHaJi, cooSmaiomHH Tpe- y c neTBepTHM, npoxo^HT now MOsme^ffiOM; k HeMy ate, offHaKO, no JlnccHepy, HyjKHo othccth h mnpoKyio nonepe^myio mejiB, jiejKamyio Mea?^y valvula h ocHOBaHneM cpe^Hero MO3ra, TaK KaK npn chjilhom pa3pacTaHHH 3acJiOHKH (valvula) 8TameJiB npeBpamaeTCHb 3aMKHyTHfi KaHaJi; TaKHM o6pa30M b hcm mohsho pasjEH^aTB jxsg ^acTH — Kay^ajiBHyio, co6cTBeHHO aquaeductus, h opajiBHyio — npoH3BOflHqe TpeTLero mejiyflo^Ka. Oopaia h BejisraHHa poM6oBH,iniOH hmkh pyioT b CBH3H co CTeneHBH) pa3BHTHH lobi vagales h lobus impar. G h nojiojKeHHio MO3JKeliKa CTeneHB hokphthh neTBepToro y pa3JnaraHHx ph6. 118 HEPBAH. m I fa 3 b y b-h m a m h e HMeiOT M03r,x chjibho OTjra^aronjHHCJi ot nponnx pBi6. EojiBnrae nojiymapnfl y hhx chjibho pa3BHTH, Bnojme pa3flejieHH Mempj co6ok> H COeflHHHIOTCil TOJIBKO B CBOeH 3a£HeH HaCTfl. CnepeflH K HHM npHMHKaiOT 060HH- c. B 0TjiH«iHe ot kocthctbix pH<5 BepxHHH KpHDiKa nepe^Hero MO3ra 9JieMeHTH. IIpOMe?KyTOTmHH M03r BHHHqHBaeTCH BBepX CBOeH BepxHen ctghkoh n Ha# Hero Jie?KHT 6ojibdioh 9hh^)H3. Gpe^HHH M03r b BH^e oahho1!- Horo oBaJiBHoro 3pnTejiBHoro 6yrpa pa3BHT ropa3flo CJia6ee, ^eM y kocthcthx. CJiaSo pa3BHT MosyKe^iOK.. ITpoAOJiroBaTBin M03r no^TH (saccus endolymphaticus) h hx flHBepTHKy- (pnc. 84). HepBbi. Hn3KaH aereHe- opraHH3anHH mhkchh cKa- 3BiBaeTCH Ha 3Ha*iHTejiBHOM ynpome- hhh hx HepBHofl cHCTeMH. Bdello- stoma HMeeT Bcero 7 nap tojiobhhx HepBOB HpH nOJIHOM OTCyTCTBHH BCeX rjia3OABnraTeJiBHHX. GaMHM HBJIfleTCH nepBHH, 060HHTeJIBHHH nervus olfactorius. 3pnTejiBHHe Hep- BH, cjia6o pa3BHTHe, 6es xna3MH, HanpaBjiHiOTCH k Phc. 84. Mo3r Protopterus annectens c cnnHHOit H 6pK)UIHOtt CTOpOHH. BonpeKH npejKHHM aBTopaM, yTBep- ^to 3pnTejiBHHe HepBBi cyme- hoctohhho h ^a?Ke o6pa3yioT xna3My. Btopoh no MomHocTH pa3BH- thh — V HepB, TponHH^HBia:, n. tri- geminus. ^ajiee H^eT tohkhS VII — n. facialis. VIII HepB, n. acusticus, Memfly npo^HM CHaSmaeT CBoeio BeTBbio 6oKOByio jihhhio; co6cTBeHrio cjiyxo- boh HepB HMeeT #Be bctbh — ramus utricularis h r. saccularis. nocjie^HHe, IX, n. glossopharyngeus, CHa6?KaeT rojiOBy, a X — n. vagus — ?Ka6epHBie MemKH, KHme^HHK h flpyrne opraH&i. MnHorn HMeiOT Bee 10 nap tojiobhhx HepBOB. noApoSnee paccMOTpnM tojibko rojioBHBie HepBH kocthctbix ph6/ y KOCTHCTHX, B OTJIH^He OT BHCHIHX nosBOHO^HBix, HMeeTCH Bcero 10 nap HepBOB. H3 hhx nepBHH — o6oHflTeJiBHBra, n. olfactorius, coSoh) npoH3BOAHoe nepe^Hero MO3ra. IIo xapaKTepy oSoHHTejiBHHx p, hx OTHomeHHio k oSoHHTejiBHOMy opraHy h no nojiojKemno oSoHHTeJibHBix JionacTen mojkho ycTaHOBHTB t p h t h n a, KaK 06 3tom jTKe ynoMHHajiocB. HMeHHo, 3are- MejiB OTJiniaeT: 1) thh KpyrjiopoTHX—o6oHflT6JiBHHH opraH ch^ht HenocpeACTBeH- ho Ha oSoHHTejiBHBix jionacTHx, a nocjie^HHe — npHMBiKaioT k M03ry; 2) thh cejia- XHH----060HaTeJIBHHH OpraH CH^HT Ha 060HHTeJIBHHX JIOnaCTHX, OTfleJieHHBIX ot M03ra 6ojiee hjih MeHee ^Jihhhhmh tractus olfactorius. Gio^a OTHOcflTca He tojibko nonepe^HopoTHe, ho TaK?Ke H3 kocthcthx Gyprinidae, Mormyridae h Siluridae; 3) thh kocthcthx — o6oHHTejn>HHe jionacTH, npHjiersnomne HesocpeflCTBeHHO K M03ry, HaXO^HTCH B M03r0B0H nOJIOCTH H COeflHHHIOTCil C 060HHTeJIBHHM opraHOM npn noMomn fljiHHHoro nervus olfactorius. y SojiBmHHCTBa no3BOHoiHHX tojibko o^Ha napa HepBOB coeflHHaeTCH c HHM MO3rOM— 3TO oSoHHTeJIBHHe. OflHaKO y MHOrHX CeJiaXHH, HeKOTOpHX C—MO3rKeioK; CH—nojiyuiapim 6oJibiuoro M03ra; D. S. E.— BeTBH sinus endolymphaticus; 01— o6ohh- TeJi&Han JionacTb; Op. 1. — 3piiTeJibHaH Jionacrb; PB—nHHeajibHaa noayniKa; S. E. — sinus endo- lymphaticus; Sp. c.— cmiHHoii M03r; Sp. n.— cniiHHo- MO3roBHe HepBH; Vel—velum transversum; IV — ii HiejiyfloieK; V—X— roJiOBHHie HepBH. _'.' l.^-rs,~r> VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPI\AHBI 119 BuLbus olf. Tractus olf. TeLencephaLon DLencephaUin MesencephaLon MetencephaLon Myp.LencephaLon :, b flo6aBjieHne k o6oHHTeJiBHHM, cymecTByeT em;e napa npflMO cooSinaeTca c nepeftHefi: hjih HH?KHeH noBepxHocTBio nepeflnero M03ra •6jih3 MeflnajiBHoii jihhhh, HeceT raHrjiHH,.jie?Kain;HH MejK#y o6oHHTejiBHBiM TpaKTOM ^h-nepeAHHM M03rbM, npoxo^HT b^ojib o6oHHTejiBHoro TpaKTa Ha# oSohhtcjibheim 6yjiB6ycoM, pa3flejiaeTca Ha bctbh h pacnpeflejifleTCH b annTejinn HOcoBoro Menraa (pnc. 85). 9tot HepB HMeHyeTCH n. terminalis; b oTJi^ne ot oSoHHTejiBHoro oh o6jia- .flaeT MH3JIHH0M H CHa6?KeH * Biopaa napa, 3pnTejiBHBie {n. II), coo6m;aeTCH c diencephalon npn noMomn tractus opticus. 3pn- TejiBHBie HepBBi npefljCTaBjiaiOTCfl b BH,o;e iijiockhx CKJiajpiaTBix jicht, o6pa3yio- mHX hcho BHpaH^eHHyio xna3My; npn nepeKpein,HBaHHH HepBOB 06BIHH0 y oflHoro h Toro me BH^a- flop3ajiBHee HajieraTB to npaBHfi, to jicblih; y KaMSaji nepeKpecT 6ojiee ORHOo6pa3eH, n o^hh h tot Hte Heps ¦oSbi^ho 3aHHMaeT BepxHee nojiojKeHne. N. Ill, oculomotorius, hjih rjia30- ,flBnraTejiBHHH, otxo^ht npocTHM ko- peniKOM ot ocHOBaHHH npo^ojiroBaToro jviQ3ra no3a#n lobi inferiores. BojiOKHa TpeTBero HepBa BHyTpn M03ra o6pa- gyioT Tpn flflipa n coctoht H3 bojio- koh, ncxo^HiniHX H3 ganglion habenu- laris. HeMHoro Kay^ajiBHee TpeTBero •OTXOflHT n n. IV, trochlearis, hjih 6jio- I50B0H. FjiaSOABHraTeJIBHHH HepB, B OCHOBe flBHraTeJIBHHH, COflepJKHT TaK- H qyBCTBHTeJIBHBie BOJIOKHa, HCXO- H3 torus semicireularis. Bjio- KOBOH — flBHraTeJIBHBIH HepB — OTXO- npOCTHM TOHKHM KOpeHIKOM PHC 85. M03r Heptanchus; A — C hbix JionacTefi Tpe- ctopohh, B — c6oKy. KopeinKH HepB'OB nep- " Htie; JieBan nojiOBHHa noKDHniKH qeTBepToro HepBOB, n. VI, abducens, hjih otbo- 6epeT Ha^ajio hbohhbim KopemKOM ot flHa npo,n;ojiroBaToro M03ra 6jih3 jihhhh. C6oKy npo^ojiroBaToro M03ra otxo^ht rpynna jinn,eBBix HepBOB, H3 kohx nepe^HnH KopemoK cooTBeTCTByeT n. V, HJiH.trigeminus, a 3aflHHH — n. VII jraneBOMy, hjih facialis. Hbjihhcb HepBaMH, 06a OHH CHa6?KaiOT HyBCTBHTeJIBHHMH H flBHraTeJIBHBIMH BOJIOKHaMH pHJio n neJiiocTH. TpoHHEramjH HepB HMeeT ganglion gasseri h ,n;ejiHTCH Ha bcctbh: ramus profundus, r. ophthalmicus, r. maxillaris h r. mandibularis. JlnneBOH Heps coctoht H3 js, b j x BeTBefi: coScTBeHHO jinn;eBOH, facialis, CHa6jKaioin,eH tojiob- Hyio qacTB Sokoboh jihhhh (y Myxine 6oKOBaa jihhhh CHa6?KaeTCH bctbrmh n. VIII); ot Hero otxoaht n. n. palatmus h hyomandibul^iris, h Sokoboh. BoKOBaa *iacT& jiHn;eBoro HepBa coctoht H3 BeTBen: n. ophthalmicus superficialis, n. buccalis c. ramus oticus h n. mandibularis externus. GjiyxoBOH HepB, n. VIII, acusticus, oTxoflHT Mom,HHM KopeinKOM, KOTopHH TOT^ac ?Ke ^ejiHTCii Ha 2 qacTH ftjiH sacculus h utriculus; nocjie,o;HHH, bhobb MHoroKpaTHO pa3,nejiflflCB, pacna^aeTCH Ha MeJiKne BeTBH. 3TO HCKJIIOHHTeJIBHO qyBCTBHTeJIBHHH HepB. ^a^HflH rpynna OTxo#Hmnx ot npoflonroBaToro M03ra HepBOB coctoht h3 CMe- niaHHBix, flBHraTejiBHHX h qyBCTBHTejiBHHx bojiokoh; nepe,HHHH,~ Sojiee^ cjia6Bift LnaiLS •SI ii 1 m '>! I I 120 *IACTB HEPBAfl. 1 KppemoK, npeflCTaBJineT n, IX, glossopharyngeus, hjih fl3HKorjiOTOHHHft; oh PflHy BeTBB k nepBOH jKaSepHofi rqejin, jjpyryib — b He6Hyio o6jiacTB. 6ojiee moh];hhh: KopemoK HBJiaeTCfl n. X, vagus, 6jryHfflaiom;HH. Oh CHa(5- i clt'J- o H pi " /txctUt/Uxliult/ lJJ,t2i/xxx« xJ.UU~A.l/fUJ&Lx, Jj|LlUt/xx> | |H 111 ".r>cl U-tLJ. v>Jxx>xxUx, U JtidxtcUXct (ramus intestinalis), o6pa3ya cnjieTeHne y nnmeBOfla h jKejiy#Ka, h nocnjiaer seTBH k MBTTnn.aM h cepOTy; b to ?Ke BpeMH ero flpyro^: ctboji, oTflejunomniicfl or ocHOBHoro HepBa, ramus lateralis accessorius, HHHepBnpyeT cncTeMy SoKOBoft JIHHHH. HepB, cooTBeTCTByiontHH XI nape bhcbjhx ho3bohohhbix (n. accessorius Willisii)y y pn6 em;e He o6oco6jieH ot X i He cymecTByeT b Ka^ecTBe caMOCTOHTejiBHoro. FoMOJioroM XII napn (n. hypoglossus) cjivjkht nepBHH cnnHHOMO3roBon. Chhhhoh M03r h CHMnaiflHecKaa HepsHan CHCTeaia. CnnHHofi Mosr ropa3^o- o6ieMHCTee rojioBHoro. Oh npoTnrnBaeTca y 6ojiBmHHCTBa b^ojib Bcero hosbohoh:- Horo KaHajia ot tojiobh #o XBOCTa. y KpyrjiopoTHX m xnaiep (Holocephali) oh mnpoKOH jieHTH, y nponnx — Ha pa3pe3e — o6jia#aeT [. llo 6pioniHOH cTopoHe cnHHHoro M03ra b 6ejiOM BernecTBe y3Kaa fissura, m;ejieBH^Hoe yrjiy6jieHne, a no chhhhoh — flop3ajiBHaa cenTa; BHyipa MO3ra Ha BceM npoTHHteHHH jien?HT oKpyHteHHHH KJieTKaMH KaHajr, BflOJiB KOToporo 3aJieraiOT HepBHHe kjictkh Tnna. TaKHM o6pa3OM cepoe BerqecTBo M03ra Haxo^HTCH o6pa3yn BeHTpajiBHHe h Sokobhc pora, a Ha^ H,eHTpajn>HHM KaHajioM — pora; BeHTpaJiBHHe pora coeflmieHH BeHTpajiBHHMH KOMMnccypaMH (pnc. 83). KpOMe 06HHHHX HepBHHX KJieTOK, B CHHHHOM M03ry KpyrjIOpOTHX HMeiOTCil MajreHBKHe HepBHHe kjictkh, roMOJiorn3HpyeMHe c aafaKpHHHHMH KJieTKaMEE GHapy^n M03r o^eT Tpeaia oSojio^maMH: BHyTpeHHeii bojiokhhctoh, pia mater; cpe#HeH, nayTHHHOH — arachnoidea, h HapynraoH, bojiokhhctoh — dura mater^ IlHTaHHe cnHHHoro M03ra nponcxo^HT H3 HOBepxHocTHHx cocy^OB h cHHycoB. Ot cnHHHoro M03ra MeTainepHo otxo^ht cnHHHOMO3roBHe HepBH; nocjie,mrae y MHHor nocTpoeHH BecBMa npnMHTHBHo: cnnHHHe h 6piomHHe KopemKH He coe/pr- nemjiy co6oio, npeflCTaBJiHH OT^ejiBHHe caMOCTOHTejiBHHe HepBH. TaKoe me Ha6jiio#aeTCH y jiaHi^eTHHKa, ho y HacTonnprx pn6 — tojibko b 3M6pno- cocTOflHHH. O^HaKo y mhkchh, noflo6HO HacTOHm;HM pnSaM, KopemKH: coe#HHHK)TCH Memjjj C06010. y Gnathostomi cnnmiHe (qyBCTBHTeJiBHHe) h 6pioniHHe KOpeiHKH, OTXOftHT MeTaMepHO, COOTBeTCTBeHHO Kam^OMy H03B0HKy^ MecTe, o6pa3yn CMemaHHHfi HepB, kotophh BCKope 3aTeM pa36n- Ha Tpn BeTBi — ramus dorsal is, r. ventralis h r. visceralis, H3 kohx H/jeT k BHyTpeHHHM opraHaM n KppBeHocHHM cocy^aM h npnHHMaeT- B COCTaBJieHHH CHMHaTHHeCKOH HepBHOH CHCTeMH. B 06jiaCTH napHHX 6piomHaa BeTBB o6pa3yeT cnjieTeHHH, plexus, rpy^Hoe n Ta3OBoe. y cejiaxni: cHMMeTpir^HOCTB oTxoJK^eHHH HepBOB HapymaeTCH TeM, ^to KOpemKH OTXOflHT nO3aflH BepXHHX; MHOrne CHHHH0M03r0BHe HepBH npoftOJiBHHM coSnpaiomnM HepBOM-KOJiJieKTopoM. cpocTHo^ejiiocTHBix, Plectognathi, cithhhoh M03r pe3KO yKoponeH h BMecTo* ' THma npeBpameH b TpesBH^aHHO kopotkhh npn^aTOK. Ilpn nepepe3Ke cnHHHoro M03ra yrpn b oSjiacTH rpynHHX njiaBHHKOB pn6a He MomeT coxpaHHTB HopMaJiBHoro nojiOHteHHR; nepepe3Ka b KOHn,e nepBOH ^eT- X X 'XX ^ A - BepTH flJiHHH Tejia hjih em;e 6ojiee K3afl;n He jinmaeT yrpn bosmojkhoctii hphhhtb. npaBHjiBHoe nojio?KeHHe. IIpH noSyKK^eHHH k HJiaBaHnio yropB npoH3BO^HT bojiho- o6pa3HHe RBumemm Tejia, Ha^HHan ot tojjobh, npoflojimaa MexaHH^ecKH Te m& COKpameHHH h no3a^H onepnpoBaHHoro MecTa. HepBHaa cncTeMa #eJiHTCH Ha rojiOBHyio, TyjiOBnm;Hyio n xbo- CTOByro iacTH. y myKH MajieHBKHe raHrJina: tojiobhoh ^acTH Haxo,HHTCH C raHrJIHHMH rOJIOBHBIX HepBOB H aHaCTOMO3HpyiOT C HHMH. TyjIOBHm;HaH npoflOJUKenne tojiobhoh, npe^cTaBJieHa ^ByMH npoxoAfln^HMH b^ojib CTOJl6a CHMHaTH^ieCKHMH HOrpaHHHHHMH CTBOJiaMH. GoOTBeTCTBeHHO cnHHajiBHOMy HepBy cHMnaTH^ecKne ctbojih B3flyB'aioTCfl b fS^f ^^ VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPrAHH 12f -KOTopHe npH noMomn ramus communicans coeflHHHiOTeH Boane Tejia nd- 3BOHKa C CnHHaJIBHHM HepBOM. B XBOCTOBOH HaCTH 06a CHMnaTIPieCKHX CTBOJia O hx raHrjiHHMH 3aKJHOHeHH b reMajiBHHH KaHaJi. GnMnaTHHecKafl CHCTeiaa nonepe^HopoTHX (Torpedo) coctoht H3 MeTaMepHO pacnojioJKeHHHX raHrjiHO3HBix y3Jios no o6enM CTopoHaM 6pioniHOH aopTBi m no Me/praJiBHOH noBepxHocTH no^eK pn^OM c BeTBHMH aopTH. y MHHor CHMnaTHHecKafl cncTeaia npeflCTaBjieHa nenBio MyjiBTnnojrapHBix KJie- TOK, HaCTBH) OTfleJIBHBIX, ^aCTBK) HO HeCKOJIBKO BMeCTe, JieJKamHX B COeflHHHTeJIB- hoh TKaHH BO3Jie KapflHHajiBHHX BeH; 9Ta n;enB c nepepHBaMH thhgtch ot cepffqa: flO aHyca BflOJIB COCyflOB H COe^HHHTeJIBHHMH BeTBHMH CBH3HBaeTCH CO CHHHaJIB- hbimh HepBaMH: c cocy^aMH CHMnaTH^ecKne kjigtkh ^ocTHraiOT BHyTpeHHnx opraHOB h oco6eHHO oShjibhh b cTeHKax mhdih; KHmeHHHKa, BHyTpeHHnx opraHOB, cocyflOB; rjih. OPrAHBI n. sympath.icus OpraHH 060HHHHH. B ycTpoficTBe opraHOB oSohhhhh HMeeTcn pea- Koe pa3JiH^ne MeJK^y MHKCHHaMH n MHHoraMH. Ha^HHancB HenapHHM Hasornno- $H3apHHM OTBepcTneM, HocoBafl TpySna npoflOJiJKaeTCH b H3orHyTHfi hgShohoco- BOfi KaHaJI, KOTOpHfi y MHKCHH H SfleJIJIOCTOM OTKpHBaeTCfl B pOTOByH) HOJIOCTB,. a y MHHor 3aKaHHH3aeTCH cjieno b o6jiacTH rarno$H3a h Hanajia xopflBi. Hocosofi; 6 S y $ MemoK, 3ajieraiomH^[ b MecTe pe3Koro H3rn6a HeSHOHocoBoro y MHHorn 15—18 pe3KO BHpaJKeHHHMH CKJia^KaMH; ohh BBicrjiaHBi pecHHHHHM 3HH- TejineM, cpe^n KOToporo pacnojiaraioTCfl oSoHHTejiBHHe KJieTKH, cna6?KeHHHe o6ohh- TejiBHHMH BOJiocHaain. KpynHoe H«ejie3HCToe o6pa3OBairae JieH?HT b ocHOBaHHH ho- coBoro MemKa. Hajin^ne flByx oSoHflTejiBHHX HepBOB h to oScTOHTejiBCTBO, cpe,HHflfl CKJia^Ka cBepxy h CHH3y HOcoBoro MemKa hbjihgtch Han6ojiee hto HenapHOCTB oSoHHTejiBHoro opraHa KpyrjiopOTHX n hto oh bo3hhk nyTeM cjihhhhh Boej^HHO napHoro o6pa3OBaHHJi. anyji h cKaTOB o6oHHTejiBHLie opraHBi oneHB b6jihkh h pacnojiaraioTCfl Ha HOBepxHOCTH rojioBH. KaJKfloe HocoBoe OTBepcTne y hhx OKpyjKeHO oco- 6hm xpflmoM n cHaSjKeHO cnen;HajiBHHM KJianaHOM, TaK ^to no jKejiaHHio MomeT 6htb 3aKpHTO. OneHB nacTo KaH?^oe H3 hocobhx OTBepcTHfi coo6maeTCH potohocoboh mejiBio. y p HMeeTCH 3aKpHTHH KaHair, coo6- HOCOBHe OTBepCTHfl C pOTOBOH IEOJIOCTBIO, HTO, BBfllMO, CTOIT B CBH3H c B03^ymHHM ^HxaHneM. y kocthcthx HeT h cjie^a no,o[o6Hofi mejin; y HHX HOCOBHe OTBepcTHH, no flBa c KaH?flofi ctopohbi, JieJKaT Ha flop3ajiBHOH cTopoHe MeJK^y ptom k rjia3aMH; hocoboh opraH npeflCTaBjraeT co6oio HMKy, noKpHTyio MHoro^HCJieH- HBIMH pa,D(HaJIBHHMH CKJiaflKaMH, BHCTJiaHHyiO BnHTeJIHeM H O6HJIBHO CHa63KeH- Hyio OKOH^aHHflMH oSoHHTeJiBHoro HepBa. O6e HOCOBHe hmkh noflpaB^ejieHH y kocthctbix Ha flBe nacTH, HapyjKy; nepe^HHH napa OTBepcTHfi cjiyjKHT fljin Bxo^a Hxofla; MeJK^y OTBepcTHHMH — HanpaBjiaioinafl CKJia^Ka b KOJKHoro MOCTHKa. Ilpn njiaBaHHH BO,n[a OMBiBaeT hocoboh MemoK n TeM cnoco6- CTByeT BOcnpHHTHio o6oHHTejiBHHX pa3,npaJKeHHH (pnc. 86). y HeKOTopux ph6, OKyHB, MemKOBn^HHe pacmnpeHnn: hocoboh hojiocth hosbojihiot nepeKai(niBaTB. H3 nepe^Hero b 3a^Hee OTBepcTne h npii fluxaTejiBHtix ^BHHxeHHHX pTa. y yrpHTOK BOflH b hocobom opraHe BH3HBaeTca pecHH^HHM amiTejineM Ha o6ohh- TeJIBHBIX CKJiaflKaX. y KOJIIOmKH HMeeTCH TOJIBKO HO OflHOMy HOCOBOMy OTBepCTHH> C Ka^KflOH CTOpOHBI. O6oHHHne HBCTBeHHO OTJIHHHO ot HyBCTBa BKyca. IIlTpHK (Strieck) npHMeHHJi* pacTBopHMBie b BOfle naxyqne Beni;ecTBa—CKaTOJi, KyMapnH, HCKyccTBeHHHH Myc- Kyc, — h ycnemHO .upeccnpoBaji ocjienjieHHHX pn6 Ha MycKye, nocjie Hero flaBaji mhco. HaoSopoT, tojibhhh c yaaJieHHHM nepe^nHM MO3roM, 3aKJiioqaionj;HM o6ohh- ^eHTpH, npn coxpaHeHHH HeTpoHyTHMH BKycoBHX no^eK —He '-' ' s 122 HACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH Mi fe fe ¦is jjpeccnpoBKe. KoHe^HO, npn OTHCKaHHH nnroH pBi6a, homhmo oSohhhhh, nojiB3yeTCH n 3peHneM, ho HOHHBie h cyMepe^HBie p&i6bi pyKOBOflHTca hmchho o6oHHHneM. HajiHM Haxo#HT b hcckojibko MHHyT jiejKamnn b 30 cm ot Hero Kyco- epBH, ho He MO?KeT ero HaHTH #a?Ke h Ha paccTOHHHH 1 cm, npn 9tom eMy 3aTKHyTB HocoBbie oTBepcTira. Bpe#e Haxo^HT, hto CJIH3LK) «bh^oboh 3anax» cnocoScTByeT CTa&HHM pBi6aM ^epjKaTBCH b CTae; cjientie Pbi6h co6npaiOTCH-B Tofl ^acTH aKBapnyMa, b kotopoh coxpaHaeTCH cjih3b ot rnx Boo6me HyjKHO npn3HaTB, ^to qyBCTBO oSohhhhh xopoino pa3BHTO y pBi6. B npoMBicjie ^jih npnMaHKH aKyji ycnemHO npnMeHfljin «jiaHHO», onyc- MemoK, Ha6nTBifi nponnTaHHHMii TiojieHBefi BopBaHBio TpnnKaMH. He- oyKHoaMepnKaHCKHX peK nnpana, Serrosalmo (H3 xapan;HHOBHx), SBICTpOTOH CoSnpaeTCfl CTaHMH B COTHH TOJIOB KO BCHKOMy MeCTy nponcmecTBHii, npHBjieKaeMaa 3anaxoM KpoBH, n paHeHOMy nraBOTHOMy hjih ,n;aJKe nonaBineMy b Bo^y, yrpomaeT cepBe3Haa onacHOCTL 6bitb ncKycaHHBiM. b 6ojiBmafl a S r PI: Phc. 86. a — roJiOBa KOCTHCTOft ptiGti. b — cxeM. npoAOJibHtiii pa3pe3 Mepe3 HOCOBoe OTBepcTiie nocjieftHeii; ji;ho hocoboi"i nojiocTH J F; cTpejiKii yKa3biBaioT nyTt, npoxojKAeHHH v. o— nepeflHee, h.6— 3anHee HocoBoe OTBepcTne; H— KoatHan CKjiaHKa, aanria- npn njiaBaHun Bony b nepejjHee HocoBoe OTBepcTne. (H3 Opimia.") OpraHBi BKyca pa3BHTH pa3,n;ejiBH0 ot oSohhhhh. Hkckiojib (Uexkiil) flOKa3BiBaji HaJiiniHe ^yBCTBa BKyca, BBiAepJKnBaa nnm;y b xhhhom pacTBope, koto- He HMeeT HHKaKoro 3anaxa. Anyjia XBaTaeT jj,o6uxij b poT, ho cen^iac me ee bbi- . Opnm. npnyqaji rojiBHHa c y,n'ajieHHBiM nepeflHHM MO3roM BH6npaTB immj, BBifl;ep?KaHHyio b pacTBope caxapa, yKcycHofi khcjioth, cojih h xnHHHa. Tpy,n;ejiB, a 3aTeM ByH^ep cTaBnjin MHoro^ncjieHHBie onHTH nofl;o6Horo ?Ke po,D[a. BKycoBBie hohkh pacceHHBiHe tojibko bo pTy, ho h no BceMy Tejiy n Ha xboctc Kapn n Jiero; 6epyT nnin;y b poT n Heno^xo^amnH: KopM BBi6pacHBaK>T oSpaTHO. J^jih BocnpiiHTHH BKycoBBix omymeHHH: y Kapna cjiy?KHT noflyniKOoSpasHBiH opraH Ha CBO,n;e tjiotohhoh iiojiocth Ha rpaHnn;e Bxo^a b Kinne^HHK; ero noBepxHOCTB oShjibho noKpHTa BKycoBBiMH no^KaMH, HHHepBHpyeMBiMH IX h X HepBaMH. Gyji- TaHKa, Mullus, c o6pe3aHHBiMH ycnnaMH jrnmaeTCH bo3mo?khocth Haxo^HTB nnmy; OHa ^yBCTByeT ee npn noMomn opraHOB, pacnojio?KeHHBix Ha ycnKax (AH^pHHineB, 1944). IIo J]JHKrpa(|)y, npnKOCHOBeHne nnmn k Tejiy ocjienjieHHoro Nemachilus 3a- ero MrHOBeHHO o6paTHTBCH k Hen tojioboio. BHTejiBHBie noHKH jiemaT y kocthctbix b annTejinn, cjierna B^aBaacb b (pnc. 87). Ohh cjio»?eHBi ^jihhhbimh onopHBiMH. KJieTKaMH, cpe,o;ii kotophx 3ajieraiOT BepeTeHOo6pa3HBie ^yBCTBHTejiBHBie; flHCTaJi&HBiH kohcu; HeceT kohh- necKyio najiowy, B^aiomyiocH b HMKy opraHa; CHH3y no^xoflHT bctbb VII, IX hjih X HepBa. VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPPAHH WBCTB 123 HyBCTBO o..c a 3-a H'H h, t. e. BocnpnHTne omymeHHH ot npHKocHOBe- hhh TBepflHX Teji, HecoMHeHHO, ^ocTaTOHHO BBipameHO y ptiS; ocoSeHHO chjibho oho pa3BHT0 bo pTy h Ha ry6ax. O6bihho ayMaioT, h:to yen coMa cjiy?KaT rjih. och- 3aHHfl, HO Ha HHX B H3O6HJIHH HMeiOTCH HMeHHO BKyCOBLie HOHKH, H ycaMH OH BOC- BKycoBHe omymeHHH (ByH^ep, 1936). HEnKe ycTaHOBHJi, ^to 0CH3aTejiB- pojib ycoB coMa — HirrrojKHa. TeM He MeHee He npHXOfliiTCH coMHeBaTtca, ^ito y iynn njiaBHHKOB cjiyjKaT hmchho dCH3aHHio b nepByio oHepe^B. KaK H3BecTHO, y rypaMH, Osphromenus hjih Trychogaster, nepBHfi: jiy*i V BHTarHBaeTCH b opraH, npeBHniaiomHH AJiHHy Bcero Tejia. O6jia,a;aH ^yBCTBOM ocH3aHna, puSn, TeM He MeHee, cjia6o pearnpyiOT Ha 60- jie3HeHHBie omymeHHH, n npnKOCHOBeHne ocTporo npe^MeTa He BH3HBaeT y hhx oneHB pe3Koro flBH?KeHHH; HaoSopoT, tojibko hto copBaBmaHCH c Kpio^raa pH6a co CBeH^efi: paHOH Hepe^KO CHOBa cpa3y me SepeTCH 3a npHMaHKy. Em,e Sojiee pa- Phc. 87. HyBCTBHTejibHaa no^Ka b KOJKe tojiobh sigru—lyBCTBirreJibHaH HMKa; bz—KyOKOBHUHBie KneTKn; epd—n stz — onopHHe kjictkii HyBCTBHTeJibHou noiKn; siz — HyBCTBirrejibHBie KJeTKH; —cySanimepMaJibHHii cjioii nnrMeHTHHX KJieTOK; feu—Kyrncj.pgzo—Ky- niirMeHTHHe kjictkh; n— HepBHuii ctbojihk. (H3 Kpayie.) 3HTe«HBHHH CJiy^aH OHHCBIBaeTCH npO OKyHH, KOTOpHH nOnaJICH Ha KpiOHOK TJia3OM. Fjia3 6liji BHpBaH, h pm6a, copBaBinncB, ynijia. JIoBen; Ha?KHBHJi Kpio^oK rjia3OM, h tot JKe caMHH oKyHt cefiqac me nonajicfl Ha co6ctb6hhlih rjia3. nojiHpHyio aKyjiy, nojKHparomyio Tpyn KHTa, mojkho kojiotb KHHHtajiaMH b rojiOBy, h OHa He o6pam;aeT BH^HMoro BHHMaHHa Ha 3to. OneBHflHO, nepeHoc nejioBe^ecKoro MacnrraSa nyBCTBa 6ojih Ha ph6 HeBO3MO?KeH, n ocTpoTa omymeHHH y hhx HHaH. B onbiTax To$epa 6hjio ycTaHOBJieHo Hajra^rae ToneK, BocnpnHHMaiomHX 6ojit,Ha rojioBe h b KOJiH^iecTBe — Ha TeJie. Onepau;HH Ha pH6ax npoxo^HT jierno; ^a?Ke npn rjia3a pn6a He ^eJiaeT ocoSeHHO pe3Knx flBHJKeHHH:. ( TemepaiypHHM ijbctbom pbiSli, HecoMHeHHO, o6jia,niaH)T, h b ecTecTBeHHbix ycjioBHHX, n b OHbiTHHx, nepexoflH H3 MecT c o,o;hoh TeMnepaTy- pon b flpyrne, Sojiee noflxOAHmne. IlepecaflKa Kapna H3 o,o;Horo npy,o;a b ^pyron c pa3HHn;eH cBBime ^eM Ha 2—4° BBi3HBaeT noMyTHeHne noKpo- bob, nopajKeHne n OTCJianBaHne annflepMHca, — THnH*myio KapTHHy co CMepTejiBHtiM ncxoflOM. HaoSopoT, b nepBHe ps no BHJiynjieHnn jih- KapnoBHX Majio BocnpnHMHHBH k pe3KOMy noHH?KeHHio TeMnepaTypH, HMeeT 6diiiBinyio SnojiorH^ecKyio BaraHOCTB; Sojiee KpynHaa mojio^b yxoAHT b cjiy^aHX b 6ojiee TJiy6oKne MecTa, Tor.ua KaK npHKpennBinnecfl jin^nHKH, npoxo- flaiD;He CTa^Hio hokoh, b 3tot nepno^ ocTaioTCH Ha MecTe jtame npn 3HaHHTejiBH0M H3MeHeHnn TeMnepaTypHBix ycjioBHH. Fo(|)ep yKa3tiBaeT, ^ito y myKH HMeiOTCH Ha TOJIOBe TO^EKH BOCHpHHTHH TenJia, HO XOJIOflOBBIX TOHeK HaHTH He MOr. OflHaKO, Ihf*!- kob oTMenaeT, hto npn aHecTe3npoBaHHH noBepxHOCTH Tejia pu6 HOBOKaHHOM "He npOHBJIHIOTCH npH3HaKH npOCTy^BI H nopaJKeHHH KOJKH flaJKe HpH O^eHB pe3KHX 124 HACTB UEPBAfl. M0P0»0JI0rHH m ' •I;. Ik TeimepaTypii, n OTcio^a bbibo,e[ht, hto npocTyaa cBH$aHa c soa- Ha HepBHHe OKOHHaHHH kojkh h hto Konsa oSjiaaaeT penenro- BoenpnflTHH noHEBKeHHH TeMnepaTypu, t. e. xojioflOBBiMH toh- paam KaMH. O6p.am;aHCB k CTpoeHHio kokhhx opraHOB hvbctb, OTMeTHM, ^to y none- ohh npe#CTaBJieHBi cjih3hcthmh KaHajiaMH c aMnyjiaftra JIopeHijHnn, (Savische Blaschen); Te h .npyrne o6hjibho pacKH- Ha pHJie (rostrum). AMnyjiH HMeiOT TpySqararft ; BHyTpHHHx ainiTejiHajiBffafl: oSojioHKa <)6pa3yer 6ojiBmne KOHij;eBHe KJieTKH (pnc. 88). Ga- SjiHmKn BCTpenaiOTCfl y Torpedo; ohh np.e,n[- CTaBJIHIOT 3aMKHyTHe-06pa30BaHHfl, H3OJIHpOBaHHBie- ot HapyjKHon cpe^H, h pacnojiaraiOTCfl Ha rostrum pfl^aMH. Hx $opivia — nojiymapo- (pnc. 89). Ohh jiejKaT Ha cyxoHtnjiBHOfl? HJiaCTHHKe, yTOJimeHHOH B BHfle JIHH3OO6pa3HOH IIO- flymKH, qepe3 KOTopyio npoxo^HT HepBHHft ctbo- JIHK. ^yBCTBHTeJIBHBie KJieTKH CHa6?KeHH *iyBCTBH- BOJiocKaMH, pacnojiOH?eHHHMH Kynojio- (cupula terminalis). hohkh h opraHH 0CH3aHHH y ph6- OTJIH^aiOTCfl TOJIBKO MeCTOM pacnOJIOHCeHHfl. 0 p r a h bi 6 o k o Boro lyBCTBa npn- tojibko pBi6aM h aM$n6HHM. B npocTefinieM 6oKOBaa jihhhh npe^cTaBJieHa y HanSojiee- hh3ko opraHH3OBaHHOH aKyjiBi Chlamydoselachus, y KOTopofi ^yBCTBHTejiBHHe opraHH pacnojiaraioTca b rjiy6nHe otkphtoh 6opo3flKH, npoxo^amen Tena ot rojioBH ro xBocTa; Kpan 6opo3,q;KH MJIHIOTCH CHJIOIHHBIM pHflOM KOKKHHX 3y6OB. V CM- maera TaKJKe coxpaHaeTCH 6oKOBan jihhhh ho 6Ka. O^HaKo, y n y KOCTHCTBix, 6opo3AKa jme npeBpam;eHa b= 3aMKHyTHH KaHaji, kotophh coo6in;aeTca c HapyjK- hoh cpeflon pn^oM Hop, pacHOjio^KeHEHX Hepe3 npa- BHjiBHHe npoMejKyTKH. y kocthctbix CHCTeMa nop npo6o,naeT KaJK^yio qemyio no 6okoboh jihhhh, OTKpuBaflCB BHyTpeHHHM kohd;om b oSihhh npo- flOJIBHBIH KaHaji, BHCTJiaHHHH aHHTeJIHeM, B KO- TOpOM pa36pOCaHBI ^yBCTBHTeJIBHBie HOHKH, OflH- C KOJKHBIMH. KaHaJI BHHOJIHeH CJIH3BK>7 opraHBi CHa6?KaioTCfl BeTO^iKaMH ot ramus lateralis n. vagi (pnc. 90 HOKa3BiBaeT nonepe^HHH pa3pe3 ^epe3 Ka- Haji Sokoboh jihhhh ajieKTpn^ecKoro cKaTa). . BoKOBan jihhhh He orpaHH^HBaeTCH 6oKaMH Tejia, ho npoAOJin^aeTCH n Ha rojiOBy. O,zniaKo, 3^ecB oHa 3ajieraeT 6ojiee rjiy6oKo, ^eM Ha Tejie h HHor^a npeflCTaBJieHa b BHfle pH^oB KpyHHHX, c 6yjiaBO^Hyio rojiOBKy, nop (rojiOBHBie nopn) hjih Hte mho- rO^HCJieHHBIMH MeJIKHMH OTBepCTHHMH. OcHOBHBancB Ha paSoTax rjiaBHBiM o6pa3owr 3HKrPa$aj mojkho ycTaHO- bhtb, ^to caMaa npHMHTHBHaa $opMa opraHOB 6oKOBoro ^yBCTBa npe,q;cTaBJieHa B BHfle qyBCTBHTeJIBHBIX KJieTOK CO HITH^)THKaMH, BH,E(aiOni;HMHCH Ha^ KOJKeH; B TaKOH $OpMe OHH HOHBJIHIOTCH BO BpeMH pa3BHTHH y KOCTHQTHX, a y HeKOTOpHX coxpaHHiOTCH flaiKe b Te^eHHe Been jkh3hh. y MHornx jih^hhok KapnoBHXHa roJioBe MOJKHO 3aMeTHTB He?KHHe HpH^TKH; B OCHOBaHHH 3TH HO^e^KH, HOflflepJKHBaeMHe- onopHHMH aHHTeJinajiBHHMH KJieTKaMH, coo6m;aiOTCfl c HepBHpH bgto^koh. IIoflo6- HHe CBoSoflHHe KOJKHHe o6pa3OBaHHH HaSjiioffaioTca n y B3pocjiHX KOJiiomeK. H30- 6pa?KeHHHe Ha pnc. 91 opraHH Ha XBOCTe rojiBHHa MoryT cjiyjKHTB ^jia pacno3Ha- Pnc. 88. BjieKTpHHecKiitt A Jl schka—cjiHSHCTHtr KaHaji; epz—ero anHTejittft; pro—propria; loa—aai- uyjuia; ka— ee Kancyjia; tez— Tep- MHHaJIbHUe KJieTKH; X --- CTeHKa OitHofi: H8 hitx BCKpuTa; n—HepB; bgf — KpoBeHocHbiS cocyji. (Hs Kpay3e.) . HEPBHAfl CHCTEMA H OPrAHH 125 bo^h. TaKOBH me oprami, onucaHHHe M. M. MemKOBHM Ha jihhhhkh necRap'H Gobio (pnc. 92). sc/i? i Phc. 89. Torpedo ocellata. CaBHineBa Ha pocTpyMe cnaTa. schl—- cjiHSHCTaa tkeihb rostrum; sepl— cyxoatHJitHaH miacTHHua; n—HepB; bgf— KpOBe- hochhA cocyH; ep—anirrejiina OjimiiKH; step—HyBCTBirreJibHBifi anHTejiirfi c TyBCTBHTeJibHHMH (siz) iH'onopHHMH (stz) KjieTKaMH; cute—cupula terminalis; bapl — 6a3anBHaH miacTHHKa. i(H3 Kpayae). $opMa Sokobhx opraHOB o6bi^ho He coxpaHHeTca bo B3pocjioM co- ctohhhh; b 9tom cjiynae opraHH, no^oSHHe tojibko ^to onncaHHHM, 3aJieraioT b rjiySnBie OTKptiToro ?Kejio6Ka. HaKOHen;, TpeTLH, o6mepacnpocTpaHeHHafl $opMa — b BH,q;e c^opMnpoBaHHOH Sokoboh jihhhh; 3flecB HMeeTca yjKe ajihhhhbe KaHaji, co- o6m;aion];HHCii Ha paBHHx paccTOHHHHX rrpy6oTiKaMH c HapyiKHon cpe^oft (pnc-. 93). stz sti ep lame 7L' stpl Phc. 90. 3jieKTpnqecKHft cnaT. KaHan 6oKOBOft jihhhh b xboctoboh mojkho 6tpi— onopHan miacTHHKa; bame— GasanBHan nepenoHKa; ep— BnHTenHft; ftn— TyBCTBHTeJii»HHe noHKH; siz—HyBCTBHrejiBHue KJiexKH; • stz—onopHtie KJieTKH;. sti — IHTH$THKH HyBCTBHTeJIbHHX KTCTOK; bgf— KpOBeHOCHMfi COCyHJ n----HepBHBE& CTBOHHK. ,(Hs Kpayse.) ' . v KaSajiOB SokoboS: jihhhh Ha rojioBe BecBMa xapaKTepHo. 3ne'c& cjieflyioni;He ocHOBHHe KaHanH (pnc. 94); Ha,nrjia3HHqHHH, CHa6- ramus superficialis ophthalmicus n. VII; noflrjiasHBraaHH, HHHepBnpye- ¦ V ^ Ttm i> Ls 126 HACTB IIEPBAfl. r. buccalis (a no Epn#?Ky, TaKJKen r. oticus) Toro me nepBa; rHOMaHflk6yjiHp- hbih hjih onepKyjio-MaHflH^yjiflpHHfi — r. oticus n. VII h BeTBHMH n. X (ByH#ep); hjih, no Bpn^JKy, r. mandibularis externus n. VII. Bee bth KaHaJiu eme flOnOJIHHTeJIBHBIMH KOMMHCCypaMH. ": y cejr&flen HeT Sokoboh jihhhh, ho Ha rojiOBe B3aMeH ee pa3BHTa. rycTan cencMOceH3opHHX KaHaJiOB, npn/jaiomafl KpHmeraBiM kocthm paflnaJiBHyio Piic. 91. XBOCiOBoii KOHen rojibHHa c cupulae cbo6oji;h&ix 6yropKOB. (H3 ^HKrpa^a no B) ii ii I ». IlyTeM HHT>eKipra TymBio $. TpeTBHKOB (1938) ycTaHOBHJi, *rro bto cen- CMOceH3opHBie KaHajiH o6BiHHoro Tnna, ho fljia ceJiB^eBHX oh oTMe^ae' CKyio oco6eHHOCTB ycTponcTBa, HMeHHo, Hajin^ne bhco^hoh KaMepBi, b cTeHKe qepena, b ocHOBaHnn nocT^poHTajiBHon kocth. Kaaiepa" 9Ta coo6in,aeTCH c HaflrjiasHH^iHBiM KaHaJiOM. Ha jijse KaMepH 3aMeTeH 6yropoK, —BepxHHH CTeHKa HHiKHefl SyjiJiBi, kocthoh KaMepH #jih BMemeHHH OTpocTKa HJiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3Hpa. IIo MHeHHio TpeTBHKOBa, rycTaa ceTB KaHajios b oSjiacTH tojiobh c^ejiajia H3Jinni- Hen SoKOByio jihhhio y OHa b npoitecce 8BOJiioq;HH coxpaHHHCB HHor^a jihhib Ha nep- bhx Hemyax. FojioBHHe KaHajiBi nopoio 6bi- BaioT 3aKJiio^eHBi b TOHKne, KaK 6bi 6yMa?KHHe kocto^ikh, KOTopHe mo- ryT ocTaBaTBca o6oco6jieHHHMH hjihf CJIHBaTBCff BMeCTe C COCeflHHMBC KOCTHMH. y HeKOTOpHX pH6, OCO- 6eHHO jKHBymnx Ha 6ojibihhx rjiy- jibi HacTOJiBKo pacninpeHBi, a OKpy- jKaiomne nx kocto^kh tohkh, hto BecB qepen MarKHM h ryS^aTHM (Hanp. Melam- phaes beani). OpraHH 6okobo:to> qyBCTBa, HecoMHeHHo, o^eHB ,npeB- Hero npoHcxoTKfleHHH; hmh 6hjih straci, Antiarchi h Arthrodira. Hx HCHO M05KH0 pa3JIH1HTB Ha TOJIOBe Hemicyclospis murchisoni. (h3' Ge- phalaspidae BepxHero cnjiypa h ^e- BOHa), y Coccosteus, Climatiusr Mesacanthus (Acanthodii): GncTeMa 6okoboh jihhhh ctoht b cbh3h c cjiyxoBBiM opraHOM, ot Koero n otxo^ht Bee rjiaBHHe ctbojih. Ha3HaneHHe 6okoboh jihhhh — bochphhthh KOJie6aHHfi hh3koh opraHOB SoKOBoro *iyBCTBa pn6a omymaeT ^BH?KeHHe bojih Ha cjihihht .nBHTKeHne flpyroH ph6h hjih flofonn, onpe^ejifleT Ha CBoeM nyTH npenaTCTBHH, nyBCTByeT npH6jiH?KeHHe k CKajie hjih KaKOR npe^MeTy, fl[aJKe He npHKacaacB k HeMy, a omynjaa H3MeHeHne oSpaTHoro Ha opraHH; bto #aeT bo3mo?khoctb pn6e opneHTnpoBaTBCH cpe^n npenHTCTBHH n: Phc. 92. OpraHH qyBCTB Ha rojiOBe jihhhhkh nec- napn, Gobio gobio. (IIo M. MeuiKOBy.) VI. HEPBHAH CMGTEMA H OPrAHH HYBCTB 127 - h BJieHHeM BOflH onpefl;ejieHHOH flaiKe b mvthoh BO«e, flHeM h hohbh) 6e3pa3JiH*iH0. OflHaKo, Henocpes- CTBeHHOe npHKOCHOBeHHe H flaBJieHHe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHfl rjiy6HHH 3THMH: He omymaeTca. ' >. H 3a HHM IHTeHHMaH yCTaHOBHJIH, ^TO OpraHBI 60K0B0H JIHHHH BO36y- CTpyHMH BOflBI H onpe^ejieHHoro HanpaBjxeHHH, BOCHpHHHMaeMBIMH Hepe3 CJIH3B, HanojiHHioni;yio KaHajiti h nopu 6okoboh jihhhh. Opnni n HTreTTep noKa3ajiH, ^to 3ByKOBBie KOJie6a- HHH eH) He BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH. ByH- Hameji, *ito ocjienjieHHaa b aKBapnyMe n ycnenmo nporjiaTHBajia ee, ho nocjie pa3pynieHHH opraHOB 6okoboh jihhhh rajiBBaHOKayTepoM jinmajiacB 3toh chocoShocth, xoth h npo^ojiJKajia jkhtb 4 fljlfl BOCnpHHTHfl fl;BH3KeHHfl oco6eHHO BamHyio pojiB nrpaioT y xhiuhhx pBi6 nopH (hmkh) Ha ro- jiOBe, CTOJiB oSnjiBHBie .y ni;yKH, yrpa, HajiHMa. ^HKrpa^) h Fojibct H3MepHJin ^eficTBHe CTpyn H3 nnneTKH Phc. 93. CxeM. pa3pe3 JIHHHH) ptl6H. 6oko s.oc s.o rjia- 3aMH Co— KopnyM; E-p— annnepMHC; n— HepB; Sch— ne- Sk~ 6oKOB(H3KKio5L?o~3™ncT)BHTeJII>HIlie KJieTKH' Ha onpe^ejieHHHe to^kh Tejia, onpeflejiaa nopor pa3^;pa?KeHHH Ha rojiBHHe no HBHH?eHHK) HJiaBHHKOB. GrpyH H3 HHHeTKH C OTBepCTHeM 0.7 MM CO CKOpOCTBK) 2.5 CM3 b MHHyTy Ha paccTOHHHH 1 cm BH3HBajia 3aMeTHyio peaKn;Hio y 3fl;opoBOH ph6h, a npn BHKJiio^eHHH 6okoboh jihhhh — tojibko CTpyH 20 cm3 b MHHyTy OpraHBi 3 p e h h h. Fjia3a mhkchh, b 3HaHHTejiBHOH cTeneHH , HBjiHiOTCfl HanSojiee hphmhthbhbimh ; cHapyiKH ohh coBceM He3aMeTHBi. Fjia3Hoe h6jioko Ky6Koo6pa3HOH $opMH OKpymeHO cKJiepon, jinmeHHon MeHTa. Hh xpycTajiHKa, hh 060J10HKH, hh cTeKJioBH^Horo Tejia y Bdellostoma rjia3a cHapy?KH ; oflHaKO, ko?e n jinmeHa jiHH3ono^o6Hoe Tejio; cKJiepa, rjia3, He o6pa3yeT 3aMeT- hoh poroBHn;H; TeM He MeHee coxpa- hhjihcb ocTaTKH peTHHBi, chorioidea n. Tejia. Bee bto hchq o npoHcxoH?fl;eHHH: MHKCHH OT Spfl^HX Hpe^KOB. JIh^hhkh MHHor, necKopofiKH, Am- mocoetes, hmciot poBepnieHHO pyjpi- MeHTapHBie rjia3a, cKpHTBie no^ KO?KeH. y HHX HeT HH pOrOBHHH, HH CKJiepH7 h BecB rjia3 coctoht H3 rjia3HOH ^a- ihh h xpycTajiHKa. HaoSopoT, rjia3 B3pocjiOH MHHorn nocTpoeH HopMajiB- ho. ^B OTJinqne ot npo^inx jkhbothbix rJia3 pbi6bi HMeeT ajuinncoHflajiBHyio $opMy n cHaSjKeH hjiockoh poroBHp,eH^ PacnojiaraacB Ha "pa3HBix CTopoHax tojiobh, rjia3a pbiSbi npncnocoSjieHH k mo- 3peHHK> BCJieflCTBHe TOrO, ^TO HiapOBHflHHH XpyCTaJIHK BnepeR, k caMOH poroBnn,e, b rjia3 npoHHKaiOT Jiynn He tojibko ho TaKHte CBepxy h c 6okob; noaTOMy nojie 3peHHH ph6h BecBMa oSmnpHo. Phc. 94. OpraHH 6okoboh jihhhh Ha rojiOBe io — HH$paop5iiTajibHbiH KaHaji; 1. c. — 6oKOnoii KaHan; op. m. — >onepKyJio-MaHmi6yjiHpHHii (rHOMaHHwOyjinpHMii) KaHaji; s. o. c.— cynpa-op6n- TanbHaH KOMMHCCypa; s. t.—cynpaTeMnopajitHan BeTBb; t. t. — Tpy6bHKii, cooOmaromne ' KaHaji c Hapyaraoii cpeaoii. (H3 Konb no Epnn>K.) / ,- <"&v ' •:.---'-- 128 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH li H IN li BMecTe c RBHateHHeM rjia3, yroji 3penna oxBaTHBaeT no ropH3OHTaJin 166— 170°, a no BeprnKajra okojio 150°; noaTOMy 6nHOKyjiapHoe 3peHne bo3mo?kho b oneHB orpaHH^eHHOM nojie (Hess). IIojioJKeHHe rjia3 cjiyjKHT b btom hhh onpeflejiaion^HM $aKTopoM. y HeKOTOpHX pbl6 KOJKHHe nOKpOBbl B BHfle HpO3paHHOH TOJICTOH HJieHKH MOPyT HaJieraTB Ha rjia3a, 0T*iacTH 3aKpHBaa nx cnepe/nr h C3a#n h ocTaBJiaa CBo6oflHyio mejib nocpeflHHe. TaKne ?KnpoBbie bckh CBOHctBeHHH Alosa, Caspialosa, Mugil. HeKOTopue aKyjibi, KaK Carcharias, Mustellus, o6jiaflaioT TpeTbHM ho^bedkhhm BeKOM b nepe#HeM yrjiy rjia3a, MnraTejiBHoii nepenoHKOfi. GBoeo6pa3Hoe 3an^nr- Hoe npncnocoSjieHHe rjia3a oTMe^eHo y Cottusgobio h Nemachilus barbatulus; y hhx poroBOH o6ojio^kh OT^ejiaeTca ot 3aflHeS iipoMejKyTKOM, Hanoji- ateTca KaK 6bi noffo6ne o^kob, 3a^Hin;aioinHX rjia3. PaccMOTpnM cTpoeHne rjra.3a kocthcthx ph6. Fjia3Hoe hSjioko o^eTo Monniofi CKJiepoH, CHapyjKH — coe^HHHTejiBHOTKaHHOfi, BHyTpn — xpan^eBos; cnepe^n CKJiepa nepexo#HT b poroByio oSojio^Ky, cornea; HapyjKHHH annTejinn, ofleBaio- porosyio o6ojioTiKy, nepexo#HT b annreJinH koh^iohrthbh, KOTopaa o6pa3yeT BOKpyr rjia3a. rjia3a argentea h chorioidea; nocneAHaa CHa6?KeHa, UL/UUt/iixlLF H ocl/^xldVl \Jlf\K5JxK5 XifXaoa^ XV1UIII,n.\Jxl i»ur;^yin v\ i t-;./i hi-iti rrvri h hum ^ UU1 dlUJa. L»UUY supra chorioidea; argentea cjiomeHa HecKOJibKHMH cjiohmh hjiockhx kjictok, KpncTajuiH ryaHHHa, KOTopue npn^aioT en CBbeo6pa3- MaTOBbiH 6jiecK. K argentea b ocHOBaHHH rjia3a npHMbrcaeT xopnon^Haa a?e- Jie3a, glandula chorioidalis, npncymaa tojibko kocthcthm pH6aM n HeKOTOpHM ra- ro HepBa, nocTeneHHO yTOH^aioniHMca b flHCTajibHOM HanpaBJieHHH. Gio^a KpoBeHOCHBie cocy^H; flajiee BHyTpb ot xophoh^hoh H?eJie3H pacnojiaraeTca cocy- jpccTaa o6ojio^Ka, vasculosa n choriocapillaris. nepBaa H3 hhx, Hapajry c KpoBe- HOCHHMH COCy#aMH, COfljepJKHT HHrMeHTHHe KJieTKH C HrjI006pa3HHMH KpHCTaJI- [, Tor^a KaK nocJieflHaa — tojibko KannjuiapH, npoHcxo^an^He ot 3thx cocy- (pnc. 95). KHapymn chorioidea nocTeneHHO nepexo^HT b paffyatHyio o6ojio^Ky, iris, KOTopaa o6pa3yeT He^TO Bpoae ^Ha^parMH c spa^KOM, pupilla, nocpe^HHe; b hcm noMem;aeTca xpycTajiHK. GaMaa BHyrpeHHaa oSojio^Ka—ceTiaTaa, hjih peiHHa, h kojiSo^kh. AKKOMO^ai^Ha rjia3a flocTnraeTca flBHJKeHneM Bcero KOTopHH CBepxy no^BenieH Ha ligamentum suspensorium; HHH«Haa xpycTajiHKa npn aKKOMO,nan;HH OTTarnBaeTca Ha3a^ noMom;bio m. retractor lentis; ajih aKKOMO^aitHH cjiyjKHT cepnoBH#HHH OTpoeTOK, processus falciformis, npnjieraeT k xpycTajiHKy nocpeflCTBOM campanula Halleri (xpycTajiHKO- Munmbi), spyrHM K0H^0M npHKpenjiaacb k o6ojiOHKaM TJia3a 6jih3 Bxofla 3pn- HepBa. GepnoBif^HHH otpoctok OTcyTCTByeT y aKyji h «a?Ke y HeKOTopHx KQCTHCTbix. y hhx aKKOMOAan;Ha npoH3Bo^HTca npn homod^h pecHHiiHoro Tejia, 3a- jieraromero b BH^e 3aMeTHoro yTOJimeHHa b MecTe nepexo^a chorioidea b iris. rjia3a BbinojiHeHa CTeKJiOBHflHbiM TeJiOM, coctohihhm h3 TOH^afimnx [. XpycTajiHK noflftepjKHBaeTca npn noMom;H tohkhx bojiokoh zonula •ciliaris. B npnce HMeiOTca rjia#Kne MHnre^Hwe BOJiOKHa, o6pa3yioni;He musculns sphincter iridis; o^HaKO, choco6hoctb c^KHMaTb spa^iOK y ph6 BbipaH?eHa o^eHB •cjia6o; Bnpo^eM, y yrpa npn flencTBHH cBeTa o6HapyH«HBaeTca 3paTiK0BHH pe$jieKC (Studnitz, 1933). y KpyrjiopoTHX, no Mo3JKefiKO, peTmia co^epiKHT tojibko o^hh" koji6otikh, 6e3 i. O^HaKO, Kpay3e c*raTaeT, hto b ceT^aTKe MHHorn HMeiOTca n najioHKH; h ho ohh pasjiEraaioTca tojibko ho $opMe, ho He no CTpoeHHio; Kojin^e- pemHTejibHO npeoSjia^aiOT kojiSo^kh, Tor^a KaK najio^eK 3HaiiHTejibHO MeHbme. ' B peTHHe kocthcthx HMeiOTca h kojiSo^ikh, h najio1!!^, npn^ieM y puS jnieBHHX koji^o^tkh, y Ro6HBaion];Hx nnm;y b cyMepKH n ho^bio — H3o6HJiyH)T c: TaK, y HajiHMa Hacv«raTbiBaeTCH 260 najio^eK Ha Toft ,me njion^ajni, m;yKH mvieeTca Bcero 18. Ha cBeTy cocToaHne peTHHH H3MeHaeTca; .1 ; "; } *~ VI. HEPBHAfl CHCTEMA H OPrAHH *iyBCTB 129 k CBeTy; HaoSopoT, b cyMepKH k CBery cflBHraiOTCH B HHttraeH TpeTH ceT^aTKH, Ky^a na^aioT 6ojiee cnzibHHe Jiynn CBepxy, mhojto koji- 6oOJIOrHfl is V. Ky6HKOo6pa3HBi& BHfl, co6pan b o6jiacTH Ha3afl, a OTp 0 CTKH BBITflHy TBI. 3pHTeJiBHHH: nypnyp JierKO oSHapyjKH-rB y jiema, npoflepjKaB ero b TeneHne hcckojibkhx nacoB b TeamoTe; OTpe3aB roJiOBy n orapenapiipoBaB rjia3- Hoe hSjioko npn KpacHOM CBeTe, mojkho hcho ssm&n» KpacHyio OKpacKy, KOTopan Ha CBeTy. 3pnTeJiBHHa: nypnyp, noBHflHMOMy, HEjiaeTCfl npon3Bo,HHBiM . Yojifl (1937) o6Hapy?KHJi, hto b ceTHaTKe npecHOBo#HBix ph6 co- He o6bihhbih 3pHTejiBHBin nypijyp (po,noncHH), a npoH3Bo^Hoe p A2 — nop$nponcHH. ^nponcEDsa h pofloncnna. Ha cseTy pofloncEH pac- Toro nBeTa n npoTenH: hx GMecB o6pa3yeT «3pHTeJiB- HBIH JKeJITBlfi» KlOHa, BocnpuHHMaiOT jih pH- I jih, hto pa3JiHHeHne St.A Phc. 96. BBe najio^KH na- na- St. A. — HapyjKHHH bqikh; St. E.— jiohkh; St. K. — HHpo ; Z. A.--- Hapy>KHBIH HJieHHK KOJl- C Z. E.--- 3JTJIHIIC0HH KOJI- Z. K.— HHpo nypnyp coctoht H3 CMecn nop-; ! B. Phc. 97. CeT^aTan o6ojioMKa Jiema: A — Ha CBeTy, B—b Hoxe. (H3 Opnma.) Z—kojiSohkh; ZE—ajijinncoHH kojiOo^kh; ZM—mhohh ZK— Hjipo kojiOohkh; ZA—HapywHUii ineHHK koji6o4kh, aK sepHHCTHii cjiofi (flRpa najione«); St—nanoiKH; Mi — memhrana limitans externa; PK—Hflpa nHnaeHTHoro snvciennH; p — HepHHfit b A— nnraieHT h ryaHHH TecHO CMemaHH. CBeT riajiaeT do- tob b BOfle HeBO3MO?KHo? MexaHH^ecKH nepeHocH HejioBe^ecKne BocnpHHTHH Ha B oniiTax Tecca, npn ocBem;eHHH aKBapnyivia pa3HHMH jiynaiviH cneKTpa ph6h co- 6npajiHCB b 3ejieHOM CBeTe, ^jih jiro^en c i^BeTOBoa cjienoTon HanSojiee cbctjiom (BMecTO mejiToro — rjih. HopMajiBHoro 3peHHH). OTCiofla Fecc BHBOflHJi, hto phSbi He BocnpnHHMaioT i^BeTOB. OflHaKO, 3th 3aKJiioHeHHH ohihSo^hh. - HCHHeT, HCXOflH H3 nepBH^HOfit aCHMMCTpHH TyjIOBHma; OHa HaHHHaeTCfl C 06pa30r BaHHfl neTejiB KHme^mnKa, 3aTeM cjspwaeHmi pTa h acHMMeTpnn ^epena. Ilepe- MemeHHe rjia3a oSycjioBjieHO THron rjia3Horo MycKyjia (Thjijio). B to BpeMH KaK y 6ojiBmHHCTBa ph6 .EfBH^eHHaf rjia3 KOop^nHnpoBaHH, n 06a rjia3a ^BHHtyTCH b o^HHaKOBOM HanpaBjieHHH, KaM6aJiBi, c hx chjibho >:«' I 132 qACTB nEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl rjia3aMH, o6jia,naiOT chocoShoctbio flsnraTB rjia3aMH He3aBHCHM0 cgpar ot gipyroro, h tojibko npn pe3K0M BHHMaTejiBHOM Ha6jiio#eHHH noflBHJKHoro npe/jMeTa 06a rjia3a #BH?KyTCfl o#HHaKOBo. Eojih npaBBin rjia3 3aMenaeT Bnepejpi njiBiBymnji oh cjie,uyeT 3a ero flBHJKeHneM #o onpe#ejieHHoro yrjia, nocjie ^ero o6a HatraHaiOT cJie#HTB 3a him, a Kor.ua npaBBra rjia3 CKJioHaeTCfl Ha3a;n, jieBBia fl KpyTOH noBopoT Ha-180° h o,hhh BHnojiHHeT oSparaoe flBHJKeHne (IIIeHpHHr). B CBH3H C mapOBHAHOCTBH) XpyCTaJIHKa BCe PH6H KpaHHe 6jIH3OpyKH. Hx HC- Hoe 3peHne e,o;Ba jih npeBHinaeT 1m, a npn aKKOMOflannn rjia3a c xpycTajiima noMomBio cepnoBH^Horo OTpocTKa k ceTnaTKe —rjia3 Ha paccTOHHne, He npeBBimaiomee 10—12 m. 3to, HOBH^nMOMy, CTH 3peHHH pBl6BI. AKyJIBI, JIHmeHHHe Ha3BaHH0r0 OTpOCTKa, BECflTHMO, JIHDjeHBI B03M0mH0CTH npHCHOCoSHTB TJia3 H Ha TaKOe paCCTOHHHe. ripH CpaBHHTeJIBHO Ma- JlOfi npO3paHHOCTH BOflBI ^aJTBHO3OpKOCTB flJIH pH6 H He HBJIHeTCfl CooTBeTCTBeHHO 3aKOHaM npeJiOMJieHHH CBeTOBHX jiyHen, npe^MeTH, innecfl b BO3^yxe, KaJKyTCH pH6e BBime, tcm Ha caMOM .nejie; ctohhi;hh: Ha 6epery ^enoBeK npeflCTaBJiaeTCH eS bhchihhm b B03fl;yxe, n6o no^ MajiHM yrjroM npejiOM1 jieHHH npe^MeTH efi coBceM HeBH^HMBr. Jlyqn, HaKJiOHeHHBie k ropn3OHTy MeHee 481/2°, BOBce He bbixo#ht H3 bo^bi h nejiHKOM OTpaJKaiOTCH BHyTpB; cjie^OBaTejiBHO, pn6a MOJKeT BH^eTB npe^MeTBi b BO3^yxe tojibko b tom cjiy^ae, ecjin Jiy^ra o6pa3yiOT yroJi 6ojiee 48Vo0* HecMOTpn Ha cJio?KHoe npejioMJieHne Jiy^en, nepexoflHin;Hx H3 o^hoh cpe^H b gpyryio, pH6a .— cTpejiOK, Toxotes efaculator, npeBocxo^Ho npncnocoSjiHeTbfl bbi- 6pBi3rnBaeM0H KanejiBKon bo^h c6nBaTB ch#hihhx na Ha^BOflHBix pacTeHHHX BO3flyin- HBIX HaCeKOMBIX. OpraHH cjiyxa. OpraH cjiyxa ph6 cooTBeTCTByeT BHyTpeHHeMy yxy BBicnrax jkhbothbix. B npocTeHmeM BH^e oh npe#cTaBjieH y mhkchh, y kotopbix HMeeTCH JIHIHB BHTflHyTBIH: Hy3HpeK, 6e3 SaCCUluS, C OpHM BepTHKaJIBHHM,HOJiy- Kpy/KHHM KaHajiOM, cHaSateHHHM Ha KayK,noM KOHn;e no o^hoh aMnyjie; HajiBrane Ha oflHOM KaHajie flByx aMnyji noKa3HBaeT, hto 3flecB, no cymecTBy, npoH3onuio BTopn^Hoe cjinflHHe flByx nojiyKpy?KHBix KaHajiOB b o^hh. 0TX0flHin;HH ot ny3HpBKa ductus endolymphaticus OKaH^HBaeTCH cjieno. MnHorn npe^cTaBJiHioT ^aJiBHemnHEi mar b pa3BHTHH BHyTpeHHero yxa; y hhx y?Ke hcho mojkho pa3JiHHHTB b npe^BepHH #Ba OT^ejia — vestibulum n sacculus. Ot npeflABepna otxo^ht ^Ba BepTn#ajiBHBix nojiyKpy^HBix KaHajia, canales semi- circulares, n Ha KaJK^OM H3 hhx ho o^hoh p MHHOrH HaCTHHHO nOKpHT peCHH^HtlM BnHTeJIHeM; MeCT OKOH'iaHHfi HepBOB---- : ;n;Be crista, no o^HOii b KajKfloft aMnyjie, TpH macula — Tain me h b sacculus, h ^sa papilla— b sacculus h b «op3ajii>HOM xo,o;e. Maculae h papillae CHa6«KeHH otokohhhmh, niapoBHflHHMH H3- KOHKpeu;HHMH, KOTopbie b sacculus cnHBaiOTCH b 6ojiee KpynHHfi otojiht. Han6ojiee ycj;oH?HeHHHH annapaT hmciot HacTOHmne ph6h. y hhx nepenoH^a- tbih jiaSnpHHT, flrocTHraiomHH HCKJiiOHHTeJiBHO SojiBiHOH BejiEraHHBi, 3ajieraeT b xpHmeBOH hjih KocTHofi KaMepe b yrjiySjieHHH qepenHOH KancyjiBi; oh coctoht H3 flByx nacTen: BepxHeft, utriculus, h HHJKHen, sacculus; nocjieflHHH H3 hhx eme CHa6?KeHa MemKOo6pa3HHM bbipoctom, lagena. Ot utriculus b Tpex B3aHMHqnep- neH^HKyjinpHBix hjiockocthx oTxojjflT Tpn noJiyKpyjKHHX KaHajia, flBa BepTHKajiB- HHX H OflHH rOpH3OHTaJIBHHH J Ha OflHOM KOHE[e Ka^KflOrO H3 HHX HaXOflHTCH aM- nyjia. N. acusticus, bxojjh b JiaSupuHT, pa3t>HBaeTCH Ha ^Be bctbh, pocTpajiBHyio h Kayp;ajitHyio; nepBaa H3 hhx nejiHTCH Ha Tpn, BTopan Ha neT&ipe BeTOHKH, oSecneHHBaiomHe ceML MecT HepBHtix OKOHHaHHH: Tpn crista acustica b aMnyjiax; macula acustica Ha ffHe recessus utriculae; macula neglecta b ductus utriculo-saccularis; b cTeHne sacculus h, HaKOHen, b papilla lagenae. Bee *iacTH nepenoH^iaToro JiaSnpnHTa 3anonHeHH 9H,nojinM<|>OH; npoMe^KyTOK MejK^y nepenoH^aTHM jia6npnHTOM n BHemHen KaMepoH 3anojiHeH nepHjiHM$OH. Ductus endolymphaticus, nexoflflmnn H3 sacculus, OKaH^HBaeTCH y ph6 cjieno, ho y aKyji n cKaTOB oh oTKpBiBaeTcn Ha ^epene oco6bim OTBepcTneM n coo6m;aeTCfl c HapymHOH cpeflOH. y Dipnoi (Protopterus) 9HflOJiHM$aTH^ecKHe cnHycBi VI. HEPBHAJl CHCTEMA H OPrAHBI 133 Ha MHoroHHCJieHHHe cjienBje MO3roM (pnc. 84). nrpaioT cymecTBeHHyia pojiB b ycTaHOBjieHHH paBHOBe- chb h npasHJiBHOH KOop,ipiHai^HH ^BHjKeHHft. Btoh me ijejra cjiyjKaT n HaxoflflmnecH- b JiaSnpnHTe cjiyxoBBie KaMemKH, hjih otojihtbi: hx HMeeTcn c Ka?Kflofi ctopohbi no Tpn: caMHH^KpyiiHHH H3 hhx oSbihho 6HBaeT sagitta, 3aJieraioiri;HH b sacculus; hm 6 eaejieimfl BO3pacTa, xoth s;jih toS me n;eJiH 6hjih ,— asteriscus b lagena x la lapillus — b utriculus. 6bi npnroflHBi h JIhhib y HeMHornx pBi6 aste- riscus" npesocxoflHT pa3Mepa- mh carnTTy. OopMa h Bejra- otojihtob BecBMa xapaK- n HHorna HMeiOT cncTe- B.C. s.e. OTOJIHT y 6OJIBIHHH- CTBa KOCTHCTBIX JieJKHT B saC- culus — 3to sagitta. HaoSo- pOT, .y Polypterus, Amia, Characinidae, Gyprinidae, Gymnotidae — caMBin Kpyn- am>- hbih jicjkht b lagena. Boo6m;e y Ostariophysi KpynHBin oto- jIht pacnojiosKeH c3a,n;H, a Ma- jieHBKHfi — cnepe,n;H. TeM He MeHee Ghaine et Duvergier (1934) Ha3HBaK>T 6ojibhioh otojiht Kapnoo6pa3HHX ca- THTTOH. HyBCTBO paBHOBe- cia npnypo^eHO k pHHTy. IlpH ,C[BH5KeHHH b onpe,n;ejieHHOM HanpaBJieHnn B ^BH?KeHHe 9HflO- TOJIBKO B OflHOM nO- H 3TO BOC- npHHHMaeTCH HepBHHMH OKOH- HaHHHMH b aMnyjie; npn Ha- KJIOHeHHH TeJia B CTOpOHy ffBH- 3hji;ojihm$bi 3aTparn- h flpyroH nojiyKpyjKHHH h aivrayjiy (Teopna Max- Bpenepa). M3BecTHaH pojiB h Ha otojihtbi; o^HaKO, 3fl;ecB He nponcxo^HT MexaHH^ecKoro nepe- CJiyxoBBix KaMemKOB, KaK flyaiajin npe^^e, ho npocTO H3MeHHeTCH Ha 3HflojiHM$y co ctopohbi OTOJiHTa (BepHep). Ilocjie onepaTHBHoro ysa- y rojiBHHa utriculus BMecTe c nojiyKpyjKHBiMH KaHajiaMH (OpHm) pH6a paBHOBecHH h He Morjia 6ojiee npaBHJiBHO opneHTHpoBaTBCH npn ; OHa SojiBmeio qacTBio jie?Kajia Ha 6oKy, nopoio Ha cnnHe hjih 6pioxe. , 3pHHne pbi6bi BCKope Hay^ajincB npaBHJiBHO HJiaBaTB npn noMomn rjia3; 3aTO ocjienjieHHHe ph6bi 6ojiee He Morjin BoccTaHOBHTB yTpa^eHHoro ^yBCTsa paB- pa3pymeHHH HH?KHeH ^acrn jiaSnpnHTa HapymeHHH paBHOBecHH He m.c. Phc. 98. CjiyxOBoii opran pw5. (Ha PeTu,nyca a Bh- ft) A — THniriHHft ji;jih ph6m; B — mhkchhu; C — xnMepu; D —: OKy- hh; a. c. — nepeHHHft KaHan; am', am", am'"— aninyjiH; am. n.— HepB, HHynjHii b ainnyjiH; c—nonyKpyjKHHH KaHaji y mhkchhh; d. e— ductus endolympliaticiis; h. c.— ropH30HTajibHBoi KaHaji; I—lagena; m. c. — macula acustica; m.s. — macula acustica sacculi; n— HepB; o— HapyatHoe OTBepcTHe aHnoJiHM$aTiraeCKQro KaHajia; p.. c. — sajtHnii KaHaji; S— sacculus; s. e. — ^inus endo- lymphaticus; sfe—noBepxHoCTHEH Koma; s.s. — sinus superior; u—utriculus; VIII—cjiyxoBoii HepB. p H3MeHeHHH nojio?KeHHfl TeJia rjia3a oTBe^aioT noBopoTOM b p Hyio CTopoHy, KaK 6h cTpeMHCB coxpaHHTB no bo3mo?khocth nepBOHa^ajiBHoe no- jiOH?eHHe. 3tot pe^jieKC coxpaHneTCH n npn nepepe3ke 3pnTejiBHoro HepBa n OTji;ejTe sacculus. 134 t *IACTB nEPBAff/ MOPOOJIOrHfl Mi' tojibko nocjie #ByxcTopoHHero y#ajieHHH hhtkhhx otojihtob, xoth 6bi lapil- lus b utricuius a ocxaBajica HeBpeflHM. Bee 9to CBH#eTejiBCTByeT, hto b TyBCTBe noMHMo nojiyKpyjKHHX KaHajioB, hmciot 3naH:eHHe h otojihth. KacaeTCH cjiyxa, KaK TaKOBoro, to o HeM mojkho c#ejiaTB oieflyioiHHe. 3a- . Pbi6bi coBepmeHHO jimneHBi yjiHTKH 11, KaK 06m.ee npaBHJio, mojkho npn- , hto pBi6a He cjibuhht 3ByKOB. OieHB pesKtie KOJie6anHH, Bpo^e BHCTpejia, B3pBiBa, y^apa o Bo#y, BOcnpnHHMaiOTCH KaK tojiiok oTOJiHTaMH h opraHaMH 6oko- boh jihhhh; chjibhbih: toji^ok omejiOMJifleT hjih name ySaBaei pH6y Ha paccTOHHHH ( pbi6bi). , H3 9Toro. o6mero npaBHjia ecTB h HCKJiioqeHHjT. Gomob jiobht Ha kjiok, kjiokoboh jioh?koh CBoeo6pa3HBie a.bl Phc. 99. ropii3OHTajitHhtft pa3pe3 p ny3biph Pseudophycis bar.hus (Gadidae),. c nnaBaTejibHoro ny3Hpa, npHJieraioman k okhy cjiyxoBOii Kan- ; a.bl— nJiaBaTeJibHHii ny3Bipi>; au. cp — BHeniHHH CTeHKa cjiyxoBoii ; au. cp (enuay) — BHyTpeHHHH nepenoHiaTaa CTeHKa; b— nojiwe njiasaTeJibHoro ny3upn; cp. str— corpora striata; crb— M03me» iok; memb. lab.— nepenOHqaTbift jia60pHHT; olf.l.— oSoHHTejifeHHe i; olf. p—iix hojkkh; op—madepHan nepenoHKa; opt. 1.— spH- hojih; vs. gn.'—vaso-ganglia. (H3 HapKepa.) (Amiurus) pearnpyioT Ha kojiokojibhhk, cbhot h np. — cbohctbo, nocjie 9KCHnpnan.iiH: jiaSnpimTa (FeMnejiB h Manep). HaJiBrane cjiyxa Ba.eTGKFundalus; 6bitb mo?kgt Te H3 pu6, KOTopBie o6jiaAaiOT chocoShoctbio npoii3BO- .Hhtb 3ByKH (Sciaenidae), TaK?Ke MoryT nx h BocnpnHHMaTB, imaHe CTaHOBHTCH He- HOHaTHHM nOHBJieHHe CnOCOSHOCTH 3ByKOnpOH3BO^CTBa B CBH3H C npH6jIH7KeHHeM HepecTOBoro nepno^a. DlTeTTep (Stetter) Hac^HTBiBaeT 33 po^a h 90 bh^ob pBi6, npoH3BOflain;Hx 3ByKH; HHor.ua 3Ta cnocoSnocTB 6BiBaeT npnypo^eHa k oflHOMy nojiy. HecoMHeHHO, ^to chocoShoctb k cnyxoBtiM BocnpHHTHHM, paBHOsna^Haa bhc- ihhm yKHBOTHBiM, rjih. pBi6 ne aiorjia 6bi HMeTB^ 6HOJiornqecKoro 3HaneHHH; cjieflo-, BaTeirBHO, ecjin cjiyx y ph6 cymecTByeT, oh .hojukch 6bitb nocTpoeH iraaqe, ^eM y ^ejioBeKa. Ohbitbi, nocTaBireHHBie OpnineM (1923), a 3aTeM OpnineM n UlTeTTepoM (1932) c ocJiemreHHHMii ronBHHOM h kapnnKOBBiM comom (Amiurus) no BBipa6oTKe yejroBHoro pe^neKca Ha toh onpe,neJieHHOH bhcotbi, npoH3Bo,n[iiMBifi: CTpyHOEt hjih cbhctkom nepe^ BH^a^ieH KopMa, h Ha .npyron toh, nocjie qero pbi6bi nojiy^iajiH y^ap najio^KOH, npHBo#HT k 3aKJiioqeHHio, hto BocnpHHTiie 3ByKOB npoH3BOAHTCfl: HH?KHeH ^acTBio JiaSitpHHTa. y^ajienne BepxHen qacrn jia6npHHTa c utriculus h He npenaTCTByeT ho,ho6hoh flpeccnpoBKe, Tor^a KaK ^."^SS^"-"'-" \ ' s'%'¦- VI. HEPBHAH CHCTEMA H OPTAHBI 135 BKcnnpnanHH HHWKHeft ^acTH jia6HpHHTa c sacculua h lagena ymnro- bo3mo3khoct& .upeccnpoBKH Ha onpeflejieHHHH toh. Ilocjie aKcnnpnannH no- pn6a He BocnpnHHMajia 3ByKOB BBirne'j ^eM 100—150 repit. BecbMa CBoeo6pa3HHM annapaTOM cjijTRwr npflMan hjih nocpe^CTBeHHaH cBH3b y3HpH c jia6npHHTOM. Gbh3b 9Ta MOJKeT 6htb BHpameHa TpeMii cnoco6aMZ. EtepsHfi:, caMEia: npocTofi, — HenocpeflCTBeHHoe conpn- napn cjienHX otpoctkob njiaBaTejitHoro ny3Hpa k nepenoHKe, OTflejiflH)- m nepnjiHM^aTiniecKoe npocTpaHCTBo cjiyxosofi KancyjiH, TaKOBo coeflHHeHHe y MHornx Serranidae, Sparidae, Berycidae, Gadidae, Notopteridae (pnc. 99). BTopofi: thh coeflHHeHHfl npeflCTasjieH y Glupeidae, Engraulidae; asecb okojio- ymHBie iiojiocth otkpbith h MemKOo6pa3HHe cjieHtie otpoctkh miaBaTeJiBHoro ny- 3HpH HenocpeflCTBeHHO conpHKacaiOTca c Jia6npHHTOM. Ho njiaBaTeJiBHH^: ny3BipB He coeffHHHeTCH c cjiyxoBofi Kancyjioft y 6jih3khx k hhm Elopidae, TansKe Albuli- aaug siaua sip xaua ducp laa reue la Phc. 100. IlepenoHqaTBitt i. (H3 Kpay3e.; ap SQH ast Pjhc. 101. JleBbift TtepenoHqaTBift jiaSapnHT c6oKy. t>e—vestibulum; reve—recessus vestibuli; rog—poerpajibHEift; dug—¦ Hapyatmift; kaug — due—ductus endolymphaticus; rog— po- noJiyKpyJKHBie KaHanBi; roa, dua, kaua—hx aMnyjiti; gsch — CTptajiBHHS noJiyKpyjKHHft KaHaji; roa— ero 06m.ee KOJieHO BepTHKajibH&ix KaHajiOB; sisup— sinus superior; aMnyjia; kaug—KayflajibHbra: noJiyKpyatHHtt sip—sinus posterior; ap—appendix; ast—asteriscus; _ KaHaji; kaua—ero aMnyjia;- ducp—ductus safe—sacculus: sag—sagitta; ut—utriculus proprius; rez— canalis posterioris; la—lagena; lag—Ha- recessus utriculi; lap—lapillus. (Ho Kpay3e.) pyjKHbift nojiyKpyJKHBiit KaHaji; laa — ero .... . ainnyjia. ^ \ * dae h flp. TpeTHH thh -^— Han6ojiee cjiojkhbih — coesinieHHe npn nocpeflCTBe Be6e- poscKoro annapaTa,.noMom;Bio pa^a KOCTO^eK, H3 kohx nocJieflHHH, malleus (tri- pus), conpHKacaeTca c njiaBaTejiBHHM ny3HpeM. Bee pbi6bi, oSoia^aiomHe Be6epoBCKHM annapaTOM, oS^eflUHHiOTCH b o^hh o6ihhphhh oTpnfl; Cypriniformes hjih Osta- riophysi. Gio^a othochtch: Gyprinidae, Gobitidae, Gatastomidae, Gharacinidae, Gymnotidae, Siluridae h npo^ine combi. BeSeppBCKHH annapaT, saKjiio^aioinHH b ce6e kocto1!!^, coeflHHHioinne Jia6a- c njiaBaTejiBHHM ny3HpeM, ycnjiHBaeT ocTpoTy cjiyxoBHX bochphhthh; y^a- njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpn hx ocjiaSjiaeT. BeSepoBCKHH annapaT coctoht H3: 1). SHflOJiHMtjjaTH^ecKOH hojiocth jia6npHHTa; 2) nepnjiHM^aTH^ecKoro npocTpaHCTBa cjivxoboh KancyjiH; 3) n;enH BeSepoBCKnx r, H3 kohx claustrum Hepe,n;KO coBceM OTcyTCTByeT; 4) BeSepoBCKOH bos- KaMepu, t. e. nepe^HeH ^acTH miaBaTejiBHoro ny3HpH. • IIpHJiaraeMHH pncyHOK (pnc. 103) noKa3BiBaeT 3KCTpaKpaHHajiBHyio KocTHyio BeSepoBCKoro annapaTa coMa, Silurus glanis. IlepBHH ho3bohok y Hero cbo- 6o,n[eH, ho hjiotho coe^HHeH co btophm; Ha BepxHeft cTopoHe no3BOHKa npoxojprr rpe6eHB, KOTopHH pa3fleJiaeT ^Be hmkh ^jih o6pa3OBaHHa cycTaBOB co stapes. Bto- pOH, TpeTHH, HeTBepTBIH H HflTBIH H03B0HKH CJIHBaiOTCH B O.HHH CnJIOIHHOH KOMnJieKC- hhh no3BOHOK. Stapes, claustrum, incus, malleus pa3BHTBi HppMajiBHo; HMeeTca TpaHc^opaiaTop h ossa suspensoria. HeTBepTHH h hhtbih no3BOHKH o6jia,naiOT yme CHJIBHO pa3BHTBIMH HOnepe^HBIMH OTpOCTKaMH. Ha^IHHaa C meCTOrO H03B0HKH CTa- HOBHTCH CB060flHHMH H SBICTpO BO3BpamaK)TCa K HOpMaJIBHOMy THHy CTpoeHHH. 136 UEPBAH* MOPeM COo6pa3HO C H3- MeHeHneM BHenmero malleus npnjieraeT k Hen nocpe^CTBOM KocTHoro TpaHc- $opMaTopa, BO3HHKaioni;ero 3a c^eT pe6ep TpeTBero no3BOHKa. Ilpn cap — Kancyjia; p. 1.11^— nonepeiHHfi otpoctok 2 hosboh- Ka; BMeCTe c pe6poM Toro >Ke no3BOHKa oh oGpasyeT nepeji;- hiok) CTeHKy KancyjiH; p.t. IV—Sojitmoe OoKOBoe OTBepcine KancyjiH (introitus), CBH3HBaiom;ee OTBepcTHe, npope3HBaio- mee nonepeHHHfl otpoctok 4 no3BOHKa, noflKOHtHHM jihm- $anraecKHM ciraycoM c hojioctbio saccus paravertebralis, r^ JiewaT BeOepoBCKHe koctoikh. nyHKinpoM o6o3Ha- $opmh njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3up«, naOjiioflaiomHecfl y Cobitidae. (H3 XpaHnnoBa.) npn coKpam;eHHH pH, malleus, a c hhm incus n stapes ^aBflT Bnepe,n h ycnjiHBaiOT ^aBjie- Hne Ha nepnjiHM$aTHHecKHH sinus impar. Btom cjiynae, ecjin B03flym- Haa KaMepa saKJiioHeHa b kocth^io Kancyjiy, KaK 3to HMeeT MecTo kotophx Cobitidae (Nemachilus), TpaHc^opataTop coBceM OTcyTCTByeT, h HHe B03,nymH0H KaMepn nepe^aeTCH ^epe3 malleus Ha n;ent Be6epoBCKnx h Ha sinus impar b tom tkq caMOM HanpaBjieHHH. TaKHM o6pa3OM pa3JiHHHH MeJK,o;y o6pani;eHHOH h npaaiofi: cncTeMaMH SaBjieHHH aHaTOMH^ecKH BHpa?KaiOTCfl b npncyTCTBHH TpaHC^opMaTopa h OTcyTCTBHH KancyjiH (o6pam;eHHafl: cncTeMa) hjih b npncyTCTBHH Kancyjiu h OTcyTCTBHH TpaHc^ $opMaTopa (npflMaa cncTeMa). Hcxohhoh $opmoh HBjmeTCfl o6pam;eHHaH cncTeMa. v * ^"" VI. HEPBHAH,1 CHCTEMA HQPrAHBI Beet njiaBaTe3i&HHH ny3BipB comobhx cooTBeicTByeT nepejnieMy 137 napna, y coMa He pa3BHBaeTcn; OHa npeflCTaBjieHa jihehbMajieHBKHMnpH^aTKOM, Ha HHe KOToporo OTKpHBaeTCH ductus pneumaticus. y Bcex coMOB c oSpanjeHHos chctcmoh annapaTa HJiaBaTejiBHBia ny3BipB npn- KpenjieH sa^Heft *racTBio k nosBOHOHHOMy cTOJi6y. Ho MH6HHH) XpaHHJiOBa, Be6epoBCKHH annapaT b ero coBpeMeHHOM coctohhiih He CTOHT HH B KaKOfi HpHMOft CBH3H C rHflpOCTaTHHeCKHMBE ^yHKHHHMH. O6pa3OBa- KOCTHofi KancyjiH ^jih njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa cnoco6cTByeT noBBiirieHHH) ^b- HTejiBHOCTH annapaTa. GxeMa .neHiCTBHii Be6epoBCKoro annapaTa saKJiioHaeTCH b cjie^yiomeM. IIpH: H3- Hapy?KHoro flaBjieHHH cjie^yeT naccnBHoe H3MeHeHne oS^eaia BO3flymHofl: hto BJie^eT 3a co6ok> flBHJKeHne Be6epoBCKnx koctohck; b cbh3h c bthm H3MeHHeTCfl flasaeHHe nepe3 nepn- h 9HflojiHM$y Ha jiaSnpnHT; nepeflaBaekoe pa3- ps.ifi *'P:uv :ps.ii/ p.s.y p.s.vr psVH p.s.viu :v.J' OS. Phc. 103. 3KCTpaKpaHHajitHaa qacTt BeSepoBCKoro annapaTa coMa, Silurus glanis, a. p. t. IV—; nepenHHH bctbb napano$Hsa 4 nosBOHKa (b naHHOM wrynae condylus arti- cularis); a. s. Ill — BepxHHH nyra 3 no3BOHKa; c. V, c VI h t. a. — pe6pa; cl—clau- strum; in—incus; rnal—malleus; o. s—os suspensorium; p. asc. s. — stapes (era processus ascend ens); p. s II, p. s III h t. n.— oCTHCTHe otpoctkh; p. t. IV— none- fi otpoctok 4 nosBOHKa; tr^—TpaHc$opMaTop; vl, v6 ht. jc.—TeJia hosbohkob; vc—Tejio KOMnjieKCHoro n03B0HKa (2 + 3 -f- 4 + 5). (Ho XpaHHjiOBy) b pei — b iioctohhhh n eMeHe He no^BepraiOTCfl. B ocHOBaHHH 3y6a mhkchhh xpnmeBafl miacTHHKa, ot kotopoh otxo,hht MycKyjifcHue BOJioKHa ^jih yKpen- 3y6a. 3y6 npe^CTaBJieH poroBHM lexjiHKOM, HCXoflHiniHM h^ hmkh b OGHOBa- hhh 3y6a, OTKyfta oh pacTeT b Anim-y; poroBon toxjihk no^CTHJiaeTCH i^HJiHHflpH^e- <5KHMH aHHTejiHajiBHHMH KJieTKaMH, Ha c^eT KOTopHX oh h o6pa3yeTCH. BHyTpn 3y6a naxoflHTCH nyjibna — coe^nHHTeJiBHOTKaHHtiH coconeK, SoraTHH cbcyaaMH (pnc. 104). 10 Phc. 104. pa3pe3 Mepe3 3y6 Bdellostoma. I — poroBoii KOJina^oK; 2 — 3Be3HHaTafl TKakb; 3 — roMoreHHHfi KOJina^oK; 4 — Oyro- poK 6oKajiOBHji;Hux KJieTOK; 5 — oji;HoiuieTOHHi>E& cnoH; 6 — nyjitna; 7 — peano j $epeHi^HpoBaHHue cjioh; 8—poroBaa HMKa; 9—xpam; 10—coeflKHHTeJibHan (H3 TsH) i 3y6H .MHHora: no cnocoSy npnKpenjieHHH mojkho pa3fleJiHTL Ha 3y6ti o •BHM HffpOM B OCHOBaHHH (pHC. 105) H 3y6tl B CJIH3HCTOH 060:10^^6 6e3 Xpflma. Y HHX nyjitny OKpymaioT 3Be3flHaTHe kjigtkh, o#eTHe poroBHM ^yTJinpoM. Ho 3y6a mhho- PH no Mepe CTHpaHHH 3aMeHflK)TCJT HOBHMH, pa3BHBaH)Hi;HMHCH HOfl; HHMH (pHC. 106).. e^yT nojiynapa3HTH^ecKHH xhiii;hhh o6pa3 ?kh3hh, HepeflK k noKpoBaM ph6, o neM CBH,o;eTejii>cTByioT OTne^aTKH hx npncocoK Ha hhx KpjamKax. Ho opnrnHaJiBHo, ^to 3y6Haa cncTeMa pa3BHBaeTCH TaiOKe y boh MHHorn, Lampetra planeri; npeBpaTHBmHCb nocjie MHOrojieTHero hmb jiH^HHO^Hok coctohhhh H3 necKopoHKH b B3pocjiyio $opMy, OHa cpa3y ?Ke iipncTynaeT k pa3MHOJKeHHK>, bo BpeMa KOTOporo He nHraeTca, nocjie ^ero n h caMKH norn6aiOT, hi pa3y He npnMeHHB cbohx 3y6oB. ^ 3y6bi cejiaxnii h Teleostomi — no nponcxosKfleHHio BHflOH3MeHeHHHe sy6bi; 3to sajibHeHmee pa3BHTne njiaKon^nibix ^emyn. 3y6bi HacToamnx ojioweHH H3 fl,eHTHHa, npnKpHToro CBepxy KOJina^KOM 3Majin. 3MajieBbin npofl;yEi;HpyeTCfl npnjieraion];HM k HeMy cjioeM cToaS^aTHX annTejiHajibH (9KT0flepMajibHbix), Ha3HBaeMHX aMejioSjiacTaMH. Siviajib pbi6 no^TH HHKorfla He t40 HEPBAH. 'MOPOOJIOrHH 1 I I poB, BnponeM, 6ob wio 3y- co6ok>- BH,D[OH3MeHeHHHft BHTpofleHTHH, a aine- jio6jiacTH BBiflejiH TOHKyio aMajieByio pefix, Pe3e). fl HBJIHeTCH npOflyKTOM GT- Me30flepMajiBHLix cKJiepoSjia- p p ctob, name Ha3HBaeMHX oflOHTo6jia- , KOTopBie 3ajieraioT no BHem- Kpaio KopnyMa. Jlpwiim He co- KJieTOK, HO HpOHH3aH Tpy6- Phc. 105. Petromyzon sp. IIpoffOJiBHBiH |pa3pe3 I—poroBoft KOJinanoK; \2—3Be3ff>iaTaH TKaHL; 3— 3aMemaK>mHii poroBOft KOJinanoK; 4—coeBHHHTejibHaH TKaHt; 5— cjiH3HCTan oOoJio^Ka pTa; 6— spam; 7 — htjihcthx KJieTOK, o6pa3yiomnH nocjieji;yK)mHe':.3a- Bee ph6h hbjihiotch nx 3y6H 3aMeHHK)TCH hobbimh. B coxpaHfliOTCH irpHHrtHirEi pacnojioJKeHHH npflMHMH H KOCHMH pH- ' HOM HMGIOTCH 3V0M (pnc. 107). Ilo BHenmeMy BHjjy h CTpoeHHio mojkho pa3JiHraaTi> cnejjyiomHe bhrbi jjeHTHHa: a) no- KpHrae^HBiH, o6pa3yiom;HH BHeniHioio 3y6a; b HeM mojkho npoTHBonocTaBHTB coBepmeHHO JiHineHHBiH TpySo^eK b h t p o- 3; e h t h h nepH$epHHecKOH 3Ohbi oGhjibho CHaQjKeHHOMy bo BHyTpeHHHx cjiQHX ceTiia- l^Q TTf T/f tt TTCTT^/iTl 15 £l Q C\ TT O TI T* TJf TT \T 1-4 tJ4 II1 II Jl O 1 • xidlllfiJlJl/l hJ\J O i3 ct O v^ /^ \5 XI i. J^L xl V I \JfOHJ-X UuC I . Toe CTpoeHHe (y BBiMepmnx Osteolepidoti); b) TpaSeKyjinpHBiH p;eHTiiH, Jie- jKam,Hii b ocHOBaHHH sy6a h cbohmh hbimh neperopORKaMH hh3boji;hii^hm nyjibnBi flo CTeneHH JiaKyHOoSpasHBix npoMe- jKyTKOB (pnc. 108). HHorffa BMecTO jiHpHoro ffeHTHHa npHMeHHioT eme HBIH M HenpaBHJIBHBlift, no CJIOBaM KOBa, TepMHH ocmeodenmuH. (polyphyodonti); no Mepe CHa- 3y6oB nonepeimopoTHx:, Ha KOJKe: ohh ep hi JIHHIb , Tor^a KaK r^ y nonepeHHopo- thx 3y6aMH ¦TTTTTTTTi He6HO- h MeKKejieB xpainH. Oop- Ma 3y6OB CTOHT B CBH3H c o6pa3OM nuTaHHH n H3MeHfleTCH C BO3paCTOM n nojioM. y CaMIliH CaMKH ¦ y MHorax aKyjj no mojkho pacno3HaTb :: y o^Hnx ohh ^jihh- hbi h mHJiono,no6Hbi, y flpyrnx hjiockh hjih 3a- 3y6peHBi. y jnofloefla Car- Raja clavata mmTp 3y6bi. d Phc. 106. CMeHa 3y6oB y Petromyzon marinus. d— KopHyai; d. p. — flepiaajibHaH nannjuia; ep— BniwepMnc, BHCTHJiaio- M poTOByio BopoHKy; ep1—annjuepMHC, o6pa3yionnrti poroBott $yhkiiho-' sy6 ht; ep"^ — anHHepMHC. $opMnpyiomHH poroBOft KOHyc 3a- Memaiomero syOa hti. (H3 YoppeHa.) ^harodon ooTpue 3y6ti TpeypojiBHBix o^epTaHHfi c TOHKonnjiBqaTHM KpaeM (pnc. 109). ¦3th anyjiH He npeBuinaiOT 10—12 m, ho 3Kcne;pra;Heft Ha HajuieHflSKepe 6hji ho6ht co * ' Pi'"" Phc. 107. HIjih$ 3y6a Hydr.ocyon forskalii.' IIpo- 6 (p) Cpep;H p;eHTHHa — pyRHMeHTapm,itt KpoBeHoc- Hbift cocyRHK. (IIo Be&iepy.) Mopfl 3y6 BHMepmeH aKyjiti, kotopbih[ hmcji 15 cm b 3y6oB ROJisraa GtiJia hmctb ffJiHHy ie.ua okojio 30jvi (pnc. 1). Bhcokobl flaeTca nojiHoe cpacTaHne c koctbio (aHKHJiO3), noflBHJKHoe CKpenneHHe homoihbio coeflHHHTejiBHOTKaHHOH: cbh3kh, a y HeKOTopHx—- Sargus, Sphyraena —sj6u BHeflpeHH b aJiBBeoJiBi, 3y6HHe a^enKH, r,ne iLnpOHCxo- -SHT cpacTaHne c KOCTBior y Pseudoscarus ^eJiiocTHHe 3y6H cjiHBaiOTca b kjiiob,. ho^oShhh KJiioBy nonyraa, a #Jia pa3flaBJiiiBaHna .hoChhh cJiymaT MomHHe 3y6oB y kocthcthx HeperyjiapHaa; hobhc 3y6H BHpacTaioT b CTapHx hjih b npoMemyTKax memjsj hhmh. Hpn-BHnafleHHH 3y6a, "no TpeTBakoBy (1936), nyjiBna pacnaflaerca, hto Bjie^eT 3a coSoio pe^yKitHio KpoBooSpan^eHHa h THCTOJIH3 COCyflOB JS. HepBOB. BMaJieBHH KOJina^oK Ha 3y6ax kocthcthx SojiBmeio nacTBio HMeeTca, ho HepeflKo* oh CTirpaeTca; TaK, ero HeT Ha tjiotohhbix 3y6ax B3pocjinx KapnoBBix, xoth y mojio- flM OH pa3BHT Pmc. 109.-3y6i>i A — Jnoaoejta Carcharodon rondeleti; B — Galeocerdo tigrinus; C—Hexanchus griseus; ~ D—Odontaspis taurus. (Hs HopiaaHa.) Ha 3y6ax Scaridae aaiajiB pa3BHTa cmiBHeeT #eHTHH. SMaJiB HMeeT roMoreHHoe, KpafiHe- (Cyclopterus) npHSMaTH^ecKoe cTpoe- Phc. 110 noKa3HBaeT hijih(|) nepe3 3y6. 3y6Bi Tetrodontidae cjiHBaioTCH kjiiobo- o6pa3HO, coxpaHHa ocTpn^t pemymnH Kpan; MeflnajiBHOH mejiBio 3y6Bi pa3fleJieHH y Tetro- don n Triodon; btoto npoMe?KyTKa HeT y Diodon. Batistes CHa6?KeH 8 pe3n;onoflo6HHMH: 3y6aMH; c hx noMomBio aTa pH6a ycnenrao c paKOBHHaMH mojijiiockob. pa3HOo6pa3Ha. npncnoco6jieHH y,nepjKaHHH ^oSh^h, pe,q;Ko —flJia ee fl o6jier*ieHHH npo,q;BHH«eHHH 3a- pTOM #o6Lran b nnmeSofl, 3y6Bi eBo,na MoryT npHHtHMaTBCH Ha3a^ ofloSHBie onycKaiomHecH 3y6H OTMe- TaKJKe y Lopkius, MHornx r (Stomiatidae, Lyomeri) n p CBoeo6pa3HBiH He6HHH 3y6 y Bothrocarina (Zoarcidae), crn6aiOHj;HH:cfl He Ha3afl, a Bne- cmhcji bToro npncHocoSjieHHfl nona He oC^acHeH. HeKOTopne H3 rjiy6oKO- chocoShh nporjiaTHBaTB floCH^y, npeBBimaiomyio pa3MepaMH hx caainx (pnc. 213). J\jih. ^ejioBeKa onacHH He o#hh tojibko bkjjih. H cpe^n kocthcthx BCTpe- ph6h, Hana^aion^He Ha nepenpaBJiaiOD^HXca BSpofl jiroAen. M3 rosKHoaMepn- pBi6 mo?kho 6ujio 6u ynoaiaHyTB o nnpane, Serrosalmo, BecoM He csume 1 Kr; CTan aiofi pbi6bi HanaflaiOT Ha jno^eH-, oTKycHBaa KycKH Maca; hx yKycn cpaB- c nope3aMH 6pnTB0H, myKonofloSHaa 6apaKyfla, Sphyraena, npn pa3Mepax 2.5 m h 50 Kr Beca CHHTaeTca b BecT-HHflHH onacHee aKyjiH, TaK KaK HepeflKO: Ha Kynaiomnxca. BaTaTeJiBHHe 3y6Bi OTJin^aioTca cBoen ^pesBH^aHHOH ^jihhoh; ^acTO ohh 6m- Heivmoro sarayTH Ha3a^. Ohh MoryT ch^ctb Ha neJiiocTax, ^acTO c6oKy; HHor- y KopiomKH — Ha H3HKe. y rjiy6oKOBOflHoro Chauliodus Bee 3y6u ho napa kjihkob b hhjkhch hcjiiocth HacTOJiBKo BeJiHKa, ^to npn 3aKpHTOM Hapyncy. Y HeKOTopHx ph6, nnTaiomnxca CMemaHHon nnmefi, 3y6Bi npira6- BH.H TynHX o6pa3OBaHHH, npncnoco6jieHHBix fljra pa3flaBJinBaHna paKOBBtn. y Anarhichas — 3y6aTOK — nepeAHne 3y6Bi KJiBiKoo6pa3HH, a o 6okob — no,no6- hbi KopeHHBiM. y Sparidae nepe^ne 3y6n b BH^e pe3itOB, doKOBBie — 3y6n kocthcthx pa3BHTH flaJieKO Heo,HHHaKOBo; CTeneHB pa3BHTHa CTOHT B 06paTH0M OTHOmeHHH K CTeneHH pa3BHTHH 3y6OB pOTOBOH HOJIOCTH^ VII. OPrAHBI HHinEBAPEHHfl - „ 143 Oco6eHHO cBoeo6pa3HBi rjiOTo^HHe 3y6n y KapnoBBix, jjjih KOTopux ohh cjiymaT* npH3HaK0M; OHHMoryT pacnojiaraTBca b orhh, jn*a both Tpn pn^a. 3TH-noABepraiOTCH esKeroflHofi CMeHe, y Kapaca — noBHjpnvioMy, b oceHHne- h 3HMHHe MecflnH (PpH6). Ghjibho pa3BHTHe rjiOTO^HBie 3y6Bi HMeiOTCfl y KaM6ajir Pleuronectes platessa h P. flesus] y nocJiefflaeH ohh coe^HHeHH b TpeyrojiBHHe njia- CTHHkH. B BHfle njiacTHHOK npeflCTaBJieHBi HHJKHerjiOTO^HBie 3y6Bi TaKSKe y Labridae, a y Scaridae ohh hmciot bhr hjiockoh moctoboh, npnneM BonayTOH noBepxHOCTH HJiaCTHHKH COOTBeTCTByeT noBepxHOCTB BepxHen. KpaflMH KJHOBOBHflHO CpOCHIHXCa hhx 3y6oB, ohh pacTHpaiOT nnmy HHMH. HeKOTopne aBTopn HaxoflHT, hto H3y- qeHne yKJiOHeHHH b hhcjichhocth tjioto^hhx 3y6oB flaeT npaBo saKJiro^HTB o y KapnpBHX TeHHeHnira k hx HanpHMep, y Barbus, Kan BCTpe^iaeTCH bmccto Tpex — 1. 2. 3. 5—5. 3. 2. 1. He HCKJiio^ieHa BO3- MO3KHOCTB, ^ito B^aHHOM cjiy^ae nona^ajiHCB 9K3eMnjiJipH b MOMeHT CMeHH 3y6oB. B npo- 3T0My Bepr c^HTaeT npHMHTHBHHMH OflHOpHflHHe ceM. Gatostomidae. GoBceM oco6hhkom cpe^n pn6 ctoht Dipnoi h Holocephali. y hhx 3y6n Henpe- PHBHO paCTVT CBOHMH OCHOBaHHHMH; CMeHH 3y6pB He npoHexoflHT. y flBy^njnian^HX npo- HCXOflHT CJIHflHHe MHOrO^HCJieHHHX 3y6OB C 5a H. pHC 110 npOffOJIBHHit inJIH$ p JIIOCTHOfi 3y6 C MHrKHMH TKaHflMH Mer- lueciu's l y hhx pa3BHBaiOTCfl napHHe comHHKOBHe h h cnjieHHajiBHHe — Ha HHJKHen ^ejiiocTH. y XHMep 3y6HHe njiacTHHKH, no o^hoh nape BBepxy h BHH3y, 3aKJiaflHBaiOTCfl b BH^e H^HTHHOBHX o6pa3OBaHHH, HO CJieflOB 9MaJIH He o6Hapy?KeHo. y b3pocjihx oceTpoBHx hct 3y6os; ojniaKO Hajinnne 3y6os y hx MajiBKOB CBH^eTejiBCTByeT o npoHcxojKjjeHHH ot 3y6a- ctbix npejopKOB. , ,•;. H3HK — MOmHBlfi, MyCKyjIHCTHH, BH- '[, HrpaiOED(Hj4 poJiB 6ypaBa, HMeeT G —KpoBeHOCHHfi cocyn; 2? — raBepcoBJaJ Ka- HclJIH B KOCTHOM 3y6H0M DOKOfle (SO)',' Od---- onoHTOOjiacTH; S — 3Mam>; Va. D— B V.D.--- BHTpOHeHTHH--- ReHTHH 6e3 (Ilo Peae.) aKTHBHoro opraHa tojibko y KpyrjiopoTHX; y HacroHmnx Ph6 oh p jihhib copula rno,n[HOH ayrn — kocto^ikoh basihyale, noKpHTOH cjih3hctoee' ; oh tie MOHseT BH^BHraTBCH h JraineH coScTBeHHOH MycKyjiaTypH; tojibko b H3tiKe PolypUrus ycTaHOBjieHO Hajin^ne MycKyjiBHux bojiokoh, a y Dipnoi — RaJKe HSH^man MEfiDima. GpBceM jinmeHa H3HKa Muraena — H3 kocthcthx. y Exo- glossum maxillihguaBllmcJi3ihBaBiiii — ceM. Gyprinidae — KopoTKae HHJKHne ^ejiio- cth He. noKpHBaiOT H3HKa, BLiflaioni.erocfl Haw Heio Hapy?Ky. OpraHBi nnmeBapeHHH KpyrjiopoTHX HMeiOT ctojib MHoro otjih^ihh ot ycTpoft- CTBa KHmeHHoro TpaKTa HacToamnx ph6, hto hx ji-y^nne paccMOTpeTB OTflejiBHO. Mhkchhh (ho He MHHorn) hmciot HenocpeflCTBeHHoe coe^HHeHHe hocoboh hojioctbt c poTOBOH, BCJieACTBHe ^ero MoryT HenocpeflCTBeHHO nojiy^aTB ABixaTejiBHyio iepe3 HOC. y MHKCHH 3aflHHH ^aCTB pOTOBOH HOJIOCTH OrpaHHHHBaeTCfl rJIO KJianaHOM, velum; Ha^HHafl OTCiofla ro KOJKHonHin.eBOflHoro npoTOKa — I'll' 444 *IACTB nEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHH a,1,1 oesophago-cutaneus (cm. hhjkc)— jieJKHT jKaSepHBin OT^eJi KmneHHHKa. Mhkchhbi oSjia^aioT KmneHHHKOM, He o6pa3yiomnM 3aMeTHBix pacnrnpeHira, h cjieflosaTejiBHO jinmeHH ;ni<|)$epeHnHpoBaHHorb JKejiy,HKa; o^HaKO-3a3HHH KmnKa OTJiEraaeTCH pes- KHMH CKJiaflKaMH. Y MHHOrH (HO He MHKCHHBl) B pOTOBOfi HOJIOCTH HO.H H3HK0M OT- KpHBaiOTCH npoTOKH napHOH: cjiiohhoh: ?KeJie3H; nocjieflHHe noMemaioTca: Ha ypoBHe rjia3 n npe^cTaBjiHioT co6ok> MemKOBHflHHe o6pa3OBaHHH okojio 5 mm hjihhoio, bh- e BHyTpn niHJiEffic.npEraecKHM anHTejineM: BtiBcueHne cenpeTa, sanojiHHiomero , npoH3BOflHTCH nyTeM coKpani;eHHfl m. basilaris (pnc. Ill h 112). y HacTOii- ph6 cjiiohhhx 5Kejie3 HeT, HecMOTpn Ha oCmrae b potoboh hojiocth cjih3hcthx ph hdph zuxn, bantu ;Phc. 111. IIonepeHHHfi pa3pe3 nepe3 poTOByio nojiocTt (no Kpay3e.) .ph-— raoTKa; vdpl— nepe^HHH KpoiomaH nnacTHHKa; zukh— H3BraHtiH xpnip; hdpl— 3anHHH Kpoioman miacTHHKa; zust— hsuk; bamu—musculus basilaris; za — 3y6; mh—poTOBaH nojiocTb; schih — cjiH3HCTaH o6onoHKa poTOBofi hojiocth; fr-— rySHan OaxpoMa; Ipkn— H3BraHtiit xpnm; spg— caiOHHofi npoTOK; zukni — OojibmoH H3i>reHHM xpnm KJieTOK, a HHorfla h koji.6obh^hhx; y pn6 b nnmeBapHTejiBHtix npo- i^eccax cjiioHHHe $epMeHTH (nTnajiHH) He npnHHMaioT y^acTHH. y Elasmobranchii n XHMep, no OapeHrojiB^y, nMeiOTCfl CKonjieHEm cepo3HHX kjictok c BHSo,iniHM npo- tokom, paBHOSHa^jHbie KOJiSoBHflHHM KJieTKaM. y Ammocoetes, jihhhho^hoh <£opMbr , nepe^HHEt oT^eji KmneraMa nepes nocpe^cTBO ?Ka6epHHX mchikob coo6- npaMO c HapyiKHOH cpe^oH; y B3pocjion MHHorn btot OT^eji o6oco6jiaeTCH b 0T,n;ejiBHHH jKaSepHMH KaHaji, kotophh: jiejKHT nofl nnmeBOflOM, cnepe^H coo6- c potoboh nojiocTBio, a c3a,nH OKaH^HBaeTca cueno (pnc. 113). Ha pa3pe3ax MHHory mojkho npocJie^HTB BecB xo^ KHineTiHHKa, coBepmeHHO JinmeHHoro ;jH(|)<|>epeHHH:poBaHHoro ?KejiyflKa. y cpe^Hen khhikh pacnojiaraeTCH nofl;?KejiyHO^Hafl H?ejie3a b Bn^e cKonjieHna jKejie3HCTHX kjictok cnepBa Ha^ Kmne^HHKOM, a 3aTeM — 3 3Kejie3a, pancreas, KHine^iHHKOM. 3secB me Ha^iHHaeTca ne^eHB. BHyTpn rpynnH kjictok, KOTopne HHor.ua cpaBHHBaioT c ocTpoBKaMH repraHca bbicdihx hosbohohhhx. OjniaKo Hajin^ne octpobkob JIaHrepraHca he y hh y jionepe^mopoTBix 30 chx nop He ycTaHOBJieHO. O VII. OPrAHEt 145 BH* MHHorn OTJiH^aeTCff ot neneHH nponnx hosboho^hbix TeM, hto JinmB b HOHHOM COCTOflHHH COXpaHfleT CBH3B C KHme^HHKOM npH HOMOmH JKeJFIHOrO npOTO- Ka; nocjie MeTaMOp$O3a 9Ta cbh3b npeKpamaeTca h ne^eHB npeBpa- war traxn Phc. 1J2. pa3pe3 (IIo Kpay3e.) KJieTKH ph—rjiOTKa; bamu—m. basilaris; lolii—cyxo/KHJine m. longitudinalis linguae; spdr— cnioHHaH ?KeJie3a; hymgl — m. hyo-mandibulari-glossus; phar— m. pharyngeus; zukni— Oojibmou H3BreHbr& xpam; kogl—m. copuloglossus; ikar — arteria carotis interna; jug—vena jugularis; reu—n;ennjii>- Huft annapaT; ngg— He6HOHocoBofi KaHan; trakn—TpaSeKyjia; V—TpoiiHHHHBifi HepB; ptekn—nTepnroHjjHEHi xpanj; hymsa— m. hyomandibulari-semi-anulans; hyhysup—m» hyohyoideus superior; kekykn— keratohyale. b ?Kejie3y ceKpen;HH 6e3 BMBOflHoro npoTO- Ka. B to ?Ke Bpewca oHa MeCTOM OTJIOJKeHHH 3KHpa. HflH KHmKa MHHorn o6jia,o;aeT cnnpajiBHBiM KjianaHOM, kotoplih o6pa3yeT Bcero nojiOBHHy o6opo- Ta, Ha^HHancB Ha chhhhoh cto- poHe h OKaHHHBaHCB Ha 6piom- HOH (pHC. 114), HO CJIH3HCTaH oSojio^Ka cpeflHeH khhikh Boo6me oShjibho CHa6?KeHa Em.e OCOSeHHOCTB cpeflHHH KHmKa, KaK ne- CKOpoeK, TaK H B3pOCJIBIX $OpM, ofleTa pecHH^HtiM gnnTejineivi, b KOTOpOM HMeiOTCH TaKJKe H 6e3- KJieTKH. PeCHHHHBie BBICTHJiaiOT TaKSKe H ny3HpB Ammocoetes. HH I . I I IH III U X UilLU |JCV HHHHHH 9HHTeJIHfi COXpaHHeTCH B HtejiyflKe h Knme^HHKe Protopterus, a y nonepe^HopoTHX jimnB b KOHn;e nnmeBOfla h no Kpaio cnnpajiBHoro KJianaHa; oh BCTpe^aeTCH, KpoMe Toro, y oceTpoBHX, Holostei, Rhombus, Syrignathus, b mejiyflKe Perca n Esox* — KOpOTKHH oes *> ch P°h V99* OT^eji KmneHHHKa nocjie OKOHqa- Hifl cnnpajiBHoro KJianaHa, — OTKpHBaeTCH aHajIBHBIM OTBep- (pnc. 115). OSpamaacB TenepB k HacTon- ^to b 6ojib- cjiy^aeB nx nnmeBapH- TeJIBHHH TpaKT COCTOHT H3 TJIOT- - T)*Tf I 11 JI'I I fftT^A TTQ IX^O TTT[T Iff Tf O TJT Tf fJTl TTOT^ JtiM.. 111/1 i I l^iJUjtJd « jxVvJJx y lix\ol xx xvtLU-itJxx* TjioTKa cjie,nyeT 3a potoboh no- jioctbh) n npope3aHa m,ejiflMH. nnmeBoji CHJIBHHMH MyCKyjIHCTHMH CTeH- BCJieflCTBHe ^ero cnoco6eH CTeneHH. O6hhho nnmeBOfl 6bi- BaeT KOpOTKHH, HpHMOH H IHH- poKHft, omiaKO y Lutodeira H3 KOCTHCTBIX OH flJIHHHHH H H3OrHy- tmh, a y npeflCTaBHTejien OTpa^a Tetrodontiformes nnmeBOA o6pa- , KOTOpBIH OT TOJIOBH flO Ha- XBOcTa; MemoK 9tot cjiysKHT MemKH xapannHOBHX, wag hyhysup hymsa ¦phar bamu hymgl ivelpl hyhyinf MHHorn. Phc. 113. Pa3pe3 nepe3 Haqajio (IIo"Kpay3e.) ch—' xpp«a; pch—napaxopHajinn; vggt — raHnnna p Horo HepBa; ikar—art. .carotis int.; hyhyihf—m. hyohyoi- deus inferior; ivelpl—HHTpaBeJiapHaa HJiacraHKa; velhy — m. yelohyoideus; wag— >Ka6epH£ui KaHaji; oes— nameBOH; Vo — ramus maxillaris n. V; ocTajibHbie o0o3HaqeHHH KaK Ha PHC. 112. pa3flyBaHHH Tejia n oSjieneHHii njiaBaHHH cejiBfleBHX h HeKOTopHX flpyrnx, npeas^e omn6oTiHO paccMaTpHBajin KaK npH^aTo^HHe .4-1 10 OCHOBU HXTHOJIOrHH 146 HACTB HEPBAfl. 3Ka6epH£ie opraHBi (KHep, Fhptjib). 3to #op3aJiBHBie, HHorjja p HHBaHHH rjioToraoft oSjiacTH, cjia6o pa3BHTBie y Alosa, npeflCTaBjieHBi b BH^e «JKa- 6epH6fi yjinTKH» y Heterotis, y mhofhx cejiBjjeBBix h xapannHOBBix — H3orHyToro pora. Ha BHyTpeHHeft CTeHKe 9to:& hojiocth pacnojiaraioTCH $ jKa6epHtie tbfihhkh 4 "h 5 ayr. B hojioctb nocTynaeT Bo,na H3 >Ka6epHoro 6 6 npocTpaHCTBa; 8 b hojiocth , 6oraTO cjih3hcthmh H3 . 8to npucnocoSjieHHe cTaBHT b cbh3b c ncnojiB3OBaHneM hjih TpaBH. Y Scaridae horo6hh.il rjioTOHHHfl MemoK cjiyn^HT fljia coxpa- KycKOB immn, no3H?e nepeTnpaeMoft rjroTOHHBiMH 3y6aMH. HBJieHHfl, aHajio- , KpoMe Scaridae, OTMe^ieHH y Stromatidae. B nnmeBOfl OTKpHBaeTCH B03flymHHH: xo^, ductus pneumaticus, coo6m;aioiniHH[ ny3HpB c HapyHmofi cpeflofi y.: 0TBepcT0ny3BipHBix. TjiOTKa no npoH3BOJiy 3aMti- . FjioTaHHe nojs, bo- HeBO3MO3KHO, ecjin 6bi irama nporjiaTH- BajiacB BMecTe c bo^oio. OflHaKO MOpCKHe KOCTH- CTBie, b oTJinnne ot npecHo- bo,d[hbix, norjiomaiOT Boay 3arjiaTBiBaHHH; no , yrpn n 6hhkh bbo- nepe3 Knme^HHK ot 50 200 CM3 MOpCKOfi i p Ha 1 kp Beca. Iiocjie jinraTypH Ha iihjio- y Myoxocephalus BCKope norn- 6aioT c HBJieHHfiMH Hapyme- hhh MOHeoT^ejieHHH (Keftc).. Okojio 20% BOflBi, nocTy- TTTTBmeH b KpoBB nyTeM Bca- CHBaHHfl H3 KHUieHHHKa, nfleT Ha o6pa3OBaHHe mohh, a ocTajiBHaa BO^a BH,ne- Phc. 114. CpeRHHH KHinKa MHHorn. (IIo Kpay3e.) _e—serosa; mu—muscularis; pro—-propria; /—npoaonbHBie ciuianKH ___ cjih3HCtoE o6ojiohkh; spf—cnnpajibHHH KJianaH c apTepneft (art) h Ho npeGHOBOflHBie, B OTJIH- (ve); a— apTepaa cnasiicixoft oGejioiKH; v— BeHa. ivrnnPKWV uottw trpnp* He norjiom,aiOT; HeoSxoflHMaH hm Bo^a nocTynaeT y hhx kojkhbim nyTeM» pii6 oSjia^aeT chocoShoctbio KOHj^eHTpnpoBaTB h BH^ejiHTB H3 opraHH3- Ma HeKOTopne cojih. y HeKOTopHX pn6 mesiyROK, a HHor^a fla?Ke h nnn^eBOfl MoryT coBceM OTcyTCTBo- BaTB. JKejiy^Ka HeT y KapnoBBix, y Callionymus, Trigla, Sargus, Lophius, Syngna- thus, MHornx Gobiidae, TaKJKe y 3By«Hmani;Hx h XHMep. %oy KapnoBHX HeT 3KejiyffKa — HBCTByeT H3 Toro, hto npoTOKH ne^eHH h OTKpHBaiOTCH b KPmnreqHHK cefiqac ?Ke Bcnefl 3a tjiotkoh h kopotkhm BOflOM. JKejiy^oK b 6ojiBmHHCTBe cjiynaeB SiiBaeT H3orHyT no,n octpbtm yrjiOM h V-o6pa3Hyio $opMy; b hcm pa3JiEraaioT Hncxoflamyio Kap^najiBHyio n Bocxo,nHin,yH> imjiopBraecKyio bctbb, n^yn^yio o6paTHO k rojiOBe; HHor^a, KaK y OKyHH, ajiBHaa nacTB o6pa3yeT MenmoBHflHoe pacnrapeHHe; nnjiopn^ecKaH bctbb ot cpeflHen khhikh nnjiopBraecKHM KJianaHOM, hjih 3acjiOHKofi. y Ke$ajin MemKOBH^Horo pacmnpeHHfl, c^yHflyc, ecTB TaKH«e MycKyjincTBift mesiyjioK (pnc. 116). Hanajio cpeflHen khdoekee o6o3HaHaeTCfl Bna^eHneM npoTOKOB ne^eHH (ductus cho- ledochus) h noflJKejiy^oi|moEi: H«ejie3H (ductus wirsungianus). B aTOMMecTe KHmeH- hhk nonepetmopoTBix n HBy^BnnaniiHX o6pa3yeT 3aMeTHoe pacnrapeHHe — bursa entiana. 3^ecB me y mhophx pn6 OTKpHBaiOTCH b KmnKy nnjiopiraecKHe w^^^^^^^^^^^^^w^^^^w^^^^^^^^^^^. Mi 147 appendyces pylorici, CJiyJKainHe flag. yBejiHHeHHfl noBepxHOCTH KHmeK, a' 6bitb TaKH«e h #jih BHfleiieHHfl (JepMeHTOB. nHJiopn^ecKne npn^aTKH, HMeioTCfl ne y Bcex ph6. Mx HeT cpBceM y KpyraopoTHX, 6ooiBniHHCTBa (ho y Somniosus ecTt flBa OTpocTKa), flByflnmamnx, y Amia, a H3 kocthcthx—— penal ugsi aft Phc. 115. MeTHpe pa3pe3a qepe3 Baamoio KHiiiKy h aHajibHoe OTBepcTue . (IIo Kpayae.) schve—XBOCTOBaa- BeHa; Tial—MogeTOHHHK; bauho—GpionraaH hojioctb; pena— nepHTOHeaaibHHft KaHan; enda—saHHHH KHnma; mu— nonepe^HaH noJiocaTaa iayc- KyjiaTypa aHajitHoro otbcpcthh; mui— rjiamtne KOJibixeBHe, m«s— rjiajwne nponojib- HHe MHmiTH 3anHefi khhikh; ttgsi — yporeHHTanfcHHM CHHyc; aft — [anus; lysi — JiHM$a- 1 TiraecKHfl CHHyc • y KapnoBHX, comobhx, n;yK, Labridae, Tetrodontidae, ny^KO?Ka6epHHx n TopHX j^pyrnx. y Polypterus HMeeTca jihhib npocTOft KopoTKnft cjienofi: MemoK. y pceTpoBHX MHoro^mcJieHHHe npnflaTKH cBH3aHH MeJKfly co6oro coeffHHHTejiBHdft TkaHLK) H KpOBeHOCHHMH COCy^aMH B OflHy 06myi0 KOMHaKTHyiO MaCCy, OTKpHBaiO- myiOCH B KHHie^HHK OflHHM mnpOKHM OTBepCTHeM. KoJIBraeCTBO iipHflaTKOB ,pa3JiHiimo: y Lophius h Ammodytes no o^HOMy; y Blennius h Bothus flBa, y i&$& -¦¦¥'%liii|! 148 *IACTB HEPBAfl. MOPKHHe cKJiaRKH; b eosogaster bch MyKO3a coctoht hb >Kejie3HCTHx racTpHiecKHx KJieTOK. Oeso- gaster OTKpbmaeTCH b jKejiyffOK nocpep;HHe, uem^y cardium h pylorus. B OTJinnne ot numeBOfla h oeso- gaster, b JKejiyjjKe MycKyjibHHii cjioh coctoht H3 khx bojiokoh, pacnojiomeHHBix. b oSpaTHOM CHapyjKH no?; cepo3Oii npo;o;ojibHHe, a BHyTpn ; LteBbie BOJiOKHa; cySanHTejinajibHbiH cjioh —= SoraT KpoBeHOCHbiMH cocynaMH. B MyKO3e nnmeBapHTejibHHe ?Kejie3H nepexoRHT b oesogaster b npHJieraiomyio nacTb jKejiyjjKa h k nHJiopHHecKOii nacTH — nocTeneirao npo- nanaioT. B nnjiopyce MycKyjibHbift cjioh coctoht TOJIbKO H3 KOJlbIi;eBbIX BOJIOKOH. B KHineHHHKe motkho OTMeTHTb nop; ceposoli cjioii npop;ojibHbix, cjioit KOJibi^eBbix bojiokoh h MyKO3y, cocTonmyio H3 tunica propfia, sacTynaiomeH MecTO cySanHTejinajibHoro cjioh h ainrrejiHajibHOH bhcthjikh C CTOJlS^aTHMH H CJ1H3HCTHMH KJieTKaMH. IlHJIOpHHeCKHe npnp;aTKH HMeiOT cTpoeime, ORHHaKOBoe c KHmei- HHKOM. npeflCTaBJifleTCfl BecBMa oS'lcmhctoh KopH*meBoro HBeTa; jihihb y TpecKO- BBIX H aKyjI, y KOTOpHX He^ieHB CJiyJKHT mHpa. HMeeT 6jie,nHyio oKpacKy. Bo BpeMH npeKpameHna HHTaHna b KOHne 3HMHero hokoh ne^eHB hckotopbix npec- HOBOftHBIX pH6 H3M6HfleT OKpaCKy OT TeMHO- Phc. 116. liponojibHbifi pa3pe3 qepe3 wejiyflOK Mugil aUratus. (H3 AHTOHHy no ToMa3O.) B. y. — BopoHKOo6pa3Hoe yrjiyOjienne; K.— Ha^ano KHmeHHHKa; M. ok.— MycKyjiHCTUii K; n. •— nHmeBOH; n. n. — nHJiopH- npnuaTOK; . — $yHjxyc b coctoh- HHH JHaHOojibinero pacinnpeHUH, nepenojiHfleTCH jKejraBio; npn bo3o6hobji6hhh aHHH HopMajiBHaa OKpacna BoccTaHaBjiHBaeTCH. Tojibko y HeKOTopHX jiococe- bbix, ny^KOHtaSepHBix n y Lepidosteus ne^eHB HBjiaeTca n;ejiBHOH, Hepa3^ejieHHOH Ha ^ojeh; y 6ojiBmHHCTBa ph6 0Ha flByjionacTHaa, a y Manpejin #a?Ke TpexjionacT- Haa. Ilofl neneHBio jieJKHT jKeji1^^!^ ny3HpB. JlnniB y HeKOTopux $opM (Sphyrna, Trigla) TKejumoro ny3Lipa HeT h jkcji^b Henocpe^cTBeHHO H3 ne^eHH CTeKaeT b kh- ^HXofl[aia;HH H3 ^seji^Horo ny3Bipa npoTOK, ductus cysticus, BCKope co- c ne^enoHHtiM npoTOKOM, ductus hepaticus, b oSmnn npoTOK, ductus choledochus,H OTKpHBaeTca, Kan y?Ke 6hjio ynoMHHyTO, b Hanajio cpe^Hen khdikh. IIpAJKejiyAOHHaa ?Kejie3a, pancreas, npe^cTaBJiaeT C06010 cjiomHyio 3Kejie3y. y mynn bto MajieHBKHH He3aMeTHHH opraH, conpoBOJKflaiomnH npoTOK Ha BceM ero npoTHJKeHnn, TaK hto npoTOK BKJiio^eH b Maccy H?ejie3Bi; oh OTKpHBaeTca b KHme^HHK BO3Jie H^eji^Horo npoTOKa. B npocBeT yfljiHHeHHtix ajiBBeoji nofliKejiyflOHHOH 3Keae3H H3jinBaioT cboh ceK- peT cenepHnpyiomne tphhchh n;HJiHHflpa^ecKHe kjictkh. y kocthctbix BnepB'ue BCTpe^aioTca BKJiioneHHBie b napeHXHMy jKejie3H octpobkh JIaHrepraHca, xopomo pa3BHTBie y bliciiihx hobbohohhbix. Ohh c flocTOBepHOCTBio He HanfleHBi ^o cnx nop VII. OPrAHH 149 hh y nonepe^HopoTHx, hh y KpyrjiopoTHX. y 6ojiBmHHCTBa ph6 y H?ejie3a npeflCTaBjieHa b BHfle flH$$y3Hofi,>iacTLio hjih nejiHKOM BHeapeHHofi b ne-> neHB, Tan ^to npqcTHM rjia3OM ee HejiL3H otjurhtl. B TaKOM cJiyiae JKejie3y mojkho Ha3HBaT& hepatopancreas. IIoffJKejiyflOHHafl jKe.rce.3a npeflCTaBjineT co6ok> MeHHO ?Kejie3y BHenraeft n BHyTpeHHen ceKpeipiH, BHflejiHH Kpone HHX ^epMeHTOB TaKHte HHCyJIHH npHMO B KpOBB; 9Ta nOCJie^HHH HaCTB JKeJie3HCO- octpobok JIaHrepraHca. y kocthcthx o6e nacTH ?Kejie3H npeHCTaBJieHti b pacnojiojKeHHHX opraHOB. IIo Man JIeo,ny (1925), yflajieHne bthx y pH6 BH3HBaeT pe3Koe HapymeHne caxapHoro S 6 ^iccjieffOBaTejiH npefljiarajOT nojiB3OBaTBCH 5Kejie3aMH npoH3BOflCTBeHHoro nojiy^eHHfl HHcyjiHHa, TaK KaK SojiBmofi: aKTHBHOCTBio. - . spibl se Phc. 117. IIpoHOJiLHHit pa3pe3 qepe3 cnnpajiBHHfi KJianaH cKoro CKaTa. (IIo Kpay3e.) spibl— CKjianKa cnnpajibHoro KJianaHa; sel— BTopHHHtie CKJianKH; schl— cjih- 3HCTaH oOpjiOHKa; sbm— cy6MyKO3a; mu muscularis; se—serosa; mumu — mus- cular is miicosae"; mui—KOJifcijeBofi BHyTpeHHHli MycKyjibHHii cjioh; — mu2 — ii :npoaoJifaHEui MHineHHHft cnoii; mus — BHyTpeHHHii npoji;oJibHBifi ft CJIOfi. p 6hjio oco6eHHOCTBio KinneHHHKa HH3mHx ph6 cjiyntHT Hajini5He cnn- pajiBHoro KJianaHa. Ero nepBoe noHBjieHne mo?kho KOHCTaTnpoBaTB, KaK y?Ke a3aHO, y MHHorn; 3fl;ecB cnnpajiBHafl CKJiaflKa o6pa3yeT Bcero nojio6opoTa. y mhkchh cnHpajiBHoro KJianaHa HeT. Bcero cmiBHee oh pa3BHT y cejiaxHfi, XHMep, fliByflHinamnx, oceTpoBHX h Polypterus; b 3aHaTOHHOH $opMe ero mojkho HanTH y Amia h Lepidosteus, GnnpaJiBHHfi KJianaH o6pa3yeT pa3JiHnHoe ^hcjio o6opotob: Chimaera — 3x/2, Heterodontus — 8, Scyliorhinus —12, Notidanus —20, Kpa&ae opnrnHajiBHO ycTpoeH KJianan y Sphyrna — HahofloCne pflfla npo,nojiB- heix n;nJiHHflpoB, BCTaBJieHHHX O.HHH b flpyroS. Acipenser HMeeT 7—8 o6opoTOB, Lepidosteus — S1^. y Lamna cornubica o6pa3yeTCH flo 40 o6opoTOB KJianaHa, hto yBeJiH^HBaeT BcacHBaTejiBHyio noBepxHOCTB KmneHHHKa b 6 pa3 h b sHa^HTejiBHoS Mepe 3aMeflJiHeT npoxojK^eHHe nnn^n, cnocoScTByn TeM 6ojiee coBepmeHHOMyiycBoe- hhk). Ha nonepe^HOM pa3pe3e bh,hho, ^ito Ha cnHpajibHOM KJianaHe o6pa3yioTCH bto- pni[mHe CKJiaflKH (pnc. 117). Hmciotch yKa3aHHH, hto cnnpaJi&HHM KJianaHOM o6jia- ^aioT TaKH?e HeKOTopne kocthcthc; y MajiBKa $opejiH 16 mm mojkho o6Hapy3KHTB CpaBHHTeJIBHO XOpODIO p>a3BHTHH KJianaH, BnOCJieaCTBHH HC^e3aK)m;Hfi. H3 B3pOCJIHX kocthcthx ero mojkho HafiTH y Chirocentrus (Glupeiformes) h Gymnarchus Mormyriformes). O,D(HaKo, no HKo6crareHy (1937), y kocthcthx He 6nBaeT 150 1A.CTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHff 1 I i i, .i •|l ^ i i J i M jljBsi 1 1 j 1 1 1 mero cnnpajitHoro KJianaHa; to, ^to 3a Hero npnHHMaiOT, ecTB tojibko KpyroBaH , o6pa3OBaHHan neHTpaJiBHofi toctbio cjih3hctoh oSojiohkh, Tor^a KaK y y n oceTpoB b o6pa3OBaHnn KJianaHa npnHHMaeT y^acTne bch oinsncTafl 060- jiotiKa. TaM, r^e okaHTiHBaeTCfl y nonepe^HOpOTBix cnnpajiBHHH KJianaH, HaeTCH 3a,HHHfl:, hjih npHMan Knnma; b KOHe^myio *iacTB khhikh y hhx Ha3tiBaeMaH p (pnc. 118). y Dipnoi y p£i6 o6oco6htb Phc. 118. PeKTajiBHan H?ejie3a CTpoeHHH C HeH3BeCTHOH GJienue npH^aTKH OTKpHBaiOTCH npHMO b ot cpe^Hefi 3aTpyflHHTejiBHO. CKaTH h flByflHmamHe o6jia- flaioT KJioaKon, Ky.ua, KpoMe npHMoft KHIHKH, H3JIHBaK)TCH TaKJKe npOTOKH MO^eBOH H HOJIOBOH CHCTeMLI. B KJIOaKe mhkchhh 3aMeTeH MO^eBOH coconek c OTBepCTHHMH CeFMeHTaJIBHBlX , ciofla me oTKpuBaeTCH porus genitalis, 3aflHHH Knnrca h mototo*!- hhkh, He o6pa3ya yporemiTajiBHoro CDHyca (B npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTB MI- Hore). H3 KOCTHCTHX- OTMeHaiOT HaJIETIHe KJioaKH jihhib y nrjiBi — Nerophis aequoreus. Bee npo^ine pbi6bi, bkjiio- MHHor, xHMep h Polypterus, o6oco6jieHHoe aHajiBHoe OTBep- CTne, OTflejiBHoe ot Mo^eBoro n hojio- Boro. IIojiojKeHHe aHajiBHoro oTBepcTHH Ha Tejie ph6 BecBMa pa3HOo6pa3HO — ot 3a#Hero KOHn;a TyjiOBnma (Upistho- proctus), wo MecTa, Jieraamero Bne- peffn rpy^HBix njiaBHHKOB (Gymnoti- dae); HanpnMep, y yrpH — aHajiBHoe OTBepcTne Ha ropjie. ^jiHHa KHine^HHKa pa3Jin^Ha n CTOHT B npHMOH CBH3H C $OpMaMH H cocTaBOM nHTaHHfl:. XnmHHe ph6h HMeiOT KHHieTIHHK, npHMepHO, /ioh^hh flJiHHe Tejia. Hao6o- poT y pacTHTejiBHOflffHHX, KaK Disco- ghathus (H3 Gyprinidae) hjih Gyrino- cheilus (h3 Homalopteridae), hhk b 10 pa3 npeBHmaeT to ?Ke y Varicorhinus — b 7—10 pa3, a y TOJiCTOJio6nKa (Hypophthalmichthys) ohy?Ke b 13 pa3fljiHHHeeTejia.y Campostoma anomalum(w3Gypriniformes) (pnc.119) KHmeTmHK b 6 pa3 fljiHHHee Tejia h oSopa^HBaeTca BOKpyr njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3HpH 15 pa3. y H)JKHo-aMepHKaHCKoro Plecostomus (Loricariidae) Knme^iHHK b 28 pa3 npeBHmaeT ^JinHy Tena h pacnojiaraeTCH MHoro^iHCJieHHHMH cnnpajiBHHMH o6opoTaMH noflo6HO ^acoBOH npyn^HHe. G B03pacT0M fljiHHa Kmne^HHKa H3MeHHeTCH: ¦y jih^hhkh Kapna, OHa paBHa njinHe Tejia, y MajiBKa 5 cm Biraoe npeBHmaeT noc- y oco6h 30 cm — BTpoe. B H3rn6ax KHmeTniHKa jicjkht cejie3eHKa, He HHKaKoro oTHomeHHH k opraHaM nnmeBapeHnn. FncTOJioriraecKoe cTpoeHne KnmeHHHKa TaKOBO. BHyTpeHHHH hojioctb bh- cjih3hctoh BHHTejinajiBHOH oSojio^ikoh, jieH?am.eH Henocpe^CTBeHHO Ha coe- iBHOTKaHHOH propria; propria cocTaBJiHeT ocHOBaHne kh: B JKejiyflKe cjin3HCTafl oSojio^Ka, BnaiiHBaHCB Brjiy6B, o6pa3yeT hmkh, Ky^a ?KeJie3H. 3a membrana propria cjie/jyeT submucosa, KOTopaa p no Kpayse). ag-—BUBOJiHOft npoTOK; agi—MeatnonacTHHe HBie npOTOKH; ag*—neHTpajibHan nojioCTb; na— 8HCTHH anHTeJinfit; bgf — KpoBeHocHtiii cocyfl; se — 8aflHHH KHnma; ep—ee 3iiHTeJiH&; irm—muscularis c BHyrpeHHHM KOJitn;eB£iM (mui) h HapyHiHHM npo- HOJIbHBIM MUmeHHTSTM CJIOeM (ntUo). VII. OPrAHH nHmEBAPEHHH b o6jiacTH HseJiyflKa npnoSpeTaeT xapaKTep jiHM$onflHofi TKami; y oceTpoBBix, jjByjjHinainHX h nonepeTmppoTBix 3#ecB 3ajieraiOT TaKJKe MHoro jiHM^aTimecKnx <£ojraHKyji n KpoBeHOCHHX cocyAOB. J^aJiee cjie^yeT muscularis, cocTOHmaa H3 npo- JJOJIBHBIX H KOJlBB[eBHX MHHie^HHX BOJIOKOH H, HaKOHeili, CHapy?KH — CepO3Hafl l, cjioJKeHHaH H3 coeflnHHTejiBHOH TKaHH h anHTeJina. Gpe^H o6ohx My- ~~"#\ Phc. 119. Campostoma anomalum Raf. ceM. Gyprinidae, c 6paHHHMH 6y- ropKaMH; KHnie^HHK MHoroKpaTHO o6opaqHBaeTCH BOKpyp nyaupH. (IIo 4) cjioeB HBIMH B CHMnaTH^ecKne cnjieTeHHH c MHoroHHCJieHHHMn raHrjino3- cjiofi CHa6a?eH TamKe nonepe^HonojiocaTHMH bojiok- jihhh 3th BOJioKHa -3yn n p Ha H?ejiy^0K n KHmeHHHK, o6pa- KOJiBn;eBofi cjioii nojiocaTtix MBmm, CHapyjKH TaKOBHX me cjioes rjia^KHx bojiokoh. O^eHB oShjibhh KpOBe- HocflHe cocyffbi b 3a^Hefi KmnKe Misgurnus, vpfi ohh cjiyjKaT G h 3a,n;Hflfl KmnKa bhcht Ha Me3eHTepnn, nepexOflflinieM c - njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa Ha H?ejiy,n;oK h KnniKy; oh oShjibho CHaSateH bhmh KJieTKaMH. BHyTpeHHue opraHH h ctghkh hojiocth Tejia BHCToiaHH SpiornHHoa:, KOTopaa Hepe^KO 6BiBaeT chjibho imrMeHTHpoBaHa, bhjiotb jsp ^epHoro njBeTa. HepHHft n;BeT 6pio- y HaropHoa3naTCKHX bh,o;ob pn6 V. Hn- (1938) oS'BHCHaeT TeM, ^n?o TaKaa 3ani;Hni;aeT iiojioctb Tejia n oco- ¦6eHHo nojiOBBie KJieTKH ot Bpe^Horo BO3,neH- •ctbhh CBeTa h cnjiBHoro ocBein;eHHH. TaKoe upeflnojiosKeHne e^Ba jiel npnjiOHtEnvio rjih oS-LHCHennfl npoHCxosKfleHHH ^epHofi OKpacKH 6pi0inHHH THXOOKeaHCKOfi: TpeCKH H HeKOTOpHX rjiySoKOBOflHBix $opM. Bo BpeMH HepecTOBoro npn npeKpameHnn nnTaHna y hgkoto- BH,n[OB KHmeHHHK HOflBepraeTCH perpec- €HBHOMy pa3BHTHK), a HHOrfla H SHa^HTeJIB- Hofi: flereHepaujnn; sto yKa3HBaeTcn no otho- meHHio MHHorn. Phc. 120 noKa3HBaeT H3- Phc. 120. H3MeHeHHH KHineqmiKa na- bhhh bo BpeMH HepecTOBoro xop;a. (IIo UleftpHHry.) , npeTepneBaeMLie KnmeHHHKOM HaBHTi0[ bo BpeMH noRteMa ee no peice GaKpaaieHTO. IlnmeBapeHie. B potobhx 3KeJie3ax MHHorn oSHapymeHH <£epMeHTBi; thh imTaHHH MHHor npn6jiHJKaeTca k BHeKHmetiHOMy TaK KaK MHHora, npHcocaBmHCB k jKepTBe, BHflejifleT b MecTe npncacHBa- hhh nmn;eBapHTeJiBHBie ^epaieHTH h HacacBiBaeT y?Ke nepeBapeHHBie nacTHntr no- 6 TOMy, hto npoHcxoflHT y jihhhhok njiaByHn,a h y nayKOB. '. 152 *IACTb nEPBAfl. Ei • II p o n. e' ,c c h n n m e. b a p e h h h y HacToamnx pBi6 y noff BJinHHneM nencnHa tf cojihhoh khcjiothV BHjjeJifleMBix jKejiyaoHH jKejie3aMn; 6ejiKH b khcjioh cpege HtejiynKa pacmenjiflioTCfl: #o neirroHOB. ITpn nepe- xo,n;e nnmeBOH KanranH b cpeflHioio KHnray oHa HeftrpaJiH3yeTCH hjih flaste npno6- peTaeT mejio^myio peaKnnio no^ BjinnHneM KHmei|BEoro cona, coflepH?ain;ero $ apencHH:2 nocjieflpHfi pacmenjineT nocTynHBmHe H3 ?KeJiyAKa nenTOHH #o khcjiot. B to 3Ke caMoe Bpeaia nHma nona^aeT no# ^eficTBne $epMeHTOB, Kejiesoft — TpnncnHa, cTeancnHa h aMnjioncnim; Bee ohh Moryr tojibko b mejioHHofi hjih HeHTpajiBHOH cpe^e; Te 6eJiKH, KOTopHe He nepeBapnBaioTCH b sKejiy^Ke nencnHOM, nepepa6aTHBaioTCH b Kmne^HKe no^ BO3- HencTBHeM TpnncHHa, Tanme pacmenjiflflcb b nerrroHH h, #ajiee, apencnHOM — b aMHHOKHCJioTH. Amhjioiichh pacmenjifleT yrjieBOflH, a cTeancnH — jkhph; nocjieff- hhh ocoSeHHO HHTeHCHBHO ^eHCTByeT b npncyTCTBHH nocTynaiomeH H3 ne^eHH jkgji^h, cnoco6cTByioin;eH BMyjiBrnpoBaHHio mnpoB. }Knp npn pacmenjieHHH ^aeT rjiHn,e- pHH, BCaCHBaeMHH CTeHKaMH KHme^HHKa, H JKHpHBie KHCJIOTBI (naJIBMHTHHOBaflr ojieHHOBan h CTeapHHOBaa), OMHJiaeMHe JKeji^Bio n b BHfle aMyjiBcnn nocTynaiomHe- b jiHM$aTHHecKyio n KpoBeHocHyio cncTeMH. B KHme^HHKe ph6, nHTaromnxcH pacTHTejiBHon mamefi (Kapn n flp)., o6Hapy- OTcyTCTBHH cjiiohhbix H?ejie3 y ph6 pacmenjieHne yrjieBO^OB HaeTca jiheib b KmneHHHKe hoa BJiHHHneM ^epMeHTOB noAJKejiyjjpHHOH meJie3H, b cocTaB coKa KOTopon y pn6 bxojj,ht aMHJia3a n MaJiBTa3a b oTHomeHHH 1 : 25. ByHflep ^aeT TaKyio Ta6jinn;y nnm;eBapHTeJiBHHX ^epivteHTOB fljia xhid;hhx h mhphhx pu6 (6e3 H?ejiy^Ka —. KapnoBHx) Ha 06pa3 3KH3HH OpraH hofo immeBapennH epMeHT ainpoBoro epsieHT fiejiKOBoro ( naHKpeac aMnlaaa JIHIia3a nencHH, HGI TpnncHH MnpHHe \ I namcpeac KHraeHHHK ,=a jrnna3a TpnncHH apencHH y noKa3aji, ^to ycBoeHne nnnjH n^eT Heo^HHaKOBO n b CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT HHTeHCHBHOCTH HHTaHHH: yMepeHHO HHTai0inHHC3 KapH.H3 100 r jiynnna ycBanBaeT 35.2 r 6ejiKa, Tor.ua KaK hhtghchbho nnTaiomnHCH — tojibkq 18.9 r; OTciofla hcho, hto npn nepeKapMJiHBaHHH 3HaHHTeJiBHaa nacTB mnn,vL npoxo- ;hht HeycBoeHHon; Han6ojiee coBepmeHHoe ycBoeHne — nocjie HeKOToporo rojio^a- hhh. Gkopoctb nnin,eBapeHHH ctoht b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot TeMnepaTypH, a TaKme h co^epjKaHHH b Bofle KHCjiopo^a. y Misgurnus npoflOJiJKHTejiBHOCTB nnmeBapeHHa: npn 20° — 11 HacoB, a npn 7.5° — 86 nacoB. IlepeHOC ph6h H3 t20° b cpe,ny c 110° yMeHBmaeT noTpe6jieHne numja b nepByio ^e Heflejiio b Tpn pasa, a k ^eTBepTo"ft He^ejie noTpe6jieHne coKpamaeTCH flo 20% nepBOHanajiBHoro. O6paTHHH nepeHOG b 6ojiee Tenjiyio Bo^y BoccTaHaBJiHBaeT hhtghchbhoctb HHTaHHH (tojibko, hohhtho, «O OHTHMyMa). Kop3HHKHH HaXOflHT, HTO CKOpOCTB npOXOH?fleHHH HHHliH Hepe3 HH- 3aBHCHT TaK?Ke ot BHfla ph6h, ee B03pacTa, bgjih'ihhh h -1 IIo. Kop3HHKHHy, nHiu;eBapeHHe y KapnoBHx (hto iiohhtho) h OKyHH — npoTeKaet ft khcjiotli. 2 3«ect mbi coxpaHHeM hjih ynpomeHHH CTapHe Ha3BaHHH — TpwncHH, apencHH fi npoTeHHa3H, Kap6oKCHnoJiHneHTHna3ti, npoTaMHHa3ti (tphhchh) h aMHHonojinnen () ( O B $ D p p flHnenTHfla3fci (apenciiH AH GGGP, 1940). (cm. OepineHTH, nofl p) aKap;. Baxa h npo$. ¦^'-SvS&!§ VII. OPrAHH 15a po#a iimui.it. y MajiBKa hjiotbbi npn t 20° is. nnTaHnn xnpoHOMHflaMH — nponeco npoflOjuKaeTCH 3 nae. 35 mhh., y Sojiee KpynHBix — 4 *iac. 53 mhh. h y TpexjieT- hhx — 10 nac. 43 mhh. GieneHB ycBoeHHH KopMa 3aBHCHT ot ero KOjnreecTBa; xnpoHOMycoB ycBanBaeTca npn oShjibhom HHTaHHH 85—87% cyxoro Beca. Ha- 6jiK)fleHHH Bokoboh (1940) Ha# boSjioh noKa3HBaioT, ^to ckopoctb nepeBapHBaHHH ^pencceH, t. e. BpeMH, noTpeSHoe ^jih o^mmeHHH KHme^H-HKa, H3MeHneTCH TaK: t° 2—5° 5—7° 9—11° 13—15° 16—18° 20° 26° lacti 30 31 22 22 12 9 8 Gkopoctb ^nepeBapHBaHHH 3aBncnT ot TeMnepaTypu n ot Ka^ecTBa iramn: moji- jiiockh nepeBapHBaiOTCH CKopee paKOo6pa3HBix; KOJinnecTBO nnmjx, no ee flaHHHMr jihhib b y3KHX npeaejiax; ro,a;oBoe noTpe6jieHne KopMa npn nnTannH mojijiio- b 24 pa3a npeBHmaeT co6ctb6hhbih Bee bo6jih, paKOo6pa3HBiMH — b 9 pa3. nHEo,H HeoflHHaKOBa: HpeficceHa ycB'anBaeTca Ha 28.3%, raMMapn,HBi— Ha 72.7%, mh3h,hh — Ha 83.8%. IIponeHT ycBoeHHH a3OTa cooTBeTCTBeHHO: 83.5; 91.9; 95.7. PeaKnna b sKejiy^Ke npecHOBOffHHX pBi6, no OoHKy, KHCJiaa: pH 4.7—4.5,. onTHMyM flencTBHH nencHHa npn pH 2. Hao6opoT, pH b jKejiy^Ke Squalus acan- thias, HoroTHHHH, paBHHeTca 2.3—3.2. BcacHBaHne npoH3Bo,HHTCH, no Kop3HH- KHHy, rjiaBHHM o6pa3OM, nocjieflHHM OT,nejioM KnmeHHHKa. PeaKi^HH pH b KnmeHHHKe y Kapna 6.73—7.32, y myKH — 6.4—6.85; y Trachi- nus 6.73—7.13, TaK hto Bee me HeT hcho BupaiKeHHOH mejioHHOH peaKnnH. E[pon;ecc nepeBapnBaHHH npocjie?KHBaJicH KapneBH^i h Bokoboh (1936) Ha Tpec- Ke n 6H^Ke (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Ilpn bckphthhx 6hhkob nepe3 HBie npoMeatyTKH BpeMeHH nocjie npHHHTHH hmh nnni;H o6Hapy?KeHO, hto b nepBBix 3—4 nacos nporjiOHeHHan pH6a He noflBepraeTCfl BH^HMOMy H3MeHeHHio; nepe3 5 nacoB 3aMeTH0 pa3pymeHHe noKpoBOB H?epTBBi b MecTax conpHKOCHOBeHHH co CTeHKaMH JKeJiy^Ka. 3a nepBtifi cyTKH pa3pymaeTCH b cpeflHeM okojio 26% nn- n^eBoro KOMKa, a b TeneHne Tpex cyTOK nepeBapHBaeTca okojio 75% ero. Ilporjio- ^eHHaa pH6a TepneT cboh BHemHHH BHfl nepes Tpoe cyTOK; Hepe3 5 cyTOK eme mojk- ho no kocthm Hepena h OTOJiHTaM ycTaHOBHTB bh^ h kojih^cctbo nporjio^eHHBix ). Hepe3 mecTB cyTOK mejiy^OK ocBoSojK^aeTCH ot imqn. IlepBBie nopn;HH nnmn b KnmeHHHK ^epe3l8HacoB b BH^e roMoreHHOH MaccH;nocjie ocBo6o3K,q;e~ hhh jKejiyflKa b KHmeHHHKe nnni;a HaSjiioflaeTCH b TeneHne 12 nacos h 6ojiee. B ny- ctom H?ejiyflKe pH = 6.7; nocjie Ha^ajia nepeBapHBaHHH na#aeT ro 3nfla?Ke2.0; no OKOH^aHHH nepeBapHBaHHH bhobb noflHHMaeTCfl flo 6.99. B KHme^HHKe pH = =7.3—7,8, a b nnjiopnqecKHx oTpocTKax ot 6.54 js,o 8.02, b cpe^HeM 7.25. Gi nepeBapHBaHHH, no KapneBBra (1941), ctoht b cbh3h c KajiopnHHOcTBio nnni;a c 6ojibhihm kojih^cctbom mnpoB h Scjikob nepeBapnBaeTca'MeflJieHHee, 6e,HHaH b 9tom OTHomeHHH. Gkopoctb nepeBapnBaHHH HapacTaeT ot raMMapycoB k nojinx3TaM h % ycBoeHHH yBejiHHHBaeTca. IIjiaBaTejiBHHH ny3BipB reHeTH^ecKH cBH3aH c mimeBOflOM n npefl- CTaBjiaeT co6oio BBinn^HBaHHe khhikh. HeKOTopne cpocTHonejiiocTHHe (Tetrodon- tiformes) KaK 6bi HaMeKaiOT Ha tot nyTB, KaKHM Mor BO3HHKHyTB njiaBaTejiBHBin ny3tipB. TaKne $opMBi, KaK Monacanthus, Triacanthus, coBceM He HMea njiaBa- TejiBHoro ny3LipH, o6jiafl;aioT chocoShoctbio pa33yBaTB BO3syxoM cboh nnni;eBOff h JKejiy^oK. Tetrodon jj,jih. 3toh n.ejra y?Ke nojiB3yeTCH MemKOBH,nHHMH BHCTynaMH C SpiOIHHOH CTOpOHH TJIOTKH, KOTOpBie pa3flyBaiOTCfl SO TaKOH CTeneHH, HTO TeJIO npHoSpeTaeT $opMy mapa; npn btom HaSnpaeMBiH b Ha3BaHHHe BHCTynH BO3flyx HcnojiB3yeTCH He tojibko ^jih rn,n;pocTaTHHecKHX n;ejieH, ho TaK3Ke h ,o;jih BacHen;oB cTiHTaeT, hto njiaBaTejiBHHH ny3BipB BO3HHKaeT H3 HenapHoro BaHHH Ha chhhhoh cTopoHe nnmeBo^a; oh HaxoflHT roMOJior ero b sn^e BBinH^niBaHHH y 8m6phohob cejiaxHH h c^HTaei 3a npoH3BO,nHoe bocbmoh napBi 6epHBix ntejien. TaKoe npe^nojiojKeHne hcxorht H3 HenpasHJiBHon tohkh 3peHHHr 6yffro BHcmne ph6h npoH3omjin ot Elasmobranchii, Tor^a KaK nocjieffHne — cjie- nan bgtbb, He ocTaBHBmaH noTOMCTBa. npn BKCi^Hpnai^HH njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa y rojiBHHa, Phoxinus, jme ^epe3 hcckojibko flHefi nocjie onepai^nn pti6a 1 Jr 154 HEPBAfl; MOPOOJIOrHH I?' i'i Ml ¦< i k noBepxHOCTH h 3arjiaTHBaeT Bosgjyx. IIpH btom b nepe#HeH B03HHKaeT BBiCTyn, HanojiHeHHHH BO3flyxoM, KaK 6bi yKa3HBaiT Ha nyTB npo- DiaBaTeJIBHOrO Hy3Bipfl. B03HHKaeT OH B 9M6pHOHaJIBHOM HJIH JIHHH- ho^hom nepnofle b Ka^ecTBe BtipocTa toh oSjiacTH KmneHHHKa, r,ne no3Hte 6y#eT ¦TKejiyffOK hjih KOHen; nnn^eBOfla. y Clupea bhpoct HanpaBjieH Bnepe,n, 3aTeM oh pe3KO H3rH6aeTCfl HpacTeTBflByxHanpaBJieHHHx: Bnepefl, o6pa3yn Rajiee pa3BHJioK c ^ByMfl KOHnaara, ^oxo^flmniviH flo ctchok yiiiHoro jiaSnpnHTa, h Ha3afl — ^o koh- na nojiocTH Tejia, h oTKpHBaacB HapyiKy, KpOMe ductus pneumaticus, em;e h btophm OTBepcTneMno3affH aHyca h yporeHHTaJiBHorococornea (pnc. 121); aHajiorBraHoe o6pa- 30BaHne y Trachurus — b npasyio ?Ka6epHyio hojioctb. y .npyrnx ptiS He 6HBaeT flpyroro coo6m;eHHfl c Hapy?KHOH cpeflofi KpOMe ductus pneumaticus. Ecjih nocjie,n- OTKpHBaeTcn no3a,HH tjiotkh — 9to HBJiHeTCfl cJie^CTBHeM BTopntnioro CMem;e- (Holostei). y Physoclisti o6pa3yroiHHHCfl: B03flymHHH KaHaji BCKope 3aMH- h oSjiHTepnpyeTCH; y Bcex hx b nepe^HeM BeHTpaJiBHOM OT^eJie ny3Hpn o6pa- lljJlilCJJ.UOUUJltJxlll/x /^Jl/l rJJbl/^tiJltJrlll/l J. doUxi ^^ X doUJj-blt? /xVvjJlcolil^ U.J1J6L i\^/ciL.'XLnlw (pnc. 122). y Euphisoclisti, — k kotopbim HyiKHO othccth Perci-, Gadi-,, Gaste- 00 <-S °,e " SB Phc. 121. Clupea harengus, roHaflti A—aHajibHoe OTBepdHe; D — KHmeiHnK; DP—ductus pneumaticus; GS — MecTO pasBHJiKa njiaBaTejibHoro ny3upH; H — cepan;e; / — neieHb; M — atejiy- HOK; M. Bl—cjienofi MeuiOK JKejiy^Ka; JV—HepB; Oc—saTHJioiHaa koctb; Oe — nnmeBOfl; -Py — nEuiopniecKHe npnHaTKH; SB — nJiaBaTejibHbiii ny3bipb; SBi — ero 3a^Hee OTBepcTHe; UG — yporeHHTanbHoe OTBepcTHe. (Hs Mafiepa h UTefipoHra.) rostei-, Notacanthi- h Muguliformes — oSjiacTB norjiomeHHH ra30B jiemwr b Ho-KaysajiBHOH nacTH, Hepe^KO b BWRe njiocKoro KapMaHa, OBajia, hjih 3aflHeH Ka- aiepH, oTrpaHH^ieHHOH MycKyjiHCTOH Ana$parMOH, coflepjKamen c$HHKTep h .ipcjiaTa- Top. 3ia 3aAHHH KaMepa (oBaji) paccMaTpnBaeTCH KaK ocTaTOK ny3Hp^aT0H ^acTH BO3flymHoro xoj^a. [Syngnathus, Labrus, Opsanus] (pnc. 123). Tojibko y Gyprinodonti h Scombresocidae aMSpnoHaJiBHHH B03j];yinHHH xo,n CBH3aH c nepeflHHM kohi^om p p PayTep npoTHBonocTaBjineT nepBHM b Ka^ecTBe Paraphysoclisti. no TeopHH 3areMejiH, njiaBaTejiBHHH ny3HpB npoH3omeji Ha 6pioniHOH cTopoHe h nepBOHa^ajiBHO 6hji ^ByjionacTHHM h jieohb 3aTeM nepeMecTHJica Ha npaByio cto- poHy y HeKOTopHx Dipnoi (Neoceratodus) hjih na JieByio — y Actinopterygii. HeKOTOpue xapan;HHOBHe, b po^e Erythrinus, c ductus pneumaticus Ha jicboh CTopoHe, npeflCTaBjiaioT nepexo^Hyio cTaAHio. HaooopoT, Boac npeflnojiaraeT, hto nysEipB nepBOHanajiBHO bo3hhk Ha chhhhoh CTopoHe, 3aTeM paciqe- Ha npaByio n JieByio hojiobhhh, KOTOpHe no3H«e nepeMecrnjincB KaiK^HH c CBoea: ctopohh bhh3 t$ TaM cHOBa coeflHHHJiHCB. He yflOBjieTBopflacB o6enMH bthmh TeopHHMH, IHneHrejiB BBicKa3aji, xrro jierKne npoH3onuiH H3 3aflHen napH ?Ka6ep- hhx MemKOB. rtocjieflyiomee coeflHHeHne o6onx MeniKOB c BeHTpajiBHOH ctopohh npHBO^HT k ycjioBHHM, HMeioiUHMCfl y Dipnoi, Polypterus m ^eTBepoHornx, a cjiHHHHe c ;q;op3aJiBHOH ctopohh npHBOflHT k ny3Hpio Amia h ^P- Actinopterygii. MapKyc TaKH?e ncxoflHT H3 npe^nojiojKeHHii o napHOM nponcxomfleHHH jierKnx H3 aKa6ep.- hbix KapMaHOB, hto He noflTBep5K,naeTCH aMSpnojiornHecKH. 9M6pnojiorBraecKH ny- VII. OPrAHH IIHIHEBAPEHHfl 155 * 3HpB BOSHHKaeT y ohhhx — c npaBoft CTopoHBi (Acipenser, Salmo, Cyprinus),, y apyrnx — c jieBoft (Lophobranchii). A. H. GeBep^OB nepBOHa^aJiBHO ^onycKaji bo3mo?khoctb cyniecTBOBaHHH flByx HJiaBaTeJiBHHx ny3Bipefi y uphmhthbhbix koct- hhx ph6, Osteichthyes primitivi, — flop3ajiBHoro h BeHTpajiBHoro: y Grossoptery- gii n Dipnoi coxpaHHJicfl jihhib BeHTpajiBHHH, a y Ghondrostei h Teleostei —'" £0p3a;jiBHBiH. Ho HeoSocHOBaHHOCTB 3toh rnnoTe3Bi 3acTaBHJia ero BCKope 0TKa3aTBca OT Hee H npHHSTB, *ITO IipHMHTHBHBie KOCTHBie COBCeM He HMeJIH ny3Bipfl H hhhl pa3BHjica H3 H«a6epHoro BBinfl^iHBaHHH, y cuhhx — fl6p3ajiBHoro, y KaK y^Ke 6hjio Bcefl JIHHIByHH3K0 0praHH30BaHHBIX KOCTHCTHX (Phy- sostomi, hjih OTBepcTony3BipHBie); HMeeT- CH BO3flyniHBIH XOfl TaKJKe y OCeTpOBHX. Hao6opoT, Bee B3pocjiHe BHcmne kocth- o6jia,naK)T 3aKpBiTHM ny3BipeM (Phy- Phc. 122. Pa3JiHHHHe $opMti KpacHtix Ten y KOJiiOMenepHX. CxeMaTHSHpoBaHO. Kannji- jiapHaH ceTb HepHan, raaoBBie H«ene3Bi — nyHKTHpOM. a — Ophidium barbatum; b — Smaris vulgaris; c — Coris julis; d— Peristethus cataphractus; e— Zeus faber, f—Perca fluviatilis; g—Cepola rubescens. . (Ho BynJiaHRy.)j Phc. 123. BHyTpeHHHH noBepxHOCTB njia- nya&ipn Mugil chelo; Ha T cm— n;HpKyjiflpHHe saMBiKaiomne I m; fe— CKJian^aTHii anHTejinfi noBepxHociH, no- il khcjiopoa; m:— Kpatt houocth j rm—paanaafcHBie OTKpuBaiomHe soclisti), ecjin TaKOBofi Boo6m;e HMeeTCfl. O,HHaKO 3aKpHTony3HpHHe, KaK hckjiio- *ieB:ne, BCTpe^aiOTCfl cpeflH HH3mHX (Opisthoproctus, Argentina H3 Glupeiformes) h, Hao6opoT, 0TBepcT0ny3BipHBie — cpe^n bhchiix (Hanp. Beryx n Holocentrum H3 Beryciformes). IlepBoe 3anoflHeHne njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Bipfi y jihhhhok ph6 OTBepcTony3BipHHX nponcxoflHT nyTeM 3arjiaTHBaHHH BO3flyxa Ha noBepxHOCTit BOflH, ho y Physoclisti, bh^hmo, bto mojkbt nponcxo^HTB TaiOKe nyTeivt ra300TfleJie- hhh BHyTpeHHero, TaK KaK B03flyniHHH: xo,n y hhx 3aMBiKaeTCH oneHB paHo. GoBceM HeT h HHKorfla He 6bijio njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3HpH y KpyrjiopoTHX h nonepe^mopoTBix, xoth y HeKOTopHX aKyji — Mustellus, Galeus h Acanthias c H #op3ajiBH0H ctopohh nnmeBOffa HMeeTca MajieHBKnft cjienoS; OTpocTOK. ny3HpB jihhib y pH6 c 6ojiee hjih MeHee OKocTeHeBmHM cnejieTOM h TaitHM o6pa3OM oh cjiyatHT fljiH yMeHBineHHH y^ejiBHoro Beca. O^aKO MHorne kocthcthc, Beflymne npHflOHHHH o6pa3 5kh3hh, TaK?Ke jiHmeHBi ny3BipH, xoth 6h hx po.ipraEt hjih caMH ohh b MOJioflocTH h HMeJiH ero. HeT' ny3Hpa y Trachinidae, Gottidae, MHornx Gobiidae,Gyclopteridae; y Pleuronectidae n Uranoscopidae oh <£yHKnnoHHpyeT jihhib y nejiarn^ecKHX jehtihhok, HoncHe3aeT HOCJieMeTaMop$O3a.OflHaKO y Symbranchus, no Taftjiopy, oTcyTCTByei «aH?e h 3aKJiaflKa ny3HpH. HeT ny3Bipfl h y MHornx rjiy- ^OKOBOflHBix ph6 (Alepocephalidae, Aleposauridae h 3p.)« V P^fla rjiySoKOBOflHHX pBi6 njiaBaTeJiBHHH ny3HpB HMeeTca (Argentina, Opisthoproctus). V Opistkoproctus 1 V, if 156 HACTB HEPBAfl. M0P ^acTEnmo OKpymaeTCH KOJibnjeBH^HEiMH reMajitHBiMH OTpocTKaMH (Chiasmodon, Mugilidae) hjih pacmnpeHHHMH napano<|)H3aMH (Hypopleuron — H3 Brotulidae). S ny3Hpfl b KOCTHyio Kancyjiy, xapaKTepn3yioin;ee ceM. Gobitidae, b CTeneHH noBtunaeT ^yBCTBHTejibHOCTb k BocnpnHTHio H3MeHeHna CKoro flaBJieHHH; ph6h 9Toro ceMencTBa nosHHMaiOTCfl k noBepxHOCTH npH ny3Hpb jie?KHT Ha cnnHHofi CTopoHe, now , Ha,n KmiewMOM. OSHKHOBeHHO 3to nenapHHEE, pe?Ke napHtifi: hjih pa3- npopiOJibHon neperopo^Kofi opraH, HanojiHeHHHfi ra3aMH. - BHyTpH ny3BipB BBicTjiaH iijiockhm oflHOCJiofiHHM snHTejineM, pa3Jin^HMHM tojibko npn cepe6- peHHH nnocKOCTHoro npenapaTa. Tlojs, propria, 3a KOTopon cjie^yeT submucosa, hjih tunica externa, TaKJKe ; OHa Hepe^KO co,n;epji?HT ajiacTH^ecKHe h rjia^KHe MHine^HHe BOJioima; 3aJieraioT KpoBeHOCHHe cocyflBi, o6pa,3yion];He cnjieTeHne. CHapy?KH ny3BipB- pHXJion coeflHHHTejiBHOTKaHHOH adventitia. BonoKHa nonepe^HonojiocaTHx MBnnn; tojibko b peflKnx cjiy^anx 3ajieraiOT b HapyjKHOM cjioe ny3Hpfl. Bcjie^CTBne o6njinfl b cTeHKax ny3Hpa KJieHflaiomnx BemecTB, oh npnMeHseTCfl rjih. npnroTO- BJieHHH pBi6Bero KJiea. Jlynmne copTa nojiynaioTCH H3 ny3Bipfl oceTpoBHX h ho npnroTOBjieHHe KJien bo3mojkho H3 ny3BipH Bcex bh,o;ob ph6. IIpHMeHeHHe iuiaraTejibHoro ny3tipH He orpaHH^HBaeTCH o?j;hhm npHroTOBJieHHeM KaK yKa3BiBaeT JIiih (1939), njiaBaTejitHHii ny3Bipt paccwiaTpHBaeTCfl b Kirrae, KaK H3LiCKaHHoe KyinaHHe h b iirapoKHx pa3Mepax npHMeHneTCH b KanecTBe nmijeBoro npop;yKTa. ^tt no aHajiH3y Read, Lee and Cheng, ny3fcipb cosepjKHT: 21.20 78.22 0.50 j0.007 Ooc^opa.............. 0.018 }K0.0003 0.023 99.9683 . . . r 0.08 ...... . 100.0% Kasopiifi na 100 r........ 325 AsoTcoaepHamne c pyccKoro pBi6noro A30T IipOTeHHOB.......... 91.0 A3ot npoTeo3........... 4.4 A3ot nenTOHOB........... 4.5 A30T aMDHOKHCJOT........ 0.1 100.0 Bojiee Bcero b KnTae p;o6&iBaeTCH ny3Bipn b npoBHHnHH HnKnaHre (10 500 nHKyjib = 14.000 $yHT.); 3HaqHTejiBHoe KOJiiraecTBO bbo3htch b KnTaii H3 Oct-Hhahh, HH^o-KnTaH, GaaMa, Ky6.Bi, ©HJinnnHH, IOjkh. AMepHKH. Hame Bcero npHMenaiOTCH KpynH&ie ny3Bipw Sciaenidae, HeKOTopiix yrpefi, comob, ocoSeHHo: Bahaba jlavolabiata (L), Nibea diacanthus (Lacep.); Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), Arius falcarius (Rich.); Muraenesox arabicus (Bl. et Schn.), Lagocephalus lunaris (Bl. et Schn.). IIjiaBaTejibHBifi ny3Bipi> o6jiaji;aeT TOHHqecKHMH CBoftCTBaMH h ero RaiOT S h BH3RopaBJiHBaiou];HM. PtmoHHaH iteHa cynieHoro ny3bipn b KnTae o^eHb BBicoKa. B EBpone h AMepHKe pBi6Hft Knefi npHMeHneTCH TaKJKe rjih ocBeTjieHHH BHHa h „ vii. oprAHH 157 Xft nysHpt (KyTtipt) imoraa ynbTpejSjiHJicH Bnamyn b Pocchh, p lew ynoMH- h GaSaHeeB (t. II, CTp. 515); no ero cjioBaM, coMOBHft ny3Hpt b AcTpaxaHCKOtt rySepHHH ajiCH JiaKOMHM Sjhorom h hbjihjich HeoOxoRHMOfi npHHaji;jie>KHOCTLK) CBap;e6Horo CTOjia b Kpac- HonpcKOM yezjifi. Jfyifl BHRejieHHH ra3OB H3 KpOBH b ny3HpB cjiyasaT TaK Ha3HBaeMHe KpacHBie Tejia. hjih ra3OBne ?KeJie3Bi (pnc. 122). y TpecKH cymecTByeT oftHa TaKaa 3Kejie3a, y npyrnx pBi6 hx mojkct 6bitb h hcckojibko; bth JKejie3H CHa6?KaK)TCH kpoblio H3 BeTBeH: arteria coeliaco-mesenterica, pa36HBaioin;eflcfl Ha ceTB KannjijrapoB, co6h- paiomnxcfl saTeM b vena porta. J^jih yjjajieHHJi ra30B H3 ny3HpH y OTBepcTony3Bip- hbix cjiy?KHT ductus pneumaticus, a y 3aKpHTony3HpHHX — OBaji, — ctojib 3Ke 6oraTO cHaSmeHHoe KpoBeHOCHHMH cocyflaMH Ha MecTe 6HBmero ductus pneumati- cus o6pa3OBaHne. OBaji npeACTaBjiaeT o6pa3OBaHne ,o;obojibho KpynHHX pa3MepoB: y cy,n;aKa 25 cm rjihhoh OBaji HMeeT ro 3 cm b anaMeTpe. OBaji nojiynaeT KpoBt H3 aopTH n HanpaBJiHeT ee b 3aji;HioK) Kap^HHajiBHyio Bea:y. y hh oBajia. hh KpacHBix jKejiea. GeKpen;Hfl ra3OB KOHTpojinpyeTcn SjiyjK^aioiniHM, a norjion%eHHe HepBaMH. y 0TKpHT0Iiy3HpHHX B03#yniHHH XOfl MOH?eT CJiyiKHTB ra3OB He tojibko b kxhom BO3pacTe. Hko6c noKa3aji, ^ito myKH, KapnoBLie h JiococeBHe, 3arjiaTHBaH Ha noBepxHOCTH BO3flyx, MoryT nepeBO^HTB ero b ny3HpB. Te MajiBKH, KOTopue no BHJiynjieHHH He nojiy^aiOT b ny3tipB ny3HpBKa BO3,ctyxa, Majio H?H3Hecnoco6Hti, OTCTaiOT b pocTe h 6hctpo thShvt. OffHaKO npn H3OjinpoBaHHH pbi6h ot HapysKHoro BO3«yxa, Hanoji- ny3BipH RocTHraeTCH h ceKpen;Hefi, kohc^ho, 6ojiee Me^JieHHoe. y Phoxinus pjKaHne ra3a: GO2 — 2.0%; O2 — 8.7%: npa ra3OBoft ceKpenHH GO2 noffHHMaeTCH ro 5.3%, a O2 — flo 42.6%. 3aTO JiococeBHe nocjie ny3Hpfl OKa3ajincB HecnocoSHtiMH bhobb HanojiHHTB ny3HpB ceK- pen;Hefi; npn H3OJian;HH ot HapyjKnoro BO3^yxa ^opejiB b Te^eHHe 59 hhcbe ocTaeTCfl c nycTHM ny3LipeM. OTcio^a hohhtho, noqeMy y hhx b ny3Hpe coji;epJKaHne KHCJiopo^a HHKor.ua He noflHHMaeTCH BHme, ^eM b aTMOc$epHOM BO3flyxe: y Salmo irideus 1.7— 12.4%, Hucho — 2.5—5.4%. Hao6opoT, y mynn, o6jia.naioin.eHL ceTBio KannjiJia- poB noff anHTejineM, cofl;epJKaHHe 02 — 25.3 — 57.0%. Fa30BHe H?ejie3H Hafi^eHH y HeKOTopux KapnoBHx. GocTaB ra3OB b ny3Hpe 3aKpHT0Iiy3HpHHX SHa^HTeJlBHO OTKJIOHHeTCH OT IIpOIIOpnHft aTMOC^epHOrO BO3- npn btom 3aMeHaTejiBH0, ^to coflepjKaHne KHCJiopo,o;a. noBH^HMOMy, c rjiS IIo rio$Hepy, y OKynn, Perca fluviatilis — O2—14.6 — 16.5%; N—82.5—83.2%; CO2—1.5 — 2.9%. no Bop, y TpecKH, Gadus morhua, KHCJiopo^a 8.2—19.6%. Y-Serranus cabrilla c 60 m O2—80%; y Conger conger c 175 m— 87.7%, y Simenchelys parasiticus c 1667 m — 78.7% (PaHapp;). Mopo noKa3aji, mto Trigla hirundo, coRepHtHMan b iijiockom cocyse, HMeeT Bny- 3Hpe 16% O2, a npn nepeBORe Ha rjiySiray 7—8 m yme nepe3 hcckojibko RHeft noBHinaeT coflepjKa-x Em,e cnjiBHee BBipa?KaeTCH npeoSjia^aHne KHCJiopojja npn hobom HanojiHeHHH ny3Hpfl nocjie onopoH?HeHHH ero vkojiom. Labrus variegatus ro yKOJia hmcji 18%, a cnycTH cyTKH nocjie yKOJia — 85% O2 (Mopo). Bo3HHKaeT Bonpoc, ^eM oS-lhc- HfleTCH ctojib BHcoKoe KojiBraecTBO KHCJiopop;a? OnHTH HKo6ca flaioT hhtb k peme- ¥TT7TTf^ ^'PnTT 11"nHnTTOTWT»T I iff Q OWDQOrPi**CT TTHPf^ TTQ X\CTTTTT O "ttttq if \mTTOTTTTft'HjT tj*j*\ irnTrOf^^PT^O 1 I XXkllXJ OiUH JJ.|JLIUJXt?iyXol« VyiXClOJbixSclCXOjl^ *±AU llcLjJJlfJij \j jr J>tJtillXT.tJXlHvJJyi XvUJXHHCvXXScL \Jo TaKJKe 3aMeTHO BO3pacTaeT nocjie yKOJia h coflepjKaHne GO2. Hmchho y okvhh, Perca fluviatilis, npn o6bihhhx ycJioBHHX coflepH?aHHe ra3OB b ny3bipe: GO2 — 2.54; _O2 — 19.37%, N — 78.09%. Ilocjie ynojia b 6jiHJKaSmee BpeMfl CO2 npn hobom HaHOJiHeHHEi noj^HHMaeTCfl ro 24% n 3aTeM nocTeneHHO (b TeneHne ^acos h ^Hen); Hao6opoT, KOJinnecTBO KHCJiopo^a eni;e 6ojiee nocTeneHHO HHCJiopofla n^eT oneHB MeflJieHHo; a3OT ^ocTHraeT hopmli IIpH HanojiHeHHH o6"LeMa ny3Bipfl OKa3ajiocB: GO2 — 21.4; O2 — 42.9; N — 35.7%. flosTOMy mojkho flyMaTB, hto H?ejie3HCTHe kjictkh BHfle- jihiot b kpobb Bem;ecTBO, BH3HBaiom;ee pacm&peHHe KanHJiJinpoB n cnoco6cTByio- mee, ocBo6ojK#eHHio yrneKHCJiOTH. HapacTaHne HanpflJKeHHH nocjieAHea: 6jiaro- flHcco^Ha^HH oKCHreMorjio6nHa h hphboaht k VBeJiHHeHHio kohh- o2. B03pacTaeT; In it 158 h HACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH KpacHoe Tejio coaepjKHT <£epMeHT Kap6oaHrHflpa3y, ' p peannnio flernffpaTannn yrojiBHoii khcjiotbi. yBeJin^eHHe K GO2 BJie^eT BoccraHOBJieHHe OKcnreMOrjiodHHa, t. e. BBiTecHeHHe KHCJiopo#a H3- kpobh; #jih BHfleJieHHH yrjieKHCJiOTBi cnyjKaT anHflo<|)HJiBHLie KJieTKH, o6Hapy3KeH- HHe, Kpoaie KpacHHX Tejr, TaKJKe b H?a6pax h nceB/joSpaHXHax. • Boo6me cocTas ra3OB b ibiaBaTejiBHOM ny3Bipe He nocTOiraeH. Mh Haxo^HM y Kapna 2.42% KHCJiopo^a, y OKyira 19—25%, y myKH — 19%; yraeKHCJiOTa ko- jieSjieTCH ot 2.83% y KpacHonepKH, ^o 4.08% y Kapna; ocTajiBHoe npnxo,n;HTCfl Ha a30T. CocTaB ra3OB b ny3Hpe, b cpe^HeM b npon;eHTax: C02 02 N Salmo iridens ............... 0.8 3.7 95.5 Cyprinns carpio.............. 3.7 5.7 90.6 Tinea tinea . ................ 5.8 4.1 90.1 Esox Indus................. 6.7 35.0 58.3 Gadns morhua............... 0.5 19.0 80.5 Perca fiavescens.............. 0.6 19.9 79.5 Serranus cabrilla............. cie^H 80.7 19.3 Conger vulgaris.............. 0.4 87.7 11.9 ________Synaphobranchus pinnalus........ 3.1 75.1 21.8 TJcoShhkom ctoht Coregonus achronius, ^o6hthh c rjiySnHBi 0—80 m b BoaeH- ckom 03epe: y Hero Tio^Hep HameJi 94.4% a30Ta, 4.9% KHCJiopo.ua h 0.7% yrjie- KHCJIOTH. y kocthctbix $opMa njiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3Hpn Hpe3BHHaHH0 pa3HOo6pa3Ha. HHorji;a sto npocTon y^jiHHeHHHH MemoK, HHor^a oh pas^ejieH nonepeHHOft nepe- TH?KK0H Ha nepefljHHH H 3a#HHH OTfleJIH, H3 KOHX HOCJieflHHH HpH nOMOHi;H BO3flyHI- Horo xo^a coo6maeTca cnnmeBOflOM (Gyprinidae), n flange — flByMH nepeTH?KKaMH— Ha Tpn HacTH (Ophidium). V coMa Ailia oh HMeeT noflKOBoo6pa3HHH bh,d[, y comob- Clarias, Callichthys — npeflCTaBJieH flByMH 6okobbimh MemKaMH, cpeflHHHOfi Tpy6naTOH nacTBio. IIomhmo HapymHoro no/jpasflejieHH ny3HpB HHor^a pa3^eJiHeTCH Ha KaaiepH BHyTpeHHHMH neperopoflKaam. y Trigla oh pa3flejieH nonepe^moH, npoflBipHBJieHHOH b i^eHTpe flna^parMon Ha ^Ba nocjie- flOBaTejiBHBix coo6in;aioin;HXCfl oT^ejia. y Not'opterus npoflOJiBHoii neperopo^Kofi ny3HpB pa3,o;ejiHeTCH Ha flBa cooSmaromnxcn BnepeflH OT^ejia. y 6ojiBmnHCTBa comob ny3HpB pa3,n;ejieH T-o6pa3HOH neperopoflKOH Ha Tpn cooSmaiomneca pH, H3 kohx nepe^HHH — nonepeHHan, a ppe 3a^Hnx — npo#ojiBHBie; OTfleji Hepe,o;KO no^pa3flejiHeTCH eni;e btophhhoh nonepe^Hon cerrroH. O^e Ha ny3Bipe naieioTCfl otpoctkh — npocTHe hjih paaBeTBjieHHBie. y TpecKH ot ny- 3Bipa oTXOflHT Bnepefl flBa CBoeo6pa3Ho 3arayTBix oTpocTKa, Heo^HHaKOBBix y Tpec- KH aTJiaHTH^ecKOH h THxooKeaHCKOH. nbflo6HHe wienBie otpoctkh ny3Hpa H3BecTHBi y npeflCTaBHTejien Glupeidae, Siluridae, Notopteridae, Berycidae h «p. Oco6eHHC- cjio?KHa cncTeiaa pasBeTBJiinomnxcH otpoctkob y Corvina lobata, Pogonias chromis ceM. Sciaenidae h hckotopbix .npyrnx. IIjiaBaTejiBHBiH ny3HpB moxkct jiemaTB CB060flH0, HJIH npHKpenJIfleTCH K nO3BOHOHHOMy CTOJlSy. njiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3HpH k jia6npnHTy HenocpeflCTBeHHBie n npn Be6epoBCKoro annapaTa 6bijih paccMOTpeHH npn onncaHHH opraHOB 3flecB mojkho orpaHH^iHTBCH jiHiHB Mop<|)OJiorH^recKHM onncaHHeM npaMoro y Clupea harengus (pnc. 121). riepeflHHH OT^eJi njiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3Hpa pa3- h c Ka?K,noH ctopohh OKaHHHBaeTCfl js,bjmh ny3Hp^aTHMH pacniHpe- HHHMH, SaKJIIO^eHHHMH B KOCTHHe 6yjIJIH B HpOOTHKyM H HTepOTHKyM; HOCJieflHHH 6yjuia o6pa3yeTca jme b nocTJiapBajiBHOM nepno^e; xoth ona h oxBaTHBaeTca Ha- pyiKHBiM nojiyKpyjKHHM KaHajioM, ho He HMeeT npflMoro oTHomeHHfi k S 3aTO npooTH^ecKafl 6yjuia CHa6?KeHa Me^najiBHHM nepenoH^aTHM okhom, BHeffpaeTCH npn^aTOK nepnJiHM$aTHHecKoro npocTpaHCTBa, OKpyH?aK>m;ero utricu- lus; TaKHM nyTeM nepe^aeTCfl: H3MeHeHne flaBJieHna b ny3Bipe Hepe3 nepnjiHM^y Ha OKOHHaHHH b utriculus. Pojib njiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3Hpfl KaK JierKoro paccMaTpnBaeTCH b opraHax hhh. y rpoMa^oro 6ojiBmnHCTBa Actinopterygii ny3HpB BHnojmHeT t. VII. OPrAHH nHIHEBAPEHHfl $yHKnnH. Eme Bopejuin (1685) BHCKa3aji Teopmo, hto pBi6a ciioco6hoctbk) aKTHBHO H3MeHflTB o6"LeM ny3Bipfl npH homoihh MBnne^HBix coKpame- hhh CTeHOK Tejia h TaKHM o6pa3OM ynpaBJiHTB yflejiBHBiM: BecoMTejia. B HOBeftmee MyxHHa (1929) npnxoanr k 3aKJiH)HeHHio, hto homhmo aToro aKTHBnoe H3- o6"BeMa ny3Hpfl bosmojkho h noff aeftcTBneM co6ctb6hhoh rjia^KOH MycKy- CTeHOK ny3Bipfl. ^eflCTBHTeJiBHO, KOJiBi^eBHe rjia^Kne mbhhhbi o6hjibhO' pa3BHTH He TOJIBKO y OTKpHTOny3HpHHX, TJJfi OHH MOryT CHOCoScTBOBaTB H3rHa~. hhh) H36HTKa ra3a H3 ny3Hpfl, ho TaKHte h y 3aKpHTony3hphhx ; o^HaKO He hckjiio- ^eHa bo3mojkhoctb, wso npHcyTCTBHe rjiaffKOH MycKyjiaTypH cBH^eTejiBCTByeT o1 npoTHBOffeHCTBHH ^pe3MepHOMy pacmnpeHHio npn noHHJKeHHH flaBJieHHfl He tojibko ynpyrocTBK), ho h MHrne^HOH chjioh. Ohhth Mopo (1876) HOKa3aJin, oSteM Tejia h ny3Bipfl naccnsHo H3MeHfleTcs BCJiefl 3a nepexoflOM b ^pyron ropH3OHT HJiaBaHHfl hjih npH nepeMeHe ^aBjieHHfl. K TOMy Hte saKjuo^eHHio npnnieji h Fio$Hep (Htifner, 1892). Ilpn nepeHeceHHH ph6bi b flpyroi: r pH3OHT en npnxoflHTCfl b Te^eHne ^jinTejiBHoro nepno^a — ^acaMEE H flHHMH — HpHCHOCo6jIflTBCfl K HOBHM ycjiOBHflM ^aBJieHHfl n npnBOflHTB yflejiBHtin Bee Tejia k paBHOBecnio. Mopo bbo^ht HOHflTne o hjio- ckocth HaHMeHBmnx ycnjiHH, k kotopoh pBi6a npncnocoSjifleT BecB TOHyc cBoero Tejia h opraHOB, Ha hto Tpe6yeTCfl HeKOTopoe BpeMfl. Ecjih pnSa, HaxoftflCB Ha rjiy6nHe 100 m, — hto COOTBeTCTByeT 11 aTMOc$ep flaBjieHHfl, — npneno- C06HTCfl K OKpyJKaiOinHM yCJIOBHflM B OTHOHieHHH Beca n o6teMa ny3Hpfl V, to npn nepe- Ha HOBepXHOCTB OHa flOJIJKHa H3MeHHTB 06'LeM ' 11 ny3Hpfl: F1=-^1_10 F=ll F. HaoSopoT, npn 100 m Brjiy6B o6"LeM M**' Ha :F"= 11 pBi6a p nojiojKeHHH no ot- HomeHHio k nop3ajibHofi nojiocTH Tejia. M, M — musculi Bonifici; Han cyxoMKHJiBHan nnacTHHKa, ko- TopoS cqenHHHiOTCH MycKyjiBi, no- naaBaTejibHHM ny3BipeM. (Ho Tayepy.) hh- 6jiH3nTejiBHo). H. Miojuiep npeflnojiaraji, MOJKeT neperoHHTB qacTB ra3a b nepe^HHfi hjih OTAeji ny3Hpn n TeM cnocoScTBOBaTB noflHHTnio hjih onycKaHHio nepeflHen nacTH Tejia; oflHaKo bto ^o chx nop He ycTaHOBjieHO. HaKOHen;, hcjibsh He ynoMHHyTB 06 ynacTHH HJiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa b npon3- 3ByK0B. Boo6n;e choco6hoctb npoH3BOflHTB 3ByKH y ph6 mnpoKO paenpo- , ho b 6ojiBmHHCTBe cjiy^aes bbvkh BH3HBaioTOfl tihcto MexaHH^ecKH, Tpe-r conpHKacaioni;HXCH noBepxHOCTen; cio^a HyasHO othccth TpeHne BepxHnx n HH3KHHX rJIOTOll3HHX 3y6OB, TpeHHe HaCTeH JKaSepHOfi KpHHIKH, HJIH, TpeHne mnnoB cnnHHoro, aHajiBHoro, rpy^Horo hjih Spionraoro njiaBHHKOB. RHHCKoro coMa Callomystax 3ByK naBJieKaeTCH TpeHneM nepBOH KOCTOHKH D MeJK,D(y flByMfl TOHKHMH KOCTHHMH HJiaCTHHRaMH, BO3HnKaK)IHHMn cjihhhhh octhcthx OTpocTKOB 4 h 5 no3BOHKOB. 3syK nojiy^aeTCfl h npn Sbictpom BHxofle BO3^yxa Hepe3 ductus pneumaticus hjih ^epe3 ropTaHB flByflBimamnx. Ho CHjia 3ByKa flocTnraeT BHa^HTejiBHoro HanpflJKeHHH, ecjin b ero npoH3BOjO[- CTBe npHHHMaeT ynacTne njiaBaTejiBHHH ny3BipB. y K>3KHoaMepHKaHCKoro coMa Auchenipterus nodosus napano$H3H neTBepToro no3BOHKa npeBpamaiOTCfl b koct- HHe njiacTHHKH, BHespeHHHe b cTeHKH HJiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa; qth njiacTHHKH COe^HHeHH C H03B0HK0M BJiaCTH^eCKHMH CBfl3KaMH; B TO H?e BpeMfl K CBfl3KaM HOfl- XOflHT Hapa MBmm OT SaTHJIO^HOH 06jiaCTH H CBOHMH COKpameHHHMH npOH3BOffHT Bn6pai^HOHHHe flBHJKeHHfl CBfl3OK, BCJieflCTBne nero HOJiynaeTCfl rpOMKHft 3ByK, JiaBaTejiBHHM ny3HpeM, KaK pe3OHaTopoM. IIoHo6Horo po^a npo- 3ByK opraHti oneHB nacTo BCTpenaiOTCfl y pa3jmHHHx n ill 160 IIEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHH ilk ¦ m no 3ByKaM. comob. y HeKOTopBix pBi6 (Triglidae) 3bvk npOH3Bo;p[TCH Bn6p{ hh CBoeio chocoShoctbio ceM. Sciaenidae. y hhx 3ByK npoH3BO,tniTCH Hpe3BHHaHHO 6bictpoh Bn6pan;HeH ny3BipH — #o 24 KOJieSaHHH b ceKVHfly. Mnrnnia npn btom hjih npnKpen- jiHeTcn Henocpe^CTBeHHO k ny3Bipio, hjih jKe noflxo^HT k n;eHTpajiBHOMy cyxo?KHjiHio, npn- KpenjieHHOMy k ny3Bipio. IIy3BipB HrpaeT pojiB pe3OHaTopa hjih ycnjiHTeJifl 3Byi?a; ecjin ero npoTKHyTB — 3Byi?a He (pnc. 125). IIp0H3B0flHMBie 3ByKH TejiBHon chjibi. Sciaena aquila b GpeflH3eMHOM Mope 6HBaeT cjihthho c rjiySnHBi 18 m. B MajiaficKOM apxnne- jiare n flpyrnx MecTax L- sL Phc. 125. IIjiaBaTejiBHBiH ny3BipB Platy- stoma tigrinum c BeHTpajiBHoii ctopohbi; npaBan (Ha pnc.) h 3a;n;HHH qacTH ot- KpBITBI. ca— nepenHmt cjienon MemoK; cl— cleithrum; dp — Haqano BO3nyniHoro KaHaJia; me — Ha- pyHmbift Mycnyji nuaBaTeJibHoro ny3bipn; »npTm QpiopniriflP nnmT m. it. — m. tensor tripodis; ob—basioccipitale; CpeflH ^Ciaeniaae OflHH pt—posttemporale; si—nponojibHan cenTa; BHflBI COBCeM He CHO- str— nepBHHHan nonepe^Han cenTa; va— ne- g- pe^HHH nonocTb njiaBaiejibHoro ny3bipH;wII— COOHBI IV--- KOMnJieKCHblft n03B0H0K. (IIO BpHflJKy H QBVKTT TejmoHy H3 PayTepa.) J ' rnx — BO^HT TOJIBKO CaMnBI, HaKOHei^, y TpeTBI CaMKH. KaK BHB03 H3 H3JiomeHHoro, momkho npn3HaTB, hto njiaBaTejiBHHH ny3HpB y^acTne b 3ByKonpoH3BOflCTBe, ecjin oSjia^aeT hpoh3bojibhhmh none- MHnmaMH. BHyTpeHHne MBimnBi HMeioTCH y Zeus, Opsanus, Dactylopterus, Triglidae, MHornx Gadidae. Fopa3,n[o MHoro^ncjieHHee cjiy^an HapyjKHOH MycKyjiaTypBi; 8th MHmnBi Tayap Ha3BiBaeT m. m. sonifici. HHor^a 3TH MHinnBi npHKpenjiflioTCH HenocpeflCTBeHHO k HJiaBaTeJiBHOMy ny3Hpio (Pime- lodus, Platystoma, pnc. 124); HHor.ua ohh ^BHJKyT napano<|)H3Bi IV no3BOHKa, npHjieraiomiHe KOHe^mon njiacTHHKOH k ny3Hpio (Doras, Auchenipterus, Synodon- tis, Malapterurus, Pangasius)._ Oco6eHHo saMe^aTejiBHH Sciaenidae, y kotophx ny3BipB ocjiojKHeH eme i^ejion comom Doras, H3BJie- HeHHBIM H3 BOflBI, cjibidihbi Ha paccTOfl- HHH 30 *M. Phc. 126. ny3fiipb npoH3- npOH3BO^HT a.b — njiaBaTeJibHBift ny- sbipb; l.b — npaBbift 60- KOBOil cyienofi otpoctok; m. m. — cyxoffiHJibHbie nyiKH ot Mtram ctchkh (H3 3epeHceHa.) 3BVK H CaMnTJ, H JDttTEPATyPA K T.IIABE VII T o m a 3 0. IlHTaHHe Ke$ajiH. Tp. HoBopocc. 6hoji. ct., II. 2, 1938. TpeTBHKOB. Mop$oreHe3 3y6a myna h capraHa. Apx. aHaT., thct. h 8M(5p., XV, JVs 2. Antoniu. Notes sur l'anatomie du tube digestif chez quelques especes du genre Mugil. Ann. scient. de l'Univers. du Jassy, XIX, 1934. Ohazzawi. The Pharynx and Intestinal Tract of the Egyptian Mullets, Mugil cephalus and M. capito G. II. On the morphology and histology of the alimentary canal in M. capito. Fisheries research Directorate Gostegarde and fisheries services. Min. Fin. Egypt. Cairo, 1935. Jacobshagen. Untersuchungen tiber das Darmsystem der Fische. I. II. Jena. Ztschr. Naturwiss. 47—1911; 49, 1913. VIII. OPrAHH 3BIXAHHa 161 L in S. Y. Fish air — bladder of commercial value in China. The Hong Kong Naturalist, vol, ,IX, No.. 3, 1939. . T o.w e r. The production of sound in the Drumfisches. Ann. New York Acad. Sc, 18, 1908. Rauther. Die Schwimmblase. Hand. d. vergl. Anat. v. Bolk, Lubosch. Ill, 1937. Vin. OPrAHLI ftBIXAHHJI II6ao6ho BceM BHCinnai jkhbothbim pbi6bi hmciot flBixaTejiBHyio cncTeMy, TecHO no nponcxo5K,ueHHio c KHmeHHHKOM. 3M6pnonorHHecKH Hta6epHHemeJin H3 MeiHKOBHflHHX BHnHHHBapHH IMIOTKH, COeAHHHIOinHXCH C BCTpeHHBIM M 9KTOfl;epMBi. y Bcex HacTonmnx pti6 Hta6pH pa3BHBaioTCH 3a cncr n hbjihiotqh aepHBaTOM koikhbix o6pa3OBaHHH; Hao6opoT, y Kpyrao- pOTBIX JKa6pH BO3HHKaiOT B MeiHOHKaX, OTIHHypOBaBmHXCH OT KHmeHHHKa, H, CJieflOBaTeJitHO, MoryT 6htb npH3HaHH 3a aHTOflepMajiBHoe o6pa3OBaHne. TaKHM o6pa3OM b cTpoeHHH JKa6p no3BOHO^HBix mo5kho pa3jiHHHTB flBa o6oco6jieHHHx CTpoeHHa. Ilpn SjiHjKanmeM nccJieflOBaHnn 0Ka3BiBaeTCfl, hto njiaH CTpoeHHH milkchh cymecTBeHHO OTJiHHaeTca ot Bcex npoHHx qepenHHx, BKono^aH n (PayTep, 1935). HMeHHO, y mhkchh /KaSepHBie cKJia^KH pacnoJiaraioTca b na.t pic m.v.c Phc. 127. Pa3pe3 nepe3 Myxine glutinosa, c jieBOH CTopoHH. (H3 IlapKepa.) au. c — cjiyxoBan uancyjia; br.ap — JieBoe HiaSepHoe OTBepcTne;' br. b — pyjtHMeHT H?a6epHOH kopo6kh; br. s.l — nepBHii »Ka6epHufi MemoK; c. br. t — o6mnu H«a6epHHH naHaji; en. c — xpnm; gul — nHmeBojj; ft* — cepjt- V,e; Ig. m — H3Hq«ue MHiimu; m. v: c — MeAnajibHuii BeHTpanbHbiu xpnm; na. t — HocoBan Tpy6Ka; nch — HOTOXopaa; nt — HepBHaa TpyoKa; oes. ctd — ductus oesophagocutaneus; p. 1. c. — 3affHnu OoKOBOii s. ob. a — cyeoKyjiHpHaa Ryra; st. p — processeus styloideus. p k och JKaSepHBix MeinoqKOB, h KpynHBie cKJia^KH nepesyioTCfl c khmh. IIpnHOCHmHe h BBiHOCHiDcne cocyflH npnyponeHH He k H?a6epHBiM nepero- , a k 5Ka6epHBiM MenmaM, npnqeM arteria branchialis afferens BxbflHT b MeinoK c JiaTepajiBHOft-CTopoHBi, a art. br. efferens bbixoaht c HOfi. Han6oJiee hphmhthbho ycTpoeHa AHxaTesiBHaa CHCTeMa y p p. Bdellostoma; y mix o6BiKHOBeHHO 6 hjih 7 nap JKa6epHBix MemKOB (a y Polystot- rema secaTB hjih ^aiKe *ieTBipHa;nn;aTB) OTKpHBaioTCfl HenocpeRCTBeHHO c ohhoh CTopoHBi HapyjKy, — a c Apyrofi ctopohh — npaMO b rjioTKy; nocjie^Hnfl KaHan q jieBofi ctopohh (ductus oesophago-cutaneus) JinmeH H?a6epHoro Menma. 3aJIBH6finiee ycjioiKHeHHe HaxoflHM y mhkchhh (pnc. 127). 5Ka6epHBie Menmn y hhx, b KOJiiraecTBe 6 (hjih 7) nap, OTKpHBaioTCfl npaMO b raoTKy, ho HapyjK- HHe Tpy6KH CJIHBaiOTCH B OAHH o6mHH[ C KaJK^OH CTOpOHBI 5Ka6epHBlfi KaHaJI, liuctus branchialis communis; nocJieflHHft, ceflBMOfi npoTOK c oieBofi ctopohbi He HMeeT ?Ka6epHoro Menma (ductus oesophago-cutaneus), OTRpBrnancfr BMecTe c maSepHHM KaHajioai cuhhbim pSnniM oTBepcTneM no3a,HH nocjieflHero ?Ka6epHoro Menma. Em;e oflHa 3aMeHaTeJiBHaa ocoSeHHOCTB OTJin^aeT mhkchh ot mhhot. H npflMoe HOCorjioTO^Hoe coo6n;eHHe, mhkchhh, npHcocasmHCB k Ao6ti^e, AHxaTeJiBHyio Bo^y ^epe3 hoc, BbmaHHBaH ee nepe3 jKaSepHBie oTBepcTHH. MnHorn pa3BHBaK)TCfl c npeBpameHHeM; nx jiH^HHO^HaH cTajnia , hto jKa6epHHe Menmn oTKpuBaiOTCH npHMO b rjioTKy. Bo BpeMH npeBpam;eHHH 11 Ochobli HXTHOJiormi , * 162 1ACTB IIEPBAH. ml* i necKopofiKH b B3pocJiyio MHHory, CTapaa rjioTKa npeBpamaeTca b ^aoepHtiii Kalian, a oKOH^aTeJiBHafl rjioTKa B03HHKaeT aaHOBo. TaKHM oSpaaoM y B3pocjmx 7 3Ka6epHHx OTBepcTHH c Kanwon oropoHBi BeayT b Hca6epHBie MemKH, Ha y Hefi noBepxHOCTH kotopbix pacnoJiaraioTCH ?Ka6epHBie JienecTKH. JKa6epHHx y KpyraopoTHx HeT, h HapyjKHBie OTBepcTHH nojwepjKHBaioTCH y MHHor p CKeaeTOM, 3ajieraionjnM HenocpeflCTBeHHO now Koacefi h He cocTaBJiHiomHM 6epHHx neperopoflOK. Henapmafi H?a6epHHfi KaHaji, b kotophh -oTKp !Ka6epHHe MemKH, 3ajieraeT nofl nnmeBOflOM (pnc. 128), BnepeflH oh coo6maeTCH c rjioTKofi, C3afln 0KaHi|iHBaeTCfl CJieno. IIpHcocaBmHCB k atepTBe, MHHorn bthph- saioT «HxaTeJiBHyio Bony qepe3 jKaSepHBie . OTBepcTHH h ^epe3 hhx Kme BHroHHiOT ee 6aTHOv Ilpn H3yneHHH pa3pe3a moh«ho. nattyim iM oes br.m Phc. 128. Hyio oSjiacTb pp Petromyzon IlapKepy.) ?Ka6ep- marinus. (IIo br. m.—HtaOepHan nepenoHKa; d. ao^— aopTa; d. c — nop3ajibHHft xpnm H;a6epH0ii ne- pgnoHKH; d. m. — cnnHHue MHmi^H; e. a. — Ha- pyatHoe oTBepcTne HtaSepHoro MemKa; f.t — bojiok- HHCTaa TKaHb, OKpywaiomaH HepBHtifi Kanan; — hi i—jiaTepajibHue npo«OJibHHe xphhjh JKaSepHOil Oj i. or-BHyTpeHHee OTBepcTHe ataOepHoro i. j. u — hhh;hhh loryjinpHaH BeHa; ju.— (nepe^HHH Kapj;HHajibHaH) BeHa; nc — p; n. ca — HepBHbiii KaHaji; oes —nnmeBoa; ¦p. br — nepHOpoHxnaJibHbift jiHM$aTHHecKHH CHHyc; r.m. t — rn. retractor H3HKa; r.t — S KaHaji; s — OKOjionHmeBO^HHii CHHyc; v. a. o — 6pK>nmaH aopTa; v. c. — BeH- xpnm H«a6epHoii KopoSun; v. m. — Mbinmu; n. p. — HepBHbie pp pp p MemoK MHHora. (IIo Kpayse.) hisa — HtaOepHbiii MemoK; dukilo — HapyiKHoe, ikilo — BHyTpeHHee JKaSepnoe OTBepcTHe; who — npejwBepHe; kibl — TKaOepHHfi jienecTOK; kibh — JKa&epHbiii jienecTOieK; dumu — Hapyat- Han MycKyjiaTypa ataoepnoro Meinna; dumui — KOJibD;eBaH Mumua HapyatHoro ataSepHoro ot- BepcTHH; imu — BHyTpeHHHH MycuyjiaTypa »a- OepHoro MeniKa; fen—xpam; ataOepHOH kopoSkh; lysi — jiHM$aTiiHecKHH ciiHyc; kive — bhxojjh- us ataOepHoro jienecTi;a BeTBb ?Ka6epHou BeHH. CTeHKaMH, 6oraTO CHaSjKeHHLIMH C06CTBeHH0H nonepe^HonoaocaTofi MycKynaTypofl; noMHaio KOJiBijeBLix 3aMHKaiomHx MBmm, OKpymaionptx HapyjKHoe H?a6epHoe OTBepcTHe h BHyipeHHHH osculum, b 6okobhx CTeHKax 3ajieraioT ABa cjioh MHnm, BHyTpeHHHH h BHemHHH, pa3^eJieHHHe mnpo- khm jiHM^aTHHecKHM CHHycoM; 5Ka6epHBie JienecTKH, CHa6^eHHHe ^KaSepHBiMH jienecTOHKaMH, pacnoJiaraioTca Ha BHyTpeHHen CTopoHe HtaSepHoro MemKa (pnc. 129). y HacTOHm,Hx p£i6 opraHH .nHxaHHH npeflCTaBJieHti pn^OM ?Ka6p n ?Ka6epHHK m,eJieH; aMGpnoJiornqecKH b Ka^ecTBe caMon nepeAHen 3aKJia^BiBaeTCfl MaHfln6y- jiornon^HaflmeJiB, KOTopaa coxpaHaeTCH JinmB y HH3mnx $opM b BH^e 6pBi3rajiBH,a, hjih spiraculum. BTopaa meJiB 3ajieraeT Memjiy rnonflHOH n nepBon 5Ka6epHOH Syrofi; ocTajiBH&ie 3auieraioT Me?Kfly cooTBeTCTByionniMH ?Ka6epHBiMH flyraMH. Ha nocneAHHx pacnoJiaraioTca b BH^e HJiacTHHOK hjih otpoctkob 5Ka6pH, o6hjibho CHa6?KeHHHe kpobghochbimh cocyAaMn; 3flecB KpoBB o6oram,aeTca KHCJiopoflOM h yrjieKHCJioTy. IIonepeHHopoTHe o6jiaflaioT jtkq bhojihc c$opMHposaHHBiM I VIII. OPrAHH ftEIXAHHH: 163 ^ H?a6epHHM annapaTOM, noffflepmnBaeMHM raaSepmjMH flyraMH. HapyjKHBix 6epHHX mejien y hhx o6hhho iihtb.; y aKyji ohh OTKpHBaiOTCfl c 6okob Tejia, Tor.ua KaK y CKaTOB pacnojiararoTca fla 6pK>mH0H cTopoHe. y hh3ihhx anyji, k kohm otho- chtch Chlamydoselachus, Notidanus griseus (Hexanchus), nx mecTB n Notidanus cinereus (Heptanchus) — ceMB. Y Chlamydoselachus neperopo^KH 5Ka6epHBiMH mejiHMH o6pa3yioT BHflaiomHecH cKJiajpaa, ripHRpHBaromne myio mejib. XniviepH HMeiOT Bcero 4 ?Ka6epHBie mejra, H3 kohx Tpn Ha nepe^Hnx jKa6epHBix CHa6H?eHti ijeJitiMH jKaSpajvra, Tor.ua KaK Ha 3a#HeH CTopoHe nofl^HSbi^Hoft n nepeAHeii — ^eTBepTOH maSepHoa: flyrn — tojibko no nojiyn«a6pe, XnaiepH eiu,e B03HHKH0BeHneM nepBoro 3a^aTK 6 BHfl;e npocTOH koh«hoh CKJia^KH nop;iLH3H^Hoii flyrn; o^HaKO, OHa He OKocTeHeBaeT h He MomeT 6htb npn- k jKaSepHofl KpHiHKe bhcihhx pu6. BpH3raJibu;a HMeioTCH y Elasmobranchii, r^e ohh npeflCTaBjieHH OTBepcTHHMH Beci>Ma pa3Hoo6pa3Hoii BejiimnHH: oco6eHHO KpynHHX pa3Mepos y CKaTOB (Trygon, Torpedo); HanMeHBmee hjih js,a.me coBceM\OTcyf CTByeT y aKyji ceM. Lamnidae. Y XHMep 6pH3rajiBu;e xopomo pa3Birro cpe^n mojio^hx oco6eH, ho OTcyrcTByeT y B3pocjiHX. Xopoino npeflCTaBjieHO oho y Polyptems, Acipenser, Polyodon. Ha- oSopOT, y KOCTHCTBIX ero CJie^bl M0?KH0 3aMeTHTB TOJIBKO B 9M6pnOHaJIBHOM pa3BH- thh, n jinniB b pefl;KHx cjiy^anx y B3pocjiHX coxpaHHeTca 3aHaT0K b Bn^e MemKo- BH^HOrO 06p'a30BaHHfl B pOTOBOH nOJlOCTH.'' BpH3rajii>n;e cjiymiiT ^.jeh nponycKaHna ^HxaTeJiBHoS BOfl^i b poTOByio hojioctb; ;o;jiH 3toh n;ejin oho CHaSmeHO KJianaHOM, nponycKaion;HM BOfliy b o,DtHOM HanpaBjie- hhh h He nponycKaioiiiiHM ee oSpaTHo. GKaTH, KOTopne npoBOflHT 3KH3HB jieH?a Ha rpyHTe, n HMeiOT jKaSepHHe mejin, o6pameHHHe bhh3, nojiB3yiOTCfl jsjin ffEixaHna ncKJiio^HTejibHo bo^ok), nocTynaiomeH ^epes 6pH3rajiBD;a h BHroHfleMOH qep.e3 H?a6pH. IIocTynJieHHe bo^h Hepe3 poT, t. e. HopMajiBHoe ffHxaHHe, y hhx nponcxo- jiiiinB npn njiaBaHnn. B btom mo»?ho BHfleTL aflanTai^Hio k ycjiOBHHM h«h3hh, KaK TaKoe npncnocoSjieHHe npe^oxpaHneT 3Ka6pBi ot 3acopeHHH necKOM. ajiBna pa3BHBaeTCH He$yHKn;HOHHpyH)ni;aH nojiya?a6pa, CHa6- He BeH03H0H, a apTepnaJiBHon kpobbio: 3to jio^Hafl H«a6pa, hjih nceB.no- 6paHXHH. nceBflGSpaHXHH BnepBHe 6hjih onncaHti BpyccoHe (1782). Bap onncaji y oceTpoBHX Afie napH cy6onepKyjiapHHX H«a6p — p h onepKyjinpHyio nojiyjKaSpy (1827). Thptjib (1838) otkphji apTepnaJiBHde CHa6- nceBfloSpaHXHH, a jH. Miojuiep (1839), hoapoSho onncaB hx, ycTaHOBHJi nceB^oSpaHXHH Teleostomi h Selachii; cpe^n kocthctbix oh otjih- jsjsa. Tnna nceB#o6paHXHH: CBoSoflHyio, c ma6epHHMH jienecTKaMH, b cy6onepKyjiHpHyio hojioctb, h jKeJie3HCTyio, JiorpyH?eHH.yio noKptrryio annTejineM. no35Ke 6hjih onncaHH ceKpeiopHBie ai;Hflo$HJiBHH y Scymnus (Somniosus), BnponeM, He Han^eHO ai^Hflo^)HjiBHHX KJieTOK. y Aci- penser h Polyodon CTpyKTypa nceBfloSpaHXHH TaKOBa a?e, KaK y nonepenHopoTHX, ho jiemaT ohh rjiy6?Ke. Ai^n^o^njiBHHe kjictkh noflBjiaiOTCfl y Amia h kocthctbix. y nocjieflHHx 6pH3rajiBii;e paHo 3aMBiKaeTCH h nceBffoSpaHxna CMem;aeTCH b cy6- onepKyjiflpHyio hojioctb. Cpe^n B3pocjiBix kocthctbix FpaHejiB Tnna cTpoeHHH nceBfloSpaHxnn, HaHHHafl ot CBoSoflKon c ji;o coBepmeHHO norpynteHHon b TKaHH n oT^ejieHHOH ot noBepxHocTHoro coeAHHHTejiBHOH TKaHBio (Gadus, Cyprinus). TaKHM o6pa3OM, y bhcihhx Teleostomi nceBflo6paHxnn npno6peTaioT Hosyro ^yHKi^Hio bhsokphhhoh H«ejie3H b npnSaBjieHne k ochobhoh sa^a^e — peryjinpoBaHna cHa6H«eHHfl kpobbk) rjia3a. nceB^oSpaHXHH y kocthcthx (myKa) JiesKHT b ocHOBaHHH nepena, b Meere nepexo^a potoboh hojiocth b rjiOTKy, nepe^ npHKpenjieHHeM nepBofi jKa6epH0ii . IlceBfloSpaHXHH HHHepBnpyiOTCfl bctbbk) VII nepBa, —.TeM caMHM CBH^eTejib- o cnnpaKyjiiipHOM npoHexojKfleHHH, — hjih IX;.b nocjieflHeM cjiy^ae — sto nojiyjKaSpa. Gtojib xapaKrepHHe #jih Hta6epHHX jienecTKOB h KJieTKH, noBH^HMOMy, HMeiOT oTHomeHHe k yrae- KHCJIOTH. w 164 HACTb HEPBAH. 'it Pi KStr MT06H nepeftTH ot maSp noneperaopoTHX k jKa6paM* bhchihx ph6, npeflCTaBHTB ce6e, hto neperopoflKa, pa3flejifliomafl: y anyji napy cmgjkhhx >Ka6ep- hhx mejien, peflynnpoBajiacB h coicpaTH- jiact. Torfla ?Ka6epHHe jienecTKH pacnojio- 3KaTCH Ha HapymHOH CTopoHe flyrn b ^Ba pafla h 6y#yT cbo6o^ho bhcctb b 5Ka6epHofi nouiociH (pnc. 130). Y oceTpoBHX 3Ka6pa eme h Ha BHyTpeHHioio CTopoHy pHmKH, o6pa3yfl Hyio ma6py; y kocthcthx Ha noBepxHOCTH hyomandibulare cocyAHCTHH KjiySoK, TaKyio me nceBAodpaHXHio, KaK n H?a6pa oceTpoBHX. y KOCTHCTHX, OCeTpOBBIX H iihtb 3Ka6epHHX ^yr; o^HaK H3 hhx He Hecey H?a6epHHX jienecTKOB; tojibko jihihb y Protopterus Ha 3aflHefi cto- poHe y sKaSepHon syrn pa3BHBaeTCfl nojiy- 3Ka6pa H3 o^Horo pflfla JienecTKOB. ^ HaSjiio^aeTCH 3aMHKaHne nnToro hjih BepT6ro n HHToro H?a6epHHX xo^ob, hto Be^eT k yMeHBmeHHio 5Ka6p fl;o 31/*, (Polyp- terus), #0 3 (Tetrodon) n «ajKe 30 21/2 (Ogcocepkalus). JKaSepHHe JienecTKH y ko- cthcthx, B3anMHo HepeflyncB, pacnojiara- iotch b necTKH pa^a Ha BHenraen, p;yr. 5Ka6epHHe Jie- noKpHTH TOH^afiinHMH CKJia^o^- , HCHe3aiomiHMH k k&- KOHn;y jienecTKa; CKJia^Kn 8th eJiKH, hto hx y ^yKH Ha npo- 1 mm noMemaeTCfl 15; pecnnpa- noBepxHOCTB noaTOMy B.O3pacTaeT nstr rtbo Phc. 130. ropH3OHTajitHoe ce^eHHe *iepe3 rojiO Elasmobranchii — cjieBa — h kocthctoK pbi6h—- cnpaBa. (H3 Boaca.) $ be— HtaOepHaH hojioctb; bl—?Ka6epHBie JienecTKH; c — M; eba— Hapyacaoe H?a6epnoe OTBepcTHe; hya — H nyra; hyc—rno6paHxnaJiiiHaH mem,; is — MeffiHiaSepHan neperopoHKa; n— HocoBaa neperopojiKa; oes— mumeBony op—JKaCepHan Kpunma; pg—najiaTOKBaA- paTHbift xpHm;P7i—rjiOTKa; Bp^6pH8raJibije; s. p.s—cirapa- KyjiHpnaH nceB^o6paHXHH; 1—5—HtaOepHue ff ep Phc. 131. ,2(Ba H?a6epHbix JienecTKa C HHT>ei^HpOBaHHI>IMH COCyHaMH. Kpayae.) y (IIO dubl—HapywHHfi, ibl — BHyTpeHHPiii H«a6epHBift aienecTOK; kbl— waGepHue JienecTO^KH; kstr — xpnmeBofi JienecTKOBHH CKejieT; kbla—JienedKO- Ban apiepHH; kblv—JienecTKOBan BeHa; a—apTe- pHH, v — BeHa HtaGepHoft ayrn; mu— MyCKyjia- Typa JKaOepHHX JienecTKOB; kbo— JKaOepHan Hyra; ep — QumTenmii; z — JKaOepHHe thhhhkh. 6epHHe JienecTKH pacnojiaraiOTCfl: CBoeo6pa3HHMH tohkhh xpameBOH thh? (pHC. 131), . no JienecTKa ero I VIII. OPrAHBI RHXAHHfl 16)5 onopy. Ot BHyrpeHHeH ctopohbi ero ocHOBaHna npoxojpiT MBinma (mu), nepexoftamaa b npoTHBOJiemanniH JienecTOK; noBTOMy o6ohx pa^os jienecTKOB B3aHMH0 nepeKpemnBaiOTCH. Mem^y bthmh MBnnn,aMH npoxo^HT ma6epHaa apTepna (a); ot Hee b Kam^HH JienecTOK H#eT JienecTKOBaa apTepna, pa36nBaioiii;aacav Ha ceTB KannjuiapoB, H3 kotophx Ha BHeniHefi cto- pdHe co6npaeTca JienecTKOBaa BeHa; Bee 3th BeHH -H3 Kamfloro jienecTKa gsh- b o6myio BeHy. Jiemamyio b mejio6Ke kocthoh maSepHOH flyrn. Bocko6ohhhkob onncHBaeT cosepnieHHO cBoeo6pa3HBiH MexaHH3M KpoBoo6pa- b maSepraix jienecTKax. KamflHH JienecTOK bhchihx ph6 HMeeT coScTBeHHHa: b BHfl;e xpameBHX hm kocthhx najioneK, k kotophm npnKpenjiaeTca npn- cocyff; MycKy^EH npnKpenjiaiOTca k CTeHKaai: npHHocannix cocy^oB; npa CBoeM coKpara;eHHH ohh pacTarnBaiOT cocy^H, o6pa3ya Kpafine opnrnHaJiBHoe npn- cnocoSjieHHe ^jia HacacHBaHna kpobh b cocy^H, He BCTpenaiomeeca hh y KaKnx hhhx no3BOHO^HHX (ma6epHHe cepan;a). B cepeflHHe JienecTKa y Elasmobranchii HaxoflHTca chjibho pa3BHToe KaBepHO3Hoe (nem;epHCToe) TeJio; 3to npncnoco6jieHne,no BocKo6oHHHKOBy, Be^eT k njiOTHOMy cMBiKaHHio npHJieraiomnx nojiymaCp bo speMa HHxaHHa. KaBepHO3HHe TeJia b JienecTKax em;e coxpaHaioTca y flByflnmamnx n, b MeHBmen CTeneHH, y oceTpoBHX h Lepidosteus; y o6onx nocjie^HHx b to me BpeMa yme noaBjiaiOTca ynoMHHyTHe xpameBBie najio^KHj cocTaBjiaiomHe onopy jienecT- kob. Ha^HHaa ot Amia n Polypterus, Bee KOCTHCTBie JinmeHH KaBepHOSHHX b jieneQTKax. MexaHH3M pxaHifl.B o6rn;eH cxeMe MexaHH b cjie^yiomeM BH^e. IIpH B^HxaHnn pH6a pa3flBnraeT ?Ka6epHHe ffyrac h maSepHyio hojioctb pacmnpeHneM tjiotkh; b to me BpeMa poT pac- n Bo^a BCTynaeT Hepe3 poT b ma6epHyio hojioctb. BtmBixaHne conpo- nJIOTHLIM 3aMBIKaHHeM pTa HE COKpameHHeM TJIOTOHHOH HOJIOCTH, CTBne nero Bo#a BHmHMaeTca Mem^y maSpaMH n bhxoaht nepe3 ma6epHyio Hapymy. B ^HxaHHH HeKOToptix kocthcthx pn6 cymecTBeHHyio poJiB nrpaeT 6paH- xnocTeraJiBHaa (maSepHaa) nepenoHKa. JQo CTeneHH ee ynacTna b npon;ecce .injxa- hhh BajiBOHH (Baglioni — 1907) ^ejiHT kocthcthx Ha neTHpe rpynnn: 1) y nyn- Koma6epHHX h Sclerodermi1 SpaHxnocTerajiBHHHannapa'roTcyTCTByeT coBepmeHHO; 2) y OKyHeo6pa3HHX — Percidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Labridae — jnaxaHne oSycjiOBjiHBaeTca npenMyrn;ecTBeHHo maSepHOH kphhekoh, a 6paHxnocTerajiBHHH annapaT npnHHMaeT jihhib BTopocTeneHHoe ynacTne; 3) y TpeTBen rpynnH pn6— Gottidae, Triglidae, Gobiidae, Blenniidae, ^Pleuronectidae, Gadidae — 6paHxno- CTerajiBHHe ^BHmeHna npnoSpeTaiOT cynjecTBeHHoe BHaneHne, 4) neTBepTaa rpyn- na — Scorpaenidae, Trachinidae, Pediculati — Boo6me, ph6h, Beflymne o6pa3 mn3HH — nojiB3yiOTca npeHMym;ecTBeHHo 6paHxnocTerajiBHHM BpaHxnocTeraJiBHHH annapaT flencTsyeT cjieflyromHM o6pa3OM. Ilpn ^BHmeHHH coKpamaeTCH m. sterno-hyoideus, Hflymnn ot rnonflHon flyrnK BOMy noacy, BCJieflCTBHe Hero pacKpHBaeTca poT n pacninpaeTca poTOBaa hojioctb; nocjieaToro ero aHTaroHHCT, m. adductor mandibularis, 3aKpHBaeT poT, am. genio- hyoideus, noflTarnBaa noffi>a3HHHyio flyry, cymnBaeT poTOByio hojioctb; pOTOBHe KJianaHH — KomHBie CKJia^KH Memfly sepxHen n HHrnHen HejuocTaMH, — hjiotho 3aMHKaroT poT. Boj^a nepeKaHHBaeTca Mem^y ma6epHHMH jienecTKaMH b obKOBHe maSepHHe hojiocth HacacHBaio^HM HencTBneM maSepHOH KpnniKH h 6paHxnocTe- rajiBHoi: nepenoHKn; npn 3tom b pemeTKe maSepHBix JienecTKOB npoHcxo^HT ra- 30bhh o6MeH. IIpH BH^bixaHHH ma6epHaa KpHniKa h ma6epHaa nepenoHKa oto- h OTpa6oTaHnaa BOfl;a BHSpacnBaeTca boh. y KaM6aji, no II. DlMHflTy, npoH3Bo^HTca coBepmeHHO CBoeo6pa3HO. Bmccto pacmnpeHHa 3Ka6epHO- POtoboh hojiocth pojiB nopnma nrpaeT ma6epHaa nepenoHKa, noffffepmHBaeMaa ma6epHHMH jiynaMn; BcocaHHaa Bo^a BnSpacHBaeTca He nyTeM otkphthh ma6ep- hoh KpBimKH, a nepe3 ocoSoe oTBepcTne Bpo^e cn^OHa. TaKHM o6pa3OM ma6pH ot 3acopeHHa necKOM. Trigla HMeeT nofloSHHH me H3rn6 Ha 3aa- p Plectognathi, oxBaTHBaiomaH ceMeftcTBa Balistidae, Triacanthidae.Trio- dontidae h Ostraciontidae. 166 1ACTB HEPBAH* MOPO»OJIOrHH It* (Mir B. flop3ajiBHOM Kpae jKa6epH0H kphdikh; 3to OTBepcTne npn B/jBixaHnn 3aMBi- SpaHxnocTeraJiBHBiM KJianaHOM n OTKpuBaeTCfl npn BBi^HxaHHii. r TIo BocKo6oHHHKOBy (1932), caMan cTpyraypa JKa6epHBix JienecTKOB npHcno- co6jieHa k CBoeo6pa3HOMy inny npoflBH?KeHHH bo^bi. Bo BpeMa B^bixaHHH jienecTKH pa3flBnraiOTCfl HacTOJiBKO, hto flHCTaJIBHHMH KOHIjaMH COHpH- KacaioTCH c JienecTKaMH coce^- hhx Ayr, 3aKpHBaa TaKHM o6pa- 3OM meJIHT. Bo__BpeMfl BBIflBIXaHHH cph BOfl;a npoxo^HT H3 coSctbchho ?Ka6epHOH nojiocTH, KOTopaa co- up O#OJI?KeHHe pOTOBOH, )enieTKy, o6pa3o- jienecTKaMH h hx cKJia^- , — b oKOJiojKa6epHyio, orpa- maSepHon KptraiKOH h .'l,";l.U', 7\\ K\v \$"~ Phc. 132. GxeMa HtaGepnoro annapaTa anyjibi (^4) h KOCTHCTOfi pBlStl (B). (IIo BoCKO6ofiHHKOBy.) cbr—Hapyafflan qadb 7Ka6epHoii hojiocth; cph— rjiOTKH; hy—rnonjmaH nyra; hybr—riionnHaH yp; k — BUBonnmnfi KaHaji bhojib no npnpocmeMy Kpaio a?a6epHux JienecTKOB; op— JKaSepHaa KpnmKa;'op1— ee rnOKaa 3ajjHHH KpoMKa; s — iffiaSepHaH neperopoirea. JKa6epHHe JienecTKH samTpHxoBaHH cooTBeTCTBeHHo CKJiaao^KaM. rnno6paHXHajii>- Haa MycKyjiaTypa o6o3HaqeHa mTpaxoBKoii. C JieBoii ctopohbi Kaamoro pacyHKa npenciaBJieHa $a3a npoxojKfleHHH bohu 113 tjiotohhou nonocTH b Hapyaoiyio nacTb ?KaOepHofi; c npaBoii — xaH (c) TaKHM o6pa3OM KpHmKa, BMecTe c SpaHxnocTerajiBHOfi nepenoH- nofloSHO Hacocy, H3 ?Ka6epHOH no- jiocth n, BHTajiKHBaa ee BockoSohhhkob, npn^aeT aKTHBHyio pojib b Ha- CaCHBaHHH BOflBI He TOJIBKO TJIOT- Ke, ho TaK?Ke ?Ka6epHOH KpHmKe h 5Ka6epHOH nepenoHKe. Teopna flHXaHHH M. M. B0CK060HHHK0Ba HBJiaeTCfl o6menpnHHTOH. IIo FeHmejiio (1939), BO^a oMBiBaeT ma6pu n npn h npn BHffBixaHHH; HHTKeoieflyiomafl cxeMa POTOBOe OTBepcTne J Otkphto POTOBaJI HOJIOCTL pacmEpeHa- -HacacHBaHne nojrocTb pacnmpeHa- -HacacHBaHne peineTKa JKa6epHHX JienecTKOB f A. H. Tpn$oHOBa TaKme oTMe^aeT, hto y HeKOTopHX npn,D(OHHBix ph6, Bpo#e Lophius, b ^HxaHHH npnHHMaiOT ynacTne h mmipi njie^eBoro noaca, TaK cleithrtim y hhx cBH3aH nocpe^cTBOM m. cleithro — hyoideus c rnon^Hofi , Ky30B0K, Osfracioji, y Koero Tejio 3aKjiio^eHO b kocthhS ^ npnTOK CBemefi BOfliH nacTHMH ^BixaTejiBHHMH flBH?KeHHflMH< 30 180 b MHHyTy, coflencTByfl npHTOKy bo,hh ^epe3 ?Ka6pH pa6oTofi rpy^HHX njiaBHHKOB, rioffo6HO onaxajiy. ^HxaTeJiBHaa Bo.ua He npoHHKaeT flajiBme tjiotkh h He npony- CKaeTCfl b nnmeBoa. y mhkchh, Hanpnaiep, npn B^HxaHnn boabi ^epe3 Ha3onn- m VIII.. OPfAHH 167 h BHff&ixaHHH *iepe3 ?Ka6epHHe MemKH, rjiOTKa 3aMH- KOHCTpnKTopoM no3a/pi nocjieflHen napH 3Ka6epHHx MenmoB. KaKyaKyji, n y kocthcthx HMeeicH bo pTy ^HxaTejiBHHH KJianaH b BH^e CKJiajjOK cjih3h- ¦ctoh oSojiohkh, OTXoflflmns: ot BepxHeroh HHSKHero Kpaa ^ejiiocTen; btot KJianasr poT ot o6paTHoro npoflBHJKeHHH bojjh npn RHxaHHH. OffHaKO TaKoro HeT y flBy^Hmamnx, bo3mojkho, b cbh3h c B03flynmHM hocobhm flHXaTejJBHHX flBHJKeHHH y pa3JIHHHHX pH6 He OftHHaKOBO H CHOWS b CBH3H c TeMnepaTypofl h cTeneHBio HacHmeHHfl bo^h KHCjiopo#OM. y Labrus h Motella — 15 b MHHyTy, y Leuciscus h Gasterosteus — okojio 150. y Neoceratodus 3B xojioffHoe speinfl 20, b Teraioe — 31. OopejiB npn 109 nenaeT 60—70 HBixaTejiB- HBIX ^BHHteHHfi npH COflep^aHHH KHCJIOpOfla 7.5 CM3 Ha JIHTp, H 140—150 flBH- 3KeHH]fi — npn 2 cm3. Kapn b nepBOM cjiynae hhihht BRBoe MeffJieHHee: 30—40 pa3 b MHHyTy, a npn SHMHefi cna^Ke Bcero tojibko 3—4. KpacHonepKa npn ihhh O2—6,66 cm3 HeJiaeT 85 ffEixaTejiBHHx hbedk6hhb[ b MHHyTy. E[oTpe6HOCTB b pacTBopeHHOM b BO^e KHCJiopo^e y pa3HBix pBi6 Heo Han6ojiee npHTH3aTejiBHBiMH b stom OTHOineHHH hbjihiotch jiococeBtie, sjih kohx eeo6xo«HMO co^ep?KaHHe KHCJiopo.ua 7—8 cm3, h He MeHee 5 cm3, b to BpeMH KaK KapnoBHe flOBOjiBCTByioTCH Bcero 3^—4 cm3. 9KCKpeTopHaa ffeflTejiBHOCTB sKa6ep. IIomhmo OTnpaBJie- ena ^BixaTejiBHHX <|>yHKn;HH H?a6pH cjiymaT b Ka^ecTBe BKCKpeTopHoro opraHa, xjiopncTHe HaTpnn n KajiHH, Torfla KaK MarHHfi, cepHaH h $oc$opHafl BBi^ejiaiOTCfl noHKaMH (Gmht); 5Ka6pBi TaKme BH^ejiHioT aMMnaK (90%) (70% BBiflejineMoro KOjin^ecTBa); Ha 1 Kr • Beca Tejia 3Ka6paMH b fleHB 400—500 Mr MO^ieBHHH. HaoSopoT, Mo^eBaii KHOiiOTa ¦no^e^HHM nyTeM. Bjiaro^apfl BHBefleHHio ^epe3 H?a6pn cojien noflji;epJKHBaeTCfl THHOTOHH^HOCTB MOHH MHOrHX KOCTHCTHX ptl6. y XpHmeBHX pH6 H MKa6pH, H KOSKa MeH'ee npoHHn;aeMH ^jih mo^cbehh, ^eM y kocthcthx (Gmht. 1931). opejra. 6ojibhbix pH6 b Bo#y, MeHee 6oraTyio KncjiopoflOM, ncnpaBjineT flejio. 3aBHCHM0CTB ffEixaHHH ot ftaBjieHHH KHCJiopofla onpe^ejifleTCfl BepxHefi: h hhh«- rpaHHijaMH, pa3jnraHHMH ^jih KajK^oro Bn.ua: Hn?Ke H3BecTHoro ypoBHfl — 3a- BBime b TeTOHne flojiroro BpeMeHH — 6ojie3HH miaBaTejiBHoro ny3BipH • hjih noHBJieHHe ra3OBoro nystipa. IIo Kpory n Jlenry, fljra npecHOBOflHBix hh?khhh rpamma flaBJieHnu O2 — lOMMpTyraoro cTOji6a; ho, no BnHTepmTenHy, KpacHO- •nepKa n iuiOTBa npn 11.9 mm qyBCTBOBajin He^ocTaTOK KHCJiopo^a h hobojibctbo- BajincB npn 16.6 mm. ^jih MopcKOBt KaMSajiH n $opejiH — 40—50 mm, #jih okojio 70. BepxHHH rpaHHi^a — pa3nn^Ha, ho b o6meM — okojio 160 mm. BjiHHHne TeMnepaTypBi Ha ^HxaHne CKa3HBaeTCH oneHB chjibho. BTeneHne cyTOK Ha 1 Kr Beca $opejiB pacxo^yeT Kncjiopo^a npn 10° — 100, a npn 15° — 220 cm* COOTBeTCTBeHHO HeMy H3MeHHeTCH H ^CaCTOTa .EfBIXaHnfl. 3aflHxaHne °$opejin Ha^nHaeTCH npn co#epjKaHHn O2 — 3 cm3 Ha 6ecnoKOHTCH h 6ojie3HeHHo pearnpyeT Ha HeaocTaTOK BO3,nyxa; Kapn npoflBjiHTB BOJiHeHne npn 2 cm3, noflHHMaHCB k noBepxHOCTH n 3arjiaTHBan Ptom, tom b coctohhhh nofl^epjKHBaTB ce6H b TeTOHHe HeKOToporo BpeMeHH npn CMepTejiBHOM HeflocTaTKe Kncjiopofla. IIo G. MnTponojiBCKOMy, 3aMop koboh ph6h Ha^nmaeTCH npn Hajin^nn 2.23 cm3 KHCJiopo^a; npn 2.06 cm3 3acH- naiOT cy^aK n jiem;. IIo A. A. JIe6e;niHn,eBy, npn co,n;epH«aHHH KHCJiopo.ua 0.3% yMnpaiOT Bee. skhbothhc IIo BnHTepmTeHHy, 3aflHxaHne hjiotbh h KpacHonepKH HacTynaeT npn 0.5—0.4 cm3 KHCJiopojja Ha ji. Ha pacxofl Kncjiopo.ua OKa3HBaeT BJiHHHne TaK?Ke h CTeneHB nnTaHHH ph6h: tom oho oSnjiBHee, TeM Tpe6oBaTejiBHee b btom OTHomeHnn CTaHOBHTCii pH6a; bjih $opejin Heo6xoflHMO b 8tom cjiy^ae 7—8 cm3, #jih Kapna 4—5 cm3. Hao6opoT, npn rojioflaHHn n noHHJKeHHn o6MeHa BemecTB 6HBaeT ^onycTHMO okojio 3—4 cm3 jjjih nepBoft n 2 cm3 hjih nocjie^Hero, IIo TpeHflejieHSypry, HanpameHne Kncjiopo^a b MopcKofi ' okojio 19—20% aTMOc^epH. Koa^ni^HeHT norjiomeHHH b O2 n GO2: 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 0» 0.0489 0.04286 0.03802 0.03415 0.03102 0.02831 0.02608 COo 1.713 1.424 1.194 1.019 0.878 0.759 0.665 B 1 ji BOflBi npn 15° mojkct pacTBopnTBca CBBime 1 ji yrjieKncjiOTBi; BO^a o6jia- 6ojiBmon cnocoSHOCTBio norjiom;eHHH GO2. OflHaKO, Ha caMOM ^ejie KaK b npecHofi, TaK n b mopckoh BO/je co^epHtaHne cboBo^hoh GO2 hh^ito^kho h, no Kpory, HHKorfla He npeBBiniaeT fl;aBJieHHH 1—2 mm pTyTHoro CT0Ji6a; bto nponcxoflHT ot- Toro, ^to KajiBi^nn n #p. npo^mo CBfl3tiBaioT yrjieKHCJioTy; npn yKa3aHHOM flaBjie- hhh npn 15° — ee pacTBopaeTCH He 6ojiee, qeM 1.3—2.7 cm3. KaK y?Ke oTMe^aJiocB,. Aame npn He6ojiBmoM cpaBHHTeJiBHO KOJinnecTBe cboSoahoh GO2 flHxaHne pbi6bi CTaHOBHTCH HeBO3MOJKHHM, TaK KaK HaflaeT CHOCoShOCTB KpOBH CBH3HBaTB KHCJIO- pofl. Bo MHornx cjiynanx BHcoKyio cmcpthoctb pn6 cjie^yeT oSbhchhtb o6hjibhhm noHBjieHneM yrjieKncjioTH. Yajuic ycTaHOBHJi, hto ph6bi k H36HTKy CO2, tom k HeflocTaTKy O2. Ilpn co^ep?KaHHH 1—5% aTMoc$epH yrjie- KHCJIOTa KpOBH He MO?KeT ^H^I^yHflHpOBaTB HapySKy, H KpOBB He MOJKeT npHHHMaTB, O2 flaiKe H3 HacHmeHHon KHCJiopo^oM BOflBi. OTpaBjieHne yrjieKHCJiOTofi, no Peficc- (1909), BH3BiBaeT cnepsa JierKoe 6ecnoKoncTBO, 3aTeM flncnHoe, HapymeHne paBHO- Becmi, aTaKcnio, HapymeHne ^HxaTejiBHoro pnTMa, napajiHH, CMepTB. 6 HMeioT nojiyoTKpHTHH poT n TecHO npn?KaTyio k Tejiy maSepHyio n^HHo^HHe ^ a 6 p h. MHorne pbi6h, Tepnamne HeffocTaTOK. b khc- pa3BHBaiOT b jinTniHOtmoM coctohhhh BpeMeHHO ^yHKn;HOHnpyK)m;He Hapya?- JKaSpu. Fyflpn^ npefljraraeT pa3JinnaTB HacTOflmne Hapy?KHBie H?a6pH ot Ha- 5Ka6epHBix jienecTKOB (^njiaMeHTOB). IIocjieffHHe hohsjihiotch Ha paHHnx Bcex Elasmobranchii n HeKOTopHX kocthcthx (Heterotis, Gymnarchusji. Salmo n Misgurnus (y nocJieflHero nx 6HBaeT 8) bth ?Ka6epHBie jienecTKH nocTe- \ VIII. OPrAHH HHXAHHH 169 HH3Ma b neHHO pesynnpyioTCH ho hx HopMaJiBHOH Benxprarai. y 9m6phohob Elasmobranchii OHH B BHffe flJIHHHHX HHTeBHflHHX OTpOCTKOB BHflBHTaiOTCH H3 BCeX JKa6epHHX nje- , He HCKJiio^aH h 6pH3ra;jie^ nocjie BHJiynjieHHH ohh HCHe3aK)T coBepmeHHO. H HapymHtie jKa6pu b 9M6pHOHajiBHOM coctohhhh npHcymn (KpoMe Neoceratodus) h Polypterus. Ohh CHa6?KeHH MHmnaMn, h MoryT qacTH^mo BTarHBaTBca. Y Polypterus ojspa. Ha rnonjniOH ayre, a y Protopte- rus n Lepidosiren — neTHpe napH HapyiKHtix 5Ka6p; y nocJieflHen H3 Ha3BaHHLix $opM ohh HC*ie3aioT npn npeBpameHHH, a y Protoplerus 2—3 napH coxpaHHioTCH 30 cpaBHHTejiBHO no3,nHeH cTaflHH. 0 BpeMeHHHx jihhhhohhhx flHxaTejiBHHx npn- cnocodjieHHHx b miaBHHKax n 3Ka6epHOfl KptiniKe cm. rjiaBy o pa3MHO?KeHHH. . IIpnna-TOHHue o p r a h h fltixaHHH n aaanTaH.na opra- flJIfl flHXaHHH BHe BO«HOH CpeflH. FjiaBHyiO pOJIB nrpaiOT ?Ka6pH. IIo IIioTTepy, noBepxHocTB ma6p y Kapaca BecoM 10 r 16.96 cm2. KpanHe cBoeo6pa3Hoe npncnoco6jieHHe rur ftonojiHHTejiBHoro o6MeHa pa3BHBaeTCH y caMHOB Lepidosiren bo BpeMa nepno^a pa3- , b cbh3h c TeM, hto Ha hx ^ojiio BMna^aeT oxpaHa OTjrojKeHHHX hhii;; HenpepkBHO B03Jie rae3.ua, caMi^Bi jinmeHH bo3moskhocth k noBepxHOCTH h 3arjiaTHBaTB B03,nyx. IIoaTOMy b KanecTBe BpeMeHHoro TeJiBHoro npncnocoSjieHHH y hhx SpioniHHe njiaBHHKH SHa^HTejiBHO pacmnpaioTCfl n npHo6peTaioT HHTeBUflHtie otpoctkh b 5—7 cm ajihhh, no3?Ke nc^e3aioin;He. KaK o6mee npaBHjio, HSBJie^eHHafl H3 borei pH6a 6hctpo yMnpaeT, jihihb tojibko Ha^HHaioT no^cBixaTB ee 3Ka6pBi. OjniaKO, o6meH3BecTHa JKHBy^ecTB ca3aHos h Kapacen, KOTopue b mokpoh TpaBe MoryT coxpaHHTB ?KH3Hecnoco6HOCTB n;ejiHMH nacaMH n onpaBJiHioTCH bhobb b BOfle nocjie npoflonjKHTejiBHoro npeSHBaHna Ha B03flyxe. Bnpo^eM, 3th ph6h He hmciot HHKaKnx cnen;HaJiH3HpoBaHHHX npncno- co6jieHHH flJiH HenocpeflCTBeHHoro flBixaHHH BO3flyxoM h norjiom;aiOT ero BJiattraon noBepxHOCTBio «Ka6p h kojkh. ^acTH^Hoe norjiomeHne BO3flyxa nponcxoflHT y hhx h H3 njiasaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa, oSteM KOToporo hcckojibko yMeHBmaeTCH bo S Ha BO3,nyxe. : Kapacn n HeKOTopHe wpyrne ph6h npn He^ocTaTKe pacTBopeHHoro b nO^HHMaiOTCfl K HOBepXHOCTH BOflH H 3#eCB 3aXBaTHBaH)T pTOM B03flyX, o6oram;aH hm ftuxaTejiBHyio Bo^y; npn btom Kapacn npon3BO^HT xapaKTepHHe hmo- 3ByKn; cjiH3HCTaH oSojio^Ka pTa HHor.ua 6HBaeT cnocoSHa norjiomaTB khc- . Em;e 6ojiee ?KH3Hecnoco6eH o6LiKHOBeHHHH yropB, KOToptrfi name cnocoSeH caMOCTOHTejitHO nepeflBnraT&ca no MOKpoMy Jiyry BHe bo«h; oh mojkct npojKHTB Ha B03,n;yxe b Te^enne hcckojibkhx HHefi npn ycjiOBHH noflAepiKaHHH bo BJia?KHOM COCTOHHHH K0H?HHX HOKpOBOB ;KOHtHHH oSmCH ra30B B BTOM CJiy^ae BHOJIHe oCecne^HBaeT ero ^HxaTejifcHHe noTpe6HOCTH. Ha 1 kb. aen;HMeTp noBepxHOCTH yropB norjionjaeT, no Kpory, 1.05 cm3 BO3flyxa; yropB BH^ejiaeT qepe3 KOJKy iipn 12—13° — 12 cm3 GO2 b ^ac Ha 1 Kr, a npn BHKJiio^eHHH ?Ka6epHoro 15.2 cm3. Ilpn 7—8° npn BtiKJiioqeHHH ?Ka6epHoro flHxaHHH oh mojkct 3/5 o6m;ero noTpeSjieHHH KHCJiopo.ua; ?Ka6pH npe^oxpaHaiOTCH ot y3KHMH wa6epHWMH mejiflMH. Kapn, KapacB, jihhb, cTepjia^B cnoco6Hti bhjkh- BaTB ROJiroe BpeMH Ha B03flyxe, Bna^aa b on;eneHeHHe; HHOiyja hm b poT (ho He Ha 3Ka6pH) KJia^yT BaTy hjih Kyco^eK xjie6a, CMO^ieHHHH kohlhkom. Ilpn Tannx ycjio- bhhx b xoJioflHoe BpeMa ohh coxpaHfliOT 3KH3Hecnoco6HocTB flBoe cyTOK. ID,yKa Ha xojio^y, BHoaSpe, 3aBepHyTaa b 6yMary, osKHJia nocjie 3:nacoBoro nepee3ffa. " CBoeo6pa3HBie 6hhkh noSepejKHH Hhahhckofo oKeaHa Periophthalmus n Bo- leophthalmus, a TaKrae Rupiscartes h Salarias H3 Blenniidae, o6jiaflaioT cnoco6- ho'ctbh) ocTaBaTBca HejiuMH HacaMH npH oTJiHBe Ha BJia?KHOM necKe; npn noMomn cbohx rpy^HBix njiaBHHKOB ohh noji3aioT no 6epery, wejiaa HeSojitmne npBiH?KH, h ^aJKe Kapa6KaioTCH no B03flynraHM kophhm MaHrposBix ^epeBBeB (pnc. 139 ^ h pnc. 378). HecoMHeHHO, ^rro ko?khhh o6mch ra30B nrpaeT. H3BecTHyio pojib h y hhx. ocoSeHHOCTen Bcex sthx bh^ob auxaHHH BHHBJiaeT cjieflyionnee. Ilpn 3arjia- B03flyxa ptom, 3to y Kapacn, ny3upeK B03^yxa oSoramaeT hoh BOfly, Haxo^HmyiocH bo pxy; CBepx Toro HBixaHne caMofi HOBepxHOCT- 6ojiee 6oraTOH khcjiopo^om b thxhx npy^ax, KOHe^rao, 170 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHflj I S ' fit. npeSHBaHne BHH3y. ^nHKCTpa nameji y caMon noBepxnocTH 1.18—1.27 cm3 Oo Ha jihtp, a Ha hgckojibko caHTHMeTpoB rjiy6?Ke — Bcero 0.60 cm3. HaieHHO 3thm •cbohctbom oStHCHaeTCH tot $aKT, *ito b IIeTepro(|>cKOM BnojiornHecKOM Hhcth- Kapacn npeKpacHO yjKHBajincB b OpaHJKepeHHOM npyny, r^e 3aMopHaH Bo.ua He tojibko 3Hmoio, ho flajKe h jieTOM, KpoMe oTHOCHTejiBHO TOHKoro nOBepxHOCTHoro cjioh. JiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Hpa Moa?eT 6htb npn HyjKfle ncnojiB3OBaH fljia ah- 3to HBCTByeT H3 Toro, ^to cocTaB ra3a b neM MeHHeTca. y OTBepcTony3Bip- hhx nocjie BHnycKa ra3OB H3 ny3Bipfl yKOJiOM, HOBoe HanojiHeHne nponcxo^HT 3arjiaTHBaHHH BO3flyxa, noaTOMy nepBOHa^aJiBHoe coflepJKaHne O2 b HeM 6jih3ko k aTMOC$epHOMy, t. e. okojio 21%; 3aTeM n^eT nocTenemioe yMeHB- V ayHaficKoro jiococh, Hucho hucho, 6hjio Hafi^eHO cjiejjyiomee' (Hko6c, 1934): Bpeiia nocjie yKoaa CooTaB ra3a °/o COo 02 2 nac........ 6 » ....... 18 » ....... 24 » ....... 4 ji;hh 5 xiac..... 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20.1 16.4 5.0 8.4 2.0 Periophthalmus o6hjibho CHa6?«eH KannjuiflpaMfl ^jih ra3OBoro o6MeHa n KOJKHoro flbixaHHH. Boo6m;e BO3^yniHoe ^BixaHHe bo BJianraoM BO3flyxe mnpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHO cpe^n Gobiidae. Gio^a othochtch po^Bi Apocryptes, Amblyopus, Trypauchen, BoleophthalmusH. Periophthalmus, a TaKJKe Gobius minutus. y Bcex hhx Ha6jiK>#;aeTCH fftixaHHe ko- BHCyHyBDIHCB H3 B BOfly XBOCT TOJIOBBI H CJIH3HCTOH n H?a6epHOH nojiocTH. Bo3flyx pacmnpeHHeM sthx hojio- *iepe3 poT h TeM me nyTeM H3ro- Periophthalmus rjioTOHHaa nojiocTB pacnrapeHa #op3ajiBHO, ho He TaK, KaK y jiaonpnHTOBLix. Tponnqe- CKHe SbIHKH 06HKH0BeHH0 HOCTOHHHO CHflHT, HanOJIOBHHy BOftBI H OnyCTHB (pnc. 139). CBoeo6pa3HO y npeflCTaBHTejien ceM. Co- bitidae. y BBioHa, Misgurnus fossilist h b ropa3fl;o MeHBmen CTeneHH y Cobi- tis taenia, ajih 3toh n;ejiH npncnoco6- jieHa cpe^Hiifl n 3aflHHH KmnKa, b CTeHKax KOTopoii pacnojiaraeTCH rycTaa ceTB KannjiJinpoB; yHKn,HH BcacHBa- j^mc. 166. fa3pea nepe3 ^tixaTejitHyio qacTb hhh nHniH Ha 3THX y^acTKax BHnaflaiOT; jiHiueHHHKa. Misgurnus. KannJiJiflpLi BHe^pa- MHoroiHCJieHHbie KpoBeHocHtie co- ABixaTejiBHyio ^acTB KajiOBBie MaccBi 06- (H3 A6ojihh.) BOjiaKHBaioTCfl Maccofi cjin3H (JIopeHT). K HOBepXHOCTH, BBIOH 3a- i3HnycKaeT ny3BipBKaMH -qepe3 aHajiBHoe OTBepcTne. B 3to BpeMH norjiomaeTCH hohth nojioBHHa 3arjidqeHHoro KHCJiopo.ua h BHAeJiHeTCH ^acTB yrjieKHCJioTH. Fa3, bhxoahiu;hh H3 aHyca, coftepmwr: N2 — 87.02—88.23%, 02—11.18—10.61%; GO2—1.18—1.16%. Kmneraoe flnxa- Hne fljifl BBioHa cjiya?HT jihihb aonojraeHHeM k ?Ka6epH0My, hob cjiy^ae Heo6xo#H- mocth npno6peTaeT j^asKe h nepBeHCTByiomee 3HaieHHe. IIo Ha6jnofleHHflM BaSaK ptom B03js,jx, npoBO,HHT ero VIII. OPrAHH J3.HXAHHH 171 <(1907) h Ba6aK n flefle'K (1907), npn 10° bbioh 3arjiaTBiBaeT BO3flyx 2—3 pa3a b ^ac, npn 25—30°—19> pa3. B npoKnnaHeHHoft BOfle npn 25° pia6a noflHHMajiacB k noBepxHOCTH 27 pa3, 3arjiaTBiBaa BO3flyx no HecKOjiBKy pa3, cflejiaB 67 tjiotkob. b ycjiOBnax xopomen aapannn bbioh Bee 3Ke nojiB3yeTca iacTEreHC [. H3B6CTH0, hto oh cnoco6eH b Te^eHne flOJiroro BpeMeHH b oneneHejio'M coctohhhh b nepecoxmeM njiy. , IIofloSHoe ms KHineHHoe fltixaHne nponexoflUT y Monopterus, Hippostomos, Acarys, a TaKJKe y rojKHoaMepHKaHCKHx comob — Loricaria, Plecostomus, Doras, Callichthys. ,D[Ba nocjie^Hnx Bn^a tkilbjt bo BJiaMHOM BO3ffyxe nacaMH, Tor^a b BOfle yampaioT *iepe3 2 ^aca, ecjin nperpa^HTB hm ^ocTyn k noBepxHOCTH. Y 6ojib- inHHCTBa H3 hhx oSpaTHoe BBi#ejieHHe OTpa6oTaH- hoh BOflH nponcxoflHT *iepe3 poTOByio hojioctb n !Ka6epHyio mejiB (cm. KomToaHn;.). Ilpn hom coflepjKaHHH Misgurnus b BOfl;e, Kncjiopofla, — onHTBi ASojiHHa ^/a Mecan;eB, — sKa6epHBie ^yHKn;HH coBceM bbi- [, a b Kmne^HHKe nponcxoflHJin rjiy6oKne H3MeHeHna CTpoeHna ctchok, CHjiBHoe pa3BHTHe fltixaTejiBHoro [, — apKnft npnaiep KoppejiaTHBHoro H3- opraHa b CBa3H c H3MeHeHneM KH- pa3 Phc. 134. Ophiocephalus striatus c BenTpanbHoli cTopoHbi, npn MM HIKKHeii leJIIOCTH, CTeHKII D3 OSJiaCTH rJlOTKH II nojiOBHHbi jKaSepHbix syr. (H3 Pay- Tepa.) •ebrl—njiacTiiHHaToe epibranchiale I; ebr II—ynJiomeHHoe epibranchiale II; hym1 — otpoctok Ha hyomandibulare; j>hs— BepxHerjioTOHHHe 3y6u. Hepej* hym1—b pocTpajibHoii *iacrn BHneH bxoh b npiinaTOMHyio HbixaTeJibHyio noJiocTb; Ka6epHOH flyrofi h coSoio Aop3aJiBHoe pacnrapeHne /KaSepHofi nojiocTn, CHa6nveHHoe MycKyjiaTypon. B HeM pacnojiaraioTca Tpn hjih 6ojiee tohkhx kocthbix , p yx n o^eTBix cjih3hctoh o6ojiohkoh, 6oraTO CHa6?KeHHOH cocy^aMn; nocJie,n;Hne nojiy^aioT KpoBB H3 bctbh neTBepTon npnHO- CHmen jKa6epHoii apTepnn n OTnpaBjiHiOT OKHCJieHHyio kpobb b cnnHHyio aopTy. JlaSnpnHT coo6maeTCJi c potoboh hojioctbio npn otkpbithh pTa; BTopoe OTBepcTne jiemHT Meatfly nepBOH jKa6epHOfl Ayron n ?Ka6epHOH KpBimKoft n MomeT 6htb Harjiyxo 3aKpBrro, Korfla'nocjie^HHa npn?KaTa. ITo IHaxMaroHOBy (1900), o6hobji6hhh> BO3syxa b JiaSnpnHTOBOM opraHe Betta pugnax cnocoScTByeT HJiaBaTeJiBHHH ny- 3HpB, nepeflHfljr nacTB Koero npnjieraeT k jia6npnHTy; KaK bh^ho H3 pnc. 136, coKpamieHHe xboctobhx Mbimn BH3HBaeT ^aBjieHne Ha 3a,HHK)io qacTB ny3HpH, ot- Kyfla BO3,a;yx neperoHHeTca b nepeflHHH OT^eji, kotophh HaJKnaiaeT Ha jraSHpnHTOByia. hojioctb n BBiroHHeT H3 Hero BO3flyx. B jiaSnpnHTe BO3,nyx motkct co,nepH?aTBca tojib- ko npn o6ecneqeHHOH bo3mojkhocth noflHHMaTBCfl k noBepxHOCTn; npn npnHy- S BO3,nyx H3 jiaSnpnHTa ncqesaeT. pbi6bi HacTOUBKO npncnoco6njincB k BO3jaymHOMy hto fla/Ke n b HopMajiBHHX ycjioBnax oSnTaHHfl, b xopomo aapnpyeMoS py no^HniviaTBCH k noBepXHOcTH ^jih nonojraeHnn 3anaca BO3flyxa pox (Macropodus — nepe3 KajK^Bie 3, Anabas — nepe3 18 MHHyT).-Ecjih b aKBapnyMe homohiibk) HaTHHyTon ceTKH npeKpaTHTB pHSnaM ^ocTyn k noBepx:- hocth, MaKpono^H yMnpaiOT flajKe b cBeTKefi Boj^e ^epes 7 ^. 42 mhh., Tor^a KaK Ha b cocyfle c Bjia?KHHMH pacTeHHHMH, yarapaioT tojibko ^epe3 27 '¦1 IP VIII. OPrAHEt 173 ycTpoeH npn6aB0HHHft opraH y Chanos salmoneus (Glupeiformes) b BHfle saBepHyToro yjiHTKono,no6Horo opraHa Ha ^ceTBepTofi: JKaSepHoft wyre, 3aKJiK>Haiomero b ce6e cjienoft npn^aTOK Hta6epHoft hojiocth. IIofloSHoe npncnocoS- H3BecTHO TaKJKe y, Heterotis ehrenbergi (ceM. Osteoglossidae) h HeKOTopHX Gharacinidae. Bosmoskho, ^to bth opraHH HMeiOT oTHomeHHe k nniaHHio. y comob Clarias h Heterobranchus npnfliaTOHHBie flfeixaTejiLHHe opraHH pa3BHTti b BHfle pa3BeTBJieHHoro apeBOBnjnioro oTpocTKa maSepHOH hojiocth co ciihhhobl ctopohh HtaSepHHx flyr. Pa3pameHna Hajj neTBepTofi 3Ka6epH0fi syrofi, 6r B Phc. 137. OpraHti jt,sia BO3,a;yinHoro p;i>ixaHHH Clarias magur. (IIo PayTepy.) A— ronoBa CBepxy; jieBaa nuxaTejibHan nonocTb c upeBOBHUHHMH npimaTKaMH BCKpHTa. /I, /in— npnnaTOK Ha I h III JKaOepHux ayrax (TaKOBOft we Ha II nyre 6oJitmeft HacTbio sanpHT); B —,pa3BeTBJieHHH cocyaoB b nacTH CTeHKH nHxaTenbHofit hojiocth; o— npHHocHman, e— yHOCHmaa OoJibraaH apiepun; br—; hojiockh cjih3hcto11 oOojiohkh, noRoOHHe HtaOepHHM jienecTOHKaM, JiaKyHu kotophx nonasaHu nonepeHHoii mTpmtoBKOfi; C — hjioc-, KocTHofi bhu nojio6Hbix noJiocoK, CHJibHO - yBejiHieHHux; a—npHHocnmaH, e—BHHocHmaH BeTBb apTepnn; I— jiaKyHapHbie njiacTHHOHKH b onTiraecKOM pa3peae; r—wejioOKH Meamy coceflHHMH 6paHxnoHflHtiMH KaMH H3BecTHH TaKJKe y a$pnKaHCKHX xapa^HHOBHX Xenocharax h Citharinus, HeKOTOpnx Pomacentridae h Labridae. Bojiee SHa^iHTeiJiBHHe bhpocth 5Ka6epHofi nojiocTH Ha3afl Haxo^HM y Amphipnous (Symbranchii) h, ocoSeHHO, y coaia Saccobranchus. IlepBHft H3 hhx, Amphipnous, oSjiajjaeT 3aMKHyTofi nepBofi 5Ka6epHO^[in;eJiBK); Ha« Hero oTKpHBaeTCflHe6onBmo& MemKOBHflHHfi bhpoct ?Ka6epHoft nojiocTH co cTeHKaMH, oShjibho CHa6a«eHHHMH cocyflaMH, .hoxoahiuhh: ^o njieneBoro noaca h nojiyHaiomnft kpobb H3 nepBofi 3Ka6epHOH apTepun. Oco6eHHoro pa3BHTHH TaKan CHCTeMa ROCTnraeT y HH^nficKoro coMHKa Saccobranchus, y KOToporo cjienBie otpoctkh H?a6epHoft nojiocTH npoTHrnBaroTCff now TyjiOBnn^HOH BO3Jie nosBOHO^HHKa ot nepBOfi: ?Ka6epHOfi: ^yrn bhjiotb ^o XBOCTa; y Hero 3Ka6epHBie jieneciKH epibranchiale I n II h nepeflHne epibrancniale III h IV cpacTaiOTCfl Beepoo6pa3HO h JiesKaT nepefl bxo^om b BO3flynraBift MemoK. -14 ,j i ti : ; it* 174 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH npncnoco6jieHHfl rjih. ff&ixaHHfl cymecTByioT h y Periophthaltnus^ S^ecB nepefl BepxHHM kohhom I HtadepHon flyrn Haxo/pLTCH yrjiydjieHne, OTrpaHH- ot ocTajiBHOfi tjiotkh CKJiajjKOH Ha hyomandibulare h Ha epibranchiale I. BacKyjiHpn3HpoBaHHBiH o6pa3OBaHne, KpHmy tjiotkh h BHyTpeHHioio noBepxHOCTB JKaSepHtix #yr. EleCtropkorUS CHa6jKeH KOpaJIJIOBH,HHBIMH BHpOCTaMH pOTOBOH H TJIOTO^HOH HOJIOCTHr paBHO KaK nannjijiaMH b^ojib ?Ka- SepHBix h rnoHflHBix flyr j b- i pa3BeTBJIHK)TCH HanSojiee OpraHOM flBIXaHHH CJiyJKHT ny3Bipi> HJiaBaTeJIBHBIM Hy3BI- flBIXaTeJIBHBIX ^yHKnHH BO3- MomHO tojibko b tom cjiynae, Kor.ua ero CTeHKH npnoSpeTaioT H^encToe* CTpoeHne n b hhx pa3BHBaeTCJi ry^ KannjiJiapHaH ceTB cocy^oB. Yme y HeKOTopBix kocthctbix b- a—npeacepnae; h— neqeHb; ft/—Beepoo6pa3Ho cpoo- oJictSoH CTeneHH Ha6jIK)flaeTCH Jie- ranecH /KaGepHbie jienecTKH II n III HtaSepHBix ayr (epi- rOHHOe UwxaHHP CiOTTa ttvjktto ot branchiale); ov, ovd—HEratHK h nfmeBon; V—JHejiyao- o ?• • , H "J ,Y vn— nJiaBaTeJibHHii nysbipb; Is — B03Hyra- HeCTH OUaiS glgas (CeM. oCOpelldae) MemoK. (no PayTepy.) - * h a v Ovd ov Phc. 138. Saccobranchus fossilis c bckplitoh depHOH H 6pK)UJH0tt nOJIOCTBK) H B03ayniHi>iM MeiuKOM — Is — nyTeM ynajieHiiH H 6pa3HJIBCKHX Xapa^HHOBHX — Erythrinus taeniatus n E. brasiliensis; ohh nornSaiOT.OT ac^HKi^HH, ecjin HajioH?e- HneM jinraTypu Ha ductus pneumaticus H3OJinpoBaTB njiaBaTejiBHBifl ny3BipB or coo6m;eHHfl c Hapy?KHOH cpe^on. H^encToe CTpoeHne ny3Bipn HMeioT Gymnarchus- (Mormyridae), Arapaima n Heterotis (Osteoglossidae), Megalops (Elopidae),. Lebiasina (Characinidae). G flpyron ctopohh3 Umbra HMeeT rjia^Kne CTeHKH ny3Hpfl, ho oSnjitHyio Kannji- jinpHyio ceTB. Han6ojiee npKoro BHpaiKeHHH BO3ffymHoe Jiero^moe ^HxaHne floarnraeT y Amia, Lepidosteus, Polypterus n ocoSeHHO Dipnoi. Y Bcex nepe^HCJieHHBix KpoMe Neoceratodus, HJiaBaTejiBHHH ny3BipB npe^cTaBjieH, KaK n HacTonmne b BH^e napHoro o6pa3OBaHHH, a BOBce He b Ka^ecTBe npocToro o^HHOtiHoro MemKa. KaK y npo^nx kocthcthx h oceTpoBBix pnS. y Polypterus ny3HpB ^enures Ha HepaBHBie ^acTH—MeHBmyio n 6onBinyio npaByio; BMecTe, ohh ot- KpHBaiOTCfl y3K0H meJIBH) b 6pioniHyio CTeHKy tjiotkh. y Protopterus n Lepidosi- ren nerKne TaK?Ke coctoht hhx b nepe^HeM KOHn;e. H3 hhx nepeiKHBaeT Phc. 139. Periophthalmus schlosseri Pall. (ITo 3rrepTy.y sacyxn b nepecBi- xaiomnx BOfloeMax, HHKan- cyjinpyflCB b hjihcthh ko- koh. y Neoceratodus — ny- 3HpB HenapHHH H JieJKHT Ha CHHHHOH CTOpOHG. LepidosteUS MOHteT JKHTB B JIHHieH- hob: KHCJiopofla BO^e 30 20 flHen, ecjin eiwy oSecne^HTB bo3moh?hoctb npneMa. b njiaBaTejiBHBift ny3HpB. - KaK BHjnio H3 ycTpoHCTBa ?Ka6epHOH cncTeMH, Neoceratodus He MO?KeT 6bitb. H3 bo^h 6e3 Bpe^a hjih Hero. Ho coBepmeHHO nopa3HTejiBHyio,, ^y jKHByqecTB o6Hapyn?HBaeT Protopterus. IIo cooSmeHHio Gmht* (Smith, 1930), 3Ta $opMa cnocoSHa npe6HBaTB b coctohhhh cim^kh 6e3 bchkobc insmji b nepecoxmeM njiy b Hope Ha paccTOHHnn 1/2 m ot noBepxHOCTH He tojibko> VIII. OPrAHH HBIXAHHH 175 i, ho flaase 3—4 roaa! Cmht wepasaji b cna*me Protopterus 15 MecajjeB; ho, Bee 9to BpeMH npoHcxoflHT tojibko Jiero*raoe flHxaHHe. Protopterus b kokoh (ho ke Lepidosiren), o6opothcb ptom k OTBepCTHK) HopH; KosKa ociaeTca b KOKOHe BjiajKHO&. Hh BKCKpeMeHTOB, hh mo^h He BBweJiaeTca coBceM; (Mo^eBHHa) cKonjiaioTca b TKaHax, oco6eHHO b MBimn,ax, b KpoBn h nocjie npo6yameHHa H3 ciihhkh. • . , JJjia npo6yameHHa H3 chh^kh Heo6xoflHMa BOfla, KOTopaa 3ajiHBaeT oTBepcTHe HOpKH H BH3HBaeT aC(f)HKIJHIO, HTO no6y?KflaeT pH6y K ABHTKeHHK) H BHXOAy H3 KOKO- Ha. IIpocToe yBJiaHtHeHHe h co- npHKOCHOBeHHe C BOflOK) He BBI- ^ j C^ „____________* KOCTHCTbie H OCBTpOBbie Amta n Lepidosteus ^, nporoJiowaBmafl 3 Me- b Boae, noTpeSjiHeT Ha 1 nac h 1 Kr Beca 20—30 cm3 khcjio- po«a. KpafiHe HHTepecHO npowie- Ahtb oTHomeHHH Mewfly naaBa- TeJiBHHM ny3HpeM h KHme^HH- kom. B to BpeMH Kan y Bcex OCeTpOBHX H KOCTHCTHX, a Ai Li Neoceratodus Poiypterus Protopterus LepLaostren PenmnHH flTHUbl me Amia h Lepidosteus TeJIBHBIH ny3HpB OTKpHBaeTCa B TJIOTKy CO CnHHHOH CTOpOHH, y HacToamnx ABy^timamnx, a paBHO n y Polypterus 9to coo6- 11 \" ri m " jlctJ\.U^xlXOji \j \J JJxUUUrxv/*l ctopohh KHme^HHKa. Opnrn- Haji&HO, hto y Characinidae duc- tus pneumaticus c6oKy nnn^eBOAa. khbothmx. (H3 HopMaHa.) CTpoeHHe jierKHx cymecTBeHHO OTJinqaeTca ot H3Jio5KeHHoro flJia Polypterus; Jiensne flBy^Hniannix BecBMa HanoMHHaioT Jienrae aM^nSHft; CHCTeMofi MajieHBKnx neperopo^OK jierKne- pa36nTH Ha naccy aneeK, hjih Kaiiep; bmgcto nonepe^HonojiocaTBix MHmn; MHoro- nepa, flBy^Hman^ne o6jia,naioT oShjibhoh rjia^Kofi MycKyaaTypon, CHMnaTHqecKHMH HepBaMH: KannjuiapHaa ceTB npoHH3BmaeT 9nHTeJiHH X • X X ; h neperopoAOK MeJK^y aneflKaMH; pecHH^HBix KJieTOK HeT coBceai. JlHxaTeJiBHBie Avhkiihh nJiaBaTeJiBHHH ny3HpB HeceT y Dipnoi, Grossopterygii, t 1 j^ v » MX •/ X / X •* ^J * Holostei h HeKOTopHx HH3mnx Actinopterygii, o6Hapy?KHBaa npn 3tom oco6eHHocTH_ HanoMHHaiomHe «JierKne». FHApocTaTHHecKHe ^>yHKi^HH ny3BipB oTnpa- jinniB y Actinopterygii. KaK y?Ke oTMe^ajiocB, HenapHHfi nJiaBaTejiBHHH ny3HpB oceTpoBHx h kocthctlix CHa6?KaeTca kpobbio no bctbhm arteria coeliaca, Tor^a Kan napHUfi nJiaBaTejiBHHft ny3HpB Polypterus h flByflBiniainnx — noay^aeT KpoBB no napHHM JieroHHHM apTe- pnaivi, oTxoAanniM ot neTBepTOft napH 3Ka6epHHx apTepnn. TaKHM o6pa3OM cyme- CTByeT ^Ba He roMOJioraTOHx Tnna CHa6H?eHna kpobbio h ny3Bipn b o6ohx Tnnax HepaBHO3HaHHH. H.MeeTCH TOHKa 3peHHHj ito nap-" ny3BipB AByflBnuamHx no nponcxojKAeHHio HMeeT MHoro o6m;ero c B03flymHBiM MemKOM coivia Saccobranchus, TaK?Ke noJiynaionpiM KpoBB H3 I 176 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH m-h :Er s, ^[ 5Ka6epHOfi[ apTepnn. Bot H3 TaKoro opraHa, no 9T0My H MOrJIH pa3BHTfcCH JierKHe 3eMH0B0flHHX H- Ha36MHHX n03B0H01HHX. H3 coo6pa?KeHHfl, *rro MecTOM nponcxo?KAeHHH pbio HBJiHJiHCB npecHHe , hto Han6ojiee nepBo^BiTHHe (|>op]vibi, KaK KpyrjiopoTBie n cejiaxnn, coBceM ne 6 nJiaBaTejiBHoro ny3tipa, hto, HaKOHeii;, n KiicTenepHe 6lijih oShjibho b ^peBHefimne anoxn,—ecTeeTBeirao npeAnojiaraTb, p ^y jiaBaTeJiBHoro ny3Bipn 6hjio nivieHHO Jiero^H Heo6xoflHM.oe: npn ycJioBHH HtH3HH b hjioxhx 3aMopHHx Bo^oeMax. Ilpn nepexo,o;e H3 b Mopn n O3epa, b CHa6- KHCJiopoflOM, nepBH^HBie fliBixaTeJiBHBie (^yHKn,nii mopjih p h jierKHe npeBpaTHJincB b rnflpocTaTHqecKHH annapaT, KaKOBHM HbiHe y 6oJiBinnHCTBa pti6 cnyvKHT nJiaBaTeJiBHHH ny3bipB. OflHaKo HyjKHO HMeTB b Bn,o;y, ^t hbih ny3BipB BHMepinnx nepBo6HTHBix Chondrostei He oSHapymnBaeT HJIH 'i ' A , 1' lii' JIHTEPATyPA K IMIABE VIII Bocko6ohhiikob. /Ka6epHHe cep,n;n;a y puS. C6opn. naMHTn A. H. CeBepn;oBa; AH GCCP II, 1940. K p h jk a h o b c k n ii C. F. OpraHH fltixannH jraqHHOK pn6 n nceBji;o6paiixnH. Tp. ;ia6. 3bo- jiion;. Mop$. nosB., t. 1, b. 2, AH CCCP, 1933. GyB'opoB E. K. Kan ph6h jiuuislt"? Ilpnpo^a, 11. 1940. B a b a k. Vergleichende Untersuchungen uber die Darmatmung der Cobitiden. Biol. Zbl. 27, 1907. Granel. La pseudobranchie des poissons. Arch. anat. microsc, Paris, 23, 1927. G e y e r und Mann. Die Atmung des ungarischen Hundfisches, Umbra. Zool. Anz. 19, 127, Heft 16, 1939. Hensehel. Dei Atmungsmechauismus der Teleosteer. Journ. de Cons.Perm. Intern, pour l'explor. de la mer. XIV, No. 2, 1939. Copenhague. Jacobs. Untersuchungen zur Physiologie der Schwimmblase der Fische. Zeitschr. vergl. Physiol., 11, 1930; 18, 1932; 20, 1934. Jacobs. Das Schweben der Wasserorganismen. Erg. Biol., 11, 1935. Kryzanovsky. Die Atmungsorgane der Fischlarven. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat., 58, 1934. Ledebour. Beitrag zur Physiologie der Schwimmblase des Fisches. Z-ft vergl. Physiol., 10. L e i n e r. Die Physiologie der Fischatmung. Bronns Kl. u. Ord. I. Bd. VI, Abt. I, Buch 2, Lief. 5, 1937." Rauther. Zur Kenntnis der Myxinoiden Kiemen. Morph. Jahrb., LXXV, H. 4, 1935. Schachmagonow. Ein eigentiimlicher Luftatmungsapparat bei Betta. Zool. Anz., 23, 1900. W 0 s k 0 b o i n i k o f f M. M. Der Apparat der Kiemenatmung bei den Fischen. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat., 55, 1932. i'' IX. KP0BEH0CHA5I CHCTEMA. KPOBL. KpOBL. B npOTHBOnOJIO5KHOCTB BHCHIHM 5KHB0THHM KOJin^ecTBOM KpoBn, ^to ctoht b cbh3h c MeHBmeH 3HeprneH o6]\ieHa BemecTB. Y KeTH o6m.ee KOJinqecTBo KpoBH cocTaBJiHeT ncero 1,63% Beca TeJia. Tot (Toth) y Kapna BecoM b 700 r KpoBn 14 r, t. e. 1/r>0 Beca TeJia (2%), Tor,a;a KaK y 1/13 (6,8%). Cpe^Hee noHHiKeHne tohkh 3aMep3aHiiH cepyM — 0.58°, ^to cooTBeTCTByeT ocMOTH^ecKOMy AQBJieHiiio 7.5 aTM. npn 20° (ByHflep); no BoTan;i;H, A°Cij Torpedo marmorata — 2.29°, Acipenser sturio — 0.76°; ocmoth- qecKoe AaBJieHHe kpobh y Scyliorhinus — 2.26, y Gadus — 0.761, y mhkchhbi — 2.0. y ceJiaxHH Mo^eBHHa oGecne^HBaeT okojio 45% o6mero ocMOTH^ecKoro saBJie- hhh KpoBn. y Scyliorhinus ocMOTHHecKoe naBJieHne paBHaeTca naBJieHHio OKpyiKaio- meS boah; h3otchhh noAAep?KnBaeTca oSiroraeM hmchho MoieBHHBi, Koefi y kocth- ctbix Bcero 0.0238%, a y ceJiaxnfi — 1.8042%, ^to b 50 pa3 npeBBimaeT ' I'1" ". IX. KPOBEHOCHAH, CHCTEMA. KPOBB. JIHM«DA 177 y MJieKonirraiomHx. *• GpaBHHBaa ocMOTH^ecKoe #aBJieHHe BHyrpeHHeia: a BHenraen cpejpi, mojkho pa3/jejiHTB jkhbothbix Ha Tpn rpymnj: 1. MopcKne OecnoBBOHO^HHe — dCMOTiraecKoe RaBjieHne BHyTpeHHeft cpe#Bi paBHO .naBjieHHio BHenmeH. 2. MopcKne KocTHCTHe ph6h — flaBjieHHe BHyTpeHHen cpe,nLi MeHBme #aB3te- HQH BHemHeH. . 3. GejiaxHH h npecHOBo^HHe jkhbothbic — jjaBjieHHe BHyTpeHHen cpe^H 6ojiBme Heai 6ojiBine rpaflneHT MejK#y HapyjKHOH h BHyTpeHHeii cpeflon n ^eM coBep- meHHee ocMoperyjiaxopHHe npncnocoSjieHHH, TeM MeHBme 3aBHCHMOCTB ?khbothbix ot KOJieSaHH^: BHenraen cpeffH. ph6h oSjia^aioT cbohctbom 6e3 Bpe.ua fljia ce6a ocMoraraecKHe otho- cpe,HH mchhtb Ha oSpara&ie, coxpaHHH KOHCTaHTHOCTB ocMOTH^ecKoro CBOefl KpOBH. HX KpOBB B MOpCKOH BO^e CHJIBHO THnOTOHiraHa, TOrfla KaK b npecHofi — chjibho rnnepTOHH^ma. IIpHcnocoSjieHHBie k^bhcokoh cojichocth Ph6bi noflflepa^HBaiOT cboio KpOBB rnnoTOHH^HOH. MopcKaa pn6a BBi#ejraeT Mony, rnnoTOHiniHyio no OTHomeHHio k kpobh, h HMeeT KpOBB, rnnoTOHH^iHyio no OTHomeHHio k MopcKOHBO^e. ,PjenpeccHH tohkh 3aMep3aHHH kpobh MopcKHX pn6 A = 0.76, a y npecHOBO,[jHBix A = 0.55. IIoctohhho Tepaa j pH6a flOJKKHa o6jiaffaTB choco6hoctbio bh^cjihtb H3 ce6a cojih, hjih, no Kpafi- Mepe, npaHHMaTB b ce6a CBoSoflHyio ot cojiefi Bo^y, HHaTO OHa He Morjia 6bi ecTBOBaTB. Ohhth Kea Kpora h ToMepa GMHTa ^npHBo^aT k 3aKJiioHeHHio, pH6a 3arjiaTHBaeT BOfly, ho cojih BHfleJiaeT ^epe3 a?a6pH. IIomhmo 9Toro cboh- CTBa, ph6h oSjia^aiOT TaK?Ke h koh?hoh ocMOTH^iecKOH 3am;HTOH, Tan KaK 2KHa npenaTCTBOBaTB BxojKfleHHio n BHXojKffeHHio cojieft npn KOJieSaHnax 3antnTa 8Ta pa3JiH^Ha y pa3HHX bh^ob. B onHTax PeHmejia pe^Haa KaM6ajia b stom OTHOineHHH 0Ka3ajiacB 6ojiee 3ain;Hin;eHH0H, neai MopcKaa KaMSajia. y CeJiaXHH KpOBB HMeeT OflHHaKOBOe OCMOTHTCCKOe flaBJieHHe C MOpCKOH BOflOft, HO H30T0HHH HOffflepJKHBaeTCH He OflHHaKOBOCTBH) KOH^eHTpa^HH HOEapeHHOH H flpyrnx cojiefl, a 6ojibihhm kojih^cctbom Mo^eBHHH (no 2%), Tor#a KaK cojieft y Heeropa3flo MeHBme, qeMB Bo^e. 3to TaKme CBHfleTejiBCTByeT o HajiH^nn ocmo- TBraecKofi 3amHTH BHenmnx hokpobob. GojieHOCTB h ocMOTHHecKoe flaBJieHne cocTaBjiaioT BecBMa Ba?KHHe <£aKTopBi pacceJieHHa pBi6. H3MeHeHne cojichocth, oco6eHHO rjih CTeHOrajiHHHHx h«hbot- hhx, HepeflKo BH3BiBaeT rn6eJiB opraHH3Ma. OflHaKO bo MHornx cjiynaax He npefl- CTaBJiaeTca em,e bo3mojkhhm tohho ycTaHOBHTB, *ieM BH3HBaeTca rn6eJiB — H3Me- HeHHeM JIH OCMOTHHeCKOrO flaBJieHHH HJIH HenOCpeflCTBeHHO XHMHHeCKHM COCTaBOM cojien. B ontiTax JIe6a, kotopbih noMem.aji 6oKOHJiaBOB (Gammarus) b H3OTOHHHecKHH pacTBop TpocTHHKOBoro caxapa h flpyrax HeajieKTpojiHTOB, HMeionunx o#HHaKOBoe ocMOTHHecKoe ^asjieHHe c mopckoh bo^oh, Hen3MeHHO HacTynajia SHCTpaa CMepTB nOflOHHTHHXKKHBOTHHX, CBHfleTeJIBCTByaTeM 0 aflOBHTOCTH ^JIH HHX COOTBeTCTByH)- m.nx pacTBopoB. To-sse caMoe BpeflHoe aeScTBHe Ha6jiiofl;aJiocB h npn noMemeHHH hx B paCTBOp ^HCTOft HOBapeHHOH COJIH 6e3 OCTaJIBHHX' HHrpeflHeHTOB MOpCKOH BOflH. Bee 8TO noKa3HBaeT, *iT0,ii0MHMO0CM0THHecK0ro ^aBJieHna, HejiB3a HrHopnpOBaTB H XHMH^eCKOe BO3fleHCTBHe HOHOB COJieH. KpoBB Elasmobranchii h Teleostei OKpameHa b KpacHBift n;BeT reMorjio6nHOM, Haxoflam,HMca b KpacHBix kpobhhhx TejiBi^ax; ^pHTpo^HTH cHa6a?eHH aflpoM. Hao6opoT, Gyclostomata coflepjKaT b kpobh Hcejie3oco.nepjKam.HH nnrMeHT apHTpo- KpyapHH, mnpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHHH cpe^n 6ecno3BOHOTmHX. OopMa apHTp y MHHor — Kpyrjiaa (no Kpay3e, BejiEranHa hx 10—12 ja), y Bcex npo^nx — naa; HanSojiee KpynHHe TejiBD[a y cejiaxnn: Torpedo marmorata 27 X 20 p, Scylio- rhinus canicula 21x13p.; y kocthctbix ohh SHa^HTejiBHO MeJiB^e: jiococb 03epHHft 15.5 X 9.5 p.; (JopejiB O3epHaa 15.77 X 9.25 jj.; cht bojixobckoh 16.17 X 10.6; 1 OcMOTHHecKoe b aTMOC$epax no $opMyjie: A ° c 412 y BemecTBa, pacTBopeHHOro b jnrrpe boru, p;aeT noHHHseHHe.TO^KH saMepaaHHH na 1.8.5°; 22,412 ¦— saBoieHHe rpaMMOJienyjiH BemecTBa, pacTBopeHHoro b 1 ji. . ; 12 OCHOBH HXTHOJIOrHH w fl.fl 178 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHfl no 12 x 7.5 [t. KojnreecTBO kpobhhhx Tejiei^ b 1 mm3 pa3JiireaeTCH He pBi6, ho TaKme no nojiy h B03pacTy; TaKHM me o6pa3OM H3MeHHeTCH h reMorjio6nHa. y 3epKajiBHoro Kapna (IlaBJioB n KpojiHK, 1936) bbico- Koe KOJiH^ecTBO apnTponnTOB b 1 mm3, Ha^HHan c cerojieTKOB, nbcTeneHHQ maeTCfl c BO3pacTOM, ho c HacTyraieHHeM nojioBO3pejiocTH bhobb jjocTnraeT TaK me KOJiedjieTCH n co;nep?KaHHe Cero- ro.no- TThVY" TTATt? Jl 11 —I— I Tpex,eTKa(2+) 4—8-jieTKa Il0JI0B03pejmfl JiaaOK-CKHli J16U( BHR caMeq caMsa caMKa 3+7+ caMBi^ cajnta MJIH. HIT. . . . 3,06 65,9 2,55 49,5 V 2,33 57,8 1,91 40,5 2,46 60,9 2,27 43,5 3,09 75,60 2,19 60,1 1,72 42,5 1 Bepn;6epr (1911) onncBiBaeT pa3HLie <£opMBi 6enHX Tejien; b kpobh pti6: u;htob (^paHyJIO^HTOB) c HenTpajiBHon n 9O3hho$hjibhoh 3epHHCT0CTBK) n MajiHX jihm^oi^htob, jiefiKOJiHM$on;HTOB h JieHKOHHTOHflHBix jihm$od;htob . 3hhckhh n Tofiep (1938) b HacTonmee BpeMH npn^epaKHBaioTCH cjie,nyK)mero 6ejiHX kpobhhhx Tejieij: TpaHyjionnTH — HeHTpo-, 9O3hho- h 6a3o$HJiBHBie — n arpaHyjion;HTH, k kotophm othochtch jihm$oii;hth h He3epHJicTBie jieflKon;HTH. GBepX TOrO, B KpOBH HMeiOTCH TpOM6o^HTBI C 6OJIBIHHM flflpOM H MaJIHM KOJIH^e- CTBOM npOTOHJia3MBI. HhCJIO HX HSMeH^HBOH, no BeHfleHpeHXy, HX Tpy^HO OTJIH^HTB ot jihm$oh;htob. JIenKon;HTapHaH $opMyjia y pn6 KpanHe HenocTOHHHa. PySames (1936) flaeT Tanne npon;eHTHHe oTHomeHHH pa3JiH7iHHX rpynn 6eJi&ix Tejien; y ph6: JlOCOCb &l © o « 3 o °i' «g s w B 1 Kapn HefiTpo$. rpaHyjron,irra..... 9033H0$. » ..... JLim$oii;hth Kp. n xiaa:...... 10 2 71 2 15 11 57 32 18 64 18 3 2 78 10 ' 7- 10 2 51 5 32 14 1 81 4 4 95 1 17 1 80 2 . 12. 84 Tniia jiHM$o-Mn3jro6jiacTOB . . . 4- ill i! il I! Kpor n Jletq (Krogh n Leitsch, 1919) noKa3ajin, ^to CBOficTBa kpobh p Beflym;HX cxo^hbih o6pas jkh3hh, pe3K0 OTJin^aiOTCH ot cbohctb kpobh pn6 c hhhm o6pa3OM 5KH3HH; 3to npejK^e Bcero othochtch k flBixaTeJiBHHM CBOHCTBaM h oco6eH- hocthm reMorjio6nHa, Bnojine npncnocoSjieHHoro k ycjiOBHHM oSnTaHHH. fljiH xapaKTepncTHKH cpo^cTBa reMorjioSnHa c KHCJiopo,n;oM Kpor npe^jio?KHJi flBa HOKa3aTejiH: RaBJieHne KHCJiopo^a, KOiyja reMorjio6nH HacHni;aeTCfl ao 95% (p95) h saBJieHne, npn kotopom HacBimeHne reMorjioSnHa nafl;aeT ro 50% (p50). 9th HOKa3aTeJin H36paHH noTOMy, *rro b apTepnajiBHofi kpobh b BHfle OKcnreMorjio6HHa (Hb O2) HaxoRHTCfl oSHKHOBeHHO 95% reMorjio6nHa, Tor.ua KaK b BeHO3Hofl: — tojibko 50%. Hn3Kne p50 y yrpn n Kapna cBH#eTejiBCTByioT o 6onBraoM cpo^cTBe reMorjio6HHa k O2, no3BOjinion];eM hm H3BJieKaTB khcjiopoa H3 OKpyjKaiomefi cpeflfH name npn cKynHOM ero co^ep^aHHH. HaoSopoT, $opejiB, KaM6ajia, TpecKa o6jia^aioT' reMorjioSHHOM cMeHBmHM cpo^cTBOM k O2 h Majio npHcnoco6jieHH k nepeHeceHHio HH3Koro ^aBJieHHH KHCJiopo.ua. TpecKa Ha^HHaeT CTpa^aTB ot ac$HKi];HH ynse npn 70 mm flaBJieHHH O2 npn 15°. IIpHcyTCTBHe yrjieKncjioTBi noHHHsaeT chocoShoctb- reMorjio6nHa CBH3BiBaTB Kncjiopo^; HanpHMep, y yrpa p50 npn OTcyTCTBHH yrne- IX. KPOBEHOCHAJT CHCTEMA. KPOBB. JEHMfcA 179 J'4 khcjiotbi— 2—3 mm, a b npncyTCTBHH 1% GO2(t. e. 7.5 mm) noBinnaeTCH KHCJiopoaa b mm npn p50 h pg5, no Kpory: Kapn............ Yropt............. 5 mm. TpecKa M. t° Pso P95 17 3 ___ 15 2—3 10 16 15 15 18 70 16.5 10 40 Ilpn coffepjKaHHH pu6 b aypHBix ycjiOBnax b aKBapnyM-ax h ca^Kax, npn pas- JIHHHHX 3a60JieBaHHHX HHCJieHHOCTB apHTpOHHTOB H JieHKOHHTOB H3MeHfleTCH, reMorjio6nHa yMeH&maeTCH; noaBJiHiOTCH hcho BHpajKeHHHe npn3HaKH . IIo IEjiHxepy (1927), hhcjio TeJien,.B Te^eHne ro.ua SHannTejiBHO KOJie6jieTCH; HeM pa3MH0?KeHHfl * oho no^HMaeTCH, 3aTeM na#aeT h HHor.ua nocjie HepecTa pa3BHBaeTCfl aHeMHH. VLsj^bbbb kpobh rjifl no3HaHHH 6ojie3Hen HpO^HJiaKTHKH H Jie^eHHH CTOJIB TRe HeoSxOflHMO, KaK H H3yHeHHe KpOBH Kpor oSpaTHJi BHHMaHne, hto y KajKfloro skhbothofo kpobb TOH^aninHM o6pa3OM npncnocoSjieHa k ero jkhshghhhm noTpeSHOCTHM. BiicTponjiaBaiomaH ManpeJiB HMeeT KpOBt, 6oraTyio reMorjioSnHOM, oneHB TpeSoBaTejiBHyio k KOJiBraecTBy khcjio- po^a b BOfle; HaoSopoT, npn^oHHan Opsanus tau — 6eflHyio reMorjio6nHOM kpobb, cnocoSHyio H3BjieKaTB cjie,HH KHCJiopo^a H3 OKpya?aioin;eH bosbi. UpecHOBOflHBie pBl6H B CBH3H C MaJIOH 6y$epHOCTBIO KpOBH H HenOCTOHHCTBOM XHMH3Ma H TepMHKH cpe^H Haxo^HTCH b MeHee BHroflHHX ycjioBHHx ra3oo6MeHa. TeMnepaTypHue ycjioBHi? o^eHB cKa3HBaiOTCH Ha kpobh. B cjihdikom TenJiOH Bo^e no#HHMaioTCH o6mgh BemecTB n noTpe6HOCTB b Kncjiopofle, ho kpobb b 3HaHHTejiBH0H Mepe yTpaTiHBaeT cnoco6- HOCTB CBfl3HBaTB KHCJIOpOfl; HOBTOMy MHOrne MOpCKHe pH6H p k bhcokoh TeMnepaType. Oco6eHHO HyBCTBHTejiBHa KpoBB k O 6 O npn He6ojiBmoM noHHH?aeTCfl, ^to ^ocTaTotmoe npnHHTne KHCJiopo.ua CTaHOBHTca Co^epiKaHHe «?ejie3a b Mr % b kpobh cjiyjKHT xopomnM noKa3aTejieM n aKTHBHOCTn reMorjioSHHa y MopcKnx puS, ho y npecHOBOflHHX OTHomeHHH ropa3flo 6ojiee cjioJKHH. .Djjia cy^aKat no IlaBjioBy, cojjepjKaHne reMorjioSnHa hgbhcoko, b cpe^HeM okojio 40%, ^to cocTaBjiaeT okojio 25 mt% Fe. KpoBB cy^aKa rjih HacH- meHHH Tpe6yeT BHCOKoro coaepjKaHHH KHCJiopo^a b BO^e, He awme 70—75 mm jjaBJieHHH hjih 3.5—3.75 cm3 Ha ji npn 16°; oT^aeT npn noHH?KeHHH #aBjieHHH b BO^e so 18—20 mm; cjieflOBaTejiBHO npn noHHJKeHHH .naBjieHHH O2 flo 26 mm (t. e. 0.9— 1.0 cm3 Ha ji npn 16°) jpaxaTeJiBHHH o6MeH cTaHOBHTca HeBO3MO3KHHM h piaSa norn- 6aeT; ho HBJieHHa ac<|>HKHHH hpohbjihiotch paHBme. y Jien^a reMorjio6nH Ha 9$% npn 25 mm jiaBjieHHH (1.2—1.3 cm3 Ha ji) h OT^aeT npn 5 mm. Fa3oo6MeH mojk6t 6htb oSecne^ieH tojibko npn O2 He MeHee 1.2—1.3 cm3 npn 16°. Kpobbjihhh npncnoco6jieHa k BecBMa y ncnojiB3OBaHHio O2: nojiHoe HacHmeHHe ^ocTHraeTCH npn 30 mm hjih 1,6—1,7 cm3 na ji. npn 6°. Com HMeeT Han6ojiee HH3Koe coflepH?aHne reMorjio6HHa, 35—36%, n npncnoco6jieH k ncnojifc3OBaHHio hh3khx ^aBjieHHH KHCJiopofla. Ilo co^epjKaHnio caxapa b kpobh pti6 moh?ho pa3flejiHTB Ha flBe rpynnEi: c MajiHM KOjinnecTBOM rjiK>KO3Bi — Kapn, $opejiB, jiococb — 30—50 Mr%, h bhcokhm"— , cyfl;aK — okojio 100—120 Mr%. IIo IlaBJioBy: Gaxap Mr% Ilpn 100 Ph6h b 75—80 COM 70—75 Kapn 25—35 ycjioBHHx n TecHOTe — KpoBflHoe ^aBjieHHe hh3hihx no3BOHo^H£ix 3HaTiHTejiBHO HH?Ke, neM y bhchihx; ecjin b cohhoh apTepHH jiomaflH oho paBHaeTCH 155 mm piyTHoro cTOJiSa, to y pnS (no KjiapKy) KposaHoe flaBjieHne: Esox tutius...............35—84 Salmo.............,-------47—120 Barbus fluviatilis ........... 42 Cnrcharias................ 32 Torpedo..................16—18 Scyliorhinus...............30—-37 Raja . ,.................. 20 I f Anguilla ,....... . e , , . .-:. . 65—70 Ji ft, »¦ V 1, m'. n; ill: i80 HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrna BBinymeHHaa KpoBB y puS 6ucTpo cBepTHBaeTca: y Kapna b KHX MHHyT. y pH6 60JIBHBIX HJIH OCJia6jieHHBIX BBinymeHHBie KpOBHHBie fle$opMnpyiOTCfl, npnoSpeTaiOT , TpeyrojiBH&ie oqepxaHna h reMorjio6HHa, nero y 3/jopoBBix pud He Ha6jno,naeTca. Eyfl;- (1938) HaXOflHT, HTO npH^HHOfl OCMOTHieCKHX HBJieHHH, BBI3BIBaK)ni;HX fle$opMan;HH) Tejien,, HBjiaeTca Hajra*rae mojiotooh khcjiotbi, pasBHBaioineHCH npn MeflJieHHOM yMnpaHHH. Boo6m;e, npncyTCTBne mojio^hoS: khcjioth noflaBjiaeT h hohh- CHOCOShOCTB KpOBH 3aXBaTHBaTB KHCJIOpO^. B CBa3H C DTHM Ha3BaHHHH aBTOp ejiannBaTB Bo^y b aKBapnyMax h ca^Kax, ^to6bi napajiH30BaTB mojio^ihoh khcjiotbi b kpobh. 3JIH Ph6h Ha^JieHtamee pH He MeHee Ba?KHO, ^:eM co,o;epH«aHHe KHCJiopo.ua. H3 npaKTHKH H3BecTH0, TejiBHO npnSaBjieHne k Bo^e co^h cnoco6cTByeT 6ojiee ^ojiroMy coxpaHeHHio KapnoB B JKHBOM COCTOHHHH. ByH^ep h Tot (Wunder und Toth, 1934) HsynajiH h,hobhtoctb cepyM; b btom OTHomeHHH ohh flejiHT pu6 Ha Tpn rpynnEi: 1. OqeHB h^obhthh cepyM — com, yropB; 2. H^obhtbih cepyM — cy#aK, OKyHB, epm, jihhb, tojiobjib, kobhh com (Amiurus nebulosus); 3. MajiOHflOBHTBiH cepyM — H3B, Kapn, OqeHB flflOBHTaa cBisopoTKa nepBon rpynmi: npn BnpHCKHBaHHH 6enHM MBimaM 0.043—0.045 cm3 Ha 1 r Beca MtHBOTHoro nocTeneHHo no^a- , HacTynaiOT cy^oporn n CMepTB qepe3 7—9 qacos. CepyM BTopofi rpynnbi ^eacTByeT 3HatmTejiBH0 Me^JieHHee: Tor^a KaK HHteKi^Ha 0.2 cm3 chbopotkh coMa hjih yrpa BH3HBaeT CMepTB qepe3 18—25 nac, CBiBopoTKa Amiurus hjih pcmoro OKyHa b toh me Rose ySnBaeT *iepe3 69—85 nac. GBiBopoTKa pBi6 TpeTBen rpynnn fla^e npn KpynHOH flO3e w&'hQmsjsM. He BH3BiBaeT CMepTejiBHoro ncxo.ua; ^HxaHHH HOHHJKaeTca, jkhbothoc He npnHHMaeT nnmn, HMeeT 6ojie3HeHHBin ho ^epe3 HecKOjiBKO #Hen nonpaBjiaeTca. Tot (Toth) nonHTaJica TaKJKe pa3flejiHTB pn6 no kpobhhhm rpynnaM, ho pesyjiB- nojiy^HJi 0Tpnn;aTejiBHBie. y ph6 coBepmeHHO He peryjinpyeTca noiepa BHpa6aTBiBaeMoro npn o6MeHe BemecTB Tenjia, h «Jia ero coxpaHeHna HeT HHKaKnx 3am;HTHHX npncnocoSjieHHH. IIo9TOMy b 6oJiBmHHCTBe cjiyiaeB pa3HHi^a TeMnepaTypti TeJia n OKpya«aioni;eH cpe^H KpafiHe Majia hjih 6jiH3Ka k Hyjiio; ph6h OTHOcaTca k noHKHJiOTepMHHM jkhbothbim, t. e. c nepeMeHHofi TeMnepaTypofl TeJia. IIo OnSnxy, Kapn, jihhb, KapacB. b noKoe HMeiOT t OKpysKaiomen bo^bi ; npn HJiaBaHHH t noflHHMaeTca Ha 0.2—0.3°, y $opejin— ro 0.4—0.5°, a nocjie npeo^ojieHna cnjiBHoro Te^eHna — Ha 1—2°. y yrpa, c ero oShjibhoh HtnpoBofl noflKOTKHoii npoKjiaflKOH, TeMnepaTypa MOH?eT 6htb BBime Ha 2.7°. Ilpn 6ojie3HeHHBix HBjieHnax — KpacHyxe Kapnos, $ypyHKyjie3e $opejiea, npocTyfle — TeMnepaTypa Tejia MomeT 3aMeTHo'noBBimaTBca, ro 2 o jinxopa^o^HOM cocToaHHH. OflHaKO, y TyHna, aHeprn^^Horo h 6BiCTporo ¦TeMnepaTypa Tejia h b HopMaJiBHHX ycJiOBnax sHa^HTejiBHO npeBHmaeT TeMnepaTypy y Germo alalunga Gm pa3Hnna TeMnepaTyp aocTnraeT 9° (IIopTBe, 1903, , 1934). TeMnepaTypa Tejia onpefleJiajiacB Ka6epHHx ayr c nopsaJiLHOfi CTopoHW. A—Squalus sucklii (no flaHHenio); B — Gobius panizzae (no HleTTJiio). npH- HOCHmiie cocyHH nyHKTnpOBaHH, yHoenmne — OKonbaoBaHu. Aba — a. branchi- alis aff; Adi — a', coeliaca; Aep — a. epibranchialis; Aha — a. hyoideus affe- rens; Ahm— a. hypobranchialis medialis; Aho— a. hyopercularis; Al — aorta lateralis; Aom — a. ophtbalmica magna; Abe — a. branchialis eff.; Am — aorta medialis; Ama — a. mandibularis aff.; Aor— a. orbitalis; Ape— a. pseudobran- chialis efferens; As— a. subclavia; T — truncus arteriosus. (H3 TpoflSHHCKoro.) H3 jKejiyflOHKa cepjma ^epe3 bulbus arteriosus, BeHO3Hafl kpobb no aorta ventralis HanpaBjineTca Bnepeff h no *racjiy ?Ka6epHHx flyr, Hecymnx jKa6pH, no npHHOcam;HM ?Ka6epHHM apTepnaM noAHHMaeTca b sKaSpH. 3M6p y Bcex $opM (KpoMe KpyrjiopoTHx n aKyji c 6ojn>mHM ^hcjiom Bncn;epajiBHEix pa3BHBaeTca mecTB nap flyr aopTH, no HHCJiy Bncn;epajiBHHX mejiefi; ho H3 hhx BTopaa, raoHflHaH, h oQo6eHHO nepBaa, MaHflnSyjiapHafl, chjibho MOflH$ni];HpyioTCfl n yTpa^HBaioT cbh3b c 6piomHOH[ aopTOBC, TaK ^to nceB^oSpaHXHH nnTaeTca apTe- pnajiBHOE[KpoBBioH3 3nH6paHXHajiBHHXcocyfl;oB. B 5Ka6epHHX jienecTKax nponcxo- npoxosKfleirae KpoBH qepe3 rycTyio ceTB KanHjraapoB; OKHCJieHHaa kpobb 3aTeM no cooTBeTCTByioinHM 3nH<5paHXHajiBHHM yHocamnM cocyflaM h nepexojjHT Ha cnnHHyio cTopoHy rjih o6pa3OBaHHH npaBO^ n jieBofi chhhhoS: aoprti (kophh aopTH). IIpH btom BaMe^aTejiBHO, hto bo Bcex jKa6epHBix flyrax ko- cthcthx HMeeTca oflHH npHHOCHiniHH h oflHH BHHOcamHH cocys, Tor.ua KaK y Elasmo- branchii h Dipnoi — o^Ha npnHocan^aa rnnoSpaHxnajiBHafl apTepna if ^Be bbihoch- 3ira6paHxnajiBHBix c ksukhoh ctopohh pa^a JienecTKOB. flop3ajiBHO cocyffH c KajKRon ctopohh oGpasyioT kophh aopTH (Fhptjib), ¦ -Fi 1 •f 1.1 '! 1 HACTB, UEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl ¦ i i. (IIo a— rjias; Ad — ,a. carotis interna; Acm— a. coeliacomeseu- terica; ft— ?Ka6pH; |ocTajibHHe o6o3HageHHfi, KaK na pncyHKe. Ac Ahe AL KsyTpn ot nepBoro, 3aMH- Kaa tojiobhoh Kpyr, bxo#ht b Hepeimyio hojioctb h Ha3HBaefca BHyTpeHHen cohhoh, — a. carotis interna; 3aTeM apTepna flaer BeTBH — a. ophthalmica, a. op- tica n a. cerebralis. Ot bbihochhi;hx maSepHHX co- OTBeTBJIHIOTCfl TaK?Ke H HHTaTejiBHBie apTepnnr pa3JiEraHHe opraHH. K rniroSpaHXHajiBHHM cocy^aM, nepexo^HiEtHM Ha BeHTpajiBHyn> CTopoHy, Hya«Ho othccth: rnno- o6pa- Ama T AfiL Ahm Phc. 144. CocyflH JKaSepHoft oSjiacTH. A — Amia calva; B — Gadus aeglejinus. Ac— a. cerebralis; Ahe— a. hyoideus efferens; Ahl— a. hypobranchialis lateralis interior; Ahy— a. hypoopercularis; Ap—- a. pulmonalis; Ape— a. pseudobranchialis efferens; h — cepnite; S — nceBHoOpaHXHH; I—V — a«a6epHHe mejin c ataSpaMH.' OcTajibHue o6o3HaqeHHH, _KaK Ha IpncyHKax. (Ho 9jianc n a TaKHte BeTBH bthx apTepnn ?KeJie3y, n cepfle*rayio cyMKy, y HJiaBHHKH h Ilocjie o6pa3OBaHHH hoh ceTH H3 9THX 3yiOTCfl HHHtHne loryjiflpHHe Be- hh. 8nn6paHXHajiBHBie cocy^Bi CHa6maioT fl;op3aaBHyio o6jiacTB ?Ka6p, M03r, opraHH rojioBHyio MycKyjiaiypy. GnHHHafl aopTa no,n hosboho^hhko flaBaa ot ce6a BeTBH k hbim opraHaM; subclavia (oTxoflHT ot aopTBi k rpy^HHM k jKeJiyflKy h KHmeHHHKy — a. coeliaca, a. mesenterica — nene- hh, no^KaM, hojiobhm opraHaM, ot- a. k 6pK>mHBiM HJiaBHHKaM — a. iliaca. npoflOJUKaacB b XBOCTOByio b reaiajiBHBix flyrax hosbohkob, cnnHHaa aopTa hocht Ha3BaHne xboctoboS apTepnH. IX. KPOBEHOCHAH CHCTEMA* KPOBB. JIHM«I>A 185 Bo Bcex opraHax n TKaHHX npnxojjflnjHe MejiKne pa3BeTBJieHHH apTepnfi pa36n- Ha cncTeky KannjiJiHpoB, H3 kohx coSnpaiOTCfl BeHH. BeHH tojiobh, Hann- ot v. facialis h v. cerebralis, co6npaiOTCJi b ftBe nepefliHse KapflHHajiBHH© — v. cardinales anteriores, — pacnojiojKeHHHe HenocpeflCTBeHHO no# ?Ka6ep- hhmh inyraMn; nojs, 3Ka6epHHMH jjyraMH npoxo^flT napmie (Elasmobranebii n Dipnoi) hjih HenapHaa (kocthcthc) HHHrane loryjinpHHe, v. jugulares inferiores, B03HHKaK>ni;He H3 rnnoSpaHxnajiBHHX cocv#ob h OTKpHBaromHecfl: b npoTOK, a y kocthcthx b bchoshhee CHHyc. IToflo6HHM me o6pa3OM H3 Mejmnx cocyflOB xboctoboh HacTH coSnpaeTCH 6ojiBmafl XBocTOBan BeHa (v. caudalis),.- npoxoflflmaa BMecTe c xboctoboh ' apTepnen b reMajitHOM no3BOHOH- 1/ca hom KaHaJie. Pa3flejiHBmHCB Ha Traa i/n v? BeH03HHX CTBOJia, 9Ta pa36nBaeTCfl Ha 3aMenaTeJiBHHM o6pa3OM BTopyio HononHHTejiBHyio (k nene- hohhoh) BopoTHyio cncTeMy b non- KOCTHCTHX HpHHOCflHl,aH BO- BeHa noneK cocTaBjieHa H3 v. caudalis, v. spermatica h v. seg- mentales cooTBeTCTByioniero OT^ejia. BHHflfl H3 HO^eK, BeH03HHe ctbojih BCTynaiOT b 3a,n;HHe Kap^n- HajiBHHe BeHH; noaneflHne, Hanpa- bjihhcb Bnepe^, b oSjiacTH cepfln;a c nepe^HHMH Kap#n- o6pa3yn c poHH nonepe^HHH cocya, cuvieri, KiOBBepoB npoTOK, BeH03HHH ?Ke CHHyc Bna^aeT n ne- ,v. hepatica. Hmchho, OTXoflflmiHe ot JKejiyflKa h cto- ductus Vfa B Phc. 145. FoJiOBHtie BeHbi. A — Gobius panizzae* (IIo llleTTJiio); B—Scyliorhinus canicula (no TTTTa-RaTPTTT>Trnrn nvqwnrT pp a—rjia3» ba—6piomHoii, br—rpyaHoft njiaBHHK; h — HJiaBaTeJIbHOro ny3HpH, ce- cepjwe; Va— Yena epigastrica; Vca~ v. cardinalis ante- H H nOIIJKeJIYIIOHHOH 5KeJie3H rior; Vcl—y. cutanea lateralis; Vcp — y. cardinalis „ posterior; Ve — y. encephalica; Vfa—v. facialis ante- a paBHO H OT XBOCTOBOH BeHH, rior; Vfl— v. facialis lateralis; Vh— Y. hepatica; Vhy — pnoTTTTTTiTwvrpiT timpptp ti iwnrrTTivTn Tin Y- hyoidea; Vi—y. iliaca; Vj — y. jugularis inferior; COeflHHHIOTCfl BMeCTe B MOmHyK) BO- Vnb — y. nutritia branchiaiis; Vo— y. orbitalis; vp— pOTHyiO BeHy neneHH, V. porta he- v. postorbitalis; Vs — y. subclaYia. (H3 rpoH3HHCKoro.> patis, BxofljiiT b neneHB, pa36nBaioTCfl b Hen bhobb Ha KannjiJiapH n tojibko nocjie 3Toro, coSpaBnract CHOBa b napy ne^e- Bna^aiOT b BeH03HHH cnHyc. TaKHM o6pa3OM HacToamne ph6h o6na- BOpOTHHMH CHCTCMaMH. H3Jio?KeHHaH cxeMa, cocTaBjieHHaii npenMymecTBeHHO npnMeHHTejiBHO k ko- cthcthm, b pa3HHX rpynnax HMeeT HeMajio otkjioh6hhh. y Kpyrjioporaix (Petromyzon) SpiomHaH aopTa HjjeT Bnepe,n fl;o o6jiacTH ^eTBep- Toro 3Ka6epHoro MemKa h 3,q;ecB pa3BeTBJiHeTCH Ha flBa cocy^a; BHHOCflmne H?a6ep- HHe apTepnn no^HnMaiOTCH BBepx h HenocpeflCTBeHHO o6pa3yioT HenapHyio chhh- Hyio aopTy; TaKHM o6pa3OM KopHeft aopTH HeT coBceM; circulus cephalieus flo MajieHBKofb KOJiBua b oSjracTn nepe^Hero H«a6epHoro MemKa. BeHQ3Haa KpyrjiopoTHX hocht npHMHTHBHHH xapaKTep: XBOCTOBaa BeHa b oSjiacTH OTBepcTHH pa3BeTBjiHeTCfl Ha flBa cocyaa, Henocpe,n[CTBeHHO nepexofl;fl b KapRHHajiBHHe 6e3 o6pa3OBaHHH noneHHOH bopothoh CHCTeMH. Vena subintes- tinalis, floxo^H ro ne^eHH, o6pa3yeT ne^eHOHHyio BopoTHyio BeHy; H3 neneHH Kposs BHHOCHTCH B BCH03HHH CHHyC TOJIBKO OflHOH Iie^eHO1^©^: BeHOH. 3aMe^iaTeJIBHO, ^TO y B3pOCJIHX KpyrJIOpOTHX COXpaHfleTCfl TOJIBKO OflHH KIOBBepOB HpOTOK — npaBHH y MHHorn h jieBHH y mhkchhh. HaKOHei^, H3 hhjkhhx ^ if 1 M 4 I r r r H ' i'i' 186 AVa Phc. 146. Cocy^HCTaa cucTeMa. A — Mustellus antaroticus, no IlapKepy; B — Salmo irideus, no rpoffi3HHCKOMy, c BeHTpajit- HOft CTOpOHtl. Act— a. coracoidea; Afm— a. femoralis; Ai— a. iliaca; Ama— a. me- senterica ant.; Amp—a. mesenterica post.; Aod—a. oviductalis; As — a. subclavia; AVc— a. h v. caudalis; AVe— a. h v. epigastrica; d—kh- meHHHK; n—ho^kh; Vh — sinus hyoidalis; Vph—v. porta hepatis; Vpr— v. porta renis. OciajibHHe oOosHaieHHH KaK Ha pncyHKe. (H3 r) 6eHHOCTBH) BeHO3HOH[ CHCTeMH CeJiaXHEt HBJIHeTCH HaJIH^He flByX 60K0BHX , v. v. laterales, BO3HHKaioinHx H3 BeHO3Horo cnjieieHHH 6jih3 KJioaKH (piic. 146). no Sokoblim cTeHKaai Tejia cHapyH?H ot nepnTOHeyMa, 6oKOBHe BeHH Bna- HenOCpeflCTBeHHO B KiOBBepOBH npOTOKH. Oco6eHHOCTfcK) BeH03H0ft CHCTeMH nonepe^mopoTHX flBJiaeTca Hajinine CHHycoBH/jHBix pacmnpeHMH no xo^y Bo3HHKHOBeHHe bopothoh CHCTeMH y Torpedo noKa3aHo Ha pnc. 147. IX. KPOBEHOCHAH CHCTEMA.. KPOBB. JIHMOA 187-' Teleostei, Kan ysne yKa3BiBa;nocB, KayaajiBHaa BeHa pa3BeTBJineTCH Ha , KOTopue $yHKi^HOHHpyH)T b Ka^ecTBe BopoTHHx nonenHHX BeH (Lota, Sebastodes). OflnaKO, o^eHB ^acTo oflHa H3 hhx npoflOjisKaeTCH npflMO b npaByio KapflHHajiLHyio (Perca, .Gadus, Gyprinidae); SHBaeT, hto o6e Kay#a.JiBHBie BeHBi npHMO nepexoflHT b 3a^Hne KapanHajibHtie (Cyclopterus); HaKOHen;, XBocTOBaa He pa3,o;ejiflflCB, mojkct nepexo^HTB b npaByioK8ipjs,imai3ihB.jio (Salmo).B o6ohx Hx cjiy^aax b noHKax pa3BHBaeTca BopoTHaH cncTeaia 3a c^eT cerMeHTajiBHHX h reHHrajiBHHx BeH. y Sphaeroides xBocTOBaH BeHa npflMO nepexoAHT b HenapHyio KapAHHajiBHyio, KoropaH o6pa3yeT BopoTHyio cucTeMy b no^Kax, ^ajieKo Bnepe^H pacnoJiojKeHHBix. JThhb, Tinea, HMeeT ^Be xBocTOBBie bchh; H3 kohx BepxHHH nepe- b npaByio KapflHHajiBHyio, Tor.ua KaK hhjkhhh pa36nBaeTCH Ha Tpn cocy^a, ¦AVc B Phc. 147. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe BopoTHOft CHCTeMH no^eK y Torpedo ocel- lata. (IIo IQHpep.) A — XBocTOBaH BeHa nepexonHT Henocpeji;cTBeHHo b sajtHae KapunHajitHHe ; B — npHMoe coeHHHeHne »thx Tpex BeH HapyraaeTCH cocynHCTOii ceTfeio; C — xbo- CTOBue BeHu npoHOJiwaiOTCH b nonenHHe bopothhc KapHHHanbHHe BeHM Haqn- HaiOTCH H3 ncreeMHHX cocynoB. Ail— a. tliaca; Am— aopTa, AVc— a. h v. caudalis; Vcp — v. cardinalis post.; Vpr—v. porta renis. H3 kotophx RBa o6pa3yioT o6e no^e^HHe BopoTHLie, a TpeTBfl HanpasjiaeTCH b ne^eHO^myK) BopoTHyio. y Teleostomi tojibko b pep;KHx cjiynanx o6e 3a,iniHx KapflH- 6HBaioT oflHHaKOBofi MomHOCTH. O6hkhob6hho npaBaa pa3BHBaeTCH H3peflKa HaoSopoT (Acipenser); HHor#a o^Ha cobccm OTcyTCTByeT {Gymnotus). KpoBeHOCHan cncTeMa «ByflHinani;HX, o6jiaflaioiii;B[x HapH^y c ?Ka_6epHHM, RbixaHneM, 3HaTmTejrBHo ocJioJKHeHa. KaK y?Ke Bbime oTMe^eHO, b 6ojiee hjih MeHee coBepmeHHoe, xoth h HenojiHoe o6oco6jieHne h BeH03H0H kpobh. BeH03HHft cHHyc OTKpHBaeTCfl b cepOTe He npHMO , a HecKOJiBKO CMemaacB HanpaBo; noBTOMy ocHOBHaa Macca BeHO3Ho& kpobh b npaByio cTppoHy npeflcep^Hfl; b jieByio HacTB npe^cepflnfl OTKpH- cpocmnecfl BMecTe jiero^Hue bchh. Bjiaro^apa CBoeo6pa3HOMy paenpefle- KJianaHOB b apTepnajiBHOM KOHyce, apTepnajiBHaa kpobb H3 JKejiyffO^iKa nporoHfleTCH b nepejnine ^Be SpaHxnajiBHHe apTepHH(no c^eTy 3h4)j a nepe3 hhx, noflBepraacB BTopircHOMy OKHCJieHHio, b cnHHHyio aopTy h b rojiOBy. HaoGopoT, hhcto BeH03Haa KposBH3 npaBoro npeflcep^Hfl nepe3 sceoyfiO'ieK HfleT no apTepnajiB- HOMy KOHycy b nocjieflHne HBe — 5 i 6- sKaSepmae apTepnit n TaKHM o6pa3OM neperoHaeTCH cnepBa ^epes H«a6pH, a 3aTeM — aepes jiero^myio apTepnio k jierKHM. C, h 3^ecB b Bo^e bo3mojkho flBOHHoe OKHCJieHne, ho npn hckjiiohh- 4 188 HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl V* < 3" I I.* i jieroHHOM flHxaHHH kpobb OKHc^HeTCH tojibko b jierKnx. Jlero^HHe apiepnir ot nocjieflHeii JKa6epHOH ayrn. B cbhsh c TaKHM ycjiojKHeHHeM cncTeMBi KpoBooSpameHna, y flByjntfmanprx BajincB TaKme h HeKOTopBie spyrne ocoSeHHOCTH. y Neoceratodus pa3BH- BaeTCH jihihb jieBan 3a,q;HflH KapjnffiajiBHafl BeHa, Tor#a KaK npaBan—peflynnpyeTCfl. B .nonoJiHeHne k JieBOH 6 , Bnafl;aioin;eH,-KaK o6hhho, b jicbhh npOTOK, y flByflHrnamnx noHBjiaeTCH enje hhjkhhh nojiaa, v. cava inferior, Sepynjaa Ha^ajio, nofloS- ho nepBOH, ot XBocTOBofl BeHH h Bnaflaiomafl B; BeHO3HBifi cHHyc Memjij #ByMH ne^ieHonHHMH Be- a Hhjkhhh nojiaii BeH*a HMeeTCH TaKJKe y CM, , v. abdominalis, npoHcxoanme^ H3 peHHsx BeTBeii npaBoa: n jieBpfi noflB3,noinHBix (ot 6pK)mHHX njiaBHHKOB); 0Ha Bna^aeT b npaBHH KioBBepoB npoTOK. HMeiOTca, HaKOBren;, 6ojiBmHe KOJKHue BeHH. npnjiaraeMafl cxeaia (pnc. 148), Ha kotopoh rjifl ynpomeHHH He no- hojihoctbio BopoTHan cncTeMa ne^eHH, HCHoe npe^cTaBjieHne o cjioskhoS BeHO3Hoft Neoceratodus. B cpaBHeHHH c hhm Pro- topterus TaKJ«e HMeeT pa,n otjih^hh — HanpHMep, ne^eHO^HHe BeHBi Bna^aioT He b KioBBepoB npo- tok, a b hhjkhioio nojiyio BeHy h t. r. — Ha KOTOpHX HeT HeoSxOflHMOCTH OCTaHaBJIHBaTBCfl. O^eHB opnrnHajiBHoe yKJiOHeHne ot o6m,eifc cxeMBi KpoBoo6pam;eHHa npe^cTaBJineT Monop- terus, H3 Symbranchii; bo BpeMH jieTHefi 3a- cyxn oh, bh^hmo, nojiB3yeTCH 3jih ra3OBoro oSaieHa KHme^HHM .nHxaHneM,* 6htb mojkct, b cbh- 3H C 3THM KOpHH aOpTH 06pa3yK»TCfl JIHDIB H3 napn ann6paHxnajiBHHX apTepnfi, b to KaK TpH nepe^HHx napn BnaflaiOT Henocpefl- CTBeHHO B lOryjIHpHHe BeHH, TRe H npOHCXOflHTT CMemeHne apTepnajiBHOH h BeH03H0fi kpobh. Ba bchkom cjiy^ae Bee npnaiepH c flo6aBo^HHMH npHcnocoSjreHHHMH ^ojijkhh 6htb- H3y^eHH CO CTOpOHH OpraHOB KpOBO- Phc. 148. BeH03Han CHCTeMa Neo- ceratodus. a. ab — nepenHHH 6proinHaH; af. r. v. — v. renalis afferens; 6. v— ?Ka6epHafl; C. d---KWBbepOB npOTOKJ C. V.---- XEOCTO- Ban; h. p. v.— BopoTHaH neieHH; h. y— ne^eHOHHan; i'c. v. — Me/Kpe6epHhie; ij — hhhjhhh loryjiHpHafl; if. v. — v. iliaca; i. v. c.— hhjkhhh nojiafl BeHa; k — hcikh; f— neieHb; f. a.— JieBoe yniKO; I. p. c. — JieBan sanHHH KapnHHajiLHan; I. v — SoKOBan KOJKfiaH; pi. v. — BeHa H3 nOCTKJIOaKajIbHHX MHOTOMOB; p. V.---- jierOHHan; pv. v. — Ta3OBaH; ra — npa- T^TrnTnTTnTviTr&PTJtnG PTnnon-iro Boe yniKo; rp. v. — noiieHHafl BopoTHan; x *L^*uuuiJa.*iv tft ue ulFUBJ1He s.[c. v—v. subscapularis; sj—BepiHHH cep^a KOCTHCTHX. CHapVJKH CepfllUe OfleTO loryJiflpHan hjih nepenHHH KapniiHajib- HaflJ t— ceMeHHHK; vv—npaBan Bep- BHHKapAHeM, O^eHB TOHKHM Ha BeHTpaJIBHOH H BeHa. (no B. CneHcepy.) TOJICTHM Ha ,HOp3aJlBHOH CTOpOHe, COCTOHmHM H3: CeT^aTOH TKaHH C paCCeflHHHMH BJiaCTH^eCKHMH BO- ; CHapyjKH—o,hhocjiohhhh annTejinfl. MnoKapflHH, MHrneHmn cjioh cep,nn;a,. COCTOHT H3 npOflOJIBHHX H I^npKyJIflpHHX MyCKyJIBHHX pa3BeTBJieHHHX ny^KOB, n npe^cepflne BHCTJiaHH 9H,noKapflHeM, — cjioeM hjiockhx annTejin- KJieTOK, npnJieraionj;HX k ceTKe TOH^anmnx ajiacTH^ecKnx bojiokoh. Bulbus arteriosus TaKJKe hokjdht CHapyjKH annKap^neM, 3a kotophm cjie^yeT coeflHHHTejiBHO- adventitia; rjiaBHaH qacTB ctchkh — media — coctoht H3 rjia,n[KHX BOJIOKOH — HpOflOJIBHHX, KOJIBH;eBHX H CHHpaJIBHHX, CpeflH HHX B nona#aioTCH h ajiacTH^ecKne BOJiOKHa. Intima cjio?KeHa C peflKHMH KOJIJiareHHHMH H aJiaCTH^eCKHMH BOJlOKHaMH H HJIOCKHM ApTepnn TaK?Ke coctoht H3 Tpex cJioes: intima, media h adventitia. Media OTrpaHirasBaeTCfl ot intima nocpe^cTBOM elastica interna. Gtchkh BeH .nejiHTCH Ha Tpn cjioh He ctojib pe3Ko; BJiacTiniecKHe BOJiOKHa 3flecB npoTarnBaiOTCfl no IX. KPOBEHOCHAH CHCTEMA, KPOBB. JIHMOA 189 f m 1 1 - hi m CTeHOK; MBime^HBie BOJiOKHa ycTaHOBjieHH c HecoMHeHHOCTBio tojibko b Han- 6ojiee KpynHHX BeHax. V MHHor CTpoeHne cocyflOB TaKOBO H?e, ho b hhx HeT 9JiacTH*iecKHx bojiokoh. KailHJIJIHpH COCTOHT H3 9IIHTeJIHH C MHHHMaJIBHBIM KOJIH^ieCTBOM COeflHHHTeJIBHOft TKaHH. 0 p T a H H KpOBOTBOpeHIH. OopMeHHBie 9JieMeHTH KpOBH — 6eJILie h KpacHtie KpoBHHHe TejiBna — o6pa3yioTCH bo MHornx opraHax. y mhkchh — B JIHM^OHflHOH TKaHH KHDie^HHKa, y MHHOr B JlHM^OHflHOH TKaHH HnmeBOfla H KHmeHHHKa, velum, cnnpajiBHoro KJianaHa, b noHKax h ?Ka6epHBix jienecTKax. y cejiaxHH no CTeHKaM nmneBOfta — Aop3ajiBHOH h BeHTpaJiBHOH — MejK^y submucosa h muscularis JieJKaT njiocKne o6pa3OBaHHH — jienflnroBH opraHBi, iyje B03HHKai0T jiHM^aTiraecKne TejiBn;a, a npn oco6hx ycjiOBnax TaK?Ke n apnTponiHTH. ropa3^o BaiKHee ceJie3eHKa, b mhkoth kotopoh nponcxo^HT pa3MHOH«eHHe 3phtpoi;htob, o6pa30BaHne tpom6oh;htob h jighkohhtob; b to ?Ke BpeMH,B kpobhhom cnHyce cejie- 3eHKH npoHcxoflHT TaKme n pa3pymeHHe apHTponnTOB. Gejie3eHKa BnepBHe b pn^y no3BOHQiTHBix noflBjifleTCH y nonepeTOopoTHX; y KpyrnopoTBix ee HeT. y ftBynBimaiHnx cejie3eHKa 3ajieraeT b BepxHen cTeHKe mejiy^Ka, nofl nepnTO- HeyMOM n MycKyjiBHBiM cjioeM. y npo^nx pBi6 cejie3eHKa jich?ht He3aBHCHMO ot €TeHOK KHme^HHKa. y XHMep OHa cpacTaeTca c no^MKeJiyflo^HOH mejie3OH, y pacnojiaraeTCH nosa^H sKejiy^Ka b cKJiafl;Ke Rop3ajiBHOro Me3eHTepH $ cejie3eHKH BapBnpyeT ot jightobh^hoh (Squalus acanthias) ro hohth mapoBH,nHOH (Pleuronectes); y Leuciscus cejie3eHKa flByjionacTHan. BejiBie KpoBHHBie TeJiBn;a — jihm^od;hth h rpaHyjionnTBi — B03HHKai0T TaKJKe IB JIHM(j)OniHHOB[ TKaHH CHHpaJIBHOrO KJianaHa. OflHaKO, CaMBIM BamHHM MeCTOM KpoBOTBopeHHH cjiymaT ho^kh. y aKyji n cKaTOB onarn KpoBOTBopeHHH 3ajieraiOT •OTHeJIBHHMH OCTpOBKaMH MeJKfly HOHe'fflHMH KaHaJIBI];aMH. y OCeTpOBHX H KOCTHCTBIX KpoBOTBopeHHe coBepmaeTCH bo Been nepe^HeH ^acTH ho^kh, b to BpeMH KaK y Protopterus jihhib no noBepxHOCTH ho^kh. HopMajiBHO 3flecB o6pa3yK)TCH tojibko 6ejiHe TejiBn;a, ho npn chjibhoh noTepe kpobh n BO3HHKaiomeH BCJieflCTBne aToro aHeMHH, b noHKax o6pa3yioTCH Bee bh^h kpobhhbix Tejien;. y oceTpoBHx 6ejiHe TejiBna o6pa3yiOTCfl TaKiKe b nepnKap,HHajiBHOM opraHe —¦ •b jionacTHOM hjiockom o6pa3OBaH^EH, npHjieraiomieM c BeHTpajiBHOH ctopohbi k T,cfl i '¦'in t it \4 If V 190 *IACTB HEPBAfl. Ho' IP few! ¦ 1 I t cocyflH H3 o6jiacTn no^eK, nojioBHX opraHOB h KinneHHHKa. B o6jia- cth 3Ka6p TaKJKe 3ajieraeT cnHyc — nepnSpaHXHajiBHafl iiojioctb; nocjie^Hflfl c Ka?K- #oh ctopohh coo6maeTCfl: ceMBio OTBepcTHHMH c KJianaHaMH — c loryjrapHOH BeHOH; JiHM^aTn^ecKHe COCyjJH flOp3ajIBHOH CTOpOHH TOJIOBH OTKpHBaiOTCET b rjiySoKO jieyKamnn CHHyc, coo6m;aK)nj;HHCH c ne~ n MHKCHH BMeCTO CHHyCa B SpKHHHOH HOJIOCTH Ba c.TBOJia — trunci subvertebrales; npn noMomiH aHacT0M030B, OKpysKaioronx aopTy, OHH COefliHHHIOTCfl MeJKfly CO6OH) B H6CK0JIBKHX MecTax; b o6jiacTH cepana 06a CTBOJia coe;n;nHHioTCH b sinus intestinalis. B ctbojih H3JiHBaiOTCH JiHM^a- cocy,o;H H3 CTenoK Tejia, Knme^HHKa it opraHOB. Elasmobranchii no cTpoeHHio jinM^aTH^ecKon ch~ 3Ha^niTeJiBHO oTjinnaiOTCH ot npo^HX pn6, Tan y hhx HeT jiHM^aTHHecKHx cep^en; n cncTeMa npenMymecTBeHHO cocy,n;aMH, a He CHHycaMH. rJiaBHeHHIHMII TyjIOBHIH,HBIMH CTBOJiaMH napHHe trunci subvertebrales; ohh 6epyr b XBOCTe, b reMajiBHOM KaHajie, iyje ohh pac- nojiaraiOTCH no cTopoHaM xboctoboh apTepnn n xbo- ctoboh BeHH. riocTeneHiio yBejiH^HBaacB b moih;hoctb H npHHHMafl BeTBH H3 HOJIOCTH TGJia H HO^ieK, AOCTnraiOT 5Ka6epHOfi oSjiacTH. IIo Kpaio H3 CeTH JIHM^aTH^eCKHX COCyflOB KOJijiaTepajiBHHe cocyjnj:, napajiJiejiBHHe nofl,uo3BO- HO^IHHM CTBOJiaM (pHC. 149); B HHX OTKpBIBaiOTCfl? cocyffH, npoxo^Hmne no;n nepHTOHeyMOM b MHOcen- Tax. B cy6BepTe6pajiBHHe ctbojih Bna^aiOT cerMeH- TaJIBHBie (H3 COeflHHHTeJIBHOH TKailH H CnHHHBIM MO3rOM) COCy^BI, COCyflH OT n ;n;p. Cy6BepTe6pajiBHBie ctbojih OTKpHBaiOTCfl b- OT aopTH HOflKJIIOHHHHOH apTepHH. y Elasmobranchii He HanReHBi THHHHHHe rjih kocthcthx raHOHROB 6oKOBHe npo^ojiBHBie ctbojibi — trunci longitudinales laterales^ hhx npoxojniT SoKOBaa Phc. 149. JlHM$aTiiiiecKafl cn- CTeMa Opioiiiiiofi nojiocni bm- SpHOHa Scyliorhinus canicula 90 mm no yftaneHHH npep,noHeK h A—aopTa; Ts—trunci subverte- brales; Pr— no^eHHaji nacTb JiiiM$a- TH^ecKHX coeyflOB; Vc—yasa colla- teralia; Vi — vasa intercostalia. (H3 roiiepa.) Ha ypoBHe (pnc. 150). B roJiOBe cy6BepTe6pajiBHHe ctbojibi yTOH^aioTCfl h, HaKOHen;, nc^esaioT; b jKaSepHon oSjiacTH npoxo^HT KpynHne ctbojibi, conpoBOJKflaiomHe loryjinpHHe BeHBI H HepBBI. ^H^ecKaH cncTeMa kocthcthx HanSoJiee nop;po6HO. TjiaBHeH- HIHMH JIHM^aTH^eCKHMH CTBOJiaMH Ty- jiOBnm;a hbjihiotch napHHe trunci sub- vertebrales, npoxoflHmne 0T XBOCTa flO TOJIOBHOH oSjiaCTH HO 06eHM CTO- pOHaM aopTH; Ha BceM npoTflJKeHnn OHH HpHHHMaiOT B Ce6fl MeJIKHe Me?K- peSepHHe bctbh H3 cTeHOK 6pioniHOH hojiocth h rjiy6oKne MeiKcerMeHTajiB- HHe BeTBH OT XOp^H HJIH nO3BOHOH- HHKa. B xboctobom OT^ejie no,n xboctoboh BeHofi npoxo^HT em;e HenapHHnr truncus accessorius, kotophh MeTaMepHO aHacTOMO3npyeT c cy6BepTe6pajiBHHMi£ Phc. 150. Scyliorhinus canicula 87 mm hjihhoio. A—aopTa; T—trunci subvertebrales; U—nepBHq- Han noina; Vel—vena lateralis trunci; Vi—vas- intercostale; Vs—vas segmentale. (H8 Toflepa.) ¦\'el 191 IX. KPOBEHOCHAfl CHCTEMA. KPOBB. JIHMOA b GpiomHyio hojioctb, pa3flBanBaeTCii, cBH3BiBaeTCH c ^ cocyflOM n, HaKOHen;, coeflHHaeTCH c cy6BepTe6paJiBHH- CTBOJiaMH. Gy6BepTe6pajiBHHe ctbojih, BMecTe c 6okobhmh CTBOjiaMH h CTBOJiaMir TOJIOBH, OTKpHBaiOTCfl B 3a#HHe KapflHHaJIBHHe BeHBI. H3JIOJKCHHOH CHCTeMH TJiySOKHX CTBOJIOB HMeiOTCfl eilje H HOBepXHOCT- EoKOBtie ctbojibi — trunci longitudinales laterales — npoxoflHT cocyAH SoKOBOtt noBepxHOCTH MajibKa Salmo trutta fario — 26 mm flJIHHH. Til— truncus lateralis; Tj—tmncus jugularis; SI—sinus lateralis; Vcp—v. cardinalis posterior; yid — vas longitudinale dorsale; Vlv —vas longitudinale yentrale. (Ha Toiiepa.). BflOJIB 60K0B0H JIHHHH OT XBOCTa flO'rOJIOBBI, BHepeflH CTaHOBHCB h urape; cooTBeTCTBeHHO MnocenTaM npoxo^HT BeTBH BBepx n bhh3 h BCTynaiOT B CBH3B C JIHM^aTH^eCKHMH COCVflaMH nJiaBHHKOB, a TaKJKe C ^Op3aJIBHHM H BeHTpaJIEv HHM npOAOJIBHHMH CTBOJiaMH. BOKOBOH CTBOJI OTKpHBaeTCH HJIH B TOJIOBHOH CHHyC, b KiOBBepoB npoTOK. B KopnyMe kojkh pacnojiaraeTca rycTaa ceTB cocyflOB, oco6eHHO xopoino pa3.TnraiMaH y tojihx pBi6, ho TaKme h qeniyn CHa6?KaeTCH oTflejiBHHM cocy^HKOM. HaKOHen;, y pud HMeioTCii enje HenapHLie jiHM^aTH^ecKne cocyflLi — vas supet- ficiale dorsale, vas superficiale ventrale n vas spinale. ,D[op3ajiBHHH cocy^, b XBocTe, npoxo^HT no MeAnajiBHOH jihhhh, oxBa- c o6enx ctopoh ocHOBaHne cmiHHoro nJiaBHHKa, n TpeTbefi BeTBBio npoSoflaa nJiaBHHKOBHe jiynn. IIo ocHOBannio XBCCTOBoro njiaBHHKa ^op3ajitHbifl cocy^ nepexoflUT b cooTBeTCTByiomnn BeHTpajiBHBin npo^ojiB- hhh cocy,n;. HocJieflHHH, npoTHrnBancB ot XBOCTa no 6piomHOH'CTopone, BCTynaeT b cbhsb b oSjiacTH rpy^- HHX nJiaBHHKOB C rOJIOBHHMH JIHM^aTH^ieCKHMH COCy- (no,n;o6HO ^opsajiBHOMy), n norpyjKaeTca BHyTpB, H3JIHTBCH B nepHKap^HaJIBHLIH CHHyC. Vas lymphaticum spirale npoxo^HT BHyTpn cnn- KaHana Ha^ cnHHHLiM MO3roM; Bnepe^n oh b saTHJioHHHH cHHyc. PacnojiOHteHHe h TOJIOBHHX JIKM^aTH^eCKHX COCyflOB HaCTOJIBKO pa3HOo6pa3HH, ^to 3flecB Ha 3tom Bonpoce ocTaHasjiH- BaTBCfl HeBO3MO3KHO. O63op jiHM^aTn^ecKOH cncTeMBi 6y,n;eT HenojioH, ecjin He ynoMHHyTB 0 JiHM^iaTHHecKnx cep^E[ax. nocjie^Hne b BH,o;e OKpyrjiHX po3OBHX o6pa3OBaHHH pacnojiara- iotch no,n nocjiefliiHM ho3bohkom, tccho npnjieraH k nJiaCTHHKe, B KOTOpOK H03T0My B03HH- Kpyrjioe OTBepcTne (foramen hypurale) hjih ni;ejiB. .iTBie Komeii h najraj^aMi 9th cep^na MoryT 6bitb o6HapymeHH jihhib ho y mojioahx oco6efl SHBaiOT 3aMeTHH b jkhbom coctohhhh no nyjiBcaipiH. O6a cepOTa coe^HHeHH Mem^y co6oio c BnyTpeHHen ctopohh KaHaJioM. Gtchkh Cepfleil COCTOHT H3 BHCTHJiaiOmerO BHVTpeHHIOIO HOJIOCTB aHflOTeJIHH, CJIOH $H6pO3HO- BOjioKOH n flByx cJioeB nonepe^EHonojiocaTHX mhihu. Gepfln;a nojiy- Phc. 152. JiHM$aTHMecKHe co- cyffH h jiHM$aTHHecK06 ceps- Ije B XBOCTOBOM Ka $opejiH 26 mm Cl— cor lymphaticum; Vld — vas longitudinale dorsale; Vlv-— vas longitudinale ventrale. (Hs Tofiepa.) stP ! % 111' 'if l\ 192 1ACTB JIHM$y H3 COCyflOB XBOCTOBOrO HJiaBHHKa, KOTOpHe, B CBOK) OHepeflB, CBH3aHH cocy^aMH. Ohh nocpeflCTBOM BBiBO^Horo npoTOKa coeflHHeHBi c xboctoboh KjianaHBi peryjinpyioT .neaTejiBHocTB cepftna n HanpaBJieHne ^BumeBMH. ynofloSjiaeT o#ho cep,q;n;e npeflcepflmo, ^pyroe — jKejiyflo^iKy, a coeflHHH- OTBepcTne b foramen hypurale — cep^e^HOMy KJianaHy. K TJIABE IX IT a b ji o b B. A. T^BixaTejibHtie CBofiCTBa KpoBH HeKOTOptix npecH. pBi6. H3B. BHHOPXf XXIII, 1940. TE a b ji.o b h K p o ji h k. HccjienoBaHHH no $H3HOJiorHH KpoBH. Tp. Bopoff. 6hoji. ct., IX, b. 1, 4936. . Agnesotti. La morphologia e la genesi del sanguein ayanotti di anguilla et di trotta. Arch. sool. Ital., 17, 1933. Baudin. Variations diurnes du sang chez les poissons. G. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 197, 1933. 'Grodzinski. Beitrage zur Entwicklung der Blutgefafie derSalmonidenembryonen. Bull. Acad. Cracovie, 1925. •Grodzinski. Das Blutgefafisystem. Bronn's Kl. u. Ordn., Bd. VI, Abt. I, Buch 2, Teil 2, Lief, i, 1938. •Orodzinski. Blut und blutbildende Organe. Ibid. H o y e r. Das Lymphgefaflsystem. Ibid. >G 1 a s e r. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Lymphgefafisystems derFische. Z. Anat. Entw.—Gesch., 100, 1933. Hochstetter. Die Entwicklung des Blutgefafisystems. Handb. d. vergl. u. exper. Entwi- .cklungslehre der Wirbeltiere, v. Hertwig/ Bd. Ill, Teil 2, Jena, 1906. h . 4i 1 I i: ' lilii X. MOHEHOJIOBAa CHCTEMA OpraHH BLifleJieHHH jkhbothhx ^njioreHeTH^ecKH cjion«eHH H3 Tpex napHHX OT,nejiOB, nocJieflOBaTejiBHO pasBHBaiomHXCfl-: tojiobhhx noTOK, pronephros, Tyjip- ¦BmniHHX, mesonephros, h Ta30BHX, metanephros; KajKflaH H3 hhx cHa6?KeHa bh- bo,o;hhm npoTOKOM cooTBeTCTByiomero HanMeHOBaHHH npo-, Me30- hjih MeTaHe- ^pH^ecKHM. O^eHB ^acTO npoHe$piniecKH^:npoTOK y caMKH npnHHMaeT na ce6a <$yHK- b[hio flliii;eBOfla, t. e. BHBefleHHH sum, BHnaffaioinHx H3 HHHHHKa b hojioctb Tena, Tor^a KaK Me30He(|)piniecKHH npoTOK caMija cJiyjKnr ceivienpoBOflOM. IIpoHe$poc 3aKJiaflHBaeTCH b aM6pnoHajiBHOM coctohhhh, Hepe^KO coxpaHHeTca enje b siwm- iHO^HOM BO3pacTe, ho bo B3pocjiOM cocTOHHHH hohth Bcer#a He ^yHKi^HOHHpyeT h b 6ojiBniHHCTBe cjiy^aeB (3a HeMHornMH HCKJiio^eHHflMH) nc^esaeT cosceM. Me30- ptl6 CTaHOBHTCH $yHKE[HOHHpyiOmeH HO^KOfi H Me3OHe$pHTOCKHH npOTOK h, y caMu;oB, ceMenpoBOflOM. MeTaHe$poc y pn6 He bo3hh- KaeT, ho y bbichihx kkhbothbix, ot penTHJiHl ro MJieKonnTaiomHx, Me3OHe$poc HpOTOK. 6 Me30He$piraeCKHe — HBJIHIOTCfl: MaCCHBHHMH ^KeJie3HCTHMH , 3aKJiio^aH)in;HMH: b ce6e MHoro^HCJieHHHe Mo^eBHe TpySo^KH, hjih KaHajiBinj, Meatfly co6oio npoKJia^Kon coeffHHHTe^BHofi: TKaHH n kpobchochbix COCyflOB. KaHaJIBHBI CJIOMKeHBI OffHOCJlOHHBIM JKe.Jie3HCTHM 9IIHTeJIHeM H OKaH^IH- BaioTCfl cjieno inapoBHflHHM pacmnpeHneM, MajiBHHrneBHM tcjiom. y MHornx HH3nmx Graniata KaHajiert o6pa3yeT BO3Jie MajiBnnrHeBon KancyjiH BeToiimy bhh3, b iiojioctb Tejia MepnaTejiBHoft bopohkoh:, nofloSHOfi . IIoHeTmHH cocyfl, pa3BeTBjiHHCB b no^ieax, nocujiaeT b KasK^oe TOHKyio npHHOCflmyio BeTOHKy, KOTopaa BHyTpn MajiBDHrneBOH Kancyjiu: pacna,D(aeTCfl:HaKJiy6oqeKKanHjijiflpoB, glomerulus; OTCioffa kpobb yHOCHTCH bbiho- >chiii;hm cocy^OM, kotopbih bxo,d[ht b oSmyio cocyancTyio ceTB no^eK, 3ajieraiomyio KaHajiBn;aMH; nocne 3Toro kpobb nocTynaeT b cSopHyio nonerayio b no^Kax HrpaiOT cymecTBeHHyio pojiB b 9KCKpeman bojpi h b X. MOHEHOJIOBAH CHCTEJMA 193 nocTOHHCTBa oeMOTiraecKHxycJioBHfi. JIo Monjieiiflpp^y (1931), hhm MecTOM BBifleJieiraH cJiyiKaT glomeruli, Tor^a KaK no OjraBepy (1921) h BajiB- Tepy (1923), MO^eBHHa cenepHHpyeTCH KaK b glomerulus, TaK h b MO^eBBix KaHajiB- nax. ¦ Mo^eBon ny3HpB y pti6 o6pa3yeTCH nyTeM npocToro pacmnpeHna Me3OHe<|>pH- qecKoro BHBOAHoro npoTOKa n refieTHHecKH coBceM He cooTBeTCTByeT ajmaHTOim- HOMy MoneBOMy ny3Bipio bbicdihx jkhbothbix. n TB no^eK, TaK HaBHBaeMaH rojioBHan no^Ka pH6, i^eJiHKOM cjio- H3 JiHM^onffHOfi TKaHH; b Hee He BxoflHT BopoTHan BeHa noneK, h OHa He HeceT ^yHKHHH. BCJieflCTBHe npHCyTCTBHfl CBOSoffHHX KpaCHHX KpOBHHHX h KpHCTajuiHKOB oKcnreMorjioSHHa mojkho 3aKJiicraHTB, hto rojioBHan $yHKnHH pa3pymeHHJi KpoBHHBix Tejien,; b to me caMoe BpeMH b lateral ha?ai han a glo ep ventral hana^halei Phc. 153. Pa3pe3 iepe3 glo — glomus; hakat — HaqaJiSHaa hacTb, hahas — cpe^Huu OTfleji, haka3 — ko- OTReji MOieBoro Kananbi^a; haka^ — ero Bna^esHe b MoqeTOHHHK — halei; ep — anHTennfi, pro — propria; mu — muscularis MHHora, (H3 Kpay3e.) o6pa3yiOTCfl jichko^th h KpacHHe KpoBHHtie TeJiBita. TaKHM o6pa3OM nacTB no^KH pH6, no,qo6HO ceJieseHKe, hbjihctch opraHOM KpoBOTBopeHHH, opraHOM 06H0BJieHHH KpOBflHOrO COCTaBa. 3aKJiafltiBaK)iD;HecH b 3M6pHOHajiBHOM pasum-nii p^p eme coxpaHHioTCH HeKOTopoe BpeMfl y jihhhhok h msljibkob pH6, ho no3Hte, o6mee npaBnjiOj HCHesaior coBceMl y BHJiynHBineHca jinqHHKH CTepjrajn* 6 mm npoHe^poc — ^yHKnnoHHpyeT, ho y 12 mm — yjKe Ha^HHaeT nereHepHposaTB; y MajiBKa 33 mm moskho 3aMeTHTB flBa npoHe<£pnqecKHx KaHaJiBi^a, a y ocoSh 125 mm— TOJiBKo x)ahh; no3JKe Hc^e3aeT h oh. Bo b3pocjiom coctohhhh npoHe^pn^ecKaH noHKa coxpaHHeTCH Jinnn. b peflKnx oiyqaax (Fierasfer), BceiteJio 3aMemaacB Me3OHe$pH- y HeKOTopHx Teleostomi roaoBHafl no^Ka OTcyTCTByeT coBceM {Mold). MHHOni B BHfle HSipH flJIHHHBIX peMHeBHflHBIX TCJI, npHKpeilJieHHBIX K chhhhoh CTeHKe noJiocTH TeJia h noKpHTHx nepHTOHeyMOM, npoTHrHBaroTca ot TeJia ho^lth flo ypoBHH aHajiBHoro OTBepcTHH. IIo HHjKHeMy Kpaio hohkh p o^eTOHHHK, OTKpBiBaiomnHCH b yporeHHTaJiBHBiH cHHyc. Ha nonepe^HOM pa3pe3e ^epe3 no^Ky mhho^h (pnc. 153) mojkho bh^ctb mo^cto^ihhk, Mo^eBHe KaHajiBijH h noneiHHfi KJiy5oK, glomus. Glomus o^eT Kancyjioft; 6t KancyjiBi HCXOflflT Ha^aJIBHHe ^aCTH H3BHTBIX MO^eBHX KaHaJIBn;eB, H3JIHBai0nH«XCfl B MOHe- tohhhk; Ha^ajifcHHH OTfleJi KaHajiBijeB BHCTJiaH pecHH^HHM annTejineM. Kancyjia glomus pa36nBaeTCH neperoposKaMH Ha nacTn; BxoHflmaa b no^Ky noHe^Hafl apTepHH nocHjraeT bctbh, vasa afferentia, b glomus h b KajKfliOM OTffeJie ero ofepa- 3yeT KJiy6oHeK, glomerulus. Bbixo^hhuih H3 KJiySo^Ka cocyfl, vas efferensvpasBn1 Ha cncTeMy KannjuinpoB. KaamoMy glomerulus cooTBeTCTByeT H8t%8t5iiE>Hajfi 13 Ochobu - rl if mk ill! :\ ! 1 1 194 nEPBAH. MOP«I>OJIOrHH MoneBoro KaHajiti^a. KpyrjiopoTtie He HMeioT BopoTHOfl chctcmh y B3pocJion MHHorn coxp'aHHioTCH ocTaTKH npoHe^poca b BH^ BopoHKH, oTKpHBaiomeftCfl B nepHKap^HajiLHyio hojioctb, H3BHToro KaHajibija n glomerulus, KJiySo^Ka, HaxoAflmerocfl b Kay^ajibHofi nacTH npoHe^poca. O oHKa aBJineTCH hhcto Me30He$pHHecKHM o6pa3OBaHH6M. nonepeHHopoTHx — Me3OHe$pnqecKHe. B hhx mojkho pa3JiHHHTb HHfi H 3aflHHfi OT^eJIH. IIoCJieflHHfi C^yaOIT ^yHKI^HOHBpyiOmHM OpraHOM h npeflCTaBJineTCfl b BH#e MaccHBHoro opraHa, coflepjKarnero MajibnnrneBH H HSBHTHe MOHeBHe KaHaJIBIlBl, OTKpHBaiOnjHeCH B MOHeTOHHHK, Ureter, KOTOpHfi u card, dext Pronephr. (Kopfh) rud. Rumpfc v.card.siri a •p.H. Pec. 154. kocthctuix. a — Cyprinus auratus; b — Leuciscus argenteus; c — Gadus aeglefinus; d — Tetrodon ciitaneus. (Ho TajiJiepy.) . H3JiHBaeTCH b MO^eBOH cnHyc. y xpameBHx pu6 b MO^eBHx KaHajii»n;ax e cerMeHT, r^e nponcxoAHT oSpaTHaa a6cop6n;Ha MOHeBHHBi, nrpaio- oJiB b ocMoperyjiHixHH KpoBH. CyflbSa nepeflHero OTfleJia HeoffHHaKOBa: y caiviijoB oh BCTynaeT b cbh3b c hojioboh JKeJie3on, npeBpa- b npnflaTOK ceMeHHHKa, epididymis, Tor^a KaK y caMOK oh BHpoyK,o;aeTCfl ;no CTeneHH HHHTOJRHoro py^HMeHTa. Ctojib ?Ke pa3JiHqHa h cyflB6a Me3OHe$pn*iecKoro KaHajia, BOJiB<|)OBa npoTOKa. y ca&m.0B oh BHxoflHT H3 qacTH hotoh n wiyatHT b Ka^ecTBe ceMenpoBOfla, yTpaHHBaa HenocpeflCTBeHHyio CBH3B c KayaaJiBHBiM oT^eJiOM, HacTOHmen ho^ikoh. Hao6opoT, y caMKH oh He BCTynaeT b cbh3b hh c MO^eBBiM, hh c hojiobbim opraHaMn; oh pa3fleJiHeT cy«B6y nepeAHero OT^eJia hohkh h TaKjKe npeBpamaeTca b pyjpiMeHT. TaKHM o6pa3OM BMBoflHOfl npoTOK ^yHKnHOHHpyiomeH hohkh y o6onx noJioB o6pa3yeTCH 3aHOBo. IIoflo6HO npo^mM, n y kocthctbix npoHeOHHHafl TKaHb; pg—nurjieHT; a—apTepna; bgf—KaniuiJinpHJ myzy — IlHCTbl MIIKCOCnOpiWHeB B UpOCBeTe MOHeTOHHHKa. (Audige, 1910) pa3Jin^aeT neTHpe Tnna CTpoeHna no^eK y B3pocjiHX kocthctbix: 1) HMeeTCH ^yHKniHOHHpyiomHH npoHe<|)poc c MajiBnnrneBHMH TejiBijaMH, TyjioBHmHaH no^Ka chjibho pa3BHTa, XBbcTOBafl OTcyTCTByeT coBceM hjih cjiaSo pa3BHTa; 2) HMeeTca jihm^oh^hhh npoHe^poc 6e3 nepBH^moro MoneTOHHHK xboctoboh hohkh {Barbus fluviatilis)', 3) HMeeTCH tojibko TyjiOBHHi;HaJi (Lophius); 4) npOHe^poc b BH^e jihm$oh,hhoh TKaHH, onncTOHe<|)poc coctoht H3 TyjioBnniiHOH h xboctoboh hohkh (Auguilla, Conger, Muraena, Pleuronectes, Bothus, Solea, Squalius). OyHKHHOHHpyioiHnH npoHe^poc c oahhm 6ojibhihm glomerulus BCTpe^aeTCH y pflffa BspocJiHX kocthcthx (Gobiesocidae, Gobius, Coitus, Trachinus\ Blennius, Atherina,.Zoarces, Mugil). HaoSopoT, y pa^a apyrnx $opM BCTpenaiOTCfl arjio- MepyjiapHbie ho^kh, coBceM 6e3 MaJiBnHrneBBix KJiySo^KOB; bto HBneHne oTMeneHo y Syngnathidae, Antennariidae, Saccopharyngidae, Batrachidae. TaKOBHX H3- BeCTHO Cpe#H MOpCKHX pH6 flO 25 BHflOB, OTHOCHIEtHXCH K 12 CeMeHCTBaM, H ftaJKe OflHa npecHOBo^HaH — Mierophys; no GMHTy, OHa po^cTBeHHa mopckhm Syngnathi- dae h Hajra*rae arjioaiepyjiflpHOH hohkh y Hee cjiyjKHT ^njioreHeTH^ecKHM npn3HaKOM. f! I 196 *iactb I!' ¦ * i i J 1!', \\ i - \h • PaccMOTpnM TnnnHHBiH npnaiep. y KOCTHCTBIX nO^KH TeCHO npHJKaTBI K IIO3BOHO^HHKy H CTaHOBHTCH BnflHMBIMH nocjie y^ajieHsa njiaBaTejiBHoro ny3Bipa. y .ttsjkk rojiOBHaa no*n?a HannHaeTca Ha ypOBHe BToporo no3BOHKa b Bn#e MaccnBHoro no,HKOBoo6pa3Horo Tejia, nepe- ceKaeT no3BOHO*mHK h ^ocTHraeT mecToro no3BOHKa, r^e nepexoffHT b TyjiOBHmHyio no^nty; oTCiofla iio^kh b Bn^e flByx pa3flejiBHHX o6pa30BaHnn TanyTca no o6enM 7,o;ajiBHee o6e bhobb cjiHBaioTca b HenapHyio XBOCTOsyio KOTOpaa npoTarnBaeTca ho^th 30 ypoBHa HOrO OTBepCTHH. Mo^ieTO^IHHKOM CJiy^KHT BOJIB(|)OB npoTOK. Ha Bceai npoTaiKeHnn oh BHeppeH b no- cy6cTaHn;Hio; Ha^HHaeTca oh c Kamflon cto- Ha ypoBHe ce^BMoro no3BOHKa, cjie^OBa- coeflHHHiOTca b HenapHHH npoTOK, HSJiHBaioinHHCH b MO^eBOH ny3BipB; nocjie^Hnn ot- KpHBaeTca Mo^encnycKaTejiBHBiM KaHajiOM BMecTe c nojioBBiM OTBepcTneM. BHyTpn BHCTJiaH iprjinHflpH^ecKHM propria, 3a KOTopon cJieflyeT muscularis H3 kojib- rr w°" -raft':1 Hi>ie nopH; cl—KJioana; cp—MnKCoirrepiiririi; / — ocxaTKii HiiiieBOfla y casma; md—npoTorui 3amieii nacTn noieK (ureter); mtk — 3aaHHH BuneJiiiTejibHaH oOjiacTb Me3OHe$poca (opisthonephros); od — MioaJiepoB npoTOK; oe —nepepe3aHHbiii numeBOfl; og — HiiijeBOflHaH JKejie3a; ov—hiihhiik; Pf—GpiouiHott njiaBHiin; R—npHMan KiruiKa; S. S. — ce.MeHHOii MemoK; t— ceMeHHira; np— MOieBoii coconeK y caMKir; ngp—MonenojioBOii cocoieK y caama; us—MoqeBOii cnHyc; ve — vasa efferentia; vs— ceMeHHoii ny3upeK; \vd— BOJibipOB MesoHeiJipiiHecKiift npoTOK; wg— BOJib$OBO tcjto. iijiii MesoHe$poc. (H3 BaypH no y mhkcjhhbi n flBe TaKHe me nopBi b KJioaKy — y 6ji;ejijiocTOMBi. TaKHM o6pa3OM y KpyrjiopOTBix HeT cnennajiBHoro BBiBo^Horo npoTOKa. JIonacTHon ceMeHHHK MHHorn bhcht Ha Me3opxnir n ojjeT cepo3HOH oSojio^Kofi; oh pa36nBaeTCH Ha MHoro^ncjieHHBie 3aMKHyTBie $ojiJiHKyji&i (pnc. 158), orpaHH- coeflHHHTejiBHOTKaHHon membrana propria, k Hen npnjieraiOT ceMeHHBie KJieTKn, 3a cneT kotophx pa3BHBaiOTCH ceMeHHBie TejiBn;a. MnyjiBi pa3BHBaiOTCfl: H3 cnepMaToroHneB, npOHcxoflflmnx H3- nepBirasBix hojiobbix KJieTOK (JlK)6om). 3pejiHe cnepMaTO3onflBi MHHorn okojio 100 \i b ^jinHy; OHH COCTOHT H3 rOJlOBKH — 10 U., mefiKH H XBOCTHKa. . Hh^hhk caMKH He naieeT JionacTHoro Bn^a; ho3o6ho ceateHHHKy oh bhcht Ha Me3OBapnn n noKpBiT 6pioniHHofi (serosa). ToHKne coe#HHHTe.JiBHOTKaHHBie npo- cjiobekh OT,n;ejiHioT Kamfloe anno, pa3BHBaioin;eecfl H3 npnMiiTHBHHx hojiobhx kjictok; X. MOHEIIOJIOBAfl CHCTEMA 199 OKpymeHO flByMH cjiohmh <|>0jiJiHKyjiHpHBix KjieTOK h HMeeT Hfi:n;eBHflpyio ^opMy c octphm h TynHM KOHn;aMH, flnaMeTp 1—2 mm. HftneBaa o6ojio^Ka, xopnoH, hjih zona pellucida, HMeeT okojio 10 |i tojiih;hhh; b Hen mojkho pa3JiBranTB fr o6jiafi;aioin;HH:,acHO BBipa?KeHHOH paflnajiBHon nc^epHeHHOCTBio, h roMoreHHHH. B ep. du, camp.d.d, Phc. 160. IIoJiOBbie opraHH Scyliorhinus canicula, caMeu;. Jimp. d. d.— ampulla ductus deferentis; c — KonyJiHTHBHHfi opraH; d. d. — ductus deferens; ^. e.— ductuli elferentes testis; duct, ep — •ductus epididymidis; ep — epididymis; gl. d.— glandula digitiformis; gl. v — glandula vesi- cularis (vesica seminalis); h — ceMemiiiK; o.d.d.— 03tium ductus deferentis; m. h.— nacTb, coejuiHHiomaH °6a ceMeH- r—rectum; un—nepBnqHaa MoieoT- noHKa (urniere). (lip van den Broek.) Hnn;a co,o;ep?KaTCfl jKejiToraBie 3epHa; npOTO- njia3Ma, npoHH3aHHaji BanyojiflMH, OTTecHeHa k ocTpoMy nojiiocy aE[i];a. flnija mhkchhh HMeioT BecLMa CBoeo6pa3- HHt BHfl; OHH ^pe3BH^aHHO KpyiEBH, RO 25 mm fljiHHOio, o^eTti poroBOH Kancyjiofi; Ha o6ohx KOHii;ax HMeeTCH no ny^Ky HHTefi: C HKOpBKaMH, KOTOpHMH HBO];a CIi;eni[flK)TCH juy co6oio, o6pa3ya cjiojKHHe (|>HrypH, npHKpenjiHioTCH k cy6cTpaTy. B to y KacnHHCKOH: MHHorn Hac^H 20 — 32 tbic. hkphhok, a y 24—40 tbic, MimcnHa oTKJiaftBiBaeT Bcero Phc. 161. CxeMa CTpoemia HiiKa h npnaaTKa Scyliorhinus ca- nicula. (IIo van den Broek.) I — IV — ceivieHHHe aMnyjiti; d. d. — ductus deferens; d. e. — ductuli .effe- rentes; d. ep. — ductuli epididymidis; duct. — ductus epididymidis; gl. I— jieiiflnroBoft «Kejie3H; nr — KpaeBofi KaHaji; H— n;eH- 19—2b jrnn;. OTKJiasHBaHne hhh; y mhkchhh He npaypo^eHo k BpeMeHH rop;a. B OTJurane ot MHHorn MHKCHHa pa3BHBaeTCH 6e3 npeBpame- hhh, n BHine^mnH: H3 Hfin;a MajieK o^eHB CKOpo npno6peTaeT fle^HHHTiiBHBifi: bhjo;. MnHorn pa3fl;ejiBHonojiBi; MnncriH npempe c^HTajin npoTaH^pn^ecKHMH rhtomh, ho IHpeHHep (1904) noKa3aji, *ito repMa$poji;HTH3M mhkchh hmh, a He 3$$eKTHBHHH. Pa3JiH^eHHe nojia bo3mo?kho He paHee JVIHKCHHOH RJIHHBI 24 CM. GaMU;H HMeiOT pa3BHTOH CeMeHHHK, 3aHHMaK)mHH 3aflHK)H) :>§! 200 *IACTB HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHH li ' fii ? Tt xcejiesH, Tor.ua KaK casocn — hhhhhk b nepe^Hnx #Byx Tperax JKejie3Bi c pyjpr- p OCTaJIBHOH ^aCTBK), TaK HTO B3pOCJIOe H«HBOTHOe HMeeT OflHOHOJiyiO JKe- Jie3y. Gpe^n mhkchh mojkho otmgthtb caivmoB, caMOK n cTepHJiBHHx oco6en; y no- cjie^HHX hjih coBceM He3aMeTHO ceMeHHHKOBHX $ojuiHKyji n H.wa,, hjih me ohh, xoth h 3aKJia^BiBaioTCfl, ho b cBoeM pa3BHTHH TopMO3HTca n peflyn;HpyK)TCH. Elasmobranchii oSjia^aioT cjioh«ho ycTpoeHHHM iiojiobhm annapaTOM (pnc. 159); ocoSeHHo saMe^aTeJiBHa TecHan cbh3b Bu^ejiHTejiBHo^: n cncTeM, BHpajKeHHan y caamoB; y caMOK hohkh He BCTynaioT b Hyio CBH3B c nojioBHMH ^ejie3aMH. y caMn;oB o6HKHOBeHHo ceMeHHHKa, cBH3aHHHX npn noMomn Me3opxna c no^KaMH h hojiocth TeJia. B ceMeHHHKax npocBe*raBaioT ceMeHHHKOBHe aMnyjiH, BH3HBaa no- H .1 i hi) r i1! I! Phc. 163. IIonepeqHHtt pa3pe3 qepe3 glandula nidamentaria MOJio^oii Scyliorhinus canicula. (IIo van den Broek.) d — npocBeTH ?Kejie3 MaTKH; dg— npocBeTH ii coctohp Puc. 162. nonepeiiHHii pp p npnaaTKH ceMeHHHKa Scyliorhinus- (IIo van den Broek.) d. ep— ductuli epididymidis; ducf. ep.— ductus epididymidis. CBoeo6pa3HBix nojinroHajiBHBix nojiefl. GeMeHHHKH TecHO k nepeflHeny OT^ejiy no^eK, KOTopue Ha BHa^HTejiBHofl ^acTH CBoero npeBpamaiOTca b npn^aTO^HHe nojioBHe ?Kejie3Bi. ITepBHHHaa no^Ka H3 annflHftHMirca, jieflflnroBon ?Kejie3H n MOHeoTftejiHTeJiBHOH nacTH. Hoe coe^HHeHHe BpacTaei b ceMeHHHK; ncxoAamne H3 ijeHTpajiBHoa: ceTn ductuli efferentes BCTynaioT b anH^HflnMHC. Bhboahobe npoTOK xo^ht ^ajiBine b chjibho h3bhtoh napHHH vas deferens, ceaienpoBOfl (Bojib^ob. npoTOK); npoTOK 3tot, npe^BapnTeJiBHO pacnrnpHHCB rjih. o6pa3OBaHHH ceMeHHoro ny3BipBKa, vesica seminalis, OTKpHBaeTcn b KjioaKy. MoqeoTflejiHTejiBHan MesoHe^pn^ecKO^ ho^kh HMeeT caMOCTOflTeJiBHUH MO^eTO^HHK b KJioaKy nepe3 MO^enojioBon cnHyc. MiojuiepoB Kanaji y caamoB ero ocTaiKn coxpaHHiOTca b BH^e ostium abdominale, a TaKJKe b Bn#e KOHeiifflOEt flHCTajiBHofl ^acTH b KanecTBe cjienoro nps^aTKa KJioaKH (uterus masculinus). CaMKH cejiaxHH naieioT rpo3fleBHflHHe hhhhhkh:, SojiBmen HacTBio napHBie- (Notidanidae, Squalidae, Rajidae, Torpedinidae); y flpyrnx (Scyliorhinidae) — X. MOHEHOJIOBAH CHCTEMA 201 coxpaHfleTcn jihhib npaBBiH, Toiyja KaK jieBBin chjibho pesynnpyeTca; tojibko y Scoliodon, Myliobatis n Trygon HMeeTca jicbbih hh^hhr. IIo^BenieHHHH Ha nepn- TOHeajiBHOH CKJia^Ke, Me30BapnH, hhhhhk c HOBepxHOCTH hokpht $0JijiHKyjiaMH — ny3BipBKaMH — pa3HOH Bejin*xnHBi, coflepjKamnMH Kajiyntfii no- . OBapnajiBHHe anna KpynHBix pa3MepoB: Squalus acanthias—-3,. ..,...,„„,,,.. Raja batis —7 cm. BBinainaromne H3 nwrnmtd, b no- jioctb TeJia co3peBmne anna nocTynaioT b HenapHoe- OTBepcTne jraneBOflOB; HHi^eBOflOB (MiojiJiepoBBix kaHa- jiob) flBa; ohh cxo^htch BMecTe b nepeflHen o6pa3ya P/luLd A ts vs.sem vs.sem MuL.d u.g.s Piic. 164. ITojiOBtie opraHti Squalus acanthias c HH^a- MeHTajitHofi >Kejie3Oii h bm- 6pnoHOM. (Hs van den Broek.) d— «KenTOHHHfi MeraoK 3MGpno- na; gl. n.— glandula nidamen- taria; mo—MeaoBapnii; o.a.— cstium abdominale; ov— hhh- hhk; t — Tpy6a; ut—CTeHKO t;—vagina. Piic. 165. Callorhynchus antarcticus. A — nojiOBbie opraHLi caMija c SpioinHoil ctopohh; ne- bliiI ceMeHHHK y^ajieH, a vesicula seminalis otth- Hyx. B — pa3pe3 nepes nepeHHiiii KOHei^ ves. semi- nalis; epid— epididymys; kd—no^Ka; Mul. d.— MiojiJiepoB KaHaJi; 'Mul. d' — iiejiOMHoe OTBepCTHe MiojiJiepoBHX npo- tokob; Mul. d"— ycTBe MiojuiepoBa KaHaJia b MonenojioBOH: cnuycj pa. or — nepenHHii, nojiOBOfl oraeji hohkh; sph— cnepMaTO$opbi; ts—ceMeHHHK; tt. g. s.— MOieiumoBOft cimyc; v.df—ceiaenpoBoji;; vs. sera.—vesicula seminalis; vs. sem'—ero yCTbe b MO^enojiOBOii cnnyc. (H3 napnepa.) tojibko ^to ynoMHHyToe oTBepcTne — ostium abdominale.1 IIo xop;y~ mo^kho OTMeTHTB pacmnpeHHe, r^e jie?KaT 3h — SejiKOBaa h CKopjiynoBaa; 5KeJie3Bi cnjiBHee pa3BHTH y y jKHBopoflHmnx $opM. Ilpn npoxojKj^eHHH nepes JKejie3y flH^o o^eBaeTca 060- y HeKOTopux KajK^oe hhii;o o6jieKaeTCH ocoSoh Kancyjion, y ^pyrnx.— Squalus acanthias, Trygon pastinaca — b OflHy o6m;yio Kancyjiy 3aKJiK)HaiOTca 4—6 ann;, HaKOHen;, y TpeTBnx — Spinax, Squatina, Torpedo — CKopjiyria HJIH OTCyTCTByeT COBCeM. o6ohx ani^eBOflOB, uterus, MaTKa, ot#€ koh; Ha BHyTpeHHen CTeHKe MaTKH 3ajieraioT cKJia^KH, npeBpan^aiomHeca b Tpo- KOTa, hx ;n;Ba. y Somniosus microcephalus, nojinpHOfi anyjiH, h Trygon pastinaca, MDpcKoro k\\ ! ' ' I ill !¦:» 11l # j t 4. * ^ r'! ;; I ti- "'r It1 I ill 202 trophonemata, B^aioinHeca y Pteroplatea nepe3 cnnpaKyjiH 3M6pnoHa bhjiotb #o nnmeBo#a. Tpo^OHeMU cHa6?KeHBi Tpy6^aTHMH JKejiesaMH, ih;hmh nHTaTejiBHyio ?kh^kocti> («MaToTiHoeMOJiOKO»). 06e MaTKH, To^Hee, o6a Bo,na y Scyliorhinus coe#HHflK)TCH BMecTe h OTKpHBaiOTCH b KJioaKy o6ih;hm OTBep- CTHeM no3aflHnpHMOH khihkh; y ^pyrnx $opM mojkgt 6htb #Ba oTflejiBHHX reHH- TajiBHBix oTBepcTHH HHijeBOflOB b KJioaKy. KoHen; MiojuiepoBa npoTOKa 3aKJiaABiBaeTca njioTHHM o6pa3OBaHneM (Tor- pedo, Musiellus, Squalus, Centrina) n no3?Ke npopHBaeTca, o6pa3ya, no Bn^a- (Widakowitsch), no^oSne hymen. caMKH naieioT nojiOBOH annapaT, nocTpoeHHHH no THny 9JiacMo6paH- xhh, c tok) tojibko pa3Hiiii;eH, qTO HH^aMeHTajiBHaa ?Kejie3a y hex, b cbh3h c oco- 6eHHO KpynHBiain pa3iviepaMn ann; — OKOH^aTeJiBHO c^opMHpOBaHHoe anri;o c 060- JiOHKaMH ^ocTnraeT 25 cm — o6jia,o;aeT qpe3BbnaHH0 Sojibdioh bgjihhhhoh:. 3aTo MyiKCKne opraHH BecBMa CBoeoopa3HBi. IlapHBie ceMemraKH (pnc. 165) co^epjKaT jinmBHe3pejioe ceMa, KOTopoeBBiBOflHTcaBrpOMaflHHe ann^HflnMHCBi, n TaM co6n- paeTca b cnepaiaTo^opBi b Bn^e OBajiBHHx Kancyji, co,n;ep?KaiipLx BMecTe co cnepMa- TO3on,n;aMH CTyji;eHHCToe BemecTBO. BBixoflamnn H3 Ka?Kfl;oro ann^HflHMHca bhbo^- hoh npoTOK, vas deferens, b CBoen HH/KHen qacTH BecBMa pacmnpeH, o6pa3ya ceMeHHonny3BipeK, vesicula seminalis, noji;pa3flejieHHBifi: Ha KaaiepBi. 3,D[ecB 3a,D[ep- ^HBaiOTca cnepMaTo<|)opBi, KOTopue no3?Ke npoBOAaTca b yporeHHTajiBHBia: cnHyc. 3aMeHaTejiBH0, ^to y caMn;oB xnivtep coxpaHaiOTca TaK?Ke napHHe MiojuiepoBH npo- tokh, OTKpBiBaiomneca c o^hoh ctopohbi — b nojiocTB Tejia ocTnyMOM, a ^pyrHM K0Hn;0M — B TOT JKe MOHenOJIOBOH CHHyC. CaMKH Ghondrostei, b qacTHocTH oceTpoBBie, oSjia^aiOT oS^bmhcthmh napHBiMH He nMeiomnMH coScTBeHHOro BBiBo^Horo npoTOKa. Co3peBmne anija b hojioctb Tejia n BBiBO,n;aTca HapyH?y npn noMomn BopoHKOo6pa3Horo npoTOKa nepHTOHeajiBHoro nponcxo/KAeHna Tanoro JKe Tnna, KaK y hh3dihx ko- ¦cthcthx (Osmerus). SaMe^aTejiBHO, ^to caMH,Bi Acipenser, no,q;o6HO caMKaM, 06- TaKHM me pa3BHTBiM aHn;eBOflOM c Sojibhioh bopohkoh; ero HaBHa^eHne — n;ejiOMHOH /Kh^kocth. caMHOB cTepjia^n ductuli efferentes CToaT b CBa3H c noHe^HBiMH KaHajiBq;aMH n hhx cooSmaiOTca c nepBH^HBiM MoqeTo^HHKOM; ceMeHHHKOBaa ceTB otkph- BaeTca b KpaeBon no^e^HBin KaHaji (MamKOBn;eB, 1934). riojiOBBie opraHH caMq;0B oceTpoBHX nocTpoeHH no TOMy me Tnny, KaK y Lepidosteus. KocTHCTBie o6jia#aiOT b SojiBinnHCTBe cjiyiaeB napHHMH nojiOBHMH ?Ke- ho Hepe^KO flBa anHHHKa cjiHBaioTca BMecTe, o6pa3ya HenapHHH opraH Zoarces); HHor^a o^hh an^HiiK Hefl;opa3BHBaeTca n npe^CTaBjieH b BH,ne ropa3fl;o MeHBniero o6pa3OBaHna, ^eM flpyron (Mallotus). V Atherina hepsetus ojniH coBceM HCHe3aeT (Jurgensen, 1889). TaKme n ceMeHHHKH MoryT cjiHBaTBca co6ok) tojibko b Kayn;ajiBHOM KOHi];e hjih Ha BceM npoTajKeHHH (Ammody- tes tobianus). B ceMenHHKax no MHKpocKonnHecKOMy cTpoeHnio pasjin^aiOT flBa Tnna — an;H- bo3hbih n paflnajiBHBin. Ad;hho3Hbih Tnn npe,n;cTaBJieH y ceJiBfleBBix, jiococeBHX, myKn, TpecKH, Gyprinodonti; paflnajiBHtin — y KOJiio^enepBix. Bbipa6aTHBaio- maaca cnepna BBiBo^HTca no ceMeBOfly, KayAaJiBHBiH KOHen; KOToporo MOJKeT pacmnpaTBca b MemKOBHAHBiii ceMeHHOH ny3BipeK, vesicula seminalis. 06a ceMeBo.ua ocTaiOTca pa3flejiBHbiMn hjih cjiHBaioTca no Me^najiBHOH jihhhh, TaM, r,n;e kohii;bi ceMeHHHKOB cjiHBaioTca, h ceMeBo^ Ha BceM npoTa?KeHHH HenapHHH. GTpoeHne ceMeHHHKa HecJiO/KHO. Ha nonepe^HOM pa3pe3e ^epe3 annH03HHft mo?kho 3aMeTHTB coe^HHHTejiBHOTKaHHyio Kancyjiy; aT opraH Ha cncTeMy KaBepH; nocjie^Hne C KpynHBIM a#pOM, 9T0 MaTepHHCKHe CeMeHHHe KJieTKH, kotopbix pa3BHBaiOTca cnepMHH, BBinojiHaK)Hi;He hojioctb KaBepH. B cenTax npoxo#HT n KpoBeHOCHBie cocy^H. GnepMaT030HflH myKn hmciot b «JinHy okojio 45 jx; mapoBH^Haa rojioBKa okojio 2 {a; 3a Heio cjie^yeT mefiKa n ftjiHHHHft xboct, .OKaHMJieHHHH T0HK0H MeM6paHOH. U.0 Me^HaJIBHOH CTOpOHe KaBepHH OTKpHBaiOTCil ot ee ctchok cenTH SOJIBHIHX KJieTOK X. MO^EnOJIOBAH CHCTEMA 203 ductus deferens, KOTopHft npoxoflnr no CKJia^Ke Me3opxnfl; b Hea: me 3ajieraK>T KpoBeHOCHLie cocyjjBi, nHTaioinne ceMeHHHK. B flH^HHKe OT CTeHKH nOJliHHMaiOTCH COe^HHHTeJIBHOTKaHHBie JIHCTOHKH, B KO- 3aKJiK)HeHbi flftija Ha pa3HBix cTa^nHX pa3BHTHH. flftijeBOfl BHCTJiaH Mep- aiiHTejiHeM, Kpoivie MeflnaJiBHOH h JiaTepajiBHofi: ctopoh, r,ne dnwrejnnk y. Mojkho pa3jinqnTB Tpn Tnna B3aHMooTHomeHHH meiKHy HHHHHKaMH h Hfln;eBOflaMH: 1) KOMnaKTHBifl OBapnfi; 2) OBapnn c BHTOBapnajiBHBiM HfirteBOflOM, 3) OBapna: c napoBapnajiBHHM flHn;eBOflOM. IlepBBiH H3 hhx, KOMnaKTHBifl, BO3HHKaeT nyTeM yTOJimeHHH reHHTajiBHOH CKjia^Kn (HeKOTopBie Glupeidae). OBapnn c bhto- BapnajiBHHM HHijeBOflOM o6pa3yeTCH coeflHHeHneM abvx CKJia,n;oK; BHyTpii bo3hhk- Mi ' ou ar ovar. Urog. Kan. Piic. 166. yporeHHTanbHHe opraHH Acipenser ruthenus (IIo ManiKOBi^eBy M3 van den Broek, van Oordt h Hirsch). Phc. 167. yporeHirrajiBHbie opraHti h hx bbi- npOTOKH. — B3pocjn>iii caiueij c SonbiniiM »stiuin tubae; cnpaBa—TO?Ke B3pocJiaH a — Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni; b — Acipenser ruthenus. (no MauiKOBijeBy n3 van den. Broek, Tan Oordt ii Hirsch.) mero HiFiHHKa o6pa3yeTCH KaHaji, npofl;oji?Kaioin;HHCH Ha3aa b hmhpboji, (Perca, Acerina, Belone, Gasterosteus). napoBapnajiBHBiH HHi];eBOfl; o6pa3yeTCH no CBo6o,n;- HOMy Kpaio HnqHHKa, kotopbih cjiHBaeTca c napneTajiBHBiM nepnTOHeyMOM, n, <5Jie,n;oBaTeJiBHO, npnjieraeT tojibko o^hoh ctopohoh k HHHHHKy (Gyprinodonti). y kocthctbix nojiy^aeTCH HenocpeflCTBeHHoe cjinaHne flnn;eBOAOB c hh^hhkom, Hero He Ha6jiK>fl;aeTCfl y #pyrnx nosBOHO^HBix; ohh hmciot nanoBBie npoTOKH, co- BepmeHHO He3aBncnMHe ot BBi^ejiHTejiBHHX. FamoTT (1929) onncaji b cTeHKax hhhhhkob OKyHfl, epma, coaia, myKH Hajin^ne i^npKyjiflpHBix n npo,a;ojiBHBix mh-' meHHHX bojiokoh, coKpameHne kotopbix cnocoScTByeT BHBeaeHHio hhd;. Ot onncaHHoro ocHOBHoro Tnna HMeiOTCH OTKJioHeHHH b Bn,ne ,EiiereHepan;HH h ncqe3HOBeHHH anneBOflOB Ha pa3JinqHOM npoTHJKeHHH (Salmonidae, Osmeridae, Anguillidae, TaKJKe Misgurnus). TaK, y Osmerus anneBoaBi Ha nepefliHeM KOHn,e OTKpHBaiOTCfl mnpoKHM BopoHKOo6pa3HBiM OTBepcTneM b hojioctb Tena, He conpn- Kacancb c HH^HHKaMH. y jiococeBHx h yrpefi coxpamieTCH jihiqb caMaa BopoHKa hjih ^a?Ke h OHa nc^esaeT, h Tor^a ani^a bhhochtch Hapy?Ky nepe3 I 204 nEPBAfl. MOPOOJlOrHfl ! r. nopBi. Y caanjoB kocthcthx coxpaHaeTca nepHTOHeajiBHHH npoTOK, vas deferens, coeflirajiiomnfi: ceMeHHHK c hojiobhm OTBepCTneM. H3JiHHHne Hapymy hojiobhx npoTOKOB y kocthcthx HeoflHHaKOBO. GaMKH Bcex kocthcthx, a H3 caMHOB— jinniB JiococeBHe, ce^iB^H, myKa, Gymnotus, Ttigla n HeKOTopne flpyrne — o6jia,naioT cnenna.!iBHHM hojiobhm OTBepcTneai, neJKam;HM MejKfly aHaJIBHHM H MO^eBHM. GaMnH 60JIBmHHCTBa KOCTHCTHX HMeiOT MO^ienOJIOBOe OT- BepcTne no3a3n aHajiBHoro. B KanecTBe HCKJiiOHeHHfl ceMemjHe npoTOKH otkph- BaiOTCH b Mo^eBOH ny3BipB (Muraena, Anableps), BMecTe c aHajiBHHM (Lota) hjih BMecTe c aHanBHHM n mohgbhm (nyitiKO3Ka6epHBie). Hnor^a reHHTajiBHHH hjih ypo- coco^eK BBiTarHBaeTCH b TpyS^aTyio papilla, KOTopaa y caMn;oB mo- cJiya?HTB KonyjiHTHBHHM opraHOM, a y caMKH ropqaKa, Rhodeus, cjijmwr npn,a;aiOT Phc. 168. Pa3pe3 hmu;o b ih — coennHHTeJibHO-TKaHHaH theca; foep — $yp hhii annTennii; zora—zona radiata; doko—3epHa eipl— mmeBan nJia3Ma. (113 Kpay3e.) jt b ECJIH 06paTHTBCH K paCCMOTpeHHK) HHH;, HaXO^HmnXCH B HHHHHKe, TO MO3KHO 3pejioe hhijo y myKH naieeT b nonepe^HHKe 1—1.5 mm. H&^o cHapyjKH o,n;eTO TeKOH (theca), 3a KOTOpOH CJie^yeT ^OJIJIHKyjIflpHHH anHTejiHH. GaMO hhd;o oSjie^ieHO zona radiata tojiiii;hhob[ 30 50 ji; OHa ripoHH3aHa TOHqanmnMH Ka- HajiBn;aMH, KOTopne Ha pa3pe3e e xapaKTepHyio ncnep^eHHocTB, a npn C HOBepXHOCTH — B.emB.yjo TO^eHHOCTB. B HHije HMeeT- ch KpynHoe MHKponHjie; 3flecB. a 3aMeTHO yrjiy6- o6pa3yn BxoAnyio sopoHKy, b y3Knn KaHajr. HBie flffpa Ha nepH^epnn BHyTpn — KpynHee, ro 100 nonepeHHHKe. IIpoTonjia3Ma no nepn<|)epnH Hnn;a, nacTBio b npoMe?KyTKe MejKfly 3epHaMH mejiTKa; noBepx- hoctho jie?KHT h 3apofl;HmeBHH ny3npeK. B He3pejiBix HHn;ax zona radiata ot- cyTCTByeT (pnc. 168). 3^;ecB yaiecTHO ynoMjrayTB 0 CBoeo6pa3HOM OTpn^e Phallostethiformes, khx pnSKax MaJiancKoro nonyocTpoBa, npHjieraiomero apxnnejiara n ckhx ocTpoBOB, o6jia,n;aiom;HX coBepmeHHO opnrHHaJiBHHM KonyjiHTHBHHM opraHOM h pe3K0 BHpaHteHHHM houobbim #HMop<|)H3MOM. B Mopi|)OJiorHn nojiOBoro annapaTa cpe^H npeACTaBHTejiefl h3bgcthbix ao chx nop 7 po,o;oB naieeTCH He Mano pa3- Neostethus lankesteri, no Tbt PnreHy (1916), caMKa nMeeT pa3,o;ejiBHHe , nojiOBoe h MO^eBoe OTBepcTHH, pacnojiO/KeHHBie nocjie,n;oBaTejiBHO o^ho 3a spyrnM no cpe^Hen jihhhh Tejia noji; ocHOBaHneM rpy^HHX njiaBHHKOB. GaMen, (pnc. 364) OTJin^aeTCH HaJin^neM priapium — MHcncToro npnsaTKa, pacnoJiojKeH- Horo nojj; tojioboh h nepe^Hen nacTBio Tena, cjiHToro c isthmus. Anus JiejKHT c6oKy Tejia, hjih c npaBofi, hjih c jieBofl ctopohbi. C3aflH Hero 3aMeTHa KOHe^HaH neTJia ceMenpoBo^a — vd. G npoTHBonojio?KHOH ctopohbi, Ha rpamine Memfly npnanneM h TejiOM, HaxofliiTCH jKejie3HCTBiH /Kejio6oK h OTKpBiBaeTCH ceMenpoBOS ceMeHHofl nannJiJiOH. HnjKe npn^jieHneTCH KTeHaKTHHHH — ct — ^jihhhhh noflBHjKHHfl koct- hhh npnfl;aTOK, kotophh H3rn6aflCB n^eTBnepefl no BepTHKajin rjia3a. flaJiee Bne- pe,o; JieJKHT MflrKHH npn^aTOK pulvinulus —pv. y Phallostethus npnannn BH^aeTca em;e pes^e, HeT jKejie3HCToro jKejio6Ka, KopoTKHH, HHjiBHaTBiH; Bnepea ot npnanHH H,n;eT BTopon kocthhh npn- , TOKcaKTHHHH, Koero HeT y Neostethus. y caMGK coBceM HeT SpioniHHxnjiaBHHKOB, Tor,o;aKaKy He3peJinx caMn;oB 6pioni- HHe njiaBHHKH cym;ecTByiOT. IloBTOMy, BonpeKH PnreHy, kotophh CKejieTHHe nojiOBoro annapaTa 9thx pn6 c^HTan 3a HOBOo6pa3OBaHne, Aypnx (Aurichr X. MOIEnOJIOBAH CHCIEMA. 205 1 tl Ha 1937) npHHnMaeT 3a o6pa3OBaHHe, pa3BnBmeecfl 3a cneT npeo6pa3OBaHHH 6pK>m- HHX HJiaBHUKOB, Hapfl^y C KOCTHHMH HOBOO6pa3OBaHHHMH. TaKHM 06pa30M y 8THX pti6oK, b OTJin^me ot Cyprinodonti, rae roHonoflnn pa3BHfiaeTCH H3 aHajiBHoro njiaB- coBOKynHTejiBHHH opraH nponcxoftHT, ho#o6ho MHKconTepHrnio cejiaxnn, 6piomHHX. Ho rjih. Phallostethif ormes oh b to jKe BpeMH cjiyiKHT n jjjih npn- k caMKe. flaTOiHHe nojiOBHe jk e ji e 3 h. B Ka^ecTBe npnflaTO^Hon 5Kejie3H Hy?KHO paccMaTpnBaTB jienflnroB opraH caMHOB, ocoSeHHO pa3- bhthh y xHMep, ho TaKJKe y anyji n cKaTOB. nepe,n;HHH HacTB no^KH npnoSpeTaeT 5KeJie3HCTyio (^yHKnHio n CTaHOBHTCH jieHflnroBHM opraHOM. fljiH xnaiep ycTaHOB- jieHO, hto ceKpeT ?KGi[e3H npHMemHBaeTCfl k cnepMe. 5Kejie3H Ha nTepnronoflnn rjiaBHHM o6pa3OM cnyjKaT ^jih oSjier^eHHH BBeji;eHHH nTepnronoflHH b nojiOBBie nyTH caMKH. y flHijeKJiaflymnx caMOK nonepe^HopoTHX no xoji;y jraneBOflOB HMeeTCfl BajinK, coflepmamnn TpySnaTyio ?Kejie3y. GpeflH ko- cthcthx, no BrrepTy (1931, Eggert), ceMeHHon ny3HpeK Sbi^kob, Gobiidae, BH^e- cenpeT, kotophh cnocoScTByeT ^BHJKeHHio cnepMaTO3OH,a;oB. y caMOK npn6a- 'II JiBHHe n aSffOMHHajiBHBie n o p h. Y KpyrjiopoTHx renHTajiBHHe nopBi. Bo3mo3kho, hto no npoHcxoJK,a;eHHio nx HymHO 3a nocJieftHioK) napy cerMeHTajiBHHX TpySoK; ohh cjiyiKaT ^jih BHBe,n;eHHfl hojiobhx nponyKTOB Hapymy. Ho reHHTajiBHHe nopH HejiB3H CMemnBaTB c nopaMH a6,n;oMHHaJiBHHMH. riocjie^Hne npe^CTaBJieHH napHHMH OTBepcTHHMH, BeaymnMH H3 hojiocth Tejia Hepe3 6pioniHHe CTeHKH Hapymy; ohh 6HBaiOT npeflCTaBJieHH y o6onx nojiOB. Hx Haxo,n;HT y Elasmobranchii h Holocephali, KaK npaBHJio — tojibko y B3p,ocjiHX n 3pejiBix ph6 ; ohh OTKpHBaiOTCH BHyTpn KJioaKH Ha BHCTynaiomnx na- nnJIJiaX; TOJIBKO B BHRe peflKHX HCKJIIOHeHHH OHH OTKpBIBaiOTCH CHapyJKH, BHe KJIOaKH (Carcharias). nofloSHBie napHHe nopH OTKpHBaiOTCH no oSenM CTopoHaM aHaJiBHoro OTBep- <5thh y oceTpoBtix, Polypterus, Amia, Lepidosteus; y aByflBimainHX nopu otkplt- BaiOTCfl oaHHM oTBepcTHeM. GpeflH kocthcthx nopaMH oSjiajjaiOT Salmonidae n Mormyridae; npn btom ohh MoryT cymecTBOBaTB Hapn^y c reHHTajiBHHMH nopaMH. Pa3Bine noJiOBHX?Kejie3 kocthcthx. KaK yj«e ynoMH- , cpefln kocthcthx pn6 BpoK (1878) pa3JiHHaeT flBa Tnna ceMeHHHKOB, n;H- (an;HH03HHH) h nepKOH^HHH (pa^najiBHHH). KyjiaeB (1939) noflpoSHO roflOBon hhkji pa3BHTHH ceMeHHHKOB njioTBH, KaK npeflCTaBHTejia nepBoro . nocjie HepecTa ceMeHHHKH CBejKHBaioTCH h k hiohio npnoSpeTaiOT BH,n; po3OBoro n;BeTa b ce^eHHH TpeyrojiBHHX onepTaHnn, Bcero 0.58% Beca Tejia. € hiojih Ha^HHaeTCfi HOBoe pa3BHTne hyBejin^eHHe oS'Leata h Beca, kotopbih b p;eKa6- pe noflHHMaeTCHflo 4.51%, a k anpejiio flaate 30 7.4%. B Ha^aJie Man pa3BHTne n^eT 6hctphm TeMnoM; ceMeHHHKH pasMHr^aiOTCH, HannHaiOT BH^ejiHTB cnepMy, Kpan ^Kejie3H npn pa3pe3e cnjiHBaioTCfl, Bee yMeHBmaeTCH 30 4.49%. FnCTOJioiwiecKafl KapTHHa pa3BHTHH TaiKOBa. GeMeHHHK CHapymn o,o;eT tu- nica propria. Ot ctchkh BHyTpB otxoaht bhpocth, OTflejiaioni;He aMnyjiH (^ojuiHKyjiH, no BpoKy), KOTopne b an;HHO3HOH mejie3e Tnna pa36pocaHH no Bcefi TOJime ceMeHHHKa b 6ecnopH,oiKe, Tor,o;a KaK y npe#CTa- BHTejiefi OKyHeBoro Tnna — o6pa3yiOT npaBHJiBHyio cncTeMy# paanaziBHHx KaHajiB- n;eB. AMnyjiH o6pa3yiOT chctcmh jiaKyH, OTKpHBaioni;HXCH b o6hi;hh bhbo,o;hoh npo- tok. npn C03peBaHHH KaK aMnyjiH, TaK h bhboahoh npoTOK nepenojiHHiOTCfl cnep- MaT030HflaMH. IIo CTeHKaM aMnyji pa36pocaHH KpynHHe kjictkh, nepBH^HHe cnep- ; k hhm hjiotho npnueraiOT $0JiJiHKyjiHpHHe kjictkh (pnc. 169). nocjie ono- ceMeHHHKOB npH HepecTe ocTaioni;necfl cnepMaTO3onflH flereHepnpyiOT h p $aron;HTO3y co ctopohh $0JiJiHKyjiHpHHX kjictok, npn^eM ceMeHHHK nepexojjHT bo II CTaflnio, no^roTOBHTeJiBHyio k HepecTy cjiefl;yH)ni;ero rofla. B bto Bpe- aMnyjiH chjibho yMeHBmeHH n HanojiHeHH cnepMaToroHHHMH. B aBrycTe ycnjieHHoe pa3MHOJKeHne h noHBJieHne cnepMaToroHneB I h II ' Ot KajKflofi cnepMaToroHHH I nopfl^Ka nocjieflOBaTejiBHHM ^ejie rpynnn KJieTOK, pacnojiararomnxcfl Hanoflo6ne OTflejiBHHx ^HCT, pa3ffejieHHHX if 206 HACTB HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOITIH U: i4 } r v i S i V i KJieTKaMH. B TeneHne Bcefi 3hmh npoaoJijKaeTCH pa3BHTne; 3anoJiHHiOTCfl iiojiobbimh KJieTKaMH Ha pa3HHx CTa^nax pa3BHTHH, xoth y CTeHOK h coxpaHHioTCH em,e nepBH^HHe cnepMaToroHnn. B an- pejie hihcth BtinojiHeHH nponcmeAniHMH ot cnepMaToroHHH cnepMaTOu;HTaMH b ne- pno^e pocTa. B Mae co3peBaiorq;He cnepMaTO3onflH nocTynaiOT n3 d;hct b aMnyjm, ho b CTeHKax nocjie^HHX Bee eme coxpaHaiOTCfl KpynHHe nepBH^nme cnepMaToro- hhh; ceMeHHHK 6hctpo .nocTnraeT 3pejiocTH n npn ^aBJieHira: BH^ejiaeT cnepaiy. B CBH3H c H3JiojKeHHofl KapTHHOH KyjiaeB CHHTaeT o6in;enpHHflTyiO b GGGP 3pejiocTn roHafl H3 VI CTa^nn HecooTBeTCTByiomeH rncTOJiorn^ecKOMy CTpoe- ceMeHHHKOB n npeffJiaraeT cboio mKajiy, 3aKJHOHaiomyio VIII CTaflnn, 060- coSjihh cTaAHH V—co3peBaHHH (BMecTO npe?KHeH V — TeKyqen) ot VI — 3pejioH; n VII — nonyBBiSoH. IIpeJKHioio VI oh npnpaBHHBaeT VIII. DlKajia 3pejiocTH KyjiaeBa npn6jiHH?aeTCH k mKane FenHKe — MaHepa (cm. Hume). Spg.a. Piic. 169. Pa3BiiTiie ceMeHHima njiOTBbi. (IIo KyjiaeBy.) aMnyjiu Ha III cxamm. IlepBiiHHHii cnepMaToroHHii—Spg. j. c cnepMaToroHiiHMii no3HHiix nopanKOB—Spg a, spg b.; $oji- —..... KJieTKn—Fz; CoeaiiHiiTejibHOTKaHHaH creHKa—Bg<>. \\\* ,1 -it I!1 PoflHHHHH n;HKJI H3MeHeHHH HHHHHKOB H3yHaJI B Hee BpeMH B. A. MeneH (1939). Pa3JinqaiOT y pBi6 nepBoe ,o;ocTH?KeHHe iiojioboh 3pe- jiocth n nocjieflyiomne co3peBaHHfl noJiOBHx npo^yKTOB b AajiBHeflniHe nepnoflBi, ecjin 3tot npou;ecc coBepniaeTCH Heo^HOKpaTHO. IlepBBra npon;ecc pa3AeJifleTCH Ha 2 nepnofta: a) pa3BnTne hojiobbix BJiekeHTOB ot sa^aTKOBtix KJieTOK 30 OBoroHHH n cnepMaToroHHH, 6) npeBpameHne OBoroHnn h cnepMa.ToroHHH b 3pejiHe npo- nocjieaHHH npon;ecc npoflOJiJKaeTCfl ot 10—12 MecnneB (Sh^kh HeKOTopBix ao 16—18 jieT (6ejiyra). Btopoh npon;ecc xapaKTepn3yeTCH nepno,n;HHecKHM ,npo,o;yKTOB, flocTuraioiHHx nojiHon 3pejiocTH. Kal? noKa3bi- BaeT npnjiaraeMan cxeMa, b pa3BHTHn oboipitob pasjin^aioT, no MefleHy, 3 nepnofla: a) OBoroHnajiBHBix flejieHHH, 6) pocTa, b) co3peBaHHH. Ilepnoff pocTa obohhtob $ oboh;htob CHHanTeHHoro nyTH ,n;o flnnjioTeHHofl BKJiiOHHTejiBHO a: Ha $a3y Majioro pocTa, HaHHHaa c ahkthghhoh CTaann, no TepMHHOJiornH BuHHBapTepa, 11 $a3y OBoq;nTOB 6ojiBmoro pocTa, npo,o;ojiH?aioii];yiocH ot flnnjio- TeHHOH CTa^HH. Majioro pocTa xapaKTepn3yiOTCfl: FajinnneM mojio^bix obod;htob c pac- BHyTpn Hflpa OTfleJiBHBiMii xpoMOCOMaMii; no nepiT(|)epHH flflipa — mho- p oboh;htbi o,n;eTBi tohkoh o6ojiotiKOH, k KOTopoEt npnueraiOT coe^HHHTejiBHOTKaHHHe flflpa. ITo Mepe pocTa b njia3Me oSHapyjKHBaeTCfl: 6ojib- X. MdHEHOJIOBAH CHCTEMA 207.' myio Obdiohuu oeouumtii0Q3 cuHanmeHHOSUji nymu flfin;eKJieTKH. 3a3iee HacTynaeT a3a nepBo- HaKonJieHHH SKeJiTKa nocieneHHO nepexofliHT b $a3y HanoJiHeHHH HtejiTKOM obo- B 9to BpeMH zona radiata yme aHa, ^ojuiHKyji ocTaeTca ^ hhm, ho n,HTonJia3Ma ho^th 3anojiHeHa KOM, KOTOpBlft HMGeT He TOJIBKO BHfl HiapOB, HO y KapnoBBix — HenpaBHJiBHHx KySuKOB; skcjitok HeottHopofleH h qacTO OKpamHBaeTCH, no Majraopn, B TpH HBeTa (MajIHHOBHH, OpaHJKCBHH H fi) b OBajiBHOM Hflpe xpoMocoMBi HeBHflHM HanoJiHeHHH jkcjitkom npoaoJiJKaeTCH AOJiro: y BeceHHe-HepecTyiomHx ph6 — c oceHH flo BecHH, t. e. 6—7 MecflijeB. IIoith He H3MeHflflCB MOp^oJiorn^ecKH, oBonHTH 3Ha*nrreJiBHQ cboh o6i.eM. Hao6opoT, nepexoR nocjieflHeii <$a3H b <$a3y 3peJioro coBepmaeTCfl 6HCTpo. Ho BHxoae 3peJioro oBonriTa H3 ^ojuiHKyjia ero 060- o6pa3OBaHa zona radiata. y pn6 c JinnKofi HKpofi, noBHjniMOMy, k BHem- CTopoHe zona radiata npuKpemieH coioh bopchhok, KOTopBie CO6OH) OCTaTKH KaHaJIBI^eB, COeffHHHIOmHX ^OJIJIHKyJIHpHBie KJieTKH G Phc. 170. CxeMa pocTa oboijhtob._ (IIo MeaeHy.) Phc. 171. Poct oboi^htob KapnoBHX. (no MeneHy.) pocTa; $a3a oHHOcaofmoro (froJuinKyjia nepnona Manoro 25 hkmih. CnpaBa — oboiiht casaHaii ceHTHQpH — $a3H bopchhkh nrpaioT pojib npn npnKpenjreHHH HKpn k cy6cTpaTy; y HeKOTopBix btot cnoft bopchhok "npeBpam;aeTCfl b cxyAeHHCTHH cjioei Bch HHTonjia3Ma 3pejioro flflq;a 3anoJiHeHa B BOpOHKe MHKpOIIHJie BOpCHHKH OTCyTCTByiOT. xX Hi IT1 hi ' h 11 {i 208 *IACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH M 3peJioro oBonnTa b cpaBHeHHH c oBoroHHHMH nocaeflHero nopeflKa y 6ojiBme b 1 049 440, a y boSjibi — 1 271 400 pa3. Tanoe rpOMa^Hoe oSiieMa oBonnTa TpeSyeT flJinTenBHoro nepnoaa: y KaM6aji, OKymi, boSjibi oh .hocth- raeT speJiocTH b Te^eHHe Tpex jieT; TaKon cpon #jih C03peBaHHH anija He tojibko #jih nepBoro «ocTH?KeHHH nojioBon 3peJiocTH, ho h jjjih co3peBaHHH (MeneH). Ynjuiepa o e?KeroAHOM noHBjieHHH hobhx obohhtob H3 ^yp hbix KJieTOK c co3peBaHneM hx b TeneHHe oflHoro ro.ua ne no^TBepjKflaeTCH. Ha ocho- nccjieflOBaHHH Bojib^a (1931) Ha« pa3BHTneM hh^hhkob Platypoecilus, cjie- obod;htob o6pa3yeTCH He n3 HHX nOJIOBHX KJieTOK, a H3 COMaTH^eCKHX, BepOHTHO, H3 3nHTeJIHaJIBHBIX KJieTOK ctpomh roHSA- Oboi^htbi y Kapna, no FepdnjiBCKOMy (1939), o6pa3yiOTCH H3 kjictok nepHTOHeaJiBHoro annTeJinn, nonaBinnx b nnqHUK npn ero aaiSpHOHajiBHOM pa3BH- thh. 3tot npoi^ecc nponcxo^nT bo Bcex BospacTax, He HCKJUoHaa nojioBo3peJiHx ocoSen, pa3BepTBiBaeTCH oh h b jieraHe Mecai^H, a HanSojiBmnH pocT obobjhtob, CBfl3aHHHil C OTJIOJKeHHHMH HteJITKa, HpHXOAHTCH Ha 3HMy, MeneH ajih pa3JiH^eiinfl CTeneHH 3peJiocTH hh^hhkob npn3HaeT niecTB ne BnoJiHe coBnaflaiomnx c oSmenpnHHTOH mKajiOH. y 6ojiBniHHCTBa pH6 HepecT nponcxoAHT oahh pa3 b rofl. Y kojuohikh b HHKax mojkho HaflTH Bee CTaflHH cnepMaToreHe3a, ho tojibko bcchoh noBHmaeTCH TeMn npoayKi^nH 3peJiHx npo,n;yKTOB. }KnBopoflHni,aH Xiphophorus pa3MHOSKaeTCH b TeneHHe Bcero ro^a; cnepMaT030H^H co3peBaioT HenpepBiBHo; TaK?Ke h caMKH npn- HOCHT HOTOMCTBO ^epe3 H3BeCTHBie npOMe/KyTKH BpeMCHH He3aBHCHMO OT Ce3OHa. IIoJioBHe a?ejie3Bi n ciapn hx pa3BHTHH. ELojioBHe JKe- jie3Bi 3aKJiaABiBaioTCH oneHB paHO h MoryT 6bitb o6Hapy?KeHH ^a?Ke y MajiBKOB b BH^e napHHx TOH^anmnx JieHTOo6pa3HBix hjih HHTeBn^HBix o6pa3OBaHHfi. IIo Mepe pocTa h pa3BHTHH ph6bi yBeJin^HBaioTCfl TaK^se n nojioBne JKeJiesH, aocth- raH k MOMeHTy co3peBamiH h HepecTa 25—40% Beca ph6h. Hhhhhkh 6BiBaioT 6o- .jiee MaccHBHti, neM ceMeHHHKH n oBbihho pa3BnBaioTCH 6oJiee hjih MeHee oAHHa- kobo Ha o6enx CTopoHax. OflHaKo y HeKOTopax ^>opM (Perca fluviatilis) nojiOBBie -mejie3H npaBofi n jieBOH ctopoh cpacTaioTCH b oflHO HenapHoe o6pa3OBaHHe; y Hpy- rnx (Mallotus villosus) mojkct pa3BHBaTBCH- tojibko ojhih jicbhh hh^hhk hjih Jie- bbih pa3BHBaeTca 3HaHHTeJiBH0 cnjiBHee npaBoro; TaK, y ohhoh mohbbi b jieBOM HHHHHKe OKa3ajiocB 7860 hkphhok, Tor^a KaK b npaBOM — Bcero 475. IIoho6hbim me o6pa3OM y cammpB mohbh npaBHH ceivieHHHK pa3BHBaeTCH ropa3flo cjia6ee Jie- Boro. Co3peBaiaHe hojiobhx meJie3 y 6ojiBmHHCTBa pH6 npnypo^eHO k onpeffeJieH- HOMy ce3OHy, flBJineTCH ce3OHHBiM. HaoSopoT, y HeKOTopHx $opM b po^e h?hbo- Girardinus hjih Xiphophorus oho npoHcxoflHT b Te^eHHe Kpyrjioro ro^a, TOMy SjiaronpnaTCTByibT TeMnepaTypHHe ycjioBHH. fljiH npaKTH^ecKHx ijeJien nocTOHHHO npnxoAHTCH onpe^eJiHTB CTeneHB 3peJio- cth nojiOBHx ?KeJie3i Ta6jiHD[H fljia btoh i;eJin neoflHOKpaTHO npeflJiarajiHCB hbimh aBTopaMH. IlepBafl TaKag Ta6jini;a 6HJia cocTaBjieHa ajih ceJiBfln npo$. hhotom nepepaSoTaHa MafiepoM; Ta6jinn;a FenHKe—Manepa coflepa?HT VIII 3peJiocTH. IIoflo6HBie Ta6jinn;H npeflJiaraJincB TaKJKe Fb. A. fflHenflepoM h B .Jlea. Kei^efl; (Koefoed) b HopBernn npHHHMaeT 3a ocHOBy repiviaHCKyio nmajiy 3peJio- cth. Top MBepceH (1934) nepepa6aTBiBaeT ee npnaieHHTejiBHO k TpecKe h ycTaHaBJin- BaeT VIII CTa^HH, cpe^H kotophx TeKymne nojioBBie npomyKTBi npHHHMaiOTCfl. 3a VI, a BLiMeTaHHHe — 3a VII h VIII. H3 pyccKnx nxTHOJioroB hhkto He BaeTCH TaKOH CHCTeMBI, H TOJIBKO ©HJISITOB H 3ynJiaK0B npeflJIOJKHJIH ftJIH koboh ph6h Ta6jiHn;y H3 VIII CTa^nn, KOTopan e^Ba jih Hamjia pacnpbcTpaHeHHe. OneHB Harjifl^Hyio cpaSHHTeJiBHyio TaSjini^y niKaji 3peJiocTH no 19 pa3JiHHHHM aB- TopaM flaeT MeteH, k Tpyay KOToporo OTCHJiaeM HHTepecyiomnxcH. -1 OTenecTBeH- HBie nxTHOJiorn npn3Hajin Bee no«o6HHe chctcmh Majio noftxoflHiiniMn h rjih Te- ftoSHOCTen KacnnfiCKOH 9KcneflHn;HH npn nccjieflOBaHHH ceJiBjun BBipa6o- b 1913 r. 6ojiee coKpameHHyio cxeMy, Ha ocHOBaHHH qero ByKOTnqeM 6HJia 1 MeiieH. H3B. Ak. H. GGGP, Ota. Ehoji. H., J\° 3, 1939. >H flOCTH- yp Ha ocho- llus, cjie- DpanajiL- £ KJieTOK :3 KJieTOK M pa3BH- JO3peJIHX BOHHTOB, mkh npn- r ce3OHa. OBHe JKe- MaJIBKOB IHHfi. IIo M, AOCTH- iBaioT 60- je oAHHa- nojioBiie te; y wpy- s hjih Jie- : b jieBOM Ioho6hhm jia6ee Jie- npeffeneH- >ffe skhbo- oro rofla, hb 3peJio- ,h pasnHH- <$. FefiHKe III CTaflnfl [ BftHapoM uiy 3peJio- rCTaHaBJin- viaioTCfl. 3 a HHHBIM h p 6HJia X. CHCTEMA 209? Ta6jraija, KOTOpan h 6tuia npHHflTa pyccKHMH HXTHOJioraMH. TaSjrana no33Ke 6tiJia nepepaSoTaHa KnceJieBEraeivi h npHBe^eHa b 6ojiee B Hamefl cncT'eMe Bcero CTaflHfi VI; Tenymne nojioBHe k V CTaAHH. BceKacnHficKaa 3KcneflpB[Ha 1931—1932 r. hjih ocexppBHX 9Ty Ta6Jinijy BBefleHneM 0 CTa^HH, coxpaHHB hjih TeKymnx ocoGeft V HlKajia KncejieBH^a b coKpameHHOM h HecKOJitKO nepepa6oTaHHOM C t a fl h a I. Henojioso3pejiHe KmomecKHe oco6h — juvenes. IIojiOBHe »ejie3H o^eHt cjiaSa pa3BHTH b BHfle y3Knx niHypoB hjih jieHT, npHJieraiomHX k CTeHKaM noJiocTH Tejia. HeBoopyaceH-- hhm rJia3OM onpe^ejiHTi. hoji HeBO3MOJKH.o. CTaflHH II. Co3peBaiomHe oco6h hjih pa3BHBaiomne nojioBHe nposyKTH noBTopHo nowier pa3MHOHceHHH. }Kejie3H o^eHt MajiH, ho itoji Mowno onpe^ejiHTb no hx $opMe. Hhhhhk HMeeT HeCKOJIBKO 3epHHCTHH BH^, HO HKpHHKH HepaSJIHTHMH; HO BHyTpeHHeH CTOpOHe Tpy6iaTHX HJICT iHx hhhhhkob npoxo^HT KpynHHH KpoBeHocHHH cocyfl, Koero He3aMeTHO Ha ceMeHHHKe. MOJKeT fnneTB BHfl; 6ojiee njiocKoro c ocipuM KpaeM o6pa3OBaHHH. y TpecKOBux — CeMeHHHK. ff!i III. >Kejie3H j(ajieKH ot 3pejiocTH, ho ywe cpaBHHTejibHo pa3BHTH. flH^HHKF OT TpeTH no hojiobhhh o6T.eMa 6pioniHOHnojiocTjarH3aKJiio^aK)T MejiKHe Henpo3pa4HHe- HKpHHKH, XOpOIHO BHHHMHe HpOCTHM rJia3OM', HpH paspHBe CTeHOK HHqHHKa HKpHHIOT o6pa3yK>T komkrt no HecKOJitKO niTyK BMecTe. CeMeHHHKH cyjKHBaiOTca K3a,nH; Kpaa Ha paspe3e octph h hb' cn^HBaioTCH. IIoBepxHocTB qacTO po3OBaTaa ot o6hjihh mcjikhx cocy,n;oB. B stoh CTa^nn MHorne Bn^H ocTaiOTca ^ojiro, HHorjra c ocenn 30 bcchh. G t a jth a IV. IIojiOBHe H«ejie3H AocTHrjin no^TH nojinoro pa3BHTHa h 3aHHMaiOT 30 2/3 6proniHOH hojiocth. Hinja KpynHH, npo3paHH&i, jierKO OT^ejiaiOTCH nooflHHo^Ke; npn Ha^aBjra- BanHir 6proniKa nnpa n cnepina MoryT b He6oJi&nipM KOJiniecTBe BUTeKaTb hs noJiOBoro OTBepcTHar noporo co cjietfaMH kpobh. KpoBeHOCHtie cocyztu Ha roHanax Majio 3aMeraH. CeMeHHHKH 6ejioro» HBeTa, npn pa3pe3e Kpaa cnjiHBaioTca n BHAeJiaioT cnepMy. CTa^na o»ieHB HenpoaojiJKHTejii.Ha! h 6hctpo nepexojtHT b cjieRyiomyio. dapfl V. TeKynne, HepecTOBHe oco6et. HKpa h cnepMa HacTOJitKO 3pejiH, ^to CBoSoflHO* He KanjiaMH,'a CTpyen npn caMOM jierKOM HaaaBJiHBaHHH. G t a k h a VI. OTnepecTHBinneca oco5h, bh6oh. IIojiOBHenpoflyKTfii BtiMeTaHH coBepmeHHo.- He sanojraeHa BHyTpeHHHMH opranaMn. Hhhhhkh h CeMeHHHKH o^ghb mhjih, flpaSjiH, C eflHHHIHBIMH OCTaTKaMH HKpHHOK, BOCHajieHW, HepeHOJIHeHH KpOBBH). ^epe3 HeCKOJIBKO' BOsnajieHne npoxo^HT h Htejiesa nepexo^nx bo II CTa^nio (oTHioflB He b I). npoMejKVTOHHBie CTannn pa3BHTHa o6o3HaHaK)Tca jjbohhbimh i^H$paMn: VI—II; IH—IV; IV—III n x. a, pn6a yainpaeT nocjie CBoero nepBoro HepecTa, nepexo^a VI CTa^nn bo II He- ; b 9tom cjiynae Hepecx npoTenaeT ctojib 6ojie3HeHHO h OT3HBaeTCH ctojib CJIO3KHBIMH H3MeHeHHHMH BO BCeM HCTOmeHHOM OpraHH3Me pH6H, HTO CTaHOBHTCa HeoSpaTHMofi. TaK jjeJio oSctoht y pe^HOH MHHora, y bocto^hhx Jiococefi — rop6ynm, KeTH h b MeHBrnen CTeneHH y HepKH oco6n Bee ?Ke CKaTMBaioTCH b Mope), y pe^Horo yrpa. IIocJieHepecTOBafl Macco- Ba« CMepTHOCTB HaSjiioflaeTca y moSbh, xotji OHa, noBH^HMOMy, Me^eT 2 hjih- 3 pa3a. OflHaKo MHKpocKonnqecKHH aHajiH3 roHafl no BHmeH3Ji0JKeHH0fl o6nj,enpHHHTOHr inKajie CTaRHH 3peJiocTH He cooTBeTCTByeT rncTOJiorHnecKOMy CTpoeHHio h pa3BH- thk) HteJie3, no,n;po6HO paccMOTpeHHHM Bume; oto oco6eHHO no^epKHBaeT Ky- JiaeB Ha ocHOBaHHH H3y^eHHH co3peBaHna ceMeHHHKOB; oh Haxo^HT Hamy mKajiy H3 VI CTa^HH HenpneMJieMOH h npe^JiaraeT cboio co6cTBeHHyio H3 VIII CTaAHHT npn6jiH?KaioDj;yiocfl k nraajie FefiHKe — Manepa; Kyjiaes o6oco6jraeT CTa^nio V C03peBaHHH (BMecTo V — TeKyqaa) ot VI — 3peJion (BMecTO VI — bhSoh)^ CTaflnio VII — noJiyBH6ofl n VIII—bbi6oh (cooTBeTCTByiomyio npeJK- VI). TaKHM o5pa3OM oh c^TaeT cBoeBpeMeHHHM KpnTH^ecKHH nepecMOTp o6in.enpHHHTOH mKajiH 3peJiocTH. HHHe c^HTaioT IV CTaRHio BecBMa npoffOJi- JKHTeJIBHOH. IIpoMeJKyTOHHaH cTapa h npeBpameHHe noJia. Mrsic Ha mojioah pa,ny?KHOH (JopeJin HameJi, ht'o caMn;H Ha caMHx paHHHx CTannax (135— 160 flHefi, 3.5 cm fljiHHH) npoxo^HT sKeHCKyio CTa^nio. B TaK Ha3BiBaeM0H hh,hh(£- ^epeHTHOH CTaflHH noJiOBHx 3KeJie3 anijeBLie kjigtkh BCTpe^aiOTca b h3o6hjihh, ho no33Ke ohh noAaBjiaioTCfl MyaccKHMH, ecJiH flaHHaa oco6b pa3BHBaeTCH b caMija. B HCKJiio^mTeJiBHHx cJiy^aax M?eJie3a mojkgt ocTaTBCH ABynoJion; TaK B03HHKai0T 14 OCHOBIJ HXTHOJIOrHH > if' ffl' fit « 11 210 HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl r { ! H]i! |ii ! ^^ » r £ ¦« 5-M Li naTOJiorniecKoro repMa<$po;niTH3Ma. y 6oJiBmHHCTBa npecHOBOEHBix (no KpaaHeft Mepe, noKa HeT yKasaHna Ha MopcKnx pu6) cymecTByeT JiaaKa 5KeJie3Bi, noaTOMy moskgt 6htb momght Me?KnoJioBO^ p hjih npoMemyTO^Hon CTa^nn. IIoji, kotophS npon3BOAHT tojibko copT noJioBBix KJieTOK hjih raMeT, MOJKeT 6htb Ha3BaH roMoraMeTHHM, a ^Ba copTa raMeT — reTeporaMeTHHM. IIpeAnoJiaraeTCH, hto y SoJitmnHCTBa pti6 My?K- ckoh non reTeporaMeTeH n cjieflOBaTenBHo pa3JinqHHe cnepMHH onpe^eJifliOT MyjKCKofi h jKeHCKHH noji. B 6onee pe^Knx cJiyqanx inonycKaeTCH reTeporaMeTHOCTB CKoro noira, t. e. flBa copTa anq;, ho tojibko oahh copT cneparaeB. 3Ta HHTepecHaa npoSjieivia eme aajiena ot HciepntiBaiomero pa3peineHna h caMoro BHnMaTeJiBHoro H3yqeHna. roJiBflniMHflT (1931) b npoMejKyroTOOH cTa^nn pa3JiH^aeT HHTepceKcyaJiB- hoctb h rnHafl;poMop(|)n3M. MHTepceKcyajiBHa ocoSbj KOTOpaa no cbohm reHeTH- «iecKHM cBofiCTBaai ^oJi?KHa 6bitb caMKoii hjih caMi^oM, ho $aKTHqecKH cnepBa pa3BHBaeT cboh hoji, a 3aTeM saKaH^HBaeT cBoe pa3BHTne b KanecTBe npeACTaBH- TeJia apyroro HOJia; b TaKon oco6n 3a tkghckoh ^a3OH CJie^yeT My^KCKaa hjih, Hao6opOT, HO B KajKfliBIH OHpe,D[eJieHHbIH MOMeHT OHa OTHOCHTCH TOJIBKO K OflHOMy nojiy. rnHaHflpoMop(|)H3M — HHoe. B to BpeMa KaK HHTepceKcyajiBHaa oco6b Bee KJieTKH TeJia reHeTH^ecKn HAeHTH^HHe, THHaHApoMop^ xapaKTepn3yeTca , *ito oh cocTaBJiaeT Kan 6h cnJionmyio M03anKy MywKCKHx h jKeHCKnx qacTefi. Ha- py^KHHH BH^ THHaHApa 3aBHCHT OT TOrO, HaCKOJIBKO BeJIHKH OTHOHieHHH My^KCKHX h meHCKHx nacTen. Bo MHornx cjiynaax rHHaH^p coctoht H3 oahoh hojiobhhbi MyjKCKon, wpyron — JKeHCKon. Ecjih HHTepceKcyajiBHaa oco6b — MO3anKa uyTK- HBie noJiOBHe npH3HaKH. CaMei^ oSjia^aeT CBoeo6pa3HBiM BBiTHHyTHM Ha3a« MeHeBHflHBiM ot- Poctkom b HnjKHen qacTH xBocTosoro nJiaBHHKa. HacTO Ha6jiH)AaeTca, hto B3po- wiaa caMKa,— 6e3pa3JinqHO, CTapaa hjih MOJio^aa, — yjKe Heo^HOKpaTHO npn- HOCHBmaa MOJio^ne noKOJieHna, BHe3anHO npeBpanjaeTca b caMB[a, npnoSpe- TaeT choco6hoctb ohjiosotbophtb h pa3BHBaeT BTopnqHBie noJioBBie npn3HaKH, — Ha xBocTe y Hee BBipacTaeT xapaKTepHHH ^jih caMnpB Me^eBHAHBin OTpo- CTOK. Cpejm caMOK 9cceH6epr (1923, 1926) HameJi Tpn THna. IlepBBiH — hhhhhk paHO jpi$|>epeH]^HpyeTca h npeACTasjiaeT HacToamyio caMKy, He cnocodHyio k npeBpam;eHHH). Bo btopom n TpeTBeM Tnnax hhtohk .nereHepnpyeT Ha KaKOH-Jin6o CTajpcH; oftHOBpeMeHHO HaqHHaioT npoaBJiaTBca BTopHTOBie noJiOBHe npn3HaKH caMi^a. TaKaa ocoGb, 6HBmaa ot poJKjjeHHH caMKon, npespan^aeTca b caMH.a; 3,necB npoHB- ^>opMa nepexo^Horo Me?KnoJiOBoro coctohhhh, r^e npoxoAHTca He tojibko b 3M6pnoHaJiBHOM, ho h b 3peJioM BH^e. 8cceH6epr , iohbix pBi6oK oKOJio 75% caMOK n 25% caMijoB, cpe^n CTapHx — otho- oSpaTHHe. Vis iohbix caMOK okojio iiojiobhhbi OTHocnTca k nepBOMy Tnny, He cnoco6HOMy k npeBpameHHio, Tor^a KaK ocTajiBHBie caMKH npeBpamaiOTca b caM- i^ob. GTapue caMnH — qacTBio reHeTHHecKne caMH;bi, *mcTBio — npeBpaTHBnmeca H3 CaMOK. KaK y?Ke ynoMHHajiocB, y MHHor nojioBBie ?KeJie3H 3aKJia,HBiBaiOTca b KanecTBe napHBix o6pa3OBaHHH, cJiHBaioD^Hxca b HenapHyio y jih^hhok 5 cm .hjihhbi. Ho no- jioBaa fln^epeHnnpoBKa HaqHHaeTca yjKe y jihhhhok 4 cm, Koiyja cTaHOBHTca bo3- MOMKHHM OTJIHqHTB aHIjeBBie KJieTKH HO OTJIOJKeHHK) JKeJITKa H HO KpyHHOMy fl,H- pBinmy. JlioSom y 24,5% oco6en HameJi npoMeasyTo^Hyio H«eJie3y, KOTopan nyTeM pe;nyKn;nH anixeBHx kjictok npeBpa^aeTca b ceMeHHHK. GeMeHHHKOBHe nyjiBi, no JlioSomy, pa3BHBaiOTca H3 nepBnqHBix hojiobbix kjictok. X. MO*IEIIOJIOBAH CHCTEMA 211 - o JlOBHiB KJieTHKH H 0 6 0 JI O 1 K H H ft U, a. Pa3BHTH<3 nOJIOBHX KJieTOK B no- HteJiepe ripoHcxoHHT He ORHOBpeMeHHO, ho b HSBecTHoft nocjieaoBaTejibHOCTH, BCJiescTBHe- Ha npbTHJKeHHH jKejie3H mojkho Ha#TH Bee cTanHii npeo6pa3OBaHHH kjibtok, pacnojiomeHHfcix 30HaMH; 6jiH?Ke k BbiBOHHOMy npoTOKy JieataT SoJiee spejibie raMeTbi; paBBHTHe HfteT HeoflHHa- kobo b weHCKHX h MyjKCKHx Htejiesax. HacTb jKejiesbi, HawSojiee yaajiemiaH ot blibohhofo npoTOKa,. HBJiHeTCH 3aqaTK0B0ii 3Ohoh; snecb kjigtkh jjejiaTca KapaoKHHeTHqecKH h jjaioT Haqajio hobluve KJieTKaia; MyatcKHe kji6tkh Ha3LiBaK>Tca cnepMaToroHHHMH. B cjieayiomeH 3OHe nponexoffHT pocxr ho He pasMHOHteHHe KJieTok; 3OHa poCTa coaepjKHT cnepMaToiniTH nepBoro nopaaKa. JJajiee ohh jiejiHTCH «Ba pasa, o6pa3ya cnepMaTOiniTbi BTOporo nopaflKa; npa btom nponcxoHHT pe^yKi^HH xpoMaTHHa BRBoe (penyKijHOHHoe h aKBai^HOHHoe nejieHne); 3Ta HacTb ceMeHHHKa Ha3HBaeTCH 30- Hott cospeBaHHH; 3Aecb HRpo cTaHOBHTCH totobhm k onjiOHOTBopeHHio. IIpoHcnieAinaa cnepMaTHp;a nojiOBHHHoe (ranjiOH^Hoe) KOJinnecTBO xpoMOcoM; nocjie BToro cnepMaTH^a npeBpa'- b roTOBHii cnepMaTosoaff c rojiOBKOft h HaKOHenHHKOM, meiiKOii h xbocthkom, t. e. b KJieTKy c MajiHM KOJinqecTBOM npoTonjia3MHi Heno^BHjKHO npedHBaromyio b aHaSHOTnqecKOM coctohhhh c HopaBJieHHHM o6MeHOM BemecTB; HopMajifcHHft o6MeH h noABHHtHOCTb npoHBJineTCH JiHinb nocjie Toro, Kan cnepMaTOBOH^ npn^eT b conpnKocHOBeHHe c boroio, ho b Heft ero ?KH3Hep;eHTejibHOCTb. XipOROJlHtaeTCH JIHHIb MHHyTaMH. npH BHyTpeHHeM OnjlO^OTBOpeHHH BHOBL B03M0>KHH CJiyHaH riepexo^a b aHaSHOTH^ecKoe cocTOHHHe b nojiOBHx nyTHx caMKH (aKyjiH). Mencnvie nojiOBHe kjictkh CHaSjKeHW 6ojibinHM KOJimecTBOM npoxonjia3Mbi; ohh 6biBaK>T oKpyweHH $ojuiHKyjiflpHHMH KJieTKaMH, oSecne^HBaiomHMH hx nHTamie b HH^HHKe. 3aqaTK0BaB 3OHa B HHTOHKe BaHHTa paSMHOHtaiOmHMHCH OOrOHHHMH, H6 OTJIHHaiOmHMHCH OT CIiepMaTOrOHHeB (HHffH$epeHTHaH CTaji;HH). B nepBOM nepHop;e ppcTa Hflpo npnoGpeTaeT bh^ cBeTJioro ny3bipbKa, Ha3HBaeMoro 3apo«HuieBi>iM nysHpbKOM, a caMaa KJieTKa — ooi^htom. B TeneHHe nepporo nepaona pocTa ji;eiicTBHTejibHO npoacxoAHT poor, bo btopom nepao^e — o6pa3yeTca h HaKonjiaeTca >Keji- tok h rJiHKoreH h coBepinaeTCH pa3pacTaHHe $ojuiHKyjiHpHoro anHTejina. B HBOJiertHTajibHHx h i^eHTpojiei;HTajibHHx HHijax we^TOK pacnpeffejiaeTCfl paBHOMepHO, h flji;po c npoTOiuia3MOtt jieatHT b iteHTpe jKejiTOHHOft Maccbi. B' Tejiojiei^HTajibHHx KJieTKax ( KOCTHCTbie) MKejrroK KOHiieHTpHpyeTCH Ha BereTaTHBHOM nojiioce, Tor^a Kan b jie>KHT H^po h npoTonjia3Ma. OSojiohkh Hfima mo;kh6 pas^ejiHTb Ha iiepBH^HHe, BTopn^HHe n TpeTH^HHe, p o6ojiOHKa BBipaSaTMBaeTCH caMHM aiii;oM nyTeM ynjiOTHeHHH noBepxHOcraoro cjioh. 9to oSbikho- BeHHO jKejiTO^Han SeccTpyKTypHaH o6ojioHKa, nnoTHO npHJieraromaa k ooi^HTy; b Hett coxpaHaeTCH OTBepcTHe, MHKponnjie, b MecTe conpHKOCHOBeHHa c KJieraaMH $0JiJiHKyjia; b afti;e HMeeTca o6tnma ohho MHKponHJie, ho, no^B. B. 3ajieHCKOMy, y Acipenser sturio hx 3—9, ay A ruthenus 5—13. 9Ta o6ojioHKa mojkct aocTHraTb 3HaHHTejibHOH TOJimHHH h npnoSpeTaeT ocoSoe CTpoeHHe, npo- HH3MBaacb ^accoft paflHajibHbix nop; OHa Ha3HBaeTca zona pellucida, jiy^HCTaa OTopo^Ka, h CHJIbHO pa3BHTa y KOCTHCTHX. BTOpH^Haa oSojiOHKa BHpaSaTHBaeTca $0JiJiHKyjiapHUMH KJieTKaMH; bto xopnoH; MHKpo- nHJie b HeM coBnaji;aeT c MHKponHJie HiejiTOHHoli oSojiohkh. HHorsa, KaK y MHHor h HeKOTopbix kocthcthx, 6uBaeT xpyRHO peniHTb, KaKaa nepep; HaMH o6ojio*iKa: jKejiTOHHaa hjih xopHOH. XopaoH HepeflKO HeceT bmpoctu h Kpio^KH ajih npHKpenjieHna afti^a k nosBOflHHM npeRMeTaivi a 6 CBOeo6pa3HO HHKpyCTHpOBaH. p oGojiohkh BLisejiaiOTca mejie3aiviH nojiOBbix nyTeii caMKH bo speina npoxojJKAeHHs y onjio^OTBopeHHoro aiii^a; ohh cocToaT H3 dejina, nepraMeHTHoU odojio^KH h CKopjiynH aiii^a ^TH^ h MJieKonHTaiomHX hjih poroBOft oSojiohkh y cejiaxnii. G kohi^om BToporo nepHoaa pocTa coBnap;aeT oKOHHaHHe o6pa3OBaHHH btophhhhx oSojiohck, nocjie nero nponcxoflHT C03peBaHHe h peffyK^a xpoiwaTHHa, 3a kotopbim cjienyeT onjionoTBopeHne; b npyrax cjiynaax pAy nocjie npoHHKHOBeHna b nfoup cnepMaTosoH^a. Go3peBaHHe nponcxoRHT nyTeivt KpaTHoro p;ejieHHH oortHTa nepBbro nopa^Ka, Tan me KaK h b cnepMoitHTe, ho, b OTnvnae ot no- cjie^Hero, oouht nejiHTca Ha «Be o^eHb HepaBHtie kjibtkh. Ecjih ooroHHii HMeji 8 xpomocom, to b KOH^epocTao6pa3yeTca 4 TeTpa^Li; npn nepBOM p;ejieHHH aapo ooinwa BToporo nopa^Ka 4 .RHatfH h cTOJibKO me npjiy^HT a;npo penyKitHOHHoro Tejibi^a, hjih nojioi^HTa. CeitHac me RejieHHeaspa nojiounTa ka ^Ba hobhx nojioi;HTa, H3 KOTopux KajKAMit nojiynaeT no 4 xpoMOCOMH, a aApo obi^nTa BToporo nopa^Ka OT^ejiaeT ot ce6a aja;po TpeTbero nojioitHTa, KOTopoe nojiynaeT 4 xpomocomh h CTaHOBHTca ap;poM spejioro aiii^a, coaepjKan^HM TaKHje 4 xpomocomh. fliiuo nocjie cospeBaHHa mojkct cymecTBOBaTb cpaBHHTejibHO KOpoTKoe Bpeiaa h Jiamb onjioji;o- TBopeHne ycTpaHaeT ero HeH36ejKHyio rnSejib. Oi3HOJiornfl hojiobhx npofl y.-K-T. 0 b. BHemHHft bh^ cnepMH HeOflHHaKOB. IIIeHpHHr yKa3HBaeT, ^TO HOpMaJILHLie MOJIOKH HMeiOT KOHCHCTeHipiIO cjihbok paBHOMepB;oH rycTOTH; ohh aaiOT npn onjieflOTBopeHHH HaHjiynniHe pe3yjii»- TaTH; BOffHHHCTafl cnepiwa aaex xyinnnie pe3yjitTaTBi hjih ^a>Ke cosceM p k onjioflOTBopeHHio. }KnffKHe mojiokh Ha6jiio1a;alH)TCfl y CTapnx oco6en hjih b HepecTa. B xopomen cnepMe co^epsKaHne xjiopa BHme, tomb hjioxoh^ , y pyHBeBOH Aopejin: m ' J rj . f i- Co^epataHHe Cl: Chjilho BOflflHBCTas cnepna, chbo- poTOHHaa............. 0.10% CJia6o BOAflHHCTaa. .'......." 0.25% Xopomaa .............. 0.36% rycTaa, KaKCJiBBKH, r. ...... 0.40% * W 1! ! it- HI!! m ?- 1 , '"I 212 nEPBAH. MOPOOJIOI'HJI G BospacTOM coflepjKaHHe xjiopa b cnepMaTO3on^ax yMeHBmaeTCH; y cnra Core- gonus wartmanni: . . ¦ . . Bo3pacT 3 4 ;. 5 6 . .7 ¦-.'¦¦ Cl%>.....0.31 0.30 0.31 0.23 0.21 - . ?Ke KacaeTca hhu;^ to Krogh noKa3aji, ^to b hhx KOJin^ecTBO xjiopa ctoht b paB- c coflepiKaHHeM ero b MopcKOH BOfle; no Mepe pa3BHTna ani^a h aaiSpHOHa xjiopa yMeHtmaeTCH. E[pn xpaHeHHH b hhctom cyxoM cocyfle cnepMa ocTaeTca chocoShoh k ohjio- HOTBopeHHK) b Te^eHHe HecKOJiBKHx flHen, ho b TeJie MepTBoro jkhbothofo o^eHii CKOpO CTaHOBHTCH HenpHrOflHOH. JHenpHHr oStHCHfleT 3TO BpeflHHM BO3,HeHCTBHeM npoflyKTOB pacp^^a ceMeHHHKa. TeMnepaTypa xpaHeHHH flojiJKHa 6htb HeMHoro ¦BLime 0° (flJia jiococeBHx). OxjiaJK^eHne mmce 0° BpeflHo OT3biBaeTca Ha ceMeHn. Ilpn bbicokoh TeMnepaType cnepMa rnSHeT o^eHB CKopo. 5Kn3Hecnoco6HocTB jkhbhhkob HeBeJiHKa, h BOfla OKa3HBaeT Ha hhx rn6ejiBHoe flencTBne. Ha HanpaBJieHne flBHJKemaH cnepMaTO3OH#OB OKa3BiBaH)T mee flencTBne 6co6Bie BemecTBa, BBi,ne«)iHeMBie hhi];om nepe3 MHKponnjie. n TainoTT cTmTai0T, ^ito noflBHH?HOCTB cnepMaTO3onaoB BO36yH?flaeTCH noHaMn on- cojieii, KOTopBie flencTByiOT Ha 3K3onjia3My. BBinymeHHbie b BOfly jkhb- OTMnpaiOT b Te^eHHe ot 1/2 ((J>opeJiB), 8/4 (jiococb) ,o;o 3 (m;yKa) n ffaace 5 mi- (ca3aH). fflenpHHr (1928) ycTaHOBHji, q-ro ph6bi H3 CTOfl^en BOfl;&i HMeiOT 6oJiee no«BH!KHOCTB cnepMaTO3onflOB, tom oGnTaTejiH 6HCTpo TeKymnx boh; to HepnHr (1935). MaJiaa ?KH3Hecnoco6HocTB cnepMBi b Bo,n;e #e- noHHTHBiM npenMymecTBO cyxoro, hjih pyccKoro cnocoSa HCKyccTBeHHoro T. H. E[pnBOJiBHeB y6e^HTejiBH0 flOKa3aji (1941), ^to npn 3T0M fleHCTBHTeJIBHO npOHCXOflHT OHJIO^OTBOpeHHe 6e3 BO^bl, B HOJIOCTHOfi jKH,q;K0CTii. Bo.ua HBJiaeTCH xoponiHM. peareHTOM, yflocTOBepaioiiiiHM npurofl;- hoctb hjih HenpnroflHOCTB mojiok flJia 3toh niejin: ecjin nofl MHKpocKonoM npa npn6aBJieHHH bo,o;bi jkhb^hkh npoHBJiaiOT 6ypHoe flBtt?KeHHe, SHa^iiT ohh enje jKH3Hecnoco6HBi h MoryT 6bitb ynoTpe6jieHBi b flejio. 3to oco6eHHO Ba?KHo Ha6jiK)fl;aTB npn HCKyccTBeHHOM pa3Be,neHHH npn coxpaHeHHH cnepMBi Ha xo- jio;a;y; ApHOJiB^ noKasaji npn pa3Be^eHHH : CTepjiHftK, ^ito npa 0° b TepMpce cpe,n;H Taiomero JiBji;a cnepMa coxpaHneT ?KH:3Hefl;eflTejiBHOCTB b TeqeHne HecKOJiB- khx cyTOK. OflHaKO, no GTporaHOBy, nponeHT on.noji;oTBOpF[eMOCTH 6&icTpo nonn- H?aeTca: y cenB^H ^epe3 31 nac 40 mhh. —Bcero 60%. Mo/kho ynoMHHyTB ewe, A. A. JIe6e,HHHneB ycneinHO onjioflOTBopaji impy (|>opejiii MOJioKaMH, BBiflep- b Te^eHne 7 flHen b 1% ajiKoroJie. MHTepecHbi Ha6jiK>,a;eHHa; GTpora- HOBa (1936) Hafl; BBUKHBaeMOCTBio cnepMbi bojih?ckoh cejiB,a;ii. B TeneHne 10 mm. nocjie CMepTH caama cnepMa coxpaHaeT noJiHyio /KK3Hecnoco6HOCTB, ho y^se *iepe3 25 mhh. nojiOBHHa cnepMaTO3onfl;oB npenpamaeT ^BHrneaHe; qepe3 oflizm nac— nojiHaa rnSejiB cnepMBi b caMi^e. flpn xpaHeHMH o,o;Hofi cnepMBi BHe oprami3Ma 6e3 npnSaBJieHHH bohh mn3Hecnoco6HOCTB coxpaHHJiacB p,o 27 b aTMOC^epe yrjieKHCJiOTBi He OT3BiBaeTck Ha cnepMe b Te^eHne 7 HOCTB CnepMaTO3OHftOB B HOpMaJIBHBIX yCJIOBHHX npOAOJIJKaeTCH 17 CeK., nOJIOBHHa Konn^ecTBa coxpaHHeT noflBHH?HOCTB b TeneHne 35—40 ceK., a OTflenBHBie cnepMa- TO3OHflBI — 30 30 MHH. B KOHn;e xo.ua cejiB^H HaSjiroaaiOTCH caMii;Bi c CHHeBaTOH atHflKOH cnepMOfi; 3Ta cnepMa OKa3BiBaeTca He aKTHBHOH, a cnepMHH b Heft HenoHBH»iHH h Hecnoco6HBi k onjioflOTBOpeHHio. Ectb jih 9to nepespeBamie hjih 6ojie3HeHHbia npon;ecc ¦—He H. A. BopoflHH n JI. C. Bepr (1897) OTMerajin, hto cnepMaTO3on,a;bi ceBpiorn npecHOH BOfl;e OTMnpaioT no^THMrHOBeHHO, n *rro ceBpiora He MO^seT onjioflOTBO- b MopcKon BO^e. O^HaKo, OjiH^aH (1940) yaaBajiocB onjio^OTBopeHHe npn 5 n 10°/00. Hop^rapH yKa3MBaeT, *jto jiococb He mojkct Sbitb onjioffOTBO- b MopcKOH BOfle, xoth HKpa npo^ojuKajia pa3BHTHe nps cojichocth 9°/00. Pa3BH- onjioflOTBopeHHon hkpbi npecHOBO^HBix pn6 "bo3mojkho b cojiOHOBaTOH BO^e; no OjiH^aH, y a3OBCK,oro cyaaka h jiema — He toj^bko HKpa, ho h jihhhhkh nocjie CHCTEMA — ycnemHo pa3BHBaiOTCfl npn cojieHOCTH flo 10°/00, a nocjie pacca-? ?KeJiTO^Horo. MemKa — «o 7.5 °/00. Mnpa bojiskckoh cejiBjpi npoaojDKaeir fl;o 20°/00. Ho ApHOJiBfty, KacnnficKHH ny3aH0K pa3BHBajicH #o 12°/00. Ho KaBa^3MpH (1927), HHija h cnepMa Ma3y, Oncorhynchus masou chocoShoctb k onJioROTBopeHHio npn xpaHeHna b TepMocTaTe npn 1.0—14.9° coxpaHHiOT b Te^e- Hue 24 ^acoB; npn xpaHemaH CBBime 48 nacoB h c noBHmeHieM TeMnepaTypH — si HHi^a, is. cnepMa TepaioT JKH3Hecnoco6HOCTB. IIpoflOJiJKiiTeJiBHOCTB chocoShocth K ODJIOAOTBOpeHHIO B CBH3H C TeMHepaTypOH H3MeHHeTCfl ¦36° 48 12° 79. 9,3° 96 Bn3Hep (Wiesner, 1934) TaKH?e noATBepjKRaeT, hto cnep&ia b 3aKpBiTOM cocyae coxpaHHTBCH o^eHB flonro. }KH3Hecnoco6HOCTB cnepMaTO3onflOB coxpaHHjiacB: Schlenk und Kahmann (1935) npn CKOpOCTH HOCTfc ,I^RH3ivRHTm BpeMiiB Macax t MecTa xpaHe- UOCJXG XipHOclBKH nocne H3BJie- HHJI BOflU, B CeK. MeHHH H3 pblOLI 780 24 10.2° 120 72 8.9° - 45 96 9.12° 50 120 8.40° —¦ 144 8.98° p 5.96 cen. ohh npoxoflnjin b 1 ceK. j28.8mhkpoh, nepes 15.92 ceK. —43,5 u; qepep 22.56 ceK. —3.48 u?- t. e. ^epe3 22 — 23 cgk. ckopoctb yMeHBmajiacB b 37 pa3. IIo IIIeHpHHry (1924, 1928) cnepMa- t03oh;hbi pa^yiKHOH ^openn npeKpa'maiOT ^BHSKeHHe ^epe3 87 ceK. nocjie noSaBKH borh;-ho npn xpaHeHnn cnepMBi 6e3 bojjbi- b Te^enne 48 nacoB — nepe3 76ceK.;B TeneHne 72 ^acoB — qepe3.5.8 ceK.; nocjie 96-^acoBoro xpaHeHHH — Bee cnepMaTO3OHAH 0Ka3ajincB MepTBMMH. cnepMHeB HaHMeHBrnaa y roffOBHKOB —33 ceK.; b B03pacTe 3—6- Han6oJiBmaH—51—65 ceK.; y 6ojiee CTapBix —45 ceK. Hfln,a TaKJKe ^ouro coxpaHHnnCB 6e3 noTepn chocoShocth k onnoROTBopeHHio.. Onjio^oTBopeHne npon3Boji;HJiocB nepe3 20 nacoB nocjie noJiyneHHH hkph, h ySHJiB bo BpeMH pa3BHTnfl ,0CTaBajiacB b npeflejiax hopmh. IIo IIIeHpHHry, pH ceMemi 7.7, no Bn3Hepy—7.1. OTMepnrae HHn;a MyTHeiOT BCjie^CTBHe BBinaHeHHfl rjio6yjiHHOB; ecjin TaKne flnn;a onycTHTB b HeHTpaJiBHBin pacTBop cojih, nocjieAHHHvnpoHHKaeT *iepe3 o6ojiOHKy, pacTBopneT rjio6yjiHHBi, n-nni^a bhobb CTaHOBHTCH npo3panHBiMH. }KnBHe HHn;a- OKpanieHBi JinnoxpoiiaMH b jkcjithh hjih opaHJKeBBin i^BeT. B ecTecTBeHHHX ycJioBHHx ^aCTB hkph ocTaeTCfl He onjio^OTBOpeHHOH. Mrsic Haxo^HT-, hto chjibho nepe3pejiHe HHH,a pasyH^HOH ^opejin «aiOT bhcokhh nponjBHT CaMH,OB. O^HaKO, npHBOflHMBie HM Ha6jIK)AeHHH HySKRaiOTCH B flOnOJIHHTeJIBHOH nposepKe: npaBHJiBHOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH HeT h npou;eHTHHe cooTHoineHHH KOJie- CBoeo6pa3Ho, -I :t f 4 7 13 21 a HKpa nepe3pena.HHfl ' > . CaMOK (pOp.MH 48 52 44 56 ----- '34 66 ----- 47 ¦ • 47 1 -¦¦ 55 33 12 IlonoB. npoayKTM norHoan b pa3HBix HHx:cTaflHflx nepe3peBaHHH, MoryT HaxoAHTBC>i HHii;a Ha pa3- aBTop BBi^aBJinBaji HKpy 03 oahohl caMKH m 214 *IACTB HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHH b ^eTHpe OT^ejibHHx cocyfla h saTeM onjioflOTBOpaji. OflHaKo, 0Ka3aji0CB, wro bo Bcex nopunax nojiyqajracB b o6m.eM oflHH h Te me pe3yjiBTaTbi. » i r h I ¦2 ' 5 ' i Vf I nopn,Hn II » III » IV » Hhcjio hc- CaMitOB CaMos 85 42 41 ¦ 97 53 44 95 47 47 98 48 50 IIepe3peBaHHe HKpti He noHHjKaeT chocoShocth k omioflOTBopeHHio, ho chjibho noBHinaeT npoi^eHT OTXOfla npn pa3BHTHH. Bo BpeMH pa3BHTHfl OnjIOflOTBOpeHHHX HHI];, Ha pa3HHX €TaflHHX pOCTa H flH^- ^epeHitHpoBKH: aMSpnoHa, nponcxoflHT Heo^HHaKOBoe noTpeSjieHne KHCJiopo.ua h pa3JiiraH0 BLipajKaeTCH pacmenjieHne rjiHKoreHa (rjiHK0JiH3). B cbh3h c bthm B03- HHKaiOT KpHTH^eCKHe MOMeHTH. Ho A. H. TpH^OHOBOH, KpHTH^eCKHMH: Ha3HBaiOTCH nepno^H noBBnneHHOH qyBCTBHTejibHOCTH k ^encTBHio jiioShx noBpejKflaiomHX <|)aK- TopoB, Kor.ua pasBHBaiomHHCfl opraHH3M oTBenaeT Ha pa3,npa3KeHHe noBBimeH- hbim % oTMHpaiomeH HKpH h o6pa3OBaHHH ypoffCTB, Torfla KaK CTOHKne nepnoflbi flaioT CTHMyjifln;Hio pa3BHTHH. KpHTH^ecKne nepnoflH — 3to nepnoflbi fln^^epeH- i^npoBKH TKaHen h opraHOB; b bto BpeMa yBejin^HBaeTCfl ponb OKHCJiHTeJitHtix npo- DieccoB, nosHJKaeTCfl oSineH. Gtohkhg — xapaKTepH3yiOTCH HHTeHCHBHbiM TeamoM pocTa, bhcokhm ypOBHeai o6MeHa BemecTB, ycnjieHneM aHaapoSHHX npon;eccoB pacmenjieHHfl n rjinKOJiH3a. B pa3BHTHH oKyna KpnTH^ecKHM hbjihiotch P HKpy jiococeBHX HejiB3H nepeBO3HTB paHee CTaflun nnrMeHTai5HH rjia3KOB. Bee 8to HMeeT ^pe3BBiqafiHO BamHoe 3Ha^eHHe b pbiSobo^hoh npaKTHKe. PaccMOT- peHHe CBH3aHHHX C 3THM BOHpOCOB OTHOCHTCH K CIieUHaJIBHOMy KypCy «0H3HOJIOrHH pa3BHTHH». Pa3MepH H BeC mcpHHOK HeOffHHaKOBH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BCJIHHHHH CaMpfi Ma- Tepa. KpoH^ejiBfl h IHeMHHCKHH yKa3BiBaiOT, hto Bee H.fcu,a. ^opejin KOJieSjieTCH OT 55 flo 85.7 Mr; o6ojionKa cocTaBJiaeT 13.57—20.29% b CBemeM h 6.8—9.7% b BHcymeHHOM Hfin;e. GoflepsKaHae boabi b oSojiohkc 75%, t. e. BBime, ^eM b eaMOM flftite; coflepjKaHne bo^bi b afli^e bo Bee Bpeiaa pa3BHTna, bhjiotb ro BHJiynjieHHH, hoctohhho. TaKHM o6pa3OM hhi;o cocTaBJiaeT 3aMKHyTyio cncTeaiy; oflHaKO, BBray- nnBinaflCJi Jin^HHKa c H«e3iTOHHHM ny3BipeM 3aMKHyTOH chctcmbi He cocTaBJiaeT, TaK Kan npn BBiJiynJieHHH 3m6phoh coflepiKHT bo^bi 63.7%, b 6jiH?KaHinHe ahh ko- jihtoctbo boah noflHHMaeTca h, HaKOHen., Hepe3 75 ffHefi flocTHraeT BejiBranHBi otho- raeHHH y B3pocjion pbkjbi (77.5%). BHyTpn nni^a H?e;iTOK TepaeT boabi ot 66 ho 49.9%, KOTopaa nepexo^HT b smSphoh. Bo Bpeaia pa3BHTna aaiSpHOHa coflepjKaHHe BOflBi flOBO^BHO nocToaHHO, 85—87%; k KOHijy pa3BHTna HeMHoro noHHMKaeTca h nocjie BBiJiymieHna bhobb noflHHMaeTca. KaK noKa3aJia Wintrebert (1912) h T. H. IIpHBOJiBHaa (1943), BBiJiynjieHne H3 hkphhkh h pa3pymeHHe oSojiohkh afin;a nponcxoflaT nofl; BjinaHHeai ocoSoro $ep- BBipaSaTBiBaeMoro BHyTpn anita. IIoMemaa b cocyfl c pa3BHBaromHMHca oSojiohkh tojibko ^to BBiJiynHBinHxca inm,, mojkho BBi3BaTB pa3pymeHHe I BHXOfl MOJIOflH HOHTH Ha JIH)6OH CTaAHH pa3BHTHa. y <£opejra, KaK n y apyrnx pH6, Hepe^KO H3 oflHoro ann.a BBixo^aT flBofiHH, cpocmneca b pa3Hoo6pa3HBix nonojKeHHax. Kjiaccn^ecKne nccjieflOBaHna IIIneMaHa pa3BHTneM aM^HSnn noKa3ajin, ^ito mojkho nojiy^HTB «Ba HopaiajiBHHX opra- HH3Ma, ecjin HCKyccTBeHHo pa3,neJiHTB afii^o aa flBe hojiobhhh; noaTOMy npn o6pa- Dl 30BaHHH y npoHcxo^HT HenonHoe pa3«ejieHHe afiita; fleficTBHTeJiBHO, Dlne- HCKyccTBeHHo hbohhh nyTeM HenojiHoro nepenraypOBBiBaHna HHn,a Boro pa3HBiMH caMKaMn HKpa : oflHa 6HBaeT Bnojrae npnroAHa HeoinHopoflHa h oiuiOAOTBopeHHa h xopomiie X. MOIEnOJIOBAH CHCTEMA. 215 jraiHHOK, npyraa, HaoSdpoT, oSHapyjKHBaeT npn najiBHetmeM pa3BHTnn sHa^HTeJifcHyio, HHorsa MacqoByio cwtepTHocTb h bhxoe BBicpKoro npoijeHTa . Pa3pa6oTKa 9Toft npo6jieMH,.HMeioi4e& qpe3BHHaH[HO aKTyaJiB upaKTHHecKoro pBiSoBOflCTBa, eme tojibko who HanaTa. v MHoroKpaTHoe MeTaHne Him nocjie e^HHCTBeHHoro onjioaoTBopeHHH jj y HeKOTopBix aityji,— Scyliorhinus; KpoMe Toro — Gambusia, Girardinus, Poecitia, Xiphophorus h flp. XnMHHecKHBE cocTas awn, Salmo lacustris, no DleMHHCKOMy h PaycTepy: BoftBi . ....... 58.5°/0 IIpoTeHHOB..... 29.81 (o6niiH2 a30T x 6.25) / 5KnpoB....... 11.35 3OJIH ........ 2.17 3flecB me npnBOffnM aHaJiH3H AcTpaxaHCKOfi HxTHOJioriraecKOH: jia6opaTopnn: Hnpa oceTpa . » ceBprorn » bo6jih. . » ca3aHa . » cy^aKa . Mojiokh oceTpa IlJioTHtie Be-mecTBa BejiKH 3o.ua KajiopHii b 43.48 14.14 24.93 4.41 2340 50.06 18.19 27.84 4.03 2835 28.85 2.57 24.28 2.00 1235 26.04 2.12 21.72 2.20 1090 28.99 1,18 25.56 2.25 1155 34.57 5.80 23.10 5.61 1490 34.71 6.48 ¦ 22.62 5.52 1530 25.88 2.24 21.56 2.08 1095 •JESTEPATF PA K TJIABE X FepSHJiBCKHft H. JI. Bo3pacTHbie h ce3OHHHe H3MeHeHaa b OBOi;HTax aepKajibHoro Kapna. Apx. aHaT., thct. h aM6p., XXI, JVa 2, 1939. H b a h o b a G. A. CeaoHHtie H3M6HeHHH nojiOBHX wejie3 jkhbothhx h $aKTopH, hx BH3HBaromHe^ yen. coBp. 6hoji., V, b. 6, 1936. f£ y ji a e b G. H. FoROBOtt uhkji h niKana BpeJiocTH ceMeHHHKOB nojiOBoapejioft njiOTBH. 3an. BojibuieBCKOft 6hoji. ct., b. 11, 1939. M eft e h B. A. K Bonpocy o toaobom ^kjio HSMeHeHHit hhtohkob kocthctlix pti6. H3B. AH GGGP, oth. 6hoji., JVs 3, 1939. Hay mob B. IlojiOBOft i^HKJicaMOKMypMaHCKOftcejiBffH. Ph6h. X03., JVs 11, 193^. Oji*$.aH. BKCTiepHMeHTajibHHe 9KOJioro-H3H(wiorHHecKHe HccjieROBaHna Hap; HKpoft a ji«-> H^HKaMH pw6. 3ooji. atypH., XIX, B.I, 1940. UpHBOJIbHGB T. II. O $H3H0JI0rHH6CK0M MexaHHBMe BUJiynJieHHH 9M6pHOHOB pH6 H3 HKpbl. 3ooji. )KypHM XXII, b. 3, 1943. ¦'..., C T p O r a H O B. BtMKHBaeMOCTb CnepMH BOJDKCKOft CeJIbRH npH pa3HHX BHemHHX yCJIOBHHX- . 3ooji. HtypH., XVII, Ni 2, 1938, T p h $ o h o b a A. H. KpHTiraecKHe nepnoRH 9MdpHOHaJibHoro pasBHTHHHOceBoit $H3HOJiorH- qecKHii rpa^HGHT. Apx. aHaT., fhct. h 8M6p., XXII, JM 1, 1939. Tpa^OHOBa A. H.K $H3HOJiorHH «H$$epeimHpoBKH h pocTa. 1. Apx. 6hoji. HayK, 37, b. 3, 1935. T^p¦ h $'oh o b a A. H. To we, II. Bhoji. HtypH., VI, Jfc 2, 1937. Au di ge. Contribution-aTetudedesreinesdespoissonsteleosteens. Arch. zool. exper., 4, 1910^. Aurich. Die Phallostethiden. Internat. Revue der gesamten HydrobioL, XXXIV, 1937. Benas. La pratique de la carpiculture dans l'etange et rivieres des environs de Bandoeng . (Java). Compt. rend, des Sc. de l'Acad. d'Agricult. de France, 26, 1932. Sroek van der. Geschlechtsorgane. Handb. d. vergl. Arfat. y. Bolk-Lubosch, VI, 1933. Bfoeck van der, v. Oordt, Hirsch. Urogenitalsystem. Ibid. Bd. V, 1938. . IE g g« r t. Die Geschlechtsorgane der Gobiiformen und Bleniiformen. Zeitschr: vtiss. Zool., 139, 1931. Eggeri Die Intersexualitat bei Knochenfischen. Z — ft f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 144, 1933. <3r e r h a r d t. Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdriisen. Handb. d. vergl. Anat. v. Bolk—Lubosch, Bd. V, 1938. • - • Ct o 1 d s c h mi d t. Die sexuejlen Zwischenstufen. Monogr. aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Phy- V siol. der Pflanz. und Tiere. Bd. 23, Berlin. 1931. ¦1 11 v : It M .1 i 216 lACTb HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOFEIH Mr sic. Uber das Auftreten intermediaren Stadien bei der Geschlecbtsdifferenzierung der Forellen. Arch. mikr.. Anat. u. Entwicklungsmeqh., Bd. 123, 1930. ¦ . M'rsic. Die Spatbefruchtung und deren Einfluss auf Entwicklungs — u. Geschlechtsbi Idling Ibid., Bd. 98, 1923. Minoru Kawajiri. On the preservation on the egg and sperm of Oncorrhynchus masii. Journ. of the Imp. Fisheries Inst, XXIII, No. 2, 1927, Tokyo. Trifonova. Partenogenese der Fische. Acta Zool. Stockholm, Bd. 15, 1914. Wiesner. Untersuchungen iiber die kiinstliche Erbriitung von Bachforelleneiern, die von verschiedenen Eltern abstammen. Z—ft f.. Fischerei, Bd. XXXII, H. 1, 1934. itl! *iiT. '¦-I'• flW.il f , XI. 3KEJIE3BI BHyTPEHHEfl: CEKPEIXMH 5Kejie3H BHyTpeHHefl ceKpen;nn pno nccjie^OBaJincB npenMymecTBeHHO thcto- nqecKH, n b MeHBmen CTeneHH $H3nojiornHecKn; jinniL HeKOTopue H3 hhx H3y- 6ojiee hjih MeHee no^poSHo. K ?Kejie3aM BHyTpeHHen ceKpen;HH HyjKHO OTHecTn: 3nn<|)ii3, rnno$H3, , 3o6Hyio, Mem- h Haflno^enHHe h yjiBTHMo6paHxnajiBHHe JKejie3H, a nceB,no6paHxnio. 9 n h $ e 3. OyHKijHH Bnn$n3a o6hhho bbibo^htch no aHajiornn c jkhbothmmh: y Kptic ysaJieHne 3nn$n3a BJieneT 3a co6ofi ycKopeHne pocTa,-yBejra~ hojiobhx ?Kejie3 h ycnjieirae noJiOBoro pa3BHTnfl; noaTOMy mojkho paccMaT- ne 8nn$n3a KaK opraHa, TopMO3Hmero pocT h nojiOBoe co3peBaH2te.. J^ b 8tom HanpaBJieHHH ocymecTBJifleTCH b B3anMOCBH3n c rnno^)H3a, nojiOBHX ?Kejie3 n, mojkgt 6bitb, ^pyrnx opraHOB. OftHaKO, TOpOB B OTHOmeHHH pa3JIHHHBIX ?KHBOTHHX npOTHBOpeHKBH. IIo MHeHHK) OpaHH;a,. fleHTenBHocTB 3nn$H3a cBH3aHa c H3MeHeHneM onpacKH pBi6. T h n o $ n 3. Fopa3flo SoJiBme H3BecTHO OTHocnTejiBHo pojin ii 3Ha*ieHns Do CTeneHH n pa3BHTHH pa3Hoo6pa3eH $ pp hi y KaKnx ^pyrnx no3BOHOHHBix (CTeH^ejwi, 1914). B rnno$n3e yrpa mo/kho pa3Jin^aTi> (Hagen, 1936) cjie^yiomHe nacTn: MO3roByio, npoMejKyTOHHyio, rjinBHyio n nepe- ; nepBan H3 hhx nponcxoRirr ot infundibulum, BTopan ot ^Ha npoMemy- MO3ra, Torna KaK TpeTBH, rjiaBHan ^acTB ^>yHKii;noHajiBHo coBceM He cbh- c MO3roM; OHa 3aHHMaeT Han6ojiee pocTpaJiBHoe no^oJKeHne n coctoht n3 jKeJie- 3HCToii napeHXHMBi, cen;epHHpyK)ni;eii cboh OTfleJiemifl b npiiJieraiomyio KpoBeHoc- Hyio ceTB; 3to ncTinraafl ?KeJie3a BHyTpeHHeii ceKpen;Hii (deHflejiJi); nepexoflHa^ ^aCTB KaK 6h coe^HHaeT rnaBHyio n npoMeiKyTO^Hyio ^ojih; OHa TaKJKe coctoht hs- iijIOTHOH JKeJie3HCTOH TKaHH H npOHCXO^HT H3 BbinflHHBaHHH nepeflHefl KHB3KH. rnnd$H3 ocoSeHHo ycnjieHHO pa3BHBaeTCfl b nepnofl npeBpameHHH jih^hho^ihok (|)opmh.b fle^HHHTHBHyio, t. e. bo BpeMH MeTaMop$o3a. rnno<|)H3 BH^ejiaeT ABa rop-' MOHa: 6fl;nH cnocoScTByeT pocTy, apyrofi — pa3BHTiiio nonoBBix 5Ke«Jie3. Ilpn yaa- jieHHH rnno$H3a jkhbothoc ocTaeTCH KapnnKOBBiM, BTopn^Hbie nonoBHe npn3HaKH- He pa3BHBaiOTCJi. FopinoH nepe^Hen nacTii rnno(|)H3a (npojiaH) npHMeHaeTCH KaK: CTHMyJIHTOp HOJIOBHX JKeJie3 npH pa3MHOJKeHHH CeJIB0K0X03HHCTBeHHBIX 5KHBOT- hbix; oh b h3o6hjihh HaxoflHTCH b Mo^e 6epeMeHHBix/KeHmHH. B CBoen $H3nojiorHH npecHOBO^HHX pu6 ByH^ep ^eJiaeT CBO^Ky 3apy6eH?HBiM.. pa6oTaM no rnno$H3y. IIocjieflHHH BJinaeT cbohm topmohom Ha.OKpacKy Tejia,a FHpc- 6ep aasKe HkxoflHT, hto Boo6me nnraieHTHBie KJieTKH ph6 peryjinpyiOTCfl ropMO-. HaJiBHo. UoHfleK n KpoH npe,nnojiaraioT, ^to ropMOH BHpaSaTHBaeTca npoMe^yTo^i- hoh flOJien rnnochH3a (intermedin); npn BnpHCKHBaHHH nocjie^Hero b (Phoxinus) pacmnpHioTCfl KpacHHe nnrMeHTHBie kjiotkh. BeTT^ep nojiy^aji to H3ojinpoBaHHBiH KyconeK njiaBHHKa b pacTBop -c HBJieHHHMn aKpoMerajinn h rnraHTH3Ma y hto n y puS, HeHopMajiBHoe pa3BHTne njiaBHHKOB, b CMBicne nx qpe3Mep-.-. o6i>flCHflTBCH b cbh3h c rnnep(|>yHKnneH nepeflHen ; TaKne cjiy^an onncHBaJincB HaKapne, oKyHe (ILieH, BymKHJib, ) n Ha apajiBCKOH BoSjie (Bepr — morpha exocoetoides). Horo J XI. 3KEJIE3BI BHyTPEHHEH CEKPEUHE 21T 6paTmoro Hapn;a;a o6fl3aHO y ropMOHy. BoKHaKOJiiomKe, TonaBa Ha rop^aKe npoH3BOffuJiH KacTpan;Hio paHBme HacTynjieHHH HepecTOBoro nepno^a, h SpaiHun HapHfl Ha caMije He BOBce. ByHjjep HHTjeKiprflMH npo^aJKHoro noJiOBoro ropMOHa BBi3BiBaji y caivma rop^aKa 6paHHoro Hapafla, kotophh coxpaHHJicn nejiBiMH hhhmh Toro H?e pe3yjitTaTa mojkho Sbijio roShtbch npHMeHeHneM He tojibko y nonoBoro ropMOHa, ho aaiKe h HeKOTopux pacTHTejiBHtix ajnsajiOHRtiB (hoxhmGhh).. 5KeHCKH^r ropMOH He OKa3BiBaji jjefiCTBHH; Bnpo^eM, pa3HBie npenapaTBi npoRasKHBix ropMOHOB npoflBJiHJin HeoffHHaKOBHe pe3yjn>TaTH. Fjie3ep h FeMneJiB Ha KacTpnpo- ropnaKax npnMeHeHHeM MymcKoro nonoBoro ropMOHa BH3HBaJin noHBJie- Ha 5—6 Ha cob Gpa^Horo Hapa;n,a. 5KeHCKHH noJiOBOH ropMOH (npornHOH) npiaMeHHJiH Ha caMKax rop^aKa €>jieHm- H KaHH H ao6HBaJIHCB pa3BHTHfl HHIjeKJiafla. ,HeHCTByH TeM 3Ke CaMBIM SKeHCKHM ropMOHOM Ha KaCTpnpoBaHHHX caMn;oB rop^ana, bth aBTopu BH3BiBajiH y nanHJiJiH Ha 2 mm. BprapftT h Kk>h npn6aBJiHJiH b aKBapnyM Ha ^ JiHTpa boah 5 cm3 mo^h SepeMeHHHX 3KeHni;HH h noJiy^anH 3aMeTHoe HHi^eKJiaAa b Te^eHne 12—100 ^acoB. Kox h fflenpHHr (1936) 6e3pe3yjiB- npHMeHHJin npojiaH b aBrycTe n 0KTfl6pe. Mefiep (1939) ^ ^p HHTepecHBie paGoTH 6hjih BHnojiHeHH HepnHroM (Ihering, 1935) b K). cbohx ohhtob, roBopfl, E C A GaM aBTop, Bnpo^eM, He^ooi^eHHJi SHa^eHne cbohx ohhtob, roBopfl, ^ito e^Ba sim MeToa. HHi>eKD;HH rmno$H3a Hafi^eT npHMeHeHne b EBpone n C. AMepime, h npefl- jiaraH noJiB3OBaTBCH ph6koh Astyanax, npeKpacHo BBiJKHBaionxeH' b aKBapny- Max, hhhib fljifl neMOHCTpai^HH. H3jio3Khm Ha6jiiofl;eHHfl HepnHra noapoSHee. ripoMHCJioBHe Gharacinidae n Nematognathi b IG.-B.. Bpa3njinn co3peBaiOT tojibko nocne chjibhhx ffOH^^en, a bo BCflKoe flipyroe BpeMH, n ^ante Ha jjeHB paHtme- cpona co3peBaHHH: oCojiohkh hkphhok ocTaiOTCH HenpoHHB^aeMBiMH ^^l cnepMti^ OnHTH 6hjih nocTaBJieHH b 1932 r., h ya?e ^Ba ro^a cnycTH nepBBie pe3yjn>TaTLi* 6bijih onySjiHKOBaHH. MaTepnajiOM ^jih pa6oT nocjiyH?HJin Hoplias, Prochilodus,. Astyanax (xapan;HHOBHe). HsBJieHeHHHH H3 pbi6h rnno$H3 pacTnpaJicH b $h3hojio- rn^ecKOM pacTBope noBapeHHon cojih hjih b pBi6Ben KpOBH. BnpBiCKHBaHHa npo- H3BOAHJIHCB b cliHHHyio hjih XBOCTOByio.MycKyjiaTypy npH flO3npoBKe Ha Astyanax noJirnno$n3a b 1—1,5 cm3 jkh^kocth; no3H^e ^-poM Kapp;o3o 6lijio 500 BHcymeHHHx o6pa6oTaHHHX an,eTOHOM rnno$H3OB, KOTopBie npii OKa3aJIHCB paBHOIi;eHHHMH: CBe3KHM. 303HP0:BKa CTOHT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3peJIOCTH HH^HHKOB. BoJIBmeK) HaCTBK) npHMeHHJiaCB flJIfl BnpHCKHBaHHH flO3a rsno^nsa, ho ^acTO n o^hh BH3HBaji nonosKHTeJiBHHfl 9^)$eKT. 3aT0 npii ^pe3MepHo- 6ojiBmoii H03e pbi6bi yMnpaiOT c HBJieHHflMH rnnepeMHH annHUKOB. IIohth 3pejiBie- Ph6bi b nepnoa AO^^eH (anpeJiB) mctoaom HHi>eKiiiHH: b Te^eHne cyroK MoryT 6bitb- b HepecTOBoe cocTOHHne. ' .. 5—6 ^acoB nocjie BnpHCKHBaHHH caMn;H Ha^imaiOT Ha3OHJinBO caMOK; nocjieflHne HepmajincB naccHBHO, TH?Kejioji;tiniaJiH h jieJKaJin Ha no3jne Ha^HHaJin 6ecnoKOHTBCH h caMKn, npHHHMajincB njiaBaTB c caMn;aMH, npon3BORH KpyroBHe RBwmenwi; BCJiep; 3a TeM—npucTynaJin k G ccjieHOBaHna b bSjiacTH ncnojiB3OBaHHH rnno^)H3a npHBejiH BaiKHHM pe3yjiBTaTaM. GKa^OBCKHH h TIap(|)eHOBa npnMeHflJiH (cTepHJiH3OBaHHyio MO^y 6epeMeHHBix jKeHmim), KaK hojioboh ropMOH, co3peBaHHH huh; y OKyHH (1932—1933) nyTeM hohkojkhhx h b HHBape — anpejie MHorne OKyHn flaBajin nojioJKHTejiBHBiii $$ fl;a5Ke 6bijio npon3Beji;eHO ncKyccTBeHHoe onJioHOTBopeHne. Mopo3OBa (1936) npn- npoJiaH n HecTepnjiH3OBaHHyio Mony 6epeMeHHBix weHmiH w TaKJKe nojiy- co3peBaHne caMu;oB, xoth y hex h He noHBJiHJiocB HHCTHHKTa k onjio^OTBope-r huh); TeM He MeHee 6hjio HOCTnrHyTo ncKyccTBeHHoe onjionoTBopeHne 13 HHBapa 1935 r,; HecMOTpa Ha bhcokhh npon;eHT OTXO^a BBiBeJiHCB MajiBKH^xoTH vl c Sojibhiiim: ypoflCTB. M. B. JKejiTeHKOBa Ha Yhikobckom ph6oboahom 3aBop;e; HpuMeHHJia b 1932 r. HHi>eKii;HH rpaBH,n;aHa h nojiy^mjia ycKopeHne co— k npaK- : $' IP'1, Ilk f i, 1; \i I: u HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHfl H. JI. rep6njiBCKHH caMOCTOfrrejiBHO pa3pa6oTaji ^pesBti^iaHHo BasKHBin b npH? OTHOiueHHH MeTOff. Oh CTHMyjinpoBaji pa3BHTHe nojioBBix H?ejie3 nepBOHa- nyTeM HepenHBix, a c 1939 r. h MBimeHHHX hh^cki^hh pacTepTHX b $h3ho- pacTBOpe rHno$H3OB; Ha Kamflyio caMKy jiema, cy^aKa Heo6xoflHMo CBeatnx hjih aneTOHH3HpoBaHHBixrHiio<$H3a. Ecjih BnpHCKHBaHne npoH3BOflHTca Ha IV cTa^HH pa3BHTHH noJiOBHX 2Kejie3, to co3peBaHne AOCTHraeTca b Te- 24—36 ^acoB. Pa3pa6oTaB MeTOfl Ha BeeeHHe-HepecTyiomnx pudax, Fep- •6hjibckhh h ero y^eHHKH (H. H. JlairanKiiH) ycnemHO hphjiokkhjih ero c hckotopbimh HSMeHeHHHMH EL ^JIH OCeHHe-HepeCTyiOlUHX ptl6. Oco6eHHO BaHKHO OTKpBITHe TOHaflO- TponHtix. cbohctb ropMOHa npH reTeporeHHOH HHteKnHH, t. e. npa BnpHCKHBaHHH rnno$H3OB ^pyrnx bh^ob pn6, h nrapoKoe npHMeHeHne ai^eTOHH3HpOBaHHHX rnno- nocjie nx 3aroTOBJieHHH. 9thm [i fil » 1 P ! u -BL* b.2 Phc. 172. JionacTb rnno$H3a Htejrroro yppa. pa3pe3. YBeji. 1000. Bl. g .c—0a3o$tuitHbie KpoBeHocHhie cocyffBi; I—npocBeT X arena.) Bg a?eae3HCTbix ctbojiob. (Hs onocoSoM tfepHBimeB (1941) npoH3BOflHJi HCKyccTBeHHoe onjioffOTBOpeHne Misgur- '¦.hu:s-B JiHBape. OflHaKo, reTeporeHHafl HH^eKitHH HMeeT H3BecTHHe orpaHHqeHHff. O , hto npeflocTaBJiaeT bo3mojkhoctb noJiB3OBaTBCfl rmio$H3aM nopofl pBi6, ho b to Bpeisfl, KaK rHno$H3 Jiema ^aeT ycneniHBifi 3$$eKT npn cy^aKy, oSpaTHoe BO3,neHCTBHe He yaaeTCH. npHMeHHJicfl h /jjih ycKopeHHH HepecTa b nporpeBaeMHx bojih«ckhx no- jiohx, noKa b pene SfciJia eme cJinmKOM HH3Kan ^jih pa3MHomeHnn TeMnepaTypa h, -raKHM o6pa3OM, 6bijih nojiyneHH MajiBKH 3aflOJiro flo eCTecTBeHHoro HepecTa, hto -3HaHHTenBH0 yfljiHHHjio hx BereTaTHBHHfi nepnofl h, cjieffOBaTejiBHO, poeT: :rHno$H3apHHX HH^eKi^HH mnpoKO Bomeji b npaKTHKy ph6oboahhx paSoT, :KaK nojpiepKHBaeT FepfriuiBCKHH (G6opH. CTaTen, dp. 32), no ero nmessao, TaKHx ph6, KaK cy^aK, ca3aH, jiem, Bo6jia — He mojkct nrpaTB cyme- poJiH b BocnpoH3BOflCTBe 3anacoB; SojiBniHH 3$$eKT MOHteT ffaTB cnacenne h MOJioffH npH. cnafle BOflBi. 3a«a^eH 6jiHmafinmx JieT oh cwraeT co3flaHne BHpOCTHHX XO3HHCTB, B CHa6?KeHHH KOTOpblX MOJIOflBK) MeTOjQf HH'BeK^HH AOJKKetf •CBirpaTB 3aMeTHyio pojib. '....' npHMeHeHHe Meio^a FepSHJiBCKoro b mnpoKHX paf3Mepax no3BOJinjio c 1938 r. mepeHecTH i^eHTp pbi6oboahhx pa5oT bhh3 no peKe, b paaoHH MaccbBoro XI. JKEJ1E3H BHyTPEHHEH CEKPEHHH 219 cnoco6cTBOBajio nepeBbinojraeHnio njiaHOB HCKyccTBeHHoro omioflOTBopeHHH Ha 6 occ.L s.op. Ha6jiH)fleHHfl Ha# bhcihhmh hosbohohhumh noKa3ajin, *ito cojih nnHKa y saH)T roHaflOTponHyio pojiB ropwoHa rnno$H3a. ByHAep b CapaTOBe (1942) npo6oBaji CepHOKHCJIBIH HHHK (0.1%) HyTCM HH^)panepHTOHea'JIBHHX BH"BeK^HH c MHHHMaJiBHHMH A03a.MH rnno<|>H3a (0.5 rHno$H3a) Ha jieme. Ka3aJiocB 6bi, <6hjio Jiy^nne nojiB3OBatBCH MeHee oSjKnraioinnMH cojihmh, Bpo^e xJiopncTOH. HaKOHen, HyjKHO otmgthtb, ^to y ceBprora IV CTa^HH, no FepSHJitcKOMy, rocth- raeTCH C03peBaHne nocJie HHTbeKi^nH b hhhhhk OBapnajiBHon c 3peJiofi HKpoa. coxpaHeHHH rnno$H3OB He tojibko an;eTOH, ho TaK?Ke ¦THJIOBLIH CnnpT HJIH MeTHJIOBHH CHHpT H Hbift 9$np nonoJiaM c bthjiobhm cnnpTOM. ID, h t o b h a h a jt jk e ji e 3 a, glandula ttyreoidea, pa3BHBaeTCfl: Ha SpiomHOH CTeHKe IJIOTKH HyTeM BHnflHHBaHHfl B 06jiaCTH BTOpOH yrn. IIp3JKe OHa MOSKei? npe- b opraH sHa^HTejiBHon BejiH^HHH, H3 $0JiJiHKyji, BHe^peHHiix b eoe- TKaHB. Y Ammocoetes ?Kejie3a ooctoht H3 pecHHHHoro MeflHaJiBHoro BBinirra- BaHHH, OTKpHBaiomerocH b rjiOTKy c Spioni- hoh CTppoHLi; y BapocjiGH MHHorn c ^Hme^HHKOM 3aMHKaeTca, h 3Kejie3a €TaBJieHa b BHfle HecKOJiBKHx ejieno H3BHTHX Tpy6OK, paCHOJIOJKeHHHX H3HK0M. y Elasmobranchii »?ejie3a npefl- KOMnaKTHHM oSteMHCTHM o6pa3o- 6jih3 nepe^Hero KOHiia 6pioniHOH aop- th. y Protopterus H?eJie3a MaJieHBRaa, coctoht h3 flByx Sokobhx JionacTen, nocpeflHHe; OHa jiesKHT nofl h3Hkom, chm$h3hcom. y Teleostomi opraH 6htl napHMM; y onyHH — coctoht H3 MaccH KpacHOBaTHX jionacTen, pacnojiomeHHBix b6jih3h 6piofflHOii aopTH. y yrpn (FaTeH, 1936) HenapHaa ?KeJie3a pa3BHJiKH I hjih II 3Ka6epHOH apTepira. " IIo AaHHbiM Ha3BaHHoro aBTopa, 3Kejie3a coctoht H3 pn^a (JojfcJiHKyji, hhcjio ko- TOpHX c poctom jih*ihhkh, Leptocepkalus, yBeJuaraiaBaeTCH ot 6 ffo 60ko BpeMenn npe- BpameHHH b CTeKJiOBHflHoro yrpa; bck) hojioctb ^ojuimcyjia BHHOJiHHeT kojijioha-, KOToputH b 3HaHHTejiBHOH cieneHH onopoJKHHeTCH b nepnoff MeTaMop$o3a, ho nosace bhobi> BOccTaHaBJiHsaeTCH, npn^eM peaKHna (t. e. oKpacna no Majuiopii) pesKo H3MeHaeTCH. E^eroflHas itHRjinqHOCTB H3MeHeHHH b CTpyKType mHTOBHflHOH ate- jie3Bi cKa3LiBaeTca He tojibko Ha Bejin^HHe Bcero opraHa, ho TaKstce Ha BejraraHHe h $opMe ^ojiJiHKyji, b flH^epeHnnpoBKe annTejiHH, b KOjin^ecTBe coe^nHHTejitHOH TKaHH H B CHaSjKeHHH KpOBBK). yanSOJIBnierO pa3BHTHH ^OJIJIHKyJIH flOCTHTaiOT bo epeMH MeTaM0p$03a h Ha CTajpiH CTeKJioBHffHoro^yrpa; nojiHoe onopoJKHeHHe ^ ot KOJiJiOHfla npoHCXoflHT Ha CTaflHH irarMeHTHpoBaHHoro yrpa h npn ero b npecHyio Bopy; TaKOe sne onopomHeHHe o3a JKejie3a chjibho yBejinnnfiaeTca; e. Hee BpacTaeT HHTeJiBHaa TKaHB h KpoBeHocHBiH cocy^, n iKejie3a pa3flejraeTca Ha ppe no3?Ke /Kejie3a flejiHTcaua nacTH n o6pacTaeT mnpoBofi TKaHBio. }Kejie3a nepBOHa^ajiBHO cKJia^BiBaeTca H3 3Byx fi jinajiBHbix ii MejiKHx H?ejie3HCTBix kjictok thymus, noBimnMOMy,. 3a c^eT Tex JKe annTejinajiBHHX; BnponeM, HMeeTca HeMajio ctopohhhkob BO33pe- HHa O npOHCXOJKfleHHH MeilKHX KJiejOK 113 BHe^pHBHIHXCa JIIIM^)OH;HTOB. B TaKOM. BHfle — H3 ffByx copTOB KjieTOK, o^eTHx Kancyjion — /KeJie3a npencTaBJieHa y yrpa Ha CT&RiiiiLeptocephalus. K KOHii;y MeTaMop$o3a b mejie3e hcho 3ii^epeHn;npyiOTca KOpKOBHH H MO3rOBOH CJIOIi;' B nOCJie^HeM MOJKHO OTJIKHHTB eilie MHOHflHBie KJICTKEL h TejiBn;a Faccajia, bh^hmo, TaKHxe annTejinajiBHoro nponcxoHxaeHna. }Kene3a Kancyjioii H3 KOjmareHHBix bojiokoh. Ce3OHHOCTB y CKa3BiBaeTca b tom, hto BecHOio ^ihcjio mcjikhx KJieTOK thymus y a oceHBio — yMeHBniaeTca. OSnjine JieHKon;HTOB b ?Kejie3e MHoniMn aaTopaMH TyeTca cKopee b cMBicne nx OTKo^eBaHna H3 5KeJie3H, ^eM b CMBicjie hx b MejiKne KJieTKH. thymus — JKejie3a BHyTpeHHen ceKpen;HH -— coMHeHHH He flo cnx nop He ycTaHOBJieHo, KaKOBBi ee ^yHKrcun. y bbichihx /Khbothbix thymus nocjie yBeJin^HBaeTca, pacTeT 30 noJiOBOH 3pejiocTH, iiotom no- ', f v ^*^5?^?^.^^7r^&i W::?i'' XI v JKEJIE&blf Iffl^PJCHHEH CEKPEn.HH 221 Kejie3H; suthy — coemiHUTejibHaa TKaHb; mu — Mtm; schlzi, schlz-2, schlzt—cjiH3HCTue KJieTKii anHTeJiiiH, KopKOBoro h MO3roBoro cjioh; retzi,retz-2—peTHKyjiapHwe KJieTKU KopKOBoro 11 MO3roBoro Cjioh; lyz — JinM$omiTbi. (H3 Kpay3e.) ' n BejiHHHHH noTOMCTBa (Groebbels). B HOBenmee p p oJiOBacTHKOB TejiH^ten 3o6hoh ?Kejie3OH p (Romeis B., 1940). Ero oin>iTbi o6Hapy?KHJiH chjilho TopMO3Hm;ee Ha $opMoo6pa3OBaHne, ,n;H$$epeHn;rapoBKy h MeTaMop$o3 ohhthhx skhbothhx. cmia TopMO3Hin;ero bjihhhhh .CB33aHa c xapaKTepoM RHa, — rojioe ji;ho (cTeKjio aKBapayMa), necoK, Top$. Bcero cnjiBHee TopMO3fliD;ee npn OTcyTCTBHH flOHHoro noKpOBa. B to ?Ke BpeMH y bthx jkhbothbix npn thymus'om n mBtTosHfliHafl: 5Kejie3a, no Ha6jno,o;eHHHM HlBapna (1940) a6cojiK)THyio BeJinqimy be coftepraaHHe KOJijionaa b 3aBHCHMOCTH ot t. e. Bbi,o;e^[HeT b KpoBHHoe pycjio pasjin^Hoe KOJin^ecTBO KOJiJionfla. IIoujKe Jiy flo^Ha a jKeJie3a kocthctbix, KaK y?Ke yKa3biBajiocfc, b ocTpoBKax JIaHrepraHca coffepjKHT 6ojibrae HHcyrciiHa, ^eM y O m hmh mo?kho noJib3OBaTbCH HJiH npaKTHqecKoro nojiyneHHfl HHcyjiHHa, sa?KHO b 6opb6e c caxapHoft 6ojie3Hbio. . . ^ M e sk no ?e? h-h e n.Hanno^eHHue ?Kejie3H — glandulae inter^- Jtt suprarenales. y bmcoihx jrhbothhx Haflno^e^HHe ?Kejie3H nrpaioT BecbMa 3Ha- pojib, Ta« Kan wx y^ajieHHe 6e3ycJiOBHo CMepTeJibHO. Ohel o6pa3OBaHbi 0 222 HACIB, HEPBAfl. Ll III Ulvl H3 flByx cjioeB — KopKOBoro, B03HHKaiomero H3 Me3OflepMajiBHoro sanaTKa, o6mero. c nojiOBofi 3Kejie3on, n MO3roBoro, kotopbih. riponcxoflUT H3 HepBHBix raHrjinn h cjijjkht MecTOM o6pa3OBaHHH a^peHajinHa HHHe nojiy^aeTCH TaK»?e CHHTeTiraecKH. B TaKOM BHfle, KaK y Bticmnx jkhbothhx, Ha3BaHHHe H«ejie3H HHKortfa He BCTpe- y pn6; ohh npe^CTaBJieHH OTflejiBHHMH mem- h Haflnone^HLiMH Htejie3aMH» MeHtnoiieTiHHe, cooTBeTCTBypmne KopKOBOMy BemecTBy Bticnrax, pa3BHBaiOTCH: 3a cneT nepnTOHeajiBHoro annTejinn, Tor^a KaK Haflno^e^HBie, oTBe^aiomiHe Mosro- BOMy BemecTBy bhchihx, o6pa3yiOTCfl 3a c^eT CHMnaTiraecKOH HepBHon chctcmh. Vtkq y MHHorn no xo^y aopTH h BeH momho HafiTn KJieTO^HHe cKonjieHHH, cooTBeT- Mem- h Haflnone^mHM H«ejie3aM (Kpay3e). M Te, n^pyrne o6pa3OBaHHH h y cejiaxnfi. Hto KacaeTCH kocthctbix, to y hhx 3a Mewno^e^HHe ?Kejie3H TejiBD;a GTaHHnyca, BHeflpeHHBie f BH^e ropoxoBHflHHX y3ejiKOB B.Ty- no^Ky; ohh 6hjih onncaHH hm b 1839 r. n npeflCTaBJifliOT co6oio KancyjiHr pa36irrHe cenTaMH Ha OTflenBHtie H^efiKH, HanojiHeHHHe napeHXHMOH. B rojiOBHOft HeT Tejiei^ CTaHimyca, hob Hen BMeroTCH octpobkh TKaHH ceT^aToa: CTpyK- , pe3KO OTJIHHHOfl OT OKpyH^aiOmeH JIHM$OHflHOfi. Ee TaKJKe npH3HaH)T 3a HHTep- KaHB. OnncHBafl TaKHM o6pa3OM y myKH Me?Kno^eHHHe ?Kejie3Bi, Kpay3e , hto Haflno^e^HOH ?Kejie3H y Hee HeT. BTHMoSpaHxnaJiBHHe Tena (3rrepT, 1936)1 6hjih nepBOHa- o6HapymeHH GynnHO y jih^hhok yrpen; 3a hem ^?KnaKOMHHH (1909) hx y B3pocjmx yrpen b o6jiacTH BeHO3Horo cnHyca; no3JKe sth 3Kene3H 6bijih aeHBi y MHornx npecHOBOflHHX h Mopcmix pBi6. y JiococeBHX n myKH 3to opraH, CHMMeTpnHHO pacnojioH?eHHHH no o6enM CTopoHaM nnmeBO^a, y npo^mx npecHOBOflHHx — HenapHHHf, xoth BO3HHKaeT b BH^e napHoro o6pa3OBaHHn H3 HHH«Heft ctopohh nnmeBO^a b oSjiacTH nocJie^Hero H«a6epHoro BHnaqH- Blenniidae, no 3rrepTy, HenapHan yjiBTHMoSpaHXHaJiBHan H«ejie3a Jie- 3KHT Me#naJIBHO MeSK^y 30p3aJIBH0H CTeHKOH BeHO3HOrO CHHyCa H KpaHHaJIBHBIM o'T^ejiOM Ana^parMH (septum pericardiaco-peritoneale). HopniaJiBHo 9Ta He HMeeT ^ojuiHKyjiflpHoro CTpoeHna n He coflepjKHT ceKpeTa, ho npn p Ph6bI THpeOTpOHHHM TOpMOHOM Ha^HaeTCH o6pa3OBaHHe ^OJIJIHKyJI It ceKpeT, HanoMnHaiomnfi kojijioh^ nniTOBH^HOH mejie3u. 3HaHeHHe bl onncaHHoro opraHa Hen3BecTHH. JIHTEPATyPA K TJIABE XI M\ pea. FepSHJitCKOro. MeTOS rHno$H3apHHx HHieKmiii h ero pojit b BOcnpoH3BO3CTBe 3anacoB. H3«. Jiry, 1941. - Mopo3()Ba T. E. ^eiiCTBHe npojiaHa h HecTepHjinsoBaHHOft mo^h SepeMeiraoft Ha 003peBaHHe nojiOBMx npoayKTOB OKyHH. 3ooji. HtypH., XV, b. 1, 1936. Bock. Die Hypophyse der Stichlinge. Z—ft wiss. Zool., vol. 131, 1928. E g g e r t. Der Ultimobranchiale Korper der Knochenfische. Z—ft f. Zellforsch. und Mikr. — Anat., Bd. 27, H. 5, 1938. Flobe n ti n et Wei s. fitude histologique de l'hypophyse de l'Anguile. Compt. rend. hebd. Soc. Biol., v. 187, 1931. Gudernatsch. The Thyreoid gland of the Teleosts. Journ. Morph., v. 21, 1911. H a, g e n. Die wichtigsten Endokrinen des" Flufiaals. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. u. Ontog. d.. Tiere. Bd. 61, H.4, 1-936. H a m m a r. Zur Kenntniss der Teleostiernthymus. Arch. mikr. Anat. u. Embryol.t . v. 73, 1909. H a jn m a r. Zur Histogenese und Evolution der Thymusdriise. Anat. Anz., v. 27, 1905,- Harms I. W. Realisation von Genen und konsekutive Adaptation. I. Phasen in der Dif- ferenzierung der Anlagenkomplex und die Frage der Landtierwerdung. Z—ft f. wiss- Zod., Bd. 133, H. 1—2, 1929. I h e r i n g R. Die Wirkung von, Hypophyseninjection auf den Laichakt von Fischen. ZooL Anz., Bd. Ill, No. 11—12, 1935. Ihering, Azevedo, Pereira and G a r d o s o. rnno$H3 h pa3MHO>«eHHe pti6. 0H3HOJI. wypH. CCCP, t. 21, 1936. Kolmer. Zur vergleichenden Histologie der Hypophyse. Verh. d. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien» V. -74^75, 1924. . , . , cynpanepHSpaHxnajiLHHe IX I 'It XII. HROBHTBIE PLIBH 223 la u n d b b r g. Die Entwicklung der Hypophysen und des Saccus yasculosus bet Knochen- fischen und Amphibien. Zool. Jahrtf. f. Anat., v. 7, 1894. M u r r und S k lover. Das Verhalten der Schilddruse in der Metamorphose des Aals. Z—ft vergl. Physiol., vol. 7, 1928. ' Nussbaum und P r y m a k. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der lymphoiden Elemente des Thymus bei den Knochenfischen. Anat. Anz., v. 19, 1901. . p r y m a k. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des feinen Baues und der Involution derThymusdruse bei der Teleostiern. Anat. Anz., v. 21. plehn M. tjfoer eigentumliche Driisenzellen im Gef afisystem und in anderen Organen bei Fischen. Anat. Anz., No. 28, 1906. Romeis BL Futterungsversuche an Kaulquappen bei verschiedenen Bodenverhaltnissen. I. Die BeeinfluBung von Entwicklung und Wacnstum durch Verfiitterung von Thymus, Milz und Leber. Roux Arch. f. Entw. — Mech. d. Organism., Bd. 140, H. 4, 1940. S c'h w a r z. III. Die Beeinflufiung der Schilddruse durch Verfiitterung von Thymus, Milz und Leber, Ibid. . ¦ S-t e n d e 1.1 W. Zurvergleichenden Anatomieund Histologieder Hypophyse.Arch. mikr. Anat. I. Abt., v. 82, 1913. - Stendell. Die Hypophysis cerebri. Oppel's Handb. mikr. Anatomie, Teil 8, 1914. Thomas B. Inlet tissue in the pancreas of the Elasmobranch. The Amer. Record, vol. 76, No. I, 1940. . flflOBHTBIE PBIELI Ph6h, OTJIHHaiOmHeCfl flAOBHTHMH CBOfiCTBaMH, H3BeCTHH H3ffaBHa. IlQBHffH- y, BnepBHe ^narHOCTHKa oTpaBjieHHa onncHBajiacb ncnaHCKHMH BpaqaMH b FaBaHHe nocjie ynoTpe6jieHHH b nnin;y MOJiJiiocKa Turbo pica,, H3BecTHoro TaM-nofl cigua. BcJiefliCTBHe cxoflCTBa chmhtomob oTpaBJieHHH TaK5Ke n nocne yno- Hfl b nHmy h^obhthx pH6, nocJieffHHx ncnaHipjE cTajin HMeHOBaTB Ciguatera, 9to Ha3BaHne npOHHKJio h b cneipiajiBHyio JiHTepaTypy. IOpajKeHHH HffOBHTHMH yKOJiaMH pH6 6HJIH H3BeCTHH B jOipeBHOCTH. CBofiCTBa 6uBaioT caMtiMH pa3JinqHHMH, h moh?ho 6hjio 6h yKa3aTi» pH6, HacTH^Haa haobhtoctb kohx Hen3BecTHa 6oJi&mnHCTBy noTpe- 6nTeJiefi, xoth cymecTByeT HecoMHeHHO. HHorwa HinoBHTocTi. HacTOJiBKo HnHToa«Ha, «ito He npHHocHT HHKaKoro Bpe^a, KpoMe HecKOJibKo 6oJiee 6oJie3HeHHoro, neM o6fcraHO, yKOJia; b spyrnx cJiyqanx cma BH3HBaeT b Te^eHne HecKOJibKHx iaeoB h MBuayT Hen35eH?HBifl cMepTeaBHtift hcxoa, nopoio conpoBoa«ffaeMHH[ KapTHHOio C TO^KH 3peHHH MeffHI^HHCKOft HO RefiCTBHK) Ha OpraHH3M HflH pH6 M03KH0 6H3IO pa3,neJiHTB Ha ffepMaTOTponHHfi, — BH3BiBaK)mHfi MecTHHe KOJKHtie nopajKeHHH, — pacTBopfliorniHfi hjih cKJienBaiomnfi KpoBHHHe TeJiBt^a, 9HTe- ftcTByromHft Ha BHyTpeHHHe opraHH npH BBeffeHHH »iepe3 poT, h, HeBpoTponHHfi, nopajKaiomnfi c 6oJiBinofi 6hctpotoh[ HepBHHe M. On3ajin (1920), moh«ho npoTHBonocTaB , aeHCTByromnx Ykojiom, h^obhtbim, ha kotophx npoHBJiaeTCH npn ynoT- b nnnjy, ^ pH6aMH c hhobhtoh KpoBBio, hrobhtoctb kotophx mojkct 6biti» B HJia3Me KpOBH JIHDIB B Jia6opaTOpHHX yCJIOBHHX. E. H. IlaBJIOBCKHtt (1927) BHffeJiHeT aKTHBHOHflOBHTBix pn6, o6jiaflaioinHx cnennajiBKHM hrobhthme annapaTOM b BHfle KOJiio^eK h meJie3, hjih oehhx tojibko 5KeJie3, h p BHTBIX, HflOBHTOCTB KOTOpHX HBJIfleTCH CJieffCTBHeM XHMHqeCKHX CBOfiCTB T ) , p opraHOB. TaKHM ^aHepoTOKcnqecKHM pHSaM (hbhohaobhtbim) mojkho npoTHBono- CTaBHTB KpHHTOTOKCHHeCKHX (CKpHTOHflOBHTHX), H^OBHTOCTB KOTOpBIX MOJKeT 6bttb o6Hapy?KeHa nyTeM HH^eKniifi kpobhho^ cbibopotkh, BHTflSKeK H3 opraHOB HJIH TOpMOHOB; B eCTeCTBeHHHX yCJIOBHHX OHH, CJieflOBaTeJIBHO, COBCeM He IipOflB- cbohctb. TaKHM o6pa3OM, HecKOJiBKo ynpomaa cx'eMy E. H. jihiot cbohx aKTHBHO-TOKCH^eCKHe HflOHOCHHe HaCCHBHO-TOKCHqeCKHe HflOBHTHG KpanTOTOKCHqecKHe CKpHTOJIffOBHTHe C HffOBHTOH KpOBBK) 224 HEPBAH. MOPopMe h CTpoe- nranoB. Mh CHHTaeM 6oJiee yflaqHOH cncTeaiy IlaBjioBCKoro, KOTopHa b ocHOBy pacnpe^eJieHHa rncTOJiorniecKoe cTpoeHne h^ohochhx HteJie3. p Tnn aaoHOCHoro annapaTa cocTaBJiflroT ph6h, JinmeHHHe AH$$epeHiiH- poBaHHoro KOMnJieKca hsohochhx 5KeJie3HCTBix o6pa3OBaHHH. AnnapaT coctoht H3 06HJIBHLIX OAHOKJieTO^HHX CJIH3HCTBIX KySKOBH^HHX H CepO3HHX an^^O^HJIBHHX KJieTOK, oco6eHHO o6hjibhhx b anHAepMHce, OKpy^KaiomeM ocHOBaHHe nrana. K 3T0My THny cjie^yeT OTHecTH Tex pBi6, y KOTopBix KO?KHBie ?KeJie3H pa3BHBaroTCH tojibko b nepnofl nKpoMeTaHHH, Bpo^e Myoxocephalus scorpius, M. bubalis, Uranoscopus scabcr. y nocjieflnero BH^a onncaHHHe npem^e BoTTapoM 5Kene3H y rpy^Horo nmna BHOCJieACTBHn He 6HJIH Hafifl;eHH IlaBJIOBCKHM. OTHOCHTeJIBHO M. SCOrpiuS HMdOTCH yKa3aHHH Ha HaJinnne 5KeJie3 y TpeTBero mnna npeflKpHmKH b nepnofl HepecTa c HOfl6pa no HHBapB (BoTTap), KOTopHe TaKme Tpe6yioT npoBepKH. Acanthurus chirurgus, odnaAaiomnH mnnoM c6oKy xBocTOBoro CTeSjia, c^HTaeTCH Ty3GMn;aMH onacHHM, o^HaKO, b ero ocHOBaHnn He Hafl^eHO H^eJie3 hh BoTTapoM, hh IlaBJioB- CKHM. BTopofl thh HAOHOCiioro annapaTa npe^CTaBJieH onpeffeJieHHHM 5KeJie3, eme He flH^epeHinipoBaHHBix ot ann^epMnca. Crofla MopcKoro KOTa, Trygon pastinaca, n noji;o6HBix eMy pH6; Ha_HH3KHefi noBepxHOCTH mnna 3aneraroT ABa rayftoKHx H?eJio6Ka, BHnoJiHeHHHX 6oraTOfi KpoBeHOCHHMH cocyflaMH coeflHHHTeJiBHOH TKaHBro. 9nnp;epME[c, JKeJI06KH, 6oraT O^HOKJieTOHHHMH ai^HflO^HJIBHHMH ?KeJie3aMH, TOrfl noKpHBaromHH BepxHroio nojioBHHy mnna, co^epjKHT cKonJieHne cjih3hcthx KJie- tok. HccJieflOBaHHH IlaBjioBCKoro 3acTaBjiaioT othccth haobhthS annapaT MopcKoro KOTa HMeHHO k 3T0My THny oSpasoBaHHfi (pnc. 175 n 176). TpeTHH thh — HanSojiee ycjromHeHHHfi — npeflCTaBJieH y kocthctbix pe3KO o6oco6jieHHBiM ot ann^epMHca KoainJieKCOM meJie3HCTHx kjictok. FpoMa^Hoe hhcjio aKTHBHO fleHCTByromHx HfloBHTHx pH6 npnHafljiejKHT k 9TOMy nocJie^HeMy THny. 06nniH nJiaH CTpoeHHH ?KeJie3H TaKOB. BepeTeHOBH^HBie ?Kejie3H pacnoJiaraiOTCH y Scorpaena b ?KeJio6Kax njiaBHHKOBHx Jiy^en, y Trachinus — cBepx Torp Haa h nofl onepKyjiapHHM mnnoai. Ohh cjiojKenBi Maccofl KpynHHx kjictok c MajieHBKHMH BCTpe^aeTca «o 4 n^ep b oahoh KJieTKe); ceKpeTopHue kjictkh pa3- co6oro onopHHMH. Ilpn ceKpen;HH qacTB cjih3hcthx kjictok pacna- a orpaHHHHBarom;He nx onopHHe kjictkh pa3pHBaroTCH; TaK nojiyiaeTCH npn yKOJie jiohchhh bhbo,hhoh npoTOK; HacTOfln;ero nocroHHHorp npoTOKa hjih hojiocth b ?KeJie3e ne cymecTByeT. y Trachinus, Kpoaie onepKyjiflpHoro mnna, HflooTfleJiHTeJiBHue ?KeJie3H HMeroxcH en;e b 13 Jiy^ax cnnHHoro njiaBHHKa (TpeTHH Jiyq — caMHH MonnHHH). y Scorpaena XII. flflOBHTElE PBIBBI 225 H.UOHOCHH 11 jiynefi nepBoro D (a y HeKOTopux bhhob — S. ustulata /[__3 jiyna BToporo D), nepBHfi JiyH V n 3 Jiyna A. y MHornx comhkob — Plotosus, Noturus, Schilbeodes, Amiurus — man rpyflHoro njiaBHHKa ripeflCTaBJieH b BH^e KpenKOH njiacTHHKH c 3a3y6peHHHM 3a^HHM KpaHMH. HCeJie3H OTKpHBaiOTCH nofl 3aflHHM njie^ieBHM ano- OTBepCTH6M, KOTOpOe 3a~ A npn npuBefleHira rpya- Horo mnna, n OTKpHBaiOTCH npn ero OTBeaeHHH. GaMan ?kejie3a HaCTOJIfcKO BeJIHKa, HTO npocTHM rjia3OM (oHa 5 mm y Noturus p;jihhoio 17 cm) ; no BHjjy H?ejie3H comob otjih^hbi ot TaKOBHX SKe npO^IHX KOCTHCTHX. Thhhhhhmh ?KeJie3aMH ffaiOT MHorne KOCTHCTHei onacHon H3 eBponeficKHx HTaTL Tmchinus, hto, He MemaeT en Sbitb II npOMHCJIOBOH, H C'Le.HOSHOH. O^eHt onacHa H3 TponiraecKHx Synanceia. K TOMy ?Ke Tnny othochtch Scorpaena, Sebastes h 6jiH3Kne k HeMy poah Sebasto- des, Sebasticus, Pterois, Batra- chus, Doras h MHorne npyrne. GoBceM oco6hh:kom ctoht Thal- lassophryne, y KOToporo, homhmo cnnHHoro annapaTa, HMeexcH onepKyjinpHHH, r,ne mnn npoSo- ,D[eH KaHaJiOM ^jih BHBefleHHH fl.ua. E[0CT0flHHHe bumi cjih3h, yKOJIH nJiaBHHKO- H#a h paH 3aHflTtie bi — npHBO^flT K TOMy, HTO Ha Tpayjiepax ^ niKepKofl pbi6h 6e3 pe3 HeCKOJIBKO RHeH BHXOflflT H3 CTpofl, Tan KaK hx pyKH noKpH- Me^JieHHO 3a?KHBaion]iHMH n HapHBaMH. B 6oJiee cepte3HHx cjiynaflx, HanpHMep, mnnaMH Trackinus hjih xboctom Trygon — no- HBJIfleTCfl HeBHHOCHMafl 6O JIB, pacnpocTpaHHiomaflCfl c lafiHOH SHCTpOTOH, JIH HeB03M0?KH0CTB b Te^eHHe flojiroro BpeMeHH nojiB3OBaTLCH nopajKeHHHM opraHOM, Tpo^CTBa ffHxaHHH h ReffTejiBHocTH cepama, KOHByjiBcnn, a b HeKOTopHx cjiy- h CMeptB. IIpH BH3flopoBJieHHH 6ojib omymiaeTCH b TeneHne oneHB ^ojirpro Bpe- , ho 2 MecaijeB. Tponn^ecKne pli6bi enje onacHee: yKOJIH Synanceia BH3HBaiOT ncxofl b npoMewyTOK BpeMeHH . ot 3 ^acoB jsfi ; SHBaiOT, kOHeHHO, TaKJKe cjiyqan BH3flopoBJieHHH. IIo BoTTapy, b 7/ H3 25 Ha6jiioflaJiHCB CMepTeJiBHBie hcxo^h. H^om TponnnecKHX Trygonida e nojiB3OBajiHeB fljifl OTpaBJieHHH 15 Ochobu at. 175- OCHOBHHe THIIH HAOHOCHOrO BOOpy?KeHHH y ptid. CxeMa hs IlaBJiOBCKoro. A— oHHOKjieTOHHHe JKejieau anHHepianca njiaBHHKa; ep — aiiHflepMHc; bz— cjiHSHCTHe; az—¦¦ ceposHHe aaHno$Hjn.Hhie >Kejie3HCTHe kjictkh. B— onpewjieHHHfi, ho He HH$$epeHi(H- poBaHHuft KOMiuieKC OHHOKjieTOHHEix jKeJies aniwepMHca xbo- CTOBoro mnna Trygon. C ¦— KOMnaKTHan MHoroKJieTOHHaa a«ejie3a— gd — HtaOepHoit kphiiikh; az— HtejiesncTHe; dz — onopHHe KJieTKH; ag— jiojkhbih BBXBOJiHoii npoTOK; as— bu- HapyHiy hh; st — mini. 'i -1 II ?! } i j i i3: PIP . if , ¦ if 226 HEPBAH. MOPOOJIOrHfl B cjiy^ae ynojiOB hjih pa3pymeHHH n^a npHMeHHioT BnpHCKHBaHne b hocth paHH HeSoJiBinnx KOJiH^ecTB 2—5°/00 pacTBopa MaprstHn;eBO-KHCJiord n;ejin peKOMeHflyioT l°/00 pacTBop xjiopncToro 3OJioTa. ^a noflpo6Hee Bcero H3yHajinci> Ha Trachinus. Hr MMeeT ayio peaKipcio, CBepTHBaeTca npn KBUHHeHHH: n ot npH6aBKn cnnpTa, h a30TH0H khcjioth; oh TepaeT BnpyjieHTHocTB ot npn6aBKH pacTBopa xjiopncToro 3OJiOTa 1 : 1000. HeTBepTB Kanjin n^a 6bijio BnpBiCHyro b 6oKOByio jihhhio Kapna; *iepe3 22 MHHyTH y Hero npeKpaTHJincB RHxaTejiBHHe HBiDKeHHfl. 0.01 r BBicymeH- Horo H^a ySnBaeT 3OJioTyio pn'6Ky iepes'2 ^aca; 0.02 r"— mbihib b Te^eHne 2 AHeii; 0.05 r — MopcKyio CBHHKy ^epe3 3 Haca; 0.1 r ySnBaeT KomKy BecoM 3.4 Kr. HftOBHTBie pn 6h. OTpaBJieHHH npn ynoTpe6jieHHH b nnmy ph6h H3- MHoro; k co^KajieHHio, npn onHcaHnn hoaoShhx cjiy^aeB KpafiHe k Piic. 176. nonepe^Hbift pa3pe3 qepe3 XBOCTOBOit uinn Trygon pastinaca. e(f—cepo3HBie HtejiesHCTfcie kjictkh; sd—cjiH3EtCTHe KJieTKH. (Ha IlaBJiOBCKoro.) to^ihhh: bh^ pbi6h h To^raBie cuMnTOMH OTpaBJieHHH; pti6 othocht TaKJKe h Te cjiyian, Kor^a npnqHHOH: BTopn^HBie H3MeHeHna b caMofl pBi6e. BeccnopHO HflOBHTOCTB TOJIBKO HO OTHOmeHHIO CpaBHHTeJIBHO HeMHOrHX BH^OB, XOTH CHHCOK HflOBHTBIX npeSBHHaHHO BeJIHK. TfljKeJiBie cjiynan OTpaBJieHHfl Jiioflen cynoM H3 MHHorn H3BecTHH b HM6ypr- ckom ye3p;e (HHHe KHHrnccen). OflHaKo, MHHora rjih e^H coBepmeHHO 6e3BpeflHa7 ecjin em;e b 5khbom BH^e ee nocBinaTB o6hjibho cojibio h 3aTeM TmaTeJiBHo otmhtb. BMAeJiHBmyiocfl cjih3b, KOTopaa, bh^hmo, h BBi3Bajia Ha3BaHHHH[ Carcharias glaucus h Galeus canis npn3HaiOTCfl HflOBHTBiMH. GpeflH KOCTHCTHX HflOBHTHe OC06eHHO OSHJIBHH B TpOmraeCKHX MOpflX; K H1ZIM othocht HeKOTopBie BHflH Serranus, Mesoprion, Chaetodon, Pagellus, Lethrinusr Coryphaena, Sphyraena. MHorne H3 hhx OTJiH^aiOTca h,hobhthmh: CBoficTBaMH tojibko b nepnofl pa3MHomeHHH; TaKOBH ceJiB^eBHe Ilischa, Thrissa. Melletta ve- nenosa BH3Bajia hgckojibko CMepTejiBHHX cjiynaeB. B Hameft $ayHe hwobeltoctb npncyrqa mtpe n CpioniHHe MapnHKH h ocinaHa, Schizothorax h Diptychus, o6HTaK)mHX b BOfloeaiax GpeRHen A3hh — HccHK-Kyjie, BaJixame, b penax ApajiBCKoro 6accefiHa. Hnpa ycana, Barbus, n xpaMyjiH, Va- ricorhinus, o6jiaffaeT no KpafiHen Mepe cjiaSnTejiBHHMH CBoficTBaMH. Bh,hh Sphae- roides HnoHCKoro MopH HMeiOT BnojiHe CBeflo6Hoe mhco, ho H^OBHTHe nojioBHe 3Kejie3Bi n 6pioiniiHy. H^obhtoctb hkph MapnHKH He HCHe3aeT npn BapeHHH h co- JieHHH H BH3HBaeT pBOTy H HOHOC, H flaSKe B HCKJIIOHHTeJIBHHX H XII. HflOBHTHE PBIBBI 227 HHe HexoflH; #a3Ke nTHipj He ejjaT BBi6pomeHHOH nKpu; cjiynafiHO nporjiOTHBinafl flHtIHHK BOpOHa O^eHb 6HCTpO OKOJieJia. Boo6me HyjKHO 3aMeTHTB, ^to ynoTpeSjiemie b nnmy KaKofi 6h to hh 6bljio hkpbi flonycTHMO jrami> Tor.ua, Koraa nocjie npuSaBJieHna cojiee 6y^eT y#ajieHa BBiCTynaio- maa jkh#koctb, t. e. nooie hcckojibkhx nacoB ctohhhh c cojibio; npn HHH B HHIDiy OCeTpOBOH HKpBI, TOJIBKO ^TO H3BJie*ieHH0H H3 HHHHHKa, He BO3MO3KHOCTB OCTpHX KHmeHHBIX 3a60JieBaHHH. GaMHM 6oraTHM h,hobhthmh Bn^aMH aBJiaeTca OTpafl Tetrodontif ormes (Plecto- gnathi). Xoth cpean hhx Hapafly c hsobhthmh HMeeTCH n;ejiHH[ pafl coBepmeHHO 6e3- Bpe^HHX BHflOB, cjieflyeT KaTeropn^ecKH BOcnpeTHTB ynoTpe6jieHne b nnrqy scex p£i6 aToro OTpa^a cobgtckhm MopaKaM, TaK KaK cpe^n hhx e^Ba jih HanayTCH cne- n;iiaJiHCTH, jierKO pa36npaioin;necfl b bhrobhx otjihhhhx ph6. IIo Taxapa, msco Tetrodon BKycHO h 6e3Bpefl;HO, HflOBHTBi JinniB hhhhhkh: h HKpa; no yflajieHHH hx h TmaTejiBHOH npoMHBKe Tejio momkho ecTB. OffHaKO, 3Haa cjiynan, Korfla jhorh nepe3 20 MHHyT nocne ynoTpe6jieHHH b numy CKajiO3y6os, HyjKHO KaTero- 3anpeTHTB nx npnMeHeHne 6e3 aBTopnTeTHon caHKn;HH. rto $ , 3a BpeMH c 1888 no 1909 r. b Hhohhh, r«e npeKpacHo 3HaiOT Ph6h $yKy, eiKerp^HO yMnpajio ot OTpaBJieHns Tetrodon ot 65 (npH 97 OTpaBJiemiflx) p;o 141 nejioBeKa (h3 219 OTpaBJieHnn). Bcero 3a 22 ro^a 3aperncTpnpoBaHo 3106 cJiynaeB OTpaBJieHna, H3 hhx 2090 CMepTeJiBHBix hcxohob, b cpe^HeM, 6e3 Majioro no 100 CMepTen b ro^. H^o^hthmh HBJiHiOTCfl MHorne bh^bi Tetrodon, Balistes- h ^p. Ghmhtomh OTpaBneHHfl: ^ypHOTa, 6ojib b sKejiyffKe, rojiOBHaa 6ojib, MejiOBaa 6jieaH0CTB, 3paH0K Ha cbct He pearnpyeT, nyjiBc He npomynHBaeTCH, TeainepaTypa Tejia 35.5°, ocTaHOBKa flHxaHHH, CMepTB. H3 fleficTByeT Ha aBixaTejiBHBie n Ba30- MOTOpHHe IjeHTpBI. BoflHHe BBITHKKKH H3 HH^HHKOB TetTodon HpH BHpHCKHBaHHH ySnBaiOT co6aKy, Konmy, Kponinta hKpncy (TaKaxacn n Hhoko). (1922) HamjiH, ^to aflpeHajinH n 9KCTpaKT H3 rnno$H3a ocjia6jifliOT H HMH M03KH0 CHaCTH HtHBOTHOC flfl xopomo pacTBopnM b Bose, TpyaHO—b a6cojiK>THOM cnnpTy n coBceM Hepac- TBopnM b 3$npe n xjiopo&opMe; oh He pa3pymaeTCH npn KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM khhh- (1910) $ ppppy Taxapa (1910) H3BJieK fleflcTByiomee GO H,n;a, TeTpoflOTOKCHH, b p () y , p 6ejioro noponma G16H31NOJ6; npn aeHCTBnn cojihhoh khcjiotbi oh pacna^aeTCH Ha TeTppHHH n TeTpofl;oneHTO3y, ^apMaKOJiorn^ecKH 6e3flejrre.JiBHBie. G flO3a 9Toro fl^a rjih. KpojiHKa 4 Mr Ha 1 Kr Beca. no3,nHeHnrae HaSjuo^eHnH noKasann, ^to afl BHjj;ep?KHBaeT KHmrceHHe b 4 nacoB h pa3pymaeTCH tojibko nencnHOM h KHnaneHHeM co mejio COJIHHOH KHCJIOTOfl. HeKOTOpHe (KapHTa, 1914) C^HTaiOT flfl 3a HOJIOBOH TOpMOH. Boo6m.e OKa3HBaeTCH, hto y Tetrodon h^obhtbi jihuib hojiobhc JKeJie3H h, 6bitb. MOH?eT, HeKOTopne flpyrne BHyTpeHHne opraHBi, ho He mhco, xoth, Ka3ajiocB 6h, o6njine OTpaBJieHHH b Hhohhh npoTHBope^HT ~3T0My. KpiHTOTOKCI^eCKHe p H 6 H. HffOBHTBie CBOHCTBa TaKHX pH6 b ecTecTBeHHBix ycjiOBHHX He npoflBJiflioTCfl coBepmeHHO, ho b na6opaTopHOH o6cTa- HOBKe MOJKHO HOJiy1IIHTB ^peSBH^aHHO CHJIBHHe 9$$eKTBI HpHMeHeHHeM KpOBHHOfi CHBOpOTKH, KOTOpafl npH HH'LeKnHH: B TeJIO, 0C06eHH0 npH BHyTpHBeHHOM BJIH- BaHHH, oneHB ^acTO pacTBopaeT apnTpon;B[TH ^ejiOBeKa, KpojiHKa, mopckobe cbhhkh, MBimn. GepyM Muraena npn HarpeBaHnn #o 56° b TeneHne 15 mhh. TepaeT reMOJin- TH^ecKHe CBOHCTBa, ho coxpaHaeT aflOBHTOCTB, KaKOBaa Hcne3aeT tojibko nocjie HarpeBaHna flo 75°. fljia nojiyneHna chbopotkbl H3B3ieHeHHaa kpobb oTCTanBaeTca b TeneHne hcckojibkhx nacoB, flenaHTHpyeTca, pa36aBJiaeTca AByMa oSteMaiviH $n- 3HOJiorHHecKoro pacTBopa, ujeHTpn^yrnpyeTca RJia OTfleneHHa KpoBaHBix Teneii, hfljianpnBHBOKpa36aBJiaeTcab3i6ojiee pa3. Hhobhtoctb cbibopotkh coxpanaeTCff no KpafiHen Mepe 8 flHefi. ¦'¦'.-,''¦ Mocco (1888) o6HapyjKnji aflOBHTHe CBOHCTBa npn nccjieflOBaHnn KpoBnyrpe^ — Conger, Anguilla, Muraena; aflOBHToe Ha^ano oh Ha3Bajr hxthotokchhom. Ghbo- poTKa yrpa oSnaflaeT mrj^ms. BKycoM; npn HarpeBaHHH no 58° aAOBHTHe CBOHCTBa Hc^e3aiOT; an pa3pymaeTca Tai«Ke aenCTBHeM khcjiot h n^ejioHea; npn S hhh BHyTpB cepyM, no Mocco, 6e3BpeffeH. 1 228 ILEPBAfl. MGPOOJIOTHfl { . I ii V 111 :j.!i !H' HHteKn;iin 0.02 r Ha 1 Kr Beca co6aKa yainpaeT b TeneHne HeckojiBKnx KOHByjiBcnn, pacmnpeHne spa^KOB, onopojKHeHne KnmeHHHKa h MO^eBoro ny3Hpa, ocTaHOBKa ftBixairafl: n cep^na, HeMe#jieHHoe OKo^eHeHne. Ilpn MaJiBix flO3ax — CMepTB b Teneirae 1—3 flHen. HflOBHTBie CBOHCTBa CBiBopoTKH 6bijih no3?Ke o6Hapy?KeHH TaKJKe y MHHorn, jihhh, Torpedo, Tymja, Kapna. 3aMe^aTeJitHa Heo^H^anHO cnjitHaH noTepn b Bece no^onHTHoro JKHBOTHoro; iipn BnpHCKHBaHHH cjiaSLix flO3, He BBi3HBaioinHX CMepTH, Ha6jno,n;aeTCfl KaTacTpo- ^n^ecKoe ncxy^aHHe. MopcKan CBHHKa 540 r BecoM, nocjie HHrbeKn;HH chbopotkh, noflorpeTOH b Te^eHne 15 mhh. ao 58°, noTepajia 3a cyTKH 236 r; npn noBTopHOM BnpHCKHBaHHH JKHBOTHOe yMHpaeT OT MaJIOKpOBHil H HCTOmeHHfl. HeBOJILHO BO3- HHKaeT MHCJIB 0 B03M0JKH0CTH npHMeHeHHfl CBIBOpOTKH ^JIH Jie^eHHH JEEOfleH, ^aiOmHX H3JIHHIHHM OJKHpeHHeM. noflo6HO CHBopoTKe ^encTByeT n cjih3b yrpn. flarae bhthjkkh b <5kom pacTBope H3 jihhhhok yrpfl, Leptocephalus, BBi3Bn?aiOT OTpaBJieHne h ot ocTaHOBKH cepfln;a; 5 jih^hhok Ha 1 Kr Beca b BBiTHJKKe 10 cm3 flocTaTO^Ho, hto6h ero b BemecTBO mo»?ho noJiy^HTB fl;a?Ke h H3 Mnca yrpn. BeHem o6pa3OM. Mhco pacTnpaeTCH c necKOM, HacTanBaeTCH cyTOK n 3aTeM n;eHTpH^)yrHpyeTCfl:; npn ^ajiBHenmeM ctohhhh o6hjibhbih oca^OK; citnTaH jkh^koctb ocasK^aeTCH cepHOKHCJiBTM Ilpn BHcymHBaHHH ocTaBmeroca pacTBopa noJiy^aeTCH haobhtbih nopomoK — ,q;o 2.5 r H3 600 r Mflca. Oh ySnBaeT Kpojimta nepe3 6 ^acoB npn BnpBiCKHBaHHH 2 cm3 b $H3HOJiornHecKOM pacTBope 1/200. IIop;o6hhm ?Ke o6pa3OM H3 ceMeHHHKOB jiococh h apyrnx pBi6 6hjih nony^eHH H^OBHTHe BemecTBa — cajiMHH, KJiioneHH, ckomSphh, CTypnH, annneH3epnH, u;h- npHHHH, n;HKJionTepHH, — Ha3biBaeMBie cooTBeTCTBeHHO hmchh ph6h. OTpaBJieHne HTOManHaMH. IIomhmo H3Jion?eHHBix BHme OTpaBJie- hhh 6ojie3HeHHHe HBJieHHH MoryT BO3HHKHyTB npn ynoTpe6jieHHH b nnmy HecBe- 5Ken, HcnopTHBmeHCfl ph6h. Ilpn oTpaBJieHnax pa3JinHHBiMH HTOManHaMH, 6jih3- khmh no fteiiCTBHK) k aJiKajionflaM, pa3BHBaioni;HMHCH npn nponeccax pa3JiOJKeHHH, noflBJiflioTCfl pe3KO BBipajKeHHHe paccTpoflCTBa racTpoaHTepnqecKoro xapaKTepa — 6ojib, cjia6ocTB, hohoc, pBOTa, cjiobom — HB^eHHa xojiepnqecKoro nopfl^Ka (Ichthy- ismus choleriformis); b ^pyrnx cjiynaflx ohh conpoBOH?flaK>Tca iiBjieHHflMH nopa- M?eHHH kojkhbix noKpoBOB — 9pHTeMOH, CBinBio, mejiymeHHeM annflepMHca (Ichthyis- mus exanthematicus). H3 pa3JiaraK)m;HXCfl pBi6 H3BJie^eHBi KaflaBepnH, HeBpn- , nyTpecn;HH h npyrne ocHOBaHHH. B HeKOTopHx cjiy^anx SBiBaeT onacHO yno- S b ilnmy pbi6bi nocjie othocht6jibho HeflOJiroro jieH?aHHH nocjie CMepTH 6e3 hbhhx npn3HaKOB nop^n. H3BecTHH THJKejiHe cjiy^an oTpaBJiercHH , nojiejKaBmeH HeKOTopoe Bpeaia (npoflOJiJKHTejiBHocTB jiejKaHHfl He ycTa- coBepmeHHO omn6oqHO flyMaTB, ^to ynoTpe6jieHne b nnmy pn6 c hb- hhmh npH3HaKaMH HajiH^iHH npoD;eccoB pa3Jio?KeHHfl pH6Horo Mflca Bcer.ua flBJineTCfl onacHHM. B flopeBOJiion;HOHHoe BpeMH He tojibko ho^th Bee cnSnpcKne Han;HOHajiB- HBie MeHBmHHCTBa, ho h pyccKoe HacejieHne 6e3 Bpe^a ^jih 3,o;opoBB5i ejin KHCJiyio h KBameHyH) pn6y Ha pa3HHX CTa^HHx pa3Jio?KeHHfl; «bohbkhh» OMyjiB npKyTHH, ?rpecKa c npoH3HTejiBHBiM 3anaxoM, «aH^oycHafi» cejiB^B, cnrn ne^opcKoro 3acojia h t. fl. — Bee 9to 6bijih oSbi^hhc nnmeBHe npoflyKTBi, HaxoffHBmHecfl Ha pa3HBix CTaffHHx pa3Jio?KeHHfl. Ho HHOiyja npoHBJiHJincB THJKeJiBie cjiynan octpbix racTpo- 3HTepn^iecKHx OTpaBJieHnfl n ot nop^eHon ph6h, cjiynan, KOTopne nopoio Henpa- bhjibho KBajiH$nn;npyioTCH KaK OTpaBJieHHH pbiShbim h^om. Pbi6hhh Hfl cue^yeT OTJinnaTB ot ^HBHOJiorn^ecKOH fl^OBHTOCTH h^obhtbix Pbi6; oh B03HHKaeT npn onpeflejieHHBix ycJiOBnax y coBepmeHHO Hefl^OBHTHX pBi6, iipeHMyni;ecTBeHHO oceTpoBHX. 3tot cnen;H$H^ecKHH tokchh pa3BHBaeTCH KaK npo- flyKT H?H3HefleflTejiBH0CTH ocoSoh SaKTepHH, Bacillus ichthyismi, n He HMeeT o6mero c rmiJiocTHBiMH npoD;eccaMH b TyxJiofi ptiSe. Hao6opOT, OTpaBJieHne HHM HflOM npOHCXOflHT HpH ynOTpe6jieHHH 6e3yKOpH3HeHHO CBeJKHX XII. HflOBHTBIE PBIBBI 229 He HHKaKHX npH3HaKOB HOpHH. Ho BHemHHM npH3HaKaM HeB03M03KHO y b pH6e HaJinnne ph6hotq n^a; npn 6e3ynpei?HOM KaHecTBe ph6h ee Henpn- roflHOCTb oSHapyjKHBaeTCH ysKe nocjie OTpaBJieHHH. IIo9TOMy, ^to6h npep;oxpaHHTi> cebfl, cJienyeT npHHHTB 3a npaBHJio He ynoTpeSjiHTB b ninny cbtdoh pbi6bi oceTpoBHX nopofl h 6ejiopBi6HnBi; OTpaBJieHne nponcxoftHT npn ynoTpe6jieHHn: b mauXy cojichoh (cupon, HeBapeHon) pbiSbi. KapraBa oTpaBJieHnn *ipe3- BH^afiHO xapaKTepHa: ^epe3 1—48 ^acoB nocjie ejjBi noHBJiHeTCH 6ojib b jKeJiyao^- hoh o6jiacTH, rojioBOKpysKeHne, cjiaSocTB, pBOTa, HapymeHne 3peHHH, — Bee oKpyjKaiomee Ka?KeTCH OKpameHHHM b HtejiTHM hjih KpacHHfi n;BeT; flBiuKeHHfl: rjia3 ne 3pai[iKH 3aji;epjKKa nyjiBca, napajinn ot 2—3 ^acoB flo 2—3 cyxocTB cjih3hcthx KHmeiTHHKa n MBimn;; CMepTB HacTynaeT b npn ocjiaSjieHHH cepaeHHofi p Bee bto npm3HaKH HepBHoro OTpaBJieHHH (ichthyismus neuroticus). emecTBO mojkct 6bitb H3BJie^eH0 H3 KycKa cojieHofi ph6h CBoficTBa coxpaHHiOTca npn BHcymHBaHHH, ho npn HarpeBaHHH 50° pa3pyniaiOTCfl. fl-p KoHCTaHCOB (1915) ycTaHOBHji, hto pbiShbih np, HJIH Ha3po6Hon 6aKTepnn, Bacillus ichthyismi, , BH3BIBaK)H];eH OTpaBJieHHe KOJl6aCHBIM HROM; H03T0My nacTo npnMeHHioT Ha3BaHHe 6oTyjiH3Ma k cjiy^aflM OTpaBJieHHH ph6oh. JIy (1937) Hanma, ^to cnopH btoh SaKTepnn, BBeaeHHBie pn6e b mbohubi h nepe3 poT, npoHHKaiOT bo Bee TKaHH b TeneHne 12 ^acoB npn 13— 26°; o6pa3OBaHHe TOKCHHa CKa3HBaeTCH y?Ke b Te^eHne nepBBix JKe cyTOK; 3aMopa- ?KHB.aHHe p;o —18° h 3acojn?a b Te^eHHe 2 cyTOK He ocjia6jraiOT tokch^ihocth ph6- Horo MHca. BBijjejieHHaH b ^ihcthx KyjiBTypax B. ichthyismi, no KoHCTaHCOBy, 7—8 jj. rjihhh m Ija mnpnHH. EMy y,n;ajiocB HMMyHH3HpOBaTB 6apaHa h nony- ie^eGHyio CHBopoTKy. GaHHTapHaH on;eHKa pa6a h paKOB 3 a r^p h 3 h e h h h x BOflOeMOB. IIOMHMO OTpaBJieHHH JIIOReH nTOMaHHaMH H TOKCHHOM HXTHH3Ma (D0TyjiH3Ma) pbi6bi MoryT cjiyn?HTB Tanme nepeHoc^HKaMH xojiepHBix bh6phohob h Rpyrnx SaKTepnn, naToreHHBix hjih TenjioKpoBHHX jkhbothhx, BH3HBaH 3a6ojie- BaHHH napaTH$o3Ho-9HTepHTHOH rpynnn. CaMH 6aKTepnH, Bnpo^eM, He hbjihiotch naToreHHHMH jjjih ph6; oco6eHHO SjiaronpnHTHBi rjih oSceMeHeHHH 6aKTepnHMH Ph6h BOfloeMOB, Kyna nocTynaiOT CTOHHBie bop;h n o^inniiaiOTCH BBirpeSHBie hmbi; b cjia6o npoTOHHHX BOftoeMax HanSojiBniee 3arpn3HeHHe npoHcxo^HT b paHHe-Be- ceHHne h no3flHeoceHHne MecHHH. HocHTejiHMH naToreHHHX SaKTepnn b 3arpa3- HeHHBix BOftoeMax Hanj,e hbjihiotch xm^HHe ph6h — njyKa, HajiHM, OKyHB, — ^eM KapnoBHe; caMH ph6h He HMeiOT HHKaKnx 6ojie3HeHHHX npH3HaKOB, ho oScenie- hhiotch SaKTepnHMH KpaflHe 6hctpo, b TeneHHe He CBBnne 48 iacoB; BnpyjieHTHOCTB 6aKTepnn coxpaHHeTCH jj;o 21, a nopoio — ao 30 flHefl. BaKTepnn HaxoflHTCH He tojibko Ha BHeinHHX noKpoBax, ho MoryT TaKHte npo- HHKaTB BHyTpB Ph6h, OCoSeHHO B KHmeHHHK H HO, BHJpiMO, pa3MHO3KaTBCH 3 yp P, , , , p b hhx He chocoShbi BCJiefliCTBHe He6jiaronpHHTHHX TeMnepaTypHHX ycjiOBHH. 3aTO bo BpeMH xpaHeHHH h TpaHcnopTHpOBKH pnS, oco6eHHo, ecjin TeMnepaTypa npn- 6jIH3KaeTCH K OHTHMaJIBHOH flJIH pa3BHTHH 6aKTepHH, pa3MHO3KeHHe HX MO3KCT HpO- hcxo^htb CHapy?KH h BHyTpH pbi6bi. TaKHM o6pa3OM, ph6h, ycTpnnH h paKH, bh- JIOBJieHHHe H3 3apaJKeHHBIX naTOreHHHMH flJIH TenJIOKpOBHBIX SaKTepHHMH hjih KopMJieHHHe mhcom ot 3apa3Ho6oJiBHHX jkhbothbix, MoryT cjiysKHTB HHKaMH HH$eKH;HH ffJIH JIIOReH H 3KHB0THHX. IIoAoSHyiO pH6y M03KH0 yHOTpe6jIHTB b nnmiy HCKJiio^HTeJiBHO b xopomo npoBapeHHOM BHfle; RonycTHMa n repMeTH^e- CKaH o6pa6oTKa c CTepHjiH3anneH KOHcepBOB bhcokoh TeMnepaTypoK. OSjiob 3a- rpH3HeHHBis naToreHHHMH rjih TenjioKpoBHHX 6aKTepnHMH BO^oeMOB nywe Bcero npOH3BOflHTB 3HMOH), KOr^a yCJIOBHH ffJIH oSceMeHCHHH pBl6 MHKpo6aMH H ffJIH pa3- MHOH?eHHH nocjieffHHx HamvteHee 6jiaronpnHTHBi. HaKOHen;, hjioxo npoBapeHHan pti6a moskct cjiysKHTB nepeHOC^HKOM 3a6oJieBaHHH (Diphyllobothrium h np.)oco6eHHO npn nocpeflCTBe t Sl n cnroB. ft' u Is I ¦M Hi1 a * ¦it1-"' Hi 230 IIEPBAS. K O JI a .G a Pa Ph JIHTEPATyPA K TJIABE XII p e r ji h fl X. C. GaHHTapHaa oi^eHKa pti6 h paKOB 3arpH3HeHHHx BOfloeiwOB. Hfefl. BiiTe0CK. BeTep. hhct., 1940. jiyjKHaH-JIyKameBa. K Bonpocy o pa3MH0?KeHHH h TOKCHHOOfJpasOBaHHH Bac. botulinus b MHiimax pi.16. Ph6h. XO3., HJIBHOH rpy603epHHCT0fi[ HJia3MOH. BtH KJieTKH MaKCHMOB (1927) Ha3BaJI HOKOIO- mHMHCH SjiymaaroinHMH KJieTKaMH; no MoJiJieHAop$y, bto aepHBaT (j)H6ponnTOB. 3th HMMHTpHpyromHe cioffa $h6pohhtbi, no.3ayTepy, cocTaBJiHiOT rjiaBHBra pereHe- pamnoHHBift MaTepnaji n MoryT 6htb Ha3BaHBi reHepanHOHHHMH KJieTKaMH. B Te^eHne nepBtix me HHen nocjie onepaipoa: b BeHy Ha6npaeTCH SojiBmoe ko- MaKpo^aroB; Ha'qnHaeTCH HHTeHCHBHHfi <$aron;HTO3 pa3pymeHHHX KJie- ^ no3?Ke npeo6pa3yiOTCfl b pereHepan;iioHHHe kjigtkh. KoHneiujHio 3ayTepa o cymHocTH pereHepan;HOHHoro npon;ecca npuHfljin TaKJKe (1935) h Hhb (1940), kotophh: tojibko b jjeTajrax bbohht nonpaBKH b ero O, no cjioBaM A. A. 3aBap3HHa (1938), «rncTonorH^ecKafl paSoTH 3ayTepa OTJinnaeTCH Sojibhioh HamBHocTBio». IIo ero cjioBaM, 3ayTep k cBoeaiy MaTepnaJiy c npe;n;B3HTBiM JKenaHHeM HanTH b opraHH3Me pbi6 njiy- pereHepan;HOHHBie kjictkh. 3ayTep Haxo^nn, H nyTeM nponn$epan;HH H3 3sopoboh TKaHH c ORHofi ctopohh, h Ha c^eT BHe^pHBinHxcH pereHepan;HOHHHX KJieTOK — c Rpyrofi; ocTaTKH pa3pymeHHtix MBimeranx kjictok pa3pymaiOTCH 6jiarofl;apH ReHTejiBHOCTia ^aronjHTHpyiomHx kjictok, KOTopHe b TeneHne 5—10 K&eii 3aKaH*raBaK>T npon;ecc pacnap;a h pa3pymeHHH MBnneraoft TKaHH. Hao6opoT, no 3aBap3HHy, noBpejKReHHBTe h npHJieraiomne k hhm MBime^HBie BOJioKHa noffBep- raiOTCH pa3pymeHHio h p;ereHepan;HH He tojibko 3a cneT npoHHKaioni;HX b paHy Kpo- bhhbix JieHKon;HTOB, ho TaK?Ke h BCJieffCTBHe aBTOJiHTH^ecKHX npon;eccoB, TaK KaK KOjnzraecTBO $aron;HTOB He cooTBeTCTByeT pa3MepaM npoH3BO«HMoro pa3pymeHHfl. PereHepan;HH MBnne^HHX bojiokoh coBepmaeTCH hckjuohhtcjibho nyTeM HOBOoSpa- 30BaHHfl H3 OftHOHflepHHX MH06jiaCT0B, KOTOpHe BO3HHKaiOT H3 CapKOnJia3MBI bojiokoh, noflBeprmnxca: nacTiraaoMy pa3pymeHHio b Te^eHne nepBHX noejieonepa- d;hohhhx RHen, BonpeKH yTBepmseHjiK) 3ayTepa, kotophh c^HTaji bosmojkhbim hx npOHCXOJKfleHHe H3 Me3eHXHMHHX KJieTOK. MH06jiaCTH JjeJIHTCH MHTOTH^eCKH Ha oflHOH^epHHe MHoSjiacTH; bth nocjieflHne noflBepraioTCH aMHTOTH^ecKOMy H RaiOT MHOrOHflepHBie MH06jiaCTH, H3 KOTOpBIX H 06pa3yH)TCH HOBBie BOJIOKHa'. Ilpn pereHepan,HH pe6ep, no 3ayTepy, ocTaTOK pe6pa h HaHKOCTHHn;a h o6Ha3KaeTca koctb, KOTopaa nojUBepraeTCH pe3op6n;HH. IlocJie 3Toro kjictkh pa3pacTaioTCfl h BMecTe c npnKo^eBHBaroinHMH pereHepan;HOHHHMH pacnojiaraiOTca pH^aMH, npeBpam;aK).TCfl b ocTeoSnacTH n BHRejiaioT HOByio koctb. no,o;o6HHM o6pa3OM npoHCxojpiT h pereHepan;HH Jiy^efi njiaBHHKos (jienn- ROTpHXHH): b pereHepaT BBiflBnraiOTCH KJieTKH HaflKOCTHHn;H, BH^eJiflfl KOCTHoe semecTBO (GyBopoB). HoBoe pe6po o6pa3yeTCfl He tojibko h3 ocTaTKa, CTOflm;ero B CBH3H C HO3BOHKOM, HO TaKJKe H H3 BeHTpaJIBHOrO; H3OJIHpOBaHHBie OCTaTKH pa- «TyT bhjiotb ho cjihhhhh c cnHHHHMH, ho npH BCTpe^HOM pocTe nojiyqaeTCH Henpa- bhjibhhh pereHepaT h ocTaTOK pe6pa MOHteT cpacTaTBcn c coceRHHM. BoccTaHOBJieHHe 3nnj];epMHca 6bijio paccMOTpeHO BBnne. IIpH pereHepaunn ko- pnyMa, no 3ayTepy, npHKo^eBHBaiomHe OTOBCiofly pereHepan;HOHHHe kjictkh ycn- pa3MHO5KaioTca aMHTOTH^ecKH h MHTOTH^ecKH h pacnojiaraiOTCfl noff hoboo6- nflepMHcoM. B KJieTKax 3aMeTHO o6pa3OBaHHe tohkhx $h6phjiji; nocTeneHHO ohh npeBpam,aiOTCfl b coeAHHnrejiBHOTKaHHHe kjictkh. B pHXJion coesHHHTejiBHOH TKaHH CKopo noHBJiHiOTCfl nnrMeHTHHe kjictkh; b BepxHeM cjioe KopnyMa now snHflepMHCOM Ha^HHaiOT 3aKJia,a;HBaTBCH HOBBie ^emyn. B sa^aTKe 'qemyn pereHepanHOHHHe KJieTKH pacnoJiaraiOTCH HeSojiBniHMH KJieTo^HHMH rpyn- naMH b ftBa cjioh. Memfly oSohmh cjiohmh BBinejraeTCH cyScTani^HH ^emyn: BepxHHH ojioh BBi;o;ejraeT rnajioneHTHH, hhjkhhh — bojiokhhcthh cjioh. Ha c^ieT Tex ?Ke o6pa- 30BaTejiBHHX KJieTOK 4>opMnpyeTCH h HemyftHBiH KapMaH. B onHTax HapRH (1935) c tojibhhom, 3ojiotoh pbi6koh, rop^iaKOM, KapaceM n KpacHonepKOH rjih oSosHa^eHHH TO^moro n®jio3KeHHH pereHepnpyeMOH cncTeMa KOopRHHaT: no 0CHa6cn;HCC, t. e. no Sokoboh jihhhh, $ "ft 232 HEPBAH. MOPttOJIOlTHH t f i i nonepe^HBiH paa h co 3HaK0M -j- hjih — Hoiaep npoflOJiBHoro pafla. 8to bo3mojkhoctb cjie^HTB 3a BOCCTaHOBJieHHeM KajKfloii OTflejiBHOH Hemyn. Ilpa coxpaHeHHH nemyHHoro KapMamKa pereHepannfl HfleT HopMajiBHo, ho ot- nemyn o6Hapy?KHBaiOT H'enpaBHJiBHyio crpyKTypy; coxpaHeHne KapMamKa HopMajiBHoe noJiojKeHHe *iemyH. Ilpn pa3pymeHHH KapMamKa n cjioh KopnyMa ycnjieHHO jia3BHBaeTCH ^epHHfi nnrMeHT .— o6pa3OBaHne paHeBoro Me- . no Ha6jno,o;eHHflM GyBOpoBa (1904), TaK ?Ke pereHepnpyeMH^: njiaBHHK ^epHeeT ot oShjihh OTJiaraeMoro nnrMeHTa. JQo Hapfln, HopManBHan oKpacKa KopnyMa BOCCTaHaBJiHBaeTCH ^epe3 3-^4 Mecfln;a. G^opMHpOBaBmaHCH ^emya chjibho OTJiH^jaeTbfl ot HopMaJiBHofl CTpyK- Typon nepBHHHoro hojih, $opMOH pa#najiBHBix 6opo3fl n bh^om CKJiepnTOB. PereHepnpyiomaH ^emya npn pa3pymeHHH KapMamKOB HHKorfla He pacnojia- raeTCH TaKHMH npaBHJiBHHMH pa^aMH, KaK 8to 6HBaeT y HopMajiBHofi pbi6bi. HacTo BHpacTaeT ncnonHHCKaa qemya ^bohhoh hjih TpoHHofi BejiHHHHBi; HHorflia oflHa pa3BHBaeTca no# ^pyrofl; nopoio nemya BOJiHOo6pa3HO H3rH6aeTCH. 3aKJia- 0 6hctpo py p y Hemya b pa3Hoe BpeMH — ot 30 ro 100 jmew nocjie onepai^nn, h He3aK0H^eHH0H ,no HCTeneHHH ro.ua (350 .ntHen). Hhb (Neave, 1940) npocjieflnji pereHepan;Hio ^emyn Kapaca. Ilocjie KapMameK Ka?KeTCJi HanojiHeHHBiM CTy,n;eHHCTHM BemecTBOM; 6bictpo pereHepnpyeT h OTcyTCTByromaa tlojj, hum coeflHHHTeJiBHafl TKaHB 3aMe- m,aeTca cbo6o#hbim CKonjieHneM kjictok. HemynHBie coco^kh o6pa3yiOTCH b ocho- KapMamKa H3 kjigtok ero nepn^epnH, pacnojiaraioii];HXCfl cjioeM. JSpe nacTH rnaJiojjeHTHHOBafl (KOCTHaa) n $H6pHJiJiiipHafl njiacTHHKa pa3Horo npo- H nponcxoflHT ot coeflHHHTeJiBHOH TKaHH ^emyfiHoro Kap- ; KOCTB paCTeT TOJIBKO HO KpaflM BCJieflCTBHe aKTHBHOCTH HepH^epH^eCKHX KapMamKa. BonpeKH Oaxy (Fach, 1936), KOTOpBin npn3HaBaji ann,n;epMajiB- Hoe nponcxoJK^eHHe KocTHoro cjioh, bch ^emya FpedHH Ha nemye BO3HHKaiOT KaK BO3BBimeHHH ocTeonflHoro MaprnHaJiBHoro ho BOBce He BBiflejiHioTCH ocoSbim paflOM KJieTOK BflOJiB Hero, KaK flyMaiOT Hame h IIeB3Hep, n He BCJie^cTBHe fleaTejiBHocTH ocTeoKJiacTOB Mem^y pn^aMH, o neM ro- Bopnjin Hycc6ayM (1907) h Biohjih (1936). Hhb yTBepjKftaeT, ^to HeT cnen;H$H^e- ckhx KJieTOK, o6pa3yK>m,Hx rpeSHH. Sulci hjih radii Ha *iemye, no Tafijiopy (1916) is. HnBy — jihhhh thSkocth, a no IIeB3Hep (1926) — KaHajm ^jih npoBe^eHHii jihm^h. B onHTax HnBa, ^emya BOCCTaHaBJiHBajiacB y 3ojiotoh ph6kh npn t 20° b 3 Me- CHija, y Lebistes — b 25—30 AHefi; npn btom hjih coxpaHHJiocB HopMajiBHoe ^hcjio nemyn, ho hx BejinqnHa H3MeHiiJiacB, hjih me hhcjio ^emyn yBejiHHHBajiocB hjjee H3 KOHi^eni^HH 3ayTepa, Hhb OTMenaeT, hto ocTeoreHH^ecKne kjictkh: oco6oe nponcxoJKfleHne ot o6mero KopnyMa. Kjictkh, flarom.He Ha^iajio co- orpaHH^ieHBi jihiqb ^emynHHMH KapManmaMH n b cjiynae y^ajieHHfl nocjiefl- hhx 9th KJieTKH MHrpHpyioT b paHy H3 HenoBpejK^eHHBix CTeHOK KapMamKa; paB- HBIM 06pa30M H COCO^KH He B03HHKai0T 3aHOBO H3 HpOCTBIX KJieTOK KOpnyMa; TaKHM o6pa3OM, oh npn3HaeT cnen;H$HHHOCTB ocTeoreHH^ecKHX kjictok. Hemya kocthcthx CHapymn cjiohmh kjictok, H3BHyTpn — o;hhhm, cocTaBJifliom.HM npo- BToporo cjioh. 8th kjictkh flOJiJKHH paccMaTpHBaTBca b Ka^ecTBe ocTeo- 6jiacTOB. TpaHcnjiaHTaH;Hfl. Mojkho pa3Jin^aTB ^Ba BH^a n roMononjiacTH^ecKyio. npn aBTonjiacTH^ecKon BHpe3aHHBiH KycoK TKaHen nroBopa^HBajiH Ha 90° hHi>ix nnijax o6hjh>hbih jkcjitok CKonjineTCH Ha BereTaTHBHOM nojiioce. HaKOHeq, TpeTbH npoxoji;aT ^acTHHHoe, Mepo6jiacTHHecKoe p;po6JieHHe Ha o^hom: aHHMajitHOM nojiioce — Selachii h Teleostei. TaKHM o6pa3OM nojiHoe npo6jieHHe npHcyme KpoMe Acrania (Amphioxus),— MHHOraM, HBy?]iI>IUian],HM, OCeTpOBBIM, rOJIOCTeOHRHHM, TOr^a KaK aHCKOHnaJIBHOe --- MHKCHHaM,. aKyjiono^oSHHM h kocthcthm. OffHaKo, pe3Koii rpaHHitti MejKHy HByMH cnocoSaMH cerMeHTai^HHi HeT, h y Chondrostei h Holostei mojkho Ha6jiiOAaTb nepexoji; 6t tojio- k Mepo6jiacTHqecKOMy «po6jieHHK). .J^eJieHHe 6jiaCTOMep OSblKHOBeHHO npOHCXO^HT CHHXpOHHO (ORHOBpeMeHHO). B pe3yjitTaTe p;po6jieHHH flHii;a y jkhbothbix nojiy^aeTCH Mopyjia — b TOMCjiy^ae, Korp;a p HaMH njiOTHBifi, cjiojKeHHBift HeoKpyrjieHHBiMH djiacTOMepaMH map, 6e3 nojiocTH BHyTpn,— hjih SjiacTyjia, rp;e SjiacTOMepBi nocjie Ka?Kp;oro p;ejieHHH OKpyrjiniOTCH h Me;«Ay hhmh B03HHKaeT' nojiocTb, 6jiacTou;ejiB. ^ajiBHeftniee pa3MH0?KeHHe kjictok npHBOffHT k racTpyjie. IIocjieaHHH MOHteT npoHcxo^HTb pa3HBiMH cnocoQaMH: nyTeM HHBarHHau;HH, t. e. BnH^HBaHHH BereTaTHBHoro- nojiymapHH b aHHMajibHoe; nyTeM HMMHrpaunn kjictok c noBepxHOCTH SjiacTyjibi b djiactOE^ejit c nojiioca hjih co Bceii noBepxHOCTH (yHH- hMyjiBTHnojinpHaH HMMHrpai^HOHHaH racTpyjia); OTiDenjieHHH BHyTpeHHero cjioh ot Hapy?KHoro napajiJiejibHO noBepxHOCTH — nejiHMHHa- ijhhj HaKOHeu,. nyTeM oSpacTaHHH BereTaTHBHHx kjictok KJieTKaMH aHHMajibHoro nojiiopa — ann- dojiHeft. TaKHMH nyTHMH B03HHKai0T b Hftije RBa 3apoHHmeBBix njiacTa — bkto- h 9HT0ji;epMa. O6pa3yiom;aHCH racTpyjia o6jiap;aeT nojiocTbio, racTpon;ejieM, KOTopHii npeftCTaBJiHeT co6oio nep- BHHHyio nojiocTb KHme^HHKa, apxeHTepoH, oTRpbiBaromnficH npn HHBarHHauHH HapyiKy O nopoM. y HHweopraHH3OBaHHBix jkhbothbix (nepBH, mojijiiockh) 6jiacTonop nepexop;HT b (nepBH^HopoTbie, Protostomia), y BBimecTOHm;Hx — nrjiOKOJKHe, xop^OBbie — npeBpamaeTca: b aHajibHoe OTBepcTne, a poT o6pa3yeTCH saHOBO (BTopH^HopoTBie, Deuterostomia). if I, V f ,15: ¦Mij Pi 'i 'in ¦ n i eh I ! i i j I'll1' ! «M: ;; 234 HEPBAH. B racTpyjie MejKHy bkto- h BHTOflepMoft oSpasyeTCH cpeHHHft miacT—Me30,a;epMa — hjih paapacTaHHH ot 6ojiee KpynHbix KJieTOK H3 MecTa nepexo,n;a BKTO#epMbi b 3HTOji;epMy, y o6pa3OBaHHH KapMaHoo6pa3Hbix BHCTynoB 3HTo;n;epMH, KaK bto HMeeT MecTo y poTLix. IIo cnocoSy racTpyjinijHH h no pacnojioateHHio b SjiacTyjie Me3OHepMajii>Horo p KpyrjiopoTtix moh{ho npoTHBonocTaBHTt HacTonmiiM pH0aM h cejiaxHHM. Pa3BHTHe cejiaxaft ocjiojk- ¦HHeTCH HeKOTOpHMH OCOgeHHOCTHMH B CBH3EE C OSHJIHeM JKejlTKa B Hfil^e, HTO 3aCTaBJIHeT p pHBaTt nonepe^HopoTtix OT^ejitHo ot HaaroHmnx Ph6 h cHHTaTb pa3BHTHe cejiaxHft Sojiee thbhhm. HaKOHei^, HByflbimamne, oceTpoBHe, rojiocTeoHAHHe h KOCTHCTHe, paBiio KaK — cocTaBjraiOT eflHHyio EiejitHyio rpynny c cxoflHHM TimoM pa3BHTHH. A ¦ B C ¦ Phc. 177. M h h o r h HMeioT Hinja c MajitiM KOJiiraecTBOM jKejiTKa; npoSJieHiie nojiHoe; pa3Birrae cbh- 3aH0 c o6pa3OBaHHeM jihhhhkh, necKopoiiKii h, cjiesoBaTejibHo, c MeTaMop$O3OM. Hftn,o mapoo6pa3HO c ochmh 1.1—1:2 h 0.9—1,0 mm; oaeTO npo3pa*moH oSojiohkoh, BHyTpn HCMepqeHHoft, CHapyatH roMoreHHoii; noBepx ee HMeeTCH BTOpHHuaH oSojio^Ka, BO3HHKaiomaH H3 $ojuiHKyjiHpHbix KJieTOK ii cjiyH%auj;aH p;jifl npHKJieHBaHHH k cyficTpaTaM; tojibko b pafiOHe mhk- ponwjie jie?KHT nojiyjKHRKoe BemecTBO apyroro cocTaBa. Ilocjie npoHHKHOBeHHH b hhuo cnepMaTO3OHji;a hhi^o Bbi,n;ejiHeT Ha noBepxHOCTH HOByio, HCTHHHyio wejiTOHHyio oSojiOHKy. >KejiTOK pacnpe,n;ejieH no BceMy Hiiijy, ho 6ojiee KpynHbie ero 3epHa npnypo^eHH k BereTaTHBHOMy nojiyniapnio. ^poSjieHne nojiHoe, ho HepaBHOMepHoe: nocjie HByx Mepn^HOHajibBbix 5opo3H o6pa3yeTCH TpeTbH b njiocKOCTii, napajuiejibHofi BKBaTopy, koto- paa OT^ejiHeT BepxHioio ^acTb, pa3 b 5 MeHbHiyio, neM hhjkhhh; nocJie^HHH npo^ojiataeT flejiHTbCH c HepoTopbiM 3ano3saHHeM. Ha CTasnn 128 6jiacTOMep nojiy^aeTCH QjiacTyjia, nocjie qero KJieTKH Ha^HHaiOT pacnojiaraTbCH b HecKOJibKO cJioeB, y yy pp Hyio 3JIH Bcex no3BOHOob npoTOK, hjih npepjnoqeHHBiH KaHaji. Ilocjie o6pa3OBaHHH He$pnp;HajiBHOH bopohkh mhotom- Han qacTB OTp,ejiHeTCH OTcnjiaHXHOTOMa; OTKpBiTBie bopohkh coxpaHHiOTCH tojibko b nepeflHHx COMHTax. . • .. raHonoJiOBBie KJieTKH MHHorH 8aKJiap;HBaiOTCH o^eHB paHO, — nepBOHa^ajiBHO b KHme^HHKa; Ha CTap;HH no3p;HeH racTpyjiH nepeMemaiOTCH b coMaTonjieBpy, b o6jiacTB 6m jieraiOT Me?Kp;y coMaTonjieBpon 11 ' cnJiaHXHonjieBpoH(pHC.180 e.u.); HaKOHen,, ohh nepeMemaioTCH b Me3eHTepHfi, H3 6OKOBHX BHCTy- noB KOToporo h BO3HHKaioT no- IIepep;HHH ^acTB KHme^HHKa pacrnHpneTCH b jKa6epHBift ot- p;eji. 3p,ecL o6pa3yeTCH 1 nap 3HTop;epMajiBHBix BBicTynoB jKa- GepHHx MemKOB h mee kojikhcctbo HHX BnHHHBaHHii saiaTKOB JKa- PHC. 181. P^nfi^ trpnftn fiMn.m™n.tt fimxnm™ finonnn. 6ePHHX KaHaJIOB H OTBepCTHH._B 6m — ctomh. (no A««j.; rho wa6epHorooT«e3ia tjiotkh no n6ji—nepaOjiacT; cue—skcjitok. cpep;HHHOit jihhhh BiiHHHBaeTCH b BHp;e 6opo3p;Bi, o6pa3yfl 3a- Htejie3H; ee npoHcxdH«p;eHHe CBHp;eTejiBCTByeT 0 nojiHOM cooTBeTCTBHH 9Hp;o- CTHJIH) O6OJIOHHHKOB H JiaHI^eTHHKa. rHnO$H3 pa3BHBaeTCH H3 3KT0p;epMajIBH0r0 BnHHHBaHHH Bnepep,H cTOMop;eyMa; ep;Ba jih oh h y B3pocjiOH MHHorH nrpaeT pojiB >Kejie3Bi BHyTpeHHen ceKpe- 1. JlHHHHKa MHHorH, Ammocoetes, bhxop,ht H3 Hftna, eme He 3aKOHHHB $opMHpoBaHHH; p,o co- iff pi i ,1 K- t Li IS1 k ffl i § 4 U '4 ,C 1 It' iW, Hi 236 HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl enHHeHHH cTOMoaeyMa c KHnie^HHROM nyTeM npoptma caMOCTOHTejibHoe iraTaHHe jinqaHKH HeB03- moh{ho h b Teqeirae nepBoro BpeMeHH npoH3BoaHTCH 3a c^eT ocTaTKOB HtejiTKa b neneHH. Bcjie^ 3a npopHBaHneM CTOMO^eyMa npopHBaiOTCH jKaSepHue KaHajibi h ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH ?Ka6epHo& Mhkchhli — HMeioT Hfiqa, dorai-Lie jkgjitkom; Hpo6jieHHe flncKOHAajiBHoe, pasBHrae npHMOe, 6e3 O6pa3OBaHHH JIHHUHKH. TaKHM 06pa30M MHKCHHH pe3KO OTJIHHaiOTCH OT MHHOr He Phc. 182. IlepeflHHii dl 3M6pn- p OHa Bdellostoma, no Jinny. ok. —JKa6epHHe menu; en — cjiyxoBOii ny3bipeK; cep.— cepaije; c. ok. — cjiii- pa3- Phc. 183. ITocjieaoBaTejiBHtie bhthh 3apoabinia Bdellostoma. (IIo b aHaTOMEraecKOM oTHoineHHH, ho h 3M6pHOJiorHiecKH. KpynHtie — 2—3 cm — aiiu,a, n b He6ojibinoM KOJiH^ecTBe, CHa6?KeHLi y oji;Horo nojiioca Kpio^KaMH. ripw p;po6jie- hhh nojiynaiOTCH 6jiacTOMep&i HenpaBiijibHoti $opMbi; BCJieflCTBHe oOhjihh MtejiTKa npa 3KBaTopH- napajuiejiLHbix- noBepxHocTii Hfima HejieHHHX noA BepxHHMH 6jiacTOMepaMH BO3HHKaer BO3Jie KOTopbix njia3Ma He b coctohhhh pa3ji;ejiHTbCH h o6pa3OBaTb TaKofl cjiofi mejiTKa c nnpaMH hocht Ha3BaHne nepnGjiacT, hjih napa6nacT (pac. 181). 3apOHbiineBbiii ^hck coctoht H3 Sojibiuoro KOJin^ecTBa mcjikhx SjiacTOMepoB, pacnojiaraio- m;Hxcfl b HecKOJibKO cjioeB Ha noBepxHocwi nepuSjiacTa. IIoBepxHOCTHbie kjictkh HapacTaTb b Base KOJina^Ka, iicxo,nflu;ero H3 BepxHero nojiioca nftija. 3aposHin npnoSpeTaeT Phc. 184. Torpedo. (IIo PiOKKepTy H3 k h 8 S en— Hflpa hsGhtoihhx cn;epMaTO3OHfloB. y3JiHHHH)H];eftCH y3KOii nonocKH, RoxoRfuupii ro Kpan ftHCKa; HH$epeHii;HpoBKa nepe^Heft rojiOBH, rojiOBHoro MO3ra h maSepHoro oT^ejia — H,o;eT oaHOBpeMeHHO c HapacTaHHeM KOHii;a Tejia aM6pnoHa. K TOMy BpeMeHH, Kor,o;a o6pacTaHHe /KejrrKa 3apoAHineBbiM hhckom CTHraeT eme TOJibKO 2/s noBepxHocTH Hfiu;a, — 3aKJia;a;Ka 6ojibnieft nacTH comhtob Teji .a HapacTaHHe hobhx npnocTaHaBJiHBaeTCH ro Ha^ajia o6pa3OBaHHH xBOCTa. IIo Mepe XBOCTa H XBOCT, II TOJIOBa OTfleJIHIOTCH OT nOBepXHOCTII flfma. IIO HCHe3H0BeHHH XIV. 9MEPH0JI0rHH 237 gapoRHHi npHO0peTaeT CTpoeHHe c$opMHpoBaHHoft mhkchhm. PapBHTHe mhkchh H3y^eHO eme Kpaft- C e Jra x h h. flttija anyji h cKaTOB OTJiHHaiOTCH KpynHHMH pa3MepaMH: y Lamna, Hanpn- aiep, ohh ROCTHraiOT b RJiimy 20 cm; KOJiHqecTBO HtejiTKa *ipe3BbraaHHO BejiHKo: noBepxHOCTb 3a- poRbinieBOro nHTHa, t. e., no cymecTBy, hhctoh npoTonjia3MH, b HeKOTopbix Hftijax He npeBbimaeT Vsoo BCeH nOB6PXHOCTH- IIOHHTHO, nOBTOMV, HTO RpoSjieHHe y HHX — RHCKOHRajIbHOe; y BecbMa npHMHTHBHOH aKyjibi Cestracion \ceu. Hete- rodontidae), no AHHy> nojmoe HepaBHOMepHoe Rpo6- ¦_ h hhh, — BHyTpeHHee — npowcxo- hx co3peBaHHH. TIpii onjioROTBopeHHH b hhh,o HeCKOJlbKO H«HBHHKOB. IloCJie TOrO KaK :t peRyKii;HOHHHe RejieHHH, oho CJIHBaeTCH C HRpOM ORHOrO H3 CnepMaTO3OHROB B HRpO RpoSjieHHfl. 3aMenaTejibHO npn btom, mto HRpa Rpyrux npoHHKHinx b hhh.0 cnepMaTO3OHROB He nornSaiOT, ho Ha paHHHX CTaRHHX pa3BHTHH npOROJIJKaiOT OCTaBaTbCH b Hapy>KHbix cjiohx /KejiTKa, OTJiHiiancb ot HRep Rpo6- jieHHH BRBoe MeHbineft BejiHMHHOit (pnc. 184 B); ohh jj;a7«e rcjihtch, ORHaKO, HHKaKoro ynacTHH b pa3BHTHH 3M6pHOHa He npHHHMaiOT. BopO3RbI Rpo6jieHHH nOHB- jiHuib nocJie-BToporo RejieHHH HRep. CpeRH pHRa oco-v 6eHHOCTeit pa3BHTHH cejiaxHtt mojkho ynoMHHyTb, mto, B OTJIHHHe OT KOCTHCTblX, 3apORbIUieBHH RHCK JieiKHT BpOBeHb C nOBepXHOCTblO HRpa. IIpH nHTOM RejieHHH njiocKOCTb RejieHHH b ueHTpajibHbix HRpax npoxoRHT napajuiejibHO wejiTKy. CTaRHH SjiacTyjibi npeRCTaBJieHa MHorocjiofiHbiM Phc. 185. BjiacTORHCK Torpedo Ha HapyjKHbiM annTejineM h pbixjio jie>KamHMH noR hum craRHH Hanajia racTpyjiHUHii. (Tlo KJieTKaMH; HaxoRHmaacH noR SjiacTORHCKOM nojiocTb PioKKepiy 113 HBaHOBa.) cocTaBJineT OJiacTOuejib. g g^—racTpajitHoe BnjwiiBaHne; n. 0.— IIpH racTpyjiHin-iH BnHHHBaHne HanHHaeT npo- upatt oOpacTaHUH. ncxoRHTb c 3aRHero npae SjiacTORncKa. IIor ajuinn- 3anaTK0M HepBHoii cncTeMH HaxoRHTcn nojiocTb racTpajibHoro BnHHHBaHHH; b Me- nojioce BHyTpeHHHli njiacT o6pa3yeT xopRajibHyio njiacTHHKy. OcTajibHaa qacTb QHTORepMH COCTaBJIHeT KHUieHHyK) H JKejITOMHyH) OHTORepMbl. B OTJIHHHe OT KOCTHCTblX, y KOTO- pbix nepepaSoTKa wejiTKa npoH3BORiiTCH nepnGjiacTOM, y cejiaxntt nepndjiacT yqacTByeT b btom npoi^ecce jmnib BpeMeHHo, HapaRy c accHMHjiHpyiomett ReHTejibHOCTtio HtejiTOMHott aHTORepMbi. Me3ORepMa BOSHprnaeT nyTeM BbiKJiHHHBaHHH H3 BBoponeHHoii b djiacTouejib KaeMKH phxjihx KJieTOK noR HepBHbiMH BajiHKaMH h b pafioHe xopRbi. H3 hhx o6pa3yH)Tca Me3ORepMajibHbie njia- €THHKH H $OpMHpyK)TCH COMHTbl. OOjiaCTb 6jiaCTOnOpa C ORHOH BepXHefi rySOH CJiyjKHT MeCTOM B03HHKH0BeHHH HepBHbix BajiHKOB; KOHeu; HapacTaiomett BepxHefi ry6bi 6jiacTonopa npnoSpeTaeT BHR H COCTaBJIHeT XBOCTOBbie JIOnaCTH. ¦:th I Mes. kp. Phc. wp. — KpaeBan Me3eHXHMa; k. 9k. — Aepiaa; k. n.— HepBHaa nJiacTHHKa; ok.— acUHKa H.3H. pa3pe3 3apoRbiuia Prisliurus. (Tlo H3 H 3HT0nepMa; .«e3. — Meso- x BnacTORHCK pa3pacTaeTCH h HaRBHraeTCH Ha jkcjitok; no nepH^epna RHCKa hohbjihiotch 6y- ropKH, noR KOTopHMH 3ajieraiOT cKonjieHHH Me3eHXHMH, HRymeft BnocjieRCTBHH Ha o6pa3OBaHHe «poBeHOCHHX cocyROB. Mo3roBbie ny3bipa rojiOBHoro MO3ra ocTaiOTCH b TeneHiie ROJiroro BpeMeHH He3aMKHyTHMH, TaK ^to HeBponop — HapyjKHoe OTBepcTHe HepfiHoit Tpy6KH — coxpaHHeTcfl j^ojiro. B oSjiacTH cpeRHero ny3wpH MO3r pe3KO H3rH6aeTca Ha 6pidmHyio cTOpoHy, qero He npo- HCXORHT y KOCTHCTBIX. 238 HACTB HEPBAH. » i il if. a i1 B oTJin^ne ot spy rax pBi6, y cejiaxaft npn $opMnpoBaHHH MoarOBBix ny3Bipeft HeBpoMepHfl, t. e. cerMeHTau,HH, BBipajKeHHan b BH,p;e cjiaSBix BHCTynoB h (pac. 188); hx 3awieTH0 TpH Ha nepe/jHeM ny3Bipe— cooTBeTCTBeHHo oSjiacTHM S H.n. I 3k. M.3H. ':*r<*::::::. ¦-¦¦¦¦•¦':¦¦¦¦ ¦*^?PBB9a5SWKsnBS853WS?*£V/{:-:iiJ Phc. 18". IIoiiepeHHBift pa3pes ^tepe3 cpe^HioK) qacTb sapoawina Torpedo Ha o6pa3OBaHPiH ciuioiiraoro Me3Ofl;epMajiLHoro cjioh. (IIo I^Hrjiepy H3 H k. 0.— Kpaii oSpacTaHHH; k. an—KHmeHHan SHTOJiepMa; jwe3—MesoaepMa: k. n. Han nJiacTHHKa; 1—xopaa; sk Heps- h na 3asHeM — nnTB, a Bcero 10. 1 HepB- 3pHTejitHoft h npoMe/KyTo^Horo MO3ra, — Ha cpe^HeM — O6oHHTejii>H&ie hmkh coo6maK>TCH 6opo3AKoit c potoblim HepBHan TpySna 3aMHKaeTCH; cbh3b MejK^y Heio h KHiueqHHKOM coxpaHHei-CH b HOKHHieqHoro KaHajia (c. neuroentericus) SjiacTonop 3aMHKaeTCH, a XBOCTOBan KHuiKa ; aHycoM h kohi^om HepBHOfi TpySKH HereHepnpyeT jihiub nocjie Toro, KaK ^hcjio MycKyjiLH&ix cer~ MeHTOB flocTHrHeT oKOH^aTejibHOM BejiErapiHBi h npeKpaTHTCH HH$epeHi^HpoBKa hobbix mhotomob. IIo Mepe flajibHeiimero pocTa h ji;H$epeHE(HpoBKH 9m6phoh pes^e OT^ejiHeTCH ot mejiTKa; npn 9T0M Ka6epHBJMn mejiHMH h otto- rojioBHoro MO3ra; bhhh&i BOJib$OBH npoTOKH n cjiy- ny3bipbKH; K— Hanajio pa3BHTna xboctoboh hohkh. pfl OTp;eji Knme^HHKa coeRHHHeTCH c 3KTOsepMajiBHBiM CTOMoaeyMOM; no p tjiotkh oSpasyeTCfl SojiBmeio nacTBio mecTB Hta6epHBix mejieit; iwejK^y mejiHMH — oco6eHHO» BTopoH h TpeTBeft — BHpacTaioT HapyjKHBie H?a6pH, nocTeneHHO paspacTaiomnecH fl XIV. 9MBPH0JI0rHH 239> hhx paswiepOB. HejiiocTHaH p;yra BnepeRH ot nepBOft mejin aaeT Hanaro najiaTOKBanpaTHOMy n MeKKejieBy xpflmaM; BTopan mejib npeBpamaeTCH b Spbisrajibije. BnepejjH nyno^raoro CTe6ejn>Ka> c BeHTpajibHoii eropoHH KHmeHHHKa HByMH BHCTynaMH BbipacTaeT 3aqaT0K neqeHH; c p;op3ajib- ctopohh KHmeHHHKa b dtoh JKe oSjiacTH oSpaayeTCH sa^aTOK nojjJKejiynoMHOH Htejie3bi., Me3op;epMa HH^epemHipyeTCH Ha mhotomh, coennHeHHbie cKjiepoHe$poTOMaMH co cBoett ctopohh; o6pameHHan k xopne cTeHKa CKjiepoHe$poTOMa npeRCTaBJiaeT a HapyTKHan — He^potoM. B o(5pa3OBaHHH no3BOHKOB npHHHMaeT y^acTHe oSojio p 3a^aTOK npe^no^KH, KOTopan, Bnpo^eM, y cejiaxnfi, noBHRHMOiviy, He $yHKn,HOHHpyeT, — pa3- BHBaeTCH H3 nepejjjHHx He$poTOMOB (ot TpeTtero js,o BocbMoro). H3 cjiegyioinHx 35 He$p6TOMOBr o6pa3yeTCH nepBHqHan no^na. B KajK^OM He$poTOMe nepBOTHoii no^KH BO3HHKaeT KaWajiei;, ft c nepBnqHonoHeqHHM npoTOKOM; Ha KaHajitije noHBJiHeTca Soy- Phc. 190. JIiWHHKa ceBpiorH. (IIo Kancyjia c KJiySo^KOM; bth KaHanbitH b nepe^neft. qacTH nepBH^HOit no^KH y npeBpaujaioTCH b ceMeHHHe npoTOKH, y caMOK — nereHepapyiOT. Gepni^e o6pa3yeTca nocJie o6oco6jieHna tojiobh ot 6jiacTop;epMH; BHaoKapHHft B03HHKaer us CKonjieHHii KpoBHHott Me3eHXHMH, a H3 npHJieraromnx k Heiviy qacTefi o6ohx (n'paBoro h jieBO- ro) cnnaHXHOTOMOB — MHOKapnaft h nepHKap^Hli. OceTpoBbie (Gliondjostei). J^poSjieHHe, BCJieacTBHe o6hjihh b niii^ax HtejiTK^, BecbMa HepaBHOMepHoe; HHHtHne, BereTaTHBHbie QjiacTOMepH jjejiaTCH c 3HaHHTejibHbiM 3ano3p;aHHeM h OTJiHHaiOTCH KpynHbiMH pa3MepaMH. Ilpn npoi^ecce racTpyjini^HH MenKHe KJieTKH BepxHero no- jiioca HapacTaiOT b BHp;e KOJina^iKa Ha BereTaTHBHbie MaKpoMepbi; racTpyjiHn;HH Ha^HHaeTCH. HHJKe- BepxHeft rpaHHutbi MaKpoMepoB. K TOMy BpeMeHH, Korna MaKpoMepbi 6ysyT nonpHTbi MHKpoMepa- mh Ha npoTHffieHHH Tpex ^eTBepTefi noBepxHocTH Hiii^a, noHBJiaiOTCH HepBHbie BajiHKH, yniipaio- mnecH b Kpaii SjiacTonopa. IIO3>Ke cTaHOBHTCH 3aMeT- HHMtl MHOMepbl, KOTOpblX KO BpeMeHH 3aKpHTHH ToiHOii npoSKH p;H$epeHi;HpyeTCH Sojibnioe ctbo;" b tojiobhom KOHije saMeTHH nysHpn rojiOBHoro MO3ra, cjiyxoBbie nysbipLKH h «Ka6epHbie nepBOHanajibHO b KOJinnecTBe p;Byx, no3ffie — 06pa3yK)TCH ^JIHHHbie BOJlb$OBH npOTOKH. BMCTynaeT Has jkcjitkom, HepBHan Tpy6na BjiacTonop nepexo^HT b HepBHOKiimeHHHH Ilocjie o6pa3OBaHHH 20 nap mhotomob o6pa3yeTCH xbo- noHKa h pacTeT Hasan. AHajibHoe OTBepcTne B03- no3HHo Ha ypoBHe, cooTBeTCTByiomeM 40 nape comhtob, t. e. nepeMemeHO BHa^HTejibHO Ha3aji; no CpaBHeHHK). C SblBEUHM OCHOBaHHeM XBOCTOBOH nO^KH, h He HMeeT HHKaKoro OTHomeHHH k 6jiacTonopy. 06 pa- 3OBaHHev HOBHX COMHTOB Ha 3aAHeM KOHU;e XBOCTOBOH no^KH 3aKaHHHBaeTCH, HepBHOKHuieqHbitt KaHan h oTpe- 3OK XBOCTOBOH KHIHKH nO3aflH aHajIbHOrO OTBepCTHfl Phc. 191. JlpoSjiemie hhh. Amia calva~ orernoBbix BbmvnjiniOTCH c gonbnn™ (n° HBaH0By m VaftTMeHa n oceTpoBbix BbmynjiHioTCH c oojibniHM reftMepa \ CTanna 8, 16 MeniKOM, HMeiOT He BnojiHe pa3BHTHe rjiasa,. nO37m£H cta-hkr TrnnfinPHwn w fina- nap ycHKOB, no KpaHM pOTOBoro BnHHH- rt rt cTvna 3aMeTHbi MejiKHe 3y6bi, KOTopbie h KOHi^y jihhh-, j ' - HOHHoro nepnona nc^esaiOT. O6pa3yeTCH 5 nap }Ka6ep- hhx mejien; nepBaH hx hhx 3apacTaeT b CBoeft HHjKHeft ^tacTH, a b nop3ajibHoii — npeBpa- maeTCH b 6pbi3ra;nbH,e. C 6pioniHOH ctopohh nosaflH poTOBoro OTBepcTHH — Bp;aBJieHHe c cjih- 3Hcthmh Htejie3aMH; bto o6pa3OBaHHe, noBH^HMOMy, roMOJiorH^rao rojiOBHoii npncocKe Lepidosi- ren h rojiOBacTHKa. TpyRHbie njiaBHHKH HMeiOTCH; nnaBHHKOBaH OTopo^Ka npoxo^HT no nepe3 xboct Ha 6pioxo h thhctch BnjiOTb no >KejiTOHHoro MeniKa. Il03}Ke XBOCTOBoft BMecTe c xopnoft 3arn6aeTCH BBepx h Me3eHXHMa XBdCTOBbix CKJiepoTOMOB bxoeht TOJibKO BeHTpajibHyio qacTb otopohkh, o6pa3yn reTepoi^epKHHii njjaBHHK. Holostei. fliii^a Amia h Lepidosteus, cpaBHHTejibHO doraTbie jkcjitkom, TeM He nojiHHM HepaBHOMepHbiM npoSjieHHeM. AmiMajibHbiH noJiroc, OKpauieHHbifi b Sojiee.' i ij F! M "I m ¦'151 ¦1 'I hi l! 1' &:' 240 HH>KHefi HEPBAfl. MOPOOJIOrHfl Ha MejiKHe 6jiacTOMepbi, 3ajieraiomHe b HecKOJiBKO cJioeB, Torjja KaK b anna KpynHHe MaKpOMepti BLiTHrHBaiOTCH no och Hiiija; b hhx aKBaTopHajitHLie 3ana3HtiBaiOT, h ohh He Bnojme OT^ejieHH MejKji;y co6ok>. HaKpHBaioinHe Hano,o;o6iie manoHKH BepxHioio qacTb afina, MHKpoMepbi nocTeneHHO HaffBHraioTca Ha MaKpoMepti. IIpH raor- Kpaft aniiTejinajitHoro ffHCKa noABopa^HBaeTCH nojt, ero noBepxHOCTb h pacTeT Bnepeji;, pH^HMancB CHHay k MHorocjioftHOMy noBepxHOciHOMy njiacTy, He o6pa3yH npa hh SjiacToi^ejiH, hh racTpajibHoii nojiocfH. IIoflBopaHHBaiomHttcH Kpaft npeftCTaBJineT xop^ti h Me3OAepMbi, KJieTKH npoMeatyTOHHoft 30hh — BepxHne h 6oKOBtie ctchkh KaK MaKpoMepbi — ero hhjkhioio CTeHKy. ITpn racTpyjiHi^HH y Amia, paBHO KaK h y kocthctbix, caMtitt BHeuiHHii o^HOCJiofiHtifi ii HapyjKHoro njiacxa ,n;n$epeHu;HpyeTCH b npospa^Hbifi cjioti, Ha3HBaeMtifi nepHjuepMoii; JiHiHb 3;jih 3amHTti h b HajibHefiuieM pa3BHTHH He npHHHMaeT yqacTHH: HepBHaa njia- h opraHti MyBCTB pa3BHBaK)TCH H3 JiejKau],ero noA nepHflepMoii Heji;H$epeHi^HpoBaHHoro aKToaepMBi. Ilocjie cnjioiimoro oopacTaHHH MaKpoMepoB MHKpoMepaMH 3aKpHBaeTCH npo6Ka:BO3HHKaioiii;H^ HepBHtie BajiHKH 3aMHKaiOT Cjiacronop; b cbh3H c OTcyTCTBiieM ft nojiocTH HepBHOKHine^Horo KaHajia He o6pa3yeTca. Ha MecTe 3aKpHBinelica Hteji- npo0KH o6pa3yeTCH xBOCTOBan noHKa, BbipacTaiomaH b xBOCTOBOfi OT^eJi. JIbhhhkh Amia Lepidosteus BbiJiynjinioTCH Ha CTaanH 6ojiee no3ji;Heii, HeM oceTpoBtie. oh Phc. 192. JlHHHHKa Lepidosteus osseus. (ITo Bajib$ypy.) a— aHyc; g. n.— rpyjrHue njiaBHiiKH; c—cocoi'kh (neMeHTHBiil opraH). is I 4;! I1 i 1 nep- KocTHCTbie. Hfiu,a Tejionei^HTajibHoro wina: ?KejiTOK CKOHU,eHTpnpoBaH Ha hom nojiHXie, Toraa KaK aHHMajibHbiii — no^Tii coBceM JinuieH ero. ^KejiTOK CBepTbiBaeTCH ot ^ otbhh npecHOii boji;h; oGojio^Ka HenpoHHi^aeMa bjih cojien; hhi^o npe,n;cTaBJiHeT 3aMKHyTyio KHflKocTbio. OTCJiaHBaHHe hoiI o6ojiohkh MOJKeT nponcxoHHTb nocjie flOJiroro npeSbmaHHa b Boji;e flame b hom Hiii^e. .ZJpoSjieHiie flHCKOHflajibHoe. ITocjie onjioflOTBopeHiia Ha aHHMajibHOM nojiioce •SyropoK, b KOTopOM npoHcxoflHT coe^HHeHHe H^ep HiiLta h cnepMaT030H,o;a; 6yropOK p fi uflHOHajibHofi 6opo33;KOfi ji;po6JieHHH. IIo MepHflnaHy ?Ke npoxo^HT BTopaa 6opo3fla, ;a;Be p h qeTbipe neTBepTtix; nnTan (pewe HeTBepTaa) npoxo^HT b ropH3OHTajibHoii iijiockocth. Hji;pa, ocTaiomHecH b jKejiTOHHOii Macce npn sajibHettninx sejieHHax, o6pa3yK)T CHHi^HTHtt 6e3 ^TflejieHHH SjiacTOMepoB; TaK BO3HHKaeT nepngjiacT, hjih napaSjiacT; k aToiwy BpeMeHH coctoht H3 6ojibinoro HHCJia (HecKOJibKHx thchh) KJieTOK, KOTopHe o6pa3yiOT S C b BHfl;e KynojiOBHRHoro BO3BbiuieHHH, BHyTpn KOToporo pbixjio 3ajieraiOT KJieTKH, ot- ot npoMejKyTOHHoro miacTa no Kpaio flHCKa. Pbixjio pacnojio?KeHHbie KJieTKH cwiemaiOTCH k noBepxHocTHOMy cjioio, o6pa3yH MHorocjiofi- Hyio njiOTHyio CTeHKy onHTejinajibHofi djiacTyjibi, ocTaBJiaa BHyTpH CBoSoRHyio nojiocTb (pnc. 193). K 3T0My BpeMeHH p;hck SjiacTyjibi 3aHHMaeT y $opejiH H jiococh okojio Y301 a y OKyHH — 1/3 noBepxHOCTH Hlii^a. j^ajiee npoHcxoffiiT racTpyjiHqHH. Kpan SjiacTOffHCKa yTOJimaiOTCH. h oh Ha^HHaeT oQpacTaTb HtejiTOK; Ha ero KpaeBOM yTOJimeHHH noHBJiHercH SyropoK — KpaeBoh y3e- jiok, BCKope npHoSpeTaiomHfi bhh KpaeBoro nsbWKa. 3«ecb nponcxoflHT no^BOpaHHBaHHe jTOJin^eHHoro Kpaa flHCKa; oflHaKO racTpajibHoii nojiocTH npn BnaHHBaHHH He o6pa3yeTCH. H3 yTOJimeHHoro BepxHero MHorocjiottHoro njiacTa b nepeflHeM KOHi^e o6pa3yiOTCH HepBHbie a no3affH rojiOBHoro OT.ne.na — xapaKTepHbifi p;jih kocthcthx njioTHbiii HepBHbiit thjk. cpeaHeii jihhhh noflBepHyBuierocn njiacTa o6pa3yeTCH xopp;a, a no 6oKaM — aHTO^epMa B03HHKaeT H3 OTAejiHBHiHxcH ot HHHmefi MacTH noflBepHyToro CaMHfi noBepxHocTHbitt cjioh HapyHiHoro njiacTa o6pa3yeT nepn^epMy. 06pacTa- TKejITKa 6jiaCT0flHCK0M npHBOflHT K 3aMbIKaHHH) JKejITOHHOtt npO0KH. B TOJIOBHOM OT^eJie y MO3roBbie ny3bipn. 9HToji;epMajibHaa njiacTHHKa b ?Ka6epH0M OT^ejie o6pa3yeT cnep- ua RBe, 3aTeiw — Bcero mecTb nap HtaOepHbix KapMaHOB. Me?Kji;y /KattepHbiM , XIV. BMEPHOJIOrHH 241 h napa6jiacTOM BpacTaeT Me3eHXHMa, H3 KOTopoft <$opMHpyeTCH SHHOKapAHajiBHaHXTeHKa cepjwa jj apTepHH. G 6okob BpacTaiOT yqacTKH: cnjiaHXHQTOMOB; ctohkh bthx ijejioMHiecKHX MenmoB co- :-eRHHHH)TCH.H d6pa'3yH)T nepHKap'HHtt h MOKapftcea n.6. ok. Phc. 193. Pa3pe3 'iepe3 SjiacTyjiy Muraena. (IIo Beue H3 • ojc — JKejiTOK; k. 3. —npoMeatyTOHHan 30Ha; n. 6. — nepH6jiacT. - - ~M m Ko BpeMeHH saMMKaHHH jKejiTO^HOft npoSKH yme o6pa3yK)TCH rna3Hue 6oKajiti h xpycTaJiim; M03roBHe ny3fcipn otrgjihiotch 3aMeTHLiMH nepeTHH^KaMH; o6oco6jihiotch okojio 30 mhotomob h' Ha Bceiw hx npoTHjKeHHH saivieTHti npeHno^e^HHe npoTOKH. OflHOBpeMeHHO C 3aMHKaHHeM JKeJITOHHOfi npo6KH 3aKpBIBaeTCH H gjiaCTOnOp, COCTaBJIHIO- ee nepep,HHtt Kpatt; HepBHOKHineMHoro KaHajia o^HaKO He o6pa3yeTCH, Tan KaK h HepBHaH cHCTeMa, h KHine^HaH 3Hxop;epMa npep;cTaBJieHti g ^^^BKSSSfoarw nJIOTHfclMH 06pa30BaHHHMH. nepH6jiaCT CJiyffiHT nepepaSaTHBaHHH >KejiTKa, nepeBOffa no- ti b ffiH^Koe, yp;o6oycBOHeMoe cocTOHHHe; p y 9M6pHOHa He ,<|>yHKu,HO- h OTnpaBJieHne nHmeBapHTejiLHLix 0JI0rHH tojiobhom KOHue 3M6pnoHa noHBJiHiOTCH meCTt JKaSepHbix mejieft, npoptiBaiomHXCH b >Ka6epHHe KapiaaHH; nepBan mejib, MaHRHgyjinpHaH, Bnpo^eM, cnopo 3aKpHBaeTCH h Hc^e3aeT. IlHrMeH- Taii,HH rjia3 y jiococh noHBJineTCH 3a l1/^ MecHi^a p;o BtmynjieHHH. AHajiLHoe OTBepcTHe BO3HHKaeT b oSnacTH 42—45 comhtob b BHp;e njiOTHoro BpacTaHHH BKTOflepMBi; yqacTOK r i p pyp Me3ORepMa pas6HBaeTCH Ha MeTaMepHHe mhotomh h cnjioinHbie cnjiaHXHOTOMti; H3 py Me3Oji;epMH, 3ajieraiomett Memjuy MHOTOMaMH h cnjiaHXHOTOMaMH o6pa3yiOTCH aopTa n BeHbi, a TanjKe aH^OKapauft cepnita. HaHHHaioniiee nyjibcwpoBaTb cepAu;e tohht 6eciJ,BeTHyio TKHflKOCTb, jinnieHHyio $opivieHHbix ajieMeHTOB kpobh. Ha c^eT cKjie- POtomob pa3BHBaeTCH xpnmeBaH TKaHb no3BOHKOB. Hepen 3aKJiap;biBaeTCH b Bnji,e napHbix Tpa- 6eKyji h napaxop^ajiHfl, a Taione xpnmeBbix Kancyji oSoHHTejibHoft, rjia3Hoft h cjiyxoBoft. He$poTOMbi o6pa3yioTCH M3 ytojimeHHii BepxHero Kpan cnjiaHXHOTOMa h pacnojiaraiOTcs He3aBHCHMO ot MeTaiviepHH. KaMepa npe^noHKH pa3BHBaeTCH us coMaTHqecKoro JincTKa cnjiaHX- HOTOMa; npeanoHenHbitt npoTOK BO3HHKaeT H3 coMaTomieBpbi. Glomus npennoMKH npeacTaBJiHeT co- 6ok) KanH^JinpHoecnjieTeHHe, o6pa3yeMoe OTBeTBJieHHHMH aopTbi. IIo3>Ke npe^no^K p $H3;Hoii TKaHbio h yTpa^HBaeT snaneHHe opraHa Bbip;ejieHHa; p,e$HHHTHBHaa noflBJineTCH eme no3?Ke. IIjioTHoe 9KTOp;epMajibHoe BnHHeHne CTOMO^eyMa, JinnieHHoe npocBeTa, cocTaBJineT npe- opajibHyio KHiimy, hjih npexopnajibHyio nJiacTHHKy. Ot Hee BbipacTaeT njiOTHbift sa^aTOK rano- $H3a, no3?Ke OTnenaiomHttcH ot KHiueiHHKa h cjiHBaioru;Hficfl c MO3roBbiM 3anaTKOM rHno$H3a. IUJHTOBHHHaH ?Kejie3a B03HHKaeT b oSjiacTH H^a6epHbix mejiefi H3 KHineHHoft aHTonepMbi, o6oco6- jiHeTCH ot Hee, cMemaeTCH k SpioniHOMy apTepnajibHoiviy CTBOJiy h pa3p;ejifleTCH Ha nojitie ny3Hpb- kh. 3o6Haa JKejie3a pa3BHBaeTCH H3 nopsajibHbix yrjiydJieHHii 2—6 nap >Ka6epHbix mejieii h cjih- BaeTCH b ep;HHyio Maccy, He Hapynian coeRHHeHHH c anHTejiaeM H^aSepHbix mejieit. Kor^a o6pa- syeTCH npocBeT KHiueMHHKa, OTKpbiBaeTCH coo6m,eHHe h c 3a*iaTKOM ne^eHH, KOTopaa BO3HHKaer H3 BeHTpajibHofl CTeHKH KHiueHHHKa no3aji;H cep^u,a; nHJiopnqecKHe npn^aTKH cocTaBJiniOT bli- nH^HBaHHH TOHKoft KHiiiKH. 3aHaTOK njiaBaTejibHoro ny3bipn BO3HHKaeT H3 nameBOfla nepep. bxorom b jKejiy;n;0K (pnc 195). IIojiOBbie ?Kejie3bi pa3BHBaiOTCH H3 BbinHHHBaHft no cTopoHaM ji;op3ajibHoro MeseHTepna; nojiOBbie kjictkh 3aKJiaji,biBaioTCH o^eHb paHO nepBOHaMajibHO hjih b aHTonepiwe, hjih b aniiTejinn cnjiaHXHOTOMOB. Ha 9M6piIOJIOrHH HByffblHiamHX, pa3BHTHe KOTOpblX BeCbMa 6JIH3KO B HCTOpHH pa3BHTHH BO3MOJKHHM He OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH.. Ti! \\: ! 1* l KTJIABE XIV H b a h o b II. Hi 06m,afl h cpaBHUTejibHan- 9M6pHOJiorHH. 1937. VACTh BTOPAR BMOJIOTME XT. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA BO3pacTa p£i6 npeflCTaBJiaeT rjiySoKHft TeopeTH^ecKHH HHTepec h b to jKe BpeMH HMeeT SojiBmoe npaKTHHecKoe 3Ha^eHne fljia pemeHHH ochobhbix npo6jieM pBiSHoro xo3afiCTBa. ^eftCTBHTejiBHo, 3HaHne BO3pacTHoro pocTa pBi6sn;aeT kjiio^ k nomiMaHHio caMBix SnojiorH^ecKHx npoSjieM. Oho yKasBi- Ha nepeHacejieHne pbiSohhjih, HaoSopoT, Ha HeflocTaTOHHoe ncnojiB3OBaHHe kopmobhx pe.cyp- cob BOjjoeMa; oho flaeT bo3mo?khoctb ycTaHOBHTB MOMeHT Han6ojiee peHTa6ejiBHoro n n;ejiecoo6pa3- Horo BHJioBa; oho yKa3BiBaeT nepnofl 3aMe#Jie- HIIH pOCTa H XO3HHCTBeHHyK) HeBBirOtfHOCTB RaJIB- Heninero BHpam,HBaHHa pBi6; oho no3BOjiaeT bh- Handojiee XKbpocnejiBie pacH h Boo6ni;e MaTepnajiOM rjih cyjKfleHHH o pacax; Hepe^KO oS'LHCHHeT npnHHHH ejKero^HHX b noAxoflax npoMBicjiOBBix ph6 h co- H3 BamHeHnrax TeopeTHHecKnx npH COCTaBJieHHH pH60X03HHCTBeH- nporHO3OB. Ecjih pBi6a oSjia^aeT AocTaTOHHo 3HaHHTejiBHOH npojiiOJi?KHTejiBHOCTBK) JKH3HH h ee kochkh pery- k 6eperaM, to iioctohhhbih 6ho- aHajiH3 Hepe^KO no3BOJineT ycTaHO- BHTB HCHO BHpaJKeHHBie 3aKOHOMepHOCTH. B CBOeH KJiaecnnecKOH pa6oTe o KOJieSaHnax 6ojibihhx pbi6ojiobctb b ceBepHon EBpone HopT (1914) OTMenaeT, hto b yjiOBax cejiB^n n TpecKH b HopBernn pyKOBOflflmyH) b Te^eHne pa^a JieT HMeeT o^Ha huh HeMHorne BO3pacTHHe KaTeropnH. TaK, pojK,n;eHHa HeoSBinaHHo ypomanHoro 1904 r. b hopbcskckhx yjiOBax c 19Q7 biijiotb ao 1919 r. h omymaJiacB Hp 1923 r. ypoJKafiHHMH no ceJiB^n b Hop- oho hhx Phc. 196. TojiOBa (BBepxy) h MypMaHCKoii (BHH3y) (IIo KapaHTOHHcy.) Phc. 397. Gadus morhua L., mojioash Tpecna. (IIo Bernn 6hjih TaK?Ke torh 1913, 1918, 1.923 h 1925. fljia TpecKH ocoSeHHO y roAaMH pojKfleHHfl 6bljih 1897, 1900, 1904, 1912, 1915, 1917, 1919 h 1924 (HopT, 1926). HpnjiaraeMHH pnc. 199, HjraiocTpHpyioinHH BO3pacTHOH codaB 3HMHefi 244 HACTB BTOPAH. BHOJIOrHfl B03pacTHaH 9to bo y 6eperoB HopBernn c 1907 no 1928 r., noKasuBaet,1 *ito penraTejiBHoe cxa^a oKeaHiraecKofi cejiB^n npoHCXojpiT cpaBHHTeJiBHo peflKO, h KaTeropnfl b TeneHne pajja JieT coxpaHaeT Beaymee nojiosKeHne. CJiy^anx o6jiertiaeT bo3mojkhoctb nporHO3OB. XapaKTep no^xoflOB CTaHOBHTca ropa3flo 6ojiee cjiomHHM h npnxoTJiHBHM, t. e. Tpy^Hee noffRaeTca TO*moMy npo- rH03y, ecnH mn3HeHHHH[ h;hkji kopotok hjih ecjin npoMHceji 6a3npyeTCH Ha mojio^oh Hend'jioBO3pejioH pH6e, KaK bto HMeeT MecTo b cejifc^HHOM jioBe MypiwaHa. 3^ecB mojkho BHfleTB to eJKero^Hoe BHffBHJKeHne hobhx BO3pacTHBix KaTeropnH B3aMeH oTKo^eBHEaiomnx npeiKHnx, to, HaoSopoT, no^xoiKAeHHe o^hoS htoS sne Ka- Teropnn b TeneHne Tpex-^eTHpex nocjieflOBaTeJitHHX ce30H0B; Ha ocHOBaHnn BO3- pacTHoro cocTaBa b ji;aHHOM cjiy^ae Henoflxofl cejiB^n b ry6n b 1935 n 1936 rr. He Mor 6htb npe,ncKa3aH 3a6jiaroBpeMeHHO. Bo3pacTH£ie onpe^ejieHHH cocTaBJiaiOT cymecTBeHHyio ^acTB eoBpeMeHHon npiiKjia^HOBi nxTHOJiornn; noBTOMy HeoSxoflHMO c oco6oh noflpo6HOCTBio ocTaHo- BHTBCfl Ha npaKTHHeCKHX 060CH0BaHHHX. O6pam;aflCB k onncaHHio MeTO^HKH onpefleJieHnfi B03pacTa, npeJK,o;e Bcero HyjKHo b CTopoHy o6m,eH3BecTHyio no MHornM KHnraM jiereHRapHyio myKy 113 Phc. 198. Salmo salar L., ceMra. (IIo Bepry.) ii ! Kafi3epBoor BO3Jie Kafi3epjiayTepHa, KOTopaa 6HJia BtmymeHa, no yp xpoHHKe, 5 OKTflSpa 1230 r. npn Opnflpnxe II hbhobb noflMaHa b 03. BiopTeH6ypr b 1497 r., nepe3 267 JieT, npn^eM oKa3aJioct, hto OHa nMeJia 19 $yT. b RJiHHy h 550 ^yHTOB Beca. 06 btoh myne ynoMHHaeT K. FeccHep b CBoen KHnre 1558 r. KapTHHa, H3o6paJKaioH]iafl aTy ni;yKy, xpaHHTca b 3aMKe JIayTepH b niBaSnn, ee Konna — b KeHCHHrTOHCKOM ecTecTBeHHo-HCTopn^ecKOM My3ee, a cKeJieT — b Ka$e,n;paJiBHOM co6ope b MaHHrenMe. O^HaKO, npn HccjiewoBaHnn dKa3anocB, ^to iio3bohkob b CKe- jieTe 6hjio qpesBH^aHHO MHoro, ^to6h npnHaflJiejKaTB oflHofi myKe. TaKHM o6pa3OM, .u;ocTOBepHocTB paccKa3a noflBepraeTca coMHeHHio. GymecTByiOT yKa3aHna o myKe, b p. Maac b 1610 r., TaKJKe c MepaM kojibi^om, naTa Koero yKa3HBajia, Ha ee BO3pacT 162 rop;a. ? HBaa Bee noaoSHBie cnyqan b CTopoHy, HyjKHo noA^epKHyTB, ^to coBpe- MeHHaa HXTnojiorna He oco6eHHo HHTepecyeTca BHHCHeHneM npe^ejiBHoro BO3pacTa Ph6h, TeM 6oJiee, ^to npn TexHHKe JiOBa Hamero BpeMeHH ftjia ph6h hct no^TH hh- KaKHx maHCOB ^ovkhtb no ecTecTBeHHon CTapocTH. npeaeJiBHLiH BO3pacT ajih Ka?K- Horo BH^a pa3JiHHeH. Bto Han6ojiee CTapaa BO3pacTHaa rpynna b o^eHB 6ojibhihx npo6ax. IlepBHe CBefleHHa 06 onpefleJieHnn BO3pacTa no nemye mh HMeeM ot JleBeHryKa (1716), ycTaHOBHBmero BO3pacT ca3aHa 108 cm ^jihhh b 40 JieT. PeoMiop b 1718 r. TaKSKe yKa3HBaji Ha KOJiBna qemyn, KaK Ha npn3HaK B03pacTa; TeAeH- mTpoM (1759) OTMe^aeT Ha no3BOHKax HacJioeHna, no^oSHHe roAHHHHM kojibhsim ne- peBa. GoBepmeHHO 3a6BiTBin, stot MeTOfl BO3po?Kp;aeTca bhobb ckohhsi nponuioro h TeKymero BeKa. GnepBa KriHi^e (Kintze, 1880), 3aTeM To$$6ayep (1898), 1 B o03ope HopBe>KCKoro pHSojioBCTBa O. CyH^a 1937 r., no PyHHCTpeMy. >Ke XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 245 3 U S 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 ft IS IS O 18 19 20 V @ 1 0 a a „ __ 20 . isoa 20 1909 (1901), a BCJiefl 3a hhmh FenHKe, Mafiep, HMMepMaH (1905) h apyrne 9tot MeTOfl onpeRejiemafi BO3pacTa b noBceflHeBHyio npaKTHKy.1 Bee MeTOflBi onpeflejieHHH BO3pacTa, 6yflL> to no qemye, OTOJiirraM, no3BOHKaM, KOCTflM HJIOCKHM H MaCCHBHbIM, HJIH, HaKOHeH,, IIO HJiaBHHKOBHM Jiy^aM — BCe OHH ocHOBHBaiOTCH Ha c^eTe rofliaraHbix HacjioeHun, B KOTOpHX MO5KHO 3aMeTHTb 3aKOHOMepHyK) CJIOHCTOCTb, BHpa>KeHHyK) B HepeflOBaHHH 6O- jiee ninpoKHx nojioc, npn naflaionjeM MaTOBo6ejioro ii,BeTa, h Gojiee y3Knx nojioc; npn npoxofl.Hm.eM CBeTe CTpyKTypa othx Konen; Ha nemye hcho pa3JiiiqaeTca no uinpHHe COCTaBJIHH)H],HX HX CKJiepHTOB. HIlipOKne 3OHBI c 6oJiee MaccHBHbiMH n KpynHbiivra pa3flejieHHHMn ihhpokhmh cooTBeTCTByiOT BereTai];iioHHOMy TenjiOMy ne- pnofly BpeMeHn; y3KHe 3ohbi HepeflKO Henpa- BHJIbHO Ha3bIBaiOT 3HMHHMH KOJIbDjaMH, Ha caMOM ?Ke flejie ohh Sojibmeio ^acTbio npoHBJia- iotch BecHOio hjih flame JieTOM h OnncaHHaH $opMa HapacTaHna HOBOro Be- m,ecTBa cooTBeTCTByeT pocTy nyTeM anno3ii- n,nn, t. e. nocjieflOBaTejiBHoro HacjioeHnn, a He nyTeM HHTepcTHi^naJibHoro pocTa. B 3T0M npaBHJIBHOM HepeflOBaHHH HacjioeHHfi ycMaTpHBajin aHaJiornio c HbiMH KOJibn;aMii b flpeBecHHe flepeBbeB; OTa aHaJionifl He HfleT flajiee BHemHero exofl- CTBa. MMeHHO 3to BHemHee cxoflCTBO noBeJio k TeHfleHDiHii oSTbHCHHTb npaBHJibHocTb o6pa- 30BaHHH roflH^HHX cjioeB Ha neniye npocTbiMH xnMHHecKHMH npiiHHHaMH. KiocTep (1914) nonbi- TaJICH 06TbHCHHTb pHTMHHHOCTB CTpOeHHH pbl6~ hoh ^emyii npon;eccaMH, TOJKflecTBeHHHMn c TeMH, KOTopne Bbi3biBaiOT o6pa3OBaHiie KOJieu, JIn3eraHra. IIo3}Ke ero ohbith 6hjih noBTO- peHH A. B. Mopo3OBHM. TaKHM o6pa3OM o6a aBTopa paccMaTpuBajin pocT KaK KpafiHe ynpo- BOCnpOII3BOflHMOe npOCTOU c npniviecBio cojih b y3Kne CTeKJiHHHtie h onycTHB nocjiefliHHe KOHn;aMH b pacTBop a3OTHOKHCJioro cepeSpa, hto BCJieflCTBiie npoHHKaHHH nocjie^Hero b porejib HaHHHaex BbinaflaTB xpoMOBOKHCJioe ce- S B BHfle npaBHJIBHBIX 20 1310 1911 1312 1313 B _ o n Pl ^ w n 20 20 1919 20 1920 20 1921 20 1922 20 1923 1925 ! R___n 20 1326 m n r-, n 1927 20 1928 %20 5 4 5 6 7 S 9 tO 1112 13 if, 15 ISO 16 19 20 21 Qt Puc. 199. OjiiOKxyamm BO3pacrHOro cocraaa BecenHGfi cejibffii b HopBerHH c 1907 no 1928 r. (IIo JleTajuib, Ha 3. Jlea.) KOJien;, nepeflyioniiiixca c SeJiHMH HeoKpanieHHHMH nojiocaMH. IIo Mepe npoHHKaHHa b sKe;iaTHHy a3OTHOKHCJioro cepeSpa hhcjio KOJien, Henpe- 1 IlepBbiM cpe^n pyccKHx HxTHOJioroB, 3aHHMaBuiHxcH onpeRejieHneM BO3pacTa p&i6, 6un. OHmero yHedHHKa, ripoMHTaBuiwii Bp;eKa6pe 1909 r. b O6mecTBe pbi6ojiOBCTBa h pbi6o- A ftKJiaa o MeTOji;ax onpeAeJieHHH BO3pacTa Boo6me h 0 BoapacTHOM cocTaBe Pleuronectes flesus EajiTHttcKoro Mopa, b MacTHOCTH, aB $eBpajie 1910 r. Ha BcepoccuficKOM Gte3Ae pi>i6onpo- MbiuiJieHHiiKOB — 0 6HOJioniH h BO3pacTe 6ajiTHttcK0ii canaKH n KHUbKH. Bth aoKJiapibi 6hjih H'a- ne^aTaHbi b Tpyp;ax G^esAa h Tpynax BajiTHficKott BKcne^Hi^HH. BcJieH 3a hhmH. H. p (1911) HanenaTaji npeKpacHyio o63opHyio cTaTbio b BecTHHKe PbiSonpoMbiuiJieHHOCTH.' G BO3pacTHbie onpeaejieHHH CTana npHMeHHTbCH bo Bcex HayqHO-npoMbicJiOBHx w 4 i 1 246 *IACTB BTOPAfl. ft'l Phbho yBejin^HBaeTCH. KoHn;eHTpHHecKB[e cjioh HanoMHHaiOT co6ok> KOJiBija Ha *iemye; B03HHKaic>T flame n paflnajiBHBie hojioch BCJieflCTBue KOHn;eHTpHqecKHX KOJien,. BapBupya TejvraepaTypy onBiTa ot 0° ,o;o 13°, mojkho no- jiy^HTb ^epeflOBaHne nraporcax n y3Knx iiojioc. 3to h nocjiyjKHJio ocHOBaHneM #jia Teopnn xnMnnecKoro nponcxojK#eHHa rojpnraBix HacjioeHHft: neinya coctoht H3 ochobhoh opraHH^ecKOH njiacTUHKn; KpoBB npHHOCHT b Hee pacTBopeHHHe cojiii, KOTopHe, npoca^HBaacB b njiacTHHKy, BCTynaiOT b peaKiniio c H3BecTKOBBiMH co- jihmh n B£i3HBaK)T hx OTJiojKeHne no Tiiny KOJien; JIn3eraHra. ^encTBHTeJiBHo, nx mo?kho nojiy^HTB npn B3aHMOfleHCTBHn MHornx cojien, HanpnMep. co^bi c xjiopn- ctbim KajiBijneM. TaKaa TeopnH He mojkgt 6bitb npnHHTa y?Ke npocTO noTOMy, hto OHa ncxo^HT H3 coBepmeHHo HenpaBHUBHoro npe^CTaBJieHHH o CTpoeHHH neniyn. Kan noKa3ajin nccjieflOBaHHH Hafl CTpoeHneM ^eniyn, nocjie^Hflfl o6pa3OBaHa He b Bn^e o^hoh njia- CTHHKH, a B BHfle nOCJie^OBaTeJIBHHX BepTHKaJIBHHX HaCJIOeHHH miaCTHHOK 6ne nnpaMH^H; ejKero^HO HacJianBaeMBie cHH3y njiacTHHKH o6pa3yiOT KOJiBija Ha CBoen nepn^epnn, ho BOBce He KOHn;eHTpHHecKH. IljiacTHHKH 9th MQryT 6bitb pa3flejieHBi nyTeM Manepan;ira, KaK bto HarjiH^HO noKa3ajin Ha nemye ca3aHa IleTpoB h neTpymeBCKiin.x To me mojkho bh^ctb h b ^eniye TpecKH. Pa- KaHajiBi b ^eniye HHKor.ua He oSpasyiOTca aHacT0M030M ;, KaK b onBiTe JIn3eraHra, a npe^CTaBJiaioT npoMemyTKH y no KOTopBiM, BHflHMO, nponcxoAHT nHTaHHe Hemyn; no name (1920), ohh, MOMy, CJIOJKeHH JKHBBIMH KJieTKaMH H HpeflCTaBJIHIOT C060K) nyTH flJIH nHE3,eBBIX BemecTB. Ecnn TaKoe TOJiKOBaHne BepHO, to hh KOJiBn;a JIn3eraHra, hi nonpaBKa Posbi Jin 0 cmaTHH roflHHHHX KOJien;, 0 ^eM 6y,neT eme pe^B Bnepe^n, He jK#aiOTCfl CTpoeHneM Heniyn. Ecjih o6paTHTBCH k nemye TpecKH (pnc. 24), mojkho ySe^HTBca, hto OHa npaBHjiBHo pacnojioJKeHHBiMH pa^aMH CKJiepnTOB, to 6ojiee mnpoKHx, to 6ojiee y3KHx, cooTBeTCTBeHHo BereTan;HOHHBiM nepno^aM. PaflnajiBHHe KaHajiBi b ^aHHOM cocTaBJieHBi npoMejKyTKaMH MejK^y cKJiepnTaMH. y ceJiB^n bmccto o6oco6- cKJiepnTOB — rpeSHeBH^HBie pflflBi CTpHit, xapaKTep paflnajiBHoro HHOH, HO H TaM KOHI^eHTpHHeCKHe pflflBI CTpHH pa3OpBaHBI B MeCTe B HacToamee BpeMa bo3mojkhoctb onpe;a;eJieHna B03paCTa cneTOM ro^OTHHX Ha- He BHymaeT coMHeHHH, ho eme He^aBHo npo<|). ,0,'ApcH Tomhcoh, BonpeKH HHTHM B033peHHaM, yTBepJKflaJI, HTO KOCHKH CeJIBflH ^)OpMHpyK)TCa H3 oco6en o^Horo B03pacTa, o^Horo noKOJieHna, He3aBHCHM0 ot nncjia KOJien;, Ha nemye. HaoSopoT, H. HopT, He coMHeBaacB b npnroflHocTH ycTaHOBJieHna B03pacTa, ycTaHaBJiHBaeT, ^to cejiB^B rpynnnpyeTca b kochkh He ctojibko no B03pacTy, ckojibko no pa3MepaM, hto o6jierxiaeT coBMecTHoe nnaBa- hhc Hey Bcex pn6 o^HHaKOBO acHo BBipajKeHa BO3pacTHaa KapTHHa Ha nemye; b He- KOTopHX cjiynaax Boo6nj,e no Hen HejiB3a HHiero nponecTB, — BCTpe^aiOTCH TaKJKe n ^e^eKTHBie nemyn. B 6oJiBinnHCTBe cjiynaeB rofln^HHe KOJiBn;a JierKO pacCMOTpeTB npn cJia6oM yseJinqeHnn jiynBi (5—10).2 Ha6jno«aa pe3K0 BBipaJKeHHBie rofln^HBie KOJiBn;a Ha ^emye Jlea (1910) i oSpaTHJi BHHMaHne Ha cooTHomeHna MejKfly fljiHHoio Hemyn h rjihhoio MaijepaijHH qemyn TpeMnoBHM npe,p;jiaraeT HOHHyio cbiBopoTKy: SenoK KypHHoro Httu;a 10, bo^h 90, NaCl—i, KapSojiOBOli khcjioth 2 KanjiH h KpncTajui noj«;a. 2 Ilpn BO3pacTHLix onpep;ejieHHHX o6bihho noJib3yioTCH cyxott liemyett, npeflBapjrrejibHO npoMBrrofl HainaTtipHHM cnnpTOM h pacnpaBJieiraoft Me?Kji;y HByMH npeHMeTHHMH CTeKJiaMH. Tpaxeiw (1929) peKOMeHnyeT o6pa6aTHBaTb ^eniyio 2% pacTBopoM nepeKHCH BOAopoffa (peroxide), BHflep?KHBaH b Heli b TeneHHe ho^h, nocjie qero ee nepeBORHT b cepHHCTOKHCJiLitt HaTp (Na2SO3), a hjih paccMaTpHBaHHH — b rjini^epHH. ^jih cyxofi ^euiyn npHiaeHHioT 6ojiee cjia6i>ie pacrBopti (V2%). B cbok) onepeab TpeMnoBHi npe^JiaraeT ocpGwii mctoh «H<|)(|)epeHLtHpoBaHHott oKpacmi, b KOTopoM, no ero cJiOBain, ronHHHBie cjioh BticTynaiOT c 6ojituiott peaKocTtio: BbiHepwaB Meinyio b TeieHne x/2 cyTOK b pacTBope cepHOKHCJioro >Kejie3a (37,75%) h npoMtm boaoio, nepeMema.ioT Ha ctgkjio b Kanjiio 3% pacTBopa TaHHHa; Mepe3 oji;Hy MHHyTy peaKijuio d $HJibTpoBajibHOii dyMaroii. MeTOfl He Hanieji pacnpocTpaHeHHH. XV. B03PAGT H TEMH POGTA 247 . H3 conocTaBjieHHfi mnpHHH rojnraHoro HapacTaHHH, t. e. paccTOHHHH ot neHTpa qeniyn fto Kpaa ro;praHoro KOJiBna el paccTOHHHH MeJKfly nocjiej^ioiijHMja: B03pacT- hhmh KOJibijaMH Jlea npnmeji k 3aKjiK>qeHnio, hto djiuna uewyu u3Mensiemcsi c eos- pacmoM npnMo nponopv^uonajibHo djiune mejia. Ha 8tx>m ocHOBaHHH cooTHonteHHH MeJKfly BejiHHHHofi qemyn V a rjihhoio Tejia pbiSbi — L b pa3HHe ro^Bi mojkho bbi- pa3HTB TaKHM HpOCTBIM OTHOmeHHeM: hjih, Ln Vn -/ = T" = r = const. Ln = -yL. iBHeHne jjaeT bo3mojkhoctb no TpeM qeTBepTyio. Hhbimb: cjiOBaMH, 3Han BejraHHHy qemyH ot ee neHTpa p;o (no nepeflHen, npuKpLrron Hacfn qemyn) — V n RJiHHy Tejia b MOMeHT hohmkh: —L,— h H3MepnB BejiHHHHy qemyn no toh ?Ke jihhhh ro Kpaa Jiio6oro roftiraBoro KOJiBnai— Yw, JierKo bbi^hcjihtb ftJiHHy Tejia —Lra, b momcht OTJiosKeHna ji;aHHoro KOJiBn;a. rjihhbi Tena pn6a 3a npejnnecTBOBaBniHe ro^nee jkh3hh Ha3BaHHe «MeTop;a o6paTHBix pacqncJieHHH» n b HacToani;ee BpeMH npn- o6pejiH mnpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHne b -noBceftHeBHofi HayHHo-pH6oxo3HHCTBeHHofi npaKTMKe. 3Haa He tojibko coBpeMeHHyio j^mssy ph6h L (b momcht hohmkh), ho h ee rjihhh bo Bee npe^Hflymne ro^Bi (b momcht c^opMnpoBaHHH toah^hhs ll512,13, n t. ft. 6e3 Tpyfl;a mojkho-pac^HCJiHTB n ee eJKeroflHBie npnpocTH: • If I t.i -----t^ "V nyTeM, npn noMomn o6paTHHx pacqncjieHnfi onpe^ejifliOT TeMn pocTa AejiBHofi oco6h el cpepiHHfi TeMn pocTa — Bcero KocaKa. Henero m. tobo- KaKoe 6ojiBmoe xo3HHCTBeHHoe n TeopeTH^ecKoe SHaqeHne npno6peTaeT btot b pynax B nocJieRHee BpeMH 3. Jlea (1938) npHMeHHJi HecKOJibKO H3MeHeHHyio $opMyjiy rjih poKeHHH.o6 H3OroHHHecKOM pocTe, no TepMHHOJiorHH reKCJiH(1932/ rp;e rjih BH^HCJieHHH pocTa cjiyTKHT $opMyjia: ^ ' , ___ S j l — ~s^ Ha caMOM Rene npn pocTe h3M6hhiotch OTHonieHHH Me>Kp;y OTRejibHbiMH qacTHMH Tena, Ha- npHMep, pocT rojioBbi OTCTaeT ot pocTa Bcero Tejia h t. r. ; noaTOMy npnBeji;eHHaH $opMyjia He mo- >KeT 6HTb BnojiHe TO^Ha. JJjih onpeaejieHHH B03pacTa y cejibRH cjiesyeT 6paTb neniyio b oSnacTH 5t-12 cerMeHTOB, ho He no3ap;H jKaSepHOii kpbiuikh hjih He Ha 25—28 cerMeHTax, Tan Kan pocT y Hee reTepoMop$Hbitt. G^HTaH, hto HeaKOHOMHHHO npHMeHHTb npocTyio $opMyjiy nponopn;HOHajibHOCTH, Jlea npen- jriaraeT HOByio. IIpH HCCJieROBaHHH Jlea nojib3OBajicH ^euiyeft H3 7 pnp;a ot jKa6epHOii kpbhiikh, Bcerjja c o^Horo MecTa. L — RJiHHa Tejia, S — BejiH^HHa Heniyn; 1 h s — cpeRHHe BejiaquHH rjih BO3pacTHOtt rpynnH KawtRoro c6opa h RaiOT tohkh rjih HaHeceHHH Ha KapTe3HaHCKyio CHCTeMy «oopAHHaT. Ecjih 3th tohkh rjih KajKRoii no;n;rpynnBi pacnojiaraioTCH nonpHMOit, to bo3mojkho onpe- Bce toxikh cpeRHHx 3Ha^eHHii L, jjjih kotopbix ycTaHOBJieHBi cpe^HHe sHaqeHHH S — h, nojiyHHTb cpeRHiie 3HaneHHH rjih KajKROtt B03pacTH0fi rpynnbi. Hcxorhmm ypaB- CJiyjKHT L = a-\-bS (1) iipn ROCTaTOMHO oQinHpHOM MaTepaajie hs n pBi6 o^Horo B03pacTa cpeRHee BHa^eHHe hjihhh Tejia m BejiHMHHBi HemyH — L, S. JJ,iia KajKROii oco6h HMeeM Tpa Ha6jnoReHHH: paccTOHHue ot iieHTpa jsfi nepBoro KOJibi^a — s, 3aTeM Sh.Lh, KpoMe Toro, Hen3BecTHoe 1 — p;jiHHa_Tejia, coot- s. Run Bcex n ocodefi, corjiacHO ypaBHeHHio (I), KaiKAoro OTRejibHoro n MOJKHO B3HTb L— a__S_ I — Q. S (2) ¦¦••+. i ! f' 248 HACTB BTOPAfl. BHOJIOrHfl Peuian bto ypaBHeHne, (3) B 9tom ypaBHeHHH nepBtitt *meH cnpaBa HaeHTHMeH c npocToro nponopi^HOHajitHoro ypaBHeHHH; oto 3HaneHHe HHJKe Ha3HBaeTCH lx. BTopoii qjieH cocTaBJineT nonpaBKy lt 3aBHCHmyio ot HeH3BecTHoro a 11 H3BecTHoro s . h ' 1 —-, qncjiOBoe 3HaHeHiie KOToporo paBHO 1 — — . Bcero c6opa mojkho ycTaHOBHTb cjiejuyiomne , nojiyqeHHOfl (4) aaeT no (5a) Ha hhcjio ocoOeft — n — 11 Ecjih b ypaBHeHiie (4) BMecro Bcex S i (5b) KOJinnecTBa a BBeji;eM A, KOJiiinecTBO, o6us&e (6) KOTopoe b i^gjiom S(1 (7a) nojiyqeHHoe Ha n: (5b) h (7b), Haxo^iiM, mto nocjie^Hee ypaBHeHne ,o;aeT tot use pe3yjibTaT, hto nnepBOe^ ecjiri ' -lZ) (8) KaK h b (7b), Bee BejirmiiHti, Kpoiwe A, ii3BecTHBi; 3to ypaBHeHHe cjiy>KHT ajia onpeflejieHHa A. TamiM nyTeM 3-jiHMHHnpyeTCH omnSKa b npocTOM nponopunoHajitHOM ypaBHeHUH. Beci> Bonpoc cboahtch k KOJin^ecTBy HaSjiioAeHHii, npoH3Be^;eHHtix c ^aHHoii CTeneHtH) to^hocth. k nojioJKeHnio 9. Jlea 0 npHMon nponopn;HOHajiBHocTH: pocTa Ph6h h qemyn, ajmno ocTaHOBHTbcn Ha Ha6jiiofleHHH BnHre (19.15), KOTOptifi B03M0JKH0CTB cpaBHHTt Heniyio bhobb BBiJioBJieHHOH Me^eHofi TpecKii c ee HO BHnycKa. Ecjih BHpa3HTb OTHOineHna MeJK^y bgjih^hhoh ^eniyn npn nepBofi: n BTopon noHMKax (nncjiHTejit) k OTHonieHHio MeiK^y cooTBeTCTByiomHMH ,q;jiHHaMH: Tejia (3HaMeHaTejiL) b BH^e ^po6H, nojiyqnTCH BejiHHHHa, 6jiH3Kafl k eAHHH^e; npn nojiHoi: h^hmovl nponopi^HOHajiLHOCTn 11 jjojiiKHa nojiy^HTbcn HMeHHo e^HHHii;a. B 4 cjiy^aax BTopn^moa hohmkh yKa3aHHbie OTHomeiraH 0Ka3anHCb ho^th paBHEiMHi ,, 0.800 , ,0. 2. 0.7l3oqq.ox O830/, Ofi. ,<, 0.670 , \n V 110 * °yy 6) ^^ ^ 1Ud 0/721 0^52 XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 249 g (5a) (6) (7a) (7b) (8) KaK bhrho, OTHomemra aeHCTBHTejiBHo 6jih3kh k eanHnne, ojuraKO Bee ate He PaCXOJKfleHHe MOJKHO TOJIKOBaTB ftBOHKO. ECJIH SHBTOp^lHHafl HOHMKa pBi6 HMejia MecTO He b TeneHne oflHoro ro.ua, a ^epe3 hcckojibko jieT, 6bitb. pa3HHu;a b cooTHOineHHHX 6HJia 6bi SoJiee pe3KO BBipa?KeHa, h Tor^a Hejn>3H Sbijio 6bi npH3HaBaTb npaMoii nponopipiOHajiBHOCTH. OflHaKO, caM Bimre, no,nyHHB yKa3aHHbie cooTHomeHna, HCTOJiKOBaji hx BnojiHe to^hbimh, npnHHMaa pacxojKfle- HHe HaxoflainnMca b npe.ne.Jiax aonycTHMoii obih6kh H3MepeHHH. TaKHM o6pa3OM BnHre BCTaJi Ha TO*my 3peHHH Jlea, npnHHMaa_6e3oroBopoHHO npHMyio nponopHno- HaJiBHOCTb pocTa jujiuhbi Tejia n qemyn. Onepnpya c MeneHOH n bhobb noftMaHHOH TpecKon, BnHre ycTaHOBHJi, qTO ^lhcjio cKJiepnTOB yBejinHHBaeTCH no Mepe pocTa pbiSbi h hto nrapnHa hx MeHHeTCH b 3aBn- CHMOCTH OT BpeMeHH TO^a COOTBeTCTBeHHO C XapaKTepOM HapaCTaHHH BO3paCTHOH 30HH. M3Mepaji npH noMomn OKyjiHpMHKpoMeTpa h HaHOCH Ha rpa<|)HK Ka?KAoro nocJie,n;oBaTejiBHoro cKJiepnTa, Ha^HHaH ot u;eHTpa k nepH^epn IIOCTpOHJI KpHByiO, nOHIIJKeHHH KOTOpOH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH y3KHM 30HaM BO3paCTHBIX HapaCTaHHH, a noBBinieHiiH — mnpoKHM; TaKHM o6pa3OM ^hcjio H3rn6oB no y3KHM KOJiBn;aM yKa3biBaeT hhcjio nponuiTBix ro,n;oB. Hya?HO npn btom ^oSaBHTB, ^to bhobb. noHMaHHBie oco6n nepe3 ro^ nocjie HXMe^eHM HMenH HOBBie rofln^HHe HacjioeHHHr o6pa3OBaBinHecH 3a nepnofl hx cbo6o,o;hoh jkh3hh, TeM caMBiM noflTBepjKaafl npa- BHJIBHOCTB TOJIKOBaHHH TOflH^HBIX KOJieili; COMHeHHH B 3T0M B TO BpeMfl eil],e BbICKa3BIBaJIHCB. Bjiaroflapn MemKOTHOCTH n KponoTjiHBOcTHH3Jio5KeHHBin hbix H3MepeHHH mHpHHBi cKJiepHTOB OKyjiflpMHKpoMeTpOM He y p CKoro npHMeHeHHH. Gtojib me KponoTJiHB n Me^JiHTeJieH cnoco6 FpexeMa (Graham, 1926), KOTopwH npeAJiojKHji rpaHimBi CKJiepHTOB HaHOCHTB Ha KJieT^aTyio mhjijih- MeTpoByio Syaiary npn noMomn pncoBaJiBHoro annapaTa. Pa3Maxn Hay^HO-npOMBicJioBHX HCCJieffOBaHHH TaKOBH, hto TpeSyioTCfl 6BiCTpHe BO3pacTa coTeH 3K3eMnjiflpos pBi6; noaTOMy nofl;o6HBie jiaSo npHMeHHTBCH TOJIBKQ ^JIH TIUjaTeJlBHOrO HHflHBHflyaJIBHOrO aHaJIH3a. KaK ysKe ynoMHHajiocB paHBme, fl;aJieKO He y Bcex pBi6 neniya ^aeT xopomne n pe3yjiBTaTBi. Otohb ^acTO roflHHHHe cjioh BBipa?KeHBi He pe3KO n ^ H. H. IlyinKapeB naxo^HT, ^to KTeHon^Haa nemyn OKyHH n epma o6pa3OM, ^to e?KeroflHO npn6aBJiHeTCH o^hh pHfl KTeHOH^oB. npaB.ua, 3y6-^ npn H3BjieHeHiiH HemyH Hepe^KO jiOMaioTca, ho Bcerfla mojkho HanTH hcckojibko HenoBpe?Kfl;eHHBix qeinyn h ho hhm onpe^ejiHTB BO3pacT. IIoBHflHMOMy, TaKaa: npaBHjiBHOCTB o6pa3OBaHHH KTeHOHflHBix pfl,o;oB MoiKeT 6bitb OTMe^eHa y Sebastes norvegicus h, BepoflTHo, npncyma h MHornM npoqnM pH6aM. Tor^a me HanajiacB peBH3HH nojiojKeHHH 8. Jlea, KOTopaa noBejia k nien TeopeTHHecKon pa3pa6oTKe MeTO^HKH oSpaTHBix pac^ncjieHHH. yrae BCKope Sbijio 3aMe^eHO, ^to npn o6paTHHX pacHHCJieHHJix no pa3JinqHHM bo3- pacTHBiM rpynnaM o6Hapy5KHBaeTCH, hto neM CTaprae pBi6a, TeM MeHBniHH pa3Mep roflOBHKn; b cpaBHeHHH c hhmh ^jiHHa rofl;oBHKOB 3aMeTHO 6ojiBme npn bh- no 2- hjih 3-ro^OBajiBiM. Pa3Hnn;a Me?Kfl;y BBi^ncjieHHHMH pa3MepaMH ro- flOBHKOB RJ1H. BO6jIH HO 3- H 8-JieTHHM .HOCTHraeT 15—24 MM, #JIH BOJIJKCKOH CeJIB^H no 2- n 5-jieTKaM —52,8 mm, a rjih. ny3aHKa — 38,4 mm. HanpnMep, ^jiHHa toaobhkob 1j KaH^ajiaKmcKOH cejiB^n (PaSnHepcoH), pac^nc- jieHHaa no flByxjieTHHM ccjib^hm — 80 mm^ no TpexjieranM — 67,3 mm, no qeTBipex- JieTHHM — 54 mm. Hjih ftjimia ^ByxroflOBajiHX, BBiHHCJieHHaa no TpexjieraeH — 143, no qeTBipexjieTHefi —124,7, no naTHJieTHefi — 112,3 mm. TaKoe HBjieHne, KaK 0Ka3BiBaeTca, mnpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHoe, 6bijio BnepBBie Po3ofi Jin (R. Lee, 1912), KOTopaa oS'LacHHJia ero CHsaTHeM roflnqHtix naHneM o6pa3OBaHna hobbix. KaK y?Ke 6bijio noKa3aHO npn o63ope BO33peHHH Ha CTpoeHHe ^erayn, pacTyni;eH c BO3pacTOM He tojibko B RJIHHy, HO H B TOJIlUHHy, TaKOe 06l>HCHeHHe He MOHteT paCC^HTHBaTB Ha npH3HaHHe. GaM 9nHap Jlea, npn3HaBaa HaJinqne yKa3aHHoro P. JIh HBJieHna (phenomenon of R. Lee),OTBepr .rfaHHoe eio oS-LacHeHne. IIo ero mhchhio, 3^ecB mh HMeeM flejio c pa3- hbimh KOCHKaMH, c pa3HOH ph6oh, flpyroro nponcxojKfleHHa h c hhhm TeMnoM pocTa; HP ife Mr # 3 ;,.. ¦ n m ,lT; \u '< 11: Li1 31; :¦; 250- - BTOPAfl. BHOJIOrHfl 33eci> HeT MeTOSojiornnecKOH odihSkh, TaK KaK bto jihdib pe3yjiBTaT 6HOJiornHecKnx oco6eHHOCTen npn rpynnnpoBKe cejiB^n b kochkh. BHCTpee pacTymiHe oco6h npn- coeiUHHHioTCH k Sojiee cTapHM ceJiBflHM, 6jiH?Ke noflxoAHmHM k hhm no pa3MepaM n CHJiaM, MeflJieHHee pacTymne — o6oco6jihk>tch b OTflejiBHue rpynnn iijih npncoeflH- hsiotch k 6ojiee mojiorhm KOCflKaM. Tanoe pa3JiH^ne b rpynnnpoBKe, no 3. Jlea, n BBi3HBaeT pa3JiH^He b pe3yjiBTaTax o6paTHBix pacqncjieHHH. Tomhcoh (1929) OTMenaeT, hto oSpaTHBie pacHncjieHna TeMna pocTa no neinye nnKinn, b3htoh H3 oSjiacTH BToporo D h 6jih3 rpy,n;Horo njiaBHHKa,. ^aioT pacxo^a- mnecfl pe3yjiBTaTH c yKJiOHeHneai ot 0,5 ro 3,5 cm (reTepoMop^HBiH pocT). OTBep- raa c?KaTHe ro^nqHtix KOJien; Po3bi JIh, aBTop yKa3HBaeT, hto hhcjio CKJiepnTOB b roAH^HHX KOJiB"qax b pa3HBix MecTHBix rpynnax nnKinn pa3Jin^Ho. , Cym,HOCTB nonpaBKH npe^JiomeHHOH P. JIh, o^HaKo, 3acjiy?KHBaeT npn3HaHna. o6paTnjia BHHMamie Ha to, hto 3aKJia^Ka nemyii Ha pBi6e nponcxoflHT He o,hho- cee BMSpnoHajiBHHM pa3BHTHeai, a 3Ha*niTejiBHO no3?Ke, y?Ke nocjie npe- Ta^nn b OKOH^aTejiBHo c^opMHpoBaHHyio pH6y. 9to oSctoh- ii apyrne nccjieflOBaTejin (Mhk — 1916, MojraH,o;ep — 1918). nojio?KeHHe h (|>opMyjiy 9. Jlea, P. JIh HaxojpiT, ^to ne djiuna pu6u u se- jiununa ueiuyu nponopi\uoH(uubHbi Meofcdy co6ojo, ho mno Jiuuib ?ipupocmu ux nponopi\u- OHCUibHu. GraHOBHCB Ha TaKyio To*my 3peHHH, OHa npeo6pa3OBBiBaeT BHmeyKa3aH- Hyio <^opMyjiy 3. Jlea cjie^yiomiiM o6pa3OM: hjih : Z, — a __ Ln — a V = FnT~ Ln=~v yL — a)-vai a — KOHCTaHTa, nojiynaeMan H3 ypaBHeHHH perpeccnn nepBon cTeneHn; ona co- \ pbiSli b MOMeHT 3aKJiaAKH ^eniyn. PeBH3HH BO33peHHH 3. Jlea 9thm, o^HaKo, He saKOH^njiacB. Pa3 Sujia OTMeneHa MeTOjnraecKaa norpeniHOCTB b pacneTax, Hy?KHO 6bijio nocTapaTBCH HanTH KopeHB odihSkh h BBipaSoTaTB 6ojiee Hafle?KHBiH n BepHBifi nyTB oSparaBix pac^ncjieHHH. Ena- TepiiHa IIIepH^)^) (1922), noflxofta k Bonpocy c MaTeMaTiraecKHM aHajiH3OM, ot- Beprjia cymecTBOBaHiie npHMOJiHHeiiHOH 3aBHCHMOCTii Me?Kji;y poctom ph6bi h ee ¦qeinyeii. OHa Haxo^iiT, hto cooTHOineHne bto BBipa?KaeTca napaSojin^ecKofi KpnBofi, hjih, ^to to me, c.TeneHHBiM ypaBHeHneM. IIoBTOMy (|>opMyjia, npe^JiaraeMaa eio, npHHHMaeT cymecTBeHHO hhoh bur: L = a-\-bv — cc2, 3ji;ecB L h v — ,o;jiHHa ph6bi h qemyn, a, b h c — napaMeTpBi, HaxoAHMBie no cnocoSy HanMeHBinnx KBa^paTOB. B TaKOM BHfle npe^jiaraeMaa ^opaiyjia, yme H63aBHCHM0 ot cTeneHH ee tohhocth, yTpa^EHBaeT BCHKoe npaKTH^ecKoe SHa^eHne, npnoSpeTaH Hey^oSonpnMeHHMBiH bh,o;. Bo bchkom cJiyHae, b sawiyry E. niepn$^) Hy?KHO BMeHiiTB to o6cTOHTejiBCTBO, ito OHa BnepBHe ycTaHOBiuia Hajin^ne 6ojiee cjio?khoh 3aBnciiMOCTH uemRj poctom -qeinyn n pbi6bi. aHajiii3OM MoHacTHpcKHfl cHOBa nepeBO^HT Bonpoc Ha 6ojiee npaK- r, BBOfla BMecTe c TeM flajiBHeHmne yTO^HeHHH MeTO^a o6paTHBix pac- IHCJieHHH. yCTaHOBHB, ^TO 3aBHCHM0CTB Me?Kfly flJIHHOK) pBl6BI H H3MepeHHHMH nofl^HHHeTCH jiHHefiHOMy 3aKOHy, ho BHpa»?aeTCfl HeKOTopon: cjiojkhoh MoHacTBipcKHH npeAJio?KHJi nojiB3OBaTBca fljia onpeflejieHHH ckopocth pocTa ph6h jiorapH^MH^ecKHMH inKajiaMH. CaMyio oaBHCHMOCTB Mem^y fljiHHoio pbi6bi h ^hhoh) ^emyn oh BBipa?KaeT CTeneHHBiM ypaBHeHneM: L — cooTBeTCTByeT ^jinHe ph6bi, x — BSHToaty H3MepeHHio ^emyn, k IIpoflH$epeHn;HpoBaB bto ypaBHeHne, nojiynaeai: - - dx yrjio- . XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 251 e. 3a .uamma nepnofl; BpeneHn npHpameHne hjihhh ph6h HenponopiproHajibHO npHpameHHio B3flTord H3MepeHHH qemyn. BuBOfl, KaK bhrhm, flHaMeTpajibHO npora- BonojiojKeH nojioHteHHio Po3h JIh. JIorapn^Mya csoe nepBoe ypaBHeHne, MoHacrbipCKHH nojiy^aeT: lgL = \gk-{-n\gx, b btom nocjieAHeM ypaBHeHHH ]gk ecTt OTpesoK, OTceKaeMbiJi npaMoio no och nrpe- kob jiorapn^MH^iecKOH iimajibi, k—yrjiOBOH KoaJMxqneHT stoh npHMon, lgL h lgx — jiorapn(|)MH ^jihhh pbi6bi h fljiHHbi ^emyn. IlpH 8tom OKa3BiBaeTCH, ^to pe- 3yjiBTaTH He MeHHiOTCfl, H3MepaK)T jih neinyio b nepe^Hen nojiOBHHe, 3aji;HeH hjih no aH&M6Tpy. npn npaKTH^ecKOM npnjiojKeHHH 3Toro MeTO.ua HeT HaAoSHOCTH bh- qecKOH mKajiOH, xoth 6h no c^eTHHM jiorapHcj^vnraecKHM JiiiHeHKaM. HaHOCH Ha ocii opflHHaT tohkh, cooTBeTCTByiomHe fl;jiHHe Tejia, a no ochn a6cn;HCc — cooTBeTCTBeHHo A-JiHHe neinyn, mojkho ySeflHTbca, *rro bth to^ikh pacnojiojKaTCH B03Jie HeKOTopoii npHMOH jihhhh. To^hoctb Sy^ex TeM -qaM SojiBinee KOJinHecTBO MaTepnaJia nocjiy?KHT ^.tth Bbi^HCJieHHH cpeflHen B03pacTH0H rpynnH. B otom h saKJiioHaeTCH yaoScTBO Jiorapn^MnqecKnx nraaji, npii cjioh?hmx 3aBnciiM0CTHx MejK^y AsyMH nepeMeHHbiMH, He HeHHOMy 3aK0Hy, nofl;o6Hbin m6toa p,aeT bo3mojkhoctb 3aBHCHM0CTb npeBpaTHTB B npHMOJIHHeHHyK); 3Ta B03M0?KH0CTb H yKa3bI- Ha cbh3b Mem^y nepeMeHHHMH b BH^e cTeneHHoro ypaBHeHHH. OTjiaraeMbie b jiorapja^MHHecKOM MacnrraSe tohkh pacnoJiaraioTCH okojio o^hoh npflMon, npo- KOTopon nepecenaeT ocb op^HHaT b oji;hoh h toh ?Ke TO^Ke, o6pa3ya 0Tpe3KH ajih o^Horo n Toro H?e BH^a H3 oflHoro BOfloeMa. TaKHk o6pa- 3om, ^opaiyjia MoHacTbipcKoro roBopirr: npupanaemia jio2apu0Moe Sjiuhu pu6u e cpedneM nponopi^uonajibHu npupau^enuHM jiozapucfJMoe djiunu uewyu. TaKOB cjiowHbiH nyTb nonpaBOK k nepBOHa^aJiBHO npocTOfi ^opaiyjie 3imapa Jlea; TaKOBa, bkopotkhx cnoBax, TeopeTiraecKaH cTopoHa Bonpoca. Tenepb bo3hh- KaeT npaKTHqecKHH sonpoc, KaKHM MeTO^OM oSpaTHbix pac^ncjieHnn cjie^yeT hojib- soBaTBCH. Ytohhhb pa3pa6oTKy npo6jieMbi, KpnTHKa Bee jK'e He yHnqTOH?HJia npn- jio/khmocth nepBOHa^ajibHoro lyieTO^a 3. Jlea. npH3HaBaa: MeTO# MoHacTbipcKoro 3HaqHTejibH0 Sojiee to^hum, mbi othio^b He 0TKa3biBaeMCfl ot cnocoSa 9. Jlea. flen- €TBHTejIbHO, 3HaH HaJIIOHe HeTOHHOCTH BblHlICJieHHH H COXpaHJIH ee HOBCIOAy, HO 303MOJKHOCTH, Hen3MeHH0H, mbi Bee 5Ke nojiy^aeM BnojiHe cpaBHHMbie pe3yjibTaTbi, ctpohtb coBepineHHO npaBHjibHbie xo3fliicTBeHHHe bhboah, h6o He Tpe6yeTCHMaTeMaTHHecKOHToqHOCT6 O «cjih no flaHHOMy BH,n;y (Hanp., no cnry) npeflbiflymne MoHacTbipcKoro, nocjiejiyromne pa6oTHHKH o6fl3aHH npn,n;ep?KHBaTbca ero me, nojiyqaTCH MaTepnajibi necpaBHnMbie, TaK KaK pacxojKfleHne BbiqHCJieHHH no 06011M cnocoSaM motkct ^ocTnraTb BecbMa 3aMeTHbix BejiHHHH. GonocTaBjiHfl 06- paTHbie pac^HCJieHHH no o6ohm MeTO^aM, 3aMe^aeM, ^to ohh cxohhtch o^eHb 6jih3- ko npn HajiHHHH npHMOJiHHefiHOH saBHCHMOCTH MejK^v poctom h BejiH^HHofi HemyH H 3Ha^HTeJIBH0 paCXOAHTCfl — npH KpHBOJlHHefiHOH. OflHaKO, Mbi He COMHeBaeMCH, ito mapoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHne MexaHn^ecKHX mctorob pacHncjieHnfi, nop;po6HO onncbiBaeMbi x HHJKe, c^ejiaioT cnoco6 MoHacTHpcKoro ctojib ?Ke oSh^hhm, KaK n Hbme npuMeHHeMHH cnoco6 Jlea. OopMyjia JJjKHJiBCOHa. B 3aKJiio^eHHe ynoMHHeM, ^ito Gilson Ford (1933), npnMeHHJi b HeKOTopbix cjiy^aax c ycnexoM $opMyjiy S B03pacTa cejibflu: ?/ = 0556:r-j-ll,5 oSpaTHtix pac- y 13 ht. a a; 1 y 8 k t. fl. Ho 3to cpe^Hee ypaBHeHHe npnroAHO He ajih BOflKoro Tnna pocTa 3ana#HaH EBpona hohth He 3HaeT pyccKon HXTHOJiorHHecKofi p en Hen3BecTeH MeTOfl MoHacTbipcKoro n OHa nojib3yeTCH HCKJiiowreJiBHo cnocoSoM Jlea. J -M 'r !- P^ ! V Pi 252 BTOPAfl. EHOJIOrna H. H. HyrynoBa, H3ynaa MeTOUHKy onpetfejieHiia B03pacTa bo6jih h 3oro ny3aHKa (C. saposchnikovi), OTMe^aeT, hto y boSjibi roflOBBie KOJi&ija 3aKJia- SHBaiOTCH BecHoio hjih b Ha^iajie JieTa. ycnjieHHBin pocx Tejia h neinyn bo6jih npo- ncxoflHT b Te^eHne hiohh — aBrycTa, — Kor^a o6pa3yeTca SojiBinaa ^aCTB roji,o- Boro npnpocTa; ocemran npupocT Kpaime MaJi n MHonie oco6h c aBrycTa \o anpejia He BbipacTaiOT coBceM. HyryHOBa (1939) cjiejjyiomiiM o6pa30M xapaKTepn3yeT oco- SeHHOCTH Kojien; Ha ^einye boSjibi. Fodoeue KOJihi^a — napanjiejiBHBi 0Kpy?KH0CTH nemyn ii 3aMKHyTBi; no 6oKaM nemyii CKJiepiiTH BHeninero h HHorj(a BHyTpeHHero nojifl OKa3biBaioTCH cpe3aHHLiMii roflOBBiM kojibijom ; y nepBoro ro^OBoro KOJiBija Ha 3a,o;HeH qacTii ^einyn nopoio o6pa3yeTCH mano^Ka H3 pacin,eniiBiniixcfl CKJiepn- tob. HepecmoGbie nojihi^a coBnaAaiOT c roflOBbiMii, ^to ^ejiaeT hx oco6eHHO pe3KHMii; npn3HaKH HepecTOBoro KOJiBu;a: no SoKaivi neniyn KOJiBii;a nacTO 3aMeTHBi no pa3pBiBy cKJiepnTOB, hx pacxoJKfleHHio ii HenpaBiuiBHOMy pacnojioJKeHHio; nopoio Memjiy pa3- ^BHHyTBiMii cKJiepiiTaMH 3aMeTHa SeJiaa nojiocna; Ha 3aflHeii qacxn neniyn Hepe^Ko o6pa3yeTCH yTOJimeHHtin TeMHbiH cKJiepiiT, pa36iiTbiH Ha no^KOBOBHflHHe OTpe3Kn; HaKOHen;, kojibh;o c^BoeHO, ocoSeHHo b 3aflHen nacTH ^eniyn, r^e CKJiepnTbi chjibho pa3pyineHbi. J]io6a6ou?ibie noJibi^a o6pa3yiOTCH He BCJieACTBiie ce3OHHOCTH pocTa, ho no,o; BJinHHueM iiSMeHHiomiixcfl ^)aKTopoB cpeflbi; ohh MeHee OT^eTJiHBO Bbipa?KeHbi, He no Been 0Kpy?KH0CTH, ho jihhib nacTUHHo, o6bihho na nepeflHen CTopoHe; ho hho- r^a ohh oneHB cxo^hbi c roflHHHbiMH. Gpe^n floSaBOHHbix KOJieu; mojkho HecKOJiBKo TimoB: a) MajiBKOBoe hjih nonaTHoe, cooTBeTCTByioinee CKaTy H3 peKH b Mope, npnMepHo, npHjujiime 3.1—4.Ocm; oho MOJKeT no OTcyTCTBOBaTB coBepuieHHO; 6) flo6aBOHHoe kojibii;o T Tnna cjiynaHHOH 3aflep?KKH pocTa, o6pa3yeTCH no Bceii OKpyjKHocTH c6jiHJKeHHbiMH CKJiepiiTaMH, chjibho HanoMHHaH ro^imHoe KOJiBito; b) S kojibd;o II Tiina — o6pa3yeTca npn ycmieHHH pocTa b Jiynmnx ycjiOBnax >kh3hh, HapacTafl no 6oKaM; r) ,n;o6aBoqHoe kojibh.0 III Tnna — Ha6jiio- npn MexaHH^ecKOM noBpe/KfleHnii nemyn. y BO3pacT 6ojiBnierjia3oro ny3aHKa, ^lyryHOBa (1940) Hanuia, ^to o6paT- pac^HCJieHHH no MeTO,n;y Jlea n no jiorapn<|)MHHecKOH niKane MoHacTHpcKoro no OTOJiHTaM n neniye flajin hohth SyKBajiBHoe coBnaAeHne, Tor^a KaK no kocthm coBnafleirae Ha6jno.uajiocb jihhib b 37% cjiy^aeB. Hajiimne flonojiHHTeJiBHbix KOJieE[ onpe^ejieHiie B03pacTa, ho ohh iiMeiOTca He y Bcex pbi6. OKeaHH^ecKaa , Clupea, hx He HMeeT, Tor^a KaK y KacniiHCKoii, Gaspialosa, hx hcckojibko. Han6ojiee nocTOHHHbiM H3 hhx SbiBaeT Bnepe^n nepBoro roflHHHoro. IIo KnceJie- — 9to MajiBKOBoe, cooTBeTCTByiom.ee OTKoneBKe ot ycTBa peKH b Mope. IIo- S KiicejieBira cniiTaeT 3a HepecTOBbie. KacniiHCKoii ceJiB,o;ii, 3aivraxaeB (1940) oSpaTiui BHHMaHne Ha to, hto jjoSaBOHHbie K0jiBi];a, homhmo cjiynaeB 3aMeAJieHHoro h ycKopeHHoro pocTa, MoryT o6pa3OBaTB npn CMemeHiin Hemyii b KapManme — KOJiBii;a civiemeHHfl. KacaeTCH HepecTOBbix Mapon, to nocJieAHne nponcxoflflT BCJie^CTBne noBpe- neniyn npn oSjiaMbiBaHnn KpaeBbix nJiacTHHOK, rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM, no 6oKaM Kojibii;o HepecTOBoii Mapmi KaK 6bi jioMaeT BepxHioio noBepxHOCTB ^eniyn ii HapyniaeT pa^bi CTpnn; 3to kojibii;o Jiynnie Bcero Ha6jiio;a;aTB b SHHOKyjiap npn X 25; nocjie KOJiBu;a cjioivia cJieflyeT y3Kan cBeTJiaa nojiocKa, JinnieHHaa CTpim. Ha hoboh 3OHe HapacTaHHH HanpaBJieHiie 3aJieraHHH CTpnn H3MeHaeTCfl no;n; HeKOTopHM yrjioM. 3aaiaxaeB OTMe^aeT HaJiirane HepecTOBHX MapoK Ha nemye ny3aHKa (Gaspia- losa caspia), bojijkckoh cejiB^n (C. volgensis), o,o;HaKo He Ha KajK^on nemye. BecBMa CBoeo6pa3Hbii4 HepecTOBHfl 3HaK OTMe^iaeT TiiTeHKOB (1940) y caMn;oB CHHii;a b BH,a;e naTHa Ha a aHajiBHHM njiaBHHKOM, b kotopom ^eniyn bhjiotb ho 6okoboh jihhhh noKpBiBaiOTca 9niiTejiiiajiBHbiMH BBipocTaMii npii oTcyTCTBHn b flpyrnx MecTax Tejia. 3aMeTHTB, hto pocT nemyii Ha pasjin^HBix ynacTKax Tejia HeoflHHaKOB 1930, MoHacTBipcKHii, 1930); b xboctobom OT^ejie pocT HecKOJiBKo 3a- Tor^a KaK b nepe^Hefl qacTH Tejia othocht6jibho ycKopaeTca. IIoaTOMy npnoSpeTaeT. npaKTH^ecKyio BaiKHOCTB HaMeTHTB nocToaHHoe MecTO, r,ne cjienyer coSnpaTB qeniyn fl;jia onpeflejieHna B03pacTa. Jlea nepBOHanaJiBHO npe^JiaraJi chh- XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 253 y cejiBjpt nemyio Ha 25—29 MHOMepax, non'-cnuHHUM nuaBHHKOM, a (1938) Span H3 7 pfljja no3a,n;H HsaSepHOH kphdikh; MoHacTBipCKHft , pe3yjiBTaTH npn o6paTHBix pacnncjieHHHx nojiy^aiOTCH HanSojiee tohhbimh, ecjra ^emyio no cpejniHe TyjiOBHma. OjjHaKO, b BTOMBonpoceMHoronpoTHBope^H. KpynHH Ha cyaaKe ycTaHOBHji, ^to ^einyn BaKJiaRtiBaeTca y MajiLKa okojio 4 cm jjjihhbi h cnepBa b xboctobom OTflejie, noTOMBcpe,n;HeH^acTHiino3JKeBcero — Bne- ; Ka3aJiocb 6bi noaTOMy, hto HMeHHOXBOCTOBOH^acTHHyjKHoSmio 6bi K TaKOMy me BHBoay npinnjia n 8pHa Mop (1916). , y KOTOpoii jierKO ona^aeT neniyfl, 6epyT c caMBix pa3Hoo6pa3HHX h ecjin bch Hemyn cna;n;eT, HmyT ocTaTKH noA SpiomHBiMH hjih rpyjniBiMH B MeTojpreecKOM OTHomemiH bto HenpaBHJiBHO. MeHBmHKOB h PeB- hhbhx (1937), noKa3aJiH, hto cymecTBeHHoii pa3HHii;Bi b oSpaTHBix'pacHHCJieHHHX" He noJiy^aeTCH, ecjin 6paTB ^eniyio BHme h Hn?Ke SokoboS jihhhh. Gtojib ?Ke 6ojiBnioe BHa^eHne HMeeT BBi6op HafljJieJKamero HanpaBJieHna npn H3- ^emyn. y ceJiB^H oSbi^ho n3MepHK)T no nepe^Hefi nacTH ^emyn b^ojib KaHaJia, npHHHMan 3a n;eHTp nepece^eHne nocJieflHero c jiHHnet, 3aRHK)io, HenpnKpHTyio ^acTB ot nepeAHen. no cjioBaM MoHacTHpcKo- ro, AJifl op^Bi n miOTBBi H3MepeHHH no 3aflHen, HenpnKpHTon *racTH qemyn saiOT to^hoctb 6ojiBmyio, b to BpeMfl KaK AJia ceJiBRH, jiococh n KopioniKH npeji;no^TH- iBHee nojiB3OBaTBCH nepesnen. TaKnM o6pa3OM, AJiflKajKfloro.BHHa Heo6xoflmMO aHOBHTB, r,n;e pacHiicJieHna 6y,nyT TO^Hee. IIojih HapacTaHHa.no Mepe yBeJinneHnH njiom;aAH ^einyn yMeHBmaiOTCH, n ro^nq- e HacJioeHHH CTapmnx B03pacTHwx rpynn TecHO cSjinmaiOTCfl MejK,n;y co6ok>. Y TpecKH HacjioeHne roji;HqHHX KOJieii; nocjie 9—10 roflia CTaHOBHTCH HacTOJiBKO ry- cthm, ^to cneT nx BecBMa saTpy^HHTejieH. Hemyn pbiSbi HB.nneTCH KaK 6bi ^opMyjiapoM, Ha kotopom OTne^aTBiBaioTca rjiaBHenmne ?KH3HeHHBie 9TanH. PacciviaTpHBaH neniyio ceMrn, mo?kho cpa3y me otjihhhtb no dbopMe cKjiepiiTOB nepBBie 1—3 ro;n;a jkh3hh, cooTBeTCTByiomHe npe- 6uBaHHio MOjio^H b peKe, ot nmpoKHX HacJioeHHH cKjiepnTOB, Hapocninx b Te^eHne npe6HBaHHH jiococh b Mope. nepHoji; MajiBKOBon ?kh3hh (necTpHTKa, parr, no aH- TepMHHOJiorHH) hcho OTJiH^aeTCH no ^emye, h momght cKaTBiBaHHH mojio- jiococh b Mope (cTaann smolt) onpefleJineTcn 6e3 Tpy^a. B Mope jiococb npe- 6biBaeT b TeneHne o^HOro (TaK Ha3. THH^a, grilse), AByx hjih Tpex jieT, nocjie ^ero BHOBB BXOflHT b peKy flJIH IIKpOMeTaHHH. IIpe6bIBaHHe JIOCOCH B peKe B 3TO BpeMH. conpHJKeHHoe c SHa^HTejiBHHM HCTomeHiieM h pacxo^OBaHneM HaKonjieHHHX 3ana- cob Ha pa3BHTne nojiOBHx npo^yKTOB, TeM 6ojiee, ^ito b peKe jiococb He nnTaeTCH co- BceM, — conpoBO5K;a;aeTCH nacTHqHHM pa3pymeHHeM ^einyn. noKaTHoii nocjie HepecTa jiococb (BajiB^aK, no ceBepHOH TepMHHOJiorHH, kelt, no-aHrjiHficKn) Ha^imaeT bhobb ^n^HHe cjioh, ho BCJie,n;eTBHe HapymennH npaBHJiBHOCTH HanjiacTO- cKJiepHTOB HecorjiacoBaHHOcTB HapacTaHHH (pnc. 202) npoHBjmeTCH b Ha3HBaeMoro «HepecTOBoro KOjiBii;a» (FeTTOH). y caMn;oB jiococh pa3pymeHne H,o;eT HacTOJiBKO hhtghchbho, hto OHanpnoSpeTaeTTpeyrojiBHHeoqepTaHHH, He HaojiioflaeTCH y caMOK, TaK hto no (|>opMe HepecTOBoro KOJiBu;a mojkho HH0rp;a y3HatB fl;a?Ke noji (flpBH h MeH3nc, 1936). MHor,o;a Ha ^emye noHBJineTCH jio?KHoe HepecTOBoe kojibho BCJie^CTBHe noBpe?Kji;eHHfl hjih CMem,eHHH ^einyn, ho npn MaTejiBHOM paccMOTpeHHH ero HeTpy^HO otjih^ihtb ot ncTHHHoro. TaKHM o6pa3OM no nemye jiococh mo?kho ycTaHOBHTB, ckojibko JieT ero h?H3hb b peKe, ckojibko BpeMeHHnpoBeJi oh b Mope, bKaKne ro^Bi ycjiOBHH mkhshh 6ojiee 6jiaronpnHTCTBOBajiH ero pocTy, ckojibko pa3HBKaKOM B03pacTe oh bxoahji b peKH ,o;jih HKpoMeTaHHH; cjiobom —r nojiHyio ero Cnorpa^Hio. JIococb (Salmo salar), KaK noKa3HBaeT ^eniyn, bxoaht Rain HepecTa b peKH RBa, Tpn, pe^KO qeTHpe, a eAHHHHHO — ,na?Ke nHTB pa3 (HpBH n MeH3nc, 1936). 3aKJiaflKa r o fl m i h bi x, TaK Ha3BiBaeMBix «3hmhhx» KOJien;, nponc- XOflHT B pa3JIHHHOe BpeMH. y MypMaHCKOH CeJIBflH, nO GoJlOBBeBOH (1938), 9TO MecTO b aBrycTe h 3aKaH^HBaeTCH k HOH6pio, npn^eM y Sojiee CTapBix paHBme, y mojio^hx, h b npn6pe?KHOH 3OHe paHBme, *ieM y MopcKon cejiB^n. BojiBHieio na- ctbio roAH^HBie KOJiBn;a BtipncoBBiBaioTCH BecHOio: y boojih, no MyryHOBOH (1940), 1 in '$• ilili ;iij||«|jf |-i v ii 254 HACTB BTOPAH. BHOJTOrHH $$¦ If: m < 1 : I i b Mae — nioHe;y ^HenpoBCKoro jiema, no BejiHKoxaTBKo, b Komje anpejia — Man,— y HenojiOBO3pejiHX paHBine, neM y 3pejiHx; cpe/jn nocjie#HHx y CTapnmx paHbnie, neM y mojio^hx. Hto KacaeTca <|>opeJiH, to y hhx, no flaHHeBHry (1937), b pa3Jin^HBix BOAoeMax 3'aKjia,n;Ka nponcxo^nT b pa3JingHoe BpeMfl, — to JieTOM. to 3hmok>, BCJieflCTBne qero Tpy^HO cpaBHHBaTb ^opejien no BO3pacTy, h6o ohh Moryr- OTHOCHTBCa K pa3HHM rOflHTOBIM KJtaCCaM. Onpe^ejieHHe Bospacfa no OTOjiHTaM n kocthm. B Tex Kor,o;a onpeflejieHne B03pacTa no nemye SHBaeT Hey^oSHO hjih HeHa^e^Ho o6pamaTBCH k flpyniM oS^eKTaM. OcTaHOBHMCH npe?Kji;e Bcero Ha npn- dtoh n;ejin otojihtob, kotophmh oneHB HacTO nojiB3yioTca KaK koh- TpOJIBHHM MeTOflOM. Otojihth H3BjieKaK»TCH H3 Hepena 6e3 ocoSoro Tpy.ua. Ecjih npn noMomn hojk- hhii; y^ajiHTt nepenHyio KpbiniKy n BBiTaniiHTfc M03r, to ocTpoKOHe^HBiM jierKO H3Bjie^B b 3a^Hen ^acTn nepenHoro ocHOBaHHH b o6jiacTH prooticum m b sacculus nepenoH^aToro jiaSnpnHTa otojihth sagitta. Ilpn HeKOTopoM HaBHKe em,e npome floSHBaTB otojihtbi, npoBo^H HOH?HHn;aMH BepTHKaJiBHBiH pa3pe3 (a y Tpec- kh — pySnTB TonopOM) no jihhiih, OTfl;e.nHioin;eH npeflKpBinie^Hyio koctb ot p hoh. y penHBix KaaiSa'Ji, Pleuronectes flesus, otojihtbi jie?KaT npn6jiH3HTejiBHO npeanocjieflHHMKOJKHBiMKpioHKOMMejKrjiasHHHHoropflfla n npn npaBHJiBHOM npoBe- ^eHHH pa3pe3a BBina^aioT caMH. Ilpn acHMMeTpn^HOM CTpoeHHH ^epena KaaiSaji h OTOJIHTBI 06eHX CTOpOH HeCKOJIBKO OTJIH^HBi: H^pO JieBOrO (rjia3HOH CTOpOHH) OTO- jiHTa HaxoflHTca hohth b n;eHTpe, Tor^a KaK npaBoro — jicjkht hcckojibko BKci^eH- TpH*IHO,"6jIHJKe B 3a^HeH CTOpOHe. OcoSeHHO BeJIHKH H MaCCHBHBI OTOJIHTBI y TpeCKH h Boo6me y TpecKOBBix. Onpe^ejieHne no OTOJiHTaai BO3pacTa KopiomKH, mohbbi, nec^aHKH, khjibkh h fl;a?Ke KaM6aji, b SojiBmnHCTBe cjiy^aes He npeacTaBJiaeT 3aTpyflpeHHfi;Ha CBeHtnx e KOJiBi^a BBicTynaioT c flocTaTOHHOH hchoctbio, cyxne — cjie- npe^BapnTejiBHO pa3M0HHTB b BO^e hjih npocBerjiHTB b rjinijepHHe. Bojiee h Henpo3pa^HHe otojihth noflnijiHT HaTO^njiBHOMSpycKe. Oco6eH- ho MaccHBHBie otojihth TpecKH npnxoflHTCH nepeJioMHTB nonepeK, no^injiH^ noBepxHocTB H3Jioaia h cHHTaTB ro^nqHHe KOJiBn;a npn na^aiomeM CBeTe. Eme ohh BBicTynaioT, ecjin otojiht nocjie nuin^oBKH cjierKa npoKajiHTB Ha nJiacTHHKe; Tor^a oSyrjiHBaHne opraHimecKoro Benj;ecTBa noflqepKHBaeT rpaHHn;Bi rojpraHHX KOJien. Ilpn HaJin^HH nuiH^OBajiBHOH Mannran H3 otojihtob mojkho npn- rOTOBJIHTB HIJIH^H OKOJIO 0,5—1 MM TOJIH^HHOH HO THHy MHHepaJIOrHHeCKHX HJIH KOCT- HHX IHJIH^)OB. O6paTHHe paC^HCJieHHH HO OTOJIHTaM oSbI^IHO He npOH3BO^HTCH, TaK KaK HeoSxo^HMO, htoSh hjiockoctb onTH^ecKoro pa3pe3a bo Bcex n hto6h npaBHJiBHo 6hji oTMeneH n;eHTp oTOJiHTa; OTOJIHTH #OJI?KHBI ^aBaTB 60Jiee TOHHHe pe3yJIBTaTH, TaK KaK OHH 3aKJia#HBaiOTCfl Ha 6ojiee paHHnx CTa^HHX pa3BHTHH, neM Hemya. OAHaKO, ^ocTaTOHHo ninpoKon; noBepKH, cpaBHeHHH h BBi^ncJieHHH nonpaBo^HBix KO3^)Hn;HeHTOB eme He npon3- HapacTaHne otojihtob no pa3HBiM,iniaMeTpaM, noBH^HMOMy, Hfl;eT He Bnojrae O xoth HayMOB (1935), H3yHaBmHH B03pacT HaJiHMa, c^cHTaeT, ^to bbi- 6op pa^Hyca OTOJiHTa npn npon3Bo#cTBe oSpaTHHX pac^ncJieHnH He OT3HBaeTca na tohhocth HaSjiiofleHHH. Oefl;opoB (1931) b paooTe, nocBameHHon onpe^ejieHHio BO3- pacTa SeJiOMopcKOH KopiomKH, H3JiaraeT MeTOflHKy npHMeHeHHa otojihtob. B. G. Hjibhh npe^jiaraeT npeflBapnTejiBHO noKpHBaTB otojihth TpecKH ^epHBiM JiaKOM, pa3JiaMBiBaTB hx h 3aTeM nuiH<|)OBaTB; H3MepeHna npoH3BO^HTB nofl; SHHOKyjiapOM npn OTpa?KeHHOM CBeTe. 3aMaxaeB (1941) corjiacHO c HayMOBHM, c^HTaeT bo3mojk- hhm npoH3BOflHTB oSpaTHHe pac^HCJieHHa h no ^jihhhoh:, h no kopotkoh och, ho 3a n;eHTp OTOJiHTa b o6ohx cjiynaax npnHHMaioTca pa3JiH^HHe totoh. Poct otojihtob HecKOJiBKO oTCTaeT ot pocTa Tejia h oTHOHieHne #JraHH Toro n .npyroro H3MeHaeTca ot 1.34 flJin oco6h 20—30 cm ^o 0.93 — fljia TpecKH 110—120 cm; cJie#OBaTejiBHO, npaMOJlHHeHHOH 3aBHCHM0CTH MemjIJ pOCTOM TeJia TpeCKH H pOCTOM OTOJiHTa HeT. IIpHMeHeHHe npn oSpaTHHx pacHHCJieHnax jiorapn^MHHecKnx niKaji no o6eHM ochm oTOjinra flaeT 6jiH3Kne pe3yjiBTaTBi, ho pacHHCJieHHH no MeTOjiy Jlea npn- XV. B03PAGT H TEMH POCTA K 3aBHnieHHBIM BeJIH^IHHaM, He COOTBeTCTByiOmHM npflMHM Ha6jHQ,He- HHHM. (Rollefsen, 1934) cnnTaeT otojihtbi Han6ojiee noflxoaaiHHMH fljia onpe- B03pacTa TpecKn; oh nojjHepKHBaeT, hto no OTOJiHTaM mo?kho b KaKne roflH nponcxojniji HepecT pbi6bi : rojpiHHoe kojibh.0 b 3th BaeTCH ocoSeHHO y3Koe. HanSojiee yHHBepcajiBHBiM MaTepnajiOM hjih onpefte-JieHna B03pacTa y KOCTH. ECJIH HX H HpHMeHHIOT CpaBHHTeJIBHO peftKO, TO JIHIHB HOTOMy, *TTO H3BJieHe- Hne KOCTen 3aTpy,nHHTejiBHee, ,n;ojiBine, 3a HHeBcer,n;a bo3mojkho no BHemHHM yc- jiobhhm, Torjja KaK c6op neniyn He nopTHT pbiSbi, a BMecTe c TeM h He TpeSyeT 6ojib- moii 3aTpaTH BpeMeHH. Oco6eHHO u;eHHH kocth b Ka^ecTBe KOHTpojiBHoro MeTOfl;a, fljia npoBepKH h onpeaejieHHH no nemye n OTOJiHTaM. npHHniiinH o6paTHHXv pac^HCJieHHH. npnjioJKHMH k kocthm b ctojib ?Ke hojihoh Mepe, KaK n k ^emye. BO3pacTa ^ame Bcero noJiB3yioTCfl KJiioHHn;eH — cleithrum,. kocthmh (operculare), *iejnocTHOH (maxillare), no3BOHKaMH. IIo cymecTBy, #jih 3toh n;ejin npnro^HH Bee hjih hohth Bee kocth He tojibko njiocKne> ho h MaccHBHHe: nocjieflHHM B. 0. KJiep name OT,o;aeT npe^no^TeHHe, TaK KaK hjio- cKne kocth HepeAKO noABepraiOTCH pe3op6n;HH KocTHoro BemecTBa (KaK y Kapna hjih SeJiyrn), hto 3aTpy,HHaeT onpe^ejieHHe, MacKnpya hcthhhhh B03pacT. H3 kom- naKTHBix KOCTen npnxo^HTCH ,q;ejiaTB nonepe^HHe hijih^h. O^eHB nacTO ^jih onpe- B03pacTa npHMeHHiOT nepBHfl Jiyn rpy^noro njraBHHKa; hm nojiB3yK)Tca oceTpoBHX, coMa h Apyrnx; moh?ho oSpamaTBCfl TaKJKe k cnnHHOMy n aHajiBHOMy JS^SIH. KpaCHOH pH6H MOJKHO npHMeHHTB TaKH«e H ^yjIBKpy XBOCTOBOra IIpHMeHeHHe koctch h6bo3mojkho b Tex cjiy^aax, Kor^a ohh Hpe3MepH0 TOHKH H npOSpa^HH, HO^oShO H?a6pOKpHHieHHBIM KOCTHM HBaCH. nonepeHHBix cpe30B koctch hjih Jiynefi: npon3BOflHTCH npn no- oSH^Horo jio63HKa, b kotophh 3aKpenjiaioT napaJiJiejiBHO ^Be hhjikh c TaKnat ^to6h BBiniuiH^B Kyco^ieK b 0.5 mm tojihi;hhh; ohchb tohkhx cpe30B He Tpe6yeTCH, TaK KaK b hhx roAH^HHe cjioh 3aMeTHBi xyjKe. 3aTeM o6e noBepxHOCTH cpe3a cnerKa no,nniJiH$OBHBaioTCfl Ha 6pycKe hjih tohkom HannjiBHHKe n npenapaT b ,naMi*tap-JiaK hjih KaHa^CKHH 6ajiB3aM. HeoSxo^HMO 3aMeTHTB tojibko, BBiJiymnBaHne rpy^Horo Jiy^a cjie^yeT npon3BOflHTB b caMOM cycTaBe, a cpe3- ot ocHOBaHna Jiy^a, h6o k ero KOHny ro^H^HHe HacjioeHna ToHKHe njiaBHHKOBBie Jiy^H, HanpHMep, TpecKH, fljia o6pa6oTKH B hhx 0Tpe3aTB rojiOBKy, 3aTeM b pacnjiaBJieHHOH KaHH^ojin k npe^MeTHOMy CTeKJiy, OTnnjiHBaTB Ha ypoBHe $OJIH HH5KHI0I0 ^aCTB H HOCJie DTOrO HIJIH^)OBaTB Ha CTeKJie H8HHJIBHHK0M. 1 Kjiep (1927) Ha3HBaeT hjiockocth, b kotophx oTHOCHTejiBHoe HanpaBJieHne chjt h nx OTHOCHTejiBHaa BejiHHHHa coxpaHHWTca hohth 6e3 H3MeHeHna b Te^eHne seen: JKH3HH, — HSOflHHaMH^eCKHMH HJIOCKOCTHMH pOCTa H Hpe^JiaraeT HOJIB3OBaTBCa ,n;jia onpe^ejieHna B03pacTa hmchho hmi[. IIomhmo MaccnBHHX koctch, oh o^eHB pe- KOMeHji;yeT jiynn D.h A. fljia Kapaca oh npe^JiaraeT ^eTBepTHH jiy^ D, fljia oceTpo- bbix — os marginale rpy^Horo njiaBHHKa, ajih hcjibmh — BepXHe^ejiiocTHyio, g py , p ho, meHKy, r^e Haxo^HTca H3OflHHaMnqecKaa hjiockoctb, rjih. OKyHa — rpe6HH Ha kocth. no3BOHKH npn npaBHjiBHOfi opneHTa- cpe3a, ocoSeHHo nocJieffHHH ho3bohok. fljia oKpacKH cpe30B HeKaJiBn;HHHpOBaH- hhx KOCTen npe^JiaraioT nojiB3OBaTtca MeTHjieHOBofl chhbio. CaMBin no^cHeT rojnraHLix HacJioeHnfi Be,nyT hor MHKpocKonoM hjih nojj Jiynoa c noMomBio OKyjiap — MHKpoMeTpa hjih pncoBajiBHoro npnSopa, HaHOca b HeM cjiy^ae to^kh, cooTBeTCTByiomHe meHTpy h roflH^HBiM cjiohm, Ha p Ilpn KpynHtix oS-BeKTax npnxo^HTca npnMeHHTB mTaHreHii;HpKyjiB. GpaBHeHne BH^mcJieHHHX no mjin^y jiyna ro^HHHHX HapacTaHHfi c ^aKTH^ecKHMn H3MepeHnaMH h conocTaBjieHne c oSpaTHHMH pac^ncjieHHaMH no cleithrum, npoH3Be,neHHoe- H. JI. HyryHOBHM, no^TBep^HJio BnojiHe .nocTaTO^myio corjiacoBaHHOcTB h toh- -ffl \ i 'is* II || I : * If r * I f -\ i| I \* I .1! Kjiep npuroTOBJieHHH H3 kocth nojiL3yeTCH neM3ofi. I1 I? j I:, 511 i-i > m h I J 256 hoctb HACTB BTOPAfl. BHOiOOrHfl HaoSopoT, A.H. ITpo6aTOB (1927), H3yHaa B03pacT mepexa, o6paTH£ie pacHHCJieHHH no mjin^aM rpy^Horo miaBHHKa He ^aioT BepHux pe3yjiLTaTOB BCJieACTBHe pe3Kofi ^Hcnponopi^HH pocia jiyia b mnpHHy. J^jih nojiyneHHH jiy^efi h KocTea: npa c6ope MaTepnajiOB Jiy^me Bcero nojiB3o- cBejKefi pbi6oh: cojieHan hjih coxpaHeHHan b ^opMajiHHe puda flaeT mioxne H. Ecjih JiyqH n kocth npnxo^HTCH BHBapnBaTB #jih y^ajieHHH mhihi; h TKa- jrynnie orpaHH^HBaTBcn norpy?KeHHeM b ropHHyio Bo^y, ho OTHiOflB He khiih- thtb, TaK Kan nepeBapeHHHe kocth CTaHOBaTCH MyTHBiMH. HHor^a ^jih npoHCHeHiia KapTHHH npnxo^nTca kocth h ,ija>Ke cpe3bi o6e3?KHpHBaTB; ^jih dtoh n;eJiH mojkho hojib- 30BaTBca annapaTaain GoKCJieTa (Tepem;eHKo), hjih npocTO BtmepjKHBaTB b CMecH 1/3 3$npa c 2/3 6eH3HHa. " Gleithrum paccMaTpnBaiOT no^ jiynoH npn 5—10-npaTHOM yBejiH^eHHH, b cnnp- Ty, Ha TeMHOM $OHe, hto 3Ha*niTejiBH0 ycnjiHBaeTpe3KOCTBro,fl[H^:HHXHacjioeHHH. Hto6h y,no6Hee yjiojKHTB koctb b o^hoh hjiockocth, see JinniHHe otpoctkh OTpe- 3aiOT. ToHKne operculare 6HBaeT nojie3HO no^KpacnTB ajiH3apnHOM, kotopbih 3yeTCH npn cneTe nncjia ho3bohkob y MajiBKOB ph6, HHKpoKapMHHOM hjih JIIO6OH aHHJIHHOBOH KpaCKOH. BnepBHe onpeAejieHne BO3pacTa c oSpaTHBiMH pac^ncjieHHHMH no cleithrum 6hjio npHMeHeHO TepemeHKo k Bo6jie (1913) h Jiemy (1917). 3a rteHTp kocth npnHHMaeTca BepmnHa yrjia, o6pa3OBaHHoro nepeceTOHHeM njiocKocTH ocHOBaHHH c otpoctkom, HflyinHM BBepx. B oSpaTHtie pacHHCJieHHH Te- pemenKo nepBOHa^ajiBHO BBeJi nonpaBo^HBin KO9<|)nnneHT k. JXpno b tom, *ito ot- HomeHne ^jihhh Tejia k ^jihhc cleithrum — c — He ocTaeTca hoctohhhhm, a, co- OTBeTCTBeHHO KpHBOJIHHeHHOH 3aBHCHM0CTH, H3MeHHeTCH C BO3paCTOM. TaK, y Bo6jIH ro/joBHKaL; c paBHHeTCH 15.45, a y mecTHro#OBajiOH — 14.40; y Jiema ^to OTHomeHne KOJieSjieTCH ot 13 30 15.5, c B03pacT0M yMeHBmaacB. GjieflOBaTejiBHO, pocT Tejia He- ckojibko oTCTaeT ot ckopocth pocTa cleithrum, HapymaH npHMyio hoctb. IIooTOMy oh npHHHJi ^Jifl pac^HCJieHHH Ko9(|)Hii;HeHT k rkk CMeatHtix .B03pacT0B, BO3pacTHOH rpynim nojiynaeTCH HanpnMep: —*-:—^h t. r. C4 C5 cootho- ot BBe^eHHH 3Toro nonpaBOHHoro K09$Hn;HeHTa H3- nojiy^aioTCfl He HacTOjiBKo SHaHHTejiBHHMH, ^itoSh onpaB^aTB Sojibihoh no ^onojiHHTejiBHBiM BBiHHCJieHHHM. IIoaTOMy caM TepemeHKO b CBoeii pa6oTe no Jiemy yme He npnateHHJi cBoen nonpaBKH. Poct h Teain pocxa. GymecTByiOT flBa Tnna pocTa: nepBtin — 3KcnoHeHii;HajiB- HBIH, HJIH pOCT C HOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTBK); OH HpHCyiH. naJIOHKOBH^HHM SaKTepHHM; ciofla me othocht kokkob, niapoo6pa3HBix MHKpoopraHH3MOB, pocT kohx Hfl;eT c He- npeptiBHO naflaiomen ckopoctbio, t. e. HBJiHeTCH yracarouiiHM. BTopon thh pocTa MO?KeT 6bitb Ha3BaH napaSojin^ecKHM, TaK KaK npn rpa^H^ecKOM H3o6pa3KeHnn oh jjaeT napaSojin^ecKyio KpnByio, t. e. 6bictpbih h pe3KHH nofl^eM kphboh, cMeHHeMBra^ 3aTeM hoctohhhbim na^eHHeM ckopocth pocTa. OSniienpHHHTO c^nraTB, ^ito k 3T0My Tnny pocTa othochtch h pocT ph6h, o^HaKo, K.nocjie,n:HHM Mopo3OB (1942) c ycnexoM TaKme n ^opMyjiy 3KcnoHeHn;HaJiBHoro poci'a. y pocTa awSpHOHOB npHBejio k ycTaHOBJieHHio npoexott napaSojinnecKOtt $opMyjibi: v = mt*, b KOTopott v — o6i>eM, m — Macca, hjih BejinqHHa opraHH3Ma b KOHue nepBoro nepn- o,o;a BpeMeHH, t — BpeMH h k — KOHCTaHTa. 9Ta nocjiep;HHH BbinncjifleTCH H3 AByx $opMyji: JIorapH$MHpya ooe 11 nepByio H3 BTopott, nojiyqaioT v lgF.-lgF XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 257 HH3Ma, npnpocTa onpeflejraeTCH nyTeM AH$$epeHn.npoBaHHH: " ' ¦ - . dv npnpocTa k $opMyjie: CKopocrb pocTa KaK oTHomeHne mojkho onpe#ejiHTi> CKopocTb pocTa no caMoro opra- 3a.BO3pacT b naHHiri* momght npHHBMaioT tot BospacT, KOTopiin HMeeTca b cepe^HHe nepnona, KOToporo onpe^ejieHa GKopocTt pocTa. IloaTOMy, npn onpe^ejieiraH KOHCTaHTH pocTa yMHO- CKoposTt pocTa aa BsnecruuVi nepnon Ha B03pacT b cepe^HHe 3Toro nepno^a; TOrfla $op&iyjia pocTa jkhbothhx npHMeT cjie^yiomHH bh«: .-¦» 2 — 0.4343 (tx — t) 2 ' 0.4343 ecTt 3iorapn$M ocHOBaHHH HaTypajiBHHX norapH$MOB. KaK y)Ke 6hjio ynasaHo, ycTaHOB.rreHne aaKOHOMepHocTen pocTa npoH3Bosnnoci» Ha pocTa 9M6pHOHOB, ^leia h oSxHCHfleTca BBefleHHe b 3Ty <£opMyjiy o6i>eMa jkhbothhx k pa3MepaMH, t. e. pocTB pocTa onpe^ejiHeTca Tofi H?e , , p TeJia HCHBOTHoro. B TaKOM cJiynae cko- 1 0.4343 pocTa noaTOMy npHMeT — t) igL 0.4343 (h — t) 2 Poct ph6h, ecTecTBeHHO, pacna^aeTCH Ha He6ojiBmoe ihcjio nepnoHOB — HJIH TpH, 06yCJI0BJieHHHX TJiy6oKHM H3MeHeHHeM yCJIOBHH CymeCTBOBaHHJl. MeJK^y nepBHM h btophm nepnoaoM oShiho cjiyjKHT momght HacTynjieHHfl 3peJiocTH; TpeTHfi, ewin HacTynaeT, mojkgt xapaKTepn30BaTB CTapocTB h npenpa- HOJIOBOfi fleflTeJIBHOCTH (flJIOBOCTB). iKTnnecKoe npHMeHeHHe AannoH KOHCTaHTH k nsy^eHHio Teivma pocTa yccypnnCKoro 3ajiHBa 6hjio npon3BeAeHO A. M. PaSaHepcoHOM. pocT ceJiBfln pacna,naeTCfl Ha ^sa pe3K0 pa3Jin^HBix nepnowa, noJioBO3peitocTH. 3to RaeT bo3moskhoctb Teniny pocTa ycTaHOBHTB B03pacT co3peBaHHH, 3HaqeHHe. Gjie^yjomne KOHCTaHTH noKa3BiBaioT, 3ajiHBa IleTpa BeJiHKoro npnyponeHO k Tena L IgL BoapacT 1 2 3 4 5 6 127 226 320 340 355 2.10380 2.35411 2.46687 2.50515 2.53148 2.55623 K 0.864 0.645 0.308 0.270 0.237 no MOJKeT HMeTB H HpaKTBL- HacTynjieHne 3peJL0CTH TpexjieiHero B03pacTa: Cpe^Hee V 0.755 X 0.272 (1934), cboah BMecTe aaHHHe no KOHCTaHTaM pocTa KapnoBHx, Teivma pocTa b ceBepHOM HanpaBjieHHn; bto, BnponeM, 6hjio hcho h H3 npHMoro conocTaBjieHHH TeMnoB pocTa b pa3HHx MecTax. M $opMyjiy MaTeMaTHHecKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH j^jimu Tena ot BO3pacTa ; 4 ¦ yi •J ¦ re, r%e y — jjjraHa Tejia, x— BO3pacT, A pocTa He — ocHOBaHne HaTypajiBHHX p^ HasBanHuH aBTop npuMeHHji cboio $opMyny ee k Bo6?ie; oh nonyyiHJi pocT canma lg (25.6 — y) ¦= lg 25.6 — 0.140334 (x — 0.34023) pocT caMKH lg (34.8 — y) = ]g 34.8 — 0.08412 (x + 0.58369) 1 Bkwiji. JVs 15 Foe. OKeaHorp. hhct., 1934.- 17 OCHOBLI HXTHOHOrHH pa3Mep JKHBoraoro, c — . Mopoao.?1 Uflli i;, \ If", k ill fr%H 15'S-, Jl 258 BTOPAH. EHOJIOrHH npaBHJio b Mop- 1946 3asncHT ot pajja BHyTpeHHHx h BHemHHx <|>aKTopoB h npe?K#e Bcero__ ot ycjioBHH cpeflBi. BioKMaHH (1938) oTMe^aeT, hto npn noBBimeHHH TeMnepaTypn ycHJiHBaeTCfl oSmch BemecTB h bo mhophx cjiyqaax ycKopaeTCH pocT h co3pe* . Han6ojiee pa3HTeJiBHBiM npnMepoM mojkct cJiy?KHTB Kapn, BBmeAeHHBift Ha o. flBe npn 27°, kotopbih flocTnraeT 3peJiocrH y?Ke qepe3 90 fliHefi (ByflAeH6poK 1936). FnKKJiHHr (Hickling), o^naKo, yKa3BiB9eT, *rro Merlucius merlucius nps paBHOft RJiHHe Ha ceBepe THJKeJiee, qeai Ha iore.'9To HBjieHne Toro 5Ke nopa^Ka, Ka- Koe noJiyqnji n AJinaTOB, BBipamHBaa Paramaecium npn 18° h 28° b Te^eHHe 10 AHefi; nepBaa KyjiBTypa cocToajia H3 oco6eft 230.7 p, BTopaa — tojibko 187.4. y 6a6oqeK noBHmeHne TeMnepaTypBi BBi3BiBaeT He tojibko ycKopeHiie HO H H3MeJlBqaHHe H«HBOTHBIX. BeJiHiHB^i TeJia b o6meM no^HHHaeTca ^ByM 3KOJiornq:ecKiiM npaBHJiaai. nepBoe — BeprMaHHa — BeJin^HHa TeJia yBeJiH^HBaeTca ot rora k ceBepy; BTopoe — BejiH^HHa TeJia JiOKajiBHHx pac b coJioHOBaToft Bofte MeHBnie, IIpaBHJio BeprMaHHa n ero BHflOH3MeHeHna, no II. B. TepeHTBeBy (1946), tojibko qacTHHe cjiyqan 3a- KOHa onTHMyMa. T. C. Pace Sr? (1941) BBOflHT B 3TH 3K0JI0rH- Irp it i A HecKHe npaBHJia HeKOTopoe Trrn VTOHHeirae. 1. Cy6apKTHqe- CKne Bn^BiKpynHee oopeajiB- HBIX; MaKCHMajIBHHX pa3Me- pos ph6bi AocTnraiOT b 06- JiaCTII CTHKa yMepGHHHX H apKTH^ecKHx boh; b 6ojiee xoJioflHBix h 6oJiee Bo^ax BeJiHHHHa TeJia me. 2. ApKTnqecKne a6cojiH)T- ,t6ope- I00CM Phc. 200. KpnBan- pacnpe^ejieHnn no pa3MepaM TpecKH b npoSe H3 boctohhoh HcnaHAEfEr. (IIo IleTepceHy.) 3. y apKTnqecKHx bhaob KpynHee,^eM y SopeajiBHBix; Hfin;a KpynHee, qeM 6jin?Ke k noJiiocy apeaji pacnpocTpaHeHna Bn^a (npaBHJia Pacca). H^epeHi^poBKa Jiy^eii b HenapHBix nJiaBHHKax y jih^hhok apKTnqecKnx bh- 3anasflHBaeT no cpaBHeHHio c 6oJiee TeroiBiMH panoHaivm (npaBHJio II. DlMHATa); ho y neKOTopBix apKTnqecKnx $opM coKpanjeHHoe pa3BHTne BCTpeqaeTCH qame y BHfloB pacnpocTpaHeHHBix 6jiHH?e k noJiiocy — npaBHJio JKnapa, no Fecce: y Gymne- lis Jiyin b HenapHBix nJiaBHHKax 3aKJiafl;HBaiOTCfl eme b 9M6pHOHajiBHBra nepnoA. 4. y jih^hhok ceBepHBix $opM, no Paccy, oCh^ho xBocTOBaa nacTB ffjiHHHee, qeM y 6oJiee iojkhbix jibehhhok (aHTeaHajiBHoe paccTOHHne y nepBBix MeHBme). 5. Ko- no3BOHKOB y ceBepHBix pn6 6oJiBme, neu y iojkhhx, — npaBHJio J^mop- . 6. CeBepHBie h OKeaHHqecKne nonyjiflunn hmciot 6oJiBmee hhcjio no3BOHKOB, lOJKHBie n npnSpesKHBie — npaBHJio M. DlMHATa^ yBeJinqeime qncjia ho3boh- kob nponcxoflHT 3a cqeT xboctobhx. IIo cjioBaM Ey;weH6poKa, pocT TeJia y Bcex xojio^hokpobhhx b 3aBncnMOCTH ot TeMnepaTypH yKJiaABiBaeTca b ^paHH^H npaBHJia BaHT-Po^a. OflHaKO, ia BaHT-Fo(|a ^aH?e b ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHOM AppeHnycoM BH^e, BCTpe- MHoro B03pa?KeHHH n noTOMy Ha Heft mbi ocTaHaBJiHBaTBCH He Ha pocT pbi6bi OKa3BiBaioT BJiHHHHe h topmohh. IIojioboh ropMOH caMn;oB CTByeT 3aAepatHBaion3;HM o6pa3OM, n caMi^u no*rrn Bcer.ua ycTynaioT no pa3MepaM caMKaM. Ilpn KacTpai^nn Kapna pocT ycKopHeTCH. Bjihhhhg rnno^)H3a n ero ropMO- hob Ha pocT h co3peBaHHe yjKe 6bijio paccMOTpeHO. KopMJieHHe pBi6 3o6hoh 5Kejie3OH (thymus) BMecTe c iraciniflHHOM, no DlKJioBepy, yBeJinqnBaeT pocT 3ojiothx ph6ok Ha 200—300% h yBeJinqHBaeT hjioaobhtoctb. KopMJieHHe mnTOBH^HOH ?KeJie30H — pemaiomHM $aKTopoM, onpeAeJifliomHM pocT, hbjihctcji nHTaHne. bhh nHTaHHa cKa3BiBaioTCH b nojiHOft Mepe npH nepeHacejieHHH hjih pa3pe?KeHHOM XV* B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 259 pacceJieHHH. IIo IleTepceHy, MopcKaH KaM6ajia b pa3HBix ^acTflx JlHMHop#a pac? TeT pa3JiHHHO, ocoSeHHO 6ticTpo, no BBepnaHy (1931), b K). HopBernn: m. KaM6ajia b 2 ro;q;a HMeeT 28, b 3 ro^a — 36 cm; cajiana EoTHEraecKoro 3aJiHBa pacTeT cKopee, b cpeflHefi BajiTHKe; 3#ecB hbho CKa3BiBaioTCH sKdioriraecKKe ycjiOBHH o6nTa- :; no Hnfljiepy (1931), aMepnKaHCKaH nnKnia pacTeT SncTpee eBponeficKoS; Tpex- aMepHKaHCKHX bo# 42—50 cm, Torjja KaK b EBpone 30—40 cm. Mhtch- CHBHOCTB npOMHCJia He MOJKeT He CKa3aTBCfl Ha pOCTe pLl6 BCJie^CTBHe H3MeHeHHfl HHX yCJIOBHfi KOHKypeHHiHH. O6meH3BeCTHO BJIHHHHe BOHHBI H peBOJIK>n;HH H3MeHeHHa HHTeHCHBHOCTH jiosa Ha TeMH pocTa ph6 GeBepHoro h Kac- nnficKoro Mopa. IIo HopTy (1938), BCJieffCTBne ycnjieHHH jioBa b ceBepHBix Bo,n;ax BO3pocjia HHTeHCHBHOCTB pocTa MJia^mnx BO3pacTHHX rpynn TpecKH b OnHMapKeHe. IIoflrpaflCKHH (1932), Bnpo^eM, Haxo^HT, hto pocT ph6h nponcxoflUT jiy^me scero npn onTHMajiBHofi hjiothocth HaceJieHHH, H3MeHeHHe kotopoh BHme h HH?Ke 3toe[ hopmh yxyfl;maeT ycjiOBHH pocTa. Bojibhioh HHTepec npeflCTa- 1 a . qq^ BJIHIOT pa60TBI^- IIlTpOATMaHHa 2k . \ JSl......-JH npHB.MB03p.rp (1935), KOTOpBlfi yCTaHOBHJI. ^TO / \ W--------H[KpHB.NB03p.r^ pOCT MOpCKOH KaM6aJIBI CTOHT B CBfl3H c ycjiOBHHMH OKpyjKaiomeH CpeflH H 3aBHCHT OT KOHKypeH- h;hh b nHTaHHH. MopcKaH KaM- 6ajia V BO3pacTHOH rpynnu y 0. PioreHa b 1906 r. HMejia 19 cm ^jihhh, a b 1930 r. — 28 cm. Alosa, nepeca?KeHHaH mb boctoh- hbix •qacTefl BaJiTHKH, r^e OHa HMejia roflHHHBiac npnpocT 0.5 cm, b 3anaflHyio nacTB, BHpocJia 3a tot me npoMejKVTOK BpeMeHH Ha 10.6 cm. .Atkhhcoh (1910) OTMe- qaeT, ^to MopcKan KaMSajia, nepecaJKeHHaa H3 BapeHn;oBa MopH b GeBepHoe, pacTeT 3Ha- ^HTejiBHo SucTpee, ^eM Ha po^HHe jihcb nepeca^KH MaccH moji GnareppaK n b BanTHHCKoe Mope b 29 Phc. 201. KpHBafl H3MepeHHfi hjihhli Tejia 6ajiTHttcKofi Pleuronectos flesus trachurus h pacuiH$poBKa KpHBO& no HccjieflOBaHHK) otojiiitob. (IIo CyBopoBy.) B nocjieflflne tojj;h innpoKO npaKTHKOBa- KaM6ajiH H3 GeBepHoro Mopa b KaTTeraT, p flaHnn, IIIBe^HH, HopBernn; k btoh npaKTHKe 6bi oSpaTHTBca h b GGGP. Ha btom ocHOBaHHH IIlTpoATMaHH BaeT noHHTne 0 «noTeHnHajiBHOM pocTe», noflpa3yMeBaa noji; bthm TepMHHOM jKeHae npn yHacJieflOBaHHofi KOHCTHTynnn HanSojiBinnx bo3MO?khhx pe3yjiBTaTOB npn HajnraHH BHeniHnx 6jiaronpnaTHBix ycjiOBHH. B Henoflxoflmnnx ycJiOBnax noxeH- H;HaJIBHHB[ pOCT MOJKeT OCTaBaTBCfl B CKpBITOM COCTOHHHEE, npOHBJIflHCB CHOBa JlidlUB npn nepeHeceHHH b Jiymajm oScTaHOBKy. II npoHBJieHHH noTeHnnaJiBHoro pocTa moh?ho 6hjio 6bi npHBecTH mhofo. yKa3tiBaeT, hto cnr—Jiy,nora n ^y^cKOBE cnr, nepecasKeHHHe b O3epo , o6HapyjKHjin Heo6HHafiHO SHCTpHEt poct;b nepBHfiroa ceBaHCKnft cnr pac- no secy BTpoe 6HCTpee, neM b Jla^ojKCKOM h B^Boe SncTpee, ^eM b ^yncKOM O3e- pe. JlyAora 14 MecHneB b GeBaHe neperoHHJia TpexjieTKOB H3 Jla^orn. Bjiersaff (1935) coo6maeT, hto flaT^aHe 3a 1928—1933 rr., nepecaflnjiH H3 GeBepHoro Mopn b BejiBT okojio 1 mjih. MOJioftBix m. KaM6aji; nocJieAHne b nepBHfi ate rofl nocjie nepe- BBipocjin Ha 12, a 3aTeM Ha 8 cm. Ebitb MomeT, caMHfi pa3HTejiBHHfi ^OTeH^H:- pocT npoHBiEflioT $opeJiH—py^BeBafl n paflysKHaa. Oiibith BHcasK cerojieTKOB h roflOBHKOB ^opejieS b cojieHyio bojsj BajiTHficKoro npoH3BOflHMHe TeHKHHroM (1916), BnjuiepoM h KBe^Hay (1931), A (1934—35) h oco6eHHO MeftepOM (1939) b panoHe Kypninra$a, KojiB6epra h BncMapc- 6yxTH, o6HapyjKHjiH, ^rro to,hobhkh, BecHBrnne 80—100 r, b Te^eHne He CBBnne BBipacTajin flo500r h «o43cm hjihhbi, a OTAeJiBHHe 3K3eMiuiflpH paffyHoiofi 1300 rh 59 cm; npn 3tom pynteBafl $opejiB npeBpamanacB bKyMH«y. B npy- I. Iff I i' EU i ,1 rl r f ii- »( it: A ti If 1 i-S £ i ! i I 3 ' i) 1 260 ROBOM XO3HHCTBe HHKOrfla pa^ysKHaa $opejiB b *IACTfi BTOPAH. EHOJIOrHH pe3yjn>TaTOB;~ no 8Hrep (1934) Bo3pacT 0 i ii in ^JIHEa B CM . Bee b r . . . 9.18 10.0 15.85 50.3 ¦ 22.78 129.5 24.67 156.6 HcnojiB3OBaHne xo3HHCTBeHHoe BO3MO3KHOCTei& pocTa HMeeT, HecoMHeHHO, 6ojiBmoe . HeoSxoflHMo b mnpOKHx pa3Mepax nocTaBHTB n K 6 onHTti b Ohhckom 3ajiHBe (KonopcKaa 6yxTa), 3aMeHHTb Pnc. 202. Heuiya ceMra, Salmo salar. Hcho BHflHbi pe^Htie h MopcKne ro- ji;HHHHe KOJibita h HepecTOBoe kojibijo. (Ooto T. H. II) Phc. 203. Poct 5 6 7 8 9 tOner Tejia — b pa3JiHqHBix 1—nejibTa Bojim; 2—03. MormibHoe (BejiopyccHH); 3 — HyflCKoe osepo; 4—ApanbCKOe Mope; 5—HepTOBO O8epo; 6— MK)H,n;eHCKoe oaepo (o6a b TepMaHHH); 7— oa. Jl (Ohhjihhhhh). (Ha MeiicHepa.) pa3BeffeHHe kymjkh. Hcbojibho npnxoflHT b rojEOBy mhcjib h o BO3MOJKHOCTH npnHyflHTejiBHOfi BHca^KH b Mope MOJio^H ceMrn, Salmo salar, b roflOBajiOM B03pacTe bmccto HopMajiBHoro ee npeSHBaHna b peKe b TeneHne HecKOJiB- khx jieT (GyBopoB, 1945). pocra Be^yT flByMH nyTHMH. HenocpeffCTBeHHoe conocTaBjieHne cpefl- Tejia a MOMeHT hohmkh kjih. KaJK^oa: BO3pacTHofi rpynnH ji;aeT bobmomk- hoctb ycTaHOBHTB cKopocTB HapacTaHHa Tejia, MOMeHT 3aMeflJieHHH pocTa. IlapaSo- jiH^ecKafl KpnBafl pocTa, nepBOHanaJiBHO KpyTO H3orHyTafl, CTaHOBHTCfl 6ojiee hojio- rofi. B HacTOHmee BpeMH rjih. nsy^eHHH TeMna pocTa oSh^ho npn6eraioT k 6onee y^oSHOMy MeTO^y, nyTeM o6paTHHX pacTmcjieHHH:. HsyneHn pocTa cjieflyeT conpoBOJK^aTi. Tanme n aHajiH3OM BecoBoro npnpocTa. mojkho nojiyqHTB qpesBH^anHO Ba?KHHe b xo3hhctb6hhom OTHomenHH BHBOflH o peH- TTaSeJIBHOCTH pOCTa H MaKCHMaJIBHOM, ^OIiyCTHMOM, C TOHKH 3peHHH XO3flfiCTBeH- Horo pac^eia, BO3pacTe hpomhcjiobhx ph6, HMeH b Bn,ny Han6ojiee SHCTpoe h hoji- Hoe ncnojifc3OBaHHe kopmobhx pecypcoB BOfloeMa. IJeJiecooSpasHee Bcero BHjiaBjin- pH6y b TaKOM B03pacTC, Kor^a ee pocT HannHaeT 3aMeAJiflTBCH; HeT HHKaKoro aonycKaTB ph6 ^o?KHBaTB fl;o cTapocTH, Korfla ho^th bccb KopM pacxoayeTca TOepmHBaiomHH, a He npoflyninpyion^HJa. IIpHJiaraeMHH pncyHOK (203) no- Ka3HBaeT H3MeHeHHH TeMna pocTa jiema b pa3JinnHHX Bo^oeMax. KaK bh^ho, b Kac- > i*'% XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 261 HhSckom h ApajiBCKOM Mopnx pocT jiema npoHcxo^HT Haii6ojiee peHTaSejiBHO b nep- 3—5 Jiei; b HyacKOM O3epe pocT naeT Sojiee hjih MeHee ORHoo6pa3HHii; HanSo- jiee p a noflaBJieHHHH pod Jiem;a OTMenes b 03. JlaHrejiBMeBecH, b opMyjioft T * M I w < :i w 7 1 ! it s ¦ fel s i 262 *IACTB BTOPAtf. npHMeiHfleTCH js,jir npaKTBraecKnx nejien, CBH3aHHBix c nepe^HCJieHneM no- nnyiHoro yjiOBa Ha Bee, Koiyja hcxoaht H3 MaccoBHX H3MepeHHft ajihhh hjih, Hao6opoT, #jifl nepexo.ua ot seca k flJiHHe Tejia; K03<|>nnHeHT dtot npe#CTaBJiHeT Bnepe^ cooTHomenne uemjij .hjihhoio h BecoM TeJia. TaK KaK Bee hb- o6i»eMa, i\ e. H3MeHeHHfl b Tpex yUHTaHHOCTH BHBO.HHT H3 6 g Bee b r, L •— ^JiHHa Tejia b cm (6e3 XBOCTOBoro mraBHHKa). KjiapK (1928) npe^JiaraeT b btoh $opMyjie nojii>3OBaTi>CH BecoM Tejia 6e3 'ito P. Hhkojibckhh (1940) CHHraer BecBMa B[ejiecoo6pa3HHM. ynnTaHHOCTH He ocTaercH hoctohhhhm h c BO3pacTOM n poctom HeMHoro H3MeHHeTCii. IIoaTOMy nojie3HO bh^ihcjihtb ero #jih KajK^ofi B03pacTH0H: rpyn- iih; HanpnMep, MypMaHCKHe Pleuronectes flesus h Clupea harengus HMeiOT K: Bo3pacTHue rpynnu in IV V VI VII VIII C. harengus ........ P flesus.......... 0.61 0.60 1.98 1.99 2.04 V 1.99 jiem, bcchoh HMeeT K. y., no OejiLTeHy, 2.30 caMen, h 2.36 —; caMKa, a oceHtio — 2.54 nepBHH h 2.64 BTopan, b OTflejiBHHX yjiOBax, no OejiBTeHy, 2.14, no Kjiapny—1.92 (caMinj:). Ho CpaBHeHHH aKCTepBepa pH6BI H3 ABVX pa3HHX BOflOeMOB KO9$HIi;HeHT cpa3y noKa3BiBaeT npenMymecTBa o^Horo H3 hhx; nanpniviep, Jiem; (caMKa) H3 ,o;h- CTpo^Horo BOfloeMa MOHteT HMeTB K=1.8,8l H3 eBTpo^Horo, 6ojiee KopMHoro — 2J (BajiBTep, 1903). B hpomhcjioboh npaKTHKe oShkhobphho orpaHEraHBaiOTCH onpe- ^ejieHHeM npoMHCJioBHX HaBecoK, t. e. nepeBO^OM rpynnoBHX B3BemHBaHHfi: (Ta.Tmiif HOCHJIOK) Ha 1000 HIT. pBl6, He3aBHCHMO OT HX flJIHHBI. CooTHOineHHe Meatfly flJiHHOio Tejia h BecoM mohjct 6hts Bti^iHCJieHo h HHoe, oflHaKO, npyrne 4>opMyji&i He nojiy^HJiH pacnpocTpaHeHHH. TaK, K.TepemenKO fljin BOJiaccKoro Jiema npeflJio>KHJi 6on.ee cjioatHoe cooTHoiueHHe : —y MopO3OB 10.000 BO6jIH 3aBHCHMOCTE>. Meatfly flJIHHOK) — X H BeCOM lg y = 2.87454 lg x —1.53186 0 caMOK \gy = 8.03374 lg a—.1.70595 opfl (1933) fljiH onpeflejieHHH cooTHOineHHH Meatfly hjihhoio L h BecoM W cejibflH Opa3epa (1931): W=0.00000337. I3-149 KoppeJiHi^HHMesKfly fljiiHoio n BecoMpBi6Bi. Puda pac- b RJiEsy b TeneHne Been h?h3hh; oflHaKO, pocT c BO3pacTOM 3aMeflJifleTca h no napaSojHPiecKOEE kphboh. TaKHM me o6pa3OM n#eT h HapacTaHne Beca. TejiBHaa Koppejimraji Memiiy njiHHOio h bccom c BO3pacTOM ocjiojKHHeTca. Ecjih He BBOjniTB b paflM Han6ojiee KpynHHx n npecTapejiHX ocoSefl, to KO9$Hu;HeHT HOJIOJKHTeJIBHOEE KOPPeJIflnHH IIOCTHraeT O^eHB BBICOKOH BeJIH^HHBI. B Bn^e npHMepa bo3bmcm Koppejiflnnio MejK^y fljiHHOio h BecoM rjih. caMOK co- cejihRW, BH^ncjieHHyio O. II. Ahthhoboh (1928) (cm. Ta6jiHn;y HacTp. 263). TaKHM o6pa3OM 3,necB (jTMe^iaeTCfl bhcokbh nojiOH?HTejiBHaH 96%. Ko9$HE[HeHT psrpeccHH nOKa3HBaeT npnpaineHHe #j Ha 1,25 mm npn npnpocTe Beca Ha In HaoSopoT, noBHmeHne Beca Ha 0.77 r npn npH6aBJieHHH ffjiHHu Ha 1 mm. XV. JB03PACT H TEMH POGTA 263 06paTHHe p'acincneHHfl Beca V e ji a. IIpoh3bohctbo 06- paTHHX pacHHCJieHHit Beca TeJia 3a npeflBiflyiniie rojjBi jkh3hh, noflo6HO. TOMy 9to ^ejiaeTCfl b OTHomeHHH fljinHH, —He bohijio eme b o6hxo,h Hay^H npaKTHKH, xoth b HeKOTopux cjiy^aHX, 6eccnopHO, 6uBaeT n;ejieco66pa3HO hc- He tojibko TeMir pocTa JiHHeHHtiH, ho h BecoBOH. B noBceRHeBHoii pa6o.Te ^ame orpaHH^HtBaiOTCH HenocpeflCTBeHHUMH B3BeinnBaHnHMn h BH^cacJieHHeM cpeff- hhx fljiH KasKftOH BO3pacTHofi: rpynitH. fljifl o6paTHHX pacTmcjieHHH Beca mojkho nojiB3OBaTi>cH h K03(|)nnHeHT0M ymtTaHHocTH, ecJin tojibko ^jih KasKftoii BO3pacT- hoh: rpynmj oh 6yfl;eT bh^hcjich 3a6jiaroBpeMeHHo. Xi315 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230- 240 250 260 270 28 28 70 16 86 3 16 19 5 1 5 1 3 4 4 4 8 4 1 5 2 3 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 j — 1 1 2 — • 2 . 1 3 1 1 101 38 7 10 5 4 r = + 0.96 ±0.1 1 — : -=1.25 V — 2 J? Ml =0.77 x 1 172 ."-I IL B. TiopHHHM (1927) 6hji npeffiiojKeH MexaHBraecKHfi cnoco6 pac Beca TCJia ph6h 3a npejnj^ymHe rojnj: jkh3hh no jiorapH$MBraecK6fi ^ocKe MoHacTErp CKoro. IIpHHiprnH, nojiosKeHHHe b ocHOBaHae 9Toro cnoco6aj hhckojibko hg otjih 1 nSr: fe.nl!1'1 aft?!* &; . ,11 lliH " !f Hi |i !! 264 *IACTB BTOPAfl. EHOJIOrHH ot Meiofla oSpaTHBix pac^HCJiemiH #jihhbi Tejia no ^emye; bto caMHM KopoiKHM H3Jio?KeHHeM cnoeoSa TiopHHa. Tan naK Bee p&i6h Haxo^HTCH b TecHOii KoppejiHTHBHOii aaBHCHMOCTH ot ee hjihh&i, to ncjieHHH mo«kho 6hjio 6u nponsBOflHTb Henocpe^CTBeHHo no aneiweHTaM KpHBOft, ho p BCJie^cTBHe ee cjiojkhocth He Morjia 6h HMeTB npaKTiraecKoro npHMeHeHHH. B caMOM HJiH TyryHa, Coregonus tugun, Ha kotopom pa3pa6aTHBajiCH btot MeTOff, BtraicJieHHH nojiyqHJin 6u fi Bo3pacTiiHe rpymm 0+ pJi ffiHHa L.....52.7 Cpe£HHfi sec Q...... 1.11 Ha OCHOBaHHH 9THX flaHHtlX CTpOHTCH KpHBafl, TJSfi HO OCH a6ci?HCC OTKJiaflHBaeTCH HJIHHa TeJia, a no och op;a;HHaT — Bee. nojiynaeTCH napaSojiaqecKaa BMrHyTan KpHBan, ypaBHeHHe KOTOpofi, nocne onpeflejieHiw KO3$Ht(HeHTa.'KOppejiaiiHH, npaovpeTaeT TaKOft bur (b rpaMiaax). Q = 11.72 — 0.4C3Z -^ 2 + 34- 44- 86.0 105. .1 113.3 123.3 5.68 12 .40 16.0 21.0 Hen:ero ia roBopnTb, ^to pac^iHCJieHHH no iio#o6hhm $opMynaM cjihthkom cjioh«hh noBceffseBHoro npHMeHeHHa. B3aMeH 9Toro TiopHH npe^JiaraeT BJieMeHTH tohi H?e caMOH kphboS: HaHOCHTB Ha jiorapH^MH^ecKyio mKajiy, KaK 06 stom h roBopHTCH b rjiaBe «Bo3pacT pLi6». IIpH stom Jiorapn^MH .hjihhh no BepTHKajiBHoS och — op/nmaT, a jiorapn$MH Beca — no a6cn;E[cc. Tor.ua tohkh pacnojiojKaTCfl B03Jie npaMOH, npo#oji?KeHHe KOTOpo^ ot- Ha och opffHHaT OTpe3OK, b .naHHOM cjiy*iae paBHHH 5.1 cm. flajiBHeflinee pacra- Be^eTca no ROCKe MoHacTBipcKoro (nepBoro o6pa3n;a) cjie^yiomHM o6pa3OM. jTHHeHKy Ha Bejin^iHHy nojiyneHHoro OTpe3Ka, b 5.1, 6epyT pH6y, «jih KOTopon jme npoH3BefleHBi oSpaTHu Tena; jiHHenKy n TpeyrojiBHHK ycTaHaBjiHBaioT TaK, *ito6h. rnnoTeHy3a BCTajia Ha npOTHB ^ncjia, cooTBeTCTByiomero ^jiHHe B3htoh pbi6h, a Ha HenoflBHJKHofi: — Ha ^mcjie, o6o3Ha^aioin;eM ee Bee; Bee npoH3BOfl:HTca b ojni'oM MacmTa6e- nocjie aToro TpeyrojiBHHK no 3aKpenjieHH0H HenoflBHH^Ho jinHefiKO jiHHaM pti6Bi 3a npe^niecTBOBaBmHe roflti, OTC^iHTHBaiOT Ha He- niKajie Bee ph6bi npn sthx pa3Mepax. pe3yjii>TaTBi BnojiHe yAOBJieTBopHTejiBHO coBna^aiOT c flaHHHMB npflMHX HaSjiiofleHHH. Ilpn Tannx pac^nejieHnax TiopHH npHHHMaeT, ^to npnpame- Hne jiorapn^Ma sjihhh Tejia ph6h nponopnnoHajiBHO npnpameHHio Jiorapn^Ma ee- Beca. BaHK (Bank, 1940) npe^JiaraeT bbccth noHHTne start, noiiHMaH hoa bthm ffJiBosy Ph6h, npn KOTopoa: OHa MMeeT Bee 1 r. Ph6bi c xopomBM CTapTOM h bhcokhm ko3$h- D[HeHTOM pOCTa HBJIHIOTCH MflCnCTHMH, C oSpaTHBIMH ^aKTOpaMH — M onpe^eaeHHa BO3pacTHoro cocTasa CTafl,a. IlepBBiM no , ho KOCBeHHHM MeTO^OM 6hji cnoco6 ITeTepceHa, HasBaHHBin hm Mac- cobbim MeTO^OM (Massemethode 1894); KaK HHor^a roBOpHT, — noMomBio neiepce- HOBCKHX KpHBBIX. CymHOCTB erO SaKJIIOqaeTCfl B TOM, HTO Ha OCHOBaHHH MaCCOBBIX npOMepOB RJiMHhi Tejia pti6 CTpoHTca KpHBaa, r^e Ha och opflHHaT ocoSeft, a no och a6cnncc — flJiHHy Tejia; Tor#a H3rn6H kptiboh bo3mojkhoctb cy^HTB o BospacTHHX rpynnax. He^ocTaTKOM aToro ^HOCTB: oflHa BO3pacTHaa rpynna 3axoflHT 3a flpyryio, BepmnHBi MaCKHpyiOTCH H OTCHB ^aCTO OflHO HOflHHTHe OXBaTBIBaeT HeCKOJIBKO BO3paCTHHX rpynn; bto oco6eHHO o6h^ho b npaBon, cTapmen cTopoHe kphboh. H KpHBaa npocTO 6HBaeT oflHOBepmnHHa (6HHOMHajiBHaa KpnBaa) n b BO3pacTHOM OTHomeHHH coBceM HenoHHTHOH, Bnpo^eM, Manep HTO ^Jia paCniH^pOBKH HeHCHOH KpHBOH MaCCOBHX H3MepeHHH SHBaeT" onpe^ejiHTB BO3pacT no OTOJiHTaar, no nemye hjih kocthm xoth 6h 5%. ocoSefi. B BH^e npHMepa MOHteT nocJiy^KHTB (pnc. 200) KpHBaa, cocTaBJieHHaa no npo- MepaM HCJiaHflCKOH TpecKH IleTepceHOM. QHa o^eHB xopomo noKa3HBaeT Hajin^ne MOflH 0, I, II h III BO3pacTHHX rpynn, ho b IV h V nmtax cjihth IV, V, VI n VIIr c o^hoh cTopoHH, VI, VII, VIII h IX rpynnH ^— c ffpyron. flpyran KpnBaa (pnc. 201) noKa3HBaeT cyMMapHyio KpHByio H3MepeHHH .hjihhh Tejia pe^Hon KaM6ajra> XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTX 265 pleuronectes flesus, EajiTHftcKoro Mopfl h pacinn^poBKy kphboh c nOMomBio onpe- fleJieHH^ BO3pacTa no OTOJiHTaM-. TaKHM o6pa3OM, neTepceHOBCKHe KpHBHe Moryr HMeTB 6ojibmoe noflco6Hoe SHa^eHne npn aHajiH3e kochkob ph6h, ho caMOCTOfrrejiL- HHM MeTOflOM RJ1H. CyjKfleHHH O BO3paCTHOM COCTaBe He HBJIHIOTCH. OSbPESO B03paCTH0H COCTaB npOMHCJIOBHX KOCHKOB OnpefleJIHeTCH HJTeM B3H- thh **epe3 npaBEuitHHe npoMejKyTKH BpeaieHH cpejniHX npo6.TaK,aHajiH3npyH BO3- cocTas yjiOBa KaiKflyio naTHflHeBKy npoSaMH no 300—500 9K3., moskho yTHHH, both ce3OHa nojiy*mTB BapnanHOHHLie ph,hbi H3MepeHnfl , Beca n MaccoBHe onpeaeJieHnn B03pacTa n KOjiH^ecTBa hgckojibkhx thch*i, Gpe,nHe& H3 pflffa TaKHX onpefleJieHHH, Ka3ajioci» 6h, ^ojijkho 6htb ^ocTaTOHHo Ha^e?KHO b. CMHCJie xapaKTepncTHKH cpeftHero BO3pacTHoro cocTaBa. B HeKOTopHX cjiynanx, KaK noKa3aji H. HopT Ha HopBe?KeKOH ceJiB,HH, npnBajnj ph6h 6HBaioT HacTOJiBKo ojnio- o6pa3HH, Trro btot MeTO,n .naeT flOCTaTO^Ho TO^HHe pe3yjiBTaTBi, B SojiBinHHCTBe- cJiynaeB, o^HaKO, B03pacTH0H cocTaB kochkob He ocTaeTCfl o^HHaKOEHM; BMecTe- c TeM h pa3MepBi yjiOBOB npnxoTJiHBO hsmchhiotch c KasKjpjM .tnieM, TaK hto cpewane B03pacTHBie npo6H 3a OTflejiBHHe hhh He Moryr xapaKTepH30BaTB yjiOBa b TaKHM o6pa3OM MexaHH^ecKoe nepe^incjieHHe cpeflHero H3 hcckojibkhx npo6 b ce6e KopeHB MeTOflHHecKOH ohihSkh, h6o KajK^an npoSa xapaKTepn3yeT kobbih yjiOB. ropa3,nio Ha^e^KHee xapaKTepn3yeTCH BecB yjios ^aHHoro nyHKTa 3a ecjin cpeffBne npoSn BO3pacTHLix aHajiH3OB nepe^ncJiHTB no Becy Ha jiOB, jj,jih nero Heo6xo,HHMO ncnojiB3OBaTB y (HJIH HHTHflHeBHHX) yjiOBOB. 3naH nOCTOHHHHe npOMHCJlOBHe HaBeCKH (BeC 1000- hit. ph6), jierKO fljin KajKflon nnTH^HeBKH (hjih KaH?floro ahh) bmhhcjihtb vjiobbi b niTyKax, a oSmne cvmmbi 3a ce3OH, 3a Mecnrt — Ha ocHOBaHHH S (BO3pacTHoro) aHaJiH3a — BBipa3HTB b BH,ne BO3pacTHoro cocTaBa CTapta, Ilpn TaKHM nyTeM nojiynaeTCH BecBMa cymecTBeHHaa pa3Hnn;a cpaBHHTejEBHO c Me- nepecneTOM cpe^Hnx npo6. ManopoBa (1930) flaeT cjieinyiomyio Ta6jin- BO3pacTHoro cocTasa cy^aKa AxTapcKoro paftoHa, hcho noKa3HBaiomyio pa3- pe3yjiBTaTOB, nojiy^aeMHX no o6ohm bthm Bo3pac.THtie r] Dynni BI B °/0 in IV V VI VII VIII C enHee B3 no cpejjimx npo6. . 7.3 6.3 36.1 44.8 37.2 .35.3 17. 11 5 9 1.4 1.3 0.5 "0.4 Cpeniiee BecoBHM nepe^H cjennaM na yjOB . . . 3fleCB HCHO BHflHO, TTO B HepBOM CJiy^ae pyKOBO^myK) pOJIB HMdOT , c KOToptiMH hohth paBHHioTCH HeTHpexroflOBajiHe, b to BpeMH KaK nepeHHc- Ha BecoBofi: yjiOB oSHapyatHBaeT sHa^mTejiBHHH nepeBec 3tot ocHOBHBaeTCH Ha flonymeHHH o,n;HHaKOBoro BO3pacTHoro Ha BceM npoTHJKeHHH BpeMeHH uempj cpoKaMH b3hthh cpe^Hnx npo6; 3th npo6H, TeM TO^Hee HcnncjieHHe. O^eBEflHO, hto npn H3y^eHHH flHHaMHKH BO3- pacTHHX H3MeHeHHfi CTafla b TeneHne pnfla JieT, moh?ho nojiyHHTB cymecTBeHHO pa3JiHHHHe bhbo^h no bthm oSohm MeTOflaM. . Mopo3OB (1929 h 1934) npe,HJiojKHJi hhoh mcto^ onpeflejieHna B03pacTHoro cocTaBa — MeTO^ nepe^HCJieHnn BO3pacTHHX cooTHomeHHH no MaccoBHM npOMe- paM h-iihhh iejia. B ocHosy oh 6epeT cpe^Hne BO3pacTHHe npo6ii no nHTH,o;HeBKaM; KOJIH- b to jKe speMH onpe^ejineTCH cooTHomeHHe MeJK^y KOJiH^ecTBaMH caMi^OB h caMOK n6o pacneTBi HeoSxo^HMO bccth oT^ejiBHO flJiH Tex h flpyrnx. 3Han cpe,HHHH Bee caMnps h caMOK (KOJinnecTBo 9K3eMHJiHpoB, Ha 1 Kr) H HX KOJIHHeCTBO flJIH KaJK^OH HHTHflHeBKH: — M03KH0 ^ecTBO 9K3eMnjiHpoB KasKjDforo nojia no BceM nHTH^HeBKaM. flajiee Ta6jIHHH M3MepeHHH (OT^eJIBHO ffJIH CaME^OB H CaMOK) ffJIHHBI TeJia Ha KaH?,HHH CaHTH- MeTp no nHTH,n[HeBKaM. IIpoMepH bth npnBO#HTCH k 1000 3K3. h 3aTeM Ha cooTBeTCTByiomne KO9<|)Hi^HeHTBi, OTpajKaiomne OTHOCHreJiBHyio IP J 1 I i.li ill for Hi" I -; 11 *IACTI> BTOPAH* BHOJIODHH 266 :3a flaHHyio nHTHflHeBKy. B KOHi^e kohu;ob nojiy^aeTCH B3BemeHHHfi: pflfl[ pacnpefle- no pa3MepaM, nocTpoeHHHS Ha y^eTe Bcero yjiOBa. B cjieflyiomefi Ta6JlH^e cooTHomeiEHe BO3pacTHux rpynn caamos boSjibi 1930 r. o^oro h Toro jRe Cm ii in' IV V VI VII 11 1000 12 1C00 — — — — — 13 10CO — — ___ — — 14 1000 — — — — — 15 660 440 ¦ — — — — 16 8 992 — — — 17 __ 949 50 1 — — 18 __ 755 243 2 — — 19 __ 424 566 10 — — 20 __ 197 748 52 3 — 21 — 75 592 59G 34 3 h t. a. TIo,no6HaH me Ta6jinn;a cocTaBJiaeTCH n flJiH caMOK. Hcxofla H3 TaKHx pflflOB pacnpe#ejieHHH, pa36nBaiOT MaccoBue npoMepH no Ka?K- .3a;oMy caHTHMeTpy ^jihhbi Tejia no Ka5Kfl;ofl HHTH^HeBKe Ha B03pacTH0a: cocTaB h hc^hcjihiot ero 3a Beet ce3OH b inTynax. HaKOHen;, no cooTBeTCTByioni;HM HaBecKaM inTyTniHH yjioB nepe^ncjiaioT Ha BecoBHe BO3pacTHHe cooTHOmeHHH. Tor.ua nojiy- ^iaeTCH, ^[to BO3pacTHon cocTas BeceHHefi bo6jibi 1930 r. onpe^ejifleTCH b mTyKax n no Becy cjie^yiomBDvi o6pa3OM. IIOIUTyMHO no Becy Bo3pacT caimu CaMKH CaMUBI CaMKH II 0.565 0.111 0.287 0.043 III 52.966 32.433 47.965 25.354 IV 42.456 56.123 45.286 57.752 V 3.419 9.327 4.549 13.286 VI 0.534 1.828 0.816 3.202 VII 0.060 0.15o 0.097 0.321 VIII __ 0.016 __ 0.037 IX * — 0.002 — 0.005 100 .100 100 100 TaKHM o6pa3OM onpe^ejieHHe BO3pacTHoro cocTaBa Mopo3OB cboj^ht k pemeHHio cjiojkhoec MaTeMaTH^ecKofi saAa^H:, tohhoh nocToubKy, nocKOJitKy to^ho hjih ncxoflHoe npeflnojiojKeHne o nocTOHHCTBe BO3pacTHoro cocTaBa jiobhmobe Ha npoTHTKeHHH KajK^ofi hhth^hgbkh, b npOMe?KyTKH MejK^y onpe^ejieHHiiiviH p B03pacTHHx npo6. IIoaTOMy MeTOA ManopoBon, Cy^y^in sHa^nzrrejibHO nponje, e^Ba jih ycTynaeT b to^hocth cjiojkhhm pac^ieTaM Mopo3OBa. MeTopKa MexaHH^ecKHX npneMos o 6 p a t h h,x Pac" ¦qicjieHHH ieMia pocTa. npn^aBaH nsy^eHHioTeMna pocTa pti6 6ojii>niQe TeopeTHHecKoe h npaKTH^ecKoe 3HaneHne, nxTHOJiorn, ecTecTseHHO, «oji?khh 6ujiil o6paTHTi>CH k pa3pa6oTKe MeTO^OB MexaHH^ecKoro npoH3BO3CTBa oSpaTHHX paci5HCJieHHH:, TaK KaK pa3Max coBpeMeHHoro nccjieflOBaHHfl TpeSyeT MaccoBBix -onpeflejieHHi: BO3pacTa, a MeTO^H Bapnan;HOHHOH CTaTHCTHKH — cpe^Hnx BH^ncjie- HHH H3 ROCTaTOHHO flOCTOBepHOrO KOJIH^eCTBa Ha6jIK)3eHHH[. O6paTHBie paCTIHCJieHHfl: no npocTHM nponopn;HHM $opMyjiH 9. Jlea Bee me npe#CTaBJifliOT HeMajiHe h TpeSyiOT 3Ha^HrejiBHoi: 3aTpaTH BpeaieHH. ,H|jih nepexo^a Ha Mexa- XV. B03PACT H TEMH POCTA 267 cnocoS pac^HCJieHHH npnxojpiT Ha .noMomL reoaieTpHH. H3 JierKO pacTmcJiHTB^BejiHHHHy KaTeTOB. 9Ta Teopena, ncxoflHinafl: H3 npH3HaHHfl; npHMOH nponopnnoHajiBHOCTH pocTa *ieniyH h Tejia pbi6bi b Rjizmy, h noJioJKeHa b ocHOBy nepBOH hockh, npeflJioateHHOH 9HHapoM Jlea. |Qj o c k a ' 9. Jlea. ,DjocKa npeflCTaBJiHeT KBanpaTHUH 0Tpe30K hpoh3bojibhoh ^eJiH^iHHH, npn6jiH3HTejiBHO 50—60 cm b CTopoHe. no jieBofi CTopoHe no Kpaio npo^Qao 3aKpenjiHeTCH MeTaJiJin^ecKaa jiHHefiKa AB c HaHeceHHBiMn flejieHHHMH MB. CaHTHMeTpBI H MHJIJIHMeTpH. Ha 9TOH JIHHeHKe OTKJiaHBIBaiOTCH flJIHHH pBl6. IIo HH?KHeMy Kpaio Heno,n;BH?KHO HaKJiaHHBaeTCH MeTaJiJinnecKafl JiHHeHKa 6e3 ae- jieHHH BD. Ee Kpan, o6pa3yH BBiflaioni;yiocH BBepx 3aKpanKy, coBna^aeT c HyjieM TpaflynposaHHOH jiHHeftKH. B^ojib 3aKpanKH HenoflBH3KHO 3aKpenjifleTCH yroji hjih ne6ojiBmne cajia3KH, b KOTopne ynnpaeTCH CD. TexHHKa oSpameHHH c hockoh Kpatoe npocTa. N ¦; npejK^e Bcero, BOopyjKHBmHCB pncosaJiBHHM npn6opoM h Jiynon, HaHOCHT b BH^e KapaHflamHHx 3a- Ha KapTO^KH HJIH OTpe3KH TO^IKH, COOTBeTCTByiOn^He A c. Phc. 204. ^ocKa 3. Jlea hjih o5paT- hhx pacHHCJieHHft Teivina pocTa. Phc. 205. YcoBepineHCTBOBaHHaH F. MoHacTbip- ckhm upocTaa nocKa rjih o5paTH&ix pacqacjie- Teivma pocTa. (IIo MoHacTBipcKOMy.) nojiHOH BejiH^HHe ^emyn, cTiHTaH ot e.e-n,eHTpa ao HapysKHoro Kpaa, h nojiosKeHHH) ro^H^HMX KOJien;. 3aroTOBHB HaflJieJKamee no incjiy puS kojih- «iecTBO KapTo^eK c 3aceiiKaMH, o6pam;aioTCH k ,n;ocKe 3. Jlea. JlnHeHKy CD yda- HM b6pa3OM, ^to6bi ee hhjkhhh Kpan OTpe3aji Ha rpafl;ynpoBaHHOH to^hvio Rinniy Tejia ph6bi; 3aTeM noflKjiaff&iBaioT no,n Hee b jiioSom MecTe c HaHeceHHHMH sace^KaMH TaK, hto6h hh3 k^Jptohkh ynnpajiCH b 3aKpaftKy HH?KHeH HHHefiKH BD, a bch BejiH^HHa ^emyn, t. e. KpaHHHa 3acei[iKa, ¦c KpaeM jiHHeHKH CD. nofloSne TpeyrojiBHHKOB yKa3HBaeT, ^eto ^aHHO •cooTBeTCTByeT nojiHan jjjiHHa ph6h. IlepeflBHraH jiHHeftKy CD ro coBnaji;eHHJi c sace^KaMH nocjie,n;oBaTejiBHBix roflnraHX KOJien,, OTCHHTHBaioT Ha JIHHeHKe AB pbi6h b cooTBeTCTByiomHH npomeflfflHH roft. Bch onepan;Hfl npbH3BOflHTCfl StiCTpo h He TpeSyeT HHKaKnx BLrmcjieHHH. Ha toh ?Ke caMOH KapTO^me, Ha KOTopyio HaHOCHT sace^Kn, nnrnyT Bee ^aHHHe, k HccjieflyeMOH pn6e; Ha Hen ?Ke OTMenaioT n pe3yjiBTaTH oSpaTHHX hjih KaJKfloro ro^a. OiTiiecKie npoeKn;HOHHHe annap a t h. B jiaGopaTopHH npnHFtT hjih pa6oTBi MeTop; npoeKTHpoBaHna MHKpocKonoM H3o6pa5KeHHH Ha MaTosyio cTeKJiHHHyio njiacTHHKy; HHfl npOH3BOHHTCH HO 3TOMy H3o6pa5KeHHIO IiyTeM HepeflBHJKeHHfl JIHHefiKH TaK no ^r t iit *!:'¦ N 111 ? W t, P i- Is' ? It 8q: fa*1' ' in « ii 268 HAGTb BTOPAfl. Il6flo6Hoe npnaieHeHHe npoeKi^noHHoro annapaTgi, o^eHt yfl'oSfioe bo MHorax OTHomeHHflx, Bee me kpohotjihbo n TpeSyeT .nopororo h cjio?KHoro npHcnocoSjieHHH, flocKa flJia oSpaTHHX pacHHcneHnfi T. H. M o h a c t h p- CKoro. flocKa, npefljioiKeHHaa 3. Jlea, He 6e3yKopn3HeHHa b CMHCJie tohhocth oSpaTHHX pac^HCJieHHH, h6o Ha Heft npnxojpiTCfl nojiL3OBaTi>cfl KapTo^KaMH c KapaH- , npnneM niTpHx KapaHflama HMeeT HeKOTopyio nmpHHy. MoHa- 6ojiee ycJioa?HeHHyio flocKy, Ha KOTopofi bo3mojkho p npoeKTHposaTB H3o6pa?KeHHe ^cemyn c pncoBajibHoro npn6opa Ha flocKy. 9to He tojibko ycKopaeT pa6oTy, ho h flenaeT ee Sojiee tohhoh. HyiKno, Bnpo^eM, oroBopHTtcfl, ^to npHMeHeHne KapToneK npn o6pa6oTKe MaccoBoro Ma- Tepnajia HacTOJiBKo npaKTHHHO n n;ejiecoo6pa3HO, hto o6h^ho h ^ockoh MoHacTHp- CKoro nojiB3yioTCH TaK rae, KaK h ^ockoh JEea, npniueHflfl KapTO^Kn. flocKa MoHacTHpcKoro HMeeT $opMy npaMoyrojiBHoro Tpeyro.ntHHKa, OKpameH- Horo b 6eJiBiH E[BeT. G JieBOH ctopohh k flocKe npnKpenjieHa nojiyMeTpoBan MeTan- mKajia NM, pa3^ejieHHaa Ha mm; no Hen npon3BOflHTca OTcneT pa3MepoB Phc. 206. ITpii6op AjieeBa hjih oSpaTHtix peKOHCTpynpyeMofi pliSli. IlepneHflnKyjiHpHO k Hen Hepe3 HyjieBoe AejieHne npo- xoaht npo^ep^eHHaH ^epHaa jihhhh AB, KOTopaa cjiymnT ocHOBaHneM TpeyrojiBHHKOB, no KaTexaM kotophx oTBicKHBaioTCfl flpyrne, hckomhc FHnoTeHy3Hyio jiHHefiKy 3aMeHaeT HaTHHyTaa nepHaa hhtb FO, «Ba noflBHjKHtix xoMyTHKa, xo^amnx B,n;ojiB o6enx KoopflHHaTHHX ocefi MN n MK. Hhtb 3Ta~nocpeACTBOM cnnpajiBHOH qacoBOH npyjKHHBi h 3y6^aTBix KOJiec HaMaTHBae.TCfl h Bceryja Haxo^HTCH b HaTflHyTOM coctohhhh. njiacTHHKa N-^M^ xd,q;ain;aH b cTporo k jihhhh AB, 3aMeHaeT KpoMKy KapTO^Kn; no Hen npo^ep^eHa ocbio ^emyn; HaKOHen;, no och Mff flPSJKeTca ctojihk Q fljia ycTaHOBKH Ha HeM MHKpocKona hjih jiynn c pncoBajiBHHM annapaTOM. ycTaHOBHB Jiyny Ha cTOjiHKe TaKHM o6pa3OM, ^to6h npoeKnna ^einyn Ha ocb MlN1, KOTopyio no^Bo^aT ,o;o nojiHoro coBMemeHna, nepeflBnraiOT so aejieHHa, cooTBeTCTByiomero AJiHHe ph6h. XoMyTHK 0, cjrpKamnH tohkoh rHnoTeHy3Hon jiHHenKH, cueJiaH Tan?Ke no^BH/KHHM, BCJie^CTBHe 8Toro npn H3MeHeHHH BejiH^HHH HeinyH HeT Ha,a;o6HocTH nepe^BHraTB ctojihk hjih ^aiKe njia- CTHHKy Nj.Mj^, oTO,HBHraa JinniBb ry hjih #pyryio CTopoHy xoMyTHK 0 (pnc. 205). npoeKnnio nemyn, nojiy^iaiOT oSpaTHtie pacHHCJieHna, jihdib nepe- xoMyTHK F ro nepeceneHHa hhth c KpaeM ro^H^iHHX KOJieit. npn6op B. P. AjieeBa. O6e tojibko hto onncaHHHe ^ockh aBjiaiOTca HaCTOJIBKO rpOMO3ffKHMH, *TTO eAB& JIH MOryT npHMeHaTBCa B 9KCneAHH,HOHHHX Hccjie^oBaHHax, b noneBOH o6cTaHOBKe. B. P. AjieeB CKOHCTpynpoBaji ^pesBH^aHHO npocTHe nopTaTHBHHe npnSopH, npnMeHHB npnHniin ycJioBHHX yrjioBtix MacmTa- 6ob; pncoBajiBHoro npnSopa rjih. hhx He TpeSyeTca. XV. B03PACT H\TEMH POCTA 269 H3MepHTeJIBHHMH JIHHeHKaMH CJIVJKaT CTeKJIflHHUte IHiaCTHHKH C Ha hhx nejiHTejiBHOfi MamHHOH mTpnxaMH b Bn#e JiyneH, pacxoinanpixca H3 orhoh nofl yrjiOM b 30 hjih 15 mhhvt. B3aMeH ctgkjihhhhx njiacTHH mojkho hojib- k cpeflHeMy pajniycy Ha npoTHJKeHHH Bcero MacmTa6a npo- napajiJiejiBHtix jihhhh Ha paccTOHHHH 0.5 mm ojnia ot jjpyroH. yrjiOBOH MacnrraS mojkho jjbvmh cnoco6aMn: 1) HenocpeRCTBeHHO MacmTa6 Ha nemyn, jiejKamne Ha npejoptteTHOM c/reiyie h 2) BCTaBJinfl MacniTa6 b OKyjinp b Ka^iecTBe OKyjinp-MHKpoMeTpa. MacnrraSa no nepBOMy cnocoSy H3MepeHna paBHaeTCH' pa3MepaM p CTeKJia, t. e. 77 X 26.5 mm; yrjiH b btom cjiy^ae npoBORHTca ^epe3 30 mhhvt. npnHHMaa ycjiOBHO paccToaHHe Me?KAy AByMa coceAHHMH paRnycaMH sa oahh cm, ftocTaTo^HO jj,n.a rocnojDjcTByioniiHx pa3MepoB puS Hape3aTB 50—60 (pnc. 206). MHKpoMeTp TaKHte npnroTOBjiaeTca b Bnji;e hjihhhoh njiacTHHKH 10 mm. HeoSxoAHMO ero noMecTHTB Ha ^Ha^parMe OKyjiapa, mjia Hero o o6enx ctopoh nowieflHero npomuinBaeTca mejieBH^Hoe oTBepcTne c TaKHM pac- qeTOM, htoSh MHKpoMeTp Mor cbo6o«ho nepeMemaTBca b o6e <5TopoHH. Onyjiap npHMeHaeTca 6 JV21 hjih 2. t- Z3*36"789ja « ts re 11 is is 20 rg 17 re 13 20 p , . i ¦ » .\. t 0 — MaciuxaS BpK)3rnHa. (IIo BpK)3- ) Heia:36e3KHaa HeBO3MO?KHOCTH coxpaHHTB nocToaH- co- MHKpoMeTp CHemyefi: hto6bi i^eHTp neniyn Ha nepBOM pa- pHc. 207 j, a Kpan nemyn Ha tom KOTOpHH COOTBeT- 3 r h u. OKyjiHp-MHKpoMeTp fljm oSpaTHoro pac^ncjieHBTfl pocTa ph6 no qemye. Ph6h. xo3., Jft 4, 1941. „ 3aMaxaeB JJ,. K aieTOHHKe pacnircjienHH pocTa TpecKEr no OTOJiHTaM. doon. >KypH., aa, b. l, 1941. 3 a m a x'a e b ft. HepeeroBHe wrapim Ha nemye KacnrrHCKOH cejitun. Tp. BHHPO, XIV, 1940. K ji e p. K MeTOjjHKe HCCJieflOBaHna nepaofltHKH pocTa. PyccK. 300.1. HtypH., VII, b. 4, 1927. MeHtniHKOB h PeBHHBHX. Tp. llepMCK. 6no^. h.-h. hhct., VII, b. 3—4, 1937. Pace T. C. Feorpa^niecKHe napajiJiejin3MH b CTpoeiraH h pa3BHTBTH kocthcthx pn6 ceBepHiix Mopea. Mock. o6m. ncn. npirp., k)6hji. H3a. 1805—1940, M., 1941. C 6 o p h b k CTaTefi no MeTO^HKe onpeaeJieHnn BO3pacxa n pocTa pn6. KpacHoapcK, 1926. GoJiOBBGBa. BpeMH 3aKJiaHKir 3etmhetx KOJien; h Haqana npnpocTa na qenrye cejibflH b Ba- pepnoBOM Mope. ITojiflpn. hhct. MopcK. pn6n. xo3. h oKeaH. (IIHHPO). Tpyflu, b. 2, 1938. CyBopoB E. K. K Bonpocy o pacmnpeHBH pH^ocHpteBOH 6a3H (DHHCKOro 3anHBa. yqeH. Jiry, 1945. E. K HxxHo$avHe BajiTBricKoro Mopn. Tp. BajiT. 3Kcn., b. 2, 1913. THTeHKOB. Bnojiorna nnpoMHceji HJitMeHCKoro CHHua. H3B. BHHOPX, XXIII, 1940. OeppoB. MaT. no 6hoji. h npoM. 6ejroMopcKOH KopiouiKH. H3H. BHHOPX, XI, b. 2, 1931. HyrynoBaH. H. MeTO^HKa H3y^eHHH BO3pacTa 6ojitnierJia3oro ny3aHKa. Tp. BHHPO, lyrvHOBaH.H.K MeTojiHKe H3y^ennfl BO3pacTa bo6jih no leraye. Tp. BHHPO, XI, 1939. Allgemeine Fischereizeitung JVI 18. 1932 (Heclit d. Laut. Chronik.). B j e r k a n. Die Scholle an der Norvegischen Skagerrackkiiste. Rapp. et Proc. verb, des reu- nions, LXXI, 1931. san. Cvbopob T XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PABJUTCEHHE PAG 273 Biickmann. t)ber Methodikergebnisse und Auswertung der Wachstumsuntersuchungen an Nutzfischen. Ibid. CVIII. No. 1, 1938. * ¦ / . Biickmann. t)ber den Hochstertrag der Fischerei und die Gesetze organischen Wachstums Ber. Deutsch. Wiss. Komm. f. Meeresforsch. No. 5, Bd. IX, H. 1, 1938. Collier. Die Altersbestimmung der Fische. Abderhaldens Handb. d. biol. Arbeitsmeth., Ab. IX, T. I, H. I, Berlin—Wien, 1924. Dann.evig A. and G. Dannevig. The season which winter zones in the scales of front from South Norway are formed. Journ. du Cons., v. XII, No. 2, 1937. Enger M. Zur Monographie der Regenbogenforelle. Z—ft f. Fischerei. XXXII, No. 4, 1934. Ford. Journ. of the Marine Biol. Assoc, XIX, No. 1, 1933. Plymouth. Fulton T. Rate of Growth of Sea Fishes. Glasgow, 1902. G r a h a m. On the Collection and Propagation of Fish Scales. Journ. du Cons. Perm., IV, No. 3, 1929. H jort J. Studies of growthin the North —"Eastern area. Rapp. et Proces verb. CVIII, No. 1, 1938. Huxley. Problems of the relative growth. 1932. Lea E. A modification on the formula for calculation of the growth of herring. Rapp et Proces verb. CVIII 1. 1938. Meyer P. F. Versuche mit Aussetzungen von Bach- und Regenbogenforellen in die westliche Ostsee. Ibid. CIX. 3 part, 1939. Needier. The Haddock. Biol. Board of Canada, Bull. Nr. XXV, Ottawa, 1931. 0 11 e s t a d P. On the relation between the growth of the fish and the growth of the scales. Rapp. et Proces verb. d. reun., CVIII, No, 1, 1938. Petersen. Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Alters der Fische. Mitt, der Seefischerei- vereine, 1895. Rollefsen, Skreiensalder Norvegian Fishery and Marine Investigation IV, No. 8. Fis- keridireet Skrifter. Ser. Havundersekelser. 1934. Strodtmann. Das Wachstum der Schollen in der Ostsee. Ber. Deutsch. Wiss. Komm. f. Meeresforsch. Bd. VII. H. 4, 1935. Thompson H. General features in the biology of the Haddock and Islandic waters in 1903— 1926. Rapp. et Proces verb. LVII, 1929. T a n i n g. Plaice Investigations in Icelandic waters. Ibid. XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PA3JIHHEHHE PAC B noBceRHeBHoft npaKTHKe HXTnojiory *rame scero npnxoflHTCH C HH3D3HMH TaKCOHOMH^CeCKHMH rpafljaiJHHMII — BHflOM, nORBnftOM H paCOfi — TO*I- Hoe pasrpaHH^eHne kohx HMeeT *ipe3BBraaHHO 6ojiBmoe Hay^Hoe n xo3HHCTBeHHoe SHa^eHne. OflHaKO, b HacTonmee BpeMa o^ieHi. Tpy^HO no^oSpaTB y^oBJieTBopfliomee Bcex onpe^ejieHne Bnjja, KaK ochobhoh cncTeMaTnnecKOH[ eflHHHn;H. ^apBHH ycra- HOBHJI, HTO pa3HOBHfl;HOCTI> — Ba^HHaiOmnftCJI BHfl, H BHff — pa3BHBmaflCH pa3HO- bhrhoctl. TaKHM o6pa3OM pe3Kafl rpaHHn;a MesK^y bh^om h pa3HOBH,a;HOCTi>ioTepHeTCH, Bifl — species — ecTB ocHOBHaH npaKTEraecKan eji;HHnn;a CHCTeMaTHKH, o6i>e1HH- HHIOmafl BCe OCO6n, HBHO CBH3aHHHe eflHHCTBOM npOHCXOJK^eHHH H CXO^CTBOM BO Bcex cymecTBeHHHX npn3HaKax, ^ocTaTO^Ho pe3KO OTjinnaiomnx hx qt 6jih3khx bh#ob. Haxoaacb nojs, BO3ji;eH:cTBHeM BHemHHX $aKTopoB cpe^ti, noji; BO3fleficTBneMi H3MeHHioiii,Hxca ycjiOBHH, opraHH3M h caM H3MeHHeTCH. BimoBbie npH3HaKH nepe- no Hacjie;n;cTBy, ho no HacJie^CTBy nepeaaioTca n npnoSpeTeHHHe H3Me- . TaKHM 06pa30M BHJi; npH3HaeTCfl HaXOAHIUHMCH B flBHJKeHHH, HaXOflHHi;HMCft b npon;ecce cTaHOBJieHHH. KajKjnjii bur 3aHHMaeT b npnpofle reorpa$HHecKHtt apeaji o6nTaHHH. reorpa^n^ecKHe pacH, hjih co6ok> MecTHne ^opMLi, BnoJiHe onpe,p;eJieHHBie, xoth 6bi h He pe3KO A1151 npH3IiaHHH HX 3a BHJJBI HJIH pa3HOBHnHOCTH HeJlB3fl yKa3aTfc- HHOrO KpHTepHH, KpOMe JIH^HOli OH;eHKH. H^eH 3B0JII0ri,HOHH0r0 pa3BHTHH H 06miH0CTH npOHCXOJKfleHHfl, OTpaJKaeMBie B CaMOM nOHflTHH BH«a, flBJIHIOTCH OCHO- boii hcthhhoh KJiaccH$HKaii;HH. CoBpeMeHHoe y^eHHe o BH^e npe^cTaBoifleT era 18 OCHOBH HXTIIOflOrHH I," 274 BTOPAfl. EHOJIOrHH ill: I; ¦I ?• ir t\ b jnraaMHKe, a BOBce He b 3acTBiBmeH, $opMe, KaK npHHHMajrocB bo BpeMeHa K. JIpraeH. ^HBepreHTHOCTB pa3BHBaioni;Hxcfl npH3HaKOB npeBpamaeT yqeHHe o b yqeHne o HHcxoflmnnx pa^ax hotomkob o6mero npeAKa. Ecjih nepe^ CJIOSKHLIH BHfl, 06pa3yK)mHH BapHaB[HH H npeBpamaiOrUHfiCH B COBOKyHHOCTB hjih pac, to oco6eHHo BaJKHO H3y^eHHe ^HJioreHexjiqecKHX OTHomeHHH rpynn. TaKHM nyTen Jiyqme Bcero H3yHaeTCH H3MeHHHB0CTL, CTpOHTCH BHyTpHBH^OBafl CHCTeMaTHKa H B TO JKe BpeMfl BHHCHHeTCfl ^HJIOreHHH BH^a. OcHOBHaa 3afl;a^a — BHyTpHBH^OBaa CHCTeMaTHKa, H3y^ieHHe H3MeH*raB0CTH; 8T0 OTKpHBaeT HyTB H KII03HaHHI0 HH3DIHX TaKCOHOMHieCKHX effHHHD;, H K BHHC- HeHHK) ^HJioreHHH BHfl;a. Oco6eHHO Cjiaro^apHBiMH rpynnaMH ^jih H3y^eHHH b btom OTHomeHHH HBJiHioTCfl KacnHitcKHe ceJiBflH, 6bihkh, cnrn, Zoarcidae h p B Hay^Hoii HOMeHKJiaType bh# o6o3HaHaeTca SnHapHo, t. e. ^bohhhm Ha- HMeHOBaHHeM po^a h BH.ua c yKa3aHHeM aBTopa h t. #. no HaSpaHHoii Kiinre. IIopiji — subspecies — npeflCTaBjiaeT coBOKyimocTB ocoSen, cBH3aHHHx c ochobhoh $opMOH HajiH^HOCTBio nepexo^OB; oh oSjiaflaeT onpeflejieHHOH reorpa- oSjiacTBio oSnTaHHH BHyTpn apeajia BH^a h ctohkoctbio b nepema^e Ha- cbohctb. OSosHa^eHHe no^BH^a TpnHOMnajiBHoe — Stenodus leuci- chthys nelma (Pallas). OieHB qacTO b Ha3BaHnn BHfla n noflBHfla OTpaJKaiOT reorpa- ^n^ecKoe Haxo?KfleHHe: Rutilus rutilus caspicus (Jak). II ji e m a — natio — cjiyiKHT TaKOio me cono^HHeHHOH rpynnon oABHfl HBJifleTca no OTHomeHHH) k Bn^y. njieMH TaKJKe HBjiaeTCfl 3aKpenjieHHon n reorpa^H^ecKH o6oco6jieHHOH $opMon. Jljm hhh njieMeHH npnxoftHTCH nojiB3OBaTBCfl HeTBipBMH HaHaieHOBaHHHMH i Leuciscus cephalus orientalis platycephalus (Kamensky) — tojiobjib H3 HeKOTopHX 03ep 3a- P a c a, jKop^aHOH, 9K0Tnn, 9JieMeHTapHHH bh.ii;, hjih, KaK ee p Ha3BaTB JI. G. Bepr — infraspecies. Paca HBjiaeTCH ctohkoh $opmoh, CBH3afiH0H C 0CH0BHHM BHflOM HepeXOfll^HMH HpH3HaKaMH, HO BHOJIHe OTJIH^HMOH HO K0M6HHa- i^hh npn3HaK0B. PacBi o6jiasaiOT npn3HaKaMH, nepeflaiomHMncH no HacjieflCTBy, ho reorpa$iraecKH panoH hx oSnTaHna He OTrpaHH^eH ot apeajia BH^a n b stom 3aKJiio- qaeTCfl rjiaBHenmee hx oTJinqne ot ho.hbh.hob. B npejjejiax paccejieHHH Toro hjih p;pyroro BH^a MomeT cymecTBOBaTB o^HOBpeMeHHO hcckojibko pac. Gjie^yeT npeflocTepenB npoTHB HenpaBHjiBHoro TOJiKOBaHna TepMHHa paca PeHineM (1929), npnHHMaiomero reorpa^nqecKyio o6oco6ji6hhoctb pac; Hajinqne b npe^eJiax paccejieHHH BH^a hcckojibkhx pac hphbo^ht ero k hohhthio «pacoBBin Kpyr» KaK KOMnjieKc reorpa^nqecKnx pac, HenocpejjCTBeHHO o^Ha H3 ^pyron BHTeKaibmHX n BCTpe^aiomnxcH reorpa^niecKH BMecTe. KjienHmMH^T npocTo npe^- jiaraeT 0TKa3aTBca ot hohhthh: «bh^» h roBopnTB jihihb o ^opMax, a $opMH, KOTopue tojibko reorpa^HqecKHMH 3aMecTHTeJiflMH oflHoro n Toro ?Ke b coBOKynHocTH «Kpyr $opM». TaK po^njiocB HOBoe noHHTne, npoTHBonocTaBjiaeMoe MaTepnajiHCTnqecKOMy hohhthio «BHfl», meeca 3aTymeBaTB H^eio aBOJnon;HH $opM. PeHm, npHflepmn cncTeMaTHKH KjieHHmMHflTa, OTpnnaeT pa3JinqnH MeJK^y bh^om h pacoH h npe«- jiaraeT B3aaieH Kpyra $opM noHHTne «pacoBHH Kpyr», t. e. ^eJiaeT ctojib JKe aHTH- ^apBHHHCTHqecKyio nonHTKy, KaK KjieHHmMHflT h FapTepT. Ho Be^B coBepnieHHO oqeBH^Ho, hto Kpyr reorpa^nqecKHX pac PeHma ecTB He^TO HHoe, h cjie,n;oBaTejiBHO bhs PeHma — HCKyccTBeHHaa KaTero- pna, ocHOBaHHaH Ha ^opMajiBHHX npn3HaKax. flenCTBHTejiBHo, no onpe^e- jieHHio PeHma, reorpa^nqecKaH paca flBJiaeTCH KOMHJieKCOM npncTynaiomnx K pa3MH0H?eHHK) H HeOrpaHH^eHHO HJIOflOBHTBIX, MOp^OJIOrnqeCKH paBHHX (OTJIH- tojibko b 9KOJiornqecKHX hjih ce30HHHX paMKax) HHRHBHflyyMOB, kohx npH3HaKH HacjieftCTBemnj, n b oSjiaCTH pacnpocTpaHeHna KOTOpbix He ?KHBeT flipyran reorpa^nqecKaa paca Toro ?Ke pacoBoro Kpyra. reorpa^nqecKne pacH nepexo^HT b coce^Hne nofloSHBie pacn hjih oTflejiaiOTCfl ot hhx TaKHMH HH^Tom- HHMH pa3JIHHHflMH, HTO MOJKHO HpH3HaTB HeHOCpe^CTBeHHOe HX npOHCXOJKfleHHe KOHX 275 XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PA3JIHHEHHE PAG ot Rpyrofi. lips TaKOM TOJiKOBaHHH pac TepneTCfl rpamma, pacy ot noflBHfla h BH^a. fleMeHTBeB (1936) c^nziTaeT, ^to MHorne yKa3aHiiH Ha cob- MecTHoe o6nTaHne b oahom apeane RByx reorpa^nnecKHX pac o#Horo BHjja ocHOBaHti Ha onra6Kax h Hep;opa3yMeHnH. IHHaKeH6eK (1931), name ocnapnBaeT paBjnaranii Me?Kffy bh^om h pacoft h caMHH TepMHH «paca», npuBOHfl b Ka^ecTBe npnMepa yrpfl, Anguilla, — eBponencKoro, aMepnKaHCKoro a HnoHCKoro. HlTpe3eMaH ffjfl nonyjiflnnft rH6pHflHoro nponcxojKfleHHH bborht Ha3BaHne rn6pHHHBix pao (Mischrassen). fljia Hay^aoro HanMeHOBaHUH pac mojkho nojn>3OBaTBca TpeMH cjioBaMH (Tpn- HOMHHajiBHo) hjih R&TKe h SnHOMHHaJitHO c npn6aBKOH cJiOBa infraspecies. Bojiee MejiKHMH ^eM paca ejpiHimaMH no^pa3fl;ejieHHfiVflBJiflioTCfl Cuomunu. M o p $ a — osHa^aeT Hereorpa^HHecKne n Hacjie^cTBeHHo He3aKpeiraeHHLie HeycTofixniBHe OTJinnnH, oxBaTHBaiomne oSmnpHHe rpynnn oco6et. TaKOBH yAJiH- HeHHHe n mnpoKne oco6h cpe^n MHornx bh^ob ph6; ciofla 3Ke Hya?HO oTHecTH bh- coKoro, Kpyrnoro n npoROJiroBaToro MajieHBKoro Kapacn (Carassius carassius morpha humilis). HacnewcTBeHHO He3aKpenjieHHon Mop<|)OH HBJifleTCH h o6hkho- BeHHafl pynteBafl $opejib (Salmo trutta morpha fario), cnoco6HaH npn 6jiaronpHHT- HHX yCJIOBHHX BHOBb HpeBpaTnTBCH B HpOXOAHyK) KyMSKy (CTp. 259). FycTepa, Blicca bjorkna, HMeeT, KpoMe HopMaJiBHofi $opMH, em,e h KapjiHKOBHe mop$h: b 03. MMaHCKOM (6acc. Gbhph), no Mopo3OBOfi, caMen; ^ocTHraeT 3pejiocTH b HByxroAOBaJiOM B03pacTe, HMefl 5,6 cm b RJiHHy h 25 r Beca, a caMKa — b Tpex- npn 7.8 cm s 8 r. A6eppan;flefi oco6hm; ciORa othochtch erythrina h ^p. II mhophm — aberr. nigra, 30Ji0THCTHe — aberr. Mnpa MomeT 6htb KJiacc, noftKjiacc, KI£aCCH$HKan;HOHHHX eAHHHI^ JKHBOTHOrO o6pa3OM. Tnn, no^Tnn, Ha^KJiacc, OTpnn, hoaotpha, HawceMencTBO, ceMeficTBO, bh^, horbha, njieMH, paca, Ghothu, Mop$a, a6eppan;Hfl. n o m e c H hjih 6aCTapRH. Pa3Jin^HHe BHflH ph6 o^ieHB nacTO o6pa3yiOT noMecn, HHor^a HacTOJiBKO xapaKTepHHe, hto hx mojkho y3HaTB no BHemHHM npB> 3HaKaM. TaK, pasjin^HHe oceTpoBtie o6pa3yK)T noMecn, H3BecTHHe nop, HMeHeM (dnnnoB))1 — 6eJiyjKHH mum (Huso huso X Acipenser nudiventris), ceBpiosKiafl mnn (A. nudiventris X A. stellatus, ho TaKJKe h A.ruthenus y(A. stellatusjjOceT^OBH^L fflHH (A. ruthenusy^A. giildenstadtii).TloRo6m&Q me noMecn o6HitfflH n cpejpr cnroB (Hanp., Coregonus nasus -XC. lavaretus pidschian), cpeRH KapnOBHX (h3b X , ronaBJiB X nieMafl) h t. r. TIoMecnMoryT oSjia^aTB njioflOBHTOCTBio Heorpa- , orpaHn^eHHofi hjih 6htb HenjioAOBHTHMH. IIpaBHJia HayiHofi HOMeHKnaTypn npn onncaHnn hobhx bh- 3aKJiK)HaiOTCH b coie^yioniieM. Pon o6o3Ha^aeTCH orhhm cjiobom b HMeHHTeaiBHOM eanHCTBeHHoro ^ncjia; bhr — corJiacoBaHHHM c po^OM npnjiaraTeJiBHHM hjih cym;ecTBHTeJiBHHM b po^HTeJiBHOM na^eJKe. PoROBoe hmh jjojdkho, no BO3MO3K- hocth, xapaKTepH30BaTB npHHaffjiejKHOCTB k onpe^ejieHHOH rpynne (Hanp. Bothro-? carina, hto yKa3HBaeT Ha 6jih3octb k p. Bothrocara. Eme HarJiHflHee poflOBtie Ha3BaHHH: Sebastes, Sebastodes, Sebastolobus, Sebasticus, Sebastichthys). Ha3BaHne po^a He hoji5kho 6htb npeoKKynnpoBaHHHM (t. e. AaHO KaKofl-Hn6yAB ^pyron $opMe paHBme), bo H36esKaHne ^ero cjie^yeT npoBepnTB Ha3BaHne no cnpaBOHHHKaM (Wa- terhouse. Jndex Zoologicus. London, 1902, hjih: Nomenclator animalinm. Preuss, Acad. d. Wissensch. Berlin.). B o6pa3OBaHHH cjiob cJiej(yeT npaBHJi, H3JiO3KeHHBix b Ko^eKce MejK^yHapoAHHX npaBHJi cncTeMaTH^ecKOH KjiaTypH (nepeBOR OmaHHHa. GII6 1911. H3fl. PyccK. bhtom. 06m..). IIojie3Ha b 3tom OTHomeHHH pa6oTa KpeTHMepa (Kretschmer. Sprachregeln ftir die Bildnng und Betonung zoolog. und botan. Namen. Berlin. 1899). . 1 He CMeraiiBaTb noMect — uinn c HaaBaHHeM niHna — Acipenser nudiventris. it t: I 1 t m m if! i Kt Sri , > x\ 1 Kt f *[ Pfr; lij: s^f i II 276 BTOPAH. BHOJIOrHH 3 h a h e h n e ycTaHOBJieHHH pac b phShom xo3HHCTBe p BejiHKO, h6o TaKHM nyTeM o6jiernaeTCH no^xofl k pemeHHio npoSjieMbi on,eHKn 6a3Bi. B caMOM ,o;ejie, nojiynaiOTca coBceM HHHe bhbo^h o bo3mojkhhx pasMepax n MecTe npon3BOflCTBa npoMHCJia, Kor,q;a yCTaHaBJiHBaeTca Hajinque b BeaoM Mope He o,o;hoh eAHHCTBeHHon, oSnTaiomeH bo BceM Mope, a n;ejiHX inecTn OTAenbHBix pac cejifc^en, KaK bto 6hjio bbihchgho nccJieflOBaHHHMH PaSnHepcoHa n ABepnHn;eBa. IIpH3HaBafl HaJin^ne pa3JinqHHX pac, npnypoieHHbix k TeM hjih hhhm no6epe?Ki>fl, mbi Ten caMHM npeaonpefleJifleM, ^to ncTpeSnTejiBHHH jiob, fi Ha KaKyio-jra6o o^Hy pacy, He Mo?KeT 6htb .hjih Hee KOMneHcnpoBaH HHKaKHMEL OXpaHHTeJIBHHMH MepOHpHHTHflMH, HanpaBJieHHLIMn XOTH 6m H B CMeJK- hoh MecTHOCTH, ho Ha ,o;pyryio pacy. Ilpn Hajin^nn hgckojibkhx pac caMa opraHn- san;E[fl npoMbicjia MO/KeT npnHHTb HHbie $opMbi, tom npn cymecTBOBaHnn jininb o^Horo ncxoflHoro BH^a. MeTopKa pa3JiHieHHfl n ycTaHOBJieHna pac. fljifl ycTa- HOBJieHHH paC M02KH0 HOJIB3OBaTbCH HpH3HaKaMH aHaTOMH^eCKHMH, 6HOJIOrH^eCKHMH; a BMecTe c hhmh — $n3noJiorHHecKHMH n BKOnornnecKHMn n, HaKOHen,, ckhmh. IIpiiMepaMH aHaTOMH^ecKHX pa3JiHHHH MoryT cjiymnTb noJiojKeHne n B33yTHH Ha napano$H3ax HaBarn: y Eleglnus navaga B3flyTHH HannHaiOTCH c 6 TyjiOBnm.Horo, y E. gracilis — c 9 no3BOHKa, npoflOJimaHCB ii Ha nepBbie xbocto- BHe (XpaHHJioB 1930). y KacnnHCKoa: aTepnHH, Atherina mochon pontica n. caspia, KancyjiOBH#Hbie pacmnpeHHfl reMajibHHX ayr nepBHX xboctobhx ho3bohkob coefln- HeHH 9JiacTHiecK0H nepenoHKofl, ho hcho pa3,o;ejieHH Memfly co6oio, Tor^a KaK y qepHOMopcKon — pacmnpeHHH c6jiHH?eHbi n cpacTaiOTCH, He o6pa3yfl npoMeH?yT- kob (MemKOB, 1937). nepeflHne otpoctkh nnaBaTejibHoro ny3bipa aTJiaHTEraecKon n pecKH HMeioT pa3Jin*rayio $opaiy (EBponeHn;eBa, 1937). O KOHCTaTnpyeTCH pa3JiHHne b HHCJie nnjiopnHecKnx otpoctkob; TaK, y bocto^hoh KopioinKH, Hypomesus pretiosus — neJiarn^ecKOH <|)opMbi, MaJio CBH3aH- hoh c npecHOH BOflon, HMeeTCH HanSojibmee KOJin^ecTBO nnjiopn^ecKnx otpoctkob; H. olidus, 6oJiee CBH3aHHbiH c npecHOH bo^oio, HMeeT nx MeHbine, Bcero 2 cnpaBa n i cJieBa; y H. olidus bergi, jKHBymen hoctohhho b 03epe, Bcero no o^HOMy oTpocTKy cnpaBa n cneBa; oflHaKo k b KoJibiMe y H. olidus Bcero 2 OTpocTKa. H^peflKO 3aflHHE( Konen; njiaBaTejibHoro ny3HpH bxo^ht b reMajiBHbin KaHaji Ha npoTH?KeHHH pa3Horo KOJIH^eCTBa n03B0HK0B. ^ame Bcero H3 aHaTOMnqecKnx npn3HaKOB nojib3yK)TCH c^eTOM ho3bohkob. O6m;eH3BeCTHO, ^ito y aTJiaHTHHecKon ceJibflH, Clupea harengus, oSniiee ^ncjio no- sbohkob b cpe^HeM paBHseTCH 57, a y TnxooKeaHCKon — C. harengus pallasi — Hem- ckoh n SejiOMopcKon — 54. Pasjin^ne b KOJin^ecTBe no3BOHKOB b pa3Hbix pacax KOHCTaTnpoBaHO ffaBHO. Ecjiii y mopckhx nonyjiaii;HH aTJiaHTH^ecKofl cejib^n Vert. — 57.36 n 57.51, to b $Hop,n;ax HopBernn — 56.48; y FejibroJiaHjua 56.62, a b 3k>- ,u;ep3ee (ro ero ocymeHna) 55.35 n 54.78. SaMe^aTejibHo pa3Jin^ne b micjie no3BOH- kob y TpecKH. y aMepimaHCKHX SeperoB OHa naieeT b cpe^HeM ot 54.3 flo 55.46 HO3BOHKOB ii CBbime 20 Jiy^en bo btopom chhhhom njiaBHHKe; y HcjiaH^nn, HopBe- rnn h MypMaHa 52.0—52.40 npn D2 —19.0—19.9. K 3ana«y ot MpjiaH^nn 51.47— 51.99 npn D, 18.0—18.9. B BaJiTiincKOM Mope b 3anaflHon ^acTii 52.1—52.25 npn D2 18.2—18.75, a b boctohhoh — 52.5 npn D2 17.24—17.92 (H. HImh^t). Erqe 6o- jiee 3aMe^:aTejibHHe KOJieSaHnn b ^ncjie ho3bphkob o6Hapy?KeHbi TeM JKe aBTopoM y Zoarces. OKa3biBaeTCH, ^to qncjio Vert. yMeHbniaeTca no HanpaBJiemno ^nop^a ii yBejin^HBaeTca k Mopio; pa3Hnx^a b cpe^Hnx MomeT 10 no3BOHKOB. B H3e- n PocKHJibfle-^Hop^e hhcjio hosbohkob y 6ejib,n;iorH ot 108 BHyTpn (J)nopfla no^HnMaeTCH flo 114.6 npn Bxo,o;e ii 117.3 no 6epery KaTTe- raTa. ripnycTaHOBJieHnnpaco^eHbHacTO CHHTaioTOTflejibHO TyjiOBnm;Hbie (Vert, prae- caud.) n XBOCTOBbie (Vert, caud.) no3BOHKii. JJ,Jin pbi6 c cnjibHO paSBHTbiM xboctobhm OT,n;ejioM, KaK Hanp. Pholis,Enednas, TaKoe Bbi^ejieHiie TyjiOBiini;Hbix mojkct nrpaTB 6ojibmyio ponb. y Enedrias, HanpnMep, Ha TyjiOBHinHbie npnxo^HTCH Bcero 3, a Ha reMajibHbie 82 no3BOHKa. Ho bo MHornx cny^aax, ocoSeHHO ^jih cejibflen, npefl- nojib3OBaTbca noftC^eTOM jiinnb o6ni;en cyaiaiH no3BOHKOB, n6o nep- I XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PA33IBraEHHE PAG 277 reaiajiBHaH nyra oneHB TOHKa h Jierao jioMaeTCH, hto mojkgt noBecTH k fl^eTa. . HlHaKeH6eK npe^naraeT He orpaHiranBaTBCH BBrracjieHneM cpe^Hen; cooxHomeHMH HHorfla BapBiipyeT otohl chjibho, ^to Jiynme Bcero p KpHBOH, KOTOpafl HOMOraeT BBIHCHELTB BOIipOC 0 HaJHraHH flByX p b oahoh npo6e naiKe n TaM, trq cpe^Hee 6eccnnBH0 hx oGHapyjKHTB. HanpHMep, b o6jiacTH ot (DjiaffeHrpyHRa ro 10.-3. nacTH GeBepHoro Mopn cpejniee *mc«iio ho3boh- kob b pa3JiHHHBix yjiOBax ceJiB^H H3MeHHeTCfl KpaiHe MaJio, hmghho: 56.36; 56.45; 56.51; 56.53; 56.57; 56.62; 56.76. ITpn TaKnx y3Knx KOJieSammx moskho 6bijio 6h npHTTH k saKJiio^eHHio 06 OTcyTCTBHH pa3JiEraift. O^HaKo, Kan noKa3BiBaeT piic. 268 (cTp. 426), npHrpa^HnecKOMH3o6paH?eHHHBapnaipEOHHHX phji,ob cpa3ycTa- HOBHTCH O^eBH^HBIM, ^TO B AByX HepBHX KpHBHX HMeeTCfl OftHa, a B OCTaJIBHHX — cMemeHHe RByx pa&jinHHHx pac. flaBHO ysKe ycTaHOBJieHa 3aK0H0MepH0CTB b H3MeHeHnn ^racjia no3BOHKOB y 6nn3- KHX BHJJOB H y ORHOrO H TOrO H?e BH^a C mnpOTOH MeCTHOCTH. J^JKOpfleH OTMeTHJI, ^to ceBepHHe <|>opMH HMeiOT H03B0HK0B 6oJiBme, ^eM H)3KHBie: ecnH y ceBepHHx KaM6aJi 50—60 hosbohkob, to y TponiraecKHX hx Konn^ecTBO CHiuKaeTCH ro 35. y aH^oyca yaiepeHHHX nrapoT, Engraulis, 44—47, y Tponn^ecKoro Stalephorus 40—42. y TponHHecKHX Sparidae, Ghaetodontidae, Gerridae, Gobiidae, Pomacen- tridae ec ap. npeo6jiaj];aioni;ee ^ihcjio hosbohkob 24, a y Tetrodontiformes ^ame cnycKaeTCH ro 14. OcoSeHHo HarjiHAHo^noKasaHa 9Ta 3aK0H0MepH0CTB b BBnneyKa- 3aHHHX paCOBHX HCCJieROBaHHHX H. IHMHATa. . MlLCJIO HO3BOHKOB yMeHBmaeTCfl c ceBepa Ha lor, a TeMnepaTypa oKpyataioniieH cpeflBi BO3pacTaeT; ho to H?e nponc- xo^ht b ^nopAax n b MejiKnx BO,n;ax, r«e TaK?Ke hhcjio ho3bohkob MeHBme, neM B OTKpHTOM MOpe. B OHBITaX M. HtMHRTa C BHBefleHHeM JIOCOCH H3 ORHOH ^Op^HH HKpH, OHJIOffOTBOpeHHOH OffHOfi H TOfi 3Ke CHepMOH, BHmeffinHe MaJIBKH npH BHCOKOH TeMnepaType HMejra HHoe ^hcoio hosbohkob, qeM pa3BHBaBmB:ecfl npn hh3koh. XapaK- TepHo, ^to yropB, Anguilla anguilla, pasMHosKaiomnncfl b o^hom MecTe, Hia npoTH- JKeHHH BCefi EBpOIIH HMeeT ORHHaKOBOe KOJIH^eCTBO HO3BOHKOB. flaHHeBHr (1932) BBIflep3KHBaJI JIH^HHOK TpeCKH C 4-flHeBHOrO BO3paCTa B npyae C MOpCKOH BOflOH) H Hameji Vert. = 49.48, b to BpeaiH KaK y TpecKH b Mope 6hjio 51.12. PoyHC$eJiB« H ^aJIBrpeH (1932) CBH3HBaiOT H3MeHeHHH B HHCJieHHOCTH HO3BOHKOB C KOJie6aHHHMH TeMnepaTypH BO3Ryxa h boah b BeceHHne Mecan;H, b nepnop; pa3MH0JKeHHH n jih- ^HHOHHOrO COCTOHHHH CejIBSeH, KOr^a $OpMHpyiOTCfl nO3BOHKH, TaK KaK OKOCTeHe- Hne hx nponcxoflHT jinniB k 3-MecH^HOMy BO3pacTy h k socTHmeHHio rjihhh Tejia 3.5 cm. 0 tom 3Ke roBopHT h TecTep (1938), noA^epKHBan, ^ito KOJie6aHHH ^mcjia no3BOHKOB no OTAejiBHHM roflaM naiOT peajiBHBie paBJiHHHfl cpe^Hnx (M dif f. 4.4 h 6.1). ToiiprqHBie Bapnan,HH KOJiH^ecTBa no3BOHKOB y C. harengus pallasi b Bap- G nponcxoRHJiH cjieflyiomHM o6pa3OM: 1926 51.649 1931 51.757 1927 51.753 1932 51.898 1928 51.857 1933 51.S22 1929 51.9C3 1934 51.765 1930 51.838 1935 ,51.868 , npn TaKnx HaSjnofleHHHX npnxoftiiTCH 6bitb octopojkhbim, ^tto6h He Ha oaHy h Ty me nonyjiHnnio; noCTaTOHHo BcnoMHHTB HopBeiKCKyio yposKaa 1904 r. IlayjiBceH (1932), KOHCTaTupoBaB Hajin^me b saTCKnx Bonax pac MopcKOH KaM^anH, noKa3aJi, ^to hhcjio ho3bohkob h jiynefi A H3Me- b pa3HHX BO3pacTHBix rpynnax ot 0 ro IJI, hto oh oS^HCHaeT HMMHrpan;HeH KaM6aji H3 GeBepHoro Mopa. G jupyron ctopohbi, HoraHceH (1929) Hameji, ^to y Mop- ckhx KaM6aJi 3anaffHon ^acTH BajiTHftcKoro MOpH 3a nepiaoAH BpeMeHH 1893—1899, 1895—1904 h 1928 ^hcjio hosbohkob ocTajiocB HeH3MeHHBiM; 3aTO ^hcjio Jiy^en A b B. BejiBTe npftHHJiocB c 49.96 ro 51.0, a b 3an. BajiTHKe c 50.09 ^o 50.85; Hee H3MeHeHne nponcxoflHJio napajuiejiBHO c TaKOBHM 5Ke H3MeHeHHe Thxohob (1941) roBopnT, hto hhcjio ho3bohkob HopBemcKOH cejiBflH b CBfl3it HBJieHHHMH yMeHBniHJiocB c 1898 r. ro Hamero BpeMeHu; to moTJiaHRCKOH cejiB^H h TpecKH. HeHceH (1936) oTMenaeT, i \ * r fil ¦I1 ll 1 -HJ i: x.JS iff %.i i.|- h t i IS! '5< fill 278 - *iactb btopah. S3MeHeHHe yaejiBHoro Beca (cjieflOBaTejiBHO, cojichocth) n coflepjKaHHH b KHCJIOpO.ua MOJKeT 0Ka3aTB BJIHHHHe Ha HHCJIO II03B0HK0B. KaHflJiep (1932) npii c^ieTe hosbohkob oTMenaeT cjiynan aHOMajran; oh b no3BOHO^DEHKe cjiy^an cpacTaHna n HaJinnne KOMnjieKCHBix iio3bohkob. HCJIO OCTHCTHX OTpOCTKOB H0Ka3HBaeT, H3 CKOJIBKHX H03B0HK0B o6pa30BajiCH flaHHLin; KOMnjieKCHtin, — Sojitmeio nacTtio Ha nepBOM no3BOHKe n ypocTHJie, — BH^aeT ce6a no yBejiiraeHHOH ^JinHe TeJia; oieflyeT cnnTaTB 3a oshh. Ho Boo6me HyjKHO noflCHHTHBaTB hhcjio BCex n jiyqme hx He bbo#htb b HcnncjieHHe cpe^Hnx. ^Ihcjio KOMnjieKCHBix iio3bohkob SojiBme, neM Hnme o6m;ee hhcjio ho3bohkob. MeiK^y H3MeH*raBOCTBio BHj^a h k o6pa3OBaHnio aHOMajiBHHX hosbohkob — HMeeTca npHMaa: cbh3b. Boo6ni;e HlHaKeHSeK npn3HaeT ^hcjio hosbohkob 3a ycTOH^HBHH pacoBBin npn3HaK. Hao6opoT, PyHflCTpeM (1933) c^HTaeT btot npn3HaK KOJie6juoni;HMCH H3 rofla b rofl b aaBHCHMOCTH ot TeMnepaTypBi. E. Oopfl (1937) HaxoflHT, ^rro c^eT no3BOHKOB mojkgt npon3BOfl;HTBCH hjih o6ni;eH cyMMon — n: hjih no ot^gjibheim pa3flejiaM nosBOHO^HHKa; HanpHMep, o6m;ee ^hcjio H03B0HK0B CJiaraeTCH H3 qncjia npeKay^ajiBHHX (A) h KayflajiBHtix (B); nep- BBie H3 hhx noflpa33ejiHH)TCfl Ha nocTKpaHnajiBHBie (a) n a6A0MHHajiBHHe (b), a Kay#ajn>HBie — Ha nepeAHne (c) n 3aAHiie (d) KaysajiBHHe; TaKHM o6pa3OM, n = = A-{zB = a + b + c-\-d. Lradus q minutus pa3H0CTi> merlangus l ^hcjto ocoSefi............... 63 66 — Cp. ^HCJio U03B0HK0B........... 54.5 49.3 5.3 Cp. hhcjio nocTKpaH. (a)........ 4.0 4.0 — Cp. hhcjio aOaoMHH. (b)......... 15.7 10.9 4.8 Qp. hhcio Kayna.iBH. (c-\-d)...... 34.8 34.4 0.4 YMeHBineHHe ho3bohkob npn npeBpameHHH OTMe^eHO y Fierasfer: b JinqnHO1!- HOM COCTOHHHH y HHX H03B0HK0B 60JIBine, HeM y B3pOCJIBIX, OHeBHflHO, B CBH3H c KOMnjieKCHocTBio H03B0HKOB. 06 yMeHBmeHHH H03B0HK0B y Gadidae h Macru- ridae roBopHT ByjiaH?Ke n MaK-Kyjiox. B npnMeHeHnn k KacnnncKHM cejiB^HM ABepnHn;eB n Ghh npeflJioHtnjiH noJiB3OBaTBca cneTOM Vert, jujih pa3JiE^eHHfl bh^ob; Bapnan;HOHHBie pn^H ii cpe^Hne y hhx OKa3ajincB pa3JiHHHBiMH; y C. kessleri — 52.87; C. volgensis — 52.0; C. suvorovi — 50.96; C. sapo- schnikovi — 50.24; C. caspia — 49.53. G^eT ho3bohkob x h MHOMep, HecoaraeHHo, Bnojme npnjioJKHM ^jih onpe^ejieHHH jih^hhok h MajiBKOB KacnnncKHx cejiBflen h spyrnx pBi6. BojiBinyio homohi;b mojkct OKa3aTB cteMKa peHTreHOBCKHMH jiy^aMH, nO3BOJIflK>IH,afl CHHTaTB nO3BOHKH, He HOpTfl pBl6. PyHCTpeM (1936) Hameji, hto xapaKTep rofln^HBix KOJien; Ha ^emye jjaeT ocHOBa- Hne flJiH cyH?^eHHfl o Mnrpannux cejiBfln. Hmchho, oh pasjnraaeT cpefl;n HopBe^KCKOH cejiBfln ^eTHpe Tana KOJien,, hto o6jierHaeT pa3JiHHeHne OTjjejiBHBix nonyjifln;HH: pe3K0 oSosHa^eHHHe KOJiBn;a ceBepHpro Tnna, pacnjiBm^aTBie KOJiBn;a H)3KHoro Tnna, KOJiBn;a oKeaHH^ecKoro Tnna h kojibhsi HepecTOBHe. Pa6oTaMH IIojiflpHoro pLiSHoro xo3HHCTBa yCTaHOBJieHO (KapaHTOHHC, 1938), hto o6pa3yeT nonyjifln;HH c pasjiHHHO ycTpoeHHHMH ?Ka6epHBiMH BO3MOJKHOCTB yCTaHOBHTB TpH pa3JIH^HHX THHa (piIC. 196). c npn3HaKaMH aHaTOMnnecKHMH cym;ecTBeHHyio homohiib b yCTaHOBJie- hhh pac MoryT ona3aTB n pasjin^HH SnojiorHHecKoro xapaKTepa, npesK^e Bcero — BpeMH CO3peBaHHH HOJIOBHX npOflyKTOB H pa3MHO3KeHHH, a 3aTeM — CKOpOCTB HJIH Teain pocTa. BBime mh pa36npajin npnMepH c cejiB^HMH H3 panoHa Oj1a3eHrpyH.ua, no DlHaKeH6eKy, c KpafiHe 6jih3khmh cpejuHHMH ^incjiaMH iio3bohkob. Ilpn aHajiH3e 3thx npo6 HeoSxoflHMO npejK^e Bcero pacnpe^ejiHTB MaTepnaji no CTeneHH 3pejiocTH nojiOBHX jKejie3, hto6bi He CMematB Boe^HHO Snojiorn^ecKH pa3Jini[mHe rpynnu. B yKa3aHH0M panoHe, b ceBepo-3anaflHOH ^acTH GeBepHoro Mopn, BCTpenaiOTCfl kochkh cejiB^H Ha CTaflHHx 3pejiocTH ot I flo V. Pa3AeJiflfl hx Ha rpymiBi 1 IIpH c^eTe no3BOHKOB y mojiojjh pbi6 npHMeHHeTCH oKpacKa ajiH3apHHOM; npn 3tom Hy?KHO , hto6h pacTBop 6hji khcjilim, npnSaBJiHH b cjiynae HyatflH 6ypy (borax) (PafiT, 1935). XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PA3JIHH:EHHE PAG n = 279 He3peJiHX, C03peBaKraj,nx h 3pejiBix h noacwraBaa hhcjio ho3bohkob no 3thm rpyn- naM, M03KH0 ySe^HTBCH, *ito xaparcrep kphbbix bo Bcex Tpex cjiynaax 6yffeT pa3JHrceH. OKa3HBaeTCH, who 3jj;ecB HMeeTca paca,HepecTani;aaca JieTOM, apyraa—HepecTamaaca oceHbH) h, HaKOHen;, TpeTBH rpynna — CMemaHHaa H3 cejiBRH c OTMejiHX 6aH0K h re6pnj3iCKOH (pnc. 268). Boo6m,e H3BecTH0, ^to y cejiBflH, — xoth 6bi y SajrrnftCKon caJiaKH,—HMeiOTCH rpynnH, Me^ymne nnpy BecHoio, JieTOM hjih oceHBio, TaK ^ito Bpe- mh pasMHOJKeHHH aBJiaeTca BajKHHM SnojiorH^iecKHM pasjiH^meM. IIoBTOMyps 3aBn- chmocth ot BpeMenn po?K;a;eHHH ceJiBjpt nepBoe roffOBoe BO3pacTHoe kojibijo Ha ^temye hjih OTOJiHTe 3aHHMaeT pa3JiHTffloe noJiovKeHne, oTrpaHH^mBaa cpaBHUTejiBHo nra- poKoe hjih, HaoSopOT, y3Koe nepBoe none HapacTaHna; b CBa3n c 3thm h oSpaTHtie pacxm:cjieHHa Teatna pocTa y pa3Htix pac 0Ka3tiBai0Tca pasjin^HBiMii. Ho h He3aBTZLCHMO ot BpeMeHH pojKReHHa cpeflH pBi6 cymecTByiOT pacH 6ojiee CKopocnejiHe, 6hctpo pacTymne h pacbi, pacTymne RieRJieHHO, ^to npoaBJiaeTca npn cpaBHeHKH pa3MepOB pBi6 OAHofo BO3pacxa. Hanpninep, FeftHK MopcKaa KaM6ajia GeBepHoro Mopa pacTeT 3Ha^nTejiBHo 6BiCTpee, iTHHCKoro Mopa. TaK, KaMSajia 50—55 cm b GnareppaKe HMeeT 9 jieT, a b h b ceBepHofi HacTH GeBepHoro Mopa — 12 JieT; 3aTO KaMSajia iojkhoh Toro JKe Mopa ^ocTHraeT b tom tkq 12-jieTHeM BO3pacTe ji;jihhh 70 cm. Mjih 39 cm GeBepHoro Mopa HMeeT 6 JieT ot pofly, a b BaJiTuncKOM Mope TaKnx trq pa3- MepoB HMeeT 17 JieT. GaMn,H MopcKOH KaMSajiH BapeHn;oBa Mopa ROCTHraioT hojio- boh 3pejiocTH b BO3pacTe 8—9 JieT, a caMKH 11—12 JieT (Mhjihhckhh, 1938); HaoSo- poT, b GeBepHOM Mope nepBBie 3, BToptie 5—6 JieT (OpaHii;, 1908). Bo MHornx cjiy- ^aaX paSJIHHHa B CKOpOCTH pOCTa BH3BIBaH)TCa CTeneHBIO HHTeHCHBHOCTH npOMBICJia. OTCiosa noHaTeH mnpoKo pacnpocTpaHeHHBiH HBme o6Bi^iaH nepecaJKHBaTB MaccH mojioabix KaMSaJt H3 GeBepHoro Mopa b BaJiTHHCKoe, SyHji, h Bcjibt, b npejjejiBi fflBen;HH, JI,aHHH h FepMaHHH, oSBreafi Haji; kotophm cjieayeT 3aAyMaTBca h HaM. To 3Ke caMoe mbi bhrhm h y ceBpiorn KacnnncKon h a3OBCKon; HMeHHO, caMn,H KypnHCKOH ceBpiorHRocTHraiOT 3pejiocTH 12 JieT, a caMKH 14—18; HaoSopoT, b A30B- ckom Mope nepBHe co3peBaiOT b BO3pacTe 4—8, a BTopne,— 7—10 JieT. HeKOTopne bhji,h o6pa3yiOT pa3H0CTH npoxojnttie 11 TyBO^HBie, KaK jiococb, ro- Jieu;, KyMma, JKepex h MHorne ^pyrne. OnyHB, KaK y?Ke yKa3HBaJiocB, o6pa3yeT G SnoJiorH^ecKHMH npn3HaKaMH pac mbi c6jih3hm ii hx ^H3HOJiorH^ecKyK), b *ia- cthocth, cepoJiorn^ecKyio xapaKTepncTHKy. Nuttal h Uhlenhuth b Ha^aJie TeKym;ero €TOJieTHa noKa3ajin, *ito 6eJiKH skhbothbix oSjia^aiOT bhroboh cnenn(|)HqHOCTBio h ^to cepojiorn^iecKoe poactbo xopoino corjiacyeTca c ^HJioreHeTH^iecKOH KJiaccn- <|)HKanneH, CasnpyiomeHca Ha Mop^OJiorHHecKnx ocHOBax. GxiHTaa pacH sa^HHaiomHMca bh^om, TajineB (1941) npejnipnHaji cepojiork- ¦^ecKHH aHajiH3 BHyTpnBHftOBBix pa3JiHHHH cpeji;n hh3ihhx TaKCOHOMH^iecKHX rpynn npn noMoniiH peaKn;HH npen,HnnTan;HH; ycTaHaBnnBaa pa3Jiiwna reMoarrjiH)THHan;HH cpe«n pac SanKaJiBCKoro xapnyca n SanKaJiBCKoro OMyjia, Ha3BaHHBiH aBTop Ha- xo^ht, ^to cepojiornnecKHH MeTOA jierne h yp;o6Hee MeTO.ua 6noMeTpH^ecKoro, tcm 6ojiee, 'ito oh p;aeT bo3moskhoctb 6hctpo ycTaHOBHTB, aBJiaeTca jih AaHHaa ^opMa H3MeHeHHon hjih HeT. ^ajiBHeHinaa pa3pa6oTKa 3Toro HHTepecHoro noKaiKeT ee npaKTH^ecKyio hphjioikhmoctb k TeKymnM HCCJieROBaHnaM. eTOfl p£3JIHHeHHH paC -r- COHOCT.aBJieHHe 6HOMeTpH^ieCKHX npH3Ha- KOB Ha OCHOBaHHH MHOrOHHCJieHHHX H3MepeHHH HO HpaBHJiaM BapHaUHOHHOH CTaTH- gthkh. BnoMeTpHHecKne npn3HaKH ftjia pa3Jin^eHiia pac HepaBHOii;eHHH. G .pa3JiBL^aiOT npn3HaKH MepHCTH^ecKne, Hjrac^ieTHBie, ot GonocTaBJieHne njiacTH^ecKHx npn3HaKOB x ocoSeHHo innpoKO npaKTHKyeTca 1 B HOBettinee BpeMH npo$. H. O. IIpaBji;HH npep;jiaraeT njiacTHqecKHe H3Mepemra othochtb we k RJiHHe Tejia, a k p;jiHHe TyjiOBHma, cwran ee ot KOHU,a tojiobh hjih, TOHHee, ot KOHija jKaSepHOli KptmiKH p;o KOHi;a HeinyttHoro noKpoBa hjih Ha^ajia xboctobbix Jiynett. IIpaKTHHecKH 3Ta BejiH^iiHa noHTH coBnap;aeT co BHa^eHHeM BejiHHHHH npoMHCJiOBott Mepti (ot nojiyrjma p;o KOHU,a KpacHoro >nepa). He ocnapHBaa pai;HQHajibHOCTH H3Jio>KeHHoro npe^JioweHHH, HyjKHO npH3HaTb, ^rra iiepe- ' 4 Ha hobhh cTaHRapT H3MepeHHii cRejiaeT HecpaBHHMHM rpoMaRHBitt yHte HMeiomHHca Bapaa- no 6ojibinoMy nucjiy bhji,ob pu6. I 1^ 111 m 280 . 1ACTB BTOPAfl. EHOJIOrHH H ! »i 1 ft!1 I: cpefln Hanrax HXTHOJioroB; oflHaKo iipaKTHKa npnBOflHT k y6e3KfleHHio, ^to, Ha3BaH- HHe,. npH3HaKH flajieKo He scerfla MoryT flaTB HafleJKHBifi MaTepnaJi fljra cyjKfleHna o cynjecTBOBaHHH pac h flame HepeflKO chocoShbi npHBecTH k jiojkhbim 3aKJiioqeHHflM. HpOHCXOflHT 3TO IIOTOMy, HTO MHOrHe H3 IipH3HaKOB 9TOrO pOfla He HBJIHIOTCH HOCTOflHHHMH, a H3MeHHK)TCH C BO3paCTOM HJIH HOJIOM. KoppeJIHI?HIO MeHtfly OT- fleJIBHHMH COOTHOmeHHflMH B CBH3H C B03paCTHHMH H3MeHeHHHMH, KOHe^HO^ motkho ycTaHOBHTt, ho 9to b 3HaHHTenBHOH cTeneHH yoioJKHHeT pa6oTy. Otho- He CHTeJIBHaH RJIHHdi TOJIOBBI, HanpHMep, HCOCTaeTCfl nOCTOHHHOHi, a C roflOM yMeHBmaeTCH h t. fl. ftpn cpaBHeHnn pa3JinHHHX pac HyHrao cxapa- oflSnpaTB npn3HaKH, memjij co6oio KOppejiHTHBHo He CBH3aHHHe. IT pemnTeJiBHo BHCKa3aTBca npoTHB CTpeMjieHHH hckotophx npoH3BOffHTB 100—150 SnoMeTpBraecKHX H3MepeHHH Ha KaJKflofi pH6e, nponycTHTB KaKoro-Jin6o cymecTBeHHoro. Bojibhihhctbo H3, hhx tojibko pyeT .npyrne. ITpn cpaBHeHHH Hy»?HO npent^e Bcero o3a6oTHTBca TeM, ^to6h MaTepnaji 06a- 3aTeJIBHO 6HJI CpaBHHMBIM, T. e. HMejI HO B03M0JKH0CTH O,HHOO6pa3HyK) flJIHHy HJIH OffHHaKOBHH BO3paCT. B HpeHeSpeHteHHH K 9TOMy Ba^KHOMy yCJIOBHK) KpoeTCfl KO- peHB MHoroHHCJieHHHX oihhSok Hccjie^OBaTejien. B to me caMoe BpeMH Heo6xo^HMo npoBO,HHTB oT^ejiBHO conocTaBJieHHe caamoB h caMOK; nojiB3OBaTBcn cMeniaHHHM MaTepnajiOM bo3mojkho tojibko nocjie Toro, KaK HCCJieflOBaTejiB y6e,HHJiCH b OTcyT- CTBHH HOJIOBOrO flHMOp$H3Ma. TaK, CpeflH MOHBH, MdllotUS VilloSUS, #y p BBipa3HTeJiBH0CTH, y necqaHKH, Ammodytes tobianus, TaKOBHX pa3Jin^HH HeT h, ' HcnojiB3OBaHne CMemaHHoro MaTepnajia BnojiHe .nonycTHMO. ITojioBHe pa3JiHHHH MoryT 6htb o6Hapy?KeHH b caMHX pa3HOo6pa3HBix npn- 3HaKax. TaK, op^ (1937) yKa3HBaeT, hto y caMrtoB Labrus bergylta nepBBrfi re- MaJiBHHH H03B0H0K HMeeT flBa, a y caMOK — tojibko oflHH reMajiBHHH y Labrus mixtus caMi^H HMeiOT reMajiBHHH KaHaji 6oJiee rnHpoKHM, CaMKH. . Ho flame h npn co6jiro,n[eHHE[ yKa3aHHHX npeflocTopoH?HOCTeH, npH3HaKn HHor.ua MoryT npHBecTH k comhht6jibhhm pe3yjiBTaTaM. TaK, TeJiBHoe b Te^eHne Tpex jieT 6noMeTpiraecKoe H3yneHne noflxoflflntHX k KojiBCKOMy 3ajiHBy (MypMaH) kochkob cejiB^n esKero^HO o6Hapy3KHBajio Meatfly hhmh cymecTBeHHBix, peaJiBHBix pa3JiHHHH; tcm He MeHee mm Bee me Ha stom He MomeM npn3HaBaTB cpefln noflxoflmnnx emeroflHO k MypMaHy kochkob pa3- pacBi. H3y^eHne npeflCTaBHTejieH jiio6oro BHfla pud b pa3JinHHBix 03epax, o Hajin^HH pa3jinqHHX Shothhob, eflBa jih flaeT ocHOBaHne flJifl H3 HHX OIIHCHBaTB 0C06He paCBI HJIH nOflBHflH. TaKHM o6pa3OM, He OTKa3BiBaacB coBepmeHHo ot njiacTH^ecKnx HHfleKcoB, us Bcex SnoMeTpH^ecKHX npn3HaKOB cjieflyeT OTflaBaTB npeflnoHTeHne chcthhm, CTHHeCKHM, K KOHM HyHfHO OTHeCTH yjKe yHOMHHyTHH CHeT H03B0HK0B, ^HCJia y B HJiaBHHKaX, OCO6eHHO bDhA, n6o HX HHCJieHHOCTB COOTBeTCTByeT TOH HJIH HHOH rpynne ho3bohkob, KOJinnecTBO 5Ka6epHBix th^hhok, khjicbhx nemyn, ^opMyjiy 6okoboh jihhhh h t. fl. HanMeHee njioflOTBopHH ^ncjia Jiynen SpiomHoro h xbocto- Boro njiaBHHKOB, OTJiH^aion^Hecfl 3HaHHTejiBHHM hoctohhctbom; hx mojkho BOBCe He BKjironaTB b nepe^ieHB peKOMeHflyeMHX npn3HaK0B. KjiaccHHecKHe pacoBHe HCCJieflOBaHna H. HlMHflTa Hafl 6ejiBflioroH, TpecKofi. h flp. OCHOBaHH HCKJIIO^HTeJIBHO HaeflHHHHHHX CHeTHBIX HpH3HaKaX. HyH«HO, HMeTB B BHfly, HTO H MHOrHe MepHCTHHeCKHe HpH3HaKH MOryT H3MeHHTBCH BO h npocTpaHCTBe. H3BecTH0, HanpnMep, BO3pacTaHne ^iHCJia ?Ka6epHBix tbihhhok C B03paCT0M H pOCTOM y KaCHHHCKHX CeJIBfleH (GyBOpOB, 1907). HHTepeCHBI Ha6jIK)- fleHHH HeHceHa (1939) Hafl H3MeHeHneM ^ncjia jiynen A b pa3JiH^HHX KaTeropnax MopcKon KaM6ajiH Ha Horn Reef; oh o6HapyjKHJi pa3Hnrty 2 . KJiaccH.......... 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 .1937 Cp. ^hcjto aynefi A....... 54.06 54.74 53.85 53.24 55.02 53.96 54.19 53.85 53.79 53.ftv XVI.- yQTAHOBJIEHHE EL PA3JIHHEHHE PAC 281 b npe^ejiax oflHoro KJiacca b pa3HBix B03pacTax oh o6Hapy3Knji Heojnraa KOJiHHecTBO Jiynefi; HanpnMep, rojpraHBin KJiacc 1935 r. Bo3pacTHue rpynim I II III Jlyiefi A . . ........53.79 53.76 54.42 A. G. Johansen (1929) o6ibhchhji n3MeHeHne ^HCJia Jiynen A MopcKofi KaM6aJitt h 3an. BaJiraKH npnHocoM jihhhho^hhx CTa#HH pacu CeBepHoro Mopa, npH3HaBafl, hto hhcto SaJiTHHCKan paca HMeeT A — okojio 50 jiynen. Hao6ppoTy npnnHCHBaeT KOJieSaHHH HHCJia jiy^efi KaK cjieflCTBne B03fleHCTBHH rnflpo- k ^KTopoB; b nacTHocTH, H3MeHeHne cp. TeinnepaTypH Ha i° conpoBO- - H3MeHeHneM ^ncjia Jiy^efi b A Ha 0.4. fljia Limanda limanda oh conocTaB- CJieayiontHM o6pa3OM hhcjio Jiy^en h npn,noHHyio TeMnepaTypy b Te^eHne hiohh, hiojih h aBryCTa Ha fflyjiBUj-rpyH,!!;: 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 JTyiefi A..........54.1 54.4 53.9 '54.1 54.3 54.3 54.8 r. ... . ........... 7.6 8.6 7.1 8.3 7.9 8.8 9.4 Bepr (Ph6h. HI, bhh. 2, 1914) yKa3HBaeT, qTO ^ihcjio Jiyqefi D n A cpeffH npe«- fl Chondrdstoma, Alburnus, Leuciscus, Rutilus yMeHLinaeTCH b ioskhom p y noAycTa, Chondrostoma nasus BeTBncrax Jiynen bD — 9, A 10 — 11 b GeB. EBpone n D 8—9 A—9 — b K)j^hoh. JJjih 6jih3khx bh^ob yKjieeK oh TaKyio Ta6jinn;y MepncTiwecKHX npngHaKOB. - : Bun BexB. jiynefi A Lin. Lat. Yert. Apeaji Alburnus alburnm......... 16—19 46—50 41—44 — A. alborella.......... . 13—16 44—50 37—39 CeB. HTaJina A. albidus............. 11—13 44—45 — K). HTajrna A. charusini........... . 15—16 42—44 — CeB. EaBKa3 A. hohenackeri........... 13 40—42 — 3aicaBKa3Le t V BnojioniecKHe n p o $ h ji h. E[omhmo HenocpeffCTBeHHoro cpaBHe- hhh SHOMeTpnHecKHX npn3HaKOB KaK miacTEraecKHx, TaK h MepncTn^ecKnx no ¦ / * Mt - M2^ npaBHJiaM Bapnai^noHHOH CTaTHCTHKH (no qpopaiyjie . 9 ^), mojkho noJiL3OBaTBCfl H HeKOTOpHMH flpyPHMH MeTO^aMH TeX 3Ke COnOCTaBJieHHH. TaK, A. B. MopO3OB, ncnojiB3OBaB rpa^HKH, npHMeHHeMtie b aHTponojiornn (HHflHBHffyaJiBHHe npo^Hjna), npnMeHHTBhxhb HXTHOJiorELHnofl HMeHeM «6HOJior3zraecKnxnpo$HJiefl», BecBMa HarjiH^Hoe conocTaBJieHne pasjnarann memjsj OTflejiBHHMH pacaMH hjih BH#aMH. O6fl3aTejiBHHM ycjioBHeM TaKoro nocTpoeHHH hvjkho BHCTaBHTB Tpe- 6oBaHne, ^to6h cpaBHHBaJiocB hcckojibko — ^eM 6oJiBine, TeM Jiy^nne — ^opM; ho aScojiiOTHO HeBO3MOH?HO npn&ieHeHHe aToro MeTO^a Bcero npn #Byx conocTaBJiaeMBix rpynnax; b nocJie,HHeM;cjiynae o6e jihhhh 6y^yT npe^CTaBJiHTB 3epKajiBHHe OTo6pa- no3BOJifleT xapaKTepn3OBaTB p onpeflejieHHHX cpe^Hnx Bejin^nH jjjih KaJK^oro OTflenBHoro npn3HaKa. TaKne cpeaHne npn3HaKH MoryT 6htb Ha3BaHH bh^oehmh CTaHflapTaMH. H3 KHX BBWOBHX Bapnai^HOHHBlX pflflOB H Cpe^HHX M03KH0 HOJiy^HTB pOflOBOH TaKne CTaH,napTBi cocTaBJiniOTCH ,n;jiH Bcex npn3HaKOB. GaMO co6ok> hohhtho, npQ^BapHTejiBHO Bee ohh ^ojiHtHH 6bitb ypaBHeHH KOJiiniecTBeHHO k oflHHaKOBOMy ^ncjiy cocTaBJiHiomnx, t. e. k 100 hjih 1000 aK3., Bee npn3HaK0B 6y.neT HepaBHOMepHHM. Cjie^yiomaH Ta6jinn;a, 3anMCTBOBaHHaH. H3 paGoTBi A. B. Mopo30Ba (1928), He oTBe^aeT nocjie^HeMy TpeSoBaHHio h 6bitb npnBefleHa no KajK^OMy BH^y k ojnmaKOBOMy JipH3HaKH C. caspia KOJinnecTBeHHO noflaBHT ocTajiBHtie bh^h. B B3HTa flJiHHa tojiobbi KacnnncKHX cejiBflefi, BHpasKeHHan b nponjHTax •isl i :h 4 i I ft"' ! ; 282 *IACTB BTOPAfl. BHOJIOrHfl % Caspialosa-volgcnsis C. kessleri C. brasch-nikovi C. sphaero-cephala C. easpia C. suvorovi C. saposch-niHovi C. leucoce-phala Pofl Caspi-alosa 21 1 1 22 17 43 3 —. 3 1 — — 67 23 79 44 8 — 10 1 — — 142 24 62 7 7 20 149 26 1 11 283 25 19 1 5 28 439 46 4 21 £63 26 3 1 3 9 149 20 11 9 205 27 __ __ __ __ 12 6 18 . 1 37 28 4 1 5 1 11 29 1 — - 1 — 2 M 24.01 23.18 24.39 25.31 25.51 25.54 27.12 25.57 .25.16 a 0.87 0.74 1.19 0.69 0.79 •0.95 0.99 0.85 1.14 m 0.06 0.08 0.24 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.16 0.13 0.03 N 180 96 26 57 ¦ 768 101 40 43 1311 H3 HHX no,a;o6HHe Ta6jinn;H .hjih ijejioro pafla npn3HaK0B, mojkho no BHftOBOH H pOflOBOH CTaHflapTH. HflOBHe CTaHflapiti cpaBHHBaiOT c poflOBHM h onpefliejifliOT hx b nojiojKHTejiLHyio hjih OTpHn;aTejiBHyK> ctopohh; npn TaKOM cono- 3to OTKJioHeHHe aejiHT Ha cnrMy o poflOBoro CTaH.uapTa, t. e. pOfl;-------—n . Cpoa TaKHM o6pa3OM oTKJioHeHHH b yKa3aHHofl Mepe HaHOCHT Ha rpa- nocTpoeHHH rpa^HKa npoBOflflT ropn3OHTajiBHo Ha paBHOM pacoroHHira jihhhh, c^HTafl cpe^Hioio H3 hhx 3a 0, t. e. 3a OTcyTCTBne OTKJiOHe- Hifl; cjieflyiomne jihhhh 03HaHai0T OTKJioHeHHe Ha o^Hy, jipe cnraiH; BHme 0 ot- KJiOHeHHH 6y,nyT nojiOH?HTejiBHHMH, HHJKe — OTpnnaTejiBHbiMH. Ile K 8THM JIHHnflM npOBOflST BepTHKaJIBHHe CeHeHHfl, COOTBeTCTBeHHO aHajiH3npoBaHHBixnpH3HaKOB. Ilpn HaHeceHHH Ha nojiyneHHyio ceTKy Bcex bbi^hc- JieHHHX OTKJIOHeHHHnpH3HaKOB, BHpaH?eHHHX B flOJIHX CHrMH, HOJiy^aiOT HarjiHflHBie rpa^HKn, xapaKTepn3yioin;iie KasKflHH H3 aHaJiH3npoBaHHHX hjih pac. B no,no6HBiMH npo<|)HJiflMH xapaKTepncTHKH pac ^aiOT bo3mojkhoctb nx h b n;H$poBbix KO9(|)HHE:eHTax. CKJia^HBaH cpe^Hne bbicotbi c coSjiiofleHHeM npaBnjia 3HaK0B h weJin 3aTeM Ha hhcjio cjiaraeMHX, y cpe^Hioio BHCOTy npo$HJia (j^jia C. volgensis OHa 6y^eT paBHHTBCH — 0,14= o). Hao6o- poT, cyMMnpyH npn btom Bee OTKJioHeHHH, He npnHnMaa bo BHHMaHne 3HaKOB ±, nojiy^aiOT K03$nn;HeHT #HcrapM0HEraE0CTH (rjih C. volgensis = 0.586). MeTOfl KOMfiHHipoBaHHHX npH3HaK0B. Topasflo SojiBmyio ycjiyry b ^ejie pa3JiHHeHna pac hjih 6jih3khx bhrob MO5KeT OKa3aTB MeToa kom6il- npn3HaKOB, BBefleHHHH b HayKy npo$. FeHHKe b 1898 r. p 3Toro MeTOfla Ha npHMepe KacnnncKHX cejiB^efl no Mopo3OBa. Ecjih nepefl HaMH HMeeTCH o^Ha oco6b hjih rpynna ocoSefi, ^jih kotophx TpeSyeTCH ycTaHOBHTB npnHaflJiejKHOCTB k toh hjih hhoh pace, to bh6op hb hcckojib- KHX BO3MO3KHHX HpOH3BO^HTCfl nOCpeACTBOM OHpefleJieHHH CyMMH KBa^paTHHHHX npn3HaK0B HCHHTyeMLix ocoSefl ot ycTaHOBJieHHHX ysKe hjih 9thx pac IIOHHTHO, ^TO CpaBHeHHe HyH?H0 npOBOffBLTB HO pflfly HpH3HaKOB, eCJIH MH ^Hy oco6b; Hao6opoT, npn onpeflejieHHH no cpeflHHM hjih rpynnBi ocoSefl MOJKHO flOBOJIBCTBOBaTBCfl O,0iHHM HJIH HeMHOrHMH npH3HaKaMH. Ilpn 3tom HyjKHO oco6eHHO nofl^epKHyTB, ^ito mctoh KOM6nHnpoBaHHHX npn- 3HaKOB, KaK noKa3aJi PoMaHOBCKHH (1925), npnMeHHM jihhib b Tex cjiy^anx, Kor^a cpaBHnBaeMHe npn3HaKH MesKfly coSoio He3aBHCHMti; npn Hajinnnn KoppeJinn;HOH- HOH 3aBHCHMOCTH MeJKfly HpH3HaKaMH OH MOHteT HpHBeCTH K HenpaBHJIBHHM BHBORaM H He ^OJDKeH npHMeHHTLCH. k.< 1 67 142 283 563 205 37 11 2 .25.16 1.14 0.03 1311 283 XVI. yCTAHOBJIEHHE H PA3JIH*IEHH:E PAC yKa3HBaeT, hto npn nojii>3OBaHHH: paccMaTpHBaeMHM p He a6cojiK>THHe OTKJioHeHHH npEL3HaKOB, a OTHOCHTejiBHHe, nocoie 3THX OTK3IOHCHHH Ha CQOTBeTCTBVIOinHe KBa^paTH^HHe OTKJIOHeHHfl (CHTMBl). HiaK, RJiH KaJK^OH pacH hjih BHfla ycTaHaBJiHBaioTCH npeflBapHTejiBHO cpejotHne npH3HaK0B W HX KBaflpaTHHHMe OTKJIOHeHHH; HHHME CJIOBaMH, yCTaHaBJIH- CTaH^apTH no papy npn3HaKOB. JJJjih hhctotli cpaBHeHna HyjKHo noR6HpaTi> o#HOBO3pacTHHH, a b HeKOTopHX cjiy^asx — h paccopTHpoBaHHtiH no :noJiy. MjunocTpnpyeM npHjiomeHHe MeTORa npnaiepoM no Mopo3OBy. Po,a; Caspialosa ¦4 tojiobh, °/0 .... (7............ raa3a, °/0 ot tojiobh.............. 0................ j^jiHHa rpyftH. njraBHHKa, °/0 . . C........... . - - <• ¦PaccTOflHHe P — X, °/0. . . . . . 0................ BBICOTa rOJLOBLI, °/0........ i. bhc. Te.ia, °/0 . . - . i. bhc. Teia, °/o- • • • O................ )H. TH^IHHOK..... a................ 27.12 25.54 1.0 0.95 25.58 24.02 1.24 1.58 17.98 16.73 0.78 0.96 23.32 23.89 1.11 1.22 19.50 19.94 0.59 0.88 12.67 25.86 1.13 1.64 7.75 * 7.99 0.53 0.44 31.50 56.06 1.96 11.80 Sphaero- cephala 25.31 0.69 24.22 1.25 17.45 0.99 24.01 1.50 20.60 0.55 26.50 1.18 8.38 0.36 33.55 4.76 25.51 0.79 23.09 1.19 15.97 0.84 22.84 1.14 20.10 0.76 25.44 1.48 7.71 0.45 115.72 11.37 braschni- kovi 24.39. 1.21 21.27 2.78 16.00 1.14 24.11 1.29 18.42 0.85 23.19 2.72 7.08 0.61 32.50 4.47 24.61 0.87 21.72 1.10 15.00 0.70 23.51 1.14 17.60 0.60 22.75 1.54 6.97 0.77 108.69 17.09 25.57 0.86 20.21 1.49 14.06 0.99 17.79 0.87 21.95 2.27 6.58 0.45 26.28 2.63 23.18 0.74 20.51 1.08 14.73 0.80 24.80 1.07 16.99 0.66 23.91 1.62 6.88 0.58 76.30 ¦7.60 Tenept MeTOA KOM6nHnpoBaHHHX npn3HaKOB k y HeacHOMy hjih coMHHTejiBHOMy cjiynaio. IlycTB nepep; HaMH 6y.neT cejiBfl;L c JQ[jiHHa Tejia ............ 285 mm . Jliw&du roiOBti........... 23.50°/0 ^naMeTp rj[a3a........... 20.70 JI,jiHHa rpyan. naaBH........ 15.10 PaccTOjnme P—V......... 25.20 \ BHCOTa roiOBH.......... 17.20 " Han6. BHCOTa Tejia........ 22.80 Bee Teza....... 7.00 tlihhhok .... 93 3a ochobhoh npn3HaK npuHHMaeM, KaK Boo6me y KacnnflcKHX 7Ka6epHtix tmhhhok h Ha^iHHaeM cpaBHeHne c Hero, y HccJie;n;yeMoft oco6n 93; o6o3Ha^HM HCntiTyeMBifi npn3HaK ^epe3 a h cpaBHHM ero c Bavieioii];DMHCH hhcjio 93 C. saposcknikovi ^ C. suvorom .'. . . C. sphaerocephala C. caspia ..... C. braschnikovi . C. volgensis ... C. leucocephala . C. ke&slen V . ¦; » 31.50 ± 1.96 56.06 ± 11.80 33.55 ± 4.76 115.72 .±11.37 32.50 ± 4.47 108.69 ± 17.09 26.28 ± 2.63 76.30 ± 7.80 M — a — 62.50 — 36.94 — 59.45 4- 22.72 — 60.50 +15.69 — 66.72 —16.70 — 31.89 — 3.13 — 12.49 + 2.00 —13.54 4- 0.92 — 25.37 — 2.14 ¦ (M—a 1016.97 9180 151.10 - 4.00 183.33 0.85 643.64 4.58 ".I '•t ¦s if III 'J ill 111 f-1? If.tM1 ? r: M 284 ^EACTB BTOPAfl. quo o,uho conocTaBJieHne noKa3BiBaeT, ^to aaHHan m. bhc. Te.ia...... HaHMeHLm. bhc. Teja...... — 2.54 — 2.43 — 1.36 — 2.07 — 3.82 —1.78 — 1.58 — 0.58 — 1.38 + 0.15 + 1.48 — 0.67 + 0.03 + 0.95 + 0.43 — 0.29 + 0.46 + 0.79 — 0.31 — 0.68 — 1.42 CyMMa ..... 15.58 5.24 4.38 3#ecB mbi Be^eM, He oSpaman BHHMaHna Ha 3HaKH, a-jinniB no a6co- jiiothoh BejiHHHHe .OTKJiOHeHH^. HaHMeHBmafl cyMMa otkjiohchhh — 4.38 — na- Ha C. kessleri. 3Ha^HT, cio^a h Hy^Ho OTHecTH nccjie#yeMyio oco6b. Ecjih 6h 6hjih Mano omyTHMH, mojkho Shjio 6bi OTKjioHeHHH BO3BefcTH b KBa,npaTr t. e. nojiB3OBaTBCH ^opMyjion (-----~a )2. B 3tom cjiy^ae pa3JiHHHe BHCTynaer p^ Tor^a cyMMBi oTKJioHeHHH b pa3o6paHHOM npnaiepe npeBpaTHTCfl b 38.73; 5.80 h 3.67. H3JiOH?eHHHe MeTO#Bi ycTaHOBJieHHH pac npn ocToposKHOM npnMeHeHHH b oiiht- hhx pyKax MoryT 0Ka3aTB nccjieflOBaTeJiio SojiBmyio noMomB. G^aKO nymno mneTB b BH^y, hto b ocHOBy Heo6xo,nHMo 6paTB npejKfle Bcero dHOJiornnecKHe oco- 6eHH0CTH, a He tojibko MaTeMaTH^ecKne pa3Jin^nfl bo BTOpocTeneHHBix npn3HaKax. MopO3OB Ha OCHOBaHHH SnOMeTpHHeCKHX H3MepeHHH yCTaHOBHJI flJIH HH30BBeB Bojith 3Be pacH bo6jih, otjih^hbic ot bo6jih pafioHa ypaJia n 3m6bi. no3flHenniHe hc- (1937) Ha ocHOBaHHH ohhtob Me^eHHH 3thx pac He npn3HajiH, Bcex hx othochid;hmhch k e^HHofi pace. JIHTEPATYPA K TJIABE XVI HijeBii Glih. O MeTO^HKe onpeffejieHHH pac y OTinejitHiix noABH^OB KacnnficKHx cejiL- Tp. AcTpax. H-pti6oxO3. ct., VII, b. 3, 1930. JeMeHTbeB. K Bonpocy o rpaHHi^ax ochobhbix CHCTeMaraHecKHx KaTeropnft. 3ooji. Hivpn., XV, JY*. 1, 1936. K o 3 e k c MeiKHyHaposHtix npaBHji cacTeMaTH^ecKOii HOMeHKJiaTypH. Ilep. OinaHHHa. CII6.191i. H33;. PyccK. aHTOMOJior. o6m. K o m a p o b B. JI. y^eHHe o BH«e y pacTeHHfl. AH CCCP, 1940. ' , . ' • JI H n H H. O paCOBOM COCTaBe KaHHHCKOfi TpeCKH. Tp. H-H. HH. pfcI0H. XO3. II, B. 4, 1928. Mopo3OB. 0 pacax bo6jih CeB. KacnHH. Tp. AcTp. pti6oxo3. ct., VII, b. 3, 1930. '" ' M o p o 3 o b. Stjosli no cncTeMaTHKe KacnaiicKHx cejitneft. Tp. hhct. p&i6h. xo3. M. II. b. 4, 1928. . . M o p o 3 o b. EnoMeTpHHecKHft aHajiH3 CHCTeMaTHiecKHx OTHOineHHii KacnHftCKO-BOJiHtcwax cejii>;n;eii. TaM Hte. MQP030B. K MeTOflHKe paCOBHX HCCJie^OBaHHft pH0 BOO6me H BO0JILI B HaCTHOCTU. Tp. BOJBK- CKO-Kacn. pti00X03. ct., 1932. , " . II e T p 0 B. B. B. O HeKOTOpHX BOnpOCax MeTOflHKH pasrpaHH^eHHH MejIKHX eflHHH^ H3B. HXTHOJI. HH., XI, B. 1, 1930, Jl XVII. BHEIUHHH CPERA I EE BJIHHHHE HA PHB 285 POMaHOBCKHft. O CTaTHCTEraeCKHX KpHTepHHX npHHaffJiejKHOCTH OCO6h KOAHOMy H3 BHftOB. Tp. TypnecT. Hay*ra. 06m.., II. TamKeHT, 1925. CeMeHOB-TflHtniaHCKHfl. TaKCOHOMiraecKHe rpamnnvi BHjj;a h ero noji;pa3p;ejieHHH. 3an. AH, XXV, jY° 1, 1910. C M H P H O B E. KOHCTpytUJHH BHfta C TaKCOHOMEraeCKOft TOHKH 3peHHH. 3OOJI. JKypH., XVII, JNI 3, 1938. T a ji h e b ,ZL CepojiornqecKHfl aHajiH3 pac SafiKajitcKoro OMyjin. TaM we. Thxo'hob. O cucTeMaTHqecKOM nojiojKeHiin MypMaHCKOii ceJibRH. Tp. IIHHPO, b. 7, 1941. ¦q e p h o b G. A. Ilpo6jieMa BHRa. Tp. 3HH AH GGCP, VI, b. 4, 1941. Duncker. Variation und Verwandtschaft von Pleuronectes f lesus und P. platessa. Wissensch. Meeresunters., N. F. 1, 2. Kiel und Leipzig. 1896. Duncker. tjber einige Lokalformen von PI. platessa. Mitteil. aus Naturhist. Museum, XXX, Hamburg. 1913. Jensen A. I. C. Fluctuations in the racial characters of the Plaice and Dob. Journ. du Cons. Perm. XIV, No 3, 1939. H u b b s. Variations in the number of Vertebrae of Fisches. The American Naturalist, v. LVI, 1922. Hubb s. Seasonal variations in the number of Vertebrae of Fisches. Paper of the Michigan Academy of Sci. Acts and Letters, v. II, 1922. Keilhack. Rassenuntersuchurigen an Nordsee — Schollen. Wissensch. Meeresunters., N. F. X, H. 2, 1913. Helg. u. Kiel. Kretchmer. Sprachregeln fur die Bildung und Betonung zoologischer und botanischer Namen. Berlin. 1899. Nomenclator animalium. Preuss. Acad. d. Wissensch. Berlin. Qensck Kurze Anweisung fiir zoologisch-systematische Studien. Leipzig. 1934. Schnackenbeck. Zum Rassenproblem bei den Fischen. Journ. du Cons. Perm. VI, No. 1, 1931. Schmidt Jon.' Racial Investigations. The Atlantic God and local races of the same. Compt. . rend, des travaux du Laborat. Garlsberg, v. XVIII, No. 6, Gopenhague. Waterhause. Index Zoologicus London. 1902. ¦II ; XVII. BHEIHHJia CPEflA H EE BJIHflHHE HA PBIB cpepjofi rjih o6nTaHHH pn6 cjiysKUT BOffa; KaK o6m;ee npaBHJio, boah pn6a h?htb He MOJKeT h yainpaeT b TeneHne KopoTKoro BpeMeHH, 6 O tojibko Hta6pH. 6 hc- 03Ha- p H3 9Toro npaBHJia H3BecTHO 6hjio noflpo6Ho paccMOTpeHo. Gen^ac Ha komhtbch c B03fleHCTBneM BHemHefl cpeflH Ha ycjiOBHH oSnTaHHH ph6, now 8THM tojibko BOffHoe o6nTaHne. BHemHHMH ^aKTopaMH, noRJieiKamnMH HameMy paccMOTpeHHio, Bcero cHHTaTB coJieHOCTt, TeMnepaTypy, aKTHBHyio peaKnnio (pH), p ra3OB b Boae, TeneHnH, rjty6nHy h CBH3aHHHe c Heio RaBJieHne h CBeT. Bee bth aK- rropH OKasHBaioT pemaiomee BjraHHue Ha CTpaHCTBOBaHna n nepeMemeHHfl pti6, Ha BpeMH h HHTeHCHBHocTB noflxoRa k SeperaM hjiel Bxosa b penn, cjiobom — H3y- nx nMeeT ctojil me cymecTBeHHoe TeopeTH^ecKoe, KaK h G o ji \e h o c t b. OffHHM H3 ochobhhx ^aKTopoB, BJiHHiomHX Ha paccejieHHe pBl6, HBJIfleTCfl COJieHOCTB, t. e. KOJIHHeCTBO H Ka^eCTBO paCTBOpeHHHX B BOffe COJiefi. B cbh3h c cpeflon oSnTaHHH pasjiH^aiOT pn6: 1) nocTOHHHO miLBymjsx b Mope hjih b npecHOH BO,q;e n HecnocoSHHX H3MeHnTB cpe^y; 2) chocoGhhx H3MeHHTB cpe^y ot chjibho cojieHOEi ho npecHOH hjih HaoSopoT; 3) ph6, SKHBynjnx hoctohhho hjih spe- b conoHOBaTOH Bo^e. BHOJiorH^ecKaHKJiaccii^HKaiiiHfl ph6 no cpe^e oSHTaHHH b rjiaBe o Mnrpannn pH6. KajKfltiH bhr, cJieROBaTeJiBHO, npHcnoco- k onpefleJieHHofi cpe^e h HenocpeflCTBeHHHH nepeHOC H3 orhoh b npyryio boc- 6oJie3HeHHo n Hepe^KO conpoBOJKAaeTCH HeMejjJieHHOH CMepTBio. nepexo.ii; npoxoRHLix pn6 H3 oahoh cpe^H b ^pyryio c.OBepmaeTCH c 6ojibhioh nocTeneHHOCTBio. TennepaTypHHe ycjiOBna 3^ecB TaKSKe nrpaiOT HeMaJiyio pojiB. B ycjiOBHHX onHTa nyTeM RjiHTejiBHoro npny^eHHH xojiohhoboahoh ph6h k hobh- meHHio TeMnepaTypH y^aBajiocB noflroTOBHTB ee k nocTeneHHOMy- nepeBO^y H3 npecHofi bojibi b coJieHyio. HHTepecHo, wro BXOJKfteHne B peKH KaaiSaJi, Pleuronectes I ,41 11 ' Pi 3 ff't ¦ It'? | i'-i p r' ill 286 HACTL BTOPAfl. flesus, Platichthys stellatus, nponcxoflnT tojibko b JieTHne MecHnH, *rro TejiBCTByeT o HenocpeflCTBeHHOM bjihhhhh: TeMnepaTypti Ha ywiOBHfl nepexo.ua H3 o,hhoh cpe^H b flpyryio. Ilpn MeflJieHHOM n nocTeneHHOM H3MeHeHnn cojichocth opraHH3M MomeT npncnoco6HTBCH flaa?e k TaKOMy ocMOTH^ecKOMy flaBrieHnio, ko- Topoe nepBOHa^aJiBHO 6hjio ajih Hero rn6ejiBHHM. rfOflHafl pnSKa Gambusia affinis, ctojib npocjiaBJieHHaa b 6opB6e c , b onHTax JIe6a n BecTeHeH (1912) nocreneHHo npHcnoca6jiHBajiaci> k BOfle c npnMecBio #o 75% MopcKon. MopcKan BO.ua coflepatHT 35°/00 cojiefi, npeniviymecTBeHHO xjiopn- cthx, HMeHHO, xjiopncTHH HaTp c npHMecBio xjiopncToro MarHHH, cepHOKHCJiora K , p p p p n HeKOTopHX ^pyrnx. KaK noBHmeHne, TaK n noHHHteHne coJieHocTH HHIOT yCJIOBHH JKH3HH, HO He yHH^TOHiaiOT B03M0HtH0CTH paCCeJieHHH pH6. IlOBH- meHne coneHocTH KpacHoro Mopa ho 40°/00 (a 6jih3 Gy9n;a #a?Ke flo 42.8°/Oo)He npe- mrrcTByeT qpeaBH^anHO 6oraTOMy pacitBeTy jkh3hh. H3 Bcex ph6 ocoSeHHon rn6- koctbk) b oTHomeHHH coJieHOCTn pTJinqaeTCH Kojuonraa, Gasterosteus, jierKo npHMeHHiomaHCH k ycJiOBHHM oSnTaHna b npecHOH n MopcKofl BO^e n nepexoftHmaa H3 oahoh b flpyryio. He MeHee 3aMeHaTentHHH npHMep BJiaeT KacnnficKafl aTepnHa, Atherina mochon caspia, CBo6ofl;HO 3HaHHTejiBHHe noHiDKeHHfl coJieHocTH ceBepHoro Kacnna n npeBoexo^HO ce6a CTByiomafl b MepTBOM KyjiTyKe (3aji. KoMCOMOJien.) n KaflflaKe, r^e MaKCHMaJiBHaa cojieHocTB npeBHmaeT 60°/00; OHa He 6ohtch fla?Ke 6HCTporo n3MeHeHHH cojichocth. TaM me, b KafiflaKe, flepmaTCfl HeKOTopHe Shhkh — Gobius fluviatilis pallasit Bubyr caucasicus, Gobius melanostomus affinis, MopcKaa nrjia, — Syngnathus nigrolineatus caspius, HeKOTopHe bh^bi ceJiB^H, — Caspialosa caspia salina, ko- jiioniKa — Pungitius platygaster. B OTjin^ne ot OKeaHCKoii cojichocth b flamtOM cjiynae HMeeTCH BBicoKoe coflepmaHne cepHOKncjinx cojien. KaK OTMe^aer A. H. GBeTOBHflOB, noBHmeHHe coJieHocTH b MepTBOM KyjiTyKe BJie^eT 3a coSoh yrHeTeHne pocTa. Syngnathus nigrolineatus caspius b rjiySnHe Kan^aKa 3aMeTH0 MejiB^ie, ^ieM npn Bxofle b MepTBHH KyjiTyK; noBH^HMOMV, to me othochtch h k 6HHKy, Bubyr caucasicus. Pbi6li, BHflepjKHBaioin;He mnponne K0Jie6aHHH cojieHOCTn, naieHyiOTCfl aBpnra- jihhhhmh, b OTJiH^He ot CTeHorajiHHHHX, npHcnocoSjieHHHx k y3KHM rpaHHn;aM co- JieHOCTH. PeccejiB (Russel, 1935) oTMe^aeT Hajin^ne Koppc-Jifln;Hn MejK^y bhcokhm kojiii- ^ecTBOM $oc$aTOB b MopcKoii BOfle n o6njineM MOJioflH puS. 3hmoh 1934—1935 it. b panoHe II.)iHMyTa kojih^cctbo ^oc^aTOB ^octhtjio MHHHMyMa n KOJinnecTBO mojio^h b 1935 r. oKa3ajiocB Han6ojiee hh3khm. B nepnofl HepecTa MHorne Mopcnne ph6bi npn6jin«KaiOTCfl k 6epery n npn^epHtHBaiOTCfl bo^ c noHHJKeHHofi cojichoctbio. IIo cymecTBy, BCHKan Bo^a cojjepjKHT b pacTBOpe to hjih HHoe KOJinqecTBO co- jieft. 06HKH0BeHHaa npecHaa BO^a co^epjKHT b ce6e yrjieKHWiBie n cojih, b cbh3h c ^ieM 6HBaeT to 6oJiee H?ecTKa, to 6oJiee MarKa. O^hh pejin Hanpnaiep, —npe^noHnTaiOT 6onee jKecTKyio BO^y, ^pyrne, Hao6opoT, 6oJiee GHeTKOBHe 03epa OTJin^aiOTCH ot HecHeTKOBHX 6ojiee bhcokoh MHHepa- bo^h. IIpHMecB cojiefi b npecHOH BOfle HHHTO^Ha: He CBHme #ecflTBix 30- rpaMMa Ha jihtp,1 h MeHaeTCH b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot npnpoflH jioJKa, no KOTopoMy GymecTBeHHyio pojib mojkct nrpaTB KOJin^ecTBO pacTBopeHHHX co- ?KeJie3a; npn cKOJibKo-HnSyAB 3HaHHTejiBH0M coflep^aHnn nx b BOfle Ha6nio- y B3pocJitix ph6 MaccoBHe 3a6ojieBaHHH rjia3, a y MaJiBKOB — 6aKTepnaJiB- paHteHna H?a6p; nnTaHne jKejie3HCT0H bo^oh phSoboahhx 3aBOflOB bbi3h- BaeT MaccoByio CMepTHocTB MaJiBKOB. GojieBon pejKHM, nepeHocHMHfl ptioaMH, qpe3- BH^anHO pa3Hoo6pa3eH, HannHan ot cocTaBa HopMaJiBHofl MopcKbn bo^h h bhjiotb flo bhcokoh KOHn;eHTpan.nH cepHOKHCJiHX cojien b 3aJiHBe Kan^aK KacnnncKoro Mops. IIpoMeJKyTo^iHoe. nojio^KeHne Mem^y cojieHofi mopckoh n npecHOH 3aHBMaK)T coflep?KaHHeM coJieH — e^nHnn;°/00. Ph6hoc Ha- 1 Bo^a OHe»tCKoro 03epa coxepmin cyxoro ocTarKa 54 Mr Ha Jiirrp, Bejioro 03epa — 129.8, — 106. XVII. BHEIHHHH CPEflA H EE BJIHHHHE HA PBIB 287 ^.^____cojioHOBaTBix BOfl ipesBBraanHO 6oraTO. rpaHHH,efi Meatfly cojiOHOBaToft a MOpcKOH BOfloio H. M. Khhhobhh cHHTaeT BOfly c coflepjKaHiieM cojiefi 24. 695°/00, «r. e. Tanyio, y kotopoh TeMnepaTypu 3aMep3aHHH n Han6ojiBmeH hjiothocth «THBaeTCH npOMHCJIOM, TaK KaK yJIOBH B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT KOJie6aHHH . COJieHOCTH H3MeHflH)TCfl: BecBMa 3Ha*iHTejiBH0. CeJiBflHHOH npoMHceJi y K>ro-3anaflHHX 6eperoB JIlBen;HH Bcenejio OTparaaeT Ha ce6e rnflpojioriraecKHia: pesKHM npn6pejKHOH hojiocbi ; jiob ceJiBffn npoffOJisKaeTCH, noKa cojighoctb flepmnTCH Ha ypoBHe 32—33°/00 h npe-. HeMeflJieHHO, jihbib tojibko nofl BJinnmieM BeTpoB HaflBicsyTCfl 6ojiee co- aTJiaHTH^ecKne boah 34—35%0. TaKHM 3«e o6pa3OM jiob b npecHon y CecTpopenKa nfleT HenpepHBHO h ocTaHaBJinBaeTCH npn boctohhbix BeTpax, ot- roHHiomHX ot 6epera npecHyio BOfly n BH3HBaiomHX noHBJieHne xojioflHOH ocojio- HeHHOH BOflH. M3MeHeHne cojieHOCTH He ocTaeTCH 6e3 bjihhhhh h Ha pocT jioKajiBHtix pac: b coJioHOBaTOH BOfle BejinTmHa Tejia oShkhobchho MeHBme, ^eM b MOpcKOH. Johansen (1929) yflocTOBepneT, hto y MopcKon KaM6ajiH 3anaflHon nacTH Baji- THficKoro Mopa ^hcjio H03B0HK0B 3a BpeMH 1893—1899 n 1895—1904, a TaKSKe b 1928 r. He H3MeHHJiocB, 3aTO kojih^cctbo Jiy^efi b aHajiBHOM njiaBHHKe secBMa 3HaTmTejiBHO n noflHHJiocB b BejiBTe c 49.96 ho 51, a b 3anaflH0fl c 50.09 flo 50.85; HSMeHeHne nncjia Jiynefi nponcxoflnjio b pafioHeMaHKa b 1924—1927 BnojiHe cooTBeTCTBeHHo xofly H3MeHeHHH cojieHOCTH; npnjio- k pa6oTe rpa^HKH (fig. 9, CTp. 93) o6HapyH?HBaiOT 6yKBaJiBHoe coBnafleHne . HBJieHne bto He MomeT 6htb o6"BHCHeHo 3aHocoM HKpH h jihhhhok H3 Ge- BepHoro Mopn. To ?Ke caMoe Poulsen (1933) OTMenaeT y jiHMaHflH, KOTopan b BaJi- thhckom Mope HMeeT Jiynen b A Ha 4—-5 MeHBme, ""leM b GeBepHOM (52.82 npOTHB 56.85 GeBepHoro n 57.56 — GitareppaKa); BMecTe ctcm b EajiTHKe MeHBmee ^ihcjio H03BOHKOB h *iame cjiy^an cjihhhhh ho3bohkob. M. HLvraflT Ha Tpecne n 6ejiBfliore, flaHHeBnr (1933) Ha canfle noKa3ajiH, ^to ^ihcjio ho3bohkob b cbh3h c HOBBimeHHeM t° h noHHJKeHneM cojichocth yMeHBmaeTCH ot Mopa BHyTpB (jJnopflOB; ecjiH y cafiflH pa3JiHHHH b flecflTBix flOJiHx no3BOHKa, to y 6ejiBfliorH i[mcjio H03B0HK0B naflaeT ot 117.3 b KaTTeraTe flo 114.6 npn Bxofle h 108 — bhvtph PocKHJiBfl h H3e$nop- flOB, t. e. Ha 9 no3BOHKOB. B MecTe c coJieHocTBio 20.8%0 sKHBeT paca 113.2 no3BOHKa, a npn 11.9°/00—108,0 ho3bohkob. flaHHeBnr o6pam.aeT ito hhcjio HO3BOHKOB y KpyHHtix caftfl, y kohx Hfin;a h jih^ihhkh KpynHee, BHme, y MejiKHx; Hanp., b GTOJiBBiiKe: Kpynkan 53.54 53.42 53.51 (1927) ycTaHaBJiHBaeT, hto xopomee pa3MHO3KeHne MopcKofl b BaJiTHKe coBnanaeT c bbicokoh TeMnepaTypon h coJieHOCTBio b Te^eHne 3hmh h BecHH. Boo6ni;e ckopoctb pocTa h Bejin^mHa BO3pacTHHX rpynn MopcKofi KaM6aJi£i b pa3JiHHHHX <|>Hopflax 3aBHCHT ot rHHporpa$HHecKHX ycjiOBHH h, Hanp. b Stig- fiord, 3aMeTH0 OTCTaeT ot nponnx (Jhophob (Molander, 1931). MajiBHan coJieHOCTB A3OBCKoro MOpH 9—10°/00, MiepHoro —16,6—19°/00. pa3BHTne hkph a3OBCKOH h ^epHOMopcKofi xaMCH, EjiH3apoBa (1936) ycTa- , hto Ka^KHan H3 hhx npncHocoSjieHa k cym;eCTByioniiHM ycjioBHHM, h He- 3HaHHTeJiBHoe noBHmeHne cojieHOCTH h pH ycKopfleT pa3BHTne h HBJiaeTCH CTHMy- jinpyroiHHM ^aKTopoM. IIpeHeJiBHafl HH3inafl cojichoctb hjih a3OBCKOfl xaMCH 5.36°/00, a b Bone c nepHOMopcKon cojichoctbio bm6phohh bbixohht fle$opMnpoBaH- hhmh n 6hctpo rn6HyT. HKpa qepHOMopcKon xaMCH pa3BHBaeTCH b npeflejiax 8—- 21°/00, ho ecjin cojieHocTB HOBecTHHO ypoBHH cpeHH3eMHOMopcKofi (33,5°/00), rne TaK- me o6HTaeT aH^oyc, 3m6phohh He$opMnpyiOTCfl h ctojib me 6hctpo ra6HyT. B cbh3h c KOJinnecTBOM pacTBopeHHHX cojieH n3MeHHeTCH n ynejiBHHH sec bohh ; MopcKaa Bona HMeeT 1.024—1.029. H3MeHeHHe ynejiBHoro Beca bohm me CKa3HBaeTCH Ha pacnpeneJieHHH nenariraecKHX hkphhok h jihhhhok Ph6. Hnpa MopcKofl KaM6ajiBi h TpecKH BCTpenaeTCH jinraB b MopcKon Bone h It . ¦A ' 1#\ i E 3 * ii 288 HACTB BTOPAfl. cthbix cojieHOCTn ;no 1O°/OO, nocTeneHHO onycKaflCB H3 noBepxHo- b 6ojiee rjiy6oKne. TaKHM o6pa3OM ropn3OHT pacnpe^ejieHHH hkpbi npa: Bxo,o;e b EaJiTHHCKoe Mope onycKaeTca no Mepe npoflBHJKeHHH Ha boctok Bee rjiy6?Ke, bhjiotb ro npn^oHHHX cjioeB. PaccejieHne b HepHOM Mope TaKHX cpeflH3eMHOMopcKHx ph6, HKpa n mojio^b KOToptix onycKaiOTCH b mySoKne CJIOBL — H6B03M0JKH0. OCMOTH^eCKOe flaBJieHHe B HKpHHKaX KOCTHCTHX pBl6 yc- tohi?hbo h He3aBncHM0 ot ocMOTn^ecKoro HaBJieHHH BHenmen cpe^H, TaK KaK Rmfy- <|)y3Hn cojien H3BHe He nponcxo^nT coBceM hjih nponcxo^HT tojibko b inajiOH CTeneHn. B CBH3H C 8THM yfleJIBHHH BeC HKpHHKH OCTaeTCH SoJiee HJIH MeHee nOCTOHHHHM (Dakin); He6ojiBnrae H3MeHeHnH y,o;ejiBHoro Beca, KaK bh#ho n3 HaSjno^eHnH Hko6- ceHa n HoraHceHa (1908), Bee ?Ke nponcxoflHT. B ^ajiBHenmeM pa3BHTnn, no paccacBiBaHHH mejiTKa b Hnn;e, yflejiBHBin Bee, noBHflHMOMy, HeMHoro B onHTax MaKapcKon (1938) oKa3ajiocB, hto nponcxo^HT HeKOTopoe cyxoro BemecTBa 3m6phohob nocjie BBiflepjKHBaHHfl: HKpH b rnnepTOHH^ecKnx pac- TBopax. Oopfl (1929—30), bbibo,hh: anna cejiB^n b onpecHeiraoH BOfle, Hameji, Bee JiiraiHKH yMeHBmaeTCfl no Mepe ycnjieHna onpecHeHnn bo,p;h. ! cocTaB pti6 Hpe3BLiHaiiHO cjiO/KeH. ITomhmo o6i.ihhi.ix iuiipoKb pacnpocTpaneH- HHX 9JI6MeHT0B HX TeJIO CORepjKHT B HHHTO/KHLIX KOJIHHeCTBaX H3BJieKaeMbie 113 Hapy?KHOtt p hjih H3 nnmn Zn, Gu, F, I h mh. p;p. (cm. BuHorpa^OB, 1944). I(HHKa b TKaHax pi.16 6ojii>uie, Mep;H, a rmoraa Gojibine, neu ?Kejie3a (ao 5—10 pa3); b nepHon HepecTa i^iihk H3TKaHeft, , cejie3eHKii nepeMemaeTca b nojiOByio cncTeMy caamoB. B n^pe apiiTpoitiiTa i^HHKa 6ojituie, neM b npoTonjia3Me. O^eBHRHO, u,hhk nrpaeT Kanyio-TO Ba>KHyio $H3HOJioriiHecKyio pojib. Conep- HtaHHe aieflH noBbiuieHo b neneHH n cejie3eHKe. Bejibie Mbiiimbi co^epjKaT Mean MeHbiue, neM Kpac- Hbie. ripn HeAOCTaTOHHOCTii Kajibi^na b niime n oKpyiKaioinefi Boae Ha6jno;a;aeTCH 3ajvieAJieHHe pocTa. y rjiy6oKOBOji;Hbix pbi6 ne nponcxoaiiT nojiHoro OKOCTeHeHHH BCJieflCTBiie He^ocTaTKa b rJiy6iiH CaCO3 (Roule). HaaSojibuiee kojihtoctbo $oc$opa, iiomiimo KOCTeii, Haxo^HT b nojiOBbix opraHax, nocjie Hepecxa — yMeHbinemie (|»oc$opa. Bejibie Mbiinitbi 6orane $oc(|)opoM h 6e,a;Hee cepofij KpacHbie; MHoro P b HKpe. Cop;epJKaHHe $Topa b kocthx, 3y6ax mopckhx pu6 pa3 b 10 6ojibme, neM y npecHOBOflHbix. ^ajKe He6ojitiiioe H3MeHeHiie b KOHu;eHTpai^HH $Topa b npecHbix BO^ax B6i3bmaeT y pbi6 noHBJie- Hue KpannaTOCTH BMajia 3y6oB h HapynieHne HopMajibHoro cocTaBa kocth. Cojjep/Kamie Hoji;a b ne- HeHH h neneHOHHOM JKHpe TpecKH bhcoko: ho 1,65 Mr Ha 100 r CBe?Kero BemecTBa h ao 1,2 Mr b 100 r Mwmq. y npecHOBOAHbix MeHbine. HocHTeneM no^a cjiy>KHT njiaHKTOH, ocoSeHHO RiiaTOMOBbifi^ BoraTH hop,om hhhhhk, ne^eHb, mejiHb, mHTOBii^HaH Hiejiesa; b JKejiy^Ke ero 6ojibine, new b AKTiBHaa peamifl n KOHi^eHTpartHH BO H O H O B (pH). BjIHHHHe CTeneHH KOHEteHTpailiHII BOftOpOflHBIX H hqhob Ha HH3nrae opraHH3MH ycTaHOBJieHo c HecoMHeHHocTBio. hoctb Ka?Kfloro BH.ua pn6 npoTeKaeT HopMajiBHO jihhib b onpe^eJieHHHx rpaHnnax. nx KOHn;eHTpai^HH. B cbh3h c 9thm mojkho ph6 pa3flejiHTB Ha aBpnrnflpnoHHbie,- T. e. MaJIO^yBCTBHTeJIBHHe K CpaBHHTeJIBHO mnpOKHM H3MeHeHHflM pH, H Ha CTeHO- cnocoSHHe jkhtb jihhib b y3Knx npe^ejiax KOJieSaHHH pH. MopcKaa HMeeT n^ejio^Hyio peaKipiio pH —7,85—8,35, KOTopaa yMeHBmaeTCfl c rjiy- 6hhoh. IlpecHBie bo^bi oSHapymnBaiOT BHa^HTejiBHO 6oJiee mnpoKne KOJie6aHHH. cocTaBa ot khcjibix top^hhbix 6ojiot pH 3,5—4.0 ;o;o chjibho ni;ejioHHHX BOfloeMOB- pH 10.0; oco6eHHo chjibho noftHHMaeTCH peaKn;Hfl bo BpeMH n;BeTeHHH bo^bi h Mac- COBOrO pa3BHTHfl HJiaHKTOHHBIX BOflOpOCJiefl. FyMHHOBHe KHCJIOTH B SoJIBIHOM. KOJin^ecTBe yrHeTaioT pocT ph6h. B KapejiBCKnx O3epax oKyHB 12—15 neT MeeTaMH He npeBBimaeT 10 cm fljiHHBi. B rjiyxnx JieeHBix O3epax, JiaM6ax, KpoMe MejiKoro OKyHfl, myKH n hjiotbbi, He BOflHTCH Hpyrofi phSbi (Fep^). Rnn CTepjiHfln HopMaJiB- HBie ycjiOBHH ?KH3Hn oTMe^aiOTCH b npeAejiax pH 6.4—7.6; ftjra hjiotbh —6.0— 8.0; fljia Kapacfl 4.5—9.6. GTeneHB BO3^eHCTBna pasjin^HHX BemecTB b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot KOHn;eHTpai];nH BOflopo^HBix hohob. FnSejiB KapnoB b hhctoh 6eflHOH ?Kejie3OM, HacTynaeT npn pH 4.8, Tor^a KaK npn oShjibhom H?ejie3a (cBHme 3 Mr Ha jihtp) — npn 5.5. Ho HopMajiBHO Kapn ce6fl yy npn pH 6jih3kom 7.0; noHnmeHne sonycTHMO flo 6.7^-6.8. Bo^a, HMeiomiafl pH HH?Ke6.0, HeflonycTHMa, TaK KaK C03flaeT jujih Kapna onpefleJieHHyio yrpo3y hobh CMepTHOCTH, oco6eHHO b 3HMOBajiBHBix npyflax. B CHeTKOBHX O3epax H XVII. BHEmHHH CPEflA "H EE BJlkflHHE HA PBIE 289 He cflBnraeTCH KKJKe 7.3 y noBepxHOCTH n 6.8—y jnia. Iloyapc ycTaHOBnji, hto Clupea harengus yMnpaeT npn coflepmaHHH KHCJiopofla 2.3 cm3 npn pH pas- hom 7.4; npn H3MeHeHHH peaKnnn cpeflBi flo 6.8 h 8.2 OHa yMnpaeT yjKe npn 4 cm3 KHCJiopofla; cKyM6pna npn pH 7.6 yMHpaeT npn coflepsKaHnn KHCJiopoaa 1 cm3, a npn pH 6.6—2 cm3. G noHiKKeHHeM pH n noBHmeHneM khcjiothocth yMeHBmaeTca noTpeSjiemie KHCJiopofla pbi6oh, t. e. noHHH?aeTca ftBixaTejiBHBin o6MeH. IIo HaSjiiofleHnaM XejiBrn Mefiep (1935) Hafl Uranoscopus scaber OKa3ajioci>, ^ito noTpeGjiemie O2 c 2.32 Mr npn pH 7.7 noHH3HJioci» flo 1.53 Mr npn pH 5.9; b flpyroM pajje ohbitob npn pH 7.6 h 5.6noTpe6jieHne O2 paBHHJiocB 2.53. h 0.48 Mr. IIpH btom qacTOTa fltixaTejiB- hbix HBHJKeHHH yBejiHHHBaeTCH c 12.4 npn pH 7.6 ho 19.4 npn pH 5.8. Hajiinme 6nKap6oHaTOB b BOfl;e He H3MeHaeT nacTOTH fluxaHHa, ho noTpe6jieHne yBejin^HBaeTCfl (JleftHep). EJiH3apoBa (1936) Hanuia, hto HKpa nepHOMopcKofi: xsimch, Engraulis pa3BHBaTBCH b npe,o;ejiax pH 6.92—8.9; HopMajiLHaa peaKnna b A3obckom Mope 8.1, b ^epHOM — 8.25. IlpnnoHEDKeHHH pH npoTHB yKa3aHHOfl rpaHnnti 6hctpo yBe- jin^nBaeTCH rn6ejiB, KOTopaa npn 5.12 oxBaTBiBaeT nepe3 2 naca 100% nnu,. IIpn 7.04 BHXOff JinitmH0K 3a,o;ep5KHBaeTCfl: HopManBHO npn 18° pa3BHTne npoflOJiH?aeTCfl b TeneHne 24 iacoB. pH 8.4 ycKopaeT pa3BHTne n flencTByeT CTHMyjinpyromuM 06- pa3OM; c 8.7—Ha^HHaeTca 3aflepa?Ka, yMeHBmeHne % BHXO^a, jihhhhkh fl;e$op- MnpoBaHH n CKopo rn6HyT. BjiiflHse TeieHia, BOJiHeHia, p e o t a k c h c, r e o t a k- cnc. Bo3AeHCTBne Ha pn6 TeneHna bo MHornx cjiynaax nepeoi^eHnBaeTca. Mho- rne ayMaiOT, hto pn6a Bcer^a CTpeMHTca htth npoTHB Te^eHna. OflHaKo HeKOTopHe HeB)»- CHTH, KpOBB XVII. BHEJHHHH CPEflA H EE* BJIHHHHE HA PBIB 291 A3OBCKOM MOpe HpH HITHJieBOH nOrORe 3&M0p HHTHaMH Ha6jIH)HaeTCH B OTfleJIBHBIX OT- MeJiBix MecTax h iic*ie3aeT npn nepBbM me bojihghhh. OcoSeHHO rpaHjp[O3HBix pa3- MepoB 3HMHne 3aMopH ftocTHraiOT Ha p. O6n, r;ne ohh 3axBaTBiBaH)T paccTOHHne Mea«Ay p. Ke.TB h ycTBeM O6h Ha npoTHJKeHHH CBHme 2000 km. IIpiranHOH o6ckhx 3aMopoB cjivjkht He ctojibko o6HJine opraHH^ecKHX BenjecTB, bhhochmbix b peKy 60- jioTaMH, n He ctojibko HaJiinrae 3aKHCHBix JKejie3HBix coeanHeHHH, TpeSyromnx MHoro KHCJiopoaa npn nepexoae b oKHCHBie, ckojibko nuTaHne peKH rpyHTOBtiMH BOflaMH, jinineHHbiMH KHCJiopofla (MoceBirc, 1947). IIpH:noHBjieHHB:nepBHx npn3HaKOB 3aMopa k npopySflM 11 KJiionaM coSnpaiOTCH cnepBa ManBKH, a no3?Ke n B3pocjiaH pBi6a. Ha ncnonB3OBaHHH 3aMopoB B03HHKaeT cnenHajiBHBiH npoMHcen «flyxoBofl» ph6h b CypryTCKOM panoHe, r,o;e TaKHM o6pa3OM floSHBaiOT ejKeroffHO 5—6 thc. n;. Ha 9tom 5Ke ocHOBan n «cnycK MajiBKa Ha Kopo6a», npHMeHaeMHfi Ha cpeRHen Bojire. TaK JKe 11 Ha Bojire b 1939 r. 3aMop ^acTH^Ho 6biji Bti3BaH 6ecKHCJiopoHHHMH OflaMH nocjie 3acynuinBoro JieTa (GKonnHineB h MaJiHKOB, 1940). HHH cjiy^ian BHe3anHoro 3aMopa, CBH3aHHHH c ReHTeJiBHOCTBio co- (|>a6pnKH, oniicaji HepecreHMep (1933) Ha o^hom H3 pyKaBOB HHJKHero fly- Han. B 3T0T pyKaB npH Hn3K0M CTOHHHH BORH npHHOCHJIOCB MHOrO BemecTB c SjiHJKaHmen (JiaSpHKii; 3arpH3HHion];He Bony Bem;ecTBa oce^ajin Ha BH3HBaH ciwiBHoe rHHeHHe, ho He npHHOCfl cymecTBeHHoro Bpe^a $ayHe. O npn BHe3anHOM noflteMe bosh bth BemecTBa Shjih: B3MyHeHBi, TOT^ac BBi3BaB no- KHCnopo^a; cpa3y 3Ke bch pn6a npiiJieraiomefi hojioch nornSjia ot el Tpym>i ph6 hokphjih Boay h Seperai Tok borh Shctpo BtiHec pa3Jia- raioni;HecH BemecTBa, 3aMop BCKope npeKpaTHJica n 6ojiBme He noBTopjuicn. SHa^HTejiBHoe oSeflHeHne bo^h Kncjiopo^oM nponcxoflHT He tojibko npn $a6- pHtmo-3aBOfl;cKOM 3arpH3HeHHH 11 CTOKax ^aGpii^iHHX boh; to 3Ke caMoe npo- hcxo^ht h npn cnjiaBe Jieca, oco6eHHo b Kope, MOHKe jiBHa h kohoiljih h t. n. 3a- MenaTeJiBHO, ^lto CMepTB pn6 bo BpeMfl rpo3H nponcxoAHT He ctojibko ot HenocpeR- CTBeHHHX yflapOB MOJIHHH B BOfly, CKOJIBKO BCJieflCTBHe 06eflHeHHH BOflH KHCJIOpOROM npn ajieKTpnnecKHX pa3pH,n;ax, BHSBiBaiomiix ycmieHne Bcex OKHCJiHTejiBHHX npo- n;eecoB b BOfle. HopaiaJiBHoe norjiomeHHe KHCJiopoRa pnGofi yBeJin^HBaeTCfl napajiJiejiBHO c noBBimeHneM TeMnepaTypH, t. e. pacxofl KHCJiopo^a Ha ^HxaHHe yBejin^iHBaeTca eHHO Tor^a, Kor^a ero coflepjKaHHe b BO^e 3aMeTHO yMeHBmaeTCH. Onpefl;eJiHTB KOJin^ecTBo Kncjiopofta, noTpe6jiaeMoro b 1 ^ac Ha 1 Kr Beca ph6h, HB Tpy^Ho; oho MeHneTCH b 3aBHcnM0CTH ot TeMnepaTypH: OTHOCHTeJiBHoe no- Tpe6jieHne O2 npn yBejin^eHnH Beca Tejia Scyliorhinus . . . Cypnnus..... » ...... Carassius auratus » » Esox........ 15 18—20 15.4 14.4 9 18.1 Cm3O2 b nac Ha 1 Kr 54.5 40.6 89.7 65.4 50 106.2 Bee 440 2.64 206 9.3 100 68.8 3arpH3HeHne BopeMOB h CTOHHBie BOp. BonpocH 3a- rpH3HeHHH boa npHoSpeJiH ocoSeHHo Kpyimoe 3Ha^eHne b cbh3h c moih;hhm pa3BH- TneM npoMHmJieHHOCTH. Ecjih b npeJKHee BpeMfl: b 3arpH3HeHHH bohocmob pojiB nrpajin cnjiaB Jieca, TpaHcnopT He$TH, MO^ma jiBHa-HKOHonjra, ctokh, — to TenepB eme b 6ojiBmeE[ CTeneHH bjihhiot Ha bohocmbi cto^hhc npoMBimjieHHHX ripeanpHHTHH, coflepHtamne hjihhhbiS pan Bpe^HHX npnMeceft. IIpHMecn 9th 0Ka3HBai0T Bpe^Hoe BO3AeficTBne He tojibko Henocpe^CTBeHHO Ha Pbi6,«ho TaKSKe BH3HBan ycnjieHHoe norjiomeHne KHCJiopoAa Ha b BOHe. ripeH?Ae Bcero Heo6xo^HMO ycTaHOBHTB, ito BOfl;a». 3arpH3HeHHe Hapymaei 3KH3HeHHBie ycjioBHH opra- .1 292 *IACTB BTOPAH. id'Bi 411: tvl if; Sp HH3M0B b BOftoeMe, ho rpamina, OTflejiHiom;afl[ nncTyio BOfly ot 3arpa3HeHHOH, yc- H H3MeHfleTCH B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT Ha3HaHeHHfl HCnBITyeMOH BO#BI •—RJIfL IIHTBH KynaHHH, fljia pBiSHoro xo3HHCTBa hjih b Ka^ecTBe nyTH cooSmeHna. Ilo Hop- , npHHHTHM B CSIQA, flJIH BOflOeMOB, He HCnOJIB3yeMHX ffJIfl BOflOCHa63KeHHH y hjih ycTpn^Horo npoanjcjia, b JieTHee BpeaiH BOfla flouJKHa coAep?KaTB ot 25 no 70% KHCJiopo.ua ot o6mero HacbimeHna. MnHHMyM Kncjiopdfla, o6ecne^HBaio- jkh3hb pa3HHX BHflOB ph6, K0Jie6jieTCfl ot 3 ho 4 mp/ji CBepx Snojiorn^ecKoro Kncjiopofla (BIIK), jaeoSxo^HMoro Ha OKncnHTejiBHHe nponeccu 3a- rpH3HHioiri;HX BemecTB (Hubbs). IIpnMeHHTejiBHO k aTOMy npo$. GTporaHOB (1939) hto HHCTaa BO.ua — rjlfl BOflocHaSjKeHna, KynaHna n np. — flOJKKHa yflo- mHM Tpe60BaHHHM: BIIK................. 2 Mr/jr, N aMMHa^H. cozen........ 0.1 Mr/jr, o6m,ee hhcjco 6aKTepnfi......2.500 b 1 cm3, 6aKTepEfi rpynnH coli......5—10 b 1 cm3, pacTBopeHHBii KHCJopoji; .ieT0M . 4—5 nr/.i. (3hmoh HeMHoro MeiiLme) TaKaa BOfla nyTeM $HJiBTpan;HH n xJiopnpoBaHHH MomeT obitb rhx hhtbh ^o- ao coflep?KaHHfl He cBBime 1 6aKTepnn coli Ha 100 cm3. Hto KacaeTCH pa3jra*i- hhx coiren, to hx MHHHMajiBHoe coflepjKaHne H3MeHaeTCH cooTBeTCTBeHHo nx Ka- ^ecTBaM (xjiopHflti n cyjiB^aTH — ro 250, yrjieKHOJiBie HaTpnn n KaJin^: — 50 air/ji h t. fl.)- OKHCJieHne 3arpn3HeHHfl b BOfloeMe, no Teopnn GTpnTTepa n Oejinca (Streeter and Phelps), nponcxoflHT Ha cneT Kncjiopo^a, He tojibko jme pacTBOpeHHoro b BO,ne, ho n ^acTHtmo pereHepnpyeMoro aTMOC^epHofl peaapanneft. Ckopoctb 6htb BH^ncjieHa no ^opMyjie GTpnTTepa. PacTBopnMocTB KHCJiopo#a b ji npn 760 mm flaBJiemijT npn pasjin^mHX TeMnepaTypax TaKOBa (no G t 0 12345678 Mr/Ji 14.64 14.23 13.48 13.48 13.13 12.80 12.48 12.17 11.87 t 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mr/Ji 11.59 11.33 11.08 10.83 10.60 10.37 10.151 9.95 9.74 t ¦ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 |Mr/ji 9.54 9.35 9.17 8.99 8.83 8.68 8.53 8.38 8.22 t 27 28 29 30 Mr/.i 8.07 7.92 7.74 7.63 3ytieHHe ctotihhx bojj h np0H3B0flnMHX hmh 3arpfl3HeHHfi mojkho pa3HHMH MeTO^aMn: 1) IlyTeM BBiflepmnBaHJiH pti6 b aKBapnyMax b cto^hhx bo- ffax pa3^nHHHX CTeneHen pa36aBJieHna napanjiejiBHO c kohtpojibhhmh Ha6jnofle- hhhmh b ^hctoh BOfle. 2) IlyTeM ycTaHOBJieHHH KOJin^ecTBa pacTBOpeHHoro khcjio- h ckopocth n BejinqHHH oKHCJineMOCTH. 3) IlyTeM rnflpo6noJiorn^ecKoro BOftoeMa BHine n HroKe HCTO^HHKa 3arpH3HeHHH h y CTeneHH H3MeHeHna ycjiOBHH cpe^H no $ayHe n $jiope (6nojiornqecKHH ) 4) IlyTeM ycTaHOBJieHHH coflepH?aHHH b ctohhhx BO^ax aflOBHTBix Bem;ecTB npn co- C ftOnyCTHMBIM MHHHMyMOM. o6e3Bpe5KHBaHHH ctotobix Boa mo^ho nojiB3OBaTBca ycnjieHHHM pa36aB- , $njiBTpau;neH, OTCTOHHnKaMH, houhmh opomeHna n np. Ilo xapaKTepy BO3ftencTBHa Ha pH6y BpeflHHe Bem;ecTBa cto^hbix boh, no Ellis (1937), MoryT 6htb pa3flejieHH Ha Tpn rpynnH: 1) BemecTBa, flencTByioni;ne Ha ?Ka6pBi h HapyH?HHe nonpoBH, ho He npoHnnaiomne saJiBme 5Ka6p; ohh HapymaiOT h npeKpam;aiOT RHxaTenBHHe n aKCKpeTopHHe $yHKn;HH ?Ka6p. K KaTeropnn Ta- khx BerqecTB cjieflyeT othccth khcjioth, aKCTpaKTHBHHe Havana Heoirain;eHHOH He$TH h np. 2) Bem;ecTBa, ySHBaronnie Vu^7 tokchhcckhm aencTBHeM nyTeM a6- cop6n;HH ^epe3 5Ka6pH n HapyjKHBie opraHH; TaKOBH ^opManBHern,!];, xjiopo$opM, BentecTBa He$TH, coeflHHeHna xnopa. 3) BemecTBa, OTpaBJiaiomne nepe3 TpaKT (coennHeHna MBnnBaKa). PaCTBOpH Bem;eCTB C BBICOKHM OCMOTHHeCKHM HaBJieHHeM OTHHMaiOT BOffy H3 H Hapy?KHHX nOKpOBOB pH6H, He3aBHCHMO OT HX TOKCH^eCKOrO HefiCTBHa. TaKoro xapaKTepa Heo6xoHHMo pa36aBJiaTB bo^oio HacTOJiBKo, itto6h XVII. BHEIUHHH CPEflA H EE BJIHflHHE HA PBIE 293 CTano 6e3BpeRHHM. npeflen flonycTHMoro OGMOTiraecKoro ^ no Harvey, npnMepHO, rojukch cooTBeTCTBOBaTB flaB3ieHHK> kpobh Ph6h, paBHOMy aaBJieHHio xJiopncToro HaTpna b BORe c KOHijeHTpanHeH 7°/00. JJeftcTBiie khcjiot BapLHpyeT 3 3aBHCHMOCTH ot CTeneHH sKecTKOCTH borh. Gep- Haa KHCJiOTa 1 : 7450 ySnBaeT 30JI0TVK) pBi6Ky b Maraon BORe b Te^eHiie 6—9 *racoB9 ho coBceM He CMepTejiBHa b jkcctkoh. IIo3TOMy o^eHB Tpyam) onpe;n;e;iiHT& npe^eJiti tokchhhocth khcjioth 6e3 npuBeReHna o6pa3n;oB boah k oflHHaKOBOfl CTenema: mh.t- KOCTH. IIpH6jIH3HTeJILHaH TOKCHHHOCTB KHCJIOT, B Mr/jl. 10 Xpo............ 100 CepHaa................... 130 200' 34S 625 6e3 flajiLHefiinHX noHCHeHnfi CTaHOBHTCH hohhthhm Bpe^Hoe He onnmeHHoro ot Kopti nepeBa; homhmo norjiomeHHH pacTBopeHHoro kh rHHioiu.HMH ocTaTKaMH KopH h flpesecnHH, oho neHCTByeT n S MeTajuiOB CBepTHBaiOT njia3My KJieTOK h cjiH3HCTHe jKa6p. nponne opramraecKne h HeopraHizraecKne coeRHHeHna BH3HBaiOT ^n^ecKoe nencTBHe. HanpnMep, $eHOJi — napajinn HepBHOMHnie^moro annapaTa h reMOJiH3 kpobh; aMHJiOBHH cnnpT—paccTponcTBO KoopHHHan;HH h nojiynapa- JIHTH^eCKOe COCTOHHHe H T. R. HeB03M0H?H0 BKpaTn;e oxapaKTepH3OBaTB 6ecK0He*mHH pa^ BpejniHX .sy^eHHio. ToKCH^ecKoe neHCTBue (cMepTt), ho He flO3a, BH3HBaeTca, HanpHMep, cjienyioinHMn KOjraraecTBaMH (Ellis, 1937) Mr/ji: H,naHHCTHfi KajHfi............ 0.27 MapraHH,eBO-KHC.iHfi Ka^Hfi........10 Xviop..................... 1 Kpe30Ji....................IT MeAHHH Kynopoc............. 1 TninpaT okhch Kajr&itHfl..........18 CepoBOftopoji,................ 31 A.7Jih)Mhh. KBacii;n............ . 100 CepHHCTLifi aHrHjipna;........... 10 StejiobhS cnnpT..............250 IQayT (1939), kotophh nsy^aJi B03AencTBne ctohhhx boh mhophx 3aB0R0B h npeflnpnaTHH, RaeT hcckojibko otjihhhh6 noKa3aTejin. GepoBO- 4 Mr/ji — HeBH3HBaji BTe^eHne cyTOK CMepTejiLHHX hcxorob (o^eBHHHO, iTO^nioro KOJinnecTBa KHCJiopofla), npia: 5 Mr — CMepTHOCTB no- JIOBHHH HCHHTyeMHX ptlS, HpIL 6 Mr — 06yCJI0BJIHBaJI HOrOJIOBHyiO CMepTHOCTB. MeflHHH Kynopoc 1.3 Mr — cmcpthoctb 3a cyTKn 50% pti6; xjiop —0.3 Mr — He BH3HBaji SecnoKOHCTBa y pn6 b Te^eHne WByx nacoB; aMMHaK—17 Mr — pu6a nepe3 1 nac npeKpamaeT nuTaTLca. MeTaH, wasKe nponycKaeMHH fl;o b Te^eHHe 2 nacoB He 0Ka3HBaJi 3aMeTHoro bjihhhhh. A3OTCop;ep3KaniiHe CKne BemecTBa — ajiBSyMHH, KpeaTHH, Mo^eBHHa — 17 Mr — He 0Ka3H- BaiOT 3aMeTHoro AencTBna, ho celjibho CHHSKaiOT kojih^cctbo KHCJiopoaa b Bone* KHCJiOTa —17 Mr/ji — pn6a ^epes cyTKH 6epeT KopM HeoxoTHo. ELo IHeji^opny, Lepomys humilis yMHpaeT b Te^eHne o^Horo naca npn npn6aBKe k 1 mhjiji. ^acTen bo^h cepoBORopofla —5, aMMnaKa —7.8, cepmiCToro ra3a —? 16—19, okhch yrjiepoaa—75. H. G. GTporaHOB h A. T. IIojkhtkob (1941) Hsy^ajin $H3HOJiorH^ecKyK> rpamrny HAOBHTOrO HGHCTBHH HOHOB Me^H H aMMHaKa Ha pk6 H HeKOTOpHX ^PyrHX 3KHBOT- HHX Ha IHyHCKOM (HBaHOBCKOH o6jl.) MeflHOaMMHaHHOM npOH3BOHCTBe HCKyCCTBeH- HOrO BOJIOKHa. 3 Majine KOHn;eHTpan;HH MeflH ycKopaiOT, a 6ojiLmne — chjibho topmo3ht tjih- KOJiHTH^ecKne npoi^eccH. O.co6eHHO TiyBCTBHTejii>HHMH k cyjiL$aTy MeflH 0Ka3a~ jihcb ojcnroxeTH: Dero limosa norn6aJiH b TeneHne 2 cyTOK RasKe npH KOHn;eHTpa- d;hh 0.062 Mr Ha ji ;. Ra<|)Hnn jkhjih h pa3MHO3KanHCB npit 0.125 Mr, ho npn 0.25 Mr; cpefln Paramaecium — npn 0.5 mp, cpeffH 1 IIo CKo^HH^eBy (1940)—5. »i©5 ¦*.;», M -I! Pi $wi 2 *' j n'-i I : -V I.! I* 294 HACTB BTOPAS. EHOJIOrHH hob — ot 2 Mr. y Kapacen fluxaHHe CTaHOBHJiocB apnTMHHHHM npn 2 Mr cojih Mefln; yme Ha^niHaa c T'aKoft KOHn.eHTpan.HH h BT>nfie — y caMijoB OKyHa n Kapaca Ha6jiioflaeTca BBiTeKaHne mojiok name b oceHHee BpeMa; CTHMyjianna BHTeKamia cnepMLi oTMe^eHa b 0KTa6pe n fleKaSpe. B nocTaBJieHHBix onuTax b Terence 15 flHefi jkhjih B3pocjiHe KapacH h tojiobjih npn 2 Mr MeflHoro Kynopoca; oKyHB, necKapB n rojiBaH — npn 0.7, yKJieflKa —0.5 Mr, mnnoBKa n bbioh —0.25 Mr. ripoflOJimnTejiB- hoctb flBHJKeHHa cnepMHeB b ceKyHflax npn npnSaBJieHHH pacTBopa MeflHon cojih: (Mr/.i) 1000 500 250 125 62.5 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 KonTpo.iB ceK) 0 46 67 102 106 104 90 82 81 80 85 81 82 hcho, hto cojih MeflH b flO3ax 32—125 Mr name RefiCTByiOT Ha cnepMy CTHMy jiHpy iom,e. f Cojih MejjH seficTByiOT rySnTeJiBHo Ha 3m6phohh npn Rose ot 4 Mr; npn men KOHi^eHTpan;HH jihhhhkh BHKJieBHBaroTCH, ho 6bictpo nornSaiOT; npn 0.5 Mr cBBime hojiobhhh jih^hhok yMnpaeT b Te^eHne 3—^t flHefi. 3to bh^ho H3 Ta6jran,Bi, (Mr/ji) 1125 62.5 32 16 0 0 7 47 100 100 93 53 flencTBHe Ha HKpy n jihhhhok 8 4 2 1 0.5 75 100 100 1C0 100 25 0 0 0 0 — 100 85 76 55 KOHTpOJIL 100 0 3 BooSme B3pocjiBie pbi6bi MoryT jkhtb npn KOHneHTpannn MeflHon cojih 0.06 air/ji, ho fljia 3m6phohob flame h TaKoe KOJin^iecTBO mojkct" OKa3aTBca aflOBHTHM. ^Jia yHHHTomeHHa BOflopocjien, BH3HBaroni;HX n;BeTeHne BOflBi, HO R. H. HHKHTHHCKOMy, CO3flaTB B BOflOeMe Ha KOpOTKHH CpOK hohhoh MeflH 0.03—0.2 Mr Ha 1 ji. lib iprrHpyeMBiM aBTopaM, HanBHcmaa Maa KomjeHTpanna hohob Me^n 0.01, a fljia HanSoJiee qyBCTBHTejiBHHX ph6 — 0.005 Mr Ha ji. IIoflo^HHe me ontiTBi CTaBHJincB c aMMnaKOM n yrjieKHCJiHM HneM h oSHapymnjiH, hto KOJinnecTBO aMMnaKa He flOJimHO npeBBimaTB 1 Mr/ji, a aMMOHHH —50 Mr/ji. x TeMnepaTypa. IIofloSHO coJieHOCTH TeMnepaTypa cocTaBJiaeT ctojib me I ^ pacceJieHna n pacnpeflejiemia pu6. fljia Kamfloro BHfla HMeeTca onpeflejieHHaa onTHMajiBHaa TeMnepaTypa, npn KOTopofi nponcxoflHT Han6ojiee nojiHoe n coBepmeHHoe OTnpaBJieHne Bcex mn3HeHHHX $yHKn;HH. OopejiB, Hanpn- Mep, npeKpam;aeT HHTaTBca npn 18° h He bhhocht noBBimeHna TeMnepaTypH CBBime 20—23°. Boo6rn;e HHTeHCHBHocTB nnTaHna Bcen;ejio 3aBHCHT ot TeMnepaTypu: Kapn no M. He nHTaeTca Hnme 8° h BHme 30°; pa3MHomeHne Kapna He nponcxoflHT npn t Hnme 18°. fljia myKH onTHMyM nnTaHna npn 16—18°. HaoSopoT, MHorne Mopcnne ptiSH npn ropa3flo 6oJiee hh3khx TeMnepaTypax. TpecKa aTJiaHTH^ecKaa, , HepecTHTca okojio 4°, b Motobckom 3ajiHBe — okojio 2°, a b FpeH- no HeHceny h FaHceHy (1930), ot -f- 1.73 flo —0.27; 6eJiOMopcKaa Tpe- CKa, no EBponeflneBOH — npn 0Tpnn;aTejiBHHX TeMnepaTypax. IIpoflOJimriTejiBHOCTB pa3BHTna hkph h BpeMa BBiKJieBBiBaHna MajiBKOB CBa3aHO c TeMnepaTypon. yKJiOHeHne ot onTHMaJiBHofl t flefiCTByeT Ha pa3BHTne TopMO3a- niHM o6pa3OM h flame noBBimeHne ee ycKopaeT tojibko flo onpefleJieHHon rpaHHi^H. H. fl. HnKH$opoB (1938) flaeT BpeMa pa3BHTHa BOJimcKOH ceBpiorn ot onjioflOTBO- peHHa flo BHJiynjieHna: ^ t nacbi t qacH 13 268 25 46 23 48 28 76 f E[pn noBBimeHHHX TeMnepaTypax jihtihhkh BtixoflHT H3 afin;a MeHBmnx pa3MepOB h Mop^ojiorn^ecKH MeHee pa3BHTHMH. TeMnepaTypa bo BpeMa pa3BHTna CKa3HBaeTca Ha H3MeHeHnn ^HCJia njiaBHH- kobbix jiynefi A n D, a oco6eHHo no3BOHKOB. TecTep (1938) fljia TnxooKeaHCKOH y TOKCH^ecKOMy neflCTBHio pa3JiHHH&ix BemecTB Ha pti6 cm. Steinmann. Toxikologie der Fische. 1928. • " . " XVII. BHEmHHH CPEHA H EE B3IHHHHII HA PHB 295 j bh^hcjihji K03$H5neHT KoppeJinnnai (—0,85) MesK^y *racjioM hosbohkob cpe^Heft TeMnepaTypofi sa nepnoa $eBpaJiB — anpejiB, TaK kaK HepecT npoiicxo- rJiaBHHM o6pa3OM b MapTe, a nojiHoe OKOCTeHeHne hosbohkob 3aBepmaeTCH b 3 MecaneB nocjie BHKJieBHBaHHH nps: HJiirae MaJiBKa 35 mm. rojnraHHe K3iac- 1 cu p Clupea pallasi, nbfiMaHHBix b EapKJieii CayHR c 1929 no 1937 r., II03B0HK0B: 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 51.649 51.757 51.857 51.903 51.838 51.757 1932 1933 , 1934 1935 51.898 51.922 51.765 51.868 Pa3Hnn;a cpeBHHX aocrnraeT 0,273. Xopomee pa3MHOJKeHH:e MopcKofi KaM6ajiH b BajiTUHCKOM Mope coBnaRaeT c t n S°/Oo b Te^eHne 3hmh h BecHH (EjierBajj, 1927). IlayjiBceH (1930) ito esKeroftHoe KOJiiraecTBO TpecKOBHX jiel^ihhok b anpeaie—Mae, TeMnepaTypa b Te ?Ke MecaEtbi h cojieHOCTB b Hoa6pe—HeKaBpe npeRBijjymero rop;a o6pa3yK)T corjiacoBaHHHe KpHBHe. 3Ta cbh3b nacTO oStacHHeTCH TaKHte yBemaHe- KOJranecTBa njiaHKTOHa bo BpeMH pa3BHTHH jiitciihok. IlayjiBceH OTMe^aeT, KpsBaH *mcjieHHOCTH hhhhhok b MapTe—anpeaie CooTBeTCTByeT kphbbim 0,1 m. II rpynnn b yjiOBax MejiKoa^efiHHM TpaaioM, cflBHHyTHM Ha I hilbl II rofla, cbh- .ReieJiBCTByfl TeM o cbh3h: c CTeneHBio ypoiKafiHOCTH. B pacnpeaeoieHHH hpomhcjiobhx cKonjieHnfl ph6h He nocjieRHroio pojib nrpaeT p TeMnepaTypBi n cojichocth bo ah, n Ha hohckobbix cynax TepMO- h 6aTOMeTp ctojib 5Ke HeoSxoRHMH, KaK opy^HH noBa. Beauge (1931) yTBep- rpeHjiaH^cKaa TpecKa nmeT Bojiy c S °/00 33—34 n 13—5°, h OTcyTCTByeT «raM, r^e npn^OHHaa t 1.0—1.5°. TpayjiepaM 6ecnojie3Ho HCKaTB pn6y Ha xojior- HBIX HflTHaX C OTpHHaTeJIBHHMH npHROHHBIMBL TeMHepaTypaMH. BlIHflHHe BBICOKOft ?reMnepaTypH CKa3HBaeTca n Ha ycKopeHica co3peBaHHH; hoh TponHKaMH Ha o. HBe npn 27° Kapn RocraraeT 3peJiocTH b 90 RHefi. B cbh3h c npncnocoSjieHneM pn6 k onpeji;e3ieHHHM TepMiraecKHM ycjiOBHflM HX M05KH0 pa3fleJIHTB Ha BBpBLTepMHHX H CTeHOTepMHHX, T. e. BHRepJKHBaiOIIliHX mnpoKne KOJieSaHHH TeMnepaTyp hjih, Hao6opoT, He bhhochihhx CKOJiBKO-Hn6yp;B SHa^nTejiBHHX TeMnepaTypHHX pa3JiEraz[t. Ph6h npn6pe5KHOH[ 3ohh 6oj£BineE[.^a- otbh) npHHajj;jie?KaT k 3BpnTepMHHM. K pn6aM CTeHOTepMHHM othochtch ndJiap- Htie, rjiy6oKOBO^HHe n MHorne TponH^ecKiie. Pe3Koe H3MeHeHne npnBBrraHX rjih hhx TeMnepaTypHHX ycjiOBufi rpo3HT CMepTejiBHon onacHocTBio. O6ni;eH3BecTeH cjiyqafi MaccoBOH ritSejiK ph6h, sKHBymen b rjiySaHax Tenjinx CTpyfi ronB$CTpnMa y SeperoBG. AMepnKH, Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps. KaK coo6maeT Be6ep, ynop- ane mTopMH b 1882 r. OTTecHHJin Tenjine borh k iory, h HaflBHHyBmnecfl HHHe borh BH3Bajis MaccoByio CMepTHOCTB pti6 Ha3BaHHoro kojihhcctbo Tpynos noKpHBano npocTpaHCTBO b cothh . Ho 3to najieKO He eflHHCTBeHHHfi npnMep. B MapTe—anpejie 1929 r. h Atkhhc) b GeBepHOM Mope nonaHaJiHCB b Tpaoi b MaccoBOM KOJiiniecTBe KaM6ajih, Solea vulgaris; Ha3BaHHHe aBTopn npunncHBaiOT 9to HB HOMy noHnsKeHHio TeMnepaTypH (ho 1°), npoHcmejnneMy Torjua b hoh 30He. MaccoBaH CMepTHOCTB nnKinn, noBHRHMOMy ot toS: tkq npnuimH, Ha6jiio- b aBrycTe 1934 r. b BOCTOtraofi ^acTH BapeHn;oBa Mopa. To JKe caMoe coo6- h OTHOCHTejiBHo TenjiojiioSHBOH HBacH, Sardinops melanosticta. 25 OKTH6pfl 1930 r. b pafiOHe Hcjibmh TeMnepaTypa bo^h nocjie nrropMa cpa3y ynana c 12° #o 6.2°, n cefl^tac me Smia oTMe^eHa Maccosafl rH6ejiB HBacn. eHHe pacnpe^eJieHnfl TeMnepaTyp h coneHOCTH bo MHornx cjiy^aax RaeT k noHHMaHHio pacnpenejieHiiH ph6h h npH noncKax npoMHcnoBHX cKonjie- Bcer^a npnxojniTCfl pyKOBORCTBOBaTBca rnflpoJidriraecKHMH: Ha6jnoffeHHHMH. Bo MHornx cjiy^aax rjih nejiaranecKHX pn6 pyKOBORamnM yKa3aHneM cjiysKHT CJioft ¦TeMnepaTypHoro CKa^Ka; (JnmcKne nccjieHOBaTenH: oTMe^aiOT npnypo^eHHOCTB ca- HMeHHO k 3TOMy cjioH). To 3Ke caMoe momkho cKa3aTB h npo npimoHHHX pH6: bhr npeAno^HTaeT onpenejieHHHe rpaHEmn KOJieSaHnfi TeMnepaTypBi. OKyHB, Sebastes norvegicus, HanpnMep, BCTpenaeTCH b rjiy6nHe b CTpynx 1 1 4 296 *IACTB BTOPAfl. EHOJIOrHfl I HI?. ill; ^ npn 6ojiee bhcokoh TeMnepaType, neM TpecKa hjih nHKma. B Tjohhhx cjiohx rnflpojiorn^ecKoe JieTo HacTynaeT c 3HaHHTejiBHHM 3ano3flaHHeM b c noBepxHocTBio n npn HajiHHHH odpaTHon CTpaTH$HKai?HH pacnpe^e- npnflOHHHx pn6 MOJKeT coBceM He cooTBeTCTBOBaTB rnflpojiornHecKHM ycjio- BHHM nOBepXHOCTHHX CJIOeB. XoJIOflHHe nflTHa, HBJIHHCB HpH3HaKCfM OTCyTCTBHfl cKomieHHfi, MoryT no Mepe nporpeB^Hnn bosbi n H3MeHeHHH CTpar $ H 3aMeHHTBCfl 60Jiee COrpeTHMH BOflaMH, B CBH3H C HeM Ha 9THX MecTax bhobb noflBJiaeTCH pBi6a. A h a 6 n o 3 o m, no II.IIlMHflTy (1935),Ha3HBaeTCfl HBJieHne yrHeTeHna«KH3HHny- H3BJieHeHHfl H3 JKHBOrO BemeCTBa BOflBI BHCHXaHHeM HJIH 3aMOpaJKHBaHHeiVIr ^ero .nocTHraeTca 6oJiee hjih MeHee nojiHoe npeKpani;eHHe npoi^eccoB^ npoH3Bo;nflin,ee Bne^aTJieHne CMepTH. Yme flaBHo H3BecTH0, hto HeKOTopBie jkhbot- ph6bi o6jiaflaiOT chocoShoctbio npn 3aMopa?KHBaHHH nepexo^HTB b aHa6no- cocTOHHne. Oco6eHHon H3BecTHocTBio noJiB3yeTCH Dallia pectomlis,. ¦xoth ycjioBHH ee 3hmobkh b 3aMep3aiom;Hx BO^oeMax ^o cnx nop en^e He c ftocTaTOHHOH noflpo6HOCTBK». KHayTe (1881) 3aMopaa?HBaji Kapacen, rop^aKOB, oKyHen h bbiohob Ha JiB,n,y Ha Mopo3e, nojiHBaH nx BOflon hjih 3acHnaa CHeroM; ecjin ohht npoflojiHtajicfl He 6ojiee naca n TeMnepaTypa TeJia He onycKaJiacB — 0.2°'—0.8°, pn6a npn octopojkhom OTTanBamiH ontHBaJia. B ecTecTBeHHux ph6h — necKapB, roJiBHH, BepxoBKa — npn TeMnepaType bo,h&i —0.5° b on;eneHeHHe; TeMnepaTypa Tejia y hhx npn 9tom He cnycKaeTCii —0.2°. B onHTax BaxMeTBeBa oxjia?KflaJiHCB b H?ecTHHKe c bo^oh 2 CTepjiHjni, KapacB. h 2 necKapa npn t —16° b Te^eHne 7 nacoB, nocjie ^ero 6hjih noMeni;eHBi b KaMe- py—2°. ^Jepe3 l1^ cyTOK npn OTTanBaHHH ojkhji tojibko KapacB. H. A. Bopo^HH (1931) BBiflepsKHBaJi pH6y 6e3 bo,hh npn —10°, —18° He 6ojiee- naca h npn oTTaHBaHHH OHa oa?HBana, ecjin tojibko He 3aMopa?KHBaJiacB. p COCTOHHHH. Ilpn 3aMopaffiHBaHHH KOJiioineK Weigmann (1936) Ha6jiioflaJi, hto CMepTB Ha- CTynaeT ot y,nyniBfl; noHHJKeHne TeMnepaTypH npeH?Ae Bcero topmo3ht HHe n;eHTpH. Ilpn h3o6hjihh KHCJiopo.ua b njiaBaTejiBHOM ny3Bipe npn 0°, IIOTpe6HOCTB B KHCJIOpO^e MHHHMaJIBHaH, M03KH0 3aMOpO3HTB pBl6y B Jiefl H ee coxpaHHTB kkhboh, npn^ieM caMa OHa He npoMopantnBaeTca. KojiioniKa BaJia oxjiaH£ffeHne ho —3°. Fy#KOB (1941), nocTeneHHO oxjiamflaa BO«y ot 13° flo -f- 0.5------[-1.5 noHnmeHHH TeMnepaTypH BHyTpn TeJia ph6h flo -f- 1.5------f- 3.0. IIpH o6paTHOM nepeHeceHHH b BOfly 13—15° Ha6jiioflaJi on^HBaeMOCTB cyflaKOB b 14,3% cjiynaes, Jiemtefl —52,3% n ca3aHOB —100%. O#HaKO npn Shctpom oxjia»?fl;eHHH nojiy^a- jiblcb xyflmne pe3yjiBTaTH: cy^aKH He ojKHBajin BOBce, Jien^n — tojibko 22,7%,. casaHBi 46,4%, npn^eM npoiiecc oxjiaJK^emifl nocjieffanx npoflOJimajica 4—18 na- cob. Ca3aHH, BHAepjKaBmne oxjiaJK^eHne, jkhjih nocne onBiTa flo 3 He^eJiB. Oiibith 9th MeTOflnnecKH nocTaBJieHH He 6e3ynpe*mo, ho ohh MoryT hmctb 3HaHeHne pa3pa6oTKe BonpocoB o TpaHcnopTnpoBKe ph6. H. KajiaSyxoB h V. Hhkojibckhh (1934) onpe^ejiajin, KaK n BopoflHH, paTypH TeJia 8JieKTpoTepMOMeTpoM, bbo^h nrjiy b npaMyio KnmKy. Ilpn nocTeneH- hom o6Mep3aHHH pn6a coxpaHHJia chocoShoctb k oHtHBJieHHio b TeneHne 2—3 ^a- cob. Heo6xoflHMO tojibko He hoboshtb ho 3aMep3aHna kpobh. Ilpn 3aMopaJKHBar hhh Ha B03flyxe nocjie oxJiajK#eHHfl jj,o —0,8° nojiy^aeTca BHe3anHHH TeMnepaTypH BBepx flo —0,2°, oneBHHHO, npn KpncTaJiJiH3aitHH bo^h b nocjie ^ero Ha^nHaeTCfl yme HacTOflni;ee 3aMep3aHHe n noHHJKeHne TeMnepaTypBt ia. B 7 onHTax H3 17 npn npo^ojuKHTeJiBHOCTH He CBHme 10—30 MHHyT ph6h bo3- k jkh3hh. II. IIImhht c coTpyAHHKaMH (1936) BHflepJKHBaji Ha JiB^y: , OXJiaJKfteHHHX ^0 0° H yjiOHSeHHHX B HeCKOJIBKO pflflOB, H nepeBO3HJI HX" b Te^eHne 40 m 52 ^acoB, nocjie ^ero BHcamHBaji b Bony n nocTeneHHHM oto- rpeBaHneM BO3Bpani;aji k ^kh3hh, CTepjiflflH HannHajiH njiaBaTB. MapTexoB a?aJi Kapacefl b H3OjinpoBaHHOM antHKe npn+t),2o b TeneHne 3, a 11 XVII. BHEmHHfl CPEflA H EE BJIHHHHE HA PHB 297 HenpeMeHHHM ycjioBneM aHa6no3a, oflHaKO, HBJiHeTCH to, ^to6h COK H KpOBb pH6H He OXJiaJKflaJIHCb 3aMeTH0 HHJKe 0° H He 06pa30BHBaJIH KpHCTaJiJiOB, nocjie nero B03Bpam;eHHe k 3kh3hh CTaHOBHTCfl HeBO3MO3KHHM. 3hmhhh be JieTHHH cna^Ka. OnTHMaJibHaa TeMnepaTypa cnocoG- paTypH BH3HBaeT nocTeneHHoe nx 3aTyxaHne, nnTaHne ocTaHaBJiHBaeTCH, o6mch 41 yMeHBmaeTca; y HeKOTopux npecHOBOflHbix pbi6 npit 4—6° HacTynaeT CBoeo6pa3Hoe on;eneHeHHe, He^TO Bpoae JieTaprnnecKoro cocTOHHHfl, KOTopoe mojkho Ha3BaTb 3HMHeft CHHHKOH. IIpEE 9TOM Cepfle^HaH fleflTeJIBHOCTB nOHHJKaeTCJI C 25— 30 yflapOB b MirayTy ro 2; anxaHne pe3Ko 3aMeflJifleTCH, ro 3—4 pa3. Co6Hpaflc&. C OCeHH Ha HMH, 9TH Ph6h B TaKOM COCTOHHHH HpOBORHT BCH) 3HMy BHJIOTb flO OCeH- Hero nporpeBaHHH; Ha BoJire — b Te^eHne 5 Mecan;eB (okthSpb—MapT). K Ta~ khm hmhhm pHSaM OTHOCHTCH jiemi, ca3aH, cona, rycTepa, 6ejiorjia3Ka, Bo6jia? com, CTepjiHflB. 3nMHeMy CHy b TponnnecKHX CTpaHaxcooTBeTCTByeTTenjiOBoeoKO^eHeHne, hjiej cnniqKa, b nepnofl 3acyx h nepecHxaHna BOfloeMOB. Ilpn btom pn6a b hji, ycTpaHBaH ce6e He^TO Bpo^e KancyjiH H3 cjih3h h njia, h pfl b Hea: Bee He6jiaronpnflTHoe BpeMH ro^a, KaK 9to mh onncHBanH othochtcjibhov Protopterus h HeKOTopHx ^pyrnx. Jl cna^Ka, BnponeM, npncyma He tojilko TponnqecKHM pn6aM; OHa BCTpe- n y HeKOTopBix npeflCTaBHTeJiefi Hamen $ayHH. OGHKHOBeHHtifi jiehb npn. ocoSeHHO chjibhoh 3Kape 3aJieraeT Ha who h Bna^aeT b cnsFmy. Erne 6ojiee CBoeo6- pa3Hyio KapTnHy OTMe^aeT AHTnna y BtiOHa, Misgurnus fossilis, hhsobbcb Ilpii nepecHxaHHH Jiy3K, b kotophx oh jkhbct, bbioh 3a6npaeTCH b hji be TaM Haxo^HTBCH b Te^eHHe ffojiroro BpeaieHH. AHTnna OTMe^aeT Haxom^eHiie bbiohor b cyxnx MecTax, He 3ajiHBaeMHX c npeABiflymero rofla. B OTJin^ne ot 3HMHefi h jieTHen chh^ikh HopMaJiBHHH coh OTMe^aeTCH y pn6 jinraB- b peftKHx cjiynaax. IIo Me6nycy, hoheoh coh Ha6jiK)flaeTCH b aKBapnyMax y Labrus- rupestris; npn stom pn6a JioJKiwiacB j^me Ha 6ok. HMeiOTCfl: npeflnojiojKeHxw, ^lto- njiaBaHHe Ha cnnHe coaia Synodontis tojkc flBJineTCfl chom. BjiHHHHe rEHpoMeieopo'iorinecKEX ycjioBHfi Ha xoj; pbi6. PH6oxo3HHCTBeHHHe nporHO3H. IIpH BceH npa- bhjibhocth HOflxoAOB ph6h H3 ro;n;a b rofl, Bee JKe b MOMeHTax HanaJia ee xofla Ha- SjHO^aiOTCH flOBOJIBHO 3Ha^mTeJIBHHe KOJie6aHHH, KOTOpBie flyJKHO OTHeCTH Ha BJIHH- Hne BHemHHX rHflpoMeTeopojiornnecKHX ycJiOBHH. yCTaHOBJieHneM TaKofi cbh3h Me?K- Hy 6nojiorHH;ecKHMH HBJieHHHMii pn6 h BHemHHMH ^aKTopaMH cpe#H, ocoGeHHo b npn- MeHeHHH k npoxoRHHM pLiSaM, H3fl;aBHa HHTepecoBaJiHCB pyccKne nxTHOJiorn. H. 3. Ky3Hen;0B OTMenaeT, ^to BpeMH Bxojja b BoJiry cejiB^H, npH6jin3H:TejiBHa c kohh;om xo^a bo6jih, ctoht b cbh3h co BpeMeHeM bckphthh, ot- ot Hero Ha 24—48 jnieH, b cpe^HeM —37, b 3aBHCHMOCTH ot rnapoMeTeopo- ycjiOBHH. KaK BCKptiTHe peK, TaK BpeMH Havana xo^a ph6h cbo- K XO^ H3MeHeHHH TeMHepaTypH BOHBI. Il03T0My HeT HH^erO yflHBHTeJIBHOrO r ycTaHOBJieHHH BpeMeHH xop;a puS nHTajincB npnMeHHTB cneT. KOJin^iecTBa Tenjia, hjih rpaflyco-flHen, —r- mcto^, BBe^eHHHH b arpoHOMHK) BycceHro; BMecTe- c TeM bo MHornx cjiy^aax y^aeTCfl otmcthtb HecoMHeHHyio cbh3B xoji;a ph6h c CTe- neHLio nporpeBaHHH bo^h. flyHancKaa ceJiBflb (B. K. Tojictoh) Ha1iHHaeT htth npia cpe^Hefl t 5.3° (KOJieSamm ot 4.5° no 6.5°); MaKCHMajibHHH xofl npn 10.4° (KOJie- 6aHHH ot 9.0° flo 11.5°) h ) npn 22.5° (20.5°—25.0°). Ilpn 3tom saMe^eHO, ^to npononjKH- TejiBHocTb xo^a onpefleJiHeTca npn- MepHofi cyMMOH rpaflyco-^Hen okojio 1500, HMeHHo: A. H. KaraHOBCKHfl OTMe^aeT, ^to HBacH onpefle- pyp p^ 8° H 22.5° C OHTHMyMOM OKOJIO 14°. roan npofloaJKHT. xoaa ceabfleii Haa Tejinep. BOflU 1908 118 13.5° 1593 1902 110 14.1 1551 1906 106 14.5 1537 1903 99 14.8 . 1446 1905 99 15.8 . 1564 1907 74 18.2 1346 t %'¦¦ tiP tiff *!*1 l!|j 111' I; 1 L.3 Ill <' *¦ 5 Ki?i.; l! IIP 298 BTOPAfl. BHOJIOrHH bo BO33peHne, 6yffro p MHornx cjiynanx 0Ka3HBaeTca HecocTOHTejiBHHM. HenocpeflCTBeHHO 0Ka3HBaTB BJinHHHe tojibko b HCKJiio'iHTeJiBHLix cjiyqaax h to, ecjin p b caMHX noBepxHOCTHHX cjiohx. TaK, no A. H. ^epiKaBHHy, ceBpiora b 9tom cjiy^ae npn ceBepHtix BeTpax nonamajia b ceTH c ceBepHon ctopohh b 77%, h c K)3KHon npn io?khhx BeTpax — b 80 % cJiynaeB. Ho o6Htmo BeTpH fi jinmB KocBeHHo, cnocoScTByH H3MeHeHHK) TeMnepaTypH bosbi. Xainca b K panoHe b oceHHne h 3HMHne Mecfln;H b 3aBncnMOCTH ot HanpaBJieHHH BeTpa nepe- k KpHMCKOMy hjih KaBKa3CKOMy 6epery, t. e. Ty.ua, Ky^a croHneTCH BeTpoM BOfl;a. flepjKaBHH oneHB y6eRHTeJiBH0 noKa3aji, ^to xo^ ceBpiorn b Kypy b nepByio o^epe^B hmghho TeMnepaTypo^ BOflu, a He HaroHHBiM hjih ncTBneM BeTpoB. fleHCTBHTenBHO, b Kype Mopjraa conpoBOJK^aeTCH yjiOBOB ceBpiorn b Te^ieHne 10 MecimeB, BH3HBaH noBHmeHiie Teaine- paTypu npn6peH«HOH: bo^h; HaoSopoT, b niojie n aBrycTe, Kor.ua BO^a neperpe- BHme TepaiiraecKoro onTHMyaia (flo 25—26°) MopflHa flefiCTByeT Ha ceBpiory o6pa3OM. n HaroHHHe BeTpu, BH3BiBafl b peKax H3MeHeHHe ypoBHH bo,hh, MoryT ycnjiHBaTB h ocjia6jiHTB pe^mne Te^eHHH, TeM caMHM OKa3HBan Ha xoji; ph6h. Menzies (1936) yKa3HBaeT, ^to Ha peKe BaHH b GeB. p, c anpeJiH no hiohb fl;o6HBaiOT rjih paccujiKH okojio 20 mhjiji. yrpaT (68.8 mm ), XOff MOJIOffH CBH3aH C K)., K>-3. H 3. BeTpaMH H HOflteMOM BOflH. II.TCH coKpameHneM yjiOBOB. Bo^hoctb BO^oeMa, t. e. BHCOTa ypOBHH BO^H, TeCHO CBH3aHa C BeJIH^HHOK) yJIOBOB. flep?KaBHH C^THTaeT, ito 9Ta 3aBHCHMOCTB pejiBe$Hee BBipaJKaeTCfl, ecjin HHBeJinpoBaTB rojpiHHHe yKJio- nyTeM BH^ncjieHHfl cpe^Hnx no JiiocTpaM, t. e. no 5-jieTHHM npoMe?KyTKaM, a BH^iHCJieHne cpe^nnx c KasK^oro nocjieflOBaTejiBHoro ro^a BMecTe c 4 nocjie- Tor^a 0Ka3HBaeTCH, *ito noBHmeHne bo^hocth conpoBO^^aeTCfl noHn- yjiOBOB KypuHCKofi ceBpiorH, cy^aKa, xamaMa (jKepexa, Aspius aspius taeniatus), jiococh h TiojieHH. Ho, KOHe1^^©, yBeniraeHMe bo^hocth, cnocoCcTByeT oShjibhbim pa3JinBaM n flBJiaeTCH 6jiaronpnaTHHM ^aKTOpOM pa3MH0?KeHHH H BHKOpMKH MaJIBKOB. FoJIBfleHTpaXT OTMe^aeT, ^ETO HOBBIineHHe yjiOBOB cyjjaKa b BoJiro-KacnnncKOM pafioHe coBna^aeT c bhcokhmh nojioBOflBHMH b ro^H poJKfleHHH AaHHBix B03pacTHHX rpynn. TaK, cpeRHHH roAOBofl yjroB cyji;aKa 340 TBic. n; (1899—1913) coBnaJi c cpe^HHM ypoBHeM BeceHHero naBOjjKa 312.2 cm; ro^OBon yjiOB 442 tbic. n; (1922—1931 rr.) — c ypoBHeM 347.8 cm. Heo6H- yjiOB 855 thc. n; b 1930 r. cooTBeTCTBOBaji naBO^Ky 402 cm (b 1927 r.), n6o npeoSjiajjajin oco6n b 3 n 4-roaoBaJioM B03pacTe. Hmciotch yKa3aHHH aBTopoB, hto fljia HanJiymnero pa3MH0?KeHHfl ph6 b ^eJi&Te Bojirn Han6oJiee BHro^HHM HBnaeT- ch He MaKCHMaJiBHBifi nofli>eM bo^bi, a 6oJiee 6jih3khh k cpe^HeMy MHoroJieraeMy. OcooeHHO rjiySoKO oxBa^eHa cbh3B MejKHy KOJiireecTBOM Tenjia, npnHOCHMoro roJiB^CTpiiMOM, c n.eJiHM pfl^oM 6nojiorH^ecKHX HBJieHnfi b HopBernn, -^- ypomaS- hoctbk) HHMeHH, cTeneHBio HapacTaHHfl apeBecHHH, jKnpHocTBK) ne^eHH KOJIBLHeCTBOM HKpH H BeJIHHHHOH yjiOBOB TpeCKH, — B npeBOCXOAHHX hhhx FejuiaHfl-raHceHa n Op. HaHceHa. noHnsKeHne TeMnepaTypH b rojiB$CTpnMe T5O3flaeT 6ojiee SjiaronpnHTHHe ycJiOBHH hjih nHTamifl n pocTa TpecKH h MaccoBOCTH ee noflxo^a, ho OTpnn;aTeJiBHO OT3BiBaeTCH Ha cejiBCKoxo3HHCTBeHHBix KyjiBTypax. GymHOCTB 3T0H 3aBHCHMOCTH Ha3BaHHHe aBTOpH HHTaJIHCB 061.HCHHTB CBH3BK) 3eMHHMH rnflpOMeTeopoJioriPiecKHMH ycjiOBHHMH c KOJie6aHneM mrreH; no nx cjiOBaM, yBejimeHHe KOJiiraecTBa hhtch TeMnepaTypH b rojiB$CTpnMe. Gbh3B Me^K^y HHTHaMH h scmhhm Mar- HeTH3M0M, paBHO KaK H KJIHMaTHneCKHMH $aKTOpaMH, 6eCCHOpHa, HO TOJIKOBaHHe aBTopoB b 9tom cjiy^ae OKa3aJiocB npe3MepH0 ynpom;eHHHM n cxeMaTH3npoBaHHHM. H. HopT, npoaHajiH3npoBaB Te me caMHe KpnBHe, pemHTejiBHO OTBepraeT b hhx -CBH3B c cojiHe^ranMH nflTHaMH. TeM He MeHee ,D|epjKaBHH Bee ?Ke nm;eT b o6"BHCHeHHJi KOJie6aHHH yjiOBOB. Oj^H3Ko, y^TaHOBJiemmfl: hm I XVII. BHEIHHHH CPEflA. H EE B^HHHHE HA PHE 299 K0Jie6aHHH RBH/KeHHa 3anacoB ceBpiorn b 10.5 JieT, KacnnftcKoro oceTpa — 10.2 r, a fljiH rohckoee n HyHaficKOH KpacHon ph6h — 10.7, npn nepnoRn^HOCTH nflTeH b 10.7 rofla — 3acTaBHT KpnBHe npn nocTaTO^aot HaSjiiofleHHH pa3OHTncB; MaKCHMyMH coarae^HBix naTeH, no flepsKaBHHy, coBna- c najjeHiieM vjiobob oceTpoBHX, mepexa, cynana h bo6jibi h ROHCKOH CeJIBRH. 3ji3Ihc (1929) RJia CeBepHoro Mopa HameJi, ^ito KpHBaa KOjnraecTBa b anpeJie coBnaaaeT c kphboh vjiobob ManpeJin b Mae. 8Ta 3aBncHM0CTB o6ilhc- ycHJieHneM pa3BHTna njiaHKTOHHtix opraHH3MOB npn noBHmeHnn TeMnepa- ; i 3B JIHHHHOK Toru Ha e ftHH. BpeMeHH 1925 266 6 1926 485 14 1927 622 73 1928 800 161 H3BecTHa cbh3b yjioBOB ph6h c KooranecTBOM 6noreHHHX Bem;ecTB, b D^aTOB. Graham (1930) 3aMe^iaeT b aHrjinficKofi CTaTncTnKe, ^to KpHBaa eJKeroftHOH cpe^HeH hoShhh 3a ReHB OTcyTCTBna TpayjiepoB RJia Ph6h noBTopaeTca c ono3ji;aHHeM Ha ron ppia cpeHHea n Ha 3 ro^a — RJia iloRo6Hoe me yKa3HBaeT PafiTT b OTHomeHnn nnKinn. HMeeTca CTporaa Kop- peJian,Ha MejKfly nncjiOM neJiarnnecKnx jihhhhok h hhcjiom norpy3HBmnxca CTa^nfl mojiojjoh TpecKH b tot 5Ke caMHH h nocjie^yiomne toji;h (nayjiBceH). IIo H. Thompson (1930), CTeneHt BBiJKHBaHna mojioak nnKmH onpep;ejiaeT BticoTy yjiOBa ^epe3 3 rop;a. Johansen (1930) OTMe^aeT CBa3B uemjuy pa3MepaMH ^aTCKoro ceJiBRaHoro b 3yHfte h oceHHHMH yjioBaMU jih^ihhok cejiB^n RByxMeTpoBOH Kpyrnon ceT- n3 CTpaMnHa b Te^eHne 30 lHaJIH3 BO3paCTHOrO COCTaB 3TO HeOflHOKpaTHO OTMeHaJIOCB, He- o6HapyjKHBaeT CBa3B c jiioKTya- yJIOBOB. paw noAoSHHX h 3aBncHMOCTen cjiyiKHT MaTepnajioM RJia pH6oxo3aHC.TBeHHLix nporHO3OB. Ilpn nocTpoeHHH pudoxoaaucmeeHHux npoeno3oe Heo6xoflHMO hcxorhtb H3 3HaHHH He tojibko coBpeMeHHoro cocToaHna rnnpoMeTeopojiorn^ecKHX1 cpe^H, ho h Been ^nHaivinKH ee n3MeHeHnfi 3a pafl JieT. IIpnHnMaa bo RHHaMHKy BO3pacTHHX KOJieSaHHfl, CBa3aHHyio c tohhhm npeflCT^BJieHneM o Snojiornn npoMticjiOBoro Bnp;a, mojkho pacc^HTHBaTB RaTB HocTaTOHHO o6ocho- nporHO3 o pacnpeji;ejieHHH n xapaKTepe no^xoHOB ph6h. -Kne Ha6jno,n;eHna b h)5khoh HopBernn (pa3pe3 b panoHe GorHe- n CBa3aHHHx c 9thm aBJieHHfl j^jia ceBepHon HopBernn (panoH JIo^OTeHCKnx; octpobob) 3a tor Bnepep;. 9th KOJie6aHna noBTopaiOTca em,e torom no3?Ke Ha Myp- MaHe (pa3pe3 no KouiBCKOMy MepuRiiaHy). Ilpn nsy^eHnn HnHaMHKH rnflpojiorii- ^ecKnx H3MeHeHHH Bcero Jiy^nie nojiB3OBaTBca He aScoJiiOTHHMH Bejini[iHHaMH TeM"- nepaTyp, a nx OTKJioHeHnaMH ot cpeRHen MHoroJieTHen, paBHO KaK conocTaBJiaTB KpHBHe He C JjaHHHMH a6cOJIK)THHX yCJIOBHH, a C KOJieSaHHHMH OTHOCnTeJIBHHX (HanpnMep, cpeAH. yjiOB Ha 1 tiok apycHon CHacTH). fljia rnHpojiorn- (\ ** ^ ef\ H H Qtt 6oBa, npHJioJKeHHHM hm k rnApoJiorn^ecKOMy pa3pe3y no KoJiBCKOMy MepH^naHy sa roHH 1922—1933, rfle oh onpeseJiaeT cpeRHioio TeMnepaTypy RJia Bcero pa3pe3a s Te^eHne Maa. r Cp. Te>inep. OTKaoHeHHe ot mho- Cp. yjiOB Cp. TeMnep. OTMOHemie ot mho- Cp. yjiOB pa3pe3a roneTHeii cpeAHeii Ha tiok, Kr pa3pe3a roaeTHeft cpesHeii Ha TDK, KP 1921 3.95 + 1.21 34.3 1929 2.C6 —0.73 66.7 1922 3.00 — 0.26 31.8 1930 2.44 + 0.65 48.7 1923 — —' 42.2 1931 3.08 + 0.29 54.6 1924 2.58 — 0.16 57.8 1932 3.58 — 0.21 ¦ — ¦ 1925 2.85 + 0.11 56.7 1933 3.15 + 0.36 — 1926 2.04 — 0.70 71.5 1934 3.16 + 0.37 24.6 1927 2.73 — 0.01 52.8 1935 3.27 + 0.48 29.7 1928 2.97 + 0.23 47.8 f 'I "I i IP 300 1ACTB BTOPAH. BHOJIOrHfl conocTaBJieHHH TeatnepaTypHtix OTKJiOHeHnft c cpeftHHMH yjiOBaMH Ha tbdk; b npoMeatyTOK BpeaieHH c 1921 no 1931 rr. oSHapysKHBaeTCfl ho^th 3ep- OTo6pa?KeHHe kphbbix: noflHHTHfl o^Hoii coBna^aiOT c onycKaHHHMH flpy- ron; pe3Koe noHHJKeHne yjiOBa Ha tk>k b 1934