BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ISSUED APRIL 8, 1914. I1 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS, Key to 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. the Species and Subspecies of Centurus--Continued. Centurus hoffnnni Cabanis ......................................... Centurus polygmmmus polygmmmus Cabanis ........................ Centurus polygram_mus rontalis (Nelson) ............................ Centurus aurifrons (Wagler) ........................................ Centurm sntacruzi sntacruzi Bonaparte ........................... Centurus sntacruzi grateloupensis (Lesson) .......................... Centurus santacruzi pauper lidgway ............................... Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (Vigors) ........................... Centurus chrysogenys fiavinuchus lidgway .......................... Centurus hypopolius (Wagler) ....................................... Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird .............................. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri lidgway ............................. Centurus radiolatus (Wagler) ....................................... 46. Centurus striatus (Miiller) ........................................... Genus 5. Balanosph)ra lidgway ............................................ Key to the Species and Subspecies of Balanosphyra ......................... 47. Balanosphyr formicivora formicivoru (Swainson) ................... 48. Balanosphyra formicivora aculeata (Mearn.) .................... 49. Balanosphyr formicivoru bairdi (Ridgway) .......................... 50. Balanosphyra formicivora angustifrons (Baird) ........................ 51. Balanosphyra formicivora albeolu (Todd) ............................. 52. Balanosphyra formicivora striatipectus (lidgway) ................... 53. Balanosphyra xantholarynx (Reichenbach) ........................... Genus 6. Linneopicus Malherbe ............................................ 54. Linneopicus herminieri (Lesson) ..................................... Genus 7. Asyndesmus Coues ............................................... 55. Asyndesmus lewisi liley. .......................................... Genus 8. Tripsurus Sw,'dnson .............................................. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Tripsurus.: .......................... 56. Tripsurus pucherani pucherani (Malherbe) .......................... 57. Tripsurus pucherani perileucus (Todd) .............................. 58. Tripsurus chrysauchen (Salvin) ..................................... Genus 9. Chloronerpes Swainson ........................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chloronelpes ........ ." ................. 59. Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin and Godman ......................... 60. Chloronerpes eruginosus (Malherbe) ................................. 61. Chlomnerpes rubiginosus yucatanensis (Cabot) ........................ 62. Chloronerpes rubiginosus uropygialis (Cabanis) ....................... 63. Chloronerpes chrysochlorus aurosus Nelson .......................... 64. Chloronerpes callopierus Lawrence .................................. 65. Chlomnerpes simplex simplex Salvin ............................... 66. Chloronerpes simplex allophyeus Banjos .............................. Genus 10. Celeus Boie ...................................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Celeus. ................................ 67. Celeus immaculatus Berlepsch ...................................... 68. Celeus castaneus (Wagler) ........................................... 69. Celeus loricatus loricatus (Peichenbach) ............................ 70. Celeus loricatus diversus lidgway ................................... Genus 11. Ceophlceus Cabanis ............................................. Key to the Subspecies of Ceophlceus lineatus ................................ 71. Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus (Cabanis and Heine) .............. 72. Ceophlceus lineatus similis (Lesson) ............................... 73. Ceophlceus lineatus scapularis (Vigors) .............................. Page. 76 78 8O 81 84 87 88 89 91 92 93 96 97 98 100 101 102 105 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 113 114 117 119 119 122 123 124 125 128 129 131 133 134 135 136 138 138 140 141 141 143 145 146 147 148 150 152 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Genus 12. Phlceotomus Cabanls ............................................ Key to the Subspecies of Phlceotomus pileatus ............................... 74. Phlceotomus pileatus pileatus (Linnseus) ............................. 75. PhIceotomus pileatus floridanus Ridgway ............................. 76. Phlceotomus pileatus abieticol (Bangs) .............................. 77. Phlceotomus pileatus picinus Bangs ................................ Genus 13. CampephiIus Gray .............................................. Key to the Species of Campephilus .......................................... 78. CampeplfiIus imperialis Gould ....................................... 79. Campephilus principalis (Linnseus) .................................. 80. CampephiIus bairdii Cassin .................................... Genus 14. Scapaneus Cabanis and tteine ................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Scapaneus .............................. 81. Scapaneus malherbii (Gray) ......................................... 82. Scapaneus guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub) ................... 83. Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni P, idgway ........................... 84. Scapaneus guatemalensis reus (Reichenbach) ...................... Genus 15. Cniparchus Cabanls and Heine ................................... 85. Cniparchus hmatogaster splendens (tIartt) ........................ Genus 16. Xiphidiopicus Bonaparte ........................................ Key to the Subspecies of Xiphidiopicus percussus ........................... 86. Xiphidiopicus percussus percussus (Temminck) ..................... 87. Xiphidiopicus percussus insulse-pinorum Bangs ...................... Genus 17. Yeniliornis Bonaparte ............................................ Key to the Species and Subspecies of Veniliornis. ........................... 88. VeniIiornis oleaginus oIeaginus (Lichtenstein) ....................... 89. Veniliornis oleaginus sanguinolentus (Sclater) ...................... 90. VeniIiornis kirkii darienensis Ridgway .............................. 91. Veniliornis kirkii neglectus (Bangs) ................................ Genus 18. Dryobates Boie ................................................. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dryobatcs ........................ 92. Dryobates villcsus villosus (Linnaeus) ............................... 93. Dryobates villosus 94. Dryobates villosus 95. Dryobates villosus 96. Dryobates villosus 97. Dryobates villosus 98. Dryobates villosus 99. Dryobates viIIosus 100. Dryobates viIlosus 101. Dryobates villosus 102. Dryobates villosus 103. Dryobates villosus 104. Dryobates villosus 105. Dryobates villosus 106. Dryobates villosus 107. Dryobates viIIosus 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. audubonii (Swainson) ............................ maynardi Ridgway ............................. piger G. 5I. Allen ............................... septentrionalis (Nuttall) ......................... terrsenovse BatcheIder ............................ monticoIa Anthony ............................. Ieucothorectis OberhoIser ............... orius OberhoIser ............................ hyloscopus (Cabanis) ....................... harrisii (Audubon) .............................. sitkensis Swarth ................................. picoideus (Osgood) ..................... icastus Oberholser ............................... intermedius leIson ......................... jardinii (lIalherbe) ............................ Dryobates villosus sanctorum (Nelson) ............................... Dryobates villosus fumeus Oberholser .............................. Dryobates viIlosus extimus Bangs ................................. Dryobates pubescens pubescens (Linnaeus) .......................... Dryl)bates pubescens medianus (Swainson) ......................... Dryobates pubescens nelsoni Oberholser ............................ Page. 153 155 155 159 160 162 164 165 166 167 169 170 172 172 174 178 178 180 181 182 183 183 185 185 187 188 190 192 193 194 196 201 2O6 2O8 2O9 210 211 212 214 215 217 218 220 22O 221 222 223 225 226 226 228 233 235 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dryobates--Continued Page. 114. Dryobates pubescens homorus (Cabanis and Heine) ............... 236 115. Dryobates pubescens glacialis Grinnell ................ 239 116. Dryobates pubescens turati (Malherbe) ..................... 239 117. Dryobates pubescensfiairdnerii (Audubon) ..................... 241 118. Dryobates nuttallii (Gambel) ..................................... 242 119. Dryobates scalaris scalaris (Wagler) ................................ 245 120. Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi Oberholser ............................. 247 121. Dryobates scalaris percus Oberholser .............................. 248 122. Dryobates scalaris parvus (Cabot) .................................. 248 123. Dryobates scalaris leucoptilurus Oberholser ........................ 249 124. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis Ridgway ............................. 250 125. Dryobates scalaris graysoni (Baird) ................................ 250 126. Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser ............................... 251 127. Dryobates scalaris agnus Oberholser .............................. 252 128. Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (Xantus) ............................... 252 129. Dryobates scalaris eremicus Oberholser ............................ 253 130. Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser ...................... 254 131. Dryobates scalaris centmphilus Obcrholser .......................... 256 132. Dryobatcs scalaris symplectus Oberholser .......................... 257 133. Dryobates scalaris bairdi (Malherbe) ................................ 258 134. Dryobates stricklandi (Malherbe) ................................. 259 135. Dryobates arizone arizone (Hargitt) ............................... 261 136. Dryobates arizonse fraterculus Ridgway ............................ 263 Genus 19. Xenopicus Baird ................................................ 264 137. Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin) ........................ 265 138. Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris (Grinnell) ...................... 267 Genus 20. Phrcnopicus Bonaparte ........................................ 268 139. Phrenopicus borealis (Vieillot) ................................... 269 Genus 21. Sphyrapicus Baird .............................................. 272 Key to the Species and Subspecies(?) of Sphympicus ........................ 273 140. Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnmus) ............................... 274 141. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird ............................... 279 142. Sphyrapicus tuber tuber (Gmelin) ................................. 282 143. Sphyrapicus tuber notkensis (Suckow) ............................ 284 144. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin) .................................... 286 Genus 22. t'icoides Lacpde ............................................. 289 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Picoides ........................... 290 145. Picoides americanus americanus Brehm ................. 291 146. t'icoides americanus fasciatus Baird ................................. 295 147. Picoides americanus dorsalis (Baird) ................................ 297 148. Picoides arcticus (Swainson) ........................................ 298 Genus 23. Picumnus Temminck ............................................ 302 Key to the Subspecies of Picumnus olivaceus. ................................ 303 149. Picumnus olivaceus panamensis Ridgway ........................... 304 150. Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus (Ridgway) ......................... 306 151. Picumnus olivaceus dimotus (Bangs) ............................... 307 Genus 24. Nesoctites Hargitt ............................................... 307 152: Nesoctites micromegas (Sundevall) ................................. 308 SUPERFAMILY CAPITOIES. HE BAnBETS AND ]ONEY GUIDES ............... 310 Key to the Families of Capitones. ........................................... 310 FAIILY CAPITONIDE. THE BABTS ...................................... 311 Key to the American Genera of Capitonide .................................. 313 Genus 1. Eubucco Bonaparte .............................................. 314 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eubucco .............................. 315 1. Eubucco bourcieri salvini (Shelley) ................................... 317 Genus 2. Capito Viefllot .................................................... 319 Key to the Species of Capito ................................................. 320 2. Capito maculicoronatus maculicoronatus Lawrence .................... 323 3. Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis Nelson ............................... 324 Genus 3. Dichrorhynchus Carriker .......................................... 324 4. Dichrorhynchus frantzii (Sclater) ..................................... 325 SUPERFAMIL:e IAMPmSTIDE S ............................................... 327 FAMILY IAMPASWIDE. TE TOUCANS .................................... 328 Key to tlm Genera of Ramphasti&e ......................................... 329 Genus 1. lamphastos Linnaeus .............................................. 330 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ramphastos ........................... 332 1. Ramphastos piscivorus piscivorus Linnaeus ............................ 332 2. Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus (Gould) ......................... 334 3. lamphastos swainsonii Gould ......................................... 336 4. lamphastos ambiguus Swainson ...................................... 339 Genus 2. Pteroglossus Illiger. ............................................... 340 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pteroglossus ........................... 341 5. Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus (Gmelin) ............................ 342 6. Pteroglossus torquatus erythrozonus lidgway ........................ 345 7. Pteroglossus frantzii Cabanis .......................................... 345 8. Pteroglossus sanguineus Gould ........................................ 347 Genus 3. Selenidera Gould .................................................. 348 9. Selenidera spectabilis Cassin ......................................... 349 Genus 4. Aulacorhynchus Gould ............................................ 351 Key to the Species of Aulacorhynchus ....................................... 353 10. Aulacorhynchus wagleri (Sturm) .................................... 354 11. Aulacorhynchus prasinus prasinus (Gould) ........................... 355 12. Aulacorhynchus prasinus virescens Ridgway. ......................... 357 13. Aulacorhynchus ceruleogularis ceruleogularis (Gould) ................ 357 14. Aulacorhynchus cmruleogularis cognatus (Nelson) .................... 359 SUPERPAMILY GALBUI.z. JACAMARS AND I)UFP BIRDS ...................... 359 Key to the Families of Galbulm ....................................... 359 FAMILY GALBULID. Tn JACAARS ............ : ........................... 360 Key to the Genera of Galbulide ............................................. 360 Genus 1. Jacamerops Oken ................................................. 362 1. Jacamerops aurea (Miille0 ........................................... 362 Genus 2. Galbula Brisson .................................................. 365 2. Galbula melanogenia Sclater ......................................... 366 Genus 3. Brachygalba Bonaparte ............................................ 369 3. Brachygalba salmoni Sclater and SaLin ............................... 369 FAMILY BUCCONIDm. T Pu BIRDS ..................................... 370 Key to the Genera of Bucconide ........................................... 371 Genus 1. Notharchus Cabaais and lteine .................................... 373 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Notharchus ............................. 375 1. otharchus hyperrhynchus dysoni (Sclater) ........................... 376 2. Notharchus pectoralis (Gray) ........................................ 379 3. Notharchus rectus subtectus (Sclater) ............. o .................. 379 Genus 2. Hypnelus Cabanis and Heine ...................................... 380 Key to the Species and Subspecies of IIypnelus ............................. 382 4. Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollls (Wagler) ................................. 382 Genus 3. Ecchauuornis Ridgway ............................................ 384 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV Genus 1. Cryptoglaux Richmond ........................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cryptoghux ........................... 1. Cryptoglamx tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonaparte) ..................... 2. Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmelin) ...................................... 3. Cryptoglaux ridgwayi Alfaro ........................................ Genus 2. Scotiaptex Swainson .............................................. Key to the Subspecies of Scotiaptex nebulosa ................................ 4. Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (Forster) .............................. Genus 3. Strix Linnaeus ................................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Strix ................................... 5. Strix varia varia (Barton) ........................................... 6. Strix varia alleni (Ridgway) ........................................ 7. Strix varia albogilva Bangs .......................................... 8. Stnx varia sartorii (Ridgway) ....................................... 9. Strix fulvescens (Sclater and Salvin) ................................. 10. Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantu) ............................. 11. Strix occidentalis caurin (Merriam) ................................. 12. Strix occidentalis huachuce (Swarth) ................................ 13. Strix occidentalis lucida (Nelson) .................................... Genus 4. Aslo Brisson ..................................................... Key to the Species of Asio ................................................. 14. Asio wilsonianus (Lesson) ........................................... 15. Asio stygius (Wagler) .............................................. 16. Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan) ..................................... 17. Asio portoricensis Ridgway .......................................... 18. Asio galapagoensis (Gould) .......................................... Genus 5. lghinoptynx Kaup ............................................... 19. Rhinoptynx clamator (Vieillot) ..................................... Genus 6. Pseudoscops Kaup ............................................... 20. Pseudoscops gmmmicus (Gosse) ..................................... Genus 7. Gymnasio Bonaparte ............................................. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Gymnsio ............................. 21. Gymnasio nudipes nudipes (Daudin) ....................... 22. Gymnasio nudipes newtoni (Lawrence) ............................... 23. Gymnasio lawrencii (Sclater and Salvin) ........................... Genus 8. Otus Pennant .................................................... Key to the Species and Subspecies of Otus .................................. 24. Otus 25. Otus 26. Otus 27. Otus 28. Otus 29. Otus 30. Otus 31. Otus 32. Otus 33. Otus 34. Otus 35. Otus 36. Otus 37. Otus 38. Otus 39. Otus asio asio (Linnaeus) ............................................ usio naevius (Gmelin) .......... : .............................. usio mccallii (Cassin) ........................................... asio hasbmucki Ridgway (New subspecies) ..................... asio aikeni (Brewster) .......................................... asio maxwellim (Ridgway) ..................................... asio macfarlanei (Brewster) ..................................... asio kennicottii (Elliot) ........................................ asio brewsteri Ridovay (New subspecies) ....................... asio bendirei (Brewster) ........................................ asio cineraceus (lidgway) ...................................... usio xantusi (Brewster) ........................................ trichopsis (Wagler) ............................................. pinosus (Nelson and Palmer) ................................... vinaceus (Brewster) ............................................ cooperi (gidgway) ............................................ Page. 622 23 624 627 633 634 635 635 639 641 641 644 646 646 47 648 650 652 652 654 654 658 667 668 670 674 674 676 676 677 679 679 684 693 694 695 696 697 698 700 702 703 704 708 708 710 XVI TABL OF CONTENTS. Key to 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 4. 46. 47. the Species and Subspecies of Otus--Continued. Otus choliba (Vieillot) .............................................. Otus gutemale (Sharpe) ............................................ Otus hastatus hastatus (Ridgway) .................................... Otus hastutus thompsoni (Cole) ...................................... Otus cassini (Ridgway) ............................................. Otus barbarus (Sclater and Salvin) .................................. Otus vermiculatus (Ridgway) ....................................... Otus nudipes (Vieillot) .............................................. 48. Otus flammeolus (Kaup) ............................................ Genus 9. Lophostrix Lesson ................................................ Key to the Species of Lophostrix ............................................ 49. Lophostrix stricklandi Sclater and Salvin ............................ Genus 10. Bubo Dumil ................................................... Key to the Subspecies of Bubo vlrgq_nianus ................................... 50. Bubo virgimanus virginianus (Gmelin) ............................... 51. Bubo virganmnus pallescens (Stone) .................................. 52. Bubo wrginianus occidentalis Stone ................................. 53. Bubo virgmanus pacificus Cassin .................................... 54. Bubo virgmlanus elachistus Brewster ............................... 55. Bubo virg,manus icclus (Oberholser) ................................. 56. Bubo virginianus lagophonus (Oberholser) ............................ 57. Bubo wrgqnmnus saturatus lidgway ................................. 58. Bubo vargm,unus heterocnemis (Oberholser) ......................... 59. Bubo wrgmmnus algistus (Oberholser) ............................... 60. Bubo wrgmmnus wapacuthu (Gmelin) ............................... 61. Bubo wrgm,nus melancerus (Oberholser) ........................... 62. Bubo wrgmmnus mayensis Nelson .................................. 63. Bubo wr manus mesembrinus (Oberholser) ......................... Genus 11. t'ulsatrix Kaup ............................................. 64. t'ulsatrix persiicillata perspicillut (Latham) ........................ 65. t'ulsatrix perspicillata saturat lidgway (lew subspecies) ............ Genus 12. Ciccaba Wagler .................................................. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ciccaba ............................... 66. Ciccaba nigrolineata nigrolineata Sclater ............................. 67. Ciccaba virguta virgata (Cassin) ..................................... 68. Ciccaba virgata squamulata (Bonaparte) ............................. 69. Ciccaba virgat tumaulipensis (Phillips) .............................. Genus 13. lyctea Stephens ................................................ 70. lyctea nyctea (Linnaeus) .......................................... Genus 14. Surnia Dumril ................................................. Key to the Subspecies of Surnia ulula ...................................... 71. Surnia ulula caparoch (Miiller) ..................................... Genus 15. Glaucidium Boie ................................................ Key to the Species and Subspecies of Glaucidium ............................ 72. Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte) ..................................... 73. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma Wagler ................................... 74. Glaucidium gnoma hoskinsii Brewster ............................... 75. Glaucidium gnoma pinicola Nelson ................................. 76. Glaucidium gnoma ealifornicum (Sclater) ........................... 77. Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli lidgway ............................... 78. Glaucidium gnoma swarthi Grinnell ................................. 79. Glaucidium palmarum Nelson ...................................... 80. Glaucidium pumilum griseiceps (Sharpe) ............................ Page. 711 715 718 719 720 723 724 727 728 732 733 733 736 738 739 742 743 745 746 746 747 748 75O 75O 751 753 753 754 754 756 758 759 760 76O 763 766 767 767 768 772 773 774 779 780 782 785 788 789 790 791 793 793 795 TABLE" OF CONTENTS. XVII Key to the Species and Subspecies of Glaucidium--Continued. Page. 81. Glaucidium fisheri Nelson and Palmer .............................. 797 82. Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi (Sharpe) .......................... 798 83. Glaucidium siju siju (D'Orbigny) ................................... 804 84. Glaucidium siju vittatum Ridgway .................................. 805 Genus 16. Micropallas Coues ............................................... 806 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Micropallas ............................ 807 85. Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper) .............................. "807 86. Micropallas whitneyi sanfordi lidgway (New ubspecies) ............ 809 87. Micropallas whitneyi idoneus lidgway (New subspecies) ............ 810 88. Micropallas graysoni (lidgway) ..................................... 810 Genus 17. Speotyto Gloger .................................................. 812 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Speotyto ................ . .............. 813 89. Speotyto cuniculari hypogeea (Bonaparte) .......................... 814 90. Spootyto cunicularia rostrata (Townsend) ............................ 820 91. Speotyto floridana floridana (Ridgway) ............................... 820 92. Speotyto floridana dominicensis (Cory) ............................. 823 93. Speotyto guadeloupensis guadeloupensis (Ridgway) ................ 824 94. Speotyto guadeloupensis amaura (Lawrence) .......................... 825 3622---Bul]. 50, pt 6--14--ii BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3 Saurognathous (or tegitho-schizognathous) zygodactyle Coracii- form birds with the processus angularis mandibulte present, lateral halves of the vomer separate, ectepicondyloid process of humerus present, manubrial rostrum bifurcate, myological formula A_X, and tongue extensile. Basipterygoid processes absent; maxillo-palatines small, not coalesced; vomer slender, pointed, split (the lateral halves separated); manubrial rostrum of sternum bifurcate; no interclavicle; only oue carotid artery (the left); cmca absent or rudhnentary; oil-gland tufted; femoro-caudal and semitendimsus muscles present; ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal nmscles absent; spinal pteryla well- defined on neck, forked on lower (not upper) back; sides of breast with two distinct pteryle, united at shoulders; primaries 10, the tenth (outermost) nmch reduced; rectrices 12, but outer pair greatly reduced or rudimentary (concealed by coverts); adult downs absent; young nidicolous and gymnopedic. The Pici are a numerous but sharply circumscribed group of birds, whose nearest relatives are undoubtedly the Capitones (Barbers). They differ from all other birds in the structure of the tongue and (though to a less extent) the bill, together with related parts, which are highly specialized for adaptation to their peculiar mode of obtain- ing their food. The bill is a combined hammer and chisel, and serves admirably for the puncturing and excavation of trees, both for the purpose of reaching insects which are hidden in the wood and pre- paring a cavity for nesting purposes. The tongue is a more or less extensile barbed lance or spear, with which they are able to explore tle burrow of a grub, transfLx it, and draw it within the mouth; and its fleshy portion is covered with a viscid secretion which entraps insects with which it comes in contact. Their young are, as in the case of other Coraciiformes (except Nycticoracie and Striges) gymnopmdic, and though nidicolous, are able to leave the nest and climb about the tree in which they were reared for some time before they are capable of flight. According to Mr. Brewster, a "the young of most, if not all, of the Woodpeckers regularly moult the wing and tail feathers with the rest of the first plumage. No exceptions of this rule occnr among large series of the common North American species examined, and it may probably be found to hold good among all excepting, perhaps, some highly specialized groups. Another peculiar feature in the early development of the species most thoroughly investigated, and one which is perhaps common to all the members of this family, is the fact that a certain portion of the females in first plumage possess to a greater or less degree the adornments which in more advanced stages a Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 179, footnote. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Saurognathous (or egitho-schizognathous), zygodactylous Cora- ciiformes (Pici) with tongue more or less (usually greatly) extensile, cylindrical, but with tip horny and barbed; rectrices twelve, but the lateral pair rudimentary or greatly reduced in size. Vomer split (the lateral halves separated); basipterygoid processes absent; maxillo-palatines small, not coalesced; manubrial process of sternum bifurcate; femoro-caudal and semitendenosus muscles present, ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles absent; caeca absent or rudimentary; left carotid artery, only, present; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck, without interscapular fork, but enclosing a dorsal apterium; sides of breast with two distinct pteryle, united at shoulders; oil-gland tufted; outermost (tenth) primary small, and wings otherwise essentially Oscinine. In addition to the above-mentioned characters it may be stated that the tongue itself is quite small, flat, and short, acute and horny, usually armed along the edges with recurved hooks. The horns of the hyoid apparatus are generally very long, and curve round tim back of the skull, frequently to the base of the bill, playing in a sheath, when the tone-me is thrown forward out of the mouth to transfix an insect or withdraw it from a cavity which can not be otherwise penetrated, a There are twelve rectrices, of which the outer is, however, very small and rudimentary (lying concealed between the outer and adjacent feathers), so that only ten are usually counted. The tail is nearly even, or cuneate, never forked, the shafts very rigid in the true Woodpeckers (Picinm); soft in Picumuinm. The outer primary is generally very short, or spurious, but not wanting. The bill is chisel or wedge shaped, with sharp angles and ridges and usually straight culmen; sometimes the culmen is a little curved, in which case it is smoother or without distinct ridges or grooves. The tarsus is scutellate anteriorly, at least in part, the posterior side with much smaller, usually more or less polygonal, scales in Subfamily Picinm or with a single row of quadrate scutella (in Subfamily Picumninm). The toes are paired (two directed forward and two backward, the outer, or fourth toe, being permanently reversed), or else there is only one posterior toe (the outer), the first toe, or hallux being wanting. The claws are compressed, broad (vertically), strongly curved, very strong, and acute. As implied by the vernacular name of the group, the Woodpeckers are preeminently distinguished for their habit of pecking the bark and decayed wood of trees, in their search for grubs and other insects, and for excavating deep cavities in the trunks or branches of trees in which to deposit their eggs. While by no means peculiar to the a For further details concerning the structure of the tongue, see Stejneger, Stand- ard Natural History, iv, 1885, 424, 425. 6 BULLETIN 507 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. group, these habits are nevertheless more highly developed and more universal in the Woodpeckers than in any other birds. The true Woodpeckers (Picine) are all truly scansorial, and in clinging to the side of a tree or branch or ascending the same support themselves to a great extent by using the rigid tail as a prop. Although to a great extent insectivorous the Woodpeckers also feed to a great extent on fruits (both large and small), or even grain, especially when in the soft or unripe stage. The species of one genus (Sphyrapicus) subsist largely on the soft inner bark or cambium and sugary sap of certain trees and often do considerable damage, especially to fruit trees. All other kinds, however, are decidedly beneficial, through their destruction of wood-destroying beetles and their larvm, grasshoppers, and other predaceous insects. The eggs of Woodpeckers are, like those of other Picarian birds, invariably immaculate white, usually with a very glossy or polished surface, and are deposited on the chips at the bottom of the excava- tion, no attempt at constructing a true nest being made. In very thinly wooded or treeless countries the few species of Woodpeckers which occur there are, from necessity, more or less terrestrial, ma -king their excavations in banks of earth or even depositing their eggs in cavities already existing, as the brain-cavity of the skull of a large mammal, as a horse or ox. Noodpeckers are found in all wooded portions of the world except the island of Madagascar and the entire Australian ]eon. a The group is nearly equally represented in the two hemispheres, the Western claiming about twenty-two genera and two hundred and twenty-five species (including subspecies), the Eastern twenty-seven genera and a little more than two hundred species and subspecies. Three genera are of circumpolar range, with sixty-three American (mostly Nearctic) and twenty-nhe Palearctic forms. KEY TO THE GENERA. OF PICID2E. a. Planta tarsi taxaspidean; rectrices rigid, with strong and elastic shafts, more or less contracted or acuminate terminally. (Picina.) b. Outer hind toe not longer than outer front toe. c. Maxilla without any distinct lateral ridge or groove; tip of bill pointed (not chisel-shaped); tarsus nearly as long as longest toe with claw, the toes rela- tively more slender and claws weuker. (Colaptea.) d. Nostrils more or less covered by small antrorse prefrontal feathers. e. Bill little if any longer than head, the gonys not longer (usually shorter) than mandibular rami; tail not less than two-thirds as long as wing. fi Bill more slender, appreciably decurved terminally, the gonys not ascending terminally nor prominent basally; a large black jugular patch; basal half, at least, of under side of tail yellow, orange, or red. Colaptes (p. 12). a Woodpeckers occur, however, in Celebes and Flores, outlying islands of the Australian Region, "which are situated so close to the Indo-Malayan islands that it is safe to conclude that their woodpeckers are comparatively recent immigrants from the latter." (Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 425.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11 it. Bill more slender, with supranasal ridge and prenasal groove running to tomial edge at one-third, or more, the distance from tip of maxilla; under parts conspicuously streaked, the throat not yellow; back with white markin G transverse; a white supra-auricular stripe; adult males with a red nuchal band or a red streak along each side of occiput. Dyctiopicus (extralimital).a gg. Longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by more than one- fourth the length of wing. h. Gonys at least twice as long as mandibular rami; under parts white or pale brownish (with or without nlarkings); head broadly striped with white and black; lateral rectrices white (with or without black spots or bars) .............. Drvobates (p. 194). hh. Gonys decidedly less than twice as long as mandibular rami; under (as well as upper) parts uniform black, the head, foreneck, and part of primaries white; adult male with a red nuchal band. Xenopicus (p. 264). /7". Wing-tip longer (longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by one- third, or more, the length of wing); tenth (outermost) primary not more than one-fourth as long as ninth; tarsus as long as or longer than outer hind toe with claw. g. Gonys less than twice (about one and a half times) as long as mandibu- lar rami; supranasal ridge higher, running out to edge of maxilla at a point about one-third the distance from tip; tarsus not longer than outer hind toe with claw; longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by more than one-third lhe length of wing; middle rectrices broadly acuminate; tongue distinctly extensile. lhrenopicus (p. 268). qg. Gonys two and a half to three tinms as long as mandibular rami; supra- nasal ridge lower, running out to edge of maxilla at or posterior to middle; tarsus longer than outer hind toe wiih claw; longest pri- maries exceeding secondaries by not more than one-third the length of wing; middle recirices narrowly and more abruptly acuminate;, tongue scarcely extensile ...... Sphyrapicus (p. 272). cc. Only one (the outer) posterior toe; inner anterior toe nearly as long as the outer one; bill extremely depressed. (Picoidex) ............. Picoides (p. 289). aa. Planta tarsi holaspidean; rectrices soft, with slender (normal) shaft and broadly rounded tip. (Picumninx.)b b. Nostril nearer to commissure than to culmen; culmen and commissure nearly straight; gonys much longer than mandibular rami; outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long as ninth; smaller (wing less than 60 ram.); inner web of middle pair of rectrices white or pale yellow. c. Culmen longer than outer hind toe (without claw), the bill more slender; no whitish nor dusky stripes on side of head ................ licumnus (p. 302). cc. Culmen not longer than outer hind toe without claw, the bill thicker and more conical; two whitish and two dusky stripes on side of head. Vivia (extralimital).c a Dyctiopicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italians, it, 1854, 123. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus bicolor Gmelin----P. ndxtus Boddaert.)--Dictyopipo (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July 1, 1863, 74. Southern Brazil and Paraguay to Chile and Peru; three species. b Picumnidae Carus, ttandb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 245. c Vivia Hodgson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vi, pt. i, 1837, 107. (Type, lz. nipalensis HodgsonPicumnus innominatus Burton. )--Pipiscus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft it, April, 1863, 9. (Type, Picumnus i-nnodnatus Burton.) Indo-Malayan Region; two species. (Very close to Picumnus, but I think should be separated. I have not seen V. chinensis Hargitt, however.) ]., BULLETIN 50 UNITED SrArES ATIOITAL MUSEUM. . Nostril much nearer to culmen than to commissure; culmen and commissure slightly but distinctly decurved; gonys but little longer than mandibular rRmi; outermost primary more than half as long as ninth; lRrger (wing 70 ram.); no white or pale yellow on middle rectrices ...... lesoctites (p. 307). Genus COLAITIS Vigors. Colaptes V1ools, Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., xiv, pt. iii, 1825, 457. footnote. (Type, by original designation, Cuculus auratus Linnmus.) Cucupicus LESSON, Man. d'Orn., ii, 1828, 116. (Type, Cuculus auratus Linnaeus.) Craugusa BILLBEIG, Synop. Faunm Scand., i, part 2, 1828, tab. A. (Type, Cuculus auratus Linnaeus.) Rather large licidm (wing 127-178 ram.) witlout any distinct lateral ridge or groove on maxilla, tip of bill pointed (not chisel- shaped), tarsus nearly as long as outer hind toe with claw, toes relatively slender and claws weak, shafts of remiges and rectrices bright yellow, orange, or red, back brown barred with black, under parts whitish spotted with black and with a conspicuous jugular crescentic patch of black, the adult males witl a broad raalar stripe of black or red.  Bill about as long as head, rather slender, slightly but distinctly decurved terminally, rather broad and depressed basally, its tip obtusely pointed (not wedge-shaped); culmen forming a distinct ridge; gonys not longer (sometimes decidedly shorter) than mandib- ular rami, straight or sometimes faintly concave, distinctly ridged, its base sometinies slightly prominent; sides of maxilla without any distinct ridge or groove. Nostril broadly oval or roundish, rather large, concealed by a flattened tuft of small, bristle-like, antrorse prefrontal feathers; no distinct rictal, prefrontal, premalar, nor mental bristles. Orbits feathered, except a narrow space beneath lower eyelid and immediately in front of eye. Wing rather long, with longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about one-fourth the length of wing; fifth or sixth primaries longest, tle ninth shorter than fourth (sometimes shorter than second), the tenth (outermost) nxore than one-third as long as ninth. Tail about two-tlirds as long as wing, slightly graduated, tle rectrices broad but abruptly acumi- nate terminally. Tarsus equal to or longer than outer hind toe with claw, but shorter tlan outer front toe with claw; the toes relatively rather slender and claws ratller weak. Coloration.--Shafts of remiges and of at least basal half of rectrices bright yellow, orange, or red; back, wing-coverts, and secondaries brownish barred with black; rump white (sometimes spotted with black); pileum plain gray, brown, or rufescent; throat plain gray or a KpaorSz, a woodpecker. b This diagnosis and the generic description which follows is based entirely on the Nearctic species, the hal/dozen South American species which are usually referred to Colaptes, being almost certainly distinct generically. (See p. 7.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. vinaceous; under parts of body whitish, light pinkish, or pale vinace- ous, spotted with black, the chest with a conspicuous crescentic patch of black; adult males with a broad malar stripe of black or bright red. Range.--The whole of North America (except treeless Arctic dis- tricts), south to northern Nicaragua; Cuba; island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. (Five species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF COLAPTES. a. Shafts of remiges and rectrices and under surface of tail (except distal portion) yellow; inner webs of remiges with proximal portion (extensively) yellow. b. A red nuchal crescent or band; throat and foreneck vinaceous; under surface of rectrices narrowly (sometimes only partly) black distally; adult males with malar stripe black. c. Center of rump immaculate white; pileum brownish gray. (Colaptes aurats.) d. Smaller (wing averaging about 150 ram.). (Southeastern United States, north to southeastern Virginia?, southwestern Indiana, southeastern Mis- souri, etc.) ............................ Colaptes auratus auratus (p. 14). dd. Larger (wing averaging 155 ram. or more). e. Smaller (wing averaging 156.3 in male, 155 in female). (Eastern United States, except "Austroriparian" district, Minnesota, North Dakota, etc.) ................................. Colaptes auratus luteus (p. 18). ee. Larger (wing averaging more than 163 ram.). (Northern North America, east of Rocky Mts., from North Dakota, Minnesota, northern Ontario, etc., to Ungava and coast of Bering Sea in Alaska.) Colaptes auratus borealis (p. 20). cc. Center of rump spotted with black; pileum clear bluish gray. (Colaptes ehrysocaulosus. ) d. Larger (wing 133-146.5, culmen 32.5-36.5); adult male with black malar patch larger and broader. (Cuba.) Colaptes chrysooaulosus chrysocaulosus (p. 23). dd. Smaller (wing 127-132.5, culmen 29-33); adult male with black malar patch smaller and narrower. (Island of Grand Cayman, south ot Cuba.) Colaptes chrysocaulosus gundlachi (p. 25). bb. No red on nape; throat and foreneck gray; under surtace of rectrices broadly black distally; adult male with malar stripe red. (Colaptes chrysoides.) c. Smaller (wing averaging less than 144 in male, less than 142 in female; culmen averaging less than 36); coloration darker, with pileum less cinnamomeous or else the latter darker or more rufescent. d. Coloration lighter, more ayish brown above, with pileum less rufescent; immaculate white area of rump larger, the center of rump never spotted. (Southern Lower California.) ...... Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (p. 25). dd. Coloration darker, less grayish brown above, with pileum more rutescent; immaculate white area of rump more restricted, the center of rump sometimes spotted. (Northern Pacific coast district of Lower California.) Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens (p. 27). cc. Larger (wing averaging 148.2 in male, 146.9 in female; culmen averaging 37.8 in male, 36.6 in female); coloration paler, with pileum more cinna- momeous. (Arizona and southeastern California to southern Sonora.) Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi (p. 28). aa. Shafts of remiges and rectrices and under side of tail (except distal portion) orange-red or reddish orange; inner webs of remiges (except distal portion) pink or salmon color. BIRDS OF ITORTI:I AND IVfIDDLE AMERICA. Colaptes auratus SWAINSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 314, part; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310.---BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40, part.-- NUTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 663. BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 118, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 97, part.--MARsH, Zoologist, 1859, 6327 (acciden{al in England).-- SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344, part (Eastern North America).-- (?)DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec.).--LAwRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York City).--ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 143 (Saline R., n. w. Kansas, winter).--CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 312, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 457, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 292, part.--Bt, mD, BREWER, and tIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part, pl. 55, figs. 1, 2.--BREWSTER, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (litchie Co., West Virginia); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 181 (descr. first plumage), Auk, x, 1893, 231-236 (feeding of young).--ScoTT, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 56 (nesting in natural cavity).--(?)DALGLEISH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 74 (accidental in England).--HARDY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 241 (unusual nesting sites).--I:IDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part.--OGILVY, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 59 (Navarro Co., Texas, winter; habits).--BmNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 259 (notes).--AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 412, part.--LLoYD, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, winter).--PHiLLIPS, Auk, iv, 1887, 346 (laid 71 eggs in 73 days!).--COOKE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 133, part (San Angelo, s. w. Texas; Bonham, Texas; etc.).--BECKHAM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 665 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec., March 2).--ATTWATER, Auk, ix, 1892, 235 (San Antonio, Texas, winter).----SINGLEY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas, winter resident).--BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 129, part.--MILLER (G. S.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 275 (spec. with spotted rump).--BuRNS, Wilson Bull., no. 31, 1900, 1-82, part (monogr.); no. 70, 1910, 55 (a Pennsylvania vernacular name).--BEAL, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 52, part (food). [Colaptes] auratus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 113, part; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.--GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8822, part.--CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 197, part. C[olaptes] auratus REICHENEACH, Handb. Scans., Picine, 1854, 412, pl. 666, fig. 4419-20, part.--Mt, xIMILAN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 420 (New Harmony, Indiana, winter).--CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part.-- RIDGWAY, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 378, part (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. [Colaptes aurat-us] var. auratus BAIRD, BREWER, and tIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part. Geopicos auratus MALHERVE, Mm. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359, part. Geopicus auratus MALHERVE, Mort. Picid., ii, 1862, 255, part; iv, pl. 109, figs. 5, 6, 7. Colaptes auratus luteus BANGS, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 177 (Watertown, Massa- chusetts; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).--AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 111, part (check list no. 412a).--BLaKE, Auk, xix, 1902, 199 (Berkshire Co., Massachustetts, Dec., 1 spec.).--Lt, RSEN, LSlson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 114 (Lyman Co., South Dakota, com. sum. res.).--HOWELL, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 121 (n. Louisiana, winter); Auk, xxvii, 1910, 296 (Midway, Barbourville, etc., Kentucky), 302 (High Cliff, etc., e. Tennessee).--EMoDv, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 172 (Hanover Co., Virginia, resi- dent).--AMERmA ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 194, part. [Colaptes auratus luteus] SHERMAN (Althea R.), Wilson Bull., xxii, 1910, 135-171, figs., 5 pls. (nesting habits, etc.). [Colaptes] luteus SHt, RPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. COLAPTES AURATUS BOREALIS Ridgway. BOR.A. LICER. Similar to C. a. auratus and C. a. luteus in coloration, but larger than the latter, much larger than the former, a Adultmale.--Length (skins), 270-314 (292); wing, 156-170 (162.9); tail, 102.5-115 (107); culmen, 34.5-40 (36.4); tarsus, 27-31.5 (29); outer anterior toe, 21-24.5 (22.5). b Adult female.--Length (skins), 270-310 (287); wing, 156-171 (162.3); tail, 99-115 (105.5); culmen, 32.5-38.5 (35.6); tarsus, 27.5-30.5 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 21-23.5 (22.2). c Northern North America, east of Rocky Mountains, from Labrador, Quebec, northern Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Mon- tana, eastern Wyoming, etc., north to the limit of tree growth (north- ern Ungava, Mackenzie, etc.), northwestward through Alaska to the shores of Bering Sea and to valley of the Kowak River; accidental on Pribilof Islands and in Greenland; occasional in winter along or near Pacific coast through British Columbia (including Vancouver Island) to California, and along Rocky Mountains to Colorado. [Picus] auratus (not of Linnaeus) FORSrER, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 383, 387 (Albany Fort). Colaptes auratus REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 8 (accidental in Greenland).--BI- mo, Ibis, 1862, 3 (Hudson Bay).--DALL and Bxsr, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 275 (near Ft. Yukon and Nulato, Alaska).--ALL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Ft. lice, North Dakota, and west of lussel- shell R.).--Covs, Check List, 1873, no. 312, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 457, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 292, part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 617 (Pembina, louse R., Turtle lt., etc., North Dakota; crit.).--NwTo, Ian. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (Greenland, 1 spec., 1852).--GISLI (G. B.), in Ludlow's Rep. Recon., 1876, 81 (lis- souri R. as far as Ft. Buford).--lcCsv, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 1879, 82 (Ft. Sisseton, North Dakota, resident).Rwo- WAY, Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part.--NLSO, Cruise 'Corwin,' 1881 (1883), 74 (head of Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, and Bering Strait, Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 160 (Sitka, etc., Alaska; lower Anderson 1., 1Vlackenzie).cLo, Cruise 'Corwin,' 1884, 117 (upper Kowak 1., Alaska).---STAs, Proc. U. S. Nat. us., vi, 1884, 118 . (L'Anse Claire, Labrador).--Tu, Proc. U. S. Nat. us., viii, 1885, 242 (near Apotok I., Hudson Strait; Northwest 1., Ungava); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (Ft. Yukon).---(?)BLL, Auk, ii, 1885, 383 (San Bernardino Co., California, 3 specs.).Ac OrHOLOSrS' Um, Check Lst, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 412, part.--(7)CooP, Auk, iv, 1887, 91 (West Grove, Yentura Co., California, 1 spec., Nov.).---(7)THos, Auk, iv, 1887, 364 (Colorado).--(?)Coo, Bull. Co1. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 85 (Ft. Lyons, Loveland, and South Platte, Colorado, autumn and winter); no. 44, 1898, 162 (Arkansas Yalley, e. Colorado).--Torso, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 551 (Manitoba, resident; habits).--PL (W.), Proc. U. S. at. Ius., xiii, 1890, 262 (St. Johns, Newfoundland).--CLK (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson Bay).--HAITT, Cat. Birds See remarks on p. 15, footnote. Twenty-seven specimens. Eighteen specimens. 22 BULLETIN 507 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (b) With pure yellow shafts, etc., of auratus combined with red malar stripe of eafer. (c) Similar to C. cafer collaris, but having either the red nuchal mark or vinaceous throat, or both, of C. auratus. (d) Similar to C. cafer collaris, but having black feathers in the red malar stripe. (e) Similar to C. auratus luteus or C. et. borealis, but having more or less red in the black mMar stripe. (f) Similar to C. auratus luteus or C. a. borealis, but with red or orange colored feathers mixed with the yellow ones in wing and tail. (g) Similar to C. caret collaris, but with yellow feathers mixed with the red ones in wing and tail. Besides the above styles, every possible combination or mixture of the color characters of the two species is represented in other individuals. As a rule, these hybrid specimens have a paler coloration than those of either of the parent forms, a Western portion of the Great Plains, from southwestern Saskatch- ewan to western Texas, or the area of overlapping of the respective ranges of C. auratus boreal:s or C. a. luteus and C. cfer collaris; casual, or of irregular occurrence, in British Columbia, Oregon (Camp Harney), California b (San Francisco; Stockton; Cosumnes River; Calaveras County; Marysville; etc.), Nevada (Washoe Valley; West Humboldt Mountains), Arizona (Fort Whipple), eastern Kansas (Topeka; Lawrence), Illinois (Warsaw; Mount Carmel); New York (Orange County; Fort Hamilton), Louisiana (Plaquemine Parish), etc. Picus ayresii AvDvos, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 348, pl. 494 (near Ft. Union, upper Missouri R.; ty.pe now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Colaptes ayresi BOSe.TE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 113.--HTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 22 (Brit. Columbia; Stockton and San Francisco, Ca]ifornia; Pueblo, Colorado). [Colaptes] ayresi BONAP.a.RTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.--SHARPE, Hand- list, ii, 1900, 201. Picus ayresi D Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1844, 194. C[olaptes] ayresii RErCnENBCn, Handb. Scans.-Picine, 1854, 413, pl. 666, fig. 4421. Colaptes ayresii BAIleD, Rep. Stansbury's Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Ft. Union).--HEEaNN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 270 (rots. near Cosumnes R., California, 2 specs.).--GaY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 120. a For special discussion of this hybrid series see the following: Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 122-124.--Coues, Birds of the North-West, 1874, 293, 294.-- Ridgway and Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 430--432.Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1892, 21-44.--Rhoads, Science, xx, 1892, 325-327. b Some California specimens are doubtless hybrids of C. auratus borealis and C. caret saturatior, whoe respective ranges adjoin in northern British Columbia and southern Alaska. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Geopicus ayresii MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 260. Colaptes lybridus BmD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 122 (valleys of upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 98a.-- SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 3 (Topeka and Lawrence, KanSaS).--BAIRD, BREWER, and RmGWV, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 582, pl. 54, fig. 3.-- lmGwv, Field and Forest, 1877, 209 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 556 (Washoe Valley, Nevada, 1 spec., Jan.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 387.m B.Nm, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 130 (Camp Harney, Oregon, 1 spec.). Colaptes "lybridus" Coup.s, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 618 (upper Missouri, Milk R., and Yellowstone R.). Colaples auratus, var. lybridus Rmowv, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 38 (Nevada). Colaptes auratus, r. hybridus RmGwv, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1878, 68 (Calaveras Co., California; crit.).--B.LIN and RDWAV, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 430 (Marysville, California, Jan., Feb.; crit.). Colaptes auralus hybridus Rwv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 190; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378a.--BROW (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas). Picus hybridus aurato-mexicanus SUSVLL, Consp. Picinarium, 1866, 72. Colaptes auralus-mexicanus Coups, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, ]83, in text (Ft. Whipple, Arizona, 1 spec., Feb. 20). Colaptes auratus-C, mexicanus BEsR, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Oct., 1881, 247 (Orange Co. and Ft. Hamilton, New York; Mt. Carmel, Illinois). Colaptes auraJus-cafer Bus, Wilson Bull., no. 18, 1898, 4 (Chester Co., Penn- sylvania, 1 spec., Oct. 3, 1898). (?)Colapes auratus? Rwv, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 557 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, 1 spec., Oct.). Colaptes auratus (not Cuculus auratus Linnmus) ALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 139 (Ft. Hays, w. Kansas).--BsSR, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 47 (Ft. Hamilton, New York, 1 spec., Oct. 4, 1879). (?)Colaptes crysoides Rwv, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 19, 38 (West Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada).--BSVR, ALLrsON, and Ko, Auk, xxv, 1908, 448 (Deer Range Plantation, Plaquemine Parish, Louisiana, 1 spec., Dec., 1863). COLAPTES CHRYSOCAULOSUS CHRYSOCAULOSUS Gundlach. CUBAN FLICKER. Similar to C. azratus, but rump thickly spotted with black, gray of pileum lighter and clearer, and under parts more heavily spotted. Adult male.--Pileum, together with lower and lateral portions of hindneck, uniform clear gray (about no. 6), interrupted by a large crescentic nuclml patch of bright poppy red; back, scapulars, wing- coverts, and secondaries gryish brown (olivaceous broccoli brown to nearly isabella color) sharply barred with black, the bars broader (but still narrower than the grayish brown interspaces) on secondaries; primary coverts and primaries black, the former narrowly edged ter- minally with dull wlfitish or pale yellowish, the inner (proxhnal) primaries more or less spotted or barred on middle portion of outer web with the same or pale grayish brown; shafts of remiges bright chrome or deep-chrome yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former thickly marked with mostly cordate spots of black, the BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25 COLAPTES CHRYSOCAULOSUS GUNDLACHI (Cory). GRAND CAYMAN FLICKER. Similar to O. v. vrysocaulosus, but decidedly smaller and black malar patch of male averaging smaller and narrower, a Adult ma/e.wLength (skins), 225-235 (232) ; wing, 127-132.5; tail, 75-90.5 (85.2); culmen, 30-33 (31.3); tarsus, 23-25 (23.8); outer anterior toe, 20-20.5 (20.2). b Adult female.--Length (skins), 240-260 (250); wing, 127-131 (129.5); tail, 86.5-91.5 (88.1); culmen, 29-32.5 (30.6); tarsus, 24-25 (24.5); outer anterior toe, 19.5-20.5 (20). c Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. Colaptes gundlachi CoRv, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 498, 502 (Grand Cayman, W. I.; coll. C. B. Cory); Birds West Ind., 1889, 175; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 129, 143.--HARGIWr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 15.--NICOLL, Ibis, 1904, 584 (crit.).--LowE, Ibis, 1909, 341; 1911, 150. [ColapSes] gundlachi SHAPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES CHRYSOIDES (Malherbe). GILDED FLICKER. Adult male.--Pileum, together with loral and superciliary regions, dull vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-fawn color, passing into vinaceous-drab on hindneck; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and sec- ondaries deep cru-drab, rather narrowly barred with black (the black bars always less than half as wide as the drab interspaces) except on secondaries (where much broader); rump white, mostly immaculate, but laterally transversely spotted with black; upper tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black, sometimes with U- or V-shaped markings instead of bars, or with both; tail black, the basal half or more of inner web of middle pair of rectrices notched or barred along edge with pale brownish gray, the outer web of one or two middle pairs narrowly edged basally with dull whitish, the outermost (devel- oped) pair with a terminal spot and (usually) several spots along edge of distal portion of outer web, of dull whitish or pale brownish, the shafts of all the rectrices (except middle pair, which are dull yellowish or brownish basally) bright yellow basally (sometimes for nearly basal half); primaries dull black with bright cadmium or chrome yellow shafts, the outer web usually with more or less distinct spots of pale yellowish drab or dull yellowish on proximal or middle portion (or both), at least on proximal quills; rictal, suborbital, and auricular regions, sides of neck, chin, throat, and foreneck uniform gray (nearest no. 7, or between this and smoke gray), passing posteriorly a The alleged color-characters mentioned in the original description are not appar- ent in the series examined by me. b Five specimens. c Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 243-290 (271); wing, 151-159 (156); tail, 95-108.5 (104.1); culmen, 33-36 (34) ; tarsus, 26.5-28.5 (27.6) ; outer anterior toe, 19-22 (20.7).a ]Zoung male.--Similar to the adult male, but coloration duller, gray of throat, etc., duller, more brownish, black jugular patch smaller and less sharply defined, black spots on under parts less sharply defined, less rounded, feathers of pileum indistinctly tipped a Seventeen specimens. Locality. I Wing. I Tail. 158.4 MALES. Ten adult males from southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Morelos, and Mexico) ................................................. Ten adult males from southwestern Mexico (Guerrero, Michoa- can, and alisco) ........................................... Three adult males ( C. e. eafert) from Durango ................ Two adult males ( C. e. cafert) from Chihuahua ............... Five adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Arizona (3), New Mexico (1) and western Texas (1) ................................... Ten adult males ( C. c. collars) from California ................. Six adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Oregon .................... Two adult males ( C. c. collaris) from northern Lower California.. Two adult males ( C. c. cdlaris) from Santa Cruz Island, Cali- fornia ....................................................... Four adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Utah .................... Ten adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Colorado .................. One adult male ( C. c. collaris) from Wyoming ................. Seven adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Montana ............... Ten adult males ( C. c. saturatior) from Washington and British Columbia ................................................... Six adult males ( C. c. rufipileus) from Guadalupe Island ....... FEMALES. Seventeen adult females ( C. e. eafer) from southern Mexico ..... Five adult females ( C. e. eafer) from northern Mexico .......... Seven adult females (C. e. collaris) from Arizona (3), New Mexico (3) and western Texas (1) ........................... Ten adult females ( C. e. eollaris) from California ............... Five adult females ( C. e. eollaris) from Oregon ................. One adult female ( C. e. eollars) from Utah .................... Two adult females ( C. e. eollars) from Colorado ............... Three adult females ( C. e. eollaris) from Wyoming ............. Seven adult females ( C. e. eollars) from Montana .............. One adult female ( C. e. ee/ars) from South Dakota ........... Ten adult females (C. e. saturatior) from Washingtan and British Columbia ............................................. Seven adult females ( C. e. rufipileus) from Guadalupe Island.. 156. 161. 159. 168. 6 165 165. 5 161 157 165. 5 166. 4 167. 5 165. 6 169.9 150 156 157.1 163. 6 162.1 163. 9 160. 5 167. 2 163. 5 161.9 169. 5 167. 1 152. 5 108.1 102. 8 106. ? 104. 2 111.1 113. 2 116 105. 7 102. 5 112.8 112 107 114. 2 118. 7 110 lO4.1 101.7 lO 5 109.8 110.7 109 113 108.5 110.9 118.5 117 110. 4 Ex- posed mlmen. 35. 6 34. 7 37. 5 36. 7 36. 6 38 37. 7 40.2 36 37. 3 38. 4 37 37. 8 39. 8 38. 9 34 34. 8 37 86. 5 37. 6 35. 5 88. 7 35. 8 35. 2 36 37. 7 39 Tarsus 27. 3 2L 4 28 28.2 28.8 29.7 29.5 29.2 29 29.6 29.8 32 29.6 30 27. 3 27. 6 27. 9 28. 8 27. 4 30.1 29 28. 2 2& 7 29.1 30 28.7 28 Outer ante- rior toe. 21. 1 21 21.7 22 21.9 22. 4 22. 6 2Z 5 24 22. 5 22.2 23.5 22. 4 23.9 22. 2 20. 7 21. 6 22.1 22. 1 22.1 21 21 21.8 21.9 22..5 22. 7 21. 7 Specimens from the States of Guanajuato, Durango, luevo Leon, and Chihuahua, while small like those from the more southern parts of Mexico are decidedly paler and grayer in coloration, in this respect being undistinguishable from examples of C. c. collaris from the interior districts of the United States. 32 BIILLETIN 50 IIIWITED STATES NATIONAL MIISEIIM. with paler, and red malar stripes less bright, less uniform, and black terminal area on under side of tail not sharply defined. 7'oung feraale.--Similar to the young male, but malar region dull grayish brown or brownish gray instead of red. Central and southe Mexico, in States of Tsmaulipas (Ciudd Victoria, in southern part), Vers Cz ss Vigas; Orizabs; Mirad6r; Jalaps; Suspm; Monte Alto; Cofre de Perote), Puebls (base of Orizabs; San Martin Texmelucn; Huejotzingo; Totehuscn; San Migudl Molino), Mexico (Volcan de Popocstdpetl; Volcan de Ixtacci- huatl; Ixtspalspa; TeIco; Xochilco; Calaps; Tscubsys; lluipulco, TlaIpm; TemcItepec; near City of Mexico), Hidalgo (Rel del Monte), Morelos (Huitzilc; TeIs del Volcan), San Lugs Potos (Sierra de San Luls Potosl), uas Cslientes (Sierra de Xeres; Sierra de Calllo), Jalisco olcsn de Nieve; Volcan de Cola; Los Masos; Tonils; Ls Pisagua; Sierra de Bolafios; Sierra Madre de Nayart; Zspotln), Michoscn (Pstzcuaro), Tepic (Sierra de NsyaMt; Sierra Msdre), Guerrero (Omilteme; Sierra Madre del Sur), and Oaxacs (mountains near Ozoc6topec; Ls Psrada; Tot6npec; Tonaia; Villa Alia). [P] caf GZL, Syst. Nt., i, pt. i, 1788, 431 (Cape of Good Hope; eor). LATHAM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 242. Pis caf VZLLOZ, NOUV. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., xx, 1818, 102. C[olaptes] caf SWZZNEZR, Snd. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 8, in text, p. RIDGWAV, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296, part. Colaptes caf AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISLS' NION, Check List, 1886, no. 413, part.--SToz, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (base of Volcun de Ozabu, Puebla; Volcan de Ixtaccihuafl und V. de Popocatepetl, 11,00 12,000 ft.).--BZDRZ, Life ist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 134, p.C- , Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 43 (L Vies, Vers uz, 8,000 ft., bi). Colap caf caf AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 3d ., 1910, 195. P[] lathi WAER, Syst. Av., 1827, c, sp. 85 (new nume for P caret Gmelin). Colaptes mexnus SwAxso, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 0 (Real del Monte, idalgo, Mexico; coll. Bullock); Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xx, 315; Clsif. Bis, ii, 17, 3.--SCRAPER, OC. Zool. Soc. LoRd., 1856, 307 (Su- pare, Veru Cruz); 1858, 305 (Lu Parada, Oa); 1859, 367 (Jalapa, Vers Cz); 1864, 177 (ne City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Bs, 1862, 344, pt (Meco).BARD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sv., ix, 1858, 120, part (in sony- my).GRAv, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidm, 1868, 121, part (Meco). Svcsw, Mere. Boat. Soc. N. ., i, 1869, 562 (alpine reg. Veto Cruz).-- BAR, BREWER, und RmwAv, ist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 578, (Oaca; Ver Cruz).--FERRAm-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nt. Mus., ix, 1886, 160 (S Martin Texmelucan, nd Totimehuacn, Puebla).hRIWT, Cat. Birds Bt. Mus., xii, 1890, 17, part (localiti in Zatec?, San Ls Potosi, Jalisco, Tepic, Gueero, Oaxucu, and Veto Cruz), 568 (Siena Bolaos, Jalisco).SAv and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 195 402, pt (Sie Bolafios, Volcan de Cofimu, and Zupoflan Jalisco; 34 BULLETIN boy UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bocas; Cienega de las Vacas; Rio Sestin; Arroyo del Bu4y), and northern Lower California (Nachiguero Valley; San Pedro Martir Mountains, 7,000-10,000 feet; Santa Ulalia; 45 miles east of San Quintin). Colaptes collaris Vmots, Zool. $ourn., iv, 1829, 354 (MonCerey, California); Zool. Voy. "Blossom," 1839, 24, pl. 9.--GABEL, $ourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 56 (New Mexico to California).--lf[CCALL, 1)rec. AC. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 220 (New Mexico).--BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, ll4.--BAIRD, in Rep. Stausbury's Exp. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Monterey). C[olaptes] collaris REICHENBaCH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 414, pl. 667, fig. 4421. [Colaptes] collaris SHARPE, Hand-list, if, 1900, 201. C[olaptes] caret eollaris RIDOWAV, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296, footnote, in text (crit.). Colaptes cafer eollaris NELSON, Auk, xvii, 1900, 123 (crit.).--AIERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xviii, 1.q01,301; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 195.--GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 39 (California range).-- STONE, ProC. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mr. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., n. California; crit.).--MILLE*t (W. DEW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 165 (Rosario, Rancho Santuario, La Boquilla, Las Bocas, etc., n. w. Durango, breeding; crit.).--LARSEN, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 114 (Lyman Co., South Dakota, summer res.).--CAME*tON, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 270 (Custer and Daven- port counties, Montana, common, breeding; crit.; mostly "with auratus blood").--ANDESON, Prec. Davenport Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 279 (w. Iowa, frequent).--BENT, Auk, xxv, 1908, 26 (s. w. Saskatchewan, common, breeding; interbreeding with C. auratus borealis).--SEToN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 453 (Winni- peg, 1 spec., Sept. 30, 1904).--PnELE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 388 (w. Alberta; Ft. Chippewyan, 1 spec.).--LINTON, Condor, x, 1908, 84 (San Clemente I., California), 127 (Santa Cruz I., California).--KE,tODE, Prov. Mus. Brit. Columbia, 1909, 50 (east of Cascade range).--VIsE,t, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 148 (w. South Dakota, abundant).--BEAL, Bull. no. 34, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1910, 25 (food).--FERX', Auk, xxvii, 1910, 199 (Saskatchewan, com- mon).--V,sHEn, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 12 (Harding Co., w. South Dakota, mostly west of Little Missouri R., breeding).--BEAL, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 59 (food).--ISELY, Auk, xxix, 1912, 36 (Sedgewick Co., Kansas, Dec., Feb.).--HoWELL (A. B.), Condor, xiv, 1912, 190 (Todos Santos Islands, Lower California; straggler). Colaptes mexicanus (not of Swainson, 1827) SWAINSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., if, 1831, pp. xxvi, 315, part.---J,aDINE, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 43, 44, foot- note.--NUTTaLL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667.--SCLATER, Prec. Zool. See. Lend., 1857, 127 (San Jos4 Valley, Califor- nia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344, part (synonymy only).--BmD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 120, part; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 6 (Saltillo and Agua Nueva, Coahuila; San Elizario, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 98, part.--BLaISTON, Ibis, 1862, 3 (int. British America).--D,tESSE, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, Nueces R., and Piedras Negras, Texas, in winter).--GRav, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 121, part (San Francisco).--CoopER, Orn. Calif., 1870, 408.--HOLgEN, PreC. Best. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 207 (Sherman, Wyoming; habits).--CoJES, Check List, 1873, no. 314, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 459, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 294.--SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 3 (Lawrence, e. Kansas, in winter).--BAiRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, if, 1874, 578, pl. 55, figs. 3,4.-- HENSnAW, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 79 (Utah).--RIDGWAy, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 555 (localities in Nevada and Utah).HAROITT, Cat. Birds 36 BULLETIlg 50 UlgITED STATES lgATIOIAL MUSEUlYI. COLAPTES CAFER SATURATIOR (Ridgway). NORTHWESTERN LICKER. Similar to C. c. collaris but larger and darker (darker even than C. c. caret), the upper parts browner, the under pars of body more strongly vinaceous. Adult male.--Length (skins), 297-312 (306); wing, 164.5-177.5 (169.9); tail, 113-124 (118.7); culmen, 37-42.5 (39.8); tarsus, 29-31 (30); outer anterior toe, 22.5-25 (23.9). a Adult female.--Length (s-kins), 285-313 (297); wing, 163.5-171 (167.1); tail, 110-123.5 (117); cuhnen, 36-40 (37.7); tarsus, 26-30.5 (28.7); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.7). a Northwest coast district, from northern California (Humboldt Bay, etc.) to southern Alaska (Sitka; Taku River; Kupreanoff, Dall, Gravina, Revillagigedo, and Etolin islands). Colaptes mexicanus (not of Swainson) NUTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667, part.--ScLAW.R, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.).--Cooe.R and SucL.v, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 163 (Washington and Oregon west of Cascade Mts.).--LoRD, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 112 (Brit. Columbia).--BRow, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).--DALL and BIswR, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 275 (Sitka, Alaska).--CooR, Orn. Calif., 1870, 408, part.-- Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 314, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 459, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 294, part.--SLw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 425 (Esqui- mault, Vancouver I.).--HR(XTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 17, part (Vancouver, San Juan, and Orcas islands, and Esquimault, Brit. Colum- bia; Whitby Island, Washington; Albany, Oregon). [Colaptes] mexicanus CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part. C[olaptes] mexicanus Cou.s, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part. Colaptes aaratus mexicanas IIDGWAY, om. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378b, part. Colaptes mexicanus saturatior RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, April 10, 1884, 90 (Neah Bay, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Colaptes cafer saturatior AIRcN ORrroLo(sws' UNm, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 413a; 3d ed., 1910, 195.--NELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 161 (Sitka).--TowsED (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 206 ("Redwood region" and Red Bluff, California).--C, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (Westminster, Brit. Columbia).--FN, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 29 (west of Cascade Mts.).--PALER (T. S.), Auk, ix, 1892, 309 (Grays tarbor, Washington).--B.DrE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 137.--GRnELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 127 (Sitka); Facific Coast Avffauna, no. 3, 1902, 39 (California range).--Ko, Auk, xvii, 1900, 352 (Cape Disappointment, Vashington, resident).--Os(ooD, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 45 (Cumshewa Inlet and Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands).--RATHU, Auk, xix, 1902, 135 (Seattle, Washington, resident). ANDESO and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 9 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.).--BOWLES, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 144 (Tacoma, Washington, resident).--EDsoN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 434 (Bellingham, Washington, resi- dent).--CLAK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 60 (Dockton, Wash- ington; Union Bay, Vancouver I.).--SWARTH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 70 (Kupreanof, Dall, Gravina, Revillagigedo, and Etolin islands, and Taku R., Alaska; crit.; habits); Rep. Birds and Mare. Vanc. I., 1912, 39 (crit.). a Ten specimens. 38 BULLETII 507 UIITED STATES IATIONAL MUSEUM. outer web of lateral rectrix usually with a few irregular bars of pale grayish brown near edge, the outer web of middle rectrices some- times narrowly edged, or indistinctly barred along edge, with the same; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, chin, throat, foreneck, and sides of neck uniform gray (about no. 6 a or between that and smoke gray); malar region bright poppy red, the feathers first black then gray beneath surface; a large crescentic or semilunar patch of black on chest; rest of under parts dull white medially, shading into very pale pinkish gray or ecru drab laterally, each feather with a subterminal cordate or roundish spot of black, these markings more transverse or bar-like on flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing- coverts pale grayish pink, those along margin of wing narrowly and irregularly barred with black; inner webs of remiges (except outer- most) pale buff-pink or salmon-pink for basal half (approximately) the terminal portion dusky, strongly glossed or suffused with orange- pink or salmon-pink, except along edges; under side of tail rufous- orange broadly tipped with black, the lateral rectrices 4th a small terminal spot of dull whitish or pale dull orange and sometimes with a few narrow bars of the same alternating with much wider inter- spaces of blackish along edge; bill dusky horn color (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky grayish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 259-329 (276); wing, 153-163 (157.9); tail, 95.5-115 (111.7); culmen, 36-40.5 (38.2); tarsus, 28-30 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 22-24 (22.7). b Adult female.--Similar to the adult male but red malar stripe replaced by a similar area of cinnamon; length (skins), 265-300 (288); wing, 151-163 (154.7); tail, 104.5-113.5 (110.5); culmen, 34.5-38.5 (35.6); tarsus, 25-29 (27.7); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (21.8). c Highlands of Clfiapas (San CristSbal) and Guatemala (Cobn to Chis6c; Tactic; Cohen; Hacienda ChancS1; Todos Santos; Volcan de Santa Maria; Calderas and Pajal Grande, Volcan de Fuego; Barranca de los Chocoyas; Lake Atitlan; near Tecpm, 5,000-9,500 feet; a Ridgway's "Nomenclature of Colors," plate 2. b Sixteen specimens. c Eight specimens. Locality. MALES. Nine adult males from G uatemala ............................. Seven adult males Lrom Chiapas (San Cristobal) ............... FEMALES. Seven adult females from Guatemala .......................... One adult female from Chlapas (San Crlstbal) ................ Ving. 157 159.1 153.5 163 110. 8 112.9 110. 3 112 Ex- posed ulmex. 37. 9 38. 2 35. 6 34.5 Talu 28.8 28.9 27.7 27. 5 Outer rlor toe. 22.7 22.8 21.7 22 BIRDS OF NORTY[ AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39 Barranca Honda; E1 Rinc6n, San Marcos; Ciupach6; plains of Que- zaltenango; ridge above Totonicapm). Northern Nicaragua (Mata- galpa), a P[icus] rubicatus WA(LER, Isis, 1829, 516, part (female). C[olaptes] rubricatus GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 446. Colaptes rubricatus GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, pl. 111. Geopicus rubricatus MALZERnE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 265, pl. 110, figs. 1, 2. Col[aptes] mexicanoides LAIRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., vii, Feb., 1844, 42 ("Mexico;" coll. Lafresnaye). Colaptes mexicanoides SCLATER and SALVN, Ibis, 1859, 137 (Coban and Los Cho- coyas, Guatemala; crit.).--ScrATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344 (Coban).-- GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 121.--SArvIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1892, 327 (Matagalpa, Nicaragua); Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 404 (locali- ties in Guatemala; Matagalpa).--DEARnORN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 94 (Lake Atiflan and near Tecpam, Guatemala, 5,000-9,500 ft.; descr, nest; crit.). [Colaptes] mexicanoides GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8831.--SCLATER and SAVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101. C[olaptes] mexicanoides BAIRD, BREWER, and I:ID(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 574.--RID(WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296.--ALEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 25, 37 (crit.). Geopicos mexicanoides MAn.ERiE, Mm. Ac. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359. Colaptes collaris (not of Vigors) BONAeARE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 114. [Colaptes] collaris BONAeARE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126. Picus submexicanus SVNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72 (new name for C. mexicanoides; the latter rejected on grounds of purism). Colaptes submexicanus HARrrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 21 (Barranca Hondo, Tactic, Coban, and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). [Colaptes] sub-mexicanus SARIE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. Genus NESOCELEUS Sclater and Salvin. Nesoceleus SCLAER and SALVIa, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101, 155. (Type, by original designation, Colaptesfernandine Vigors.) Rather large Picidm (wing 144-157 ram.) similar to Colaptes, but with nostrils wholly exposed (no trace of antrorse prefrontal plumes), no black jugular patch, no white on rump, and with whole of body, wings, and tail barred with black and brownish yellow. Bill about as long as head, rather slender, very slightly decurved terminally, its tip pointed (not at all chisel-shaped), its width at posterior end of nostrils decidedly greater than its depth at same point; ridge of cuhnen indistinct basally, distinct terminally; an indistinct supranasal ridge, running parallel with culmen for about basal half of maxilla; gonys about as long as mandibular rami, straight or very faintly concave terminally, slightly prominent basally, rather distinctly ridged; commissure nearly straight to near base, where slightly deflected. Nostril wholly exposed, rather large, roundish. Feathers of frontal antiee small, short, and erect (not a I have not seen a specimen from Nicaragua, and doubt whether specimens from that country are subspecifically identical with those from Guatemala. They should be carefully compared. 40 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. antrorse); no obvious bristly tips to feathers of rictus, malar apex, nor chin. Wing moderately long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of exposed culmen; sixth to eighth primaries longest, ninth about equal to second, the tenth (outermost) a little more than half as long as ninth. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices rather narrow, gradually acuminate. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw, but shorter than outer front toe with claw, rather slender; toes rather slender and claws rather weak. Coloration.--Whole body, wings, and tail barred with black and brownish yellow or huffy; shafts of remiges and rectrices on under side (only) light yellow; pileum and sides of head cinnamon, the former narrowly streaked with black; adult male with a broad black malar stripe. Range.--Island of Cuba; monotypic. NESOCELEUS FERNANDIN,E (Vigors). FEINANDINA'S FLICI. Acquit mae.--Pileum and hindneck light wood brown or cinnamon, narrowly streaked with black; loral, orbital, rictal, and auricular regions immaculate light wood brown, usually somewhat paler on suborbital and rictal regions; rest of upper parts dull black, sharply and very regularly barred with pale dull yellow (the bars on dorsum and tail sometimes deeper yellow), the bars much narrower on rec- trices (where extending entirely across both webs), much broader on primaries; malar region black; chin and throat thic -kly streaked with black and white or yellowish white, the black streaks broader than the whitish ones; rest of under parts light huffy yellowish (dull pale maize yellow to nearly ocher yellow), sharply and very regularly barred with black, the black bars broadest on chest and flanks; under wing-coverts light creamy yellow (naples yellow), more or less barred or flecked with blackish, at least along edge of wing; inner webs of remiges dusky grayish olive (changing to yellowish in certain lights), spotted along edge (except on distal portion of outer primaries) with light creamy yellow, their shafts clear naples yellow; under surface of tail olive, changing to dull golden yellow, narrowly barred with dull yellow (naples or maize yellow), the shafts of rectrices clear naples or maize yellow; bill dull black; legs and feet dusky grayish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 297-312 (304.5); wing 146.5-157 (151.6); tail, 112.5-123 (118.5); culmen, 39-42.5 (41.1); tarsus, 28-31 (30.3); outer anterior toe, 23-24 (23.6-). a AduZtfemale.--Similar to the adult male, but malar region streaked with black and white, like chin and throat; length (skins), 307-320 313); wing, 144-155.5 (148.6) ; tail, 102-126 (113.7) ; culmen, 36.5-40 (38.4); tarsus, 28.5-31.5 (30); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.3). a a Five specimens. 4 BULLETIN 507 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. men; sixth and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth (M. portoricensis) or seventh (M. erytrocephalus), the tenth (outernmst) more than one-third as long as ninth (M. portoricensis) or less than one-third as long (M. erythro- cepalus). Tail slightly more than half as long as wing (in M. eryth- rocepalus) to about three-fifths as long (M. portoricensis), the middle rectrices strongly acuminate terminally. Tarsus shorter than either outer toe with claw, rather slender; outer hind toe about as long as outer front toe, or very slightly shorter. Coloration.--Adults with plumage of throat and chest hair-like, cimson; back, wing-coverts, primaries (secondaries also in M. porto- rcensis), and tail black; rump and upper tail-coverts white (second- aries and under parts of body, except chest, also white in M. erytlrocepalus ) . Rage.--United States and southern Canala east of Rocky Moun- tains; one species peculiar to Porto Rico and St. Thomas, Greater Antilles. (Two species.) IEY TO THE SPECIES OF ]ELANERPES. a. Secondaries and under parts mostly white; lateral rectrices tipped with white. b. Head, neck, and chest uniform crimson; buck uniform glossy blue-black; under parts of body immaculate white (sometimes tinged with red on abdomen); bmer secondaries without black spots. (United States and southern Canada east of Rocky Mountains.) ......... Melanerpes erythrocephalus, adults (p. 42). bb. Head, neck, and chest brownish gray or grayish brown streaked or spotted with dusky; buck barred or squamated with grayish brown or brownish gray; under parts of body dull white streaked laterally with dusky; inner second- aries with a large subterminal spot of black. lelanerpes erythroeephalus, young (p. 44). aa. Secondaries wholly black (inner ones sometimes edged with white on distal por- tion); lateral rectrices not tipped with white. b. Malar region, chin, throat, nd median portion of remaining under parts crimson. (Porto Rico.) ................... Nelanerpes portoricensis, adult mule a (p. 47). bb. Malar region, chin, and throat grayish brown; red on under parts of body more or less interrupted. Nelanerpes portoricensis, adult female and young (p. 47). MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Linnaeus). Adults (sexes alike b).--Head, neck, and upper chest uniform bright crimson, margined posteriorly by a more or less distinct (usually more or less concealed) semicircular band of black across chest; back and scapulars uniform glossy blue-black, the wing- a Some adult females also. b After carefully examining a very large number of sexed specimens I have been unable to find any average (much less constant) difference of coloration between the sexes. BIRDS OF NORTH A17D MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 Sci. Phila., 1859, 105 (Rio Grande, iNew Mexico, 1 spec., uly).--VERRI, PreC. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 145 (Oxford Co., Maine, rare summer resident).-- SCLATER, Ct. Am. Birds, 1862, 340 (e. iNorth America).--DREsSER, Ibis, 1865, 469 (Nueces, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, and Medina rivers, Texas).--- MCIwRAIT, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 83 (Hamilton, Ontario).--LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. iN. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York City).--GRv, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidm, 1868, ll5.--CooPER, Orn. Calif., 1870, 402.--AEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 129 (Leuvenworth and Topeka, lansas), 139 (Ft. Hays, Kansas), 151 (Denver and Plum Creek, Colorado), 158 (South Park, Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. iN. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Missouri R. to Mussel- shell R., abundant); Bull. Am. Mus. iN. H., i, 1886, 247 (Massachusetts, rare summer resident).--HOLDE, PreC. Bost. Soc. iN. H., xv, 1872, 207 (near Sher- man, Wyoming).--TRPE, Proc. Bost. Soc. iN. H., xv, 1872, 233 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding).--RDGWV, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1 spec., May), 177, 185 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 31 (Salt Lake City); Field and Forest, i, 1877, 209 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 554 (Salt Lake City; Laramie, Wyoming); Proc. U. S. iNat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; iNom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 375; Bull. iNult. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (unusual migration in s. Illinois in fall of 1879); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 383.--CouEs, Check List, 1873, no. 309; 2d ed., 1882, no. 453; Birds lorthwest, 1874, 290 (iNehama R.; Yellowstone R.; Platte R.; Ft. Lookout; Bitter Cottonwood and La Bonte creeks, Colorado, etc.); Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 617 (Pembina R., iNorth Dakota, to Rocky Mts.).--BAIRD, BREWER, and I:IDGWAY, Hist. iN. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 564, pl. 54, fig. 4; special ed., 1875, plate facing p. 564.--FERrieD, Am. iNat., viii, 1874, 437 (Orono, Maine, accidental).--HEssHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 90 (South Park and Huerfano R., Colorado); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 398 (South Park, Pueblo, Twin Lakes, and E1 Paso County, Colorado).--GEsTRV, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 109 (habits).--BREwsTER, Ann. Lyc. iN. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Viro4nia).--GRNsEL(G. B.), in Ludlow's Rep. Recon., 1876, 81 (Mon- tana).--McCuLEv, Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 679 (Red R. Valley, Texas; crit.).--BLEv (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 97 (Vermilion, South Dakota; habits).--MvRe, Birds Florida, 1878, 229.--MERRIM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 123 (Lewis Co., iNew York, resident; habits); vi, 1881, 232 (Adirondack re, on, breeding).--RATnus (F. R.), Rev. List Birds Centr. iNew York, 1879, 25 (resident).--CouEs (G. H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 31 (Breoklyn, New York, summer resident).--RonERTS, 8th An. Rep. Geol. and iNat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 1880,163 (Duluth, I spec., July 11, 1877); in Wilcox's Hist. Becker Co., hIinn., 1.907, 176 (common).--AGERsnoR, Bull. iNutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (Ver- milion, South Dakota; peculiar nesting site).--BRows (N. C.), Proc. Portland Soc. iN. H., 1882, (19) (Portland, Maine, rareandirregular).--Onv, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 59 (iNavarro Co., Texas, uncommon in summer).-- PCaDIE, Bull. iNutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 57 (near Boston, Massachusetts, Sept., Oct., and iNov., 1881).--WLIMS, Bull. iNutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 63 (Belt Mts., Montana, 1 spec.).--KNOWLTOS, Bull. iNutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 63 (Orwell, Brandon, Rutland, etc., Vermont, common).---NEHRS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., vii, 1882, 171 (Houston, etc., s. e. Texas, breeding).-- ALOES and BREWSTER, Bull. iNutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 196 (Colorado Springs, Colorado).--DREw, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding from plains up to 10,000 ft.).--BEc]HM, Auk, ii, 1885, 143 (Pueblo, Colorado); 54 BULLETIN 507 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Back narrowly barred with white (the bars averaging less, usually much less, than 2 ram. wide); primaries with little if any white on basal portion of outer web; under parts darker (deep olive- drab or yellowish drab) with yellow of abdomen deeper (saffron yellow or orange-yellow); middle rectrices sometimes with white on basal portion of inner web; nape orange-red, in adult male usually confluent with red crown-patch. (Centurus santacruzi.) . Larger (averaging wing more than 131, tail more than 72, culmen more than 29 in male, wing more than 129, tail more than 72, culmen more than 26, in female). j. Under parts averaging darker, white bars on back, etc., narrower, and forehead less purely white. (Chiapas and Guatemala through Salvador to northern Nicaragua.) Centurus santacruzi santacruzi (p. 84). jj. Under parts averaging paler, forehead more purely white, and white bars on back, etc., broader. (Southern Tamaulipas, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and northeastern Oaxaca.) Centurus santacruzi grateloupensis (p. 87). i. Smaller (averaging wing 123.7, tail 69.2, culmen 27.4 in male, wing 119.5, tail 66.9, culmen 25.8 in female); in coloration averaging darker than C. s. santacruzi. (Honduras.) Centurus santacruzi pauper (p. 88). ee. A large superciliary patch of black; outer (as well as inner) web of middle rectrices broadly barred with white; lateral rectrices barred to base. ( Centurus chrysogenys. ) f. Nape reddish orange or orange-red. (Sinaloa and Tepic.) Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (p. 89). ft. Nape orange-yellow (in adult male abruptly contrasted with red of occiput and crown). (Jalisco, Michoacan, Collins, and Guerrero.) Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus (p. 91). cc. tIindneck grayish brown or drab. d. Orbital region partly black; lateral rectrices barred only on distal portion; rump and upper tail-coverts streaked with black; abdomen white. South- ern Mexico, in States of Puebla, Oaxaca, Morelos, and Guerrero.) Centurus hypopolius (p. 92). dd. Orbital rion without any black; lateral rectrices barred to base; rump and upper tail-coverts barred with black; abdomen yellow. (Centurus uropygialis. ) e. Lrger, with relatively smaller bill; bars on back, etc., averaging broader (white ones about 2-2.5 ram. wide), and bars on rump, upper tail-coverts, and lateral rectrices averaging broader; adult male averaging: wing 131.1, tail 81, culmen 30.3, tarsus 22.8, outer anterior toe 19.1; adult female, wing 128, tail 73, culmen 26.4, tarsus 26.4, outer anterior toe 18. (Southeastern California, northern Lower California, Arizona, and west. ern Mexico south to Durango and Jalisco.) Centurus uropygialis uropygialis (p. 93). ee. Smaller, with relatively larger bill; bars on back, etc., averaging narrower (white ones about 1.5-2 ram. wide), black bars on rump and upper tail- coverts averaging narrower and more numerous, and bars on tail nRr o rower; udult male averaging: wing 127.8, tail 77.9, culmen 29.9, tarsus 22.6, outer anterior toe 17.7; adult female, wing 123, tall 73.2, culmen 24.9, tarsus 21, outer anterior toe 16.6. (Cape San Lucas district of Lower California.) .............. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri (p. 96). bb. Rump and upper tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with white. (Jamaica.) Centurus radiolatus (p. 97). a. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts red. (Haiti.) ...... Centurus striatus (p. 98). BIRDS OF :NORTH AD MIDDLE AMERICA, 55 CENTURUS CAROLINUS (Linnus). RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Adult ale.--Forehead and nasal tufts light red, the latter usually paler (sometimes dull whitish) anteriorly; crown, occiput, nape, and hindneck bright poppy red, lighter or more scarlet on hindneck; back and scapulars regularly and sharply barred vith black and white, the white bars usually rather narrower than the black interspaces, the wing-coverts similarly barred but the white bars relatively narrower, the secondaries also with broad white bars changing to spots on the distal quills; primaries and primary coverts black, the former blotched with white subbasal]y, the longer quills (except outermost) narrowly edged with white distally (except in worn plumage), the others tipped or broadly margined at tip with white; upper rump barred with black and white, but bars less sharply defined than back; lower rump vhite, usually barred, spotted, or broadly streaked with black (rarely immaculate or nearly so); upper tail-coverts 'hite, often immaculate, but (usually) with a narrow shaft-streak of black, at least basally; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices white with bars or transverse spots of black (exceedingly variable as to number, size, etc.), the outer web usually with a wedge- shaped longitudinal streak of white on basal half, at least, the lateral rectrices tipped with white and with broad (usually interrupted) bars of white on distal portion; loral, superciliary, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions pale to very pale buffy grayish, usually more or less tinged with pale red (sometimes wholly pale red, like frontal region); clfin and upper throat similar but paler dull grayish buffy white (some- times pale red or more or less tinged with the same), passing poste- riorly into pale yellowish smoke grayish on chest, breast, and sides (the yellowish tinge, however, sometimes absent); abdomen pale red or reddish pink, this color sometimes tinging, more or less strongly, the breast, etc.; flanks and under tail-coverts white, barred or streaked with black or with V-shaped markings of the same, the white ground color usually tinged, more or less, with dull yellowish; bill blackish or slate-blackish, the basal portion of gonys sometimes light grayish; iris varying from ferruginous to scarlet; legs and feet olivaceous, or grayish olive-green; length (skins), 200-237 (221.9); wing, 123.5-139 (131); tail, 72.5-85 (77.7); culmen, 28-33 (29.8); tarsus, 20-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 16.5-20 (17.9). a Adult fena/e.--Similar to the adult male, but whole crown and occiput gray (paler anteriorly, the occiput frequently intermkxed, more or less, with black), and red of abdomen usually much paler as well as more restricted; length (skins), 196-238 (215); wing, 122-133 a Forty-one specimens. BIRDS OF IORTH AND ]VIIDDLE AMERICA. 59 Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 152 (Wabash, Indiana, abundant resident).-- L.WtECE (R. B.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 82 (Flushing, Babylon, and Raynor South, Long Island; 3 specs.).--OBEmOLSm, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. set., i, 1896, 290 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, common resident).--H.DLEY, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 187 (Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, resident).-- CooK, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 84 (Greeley, etc., Colorado; very rare); no. 56, 1900, 208 (Limon, Colorado, 1 spec., May, 1899).--JoNs, Wilson Bull., no. 16, 1897, 61 (Oberlin, Ohio; increasing); no. 22, 1898, 62 (Lorain Co., Ohio; increasing).--BYm, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), i03 (Louisiana, resident).--FiSHR (W. H.), Auk, xx, 1903, 305 (Hafford Co., Maryland, breeding). [Melanerpes] carolinus Si.t,E, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. C[enturus] carolinensis Sw.NsoN, CIassif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310. Centurus carolinensis ABBoar, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 538 (New Jersey).--BcK- .M, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 164 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).--SETo, Auk, ii, 1885, 335 (Toronto, Ontario). Picus zebra BODD.RT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on Epeic]e ou Pic rayt de la Louisiane Daubenton, P1. Enl., pl. 692). Picus carolinas var. '. L.TI.M, Index Orn., i, 1790, 231. Picus grisets VIEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 62, pl. 116 (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.).--BONhWEat and VLOT, Enc. 1I6th., iii, 1823, 1308. P[icusl erylhrauc]en W.a, Syst. Av., 1827, Picas, sp. 38 (new name for Picas carolinus Linnaeus); Isis, 1829, 513. Picus querulus (not o[ Wilson) II,YOND, ])roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 293 (s. e. Indiana). CENTURUS SU'PERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS (Temminck). SUPERCILIARY WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Crown, occiput, nape, and hindneck bright crimson or carmhae, rather lighter on the hindneck; back and scapulars broadly barred with black and pale huffy yellowish, the bars of the latter rather narrower than the black interspaces; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black, the black markhgs more spot- like, more or less cordate, on rump, usually V- or U-shaped on longer upper tail-coverts; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices broadly barred with white (white bars sometimes broader than the white haterspaces), the lateral rectrices more narrowly barred vith white, at least on outer web and terminal portion of inner web; wings black, the coverts and secondaries broadly barred with white (the wlfite bars sometimes exceeding the black interspaces in width, either on coverts or secondaries), the basal portion of primaries spotted or otherwise marked with white; forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull grayish white or brovnish vhite, the latero-frontal or post-nasal region red; a large, elongated supra-auricular spot or patch of black, extending anteriorly around upper portion of eye to the anterior angle of the latter; local and suborbital regions white, passing into duller white or very pale grayish huffy on auricular and malar regions, the chin and upper throat similar but slightly darker; under parts mostly plain light huffy grayish brown to dull brownish buff)-, 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. more or less tinged or suffused with saffron yellowish posteriorly, the abdomen (more or less extensively) bright poppy red; flanks broadly but irregularly barred with dusky (the bars sometimes more or less V-shaped); under tail-coverts similarly, but more distinctly, barred, the ground color pfler and more or less tinged with red; under wing- coverts white, irregultrly and rtt, her sparsely barred with black, sometimes nearly immaculate; inner webs of remiges extensively white basally, more or less barred with dusky; bill dull black; legs and feet greenish dusky in dried skins (greenish gray or grayish green in li[e?); length (skins), 259-300 (278); wing, 142.5-157.5 (147.3); tail, 86.5-111 (99.5); culmen, 37.5-42.5 (39.8); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); outer anterior toe, 21.5-24 (22.6). a Adltfemale.--Similr to the adult male, but crown pale brownish gray, passing gradually into the dull wlfitish of forehead, and the bltck supra-auricultr areas connected by a broad band across occiput; length (skhls), 245-285 (261); wing, 137-150 (144.5); tail, 85-105 (98.7); cuhnen, 32.5-39.5 (35.5); tarsus, 23-2 (25.1); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.7). a 'oug ale.--Similar to the adult male, but red of frontlet less extensive, pler; anterior portion of crown much duller red, the remainder of crown and occiput black washed with red; back, scapu- lars, chest, and breast tinged with red; posterior under parts less distinctly barred. 'ougfemale.--Similar to the young male, but anterior portion of crown pale huffy grayish, thged with red. Island of Cuba (Remdios; Fermina; Guam,; El Guam,; Hol- quin; Guantnamo tay; Trinidid; Camagugy; Yateras; Santiago de Cuba; San Diego de los ]afios; Santa Fg; Tuabgque). Picus superciliaris TEMIINCK, P1. Col., 73e livr., 1827, pl. 433 and text (Cuba; coll. Mus. Pays-Bas).--Lsso, lian, d'Orn., 1828,112; Trait d'Orn., i, 1831, 227; Compl. Buffon, ix, 187,324.--Cvv,, Rgne Anita., 2 ed., 1829, 451.-- Tm, Journ. ffir Orn., 1857, 153.--SuNDEV,LL, Consp. Av. Picin. 1866 55. P[/cus] supercliaris W, Isis, 1829, 515. Colaptes superciliaris Vinous, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 445.--W, Wiegmann's Archiv ffir Naturg., 1841, 100.--D'Omv, in La Sagm's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Aves, 1839, 111, pl. 23 (albino); French ed., p. 146.--Liv, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131. Zebraloicus superciliaris M, Mm. Acad. ]letz, xxx, 1849, 361; Mort. Picid., ii, 1862, 223; iv, 1862, pl. 102, figs. 1, 2, 3. [Centurus] superciliaris Borr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 118; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.--GoDC, Journ. ffir Orn., 1861, 334; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 294.--Scr and S.vIs, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.-- Cov, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20. a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTIt A/qD MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 Centurus supercilaris CABANm, Journ. ftir Orn., 1856, 103 (habits; ,ACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 152 (habits); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 141.-- BReWeR, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. 1., vii, 1860, 307.--SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 342.--RmGwAv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 115 (monogr.).--CoRv, Auk, iii, 1886, 379; Birds West Ind., 1889, 174.--CHAPrAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 301 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba). C[enturus] superciliaris RCHN3ACH, Handb. Scansores, Picinm, 1854, 408, pl. 662, figs. 4400-4401.--RDWAV, Proc. U. S. Nat. ]Ius., iv, 1881, 98 (diagnosis). C[enturus] superciliaris superciliaris BANs, Proc. Bil. Soc. Wash., xxiii, Dec. 29, 1910, 173, in text. M[elanerpes] superciliaris RIDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 292. Melanerpes superciliaris HAR(W% Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 167.--CoRv, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 128.--MNAox, Rev. Fmnf. d'Orn., no. 2, 1909, 23 (Guantanamo, e. Cuba). [Melanerpes] superciliaris SaARP, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210. C[olaptes] superciliosus GRAy, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 446. "Picus subocularis LEss[oN], Descr. d'Ois, rc. dcouv., 1847, p. 205, no. 33, le mle" (Malherbe). CENTURUS SUPERCILIARIS MURCEUS Bangs. ISLE OF PINES WOODPECKER. Similar to C. s. superciliaris but decidedly smaller, and under parts of body paler and decidedly less yellowish. Adult male.--Length (skins), 246-264 (255.6); wing, 135.5-143 (138.4); tail, 92-97 (94.5); culmen, 36-40.5 (38.2); tarsus, 23-25.5 (24.4); outer anterior toe, 20-21.5 (20.8). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 242-259 (250); wing, 131.5-139.5 (135.5); tail, 85.5-99 (92.3); culmen, 34-35 (34.5); tarsus, 24-25 (24.5); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (19.8). b Isle of Pines, Cuba (Nueva Gerona; Santa F6; San Juan; Jfcaro; Almacigos). Melanerpes superciliaris (not Picus superciliaris Temminck) BANes and ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 206 (Isle of Pines; crit.). Centurus superciliaris murceus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, Dec. 29, 1910, 173 (San Juan, Isle of Pines; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.). CENTURUS BLAKEI BLAKEI Ridgway. BLAE'S WOODPECKER. Similar to C. superciliaris but much smaller; black superciliary area much smaller; postnasal region (frontal antiee) much paler red; rectrices with much less white; red of abdomen lighter and more restricted, and color of breast, etc., more grayish (less yellowish). Similar also to (. nyeanus but postnasal spots smaller and much less deeply red, forehead less purely white, white bars on upper parts a Six specimens, b Two specimens. 62 BULLETIN 507 UNITED STATES :NATIONAL IVIUSEUM. averaging narrower, and posterior under parts more heavily or dis- tinctly barred, the adult male with a conspicuous superciliary spot of black, the adult female with posterior half of crown mostly black (instead of wholly p.Me gray). Adult male.--Postnasal region (frontal anti,e) pale dull red; fore- head (broadly), loral region, and adjacent parts of orbital region, dull white; a conspicuous superciliary area of black, originating above anterior extremity of the naked orbital area and extending backward as far as middle of auricular region (at least); crown, occiput, and hindneck bright poppy red, somewhat lighter or more scarlet posteriorly; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sharply and regularly barred (broadly) with black and white, the white bars averaging rather narrower than the black ones, the secondaries similarly barred but the black interspaces much wider and (except on inner secondaries) the white bars also much wider; rump and upper t,til-coverts white, rather distantly barred with black, the bars on longer upper tail-coverts less regular, sometimes more or less 13- or V-shaped; primaries black, their outer webs blotched or spotted with white on sub-bssal portion, the inner quills tipped or terminally margined with white; tail black, the inner web of middle rectrices with broad oblique bars or transverse quadrate spots of white, the outer web sometimes with spots, or a wedge-shaped streak, of white, the outermost pair with several broad white transverse spots, or interrupted bars, on distal portion; auricular region very pale buffy smoke grayish, fading into dull buffy grayish white on malar region, chin, and upper throat, this gradually deepening into pale smoke gray on foreneck and chest, this gradually passing into a more yel- lowish light smoke grayish on breast, upper abdomen, and sides; lower abdomen, superficially, bright red, but beneath surface pale dull yellowish and grayish, rather indisth}ctly barred with dusky; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white, tinged with pale ocher- yellow, broadly barred with black, the black bars more V-shaped on under tail-coverts; bill slate-blackish; legs and feet dusky grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 224-256 (245); wing, 129-137 (133.3); tail, $5.5-91 (88.9); culmen, 31.5-33 (32); tarsus, 22-24 (22.S) ; outer anterior toe, 18-19.5 (19). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, bt crovn dull buffy grayish white (like forehead) anteriorly passing, through pale smoke grayish on middle portion, into black posteriorly, the black feathers tipped, more or less broadly, with pale smoke gray, this black arc confluent laterally with the black superciliary spots; length (skins), 220-250 (232); wing, 123.5-132 (129.6); tail, 85.5-91 (88.1); cul- a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND ]V[IDDLE A]V[ERICA. 71 and hindneck bright red (between poppy red and carmine); back, scapulars, and upper rump narrowly barred with black and white, the white bars decidedly narrower than the black interspaces; lower rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, the longer of the latter sometimes with shaft partly black; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices with basal portion variously marked with white (mostly, sometimes wholly, concealed), the outermost pair usually narrowly margined terminally with white or with outer web narrowly barred or indented with the same and with the under surface more or less grayish or hoary; wings black, the coverts and secondaries narrowly barred with white, the basal portion of primaries spotted or blotched with white; sides of head (except anterior portion), including posterior portion of superciliary region, sides of neck, throat, and foreneck, plain pale buffy grayish, passing into deeper buffy grayish, or pale huffy grayish olive, on chest, breast, and sides; abdomen (super- ficially) bright poppy red; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white, more or less tinged with yellowish (sometimes with red also), barred with slate-blackish or dusky, the bars more or less V-shaped, espe- cially on tinder tail-coverts; tinder wing-coverts white, barred or transversely spotted with black; inner webs of remiges (except ter- minal half, approximately, of prhnaries) broadly barred with white; bill dull black, more brownish on lower basal portion of mandible; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or greenish gray in life ?); length (skins), 176-187 (181); wing, 103.5-110 (107); tail, 5S.5-69 (63); culmen, 20.5-23 (21.6); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.5); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.2). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but crown dull smoky whitish, like forehead, passing into light buffy gray on occiput, the red of hindneck lighter and more orange-red or scarlet; length (skins), 165-182 (173); wing, 103.5-108 (105.5); tail, 58-66 (62.3); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.1); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (14.8).a Yucatan (Mrida; Tcmx; Xbac; Peto; Chichen-Itza; La Vega; luerto Morelos; San Felipe; Rio Lagarto). Bonaca Island, coast of I-Ionduras ? b Picus aurifrons (not of Wagler) Bos.e.Rw., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116. [Centurus] aurifrons ]ONAIAITE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 119; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126. Centurus vubriventris Sw.ssos, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 354 (no locality men- tioned).--GAv, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 100.--LwR.sc., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 206 (Mrida, Yucatan; crit.); Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., ii, a Ten specimens. b I have not seen specimens from Bonaca Island. the Yucatan bird. These should be different from BIRDS OF NORTII AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 CENTURUS SUBELEGANS WAGLERI (Salvin and Godman). WAGL-R'S WOODPECKER. Similar to C. s. subelegans a but red of pileum more extensive, never(?) interrupted on occiput, and white bars on back, etc., aver- aging slightly broader. Adult ma/e.--Forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull brownish white, the latero-frontal antim more or less strongly tinged with yellow; crown and occiput bright poppy red, changing gradually to more orange-red on hindneck; back, scapulars, and upper rump rather broadly barred with black and white or yellowish white, the black bars slightly wider than the white ones; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, usually immaculate, rarely with a few irregular narrow bars of blackish; tail black, the inner web of middle rectrices very broadly barred or transversely potted with white, the outer web with transverse spots or a longitudinal streak of white; wing-coverts and secondaries black, broadly barred with white, the distal secondaries with the bars shortened into spots along the edge; primaries black (the outer and longer ones fading into dull slaty beyond their sinuated portion), spotted or otherwise marked basally with white, and narrowly tipped or terminally margined with the same; primary coverts and alulm black, the outermost feathers of the latter edged or indented with wlfite; sides of head (including broad superciliary stripe), sides and fore part of neck and lower throat light buffy grayish, gradually fading into paler (but not approaching white) on suborbital and malar regions, chin, and upper throat, gradually deepening into light buffy olive-grayish on chest, breast, sides, and upper abdomen; lower abdomen (superficially) bright poppy red; flanks and under tail-coverts dull yellowish white or very pale dingy yellowish broadly barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped, at least on longer under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, irregularly barred with blac-kish; inner webs of remiges very broadly barred or transversely spotted with wlfite, the terminal half or more of primaries uniform dark slate color; bill dull black, paler on under side of mandible, at least basally; legs and feet grayish dusky (greenish gray or bluish gray in life ?); length (skins), 153-185 (167); wing, 105.5-119.5 (111.5); tail, 47.5-58 (52.8); culmen, 21.5-25.5 (23.7); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); outer anterior toe, 15.5-18.5 (16.9). b Adult female.---Similar to the adult male, but crown and occiput light, buffy gray or hair brown, and red of hindneck paler and duller (usually more orange red); length (skins), 147-175 (151); wing, a See page 52. b Twenty specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. P[icus] tricolor (not of Gmelin) WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 512 ("Mexico," i. e., Carta- gena, Colombia; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 327). Centurus tricolor CABANIS, Journ. f iir Orn., 1862, 327, part (Cartagena, Colombia; crit.).--ScLATER and SALVlN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama; crit.).--SALvlN, PCOc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (Santa F6 de Veragua and Cordillera de TolS, w. Panama); 1870, 213 (Calovevora, Castillo, and Chitra, w. Panama).--CHERRI, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 47 (Palmr, Legarto, and Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).--BANS, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 287, in text (Rio Grande de T6rraba, s. w. Costa Rica). [Cen$urus] $ricolor SCLATR and SALVlN, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100, part (Panama). C[enturus] tricolor RID(WAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 97, part (Veragua, w. Panama). Melanerpes tricolor HARrrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1891, 174, part (Veragua, Panama, and Paraiso Station, Panama; "Central America"). [Centurus carolinus] var. $ricolor BAIRD, BREWER, and RID(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 554, part ("Central America"). Centurus subelegans (not of Bonaparte) SCLTER, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui, w. Panama). Centurus rubriventris (not of Swainson) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill, Panama). (?)Centurus rubricapillus a CABANm, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept. 1862, 328, in text (Baranquilla, Colombia; coll. tteine Mus). Melanerpes wagleri SALWN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i_i, sig. 52, Jan., 1895, 416 (Lion ttill Station, Panama Railway; coll. Salvin and God- man).--BNS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 18 (Lion Hill; crit.); iii, 1902, 33 (Boquete, w. Panama, 4,000 ft.); Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1907, 107 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, Paso Real, and Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica). [Melanerpes] wagleri SmRe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part (Panama). Melanerpes wagleri wagleri THYR and Bs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 216 (Sabana de Panama).--CARRKR, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 587 (Costa Rica). Melanerpes subelegans wagleri RICHMOND, lroc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 668 (Chiriqui; Panama; coast of Colombia). Centurus wagleri SLVaDOR and Fswa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8 (Punta de Sabana, Panama). CENTURUS SEDUCTUS (Bangs). SAN MIGUL WOODPEC]ER. Similar to C. subelegans qzagleri, but smaller, except bill, which is relatively larger and stouter; white bars or spots on inner webs of remiges narrowe.r; postnasal feathers tinted with pale red instead of yellowish, and general color of under parts more ochraceous or vinaceous, sometimes tinged with red. Adult male.--Length (skins), 161-179 (168); wing, 103-106 (104.2); tail, 46-53 (49.1); culmen, 22-26.5 (25); tarsus, 18.5-19.5 (19.1); outer anterior toe, 17-18 (17.5). 5 a It is important that the types be carefully examined, for the name has priority over both Melanerpes wagleri and C. s. sanct-martx. b Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 77 yellowish white broadly barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, rather narrowly barred with blackish; inner webs of remiges dull slate color or dusky, the greater part of secondaries and proximal portion of primaries with broad transverse spots of white; bill slate-black; feet dusky (olive-greenish in life); length (skins), 176-198 (186); wing, 116.5-125 (120); tail, 53-61.5 (57); culmen, 24-28 (26.3); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 17-19.5 (18.3). a Adult female.---Similar to the adult male, but pileum without any red, the anterior portion of crown dull white, like forehead, passing into light smoke gray or drab gray on occiput, and nape usually lighter yellow (chrome yellow, more rarely cadmium yellow); length (skins), 170-190 (179); wing, 112-125.5 (117.8); tail, 50-60.5 (54.9); culmen, 22-26 (23.7); tarsus, 19-21 (19.6); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19 (17.6). b Young na/e.--Similar to the adult male, but nape paler and duller yellow, prefrontal region dull pale yellow or dull whitish, bars on back, etc., less sharply defined, general color of undcr parts duller, chest (usually, at least) more or less streaked or flecked with dusky, and yellow of abdomen duller and more restricted. Costa Rica (San Jos; Cartago; Grcia; San Mateo; San Pedro; Santo Domingo de San Mateo; Pigres; La Palma de Nicoya; Punta Arenas; Ten6rio; Bols6n; Cerro Santa Maria; Volcan de Miravalles; Bebedero; Alajuela; Escazd; Orosi; Carrillo; Gufipiles; Guayabl; Guayabo; Bonilla; Juan Vifias) and Nicaragua (Grenada; Le6n; Tres Granadas; Ometepe; Sucuy; San Juan del Sur; San Ger6nimo; Volcan de Chinandega; Virgen). Centurus hoffmannii CABANm, 3ourn. ftir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 322 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.?).--GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidm, 1868, 100. Centurus hoffmanni LwR.Nc., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (San 5os and Grecia, Costa Rica).--Fawzts, 5ourn. ftir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).-- BovcD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 49 (San Jos, Cartago, and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).--Z..D6, Cat. Ayes de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (San os; Cartago; Alajuela).--CF.PF., a Thirteen specimens, b Eighteen specimens. Locality. IALES. Ten adult males from Costa Rlc ............................. Three adult male from Nicargu ............................ FEIALES. Ten adult emalcs from Costa Rica ............................ Eight adult cmales from Nicaragua .......................... Wing. 120. 2 119. 2 119 116.3 Tail. 56. 2 59. 7 55.4 54.3 posed culmen. 26.1 26.7 23. 8 23.6 Tarsus, 20. 4 20. 5 19.6 19.6 Our ant rior e. 18.3 18. 3 17. 3 17. 9 BIRDS OF NORT]!t AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 distinct and (except on proximal secondaries) mostly interrupted bars of white, the primaries sometimes with a few small spots or irregular markings of white on sub-basal portion of outer web, the proximal quills usually margined terminally with wldte; tail black, the inner web of middle rectrices sometimes with a greater or less number of rather narrow bars or irregular markings of white (which do not extend to the shaft), the outer pair with a few narrow bars of white on terminal portion, mostly on outer web; auricular region, sides of neck, and foreneck plain yellowish smoke gray or drab-gray, fading into paler on upper throat, chin, and malar region, deepening posteriorly into deeper yellowish drab-gray or yellowish broccoli brown on chest, breast, and sides, this passing into saffron yellow or indian yellow on abdomen; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white, more or less tinged with yellowish, rather broadly ban'ed with blackish, the bars on under tail-coverts more or less V-shaped; under wing-coverts broadly barred with white and slate-black, the bars of nearly equal width, but the blackish ones averaging rather broader than the white ones; inner webs of remiges blackish slate or dusky, the proximal portion with large transverse spots of white along edge; bill slate-black; iris orange to crimson; legs and feet olive-greenish in life; length (skins), 210-236 (225); wing, 124.5-142 (131.8); tail, 69-79 (72.5); culmen, 29-31.5 (30.1); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.3); outer anterior toe, 18.5-21 (19.6). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but whole crown dull white or very pale yellowish mouse gray, like forehead, deepefing into mouse gray on occiput; length (skins), 212-220 (216); wing, 122.5-141.5 (130.2) ; tail, 68-81 (72.3) ; cu]men, 26-30 (27.S) ; tarsus, 21-23 (21.8); outer anterior toe, 17-20 (18.8). b a Twelve specimens, b Ten specimens. Locality. MALES. Seven adult males ( C. s. santacruzi) from Gnatemala .......... Five adult males ( C. s. santacruzi) from Chiapas (Huehuetn) .. Twelve adult males ( C. s. grateloupenis) from Vera Cruz ..... Ten adult males ( C. s. pauper) from Honduras ............... One adult male (C. s. santacruzi) from northern Nicaragua ($alapa) ..................................................... FEMALES. Nine adult females (C. s. santacruzi) from Guatemal ......... One adult female ( C. . satacruzi) from Chtapas (Ituehuetan).. Seven adult females ( C. . 9rateloupensis) from Vera Cruz ..... Ten adult females ( C. s. pauper) from Honduras .............. Ving. 132. 4 130 132.9 123.7 136. 5 132. 2 122.5 129.1 119.5 72. 6 71.9 78.2 69.2 78. 5 72. 8 68. 5 75.9 66. 9 posed ulmen 30.1 30. 4 29. 8 27. 4 27.9 27 26.9 25.8 Tarsus 22.2 22. 4 23.4 21.2 22 21.9 21.5 21.8 20.9 Outer ante- riot toe. 19.8 19.4 lS. 7 2O 18.8 19 18.9 18.1 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89 (?)Centurus santa-cruzi pauper DEArBOrN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 93, part (Belize, Brit. Honduras; crit.). Centurus santacruzi paupera LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Chaloma, Honduras). Melanerpes santacruzi pauper Bas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. xxxix, 1903, 146 (Ceiba, Honduras). CENTURUS CHRYSOGENYS CHRYSOGENYS (Vigors). GOLDEN-CHEEKED WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Forehead (narrowly) pale buffy brown or pale wood brown; crown and occiput bright red (between poppy red and carmine); hindneck bright chrome or cadmium, passing into a more orange-red hue on nape, the latter into orange or orange-yellow on lower portion or along posterior edge; a lae superciliary patch of black, this sometimes entirely encircling the bare orbital space, but much broader above and behind; prefrontal region rather dull cad- mium yellow or orange, or sometimes nearly concolor with forehead; back, scapulars, and upper rump barred with black and white, the two colors about equal in width; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black; wing black, the coverts more narrowly, the secondaries more broadly barred with white, the primaries ex- tensively blotched with white sub-basally and tipped or terminally margined with the same; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices broadly barred with white, the outer pair more narrowly barred, the terminal half (more or less) of the next similarly barred, the other rectrices with inner webs usually barred or spotted along the edge with white; malar and auricular regions (sometimes chin also) cadmium or chrome yellow (more or less deep); throat, foreneck, sides of neck, chest, breast, and sides plain deep drab-gray or hair brown; abdomen (superficially) saffron yellow (more or less deep); flanks and under tail-coverts dull white barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped; under wing-coverts white, rather narrowly barred with black; inner webs of primaries extensively blotched with white sub-basally, the inner webs of secondaries broadly barred or transversely spotted with wlfite; bill dull black, more brownish on lower basal portion of mandible; legs and feet grayish dusky (greenish gray or olive in life ?); length (s -Idns), 204-223 (210); wing, 118-124.5 (121.3); tail, 71.5-77 (74.1); culmen, 25-28 (26.6); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.6); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.9). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but crown and occiput browxish gray (more brownish or buffy anteriorly), the occiput some- times intermixed with black, rarely nearly uniform black, the nape varying from orange to orange-red; length (skins), 194-211 (202) ; 4ng a Ten specimens (seven from Sinaloa, three from Tepic). 90 BULLETII 50 UIITED STATES IATIOlqAL MUSEUM. 114-123.5 (119.4); tail, 67-77.5 (72.8); culmen, 23.5-25.5 (24.7); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.7); outer anterior toe, 17-19 (18.1). a Young male.--Similar to the adult male, but texture of plumage more lax, abdomen but faintly) if at all, tiuged with yellow, and red of crown usually duller. Young female.--Similar to the young male, but without red on crown. Western Mexico, i1 States of Sinaloa (Mazatlfin; Quimiches; Rosario; Quotla; Escuinapa; Los lieles, 3,000-3,500 feet; Rio Juana Gomez, 50 feet) and Sonora (southern portion) and Territory of Tel)it (San Blas; Santiago). Zebrapicus elegans (not Picas elegans Miiller, 1776, nor Swainson, 1827)  EaE, Mort. Picid., if, 1862, 225, part, pl. 102, fig. 6 (female). Picas elegans Fsc, Abh. Nat. vet. Brem., 1871, 356 (Mazatlan, Sinalou). Centurus elegans L.waNc, Mere. Bost. Soc. N. tI., if, 1874, 294 (Mazatlan; Tepic; Sonora; habits; descr, nest and eggs).--RDw., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 114, part (Mazatlan; monogr.).---MLLa (W. de W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, I905, 352 (Escuinupa, etc., s. Sinaloa; crit.).--B.v (H. 12.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 388 (San Blus, Tepic). .l[elanerpes] elegans RIDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 292, part. :]lelanerpes elegans II.aTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 184, part (Sonora; Mazatlan; San Blas, Tepic). [Melanerpes] elegans Smae, ]and-list, if, 1900, 212. Picas chrysogenys Vmoas, Zool Beechcy's Voy., 1839, 24 (no locality given, but without doubt Mazatlan, Sinaloa, or San Bias or Tepic, Teplc b). Centurus chrysogenys chrysogcys RDw., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 191I, 32, footnote. a Ten specimens (nine from Sinalou, one from Tepic). Locality. MALES. Ten adult males (C. c. chrysogrnys) from Sinaloa (9) and Tepic (1) .................................................... Eight adult males kom Guerrero ( C. c. flavinuchus) ........... Six adult males from Colima ( C. c. )'tavinuchus) ............... One adult male from Michoacan ( C. c. )'tavinuchus) ............ One adult male from Jalisco ( C. c. )'tavinuchus) ................. FEMALES. Ten adult females (C. c. chrysogrnys) from Sinaloa (7) and Tepic (3) .................................................... Four adult Iemales from Guerrero ( C. c. flavnuchus) ........... Six adult Iemales from Colima ( C. c. )'tavinuchus) .............. Three adult females from ]Ilchoacan (C. c. )'tavinuchus) ........ 121.3 74.1 125.3 71.7 120. 7 67. 2 122 68 126. 5 68 119. 4 72.8 121.6 70. 2 120.5 68.4 120 66. 6 26. 6 27.6 27.6 27. 5 28 24. 7 26. 4 24.5 26.8 I Outer Tarsus. ante rior toe. 21.6 18.g 21.4 19.8 21.6 19.2 21 19 20.7 18.1 20.8 18.2 20.1 17.9 20.7 19 b The only ]Iexican localities visited by the naturalists of the "Blossom" are Acapulco, Guerrero; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; and San Blas and Tepic, in the Territory of Tepic. The bird found at Acapulco is C. c.flavinuchus, hence the type locality oi C. c. chryogenys must be either Mazatlan or one of the two Tepic localities. BULLETIN 50) UNITED STATES ATIONAL MUSEUM. CENTURUS HYPOPOLIUS (Wagler). GRA'-BREASTED WOODIECK:ER. Adult male.--Forehead varying from dull white, more or less tinged with pale smoke-gray, to pale drab or drab-gray; anterior and middle portions of crown bright poppy red, this sometimes restricted to a cen- tral spot; a rather ill-defined orbital ring of bluish black, broader above eye, this sometimes inclosing a narrowline of white on lower eve- lid and posterior portion of upper eyelid; lateral and posterior parts of crown, occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck plain drab to deep purplish drab or deep grayish hair brown, the auricular re,on similar but rather paler, the lower portion more or less distinctly tinged with red; chin, throat, chest, breast, abdomen, and sides plain drab-gray (more or less deep); flanks, thighs, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white (sometimes tinged vith pale yellowish ante- riorly) broken by broad V-shaped bars or marks of slate-blac-kish; back and scapulars barred vith black and whitish, the bars of the latter rather narrower than the black ones and more or less tinged with dull yellowish or pale drab; wing-coverts and secondaries black, barred with white, the white bars broader on greater ving-coverts and secondaries, especially that on tips of the latter; primaries black, spotted or blotched subbasally (except on the four outermost) and narrowly tipped with white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, broken by more or less distinct mesial or central streaks or spots (usually cuneate or sagittate) of black; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices with basal half, or more, mostly white, transversely spotted or otherwise variegated with black, the two lateral pairs margined terminally and serrated along edge of outer web with white; bill dusk)', the maxilla more blackish, the mandible more horn colored; iris brown; legs and feet dusky grayish (bluish gray in life ?); length (skins), 199-214 (207); wing, 116.5-131 (124.1); tail, 74-83.5 (80); culmen, 23-26 (24.2); tarsus, 18-22 (20.5) ; outer anterior toe, 15-17.5 (16.6). a Adult female.--Sinilar to the adult male, but without any red on crown; length (skins), 203-209 (206); wing, 118.5-125.5 (122.8); tail, 80-86.5 (83.4); culmen, 23-25.5 (24); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.4); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.3). b Southern Mexico, in States of Puebla (Tehuacfin; Tecuapn; Hue- huetn; Chapulco; Izucfir de Matamoras; Chietla; San Migul Molino; San BartSlo; Epatln), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur), and Oaxaca (Oaxaca City; Cuicatln). a Seven specimens, b Four specimens. 102 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd. Frontal band narrower, yellow or yellowish white; adult female with black band across crown much narrower; smaller (wing averaging 135.7 in male, 134.8 in female). (Southern Lower California.) Balanoslhyra formicivora angustifrons (p. 108). bb. Adult male with crown and occiput glossy black, only the nape red; adult female without any red. (Central Colombia.) Balanoslhyra flavigula (extralimital).a Auricular and orbital regions white; chin and whole throat light yellow; chest white, streaked with black. (Mexico?)...Balanoslhyra xantholaynx (p. 111). BALANOSPHYRA FORMICIVORA FORMICIVORA (Swainson). ANT-EATING WOODIECER. Adult mle.--Nasal tufts, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and upper throat, black; forehead and rather narrow band across anterior portion of lores to middle or posterior portion of malar region white, passing into pale sulphur or primrose yellow or yellowish white on lower throat and foreneck; crown, occiput, and nape, bright poppy red; orbital and auricular regions, sides of neck, upper chest, lower hindneck, back and scapulars, plain glossy greenish blue-black; wings black or brownish black, the coverts margbed with glossy greenish blue-black, the primaries (except three or four outermost) with a basal patch of white, occupying both webs (but interrupted by the black shaft), this white area broader on inner quills; rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white; tail entirely black; lower chest and sides of upper breast glossy greenish blue-black, more or less broadly streaked with white (the upper ches also sometimes more or less streaked, at least on median portion), the remaining under parts white, the lower breast (except medially), sides, aad flanks streaked with black, the under tail-coverts with narrow shaft- streaks of the same; bill black; iris variable in color (pinkish, white, bluish, brownish, or yellowish) ; legs and feet dusky grayish (greenish gray in life?); length (skins), 191-235 (213); wing, 131.5-151 (141.1); tail, 69-83.5 (76.6) ; culmen, 23-28.5 (26.9) ; tarsus, 20-23.5 (22.4) ; outer anterior toe, 15.5-19 (17.4). b Adultfemale.--Similar to the adult male, but crown glossy greenish bhm-black, the anterior margin of the transverse occipito-nuchal area much posterior to posterior angle of eye (about middle of auricular region) ; length (skins), 190-233 (206) ; wing, 130.5-148 (136.3) ; tail, a Melampicos flavigula Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Nov., 1849, 542 (Colom- bia).--Melampicusflavigula Malherbe, Mon. licid., ii, 1862, 202; iv, 1862, pl. 99, figs. 5, 6.--M[elanerpes] flavigula Reichenbach, Handb. Scansores, Picime, 1854, 384, pl. 643, figs. 4297-4299.--Melanerpesflavigula Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 161; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 154.--Melanerpesformicivorus, vat. flav/gu/a Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 561.--Melanerpes flavigu- laris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 307.--[ Melanerpes] flavigulrs Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210.--Balanospyra flavigula Ridgway, lroc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 35. b Forty-one specimens. BIRDS 0F :NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103 68-82.5 (75.6); culmen, 22-27.5 (25.1); tarsus, 19.5-23 (21); outer anterior toe, 15.5-18 (16.9). a Young male.--Similar to the adult male, but black of nasal tufts, chin, etc., duller (more sooty), that of the chest (lull (not glossy), streaks on breast, etc., less sharply defined, lower throat with less pronounced yellow tinge, and texture of plumage softer. Eastern and southern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Victoria; Sierra Madre above Victoria; Yerba Buena; Galindo; Guiaves; Realito), Nuevo LeSn (Boquillo; Boque Negro; Cerro de la Silla; Montefiy), San Luis Potosi (Sierra de San Luis Potosi), GuanajuSto, Puebla (Tochimulco; Chachapa; Rio Frio, Ixtaccihu'tl), Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jalapa; CSrdova; 1)otrero and San Lorenzo, near CSrdova; MiradSr; Huatusco, near MiradSr; Coatepec; Las Vigas; Misantla; San BartSlo; Zentla; Chachapa), Mexico (Temisc'dtepec; near City of Mexico; Chimalapa; Mexicalcingo), tIidalgo (Real del hIonte; El Chico), Morelos (Ttela del Volcan), Zacatecas (Sierra de Valparaiso; Sierra de Jerez), Jalisco (Tonila; Zapotlm; Sierra de Bolafios; Mesa la Cienega; Jacal;t; La Pisagua; San Sebasti/tn; Volcal de Nieve; La Laja, 9,000 feet), Sinaloa (Plomosas), Tepic (Sierra Madre), Michoa- can (Patzcuaro; Nahuatzin), Guerrero (Omilteme; mountains near a Forty-four specimens. Outer Locality. ante- rior toe. MALES. One adult male from southern Sinaloa (Plomosas) Seven adult males from Saliseo. One adult male from Michoacan Three adult males from Guerrero. Nine adult males from Vera Cruz Seven adult males from Tamaulipas ............... Six adult males from Nuevo Leon Three adult males from Kerr County (2) and Chisos Mountains (1), Texas .... Three adult males from Chiapas ............................... Four adult males from Guatemala ........... FEMALES. Three adult females from Zacatecas .... Four adult females from :lallsco ................................ Three adult females from Michoacan ........................... One adult female from Morelos... One adult female from Hidalgo ................ Seven adult females from Vera Cruz. Eight adult females from Tamaulipas... Six adult females from Nuevo Leon. Two adult Iemales from Kerr County and Chisos Motmtains, live adult Iemales from Chiapas ............................. Six adult females from Guatemala. 25 24 24. 3 22 24 25.6 25.8 25. 9 27.2 25 24. 8 17 17.1 17.5 16.5 18.3 17.1 16. 7 17.2 18.2 18 20 15.5 20.6 16.4 21. 2 16.7 20. 5 17 21 17.5 21.1 17.6 20.9 16.6 20.5 16.2 21.2 17 21. 6 17.6 21.5 17.3 118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES IATIONAL MUSEUM. more extensively and completely naked, tail relatively shorter (less than half as long as wing), except in T. flavifrons, a sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, and inner web of remiges conspicuously banded with black or dusky and white, and plumage of throat and chest not hairqike. Bill about as long as head, moderately stout to rather slender, its width at middle of nostrils slightly greater than its depth at same point; cuhnen straight terminally, more or less convex subbasally or in middle portion, distinctly but not sharply ridged; gonys less than twice (about one and a half times) as long as mandibular rami, not distinctly ridged, except (sometimes) terminafly; tip of bill narrowly chisel-shaped; supranasal ridge distinct for about basal half of maxilla. Nostril rather small, longitudinally oval or ovate, situated about midway between culmen and tomium, more or less covered by small antrorse, bristly-tipped, prefrontal feathers. Malar apex with antrorse bristle-like feathers minute, the feathe of chin without obvious bristly tips or else these very minute. Orbital region extensively and completely naked. Wing rather long, with longest prhnaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of culmen, the seventh and eighth, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the ninth shorter than sLxth (somethnes slightly shorter than fifth), the tenth (outermost) about one-fourth as long as ninth. Tail less than half as long as wing (except in T.flavifrons, in which it is slightly more than half as long), the rectrices very rigid, the middle ones short-acuminate (less so in T.flavifrons). Tarsus shorter than outer hind toe with claw, rather stout; outer hind toe (without claw) slightly but distinctly shorter than outer front toe (without claw). Coloration.--Plumage compact, that of back (that of chest and breast also in T. abrifrons and T. cruentatus) imbricated, that of abdomen coarse and hair-like; above mostly black or blue-black, the rump and upper tail-coverts white, the back sometimes with white bars or streaked along median line with the same; abdomen blight red; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts conspicuously barred or banded with black and pale yellowish or whitish; adult males with red on crown (sometimes whole pileum and nape red), sometimes with yellow on forehead or nape (or both). Range.--Southeastern Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (Seven species.) a In T. flavifrons the tail is but little more than half (decidedly less than three- fifths) as long as wing, about the same as in Melanerpes erythrocephalus. b I have not seen T. hargitti Dubois ([Melanerpes] hargitti Dubois, Synop. Av., i, 1899, 68, pl. 2, fig. 2, of unknown locality), which, however, is said to be very similar to T. cruentatus. BItlDS OF lgOtlTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ][23 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 415, part (Orizaba, Santecomapam, and Uvero, Vera Cruz; Brit. Honduras; Coban, Choctum, Chisec, and Yzabal, Guatemala; Omoa, San Pedro, and Truxillo, Honduras). M[elanerpes] pucherani :IDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 291, part. [Melanerpes] puclerani SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210, part. Picus gerini (not P. gerinii Temminck?) SUNVEV,LL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 55, part (Guatemala). ?Centurus gerinii GmtY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 101 (Ifon- duras?). 7[Centurus] gerinii Ga,Y, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 197, no. 8765. Melanerpes pucherani perileucus TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., .xxiii, Dec. 6, 1910, 153 (near Manatee, Brit. Honduras; coll. Carnegie Mus.). TRIPSURUS CHRYSAUCHEN (Salvin). GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER. Adqdt male.--Forehead and hindneck bright yellow (chrome or pale chrome, the forehead sometimes cadmium yellow) ; crown and occiput bright poppy red or scarlet-vermilion; back, scapulars, and wing- coverts deep black, faintly glossed with bluish, the median line of back broadly streaked with white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former sometimes barred with black on upper lateral portion; tail brownish black; remiges and primary coverts brownish black, the inner secondaries usually margined terminally and more or less spotted on edges with white; supra- and post-ocular regions, auricular region, and sides of neck uniform deep, slightly glossy, black, the postocular region usually with a more or less distinct elongated patch or streak of white; malar region, chin, and throat plain light yellowish gray, the suborbital region more whitish; foreneck, chest, breast, and sides of upper abdomen deeper yellowish gray, strongly washed or tinged with wax yellow or saffron yellow; lower abdomen and median portion of upper abdomen bright scarlet-vermilion or scarlet; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts broadly and irregularly barred with black and whitish; under wing-coverts similarly nmrked, but black predominating along edge of wing; inner webs of remiges with large quadrate spots of white (in transverse series), except on distal portion of outer and longer primaries; bill blackish, paler on lower basal portion of mandible; le and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 162-181 (174); wing, 108-116 (112.2); tail, 51-60.5 (55); culmen, 23.5-27.5 (25.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.5); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19 (17.8). a Adultfemale.--Similar to the adult male, but without any red on head, the duller yellow of pileum interrupted by a more or less broad, crescentic band of black across crown; length (skins), 152-186 a Fifteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125 webs of remiges broadly edged or spotted with vinaceous-cinnamon or yellow, the sides of head or the throat sometimes bright yellow. Bill shorter than head, rather broad and depressed basally (de- cidedly broader than deep at anterior end of nostrils), regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile; culmen straight or, sometimes, very faintly convex, distinctly (usually sharply) ridged; gonys slightly to decidedly longer than nmndibular rami, faintly concave anteriorly, faintly convex and slightly prominent basally; supranasal ridge ve T distinct, extending for basal half or more of maxilla, much nearer to culmen than to tomium (except anteriorly). Nostril rather small, longitudinally oval or elliptical, situated rather nearer to tomium than to culmen, at least partly covered by small bristle-like antrorse prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex small, bristle-like, antrorse, or semiantrorse, those of chin with small bristle-like, semi- antrorse tips. Orbital region naked, including margin of eyelids except posterior portion of the lower, which sometimes has a few minute feathers. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest pri- maries exceeding secondaries by about one-fotrth the length of wing; sixth and seventh or sixth, seventh, and eighth prinlaries longest, the ninth equal to or longer than third, the tenth (outer- most) one-third to one-half as long as ninth. Tail slightly to de- cidedly more than half as long as wing, the middle rectrices grad- ually acuminate. Tarsus decidedly longer than either outer toe without claw, the outer hind toe decidedly shorter than the outer front toe; tarsi and toes rather slender, but claws large and strongly cu'ved. Coloration.--Upper parts mostly plain olive-green or oil-green; under parts conspicuously barred with olive, or dusky, and yellowish; inner webs of remiges broadly edged, or banded, with vinaceous- cinnamon or more narrowly edged with yellow; sides of head or throat sometimes bright yellow; adult males with more or less of the pileum and a broad malar stripe (sometimes throat also) bright red, adult females with red only on nape or part of pileum or with none at all. Range.--Middle Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About twenty species and subspecies.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHLORONERPES. a. Under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges light yellow; remiges not barred, and with yellow shafts. b. Chin and throat whitish, streaked or barred with blackish or grayish; adults with only part, or none, of pileum crimson; adult females with malar region whitish streaked with grayish or dusky. c. Pileum and nape uniform slate-gray (without red in either sex). (South- western Mexico) ........................ Chloronerles auricularis (p. 128) co. Pileum crimson laterally (at least posteriorly); nape wholly crimson. 130 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL IVIUSEUI. ually on more posterior under parts to pale citron yellow, broadly and rather regularly barred with olive, the under tail-coverts, bow- ever, with the yellowish bars much narrower than the olive inter- spaces; bill grayish black; iris brown; a feet dusky grayish (bluish ash in life) ; a length (skins), 221-261 (240) ; wing, 130.5-137 (133.6); tail, 81.5-90 (86.3); culmen, 25-29 (26.6); tarsus, 23-25 (23.7); outer anterior toe, 20-21 (20.4). 5 Young male.---Similar to the adult male, but under parts of body much less distinctly barred (sometimes whole abdomen and flanks nearly immaculate) and much duller yellowish; chest and foreneck regularly barred, but the bars less strongly contrasted; and red of nape extending forward, along sides of crown and forehead, to base of bill. Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but malar region pale gray or grayish white, narrowly streaked with blackish, and red of nape not extending laterally to eye; length (skins), 217-250 (226); wing, 127.5-135.5 (130.9) ; tail, 78-89 (85.5) ; culmen, 23-25.5 (24.2) ; tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 18-19.5 (18.7). 5 Eastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (CSrdova; Jalapa; Orizaba; MiradSr; Cotepec; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), San Luis Potosi (Jilitla), Nueva LeSn (Cerro de la Silla; Boquillo), and Tamaulipas (VictSria; Sierra Madre, above VictSria; Tampico; Alta Mira; Rio PilSn; Rampahuila; Rio Santa; Rio de la Cruz; Santa Leonora; Guiaves; Galindo; Potrero; Rio Martinez). (?)Picus poliocephalus LICttTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. VSg., 1830, 1 (Mexico); :lourn. fiir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint). C[hloronerpes] rubiginosus (not of Swainson) GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 443. Chloronerpes rubiginosus GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, pl. 110. C[hloronerpes] xruginosus GRAY, Gem Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 22 (ex Lichten- stein manuscript); nomen nudum! Clloronerpes xruginosus GRAY, List Picide Brit. Mus., 1868, 104 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).--SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 339 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).--SuM- cmsT, La Naturaleza, v, 1882, 240, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).--HAnITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 81 (Tampico, and Sierra Madre above Victoria, Tamaulipas; Cordova, :Ialapa, Orizaba, and Coatepec, Vera Cruz; Atoyac, Mexico).--SAw and (ODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 406.--RmHOD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 629 (Alta Mira, Tamau- lipas).--PHXXrs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Rampahuila, Rio Santa, Rio de la Cruz, Rio ][artinez, Santa Leonora, Guiaves, Galindo, and Potrero, Tamauli- pas). [Clloronerpes] aeruginosus LICHTENSTEIN, Nora. Mus. Berol., 1854, 76. [Chloronerpes] eruginosus BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 124 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 9).--GarY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8775.--ScL- TER and Sw, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100.SL., Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. C[hloronerpes] aeruginosus CAAS and HEN, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 161 (alapa). a According to Sumichrast. b Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND ]ViIDDLE AIViERICA. 133 (Le6n; Matagalpa; Chinandega; San Ger6nimo, Chinandega; Volcan de Chinandega; Rio Grande; Rio Coco; San Carlos; San Rafal del Norte). Picus yucatanensis C.Bow, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. It., i, May, 1844, 164 (Yucatan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. II., v, pt. i, 1845, 92 (road from Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan). Chloronerpes yucatanensis SC-WER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Honduras; crit.); Cut. Am. Birds, 1862, 339 (Coban, Guatemala).--Sc-wER and S-v, Ibis, 1859, 136 (Duefias, Guatemala; Yueatan).--Moog, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Honduras; erit.).--SALvIq and SCLAWE, Ibis, 1860, 144 (Coban; erit.).--GPY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Pieid., 1868, 104, part (Mexieo).--S.v% Cut. Strickland Coll., 1882, 396 (Guatemala).-- Bouc.gD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., lS8a, 452 (Tizimin, Yueatan).--HAgor, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 84, part (Teapa, Tabasco; Pete, Yucatan; Orange Walk and Southern Pine Ridge, Brit. Honduras; Duefias, Coban, Chisee, Tactic, Barmnca Honda, Savana Grande, and Volean de Agua, Guatemala).--RIcoD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (Sun Carlos, Niearagua).--Sv and GOD., Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, if, 1895, 407, part (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Chimalapa, Tapana, and Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas; Tizimin, Izamal, and Peto, Yucatan; Orange Walk, British Honduras; San Gerdnimo, Toliman, Retal- huleu, etc., Guatemala; La Libertad and Volan de San Miguel, Salvador; Ledn, Chinandega, Matagalpa, San Rafael dcl Norte, etc., Nicaragua). C[hloronerpes] yucatanensis CABANm and HEN, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 161, part (Mexico). [Chloronerpes] yucatanensis GPY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 198, no. 8777, part.--ScLATER and S-LVIN, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100, part.--SnP, Hand-list, if, 1900, 205, part. Picus yucatanensis SUDVL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 70, part (Mexico).-- GIE]EL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1876, 186. P[icus] yucatacensis GPv, Gem Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 21. [Chloronerpes] canipileus GPY, Hand-list, if, 1870, 198, no. 8776, part. Chrysopicus rubiginosus (not ticus rubiginosus Swainson) 5I.LE, Mort. Picid., if, 1862, 174, part. (?)Chloronerpes eruginosus (not of Malherbe?) SCLTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 388 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca). Chloronerpes eruginosus (not of IvIalherbe) L.wc, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 35 (Tapana and Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas).-- BOUCARD, Liste Ois. rcol. Guat., 1878, 27 (Guatemala). CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS UROPYGIALIS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN WOODPEC]R. Similar to C. r. yucatanensis, but more richly colored; the foreneck and chest washed with golden brown and with yellow bars averaging narrower, color of upper parts averaging more golden brownish (less greenish), and rump frequently less distinctly barred (often uniform or nearly so);  wing, tail, and bill averaging shorter. a Occasional specimens, both from Panama and Costa Rica, have the rump quite as plain colored as C. r. rubiginosus. One adult male from Sarchi, Costa Rica (no. 101920) has the crimson malar patches united posteriorly by a broad band across the lower throat, the foreneck washed with crimson, and touches of the same color over whole back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts. 136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 1V[USEUlYL laterally with pale huffy yellowish, the latter with more or less dis- tinct (sometimes large) mesial streaksor central spots of pale yelIow- ish or huffy; tail olive passing into dusky terminally, the two outer developed rectrices on each side sometimes with a median streak of pale cinnamon-rufous, the under surface of lateral rectrices dull light olive-grayish; a broad subloral and suborbital stripe of dull olive-whitish, originating immediately behind nostril, on lower- anterior portion of lora] region, this stripe passing into into grayish olive on auricular region; a broad ma]ar stripe, chin and throat dull yellowish, or brownish, white, irregularly streaked, spotted, or flecked with olive; chest and lower foreneck olive, broken by guttate streaks (anteriorly) and spots (posteriorly) of pale dull buffy yellowish; rest of under parts pale dull yellowish (nearly straw yellow) barred with dusky olive, the under tail-coverts sometimes more buffy and partly immaculate; bill, in dried sns, dusky horn color, paler (sometimes dull whitish) on basal half of mandible; feet dull grayish brown (in dried sns); length (sns), 167-175 (171); wing, 106-108.5 (107); tail, 56.5-59 (58); culmen, 21; tarsus, 17-18 (17.3); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.7). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but pileum dull slaty olive, only the lower occiput and hindneck being red; the malar region similar but rather lighter grayish olive; length (skins), 165-169.5 (167); wing, 106-108.5 (107.5); tail, 55.5-58 (56.7); exposed culmen, 20-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7); outer ante- rior toe, 15-16 (15.5)) Panam (Lion tIill; Vergua; Cana; Cerro Brujo). Chloronerpes callopterus LAWIENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 476 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence).--GRA', List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 106.--SAlvia, Ibis, 1874, 317 (Veragua; crit.).-- HARGTT, Cat. Birds Brit. lus., xviii, 1890, 80 (Veragua).--SAvI and (OD- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 409, pl. 59, fig. 1 (Veragua; Lion Hill). [Chloronerpes] callopterus GY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 199, no. 8785.--SAP, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. C[raugasus] callopterus CABASIS and HsIS, lIus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 159. Chrysopicus callopterus CAsss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 326. Picus callopterus SUDSVAL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 12. CHLORONERPES SIMPLEX SIMPLEX Salvin. UGABA WOODP1.CKER. Similar to C. callopterus but with suborbital and subauricular regions, chin, and throat light brown, concolor, or nearly so, with adjacent parts of head. Adult male.--Pileum (including superciliary re, on), hindneck, malar region, and more or less of suborbital region, bright, rather dark, poppy red, the feathers dusky grayish or dull slate color beneath surface; upper parts mostly plain yellowish olive-green, or Three specimens from Panama. b Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137 between olive-green and rav umber, the outer webs of distal primaries more or less distinctly spotted with dull cinnamon-rufous, the inner webs of proximal secondaries (except fast two) showing more or less of the same along margin, the upper tail-coverts sometimes tipped or terminally margined with wax yellowish; tail dull black terminally, passing into dull olive-greenish basally; auricular region, chin, and throat plain olive or brown (between broccoli brown and raw-umber); foreneek and chest greenish olive to ochreous olive, the latter more or less conspicuously spotted with pale buffy yellowish, the breast similar but with the yellowish spots more transverse (bar-like); rest of under parts rather broadly barred with deep or dark olive on a yellowish buff or pale buff- yellowish ground, the darker bars narrower, and yellowish interspaces correspondingly wider, on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts vinaceous-cinnamon or light cinnamon-rufous, the carpo-metacarpal region more or less spotted or barred with dusky; inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, tipped with dusky (extensively so on outermost and longer primaries), with transverse spots or broad bars of dusky on inner half (approximately), these concealed in the closed wing; under surface of tail fight glaucous-olive; bill dull black, the mandible with basal half or more pale horn color or whitish; legs and feet dusky (olive-green in life); length (skins), 172-182 (177); wing, 108-118.5 (113); tail, 58.5-66.5 (61.9); culmen, 19-21.5 (20); tarsus, 17-19 (17.7); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.8). a Adultfemale.--Similar to the adult male, but only the nape and hindneek bright red, the pileum dull olive, and malar region lighter, more yellowish, olive; loral, superciliary, and suborbital region tinged with dark red; length (skins), 170-185 (178); wing, 112-116 (113); tail, 57.5-65.5 (62.4); culmen, 19.5-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.8). b Young female.--Similar to the adult female, but general color of under parts more buffy, the chest broadly barred with buff, and foreneck spotted with the same. Western Panam/t (Bugaba, Chiriqui), through Costa Rica (Tala- manca; Rio Sicsola; Guayabo; Carrillo; E1 Hog/tr; Cachi; Bonilla; a Nine specimens, b Five specimens. Locality. fALES. Seven adult males from Costa Rica ............................ Two adult males from Nicaragua .............................. One adult male (type of C. s. allophyeus) from Honduras ...... FEMALES. Five adult females from Costa Rlca ............................ Ning. Tail. 112.3 61. 115.5 62.1 112 61. 113 62.  Exo posed culmen 20.1 19.8 18 20.7 17.6 17.8 17 17.8 Outer Rnte- rior toe. 15.9 15.5 15. 5 15.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143 [Celeus] castaneus LICHTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 77.--GRAY, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 194, no. 8716.--ScLATER and SALWN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.--SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 227. Celeus castaneus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (Potrerillos, Honduras); 1859, 60, 388 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 336 (Hondu- ras; "Central America").--MooE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Omoa, Honduras; habits).--ScLATER and SA.ws, Ibis, ]859, 137 (Atlantic slope Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Julian and San Pedro, Hon- duras).--TAYLOR, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Potrerillos, tIonduras).--GRAr, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picide, 1868, 88.--LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 183 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 130 (Turrialba and Angostura, Costa Rica).--FANTZUS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).--Sum- CHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra caliente Vera Cruz); La Naturaleza, v, 1882, 240 (Omealca and Uvero, Vera Cruz).--SALvIN, Ibis, 1872, 320 (Chontales, Nicaragua).--ZELED6S, Cat. Ayes de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 123 (Turrialba and Pacuare, Costa Rica).--BoucARD, Liste Ois. rcol. Guat., 1878, 27; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Tizimin, Yucatan; hab- its).--HARGITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,'xviii, 1890, 433 (Atoyac and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Tizimin, Yucatan; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Teleman and Choctum, Guatemala; etc.).--I-ICHIOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (Greytown, Nicaragua).--SALvs and GODIAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avos, ii, 1895, 441 (Chimalapa, Oaxaca; La Libertad, Salvador; etc.).--LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Chaloma, Honduras).--DEAR- BORN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 91 (Los Amates, Guatemala; crit.).-- CARRKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 591 (Costa RicK; habits). M[eiglyptes] castaneus RECHESBACH, Handb. Scansoros, Picine, 1854, 405, pl. 659, fig. 4372 (adult female). Celeopicus castaneus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 25; iii, 1862, pl. 50, figs. 1, 2. Picus badioides LESSOS, Cent. Zool., livr. ii, Sept., 1830, 56, pl. 14 (Mexico =female). C[eleus] badioides BoxE, Isis, 1831, 542.--GRAY, Gem Birds, ii, 1846, 440. [Celeus] badioides BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 130; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123) Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Celeus badioides SCLTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 229 (Cuesalapa and Sante- comapam, Vera Cruz). Celeopicos badioides IA.HERBE, Mm. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 334. CELEUS LORICATUS LORICATUS (Reichenbach). FRASER'S WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Above deep cinnamon-rufous, or rufous-chestnut, the feathers of forehead, or (usually) forehead and crown, black or dusky centrally (forming a broadly streaked or squamate effect), the back (upper part, at least), scapulars, and wings with a greater or less number of more or less distinct narrow black bars; rump and upper tail-coverts paler (light cinnamon to cinnamon-buff), more or less heavily marked with cordate spots or V-shaped broad bars of black, the upper tail- coverts sometimes immaculate superficially; tail broadly and sharply barred with cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon-buff and black, the elon- 144 BULLETIN 50 IYNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gated terminal portion of middle rectrices uniform black; terminal portion of longer primaries mostly uniform blackish; under surface of wings light cinnamon-rufous, the distal portion of remiges broadly barred with dusk-y, the proximal portion also similarly barred, but the dusky bars shorter and narrower, quite concealed in the closed wing; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions plain cinnamon-rufous; malar region, chin, and upper and middle portions of throat bright red (deep poppy red to nearly crimson), the throat usually more or less spotted, transversely, with black, the feathers grayish basally; lower throat and upper chest light cinnamon-rufous, the throat sometimes immaculate, but sometimes spotted with black, like chest; rest of under parts still paler and more huffy (pale cinnamon to pale cinnaman-buff), the lower chest and breast heavily marked with broad U- or V-shaped markings of black, the remaining portions similarly but less heavily mtrked, the markings more lunulate or transverse, smaller (sometimes nearly wmting) on middle of bdomen; bill light horn color to dull whitish in dried skins, in life the mxilla horn color, the mandible dull greenish or olivaceous white; iris reddish browal to carmine; feet horn color to bluish; length (skins), 184-199 (193); wing, 116-120 (119); tail, 61-67.5 (64.8); culmen, 21-22.5 (21.8); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20); middle toe, 18.5-19.5 (18.9). a Adult female.=--Similar to the adult male, but red of malar region, chin, and throat repbmed by uniform light cinnamon-rufous; length (skins), 194-197 (195); wing, 118-123 (120.2); tail, 64-69 (65.7); cul- men, 20-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5); middle toe, 18-19 (18.5). b Five specimens, b Four specimens. Locality. MALES. ne adult male from Colombia (Rio Atrato: Type of Celeus mentals Cassin) ............................................. l'hree adult males from eastern Panama ....................... Five adult males from Costa Rica (C. 1. diverus) .............. FEMALES. Dne adult female from Colombia (Turbo) ...................... l'bree adult females from eastern Panama ................... Four adult females from Costa Rica ........................... Wing. Tall. 116 61 119. 7 65. 7 123. 9 6& 4 121. 5 ........ 119.8 65.7 124. 2 6& 2 posed ulmen. 22.5 21. 6 21. 5 20 22.2 2& 2 Outer Tarsus. ante- rior to, 20.5 l& 19. 9 19 20. 5 19. 19. 5 18 19.5 18.] 20.5 Although I have not seen specimens of this species from either Ecuador or Peru, I very much doubt whether they are subspecifically the same, for the reason that the Costa Rican specimens are clearly different from those of Panama and northern Colombia. It will doubtless prove necessary to distinguish the form from Colombia and Panama as Celets loricatus menalis (Cassin). 148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL bb. Smaller (wing averaging less than 170 mm.; culmen averaging less than 34 mm.): white suborbital and subauricular stripe indistinct (often obsolete); throat with less white. (Western and southwestern Mexico.) Ceophleus lineatas scapularis (p. 152). CEOPHL{EUS LINEATUS MESORHYNCHUS (Cabanis and Heine). PANAMA PILEATED WOODPECKER. Similar to C. 1. lineatus a but decidedly smaller; under parts of body much darker brownish buffy with the blackish bars much less regular, often in form of spots rather than barn; throag usually much more broadly streaked with blackish, black areas more sooty (especially remiges), and under side of wing more decidedly yellowish (usually distinctly buff-yellow instead of yellowish white). Ad,dt male.--Pileum and nape (including conspicuous ocdpital crest) bright poppy red; rest of upper parts plain black, becoming more sooty, or dark grayish brown, on primaries and distal sec- ondaries, the longer primaries indistinctly tipped with paler (except in worn plumage) ; outermost scapulars with outer web and tip of inner web white, forming a broad white stripe along each side of back; a broad stripe of white along side of neck, contracted in width at upper end and thence continued, as a narrow stripe, beneath auricular and orbital regions to nostrils, the post-nasal and loral portions, however, dull yellowish (buff to nearly tawny) instead of white; auricular and suborbital regions and posterior portion of loral region plain bromish slate or slate-gray; malar re,on crimson; chin and throat streaked with white and blackish in variable rela- tive proportion, but usually in approximately equal amount; fore- neck, chest, and upper breast plain sooty black or very dark sooty brown, usually with a fairly definite posterior margin but some- times merging insensibly into the paler coloration of more posterior parts; ground color of remaining under parts pale brownish buff to clay color, more or less distinctly barred or spotted with sooty black or dusky; under wing-coverts and basal half (approximately) of inner webs of remiges immaculate buff-yellow (fading into paler, or yellowish white, in old feathers or very old skins); bill dark horn color or dusky, the mandible paler basally; iris light yellow to white; legs and feet dark horn color or dusky (in dried skins), light bluish gray in life; length (skins), 281-328 (312); wing, 175-189.5 (182.9); tail, 108-122 (114.3); culmen, 36.5-40 (37.9); tarsus, 27-30 (28.2); outer anterior toe, 22-27.5 (24.8).  Adult.female.--Similar to the adult male but forehead and anterior portion of crown black, and malar region blackish slate or slate- black; length (skins), 300-321 (312); wing, 176.5-188 (182.1); tail, a See p. 147. b Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155 wing-coverts, and proximal portion of inner webs of remiges immacu- late white or very pale yellow; adult male with entire pileum (includ- ing the conspicuous, pointed, occipital crest) and a broad malar stripe bright red, the adult female with only the crest red, the fore- head, crown, and malar region being grayish brown or olive. Range.--North America. (Monotypic ?) a KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PHL(EOTOMUS PILEATUS. a. Smaller (wing averaging less than 230, culmen averaging less than 50). b. Smaller (wing averaging 226.1 in male, 220.8 in female; culmen averaging 46.5 in male, 43.8 in female); coloration blacker or less slaty. (Middle and south- ern Florida.) ...................... Phlceotomus laileatus fioridanus (p. 159). bb. Larger (wing averaging 228.4 in male, 221.6 in female; culmen averaging 49.7 in male, 44.9 in female); coloration more slaty blackish. (Southeastern United States, including northern Florida, north to Maryland, southern Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, etc.) Phlceotomns ileatus ileatus (p. 155). an. Larger (wing averaging more than 230, culmen averaging more than 50). b. Larger (wing averaging 243.3 in male, 236.7 in female; culmen averaging 58 in re_ale, 52 in female; coloration more slaty (more so than in P. p. pileatus); whitish tips to longer primaries always well-developed. (Northern United States, east of Rocky Mountains, north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Kewatin, Mackenzie, etc ............ Phlceotomus laileatus abieticola (p. 160). bb. Smaller (wing averaging 237 in male, 228.1 in female; culmen averaging 54.4 in male, 48.7 in female); coloration blacker or more sooty; whitish tips to longer primaries usually much reduced in size, sometimes obsolete. (North- west coast district, from British Columbia to northern California, east to Idaho and fiorthwestern Montana, and south to southern Sierra Nevada.) Phlceotomus laileatus laicinus (p. 162). PHLqEOTOMUS PILEATUS PILEATUS (Linnaeus). PILEATED WOODPEC]ER. Adult male.--Pileum, including conspicuous occipital crest, bright poppy red, somewhat darker (approaching crimson) on forehead; a rather nalwow postocular stripe of yellowish white, and beneath this a bcoa(l auricular stripe of slate color or brownish slate, involving also suborbital re,on (narrowly) and posterior portion of loral region; upper portion of nasal tufts grayish with terminal portion of bristle-like feathers blackish, this connected with the slate color of orbital re, on by a narrow line of dusky; lower portion of nasal tufts dull pale yellowish; a sharply defed stripe along lower por- tion of lores dull yellow (buff-yellow, maize yellow or naples yellow), passing gradually into yellowish white or pale primrose yellow posteriorly, where forming a broad band beneath the slaty auricu- a A South American (Argentine) species, lhloeotomus schulziCabanis (Campephilus schulzi Sclater and Hudson, Campephilus pileatus var. schulzi Frenzel, Dryotomus schulzi Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 517) has been referred to this genus. I have not seen a specimen, but on geographical grounds alone strongly doubt that it is congeneric with t ). pileatus. 156 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lar area, thence extending downward along side of neck to axillars and under wing-coverts, which, together with basal half (approxi- mately) of inner webs of remiges, are yellowish white or primrose yellow; malar region crimson for greater part, the posterior portion dark slate color or blackish slate; chin and throat white or yellowish white, sometimes more or less streaked or suffused posteriorly or medially with grayish; rest of plumage plain sooty slate-black or blackish slate, a the under parts slightly but not distinctly lighter; feathers of sides and flanks margined terminally with whitish; basal portion of outer webs of remiges white or yellowish wldte, that on secondaries usually concealed by greater coverts, that on primaries showing as a small but distinct area beyond tip of primary coverts; maxilla slate color or slate-gray, darker terminally; mandible bluish white basally, shading through pale grayish blue or bluish gray into slate color or slate-gray at tip; iris cream yellow, naples yellow, or buff-yellow; naked orbital skin grayish olive; legs and feet with scutella black, the interspaces pale gray or whitish; length (skins), 391-437 (410); wing, 220-235 (228.4) ; tail, 144-161 (152.9) ; culmen, 46-52.5 (49.7); tarsus, 33-35 (34.1); outer anterior toe, 26-28.5 (27.3).  Adultfemale.Similar to the adult male, but forehead and anterior half (more or less) of crown grayish brown or olive and malar region slate color; length (skins), 365-410 (390); wing, 214-233 (221.6); tail, 140-158.5 (149.4); culmen, 41.5-49 (44.9); tarsus, 31-34.5 (32.5); outer auterior toe, 24-27.5 (25.5).  a The color is more slaty in more recently killed specimens or those in fresh plum- age, more sooty or brownish in older plumage or older skins. b Eighteen specimens. c Twenty-two specimens. Locality. MALES. Ten a.dult males (P. p. fforidaus) Irom central and southern Florida ...................................................... Two adnit males from northern Florida ...................... One adult male from ldississippi ............................... Three adult males from Tennessee ............................. One adult male from Arkansas ................................ Five adult males from Texas .................................. Two adult males from southern Illinois ...... : ................. One adult male (intermediate between P. p. pileatus and P. T. abieticola) from West Virginia ................................ Two adult males from axyland (1) and District of Colum- bia (1) ....................................................... One adult male (intermediate) from southeastern Pennsyl- vania (Carlisle) .............................................. Four adult males (P. p. abieticola) from western Pennsyivania.. Four adult males (P. . abieticola) from Wisconsin (1), Min- nesota (2), and Manitoba (1) ................................. Wing. 226. 1 22Z 5 224 226 227 226. 8 233 235 22K 5 238 242 244 150. 7 46. 5 33. 6 153. 5 47. 5 33. 5 152 49. 5 35 155, 7 49. 3 3& 8 149 50 ........ 148. 4 50 34. 6 159 5{ 7 ] 3& 5 159 55 ] 36 151.7 50.7 t 34.2 162 52. 5 I 34, 5 161. 7 57. 7 I 34. 1 164 I 58. 1 ] 34. 9 Outer inte- rior toe. 26.9 .7 26 27. 5 27. 9 27,2 2& 5 26 27.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AID DIIDDLE A]VIERICA. 159 Dryopicus pilea$us BONAPARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 85.---MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 34, part; iii, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6. .D[riopicus] pileatus BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). C[ampephilus] pileatus REmHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 391, pl. 647, figs. 4317, 4318. Hylatomus pileatus BAR), Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.--DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 469 (Colorado and Brazos rivers, Texas).---MAVNnRD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 234, part. [ltylotomus] pileatus CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part. ltylotomus pileatus CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part.--Bm), BREWSR, and RmGWV, gist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 551, part.---MaPL, (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 151 (Santa Maria, s. Texas).--RIDGWnV, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. iii, 1880, 189, part; Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part.--OGILnV, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 58 (Navarro Co., Texas).--NSRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 170 (s. c. Texas; habits; descr, nest and eggs). ttylotomus] pileatus Coc.s, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1882, 480, part. t)[hloeotomus] pilcatus CABnNXS and HEXNS, Mus. Hein., iv, heft ii, 1863, 102 ("Nord-Amerika "). [Phloeotomus] pileatus HENS and RsmSNOW, Nora. lIus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 216 (Georgia). Phlceotomus pileatus AMEalCAN ORNITtlOLOGISTS' [NION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 374, part.--WhE, Birds South Carolina, 1910, 91 (habits; descr, nest and eggs).---(?)HOWELL, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 301 (Walden Ridge and Cross Mt., e. Tennessee).--BEAL, Bull. 37, . S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 33 (food). Phlceotomus pileatus pileatus AERICA ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part.--RIDGWV, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1.11, 33 (geog. range). C[eophloeus] pileatus CABNS, Journ. fOr Orn., 1862, 176. Ceophloeus pileatus SWESNSER, Auk, ii, 1885, 52. Ceophlceus pileaus ASRICN ORNTnO,OISWS' NmN, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part.--Rmwv, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 382, part (s. Illinois).--HsRouc,r, Auk, vi, 1889, 238 (centr. and w. Texas).-- SNG,SY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas).--BEN)ms, Life gist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 102, part.--BEvER, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana).--SwocKARD, Auk, xxi, 1904, 463- 466 (breeding habits in Mississippi). C[eophloeus] pleatus R)w.v, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Ceophlceus pileatus abieticola (not of Bangs) FERRY, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 432 (Cairo, Illinois, Aug.). Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola Woo)Rvv, Auk, xxv, 1908, 200 (Shannon Co., Missouri, breeding).--PrLP, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 318 (Lake Ellis, e. North Carolina).--B.DWIN, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 491 (Franklin Co., Missouri, July). IHLCEOTOMUS IILEATUS FLORIDANUS Ridgway. FLORIDA PILEATED WOODPECKER. Similar to P. P. pileatus, but decidedly blacker (that is, the general black color less slaty or sooty), and average size less, with bill usually relatively shorter and broader. Adult male.--Length (skins), 393-430 (412); wing, 222-235 (226.1); tail, 142.5-156.5 (150.7); culmen, 45-49 (46.5); tarsus, 32-35 (33.6); outer anterior toe, 26-28 (26.9). a a Ten specimens. 160 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.--Length (skins), 403-415 (409); wing, 210-222 (220.8); tail, 136-151.5 (145.5); culmen, 41.5-45.5 443.8); tarsus, 31-34.5 (32.7); outer anterior toe, 23-27 (25.3). a Central and southern Florida (St. Johns River?; Blue Cypress Lake; Shell Hammock; Orange Hammock; Fort Gardner; Lake Arbuckle; For Thompson; For Bassinger; For Myers; Lake Harney; Lake Trafford; Punta Rassa; Kissimmee; Tarpon Springs; Avon Park; Miami River; Osceola County; Polk County; Hernando County; Orange County). Picus pileatus (not of Linneeus) AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 74, part; v, 1839, 533, part; Synopsis, 1839, 176, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 226, part. ttylatomus pileatus B.mD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part (St. Johns R., Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.--TYLOR, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).--MYNRD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 234, part (Florida). [Hylotomus] pileatus COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part (Florida). Hylotomus pileatus ALEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 302 (e. Florida; crit.).---CouEs, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part.--BmD, Bw, and RmowY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 550, part (Florida).--RDowY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part. H[ylotomus] pileatus Coups, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 480, part. Ceophlwus pileatus AYEBCN OBNTOOOSTS' Um, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part.--Scor, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rossa, Florida).--MoLER, Auk, vii, 1890, 339 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).--BNDn, Life tist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 102, part, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Florida). C[eophlants] pileatus IIDOWAY, ian. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus Bos, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 176, in text (Ft. Myers, Florida). Dryotomus pileatus tnorrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 515, part (ter- nado Co. and Tarpon Springs, Florida). [Dryotomus] pileatus SE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. Phlceotomus pileatus AECnN ONrroooms' UNmN CorrrE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 374, part. Phlceotomus pileatus pileatus AEcn ORNrroooSTS' UNON, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part. Phlozotomus pileatusfloridanus IIDOWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 33 (Prevatt's Camp, 24 miles s. w. of Kissimmee, Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). PHL(EOTOMUS PILEATUS ABITICOLA (Bangs). IO:RT:H:RI PIL.T.D WOODP:EC:R. Similar to P. 19. pileatus, but much ]arger, bill relatively longer, and general coloration lighter (more slaty). Adult male.--Length (skins), 402-452 (429); wing, 237-253 (243.3); tail, 151-174 (161.8); culmen, 55.5-60 (58); tarsus, 33-36 (34.7); outer anterior toe, 24-28 (27.2). b a Ten specimens, b Eleven specimens. 164 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., California; meas- urements; crit.).--BowLEs, Auk, xxiii, ]906, 144 (Tacoma, Washington, breeding). Phlozotomus pileatus abieticola AMERtCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITT]], Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 374, part; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part.--KEL- LOG(, Condor, xiii. 1911, 119 (Trinity Co., California).--GRIN.LL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 8, 1912, 15.--SAUNDERS, Condor, xiv, 1912, 26 (Powell Co., s. w. Montana).--SwARTH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., x, 1912, 38 (Parksville, Errington, French Creek, Little Qualicum R., Alberni, and Central Lake, Vancouver I.; crit.).---JWTT, Condor, xiv, 1912, 192 (Saw- tooth Mrs., Idaho). [Dryotomus] abieticola SHAReE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. Phlozotomus pileat,s picinus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Soc., iv, April 2, 1910, 79 (Sumas, British Columbia; coll. Mus. Comp. ZOO1.).--IIDGWhY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 34 (geog. range). Genus CAMItE IHILUS Campephilus GRAY, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 54. (Type, by original designation Picus principalis Linnaeus.) Campophilus (emendation) CANm and HN, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July 1863, 100. Megapicos (not of Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, 5" cahier, 1848-]849, 17) MALHR, Mm. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 3]7. (Type, Picus imperialis Gould?) a Megapicus (emendation) BONAeART, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Very large Picidm  (wing 230-320 ram.) with outer hind toe much longer than outer front toe, bill longer than head, with gonys nearly four times as long as mandibular r.ami, head with a very conspicuous occipito-nuchal, more or less recurred, crest (bright red in males, glossy black and more strongly recurred in females), the general color uniform glossy blue-black relieved by white secondaries and under wing-coverts, and a white stripe along each side of inter- scapular area (a white stripe down side of neck in two species), the bill ivory white or yellowish. Bill longer than head, broadly chisel-shaped at tip, much broader than deep a anterior end of nostrils, abruptly contracted terminally in vertical profile; culmen very strongly ridged, straight or very faintly convex; gonys strongly ridged, nearly four times as long as mandibular rami, straight terminally, very faintly convex basally; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, parallel with culmen, running to (or near to) edge of maxilla at a poin abou a The species mentioned are, in the sequence given: 1. M. imperialis (Gould); 2. M. principalis (Linnaeus); 3. M. malherbii (Gray); 4. M. albirostris (Vieillot)=Picus melanoleucus Gmelin, and 5. M. validus (Temminck)-Chrysocoloptes validus. Of these only os. I and 2 belong to Campephilus, nos. 3 and 4 belonging to the genus Scapaneus. b This genus contains much the laest of known woodpeckers. 166 BULLETII 50t UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CAMPEPHILUS IMPERIALIS (Gould). IMPERIAL WOODPECrER. Adult male.--General color glossy blue-black, the tail and primaries (except terminal portion of five or six innermost) dull black or brownish black; outer margin of interscapular region white, forming a conspicuous V-shaped mark; secondaries (except basal portion, mostly concealed), terminal portion (extensively) of primaries (ex- cept five outer ones), under wing-coverts, and axillars, wlfite; crest, except on crown, bright red (poppy red to scarlet-vermilion), this red color extending forward laterally to above posterior angle or even middle of eye; bill pale grayish yellow or dull ivory white; iris bright yellow; legs and feet dusky grayish horn color in dried skins (more bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 535-580 (563); wing, 303-320 (310.9); tail, 184-202 (194.5); culmen, 79-85.5 (82.9); tarsus, 48-51 (49.2); outer anterior toe, 36-37.5 (36.9). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but crest wholly glossy blue-black and much more strongly recurved; length (skins), 560-570 (564); wing, 292-320 (307.4); tail, 183-210.5 (194.6); culmen, 72.5-- 81.5 (77.8); tarsus, 45.5-50.5 (47.7); outer anterior toe, 36-37.5 (36.7).a Northwestern Me.co, in States of Sonora (Rio Bavispe; Sierra lIadre; 50 miles south of Arizona boundary), Chihufihua (Pacheco; Colonia Garcia; Mound Valley; Babicora; Rancheria de los Apaches; Chuhuichupa; 50 miles west of Terrazas), Durango (El Salto; Los Coyotes; Ciudd Durango), Zacatecas, Jalisco (near Bolafios; Sierra de Valparaiso; Sierra de Juanacatln), and Michoacn (Nahuatzin; Patzcuaro). Picus imperialis GOULD, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lond., ii, 1832, 140 ("California," i. e., near Bolafios, Jalisco, Mexico; b coll. J. Gould).--LssoN, Compl. Buffon, ix, 1837, 317.--AuDuboN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 313; Synopsis, 1839, 175; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 212.--NUTT,LL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667.--SuNDV,LL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 4. C[ampephilus] imperialis GravY, Gem Birds, ii, 1845, 436.--1icNc, andb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 390, pl. 646, fig. 4314.--B,mD, Bw, and w,Y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 495, in text, 496.--RD6w,Y, ]Ian. 1. Am. Birds, 1887, 281. a Ten specimens. b The types were supposed to have come "from that little explored district of Cali- fornia which borders the territory of Mexico;" but according to Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 445) they were probably collected by "the mining engineer Floresi, who formed a considerable collection of humming-birds, and also preserved skins of a few other species, all of which passed into Gould's possession," in the neighborhood of Bolafios, in the Sierra Madre of Jalisco, where the species is known to occur, and where Floresi was for a time stationed. BIRDS OF :NORTH A:ND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 Campephilus imperialis BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxvii, 82 (Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 73.--GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 53.--RID(WAY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236; Auk, iv, 1887, 161 (n. Sonora, 50 m. from Arizona boundary).--ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (Chuhuichupa and Rancheria de los Apaches, n. w. Chihuahua; Bavispe R., n. e. Sonora).--NELsoN, Auk, xv, 1898, 217, pl. 3 (near Patzcuaro, Michoacan; Jalisco; Zacatecas; Durango; biography).-- SITH (A. P.), Condor, x, 1908, 91 (w.-centr. Chihuahua, 50 m. w. of Ter- razes). [Campephilus] imperfalis GRAY, Hand-list, if, 1870, 187, no. 8621.--ScLAR and SALvIN, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 98. C[ampophilus] imperialis CABANIS and HEINE, MUS. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 101. Campophilus imperialis HARGIT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 465 (Ciudad Durango, Durango).--SALvIN and Go)AN, Biol. Centr.-hm., hves, if, 1895, 444 (Sierra Madre, Sonora; Ciudad Durango; Sierra de Yalparaiso and Sierra de Juanacatlan, Jalisco). [Campophilus] imperialis ItENE and RECHENOW, Nora. Mus. ]ein. Orn., 1890, 216.--SHARrE, Hand-list, if, 1900, 228. [Dryocopus] imperialis BOArARTE, Consp. hr., i, 1850, 132. Dryotomus irnperialis CAssIN, Illustr. Birds Calif., Tex., etc., 1855, 285, pl. 49. [Megapicus] iperialis BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, if, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Megapicus imperialis MALHERBE, Mort. Picid., i, 1861, 2; iii, 1862, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3. CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS (Linnaeus). IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER. Similar to C. imperialis but much smaller and with nasal tufts and a stripe from suborbital region down side of neck white. Adult ra/e.--General color glossy blue-black, the primaries and tail duller black, or vith bluish gloss less distinct; nasal plumes, anterior portion of lores, stripe on sides of head and neck (commencing usually beneath middle of eye and much narrower on this anterior portion) white, these stripes continued posteriorly along each edge of interscapular region; secondaries (except basal portion), terminal portion of primaries (extensively), except five or six outermost, and under wing-coverts, white; sometimes a few feathers on flanks and anal region tipped with white; occipital crest bright red; bill ivory white in life, deepening in very old skins to brownish yellow or ochraceous-buff; iris clear lemon yellow; legs and feet (in life) light gray, the larger scutella paler and somewhat yellowish gray, the daws horn gray or pale horn color; length (skins), 420-493 (454); wing, 240-263 (255.8); tail, 147-160.5 (154.4); culmen, 63-72.5 (68.2); tarsus, 42.5-46 (44.2); outer anterior toe, 30-34 (32.1).a Adult female.--Similar in coloration to the adult male, but crest wholly glossy blue-black; length (skins), 452-488 (471); wing, 240- Fifteen specimens. BIRDS OF IORT] AID MIDDLE AMERICA. 169 Campephilus principalis GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 53.--WooD- OVSE, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Exp. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 90 (Arkansas R.; e. Texas).--BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 81; Cat. N. Am. Bird.s, 1859, no. 72.--TAYLOR, Ibis, 1862, 128 (FIorida).--DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 468 (Brazos and Trinity rivers, Texas).--ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 301 (Volusia, Enterprise, and Hawkinsville, e. FIorida).-- Cov.s, Check List, 1873, no. 293; 2d ed., 1882, no. 431.--BAIRD, BREWER, and RID(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 496, pl. 49, figs. 1, 2.--MERRIM, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 88 (St. John and Ocklawaha rivers, e. Florida).--Rm(- wAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188; Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 359; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 374 (White Co., Illinois, formerly).--IIAY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (near Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi).--N.HR- LIN(, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 170 (IIarris and Montgomery Coun- ties, Texas).--BAILEY (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 40 (Alta- maha Swamp, Georgia; descr, nest and eggs).--AMECAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNIOn. Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 392; 3d ed., 1910, 185.- BUTLER, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 25 (Franklin Co., Indiana, up to about 1826); Birds Indiana, 1897, 829.--CooKE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 127 (Kansas City and Fayette, Missouri; Newport, n. e. Arkansas; Caddo, Oklahoma).--Scor, Auk, v, 1888, 186 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; descr, nest); vi, 1889, 251 (Punta Rassa, Florida); ix, 1892, 212, 218 (Caloo- sahatchie R., F1orida).--PNDAR, Auk, vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, about 1884).--HAsROUC, Auk, viii, 1891, 174-186, with map (geog. mnge).--BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 42.--BEYER, Auk, xvii, 1900, 97-99 (Franklin Parish, Louisiana; habits, etc.); Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana, mre).--W.YNE, Auk, xxii, 1905, 414 (Jefferson Co., Florida; descr, spec. with white-tipped primaries); Birds South Car., 1910, 87 (near Beldoc, Barnwell Co., as late as 1898; prob- ably still existing in swamps of Pedee, Santee, and Savannah rivers).--IIoYT, Warbler, ser. 2, i, 1905, 52-55, pl. (3) (Lake Co., Florida; breeding habits, etc.).--BEYR, ALLISON, and Ko,mN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 445 (n. Louisiana, common).--BEAL, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 62 (food). [Campephilus] principalis GPY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8620.--COVES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192. C[ampophilus] principal, s ChmNIS and HEN, MUS. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 100. [Campophilus] principalis H.INE and RCH.NOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 216.--SHAa, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 228. Campophilus principalis HARGIr, Cat. Birds Brit. Ius., xviii, 1890, 463 (DeSoto Co., Argo, and Tarpon Springs, Florida), 572 (descr. female nestling). [Campephilus principalis] vat. principalis BAreD, BRw.R, and Rm(w.Y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 496. Megapicos principalis MALHER, Mm. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 318. [Megapicus] principalis BONA'ATE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Megapicus principalis MALH.aE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 4; iii, 1862, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. CAMPEPHILUS BAIRDII Cassin. CUBAN IVOI:tY-BILLED WOODPW.CKEI:t. Similar to C. princit)alis , but slightly smaller, the bill decidedly so; nasal tufts much smaller, and white stripe on side of head con- tinued nearly to the rictus. BIRDS OF IORTtt AID MIDDLE AMERICA. 171 Bill about as long as head, stout, regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, not depressed, its width at anterior end of nostrils but slightly if at all exceeding its depth at same point; culmen straight or but very slightly convex in middle portion, very strongly ridged; gonys less than three tinms as long as mandibular rami, straight, ascending terminally, slightly prominent and convex basally, distinctly but not sharply ridged; supranasal ridge very distinct, running out to (or toward) tomium at a point anterior to one-third the distance from tip of maxilla to base. Nostril longi- tudinally oval or ovate, situated much nearer to tomium than to culmen, partly covered by the small antrorse prefrontal feathers, these forming a small but distinct tuft, except in S. guatemalensis, in which the feathering surrounding base of bill is shorter, coarser, and more erect; feathers of malar apex and chin (especially tlm former) antrorse, but without distinct, if any, bristle-like tips. Orbits completely and extensively naked; feathers of occiput developed into a conspicuous obtusely pointed, but not recurred, crest. Wing moderately long, the longer primaries exceeding secondaries by a little more than one-fifth the length of wing; sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, and seventh, primaries longest, the ninth equal to second or third, the tenth (outermost) decidedly more than half to nearly two-thirds as long as tenth, at least one-seventh as wide as long, distinctly incurved. Tail a little more than half to about three- fifths as long as wing. Tarsus slightly tlough decidedly longer than outer hind toe without claw, stout, the planta tarsi covered with small hexagonal scutella (less distinct on inner side); outer lfind toe exceeding outer front toe by more than half the length of its terminal phalanx; claws exceedingly large and strongly curved, that of the inner hind toe conspicuously smaller than the rest. Coloration.--Upper parts and chest (whole under parts in S. leucopogon) black, the interscapular region with a white stripe along each side (continuous with a white stripe along side of neck) or (in S. leucopogon) interscapulars immaculate buff; under parts posterior to chest (except in S. leucopogon) barred with black and buff, pale tawny, or white; inner webs of remiges with proximal portion im- maculate white or yellow, or (in S. leucopogon) with proximal por- tion of primaries (only) cinnamon-tawny; greater part (sometimes whole) of head red in adult males, partly black in females. Range.--Southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (Several species. ) a I have not had the opportunity of examining in this connection "Campephilus" rubricollis (Boddaert) or C. trachelopyrus (Malherbe); but C. guayaquilensis and C. melanoleucus I would refer to Scapaneus. 178 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL IIUSEUII. SCAPANEUS GUATEMALENSIS NELSONI Ridgway. NELSON'S IVORY-BILL. Similar to S. g. guatemalenss but black of upper parts, neck, and chest less sooty (that of foreneck glossy, slightly bluish), that of chest more extended; back-stripes whiter (less yellowish); lighter bars on under parts of body paler and narrower; yellow on under side of wings paler; and average measurements decidedly smaller. Adult male.--Length (skins), 290-330 (304); wing, 165.5-187 (176.6); tail, 95-105.5 (98); culmen, 43-50 (45.1); tarsus, 31-33.5 (32.3); outer anterior toe, 19.5-25 (23.6). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 281-350 (307); wing, 174-189 (180.7); tail, 94.5-113 (103.8); culmen, 40.5-49 (44); tarsus, 30-33.5 (31.9); outer anterior toe, 20-24 (22.3). a Southwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlfin; Presidio de Mazatln; Escuinapa; Brazil; Mt. Juan Lisiarraga, 5,500 ft.; Las Cabras I.), Jalisco (Tonila; Bahia de Banderas), Colima (Rio de la Armeria; Manzanillo; Santiago; Cualata; Jacolapa), Iichoacn (La Salada; Volcan de Jorulla), and Guerrero (Acapulco; Dos Arroyos; E1 Zopilote; E1 RincSn; Tecpn; Papayo; La Saluda; Omilteme), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Tepic). Campephilus guatemalensis (not Picus guatemalensis Itartlaub) LAWR.NC,, ]Iem. Bost. Soc. N. It., ii, 1874, 293 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de la Armeria, Colima). Campophilus guatemalensis ItARGITT, Cat. Birds Brit. lIus., xvi, 1890, 473, part (Mazatlan and Presidio near lIazatlan, Sinaloa; Tepic; Tonila, Jalio; Santiago, Cualata, and :acolapa, Colima).--SLviN and GOD.AN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 446, part (IocaHties in Sinaloa, Tepic, Jalisco, and Colima; Dos Arroyos, Guerrero). C[ampephilus] guaemalensis RIDGWhV, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 281, part. Campephilus guatemalenss guatemalensis Mu,L, (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. It., xxi, Nov. 24, 1905, 352 (Escuinapa, Brazil, Las Cabras Islands, and Mt. Juan Lisiarmga, s. Sinaloa). Scapaneus guatemalenss nelsoni RIDWAV, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 244 1911, 34 (El RincSn, Guerrero; coll. U. S. Nat Mus.). SCAPANEUS GUATEMALENSIS REGIUS (Reichenbach). VERA CRUZ IVORY-BILL Similar to S. g. nelsoni but much larger (even than S. g. guatema- lenis), and black of foreneck, chest, etc., rather less intense. Adult male.Length (skins), 325-367 (353); wing, 183.5-205 (194.6); tail, 93.5-117.5 (106.6); culmen, 48-56.5 (51.8); tarsus, 33.5-38 (36); outer anterior toe, 25-30 (26.7). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 318-384 (348); wing, 187-209 (197.4) ; tail, 105-123.5 (113.9); culmen, 43-53 (49); tarsus, 34.5-37 (35.4); outer anterior toe, 23.5-27 (25.6). b a Ten specimens, b Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179 Central-eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Tamesi, near Tampico; Alta Mira; Victoria; Cation de Caballeros; Santa Leo- nora; Rio de la Cruz), San Luis Potosi (Valls), and Vera Cruz (Mira- dSr; Orizaba; CSrdova; Jalapa; Santa Ana near Jalapa; Colipa; Pa- pantla; Uvero; Santecomapfim; Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista; Puebla Vieja; Paso de Milpa; Misantla; Medellin; Laguna Verde; Llano Verde; San Juan Martin). Mexico (near City of Mexico) ? Dryocopus erythrops (not Picus erythrops Valenciennes) SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). (?)Campephilus guatemalensis SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 331 (s. Mexico). Campephilus guatemalensis SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 177 (near City of Mexico).--FmRRi-Pmz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 158 (Santa Ana and Paso de Milpa, Vera Cruz).--PIcttMOND, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 629 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas). [Campephilus] guatemalensis GahY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8630, part.-- SCTR and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 98, part. (?)C[ampephilus] guatemalensis GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 57, part (Mexico). C[ampephilus] guatemalensis RIDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 281, part. Campephilus guatemalensis gatemalensis PHILLIPS, Auk, xxviii, Jan. 1911, 76 (Santa Leonora and Rio de la Cruz, Tamaulipas). Campophilus guatemalensis HRITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvi, 1890, 473, part (Tampico and Tamesi near Tampico, s." Tamaulipas; Misantla, Laguna Verde, Santa Ana near Jalapa, Jalapa, and Colipa, Vera Cruz).--ShLVlN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 446, part (Papantla, San Juan Martin, Laguna Verde, Orizaba, Uvero, Cordova, Santecomapam, Llano Verde, and Playa Vicente, etc., Vera Cruz; localities in Tamaulipas). [Campophilus] guatemalensis SIIARFE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 229, part. 1)ryocopus guatemalensis SCLATR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 220 (Santecoma- pare, Vera Cruz; crit.).--(?)SCLATEa and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, 135, part (s. Mexico).--SMCHaAs% Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (Tierra Caliente, Veto Cruz). Megapicus guatemalensis IIALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 19, part (Papantla, Vera Cruz). (?)S[capaneus] guatemalensis CBASlS and HEINE, MUS. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 92, part (Mexico). [Scapaneus] guatemalensis HNS and REICHNOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215, part (Mexico). [Dryotomus] odoardus BOSPRT, Notes Ore. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 85, footnote, in text (Mexico). Dryotomus odoardus BOSAPRT, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 86, footnote, in text (Mexico). [Dryocopus] regius LICHTENSTEIN, Nora. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75 (Mexico; nomen nudum!). C[ampephilus] regius IEICHENBACH, Handb., Scansores, Picine, 1854, 393, pl. 694, figs. 4331, 4332 (Papantla, Vera Cruz; coll. Berlin Mus.). [Driopicus] regius BOAPARTZ, Ateneo Italians, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). capaneus guatemalensis regius RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Vash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). 180 BULLETIN 50 UlqlTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CNIlAlCHUS Cabanis and Heine. (?)_[egapico8 a MALHERBE, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, 5e cahier, 1848-1849, 17. (Type, by original designation, M. grayi Malherbe---Picus polle Bonaparte.) Cniparchus b CAANm and HEIsE, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July II, 1863, 98. (Type, Picus hematogaster Tschudi.) Large Picidm (wing about 173 -193 ram.) resembling Scapaneus but differing in relatively longer and more slender bill, much shorter (rounded and "bushy" instead of pointed) crest, shorter and more rounded wing (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than one-fifth the length of wing), with relatively larger and broader tenth primary, relatively longer tarsus, and banded inner webs of remiges. Bill longer than head, rather slender, regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, decidedly broader than deep at anterior end of nos- trils; culmen staight for most of its length but very faintly convex toward base, sharply ridged; gonys a little more than twice as long as mandibular rami, distinctly ridged, straight for greater part but slightly convex basally; supranasal ridge very distinct, running out to edge of maxilla at a little less than one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril large, longitudinally elliptical-oval, much nearer to tomium than to culmen, at least partially covered by sma|l antrorse prefrontal feathers. Malar apex and chin with feathers not distinctly antrorse. Orbital region extensively and com- pletely naked. Wing rather short, much rounded, the longest pri- maries exceeding secondaries by less than one-fifth the length of wing; fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth, tenth (outermost) nearly two-thirds as long as ninth, strongly bowed or incurved, very broad (greatest width equal to one-sixth or more the length). Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing. Tarsus much longer than outer hind toe without claw.  Coloration.--Inner webs of remiges blacldsh broadly banded or transversely spotted with white or buffy; rump red or huffy; a white or huffy stripe from nostrils across lores and beneath orbital and auricular regions to side of neck; pileum red; rest of plumage black, the under parts of body dark red in C. hxmatogaster and C. 1. splen- dens, barred with black and tawny in C. pollens; bill black. (6 . hematogaster and its subspecies have the rump red, and no white on back; C. pollens has the lower back and rump pale buff, lower rump a The interrogation mark here has reference to the question of whether Picus pollens and P. hxmatogaster are really congeneric. (See remarks under footnote c.) b "Von ,b, ttolzwurm und /pZw, herrschen." (Cabanis and Heine.) c The generic description (except as to color characters) is taken entirely from the type of the genus C. hematogaster (Tschudi), the only skin available at the present time of C. pollens (Bonaparte), a species which is doubtfully congeneric but which agrees fairly well in structurul and color characters, being so young that I cannot be sure as to relative proportions of the bill, etc. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183 tance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril small, narrowly elliptical, situated about midway between culmen and tomium, covered by small, hair-like, antrorse prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex antrorse, with bristly tips, those of chin with distinct though very slen- der antrorse or semiantrorse bristle-like tips. Orbital region naked for a narrow space around eye, the margin of eyelids unfeathered. Wing moderate, rounded, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than one-fifth the length of wing; fifth, sixth, and seventh pri- maries longest, the ninth shorter than second, the tenth (outermost) about half as long as ninth. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, the rectrices relatively very broad, the middle ones short-acuminate at tip. Tarsus shorter than either outer toe with claw; outer hind toe decidedly longer than outer front toe. Coloration.--Above mostly plain grayish green, the tail gray obso- letely barred with darker, the primaries blac -kish spotted with grayish green and dull whitish; under parts yellov, streaked anteriorly and laterally, barred posteriorly, with blackish; sides of head white, except an auricular stripe of blac-kish or grayish; a narrow black stripe on throat, confluent with a red jugular patch; adult male with pileum and hindneck bright red, adult female with crown black streaked with white. Rage.--Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines). (Monotypic.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF XIPHIDIOPICUS PEICUSSUS. a. Larger (male averaging: Wing 120.4, tail 87.9, culmen 25.7, tarsus 23.4; female, wing 118.3, tail 91.4, culmen 21.8, tarsus 23); coloration darker, the under parts more distinctly streaked, the streaks more blackish; red of foreneck more ex- tended; auricular stripe darker gray and broader. (Cuba.) Xiphidiopicus percussus percussus (p. 183). aa. Smaller (male averaging: Wing 108.8, tail 78.3, culmen 25.3, tarsus 21.9; female, wing 107.6, tail 81.8, culmen 21.8, tarsus 20.6); coloration paler, the und<r parts leas distinctly streaked, the streaks more grayish; red of foreneck more restricted; auricular stripe narrower, more grayish. (Isle of Pines.) Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinorum (p. 185). XIPHIDIOPICUS PERCUSSUS PERCUSSUS (Temminck). CUBAI" GIEEI" WOODPEC:EI. Adult male.--Pileum (except anterior part of forehead) and hind- neck bright poppy red, slightly darker on forehead and crown, where more or less broken by exposure of the dusky basal portion of the feathers, the forehead sometimes with a few small streaks or elongated spots of white; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wing- coverts, and secondaries plain bright grayish yellowish green (nearly oil green), lighter and more yellowish on rump, paler and grayer on upper tail-coverts, a the secondaries rather broadly and regularly, but a The lower rump is sometimes more or less distinctly barred with dusky or blackish, and the upper tail-coverts usually have alternate black and white shaft-streaks. 184 BULLETIN 50 UIITED STATES IATIOIAL MUSEUM. rather indistinctly, barred with blackish; tail slate-gray, rather broadly but indistinctly barred with darker, the shafts of rectrices black; primaries dull black or slate-black, broadly barred or spotted with light yellowish olive-green, these markings paler and more gray- ish on distal quills; nasal tufts and anterior portion of forehead, broad superciliary stripe, loral, suborbital and malar regions, sides of chin and throat, and sides of neck white (tinged with greenish yel- low in fresh plumage), the first two sometimes tinged with pale brown- ish, sometimes with bristly tips or terminal margins blackish; auricu- lar region grayish dusky, with narrow shaft-streaks of white, this dusky grayish auricular stripe, continued, more narrowly, down side of neck; median portion of chin and most of throat black; extreme lower throat, foreneck, and upper chest bright poppy red, this forming a somewhat triangular patch, widened and convex posteriorly; rest of under parts citron or sulphur yellow, deepening into canary yellow on abdomen, the lower chest and breast streaked with grayish dusky or blackish, the sides more broadly streaked and barred, the flanks still more broadly barred with the same; under tail-coverts marked with broad V-shaped bars of blackish; under wing-coverts yellowish white or very pale yellow, more or less heavily barred or spotted with blackish; inner webs of remiges dusky, broadly barred with yellowish white, except on distal portion of outer primaries (extensively) and terminal portion of secondaries.; under surface of tail pale yellowish gray, more or less distinctly barred with blackish; bill, blackish, the mandible more grayish (bluish gray in life), at least basally; feet grayish (yellowish gray or olive-greenish in life ?); length (skins), 215-240 (231); wing, 113-130.5 (120.4); tail, 82-90.5 (87.9); culmen 24-28 (25.7); tarsus, 22-25.5 (23.4); outer anterior toe, 18-21.5 (19.3). a Adultfemale.--Similar to the adult male, but forehead and crown black, sharply streaked with white; length (skins), 205-224 (219); wing, 110-125.5 (118.3); tail, 85-97.5 (91.4); culmen, 20-23 (21.8); tarsus, 22-24 (23); outer anterior toe, 17-20 (18.2). a Island of Cuba (Guam,; E1 Guam,; Monte Verde; Guantnamo; Baracoa; I-Iolquin; Camaguy; near Cardenas; near Trinidad; Figuabas). Picus percussus TEINCK, P1. Col., 66e livr., (vol. iv), June, 1826, pls. 390, 424, and text (Cuba; cell. Leyden Mus.).--VmoRs, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 444.--D'ORmNY, in La Sagra's Hist. Fis., etc., Cuba, Ayes, 1839, 109, French ed., 143.--DENNY, I)roc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.--LrsY, Aves de la lsla de Cuba, Suppl., 1850, 131.--TIN*NN, Journ. ftir Orn., 1857, 153.--SvNDEV*, Consp. Av. Yicin., 1866, 48. D[endrobates] percussus Gm,,v, Gem Birds, ii, 1845, 437. Cldoropicus percussus ]{,z, .Mm. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 352. a Ten specimens. 186 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Capnopicus BONAPAITE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 125 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 10). (Type, Picus fuvaigat-us Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.) Callipicus BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 125 (Consp. Velucr. Zyd., 1854, 10). (Type, Picus callonots Waterhouse.) Campias CAB.Sm and HEINE, 'tlS. Hein., iv, heft 2, Sept., 1863, 145. (Type, Picus tephrodops WaglerP. passerinus Linnaeus.) Phaionerpes RECHSB.CH, ttandb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 356. (Type, Picu8 .fumigatus Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.) Phaeonerpes (emendation) CAB.Sm and HEINE, Ius. tIein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 139. "Crypturonerpes RCH[B.CH] 1854." (Gray, ttand-list, ii, 1870, 200.) Erytheronerpes REICHESB.Cr, IIandb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 356. (Type, Picus saguineus Lichtenstein.) Eryt?tronerpes (emendation) C.B.Ss and HIsE, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 142. Small Picide (wing ubout 80-105 ram.) with outer hind toe longer than outer front toe, tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, inner hind toe rehtively very small (the toe and claw together less than half as long as outer toe), back plain olive, olive-russet, orange- russet, or red, no white spots on outer webs of primaries, and under parts plain olive-brown or olive, or barred with olive or dusky and whitish, or else plain whitish and upper parts red. Bill shorter than head, rather stout, about as wide as deep at anterior end of nostril, rather ubruptly contracted in width ter- minally, the tip distinctly chisel-shaped; culmen straight or very "faintly convex, sha.rply ridged; gonys decidedly less than twice as long as mandibular rumi, nearly straight, or very faintly concave terminally and convex basally, more or less distinctly ridged; supra- nasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, parallel with but far removed from culmen, running out to edge of maxilla at a point near or slightly anterior to middle of tomium. Nostril small and narrow, longitudinal, sometimes pointed anteriorly, covered by a distinct prefrontal antrorse tuft of small hair-like, bristle-tipped, feuthers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse, bristle-tipped. Orbits mostly feathered. Wing moderate or rather short, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than one-fourth (usually less thun one-fifth) the length of wing; seventh und eighth, sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth, the tenth (outermost) a little more than one-fourth to nearly one-half as long as ninth. Tail less than two-thirds (sometimes only half) as long as wing, the middle rectrices gradually and only moderately narrowed, and more or less strongly decurved, terminally. Tarsus nearly to quite as long as outer front toe with claw, decidedly shorter than culmen; outer hind toe de- cidedly longer than outer front toe; inner hind toe relatively very small, the digit and claw combined less than half as long as outer hind toe. BIR.DS OF IORTt AID MIDDLE AMERICA. 195 anterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point; culmen straight or very faintly convex, sharply ridged; gonys twice as long as mandibular rami, or slightly more, more or less distinctly ridged, straight or very nearly so; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, parallel with culmen, running out to (or toward) edge of maxilla at a point less than one-third to a little more than one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril small, .longitudinally elliptical or linear (sometimes more pointed anteriorly), situated nearer to tomium than to culmen, completely covered by a conspicuous antrorse tuft of hair-like, bristly-tipped prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse, bristle-tipped, the latter covering base of gonys. Orbital region partly naked, the margin of lower eyelid and posterior portion of upper eyelid clothed with minute feathers. Wing rather long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-fourth (but less than one-third) th length of wing; sixth and seventh, sixth, seventh and eighth, or seventh and eighth primaries longest, the ninth much shorter than fifth (sometimes a little shorter than fourth), the tenth (outermost) about one-third as long as ninth. Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices broad, the middle ones more or less strongly decurved terminally and with tip gradually short-acunfinate. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw (except in D. scalaris, D. nuttallii, D. stricl'landi, and D. arizona), feathered in front for at least upper third; outer hind toe nmch longer than outer front toe. Coloration.--(1) General color of upper parts black, the scapulars or lower back, spots on primaries (sometimes secondaries and wing- coverts also), auricular and orbital regions white; posterior under parts red or tinged with red; adult males with pileum or a nuchal band red. (D. major, D. medius, D. minor, D. leucotus, and other Palearctic species.) (2) Above black with a white stripe down back, the primaries (sometimes also secondaries and wing-coverts) spotted with white; auricular region black, with a white stripe above and below; posterior under parts white or light brownish, like anterior portions; adult males with a red nuchal band. (D. q)illosus and D. pubescens groups.) (3) Similar to section 2 but the black replaced by brown (one species without white on back) and under parts spotted with black. (D. striclandi and D. arizona. ) (4) Similar to section 2 but back barred with white and black, lateral and posterior under parts spotted with black, the adult males with occiput as well as nape red, the crown streaked or speckled with white. (D. scalaris and D. nuttallii groups.) 196 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range.--Ialmarctic and Nearctic Regions; south in America to lanami. (More than fifty species and subspecies, a) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DRYOBATES. a. Back with a broad longitudinal median str.ipe of white, or at least without regular bars; black auricular patch confluent posteriorly with black of hindneck. b. Larger (wing more than 108, or else underparts smoky brown; exposed culmen 21 or more). (Dryobates illosus.) c. Middle wing-coverts heavily spotted with white; greater coverts with a large subbasal (concealed) spot of white; all the secondaries, spotted (in trans- verse series) with white. (Eastern and northern forms.) d. Larger (averaging: wing more than 130, tail more than 83, exposed culmen more than 31 mm.). (Northern North America east of Rocky Mts., chiefly north of United States.) Dryobates villosus septentrionalis (p. 210). dd. Smaller (averaging: wing less than 121, tail less than 75, exposed culmen less than 30 ram.). e. Larger (averaging: Male, wing 120.4, tail 71.4, exposed culmen 29.2; female, wing 119.9, tail 74.2, exposed culmen 27.3); under parts more purely white, and white markings of upper parts averaging rather larger. (Middle districts of eastern North America, from more southern British Provinces to northern border of Lower Austral Zone.) Dryobates villosus villosus (p. 201). ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 114). f. Wing longer (averaging 113.8 in male, 112.2 in female); loral region largely black; adult male with red nuchal patch narrower, usually interrupted medially by a black stripe from occiput to hindneck. (Lower Austral Zone of eastern United States.) Dryobates villosus audubonii (p. 206). ft. Wing shorter (averaging less than 108 in male, less than 105 in female); Ioral region wholly or mostly white; adult male with red nuchal patch broader, not interrupted medially. g. Sides of breast heavily streaked with black; lateral rectrices without black spots on inner web. (Islands of New Providence and Andros, Bahamas.) .................. Dryobates villosus maynardi (p. 208). gg. Sides of breast with few if any black streaks; lateral rectrices usually with one or more black spots on inner web. (Islands of Abaco, Little Abaco, and Great Bahama, Bahama.) Dryobates villosus piger (p. 209). cc. Middle wing-coverts wholly black, or with much fewer or smaller white spots; greater coverts without any sub-basal (concealed) white spot, often wholly black; inner secondaries without white spots, those on distal sec- ondaries and primaries reduced in size. (Western and Middle American forms, except one.) d. Underparts essentially white. e. Underparts pure white. fi White of back more restricted, more or less broken by black streaking or spotting; lateral rectrices frequently with one or more black spots on distal portion; flanks often spotted or broadly streaked with blackish. (Slightly smaller than D. . monticola.) (Newfoundland.) Dryobates villosus terrmnovm (p. 211). a Most of the Old World species generally referred to this genus have not been examined in the preparation of the above generic description, which is based on all the American species and D. major, D. leucotus, D. medius, and D. ninor only oI the Old World forms. BIIDS OF :NOltT] A:ND iV[IDDLE AiV[ERICA.. 197 ft. White of back more extended, unbroken lateral rectrices never with black spots, and flanks never distinctly (if at all) spotted or streaked. g. Larger (wing averaging 133.3 in male, 131.1 in female). (Rocky Mt. district, from tritish Columbia to northern New lIexico.) Drobates villosus monticola (p. 212). gg. Smaller (wing averaging 126.3 in male, 123.6 in female). (Extreme western Texas, New lIexico and Arizona, except extreme southern portion, and southern Utah.) Dryobates villosus leucothorectis (p. 214). ee. Underparts not pure white. fi Larger (wing averaging 129.1 in male, 126.3 in female). (Sierra Nevada district of California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada.) Dryobates villosus orius (p. 215). ft. Smaller (wing averaging 122.6 in male, 120.1 in female). (Northern Lower California, southern California, and coast district of middle California, north to Mendocino Co.) Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (p. 217). rid. Underparts not white (pale brownish gray to deep smoky brown). e. Underparts drab-grayish or bully grayish. fi Larger (wing averaging ]24 or more, tail 77 or more); under parts deeper smoke-gray or drab gray. g. Pale grayish or whitish ef back not usually broken into spots or irregular bars; flanks not heavily, if at all spotted with black; lateral rectrices without black bars or spots. /. Under parts darker and grayer or more smoky; white of back more strongly tinged with gray; wing-coverts less often spotted; nasal tufts tsually dull whitish or grayish. (Northwest coast district, from Humboldt Co., California, to tritish Columbia.) Dryobates villosus harrisi (p. 218). /h. Under pas paler (often nearly white) and more bufiy; white of back less tinged with gray (often not at all); wing-coverts more often spotted; nasal tufts usually strongly buffy or tawny. (Southeastern coast of Alaska, including Alexander Archipelago.) Dryobates villosus sitkensis (p. 220). gg. Pale grayish or whitish of back broken into spots or irregular bars; flanks heavily spotted with black; lateral rectrices usually broadly barred or spotted with black. (Queen Charlotte Ielands, tritih Columbia.) ................ Dryobates villosus picoideus (p. 220), ft. Smaller (wing averaging less than 124, tail less than 75); underparts paler smoke-gray, drab-gray, or buffy gray. g. Larger (wing averaging ]23.5 in male, ]23.3 in female); underparts slightly paler. (Southwestern New lIexico, southern Arizona, and southward to Durango, Zacatecas, and Coahuila.) Dryobates villosus icastus (p. 221). gg. Smaller (wing averaging 120.7 in male, ]]8.2 in female); underparts slightly darker. (Middle-eastern portion of lIexican plateau, in States of San Luls PotosI and southern Tamaulipas.) Dryobates villosus intermedius (p. 222). ee. Underparts decidedly brownish. f. Larger (averaging: wing 117.7 in male, 114.6 in female, tail 71.5 in male, 69.5 in female); underparts more grayish brown. (Highlands of southern lIexico, in States of Yera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, lIorelos, Oaxaca, Guerrero, l=ichoacn, and Salisco.) Dryobates villosus jardinii (p. 223). 198 BULLETI 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL ft. Smaller (averaging: wing less than 110 in male, less than 106 in female, tail less than 64 in male, less than 61 in female); underparts les grayish brown. g. Underparts darker brown. h. Lrger (wing averaging 109.4 in male, 104.6 in female, tail 63.9 in mle, 60.9 in female). (Guatemala and State of Chiapas, south- ern Mexico.) ............. Dry,bates villosus sancterum (p. 225). h. Smaller (wing averaging 102.8 in male, 102.1 in female, tail 58.6 in male, 58.4 in female). (Highlands of Costa lica and weern lanamS.) ................. Dryobates villosus extimus (p. 226). gg. Underparts paler brown (size of 1). v. sanctorum). (tiighlands of northern Nicaragua.) ........ Dryobates villosus fumeus (p. 6). bb. Smaller (wing less--usually much less---thn 106, the underparts pure white to dull white); exposed culmen not more, usually much less, than 18 ram. ( Dryobates pubescens.) c. Middle wing-coverts heavily spotted with white; greater coverts with a large sub-basal (concealed) spot of white; all the secondaries spotted (in transverse series) with white. (Eastern and northern forms.) d. Smaller (averaging: wing 88.6 in male, 88.7 in female, tail 50.5 in male, 51.6 in female); underparts dull white. (Lower Austral Zone of Eastern United States.) ................ Dryobates lubescens pubescens (p. 228). dd. Larger (averaging: wing more than 94, tail more than 55); underparts pure white. e. Smaller (averaging: wing 94.1 in male, 94.7 in female, tail 55.8 in male, 56.4 in female). (Middle districts of eastern North America, in l_'pper Austral and Transition life-zones; Kodiak Island, Alaska?) Dryobates pubescens medianus (p. 233). ee. Larger (averaging: wing 99.1 in male, 98.8 in female, tail 63.1 in male, 63.3 in female). (Northern lorth America, east of Rocky Mrs., north to Mackenzie and Yukon, west to west coast of Alaska; south in winter to extreme northern United States.) Dryobates pubescens nelsoni (p. 235). cc. Middle wing-coverts wholly black or with much fewer or smaller white spots; greater coverts without any_ sub-basal (concealed) white spot, often wholly black; inner secondaries without transverse white spots, and spots on other remiges reduced in size. (Western forms.) d. Under parts pure white; larger (wing averaging 99.3 in male, 100.9 in female, tail 62.3 in male, 63.9 in female). (Rocky Mountain district, from British Columbia to New Mexico and Arizona; during migration, west to eastern California, etc., east to eastern Montana, western Nebraska, etc.) Dryobates pubescens homorns (p. 236). dd. Under parts not pure white; smaller (wing averaging less than 98, tail less than 62). e. Larger (averaging wing 96 in male, 97.2 in female); inner secondaries with rounded spots of white; middle wing-coverts spotted with white; under parts grayish white. (Coast district of southern Alaska, from Kenai leninsula to Taku liver.) ..... Dryobates pubescens glacialis (p. 239). ee. Smaller (averaging wing less han 96 in male, less than 93 in female); inner secondaries and middle coverts usually without white spots; under parts brownish white to light brownish gray or drab. f. Under parts light brownish gray or drab; slightly laxger (averang wing 95.1 in male, 92.8 in female). (Northwest coast district, from outhern British Columbia to northern California.) Dryobates Imbescens gairdnerii (p. 241). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201 d. Larger (averaging: wing 117.3 in male, 113.2 in female; exposed culmen 27.2 in male, 24.1 in female); under parts averaging less heavily spotted and white spots on outer webs of primaries larger. (Southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico southward through Sonora and Chihuahua to Durango.) .......................... Dryobates arizonm arizonm (p. 261). dd. Smaller (averaging: wing 108.9 in male, 108 in female; exposed culmen 23.6 in male, 20.8 in female); under parts averaging more heavily spotted and white spots on outer webs of primaries smaller, sometimes obsolete. (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa, Jalio, Colima, and Zaca- tecas and Territory of Tepic.) .... Dryobates atizone fraterculus (p. 263). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS VILLOSUS (Linnmus). HAIRY WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Pileum uniform glossy blue-black; a nuchal band of bright poppy red or scarlet, usually interrupted in middle portion by an extension of the black of pileum; rest of upper parts black, the median portion of back (broadly) white, the wings (including middle coverts) spotted with white, the spots on greater coverts and remiges arranged in regular transverse series; two lateral rectriccs, on each side (including outermost rudimentary rectrix), entirely white, the third white except basal portion of inner web, the fourth with greater part of outer web and distal portion of inner web wlfite ; nasal tufts dull white to dull brownish yellow, the bristly shafts blackish; a broad white supra-auricular stripe, narrower anteriorly, where extending over eye (sometimes confluent with whitish of nasal tufts); a broad white suborbital-subauricular stripe, anteriorly confluent with whitish or dull yellowish of nasal tufts, posteriorly extending to sides of neck; between these two white stripes a broad black stripe involving whole of auricular region and part of suborbital region, posteriorly confluent with black of hindneck; a black malar stripe (usually more or less broken anteriorly by admixture of white), con- tinued and gradually widening, posteriorly, where confluent with a lat- eral extension of the black of hindneck, and also sending off a short branch along side of chest; underparts immaculate white; bill deep grayish horn color, the mandible slightly paler; iris reddish brown (claret brown to burnt umber) ; legs and feet dull grayish blue, bluish gray or grayish olive; length (sns), 184-228 (220); wing, 114.5-124 (120.4); tail, 65-77 (71.4); exposed culmen, 27-33 (29.2); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 13-15.5 (14.4). b Adult female.--Similar to the adult male but without any red on head; length (skins), 185-231 (206); wing, 115-128 (119.9); tail, a The terminal portion of these white rectrices usually stained, more or less deeply, with brown or tawny (from contact with decayed wood?). b Twenty-five specimens, from New York, t)ennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, northern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. 68.5-83 (74.2); exposed culmen, 25-30 outer anterior toe, 13-15 (14). a NATIOI'AL MUSEUM. (27.3); tarsus, 20-23 (21.1); a Twenty-four specimens, from Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, northern Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Illinois. Outer Locality. ante- MALES. Eleven adult males from Yukon, Mackenzie, etc. (D. v. tentrionalis ). Two adult males from Maine, June (D. v. septentrionalis.) ..... Four adult males from New Brunswick, October, ( D. v. villosusf) One adult male from Nova Scotia, October (D. v. villosus.) .... One adult male from Ontario, November (D. v. stptentrionalis). Two adult males from North Dakota, November (D. v. villo,rus). Six adult males from New York, March, July, August (D. v. villosus) Three adult males from mountains of Pennsylvania, June, July (D. v. villosus). Seven adult males from lowlands of Pennsylvania, March, May, December (D. v. villosus) .............................. Five adult males from Maryland and District Columbia, April, June, September, October (D. v. vllosus) One adult male from northern Virginia, August (D. v. villosus). One adult male from southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp), June (D. v. auduboniif) One adult naale from southwestern Indiana, April 30 (D. v. audubonii.).. One adult male from southeastern Illinois, spring (D. v. au- dubonii.) .................................................... One adult male from eastern-central North Carolina, May (D. v. villosus) ............................................... One adult male from northwestern South Carol;ma, June ( D. v. villosus.$) .............................................. Oneadult male from eastern Tennessee, August (D. v. villosus.). One adult male from southeastern Missouri, May (D. v. au- dubonil) ..................................................... One adult male from Louisiana, January (D. v. audbonii) .... One adult male from Mississippi, May (D. v. audubonii) ....... One adult male from southeastern Georgia, April (D. v. au- dubonii) ..................................................... Ten adult males lrom Florida, January, March, April, May, November (D. v. audubonii) ................................. FEMALES. Eleven adult females from Yukon, Mackenzie, etc. (D. septentrionalis) ............................................... One adult female from North Dakota, November (D. v. sep- tentrionalis.e) ................................................. Three adult females from New Brunswick, August, October, November (D. v. villosus. ) ................................... Four adult females from Ontario, January, April, June, De- cember (D. v. vil/osus.f) ...................................... Seven adult females from New York, May-December (D. v. villsus) ..................................................... Six adult females from Pennsylvania, May-November (D. v. illosu8) ..................................................... 20.5 21.5 .'20.6 22.5 21.5 20. 7 21.5 21 21.1 15.3 15 14.2 14 16 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.6 14.5 14 13 14 13.5 13 14 14 13 14.5 13.5 13 13.7 14.3 14 13.8 14.5 13.7 13.8 BIRDS OF IffORTI AlffD ]V[IDDLE AMERICA. 919 Humid Pacific coast district, from Humboldt and Siskiyou coun- ties, northern California, through western Oregon and Washin.ton, to British Columbia; occasional in winter as far southward as lIonterey County. Picus larris4i AUDUBON, Birds Am., folio ed., iv, 1838, pl. 417, figs. 8, 9.-- TOWNSEND, Narrative, 1839, 347. Picus larrisi AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 191 (near Fort Vancouver, Wash- ington; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 178; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 242, pl. 261.--NVWWALL, lIan. Orn.'U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 687.---BA*ID, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part ("dark bellied variety"; Whitby Island, Steilacoom, Spokane R., Vancou- ver, and Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Columbia R., Fort Dalles, and St. tIelens, Oregon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 75, part.--NEwBEIIY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 89 (n. California; Oregon).--HEEINN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 1, 1859, 57, part (n. California).-- COOPEI and SUCKLEr, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860,159, part (w. Washington and Oregon).--MArEIBE, lIon. Picid., i, 1861, 73; iii, 1861, pl. 20, figs. 1, 2.--SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 17.--BIOWN, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).--GIAY, List Birds Brit. lfus., Ficidee, 1868, 47.--CooPEa, Orn. Calif., 1870, 375, part (coast near Columbia R.). P[icus] harrisii GnAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 435.---REICHENBACH, Handb. Scan- sores, Picinee, 1854, 364, pl. 632, figs. 4208, 4209. P[icus] larris BONAAIWE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138. [Picas] harrisii L*CHWENSEIN, Nora. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75.--GIAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 184, no. 8593. [Trichopic,s] harrisii BOAAaWE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8).--GOODE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346 (index). Pcus (Trichopicus) h,rrisii BAIleD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii, part. [Picus )llosus.] Var. harrisii CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 194, part. Picus illosus, var. harrisii RDOWAY, Am. :lourn. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, l:rt. Picus illosus . . . var. harrisi CovEs, Check List, 1873, no.I.298a, part. Picas illosus, var. harrisi BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDOWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 507, part. Picas illosus harrisi R, DowxY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mts., iii, 1880, 6, in text, 188, part; Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 360b, part.--CoVEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 439, part. P[icus] ,[illosus] harrisi CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. D[ryobates] harrisi CABANIS and HEINE, !%IUS. Iein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 68. Dryobates illosus harrisii R,DOWY, Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355, part; Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, exclusively.-- AEI*CN OINT,OOOSWS' UNmN, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 393c, part.--R,oADs, Froc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 42 (Brit. Columbia; crit.).--BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 52.--OBEI- ,OSEI, Proc. U. S. Nat. lIus., xl, 1911, 597, 615, part (monogr.). D[ryobates] illosus larrisii IIDOWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. Dryobates illosus larrisi ANW,ONY, Auk, iii, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon).--CPN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. ]I., iii, 1890, 137, part (Kalama, Washington; Vancouver I., Westminster, and hit. Lehman, Brit. Columbia; variations of plumages.)--ANDERSON and GI*NNE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 7 (Sisldyou Mts., n. California; crit.).--JENKINS, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 168 (crit.).---AlUERICAN ORNITSOLOOSTS' UNON, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186.--Sw,IT,, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., x, 1912, 33 (crit.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221 black, the sides sometimes streaked and flanks barred or transversely spotted with black. Adult female.a---Length (skins), 205-220 (215); wing, 121-127 (124).; tail, 76-81 (79.2); exposed culmen, 25.5-27.5 (26.4); tarsus, 22-24 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 14.5-15.5 114.8). 5 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Dryobates picoideus OsGoo), North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 44 (cum- shewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte I., Brit. Columbia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).-- JENKINS, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 169 (crit.).--KERo)s, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 49. Dryobales villosus picoideus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xix, 1902, 319; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186.--OBERHOLSE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 616, part (monogr.). Dryobates villosus harrisi (not _Picus harrisi Audubon) SWARTH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 66, part (Queen Charlotte Islands; crit.). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS ICASTUS Oberholser. c HIHU2HUA WOODPECKER. Similar to D. v. hyloscopus, but smaller and with under parts always dull white or (usually) very pale drab-grayish. Adult male.--Length (skins), 185-213 (204); wing, 117-128 (123.5); tail, 67.5-76 (71.6); exposed culmcn, 25.5-30.5 (28.1); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); outer anterior toe, 12.5-15 (13.6). c Adult females.--Length (skins), 187-209 (198); wing, 119-128.5 (123.3); tail, 70-82.5 (74.6); exposed cuhnen, 23-28 (25.5); tarsus, 18-22 (20.2); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.4). a a Adult males not seen. c Seventeen specimens. b Five specimens, d Twelve specimens. Locality. MALES. Two adult males from southern Arizona (H uachuca Mohntains). One adult male from northern Sonora ......................... Six adult males from Chihuahua ............................... Three adult males from Durango .............................. Three adult males from Zacatecas ............................. Two adult males from Coahuila ............................... FEMALES. One adult female from southwestern New Mexico (Bear Spring Mountains) .......................................... Six adult females from Chihuahua ............................. Two adult females from Durango .............................. One adult female from northwest.ern alisco (Bolafios) ......... One adlt female from Coahuila ............................... Ving. 121.7 124 126.1 123. 5 122. 7 118. 5 123.5 124. 8 121 125. 5 H9 Taft 71. 72. 73 70 71. 69. 75 75. 73. 78 70 Ex- posed ulmen 28. 7 27 29 29. 2 26.7 26. 2 27.5 25. 9 24.5 25 Tarsus 21 20.8 20. 7 20.1 20.5 20 20.1 20. 3 18 Outer ante- rior toe. 14.5 12.5 14.2 13. 5 13 13. 2 14 12.6 12.8 14 13.5 2 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Southwestern New Mexico (mimas Peak; San Luis Mountains; Bear Spring Mountains) and southern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains; Huachuca Mountains; Pima County; Pinfil County)and southward over northwestern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Mound Valley; Casa Colorado; Temasochi; Rio de Igl6sias; Rio de Emeri- bano; Rio de Urique; Reffigio; Sierra Madre; Sierra de San Luis; 30 miles west of Mi;mca; Colonia Garcia; Pacheco; Rancheria de los Apaches; Pifios Altos; Bustillos), eastern Sonora (El Puerto), Durango (El Sflto; Arroyo del B u6y), northeastern Jlisco (Bola- fios), Ztcatecas (Plateado; Sierra de Valparaiso) and Coahuila (Carneros; Sicrrt de Gmdalupe). Picus illosus harrisi (not Picus harrisi Audubon) BEwswEn, Bull. Nutt. Ora. Club, viii, 1883, 22 (Chiricahua Mrs., s. e. Arizona).--Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 174, in text, 356 (Santa Catalina hits., s. Arizona). Dryobates illosus harrisii Scour, Auk, iii, 1886, 425 (Sant Catulina and Final Mrs.). [Dendrocopusillosus.] Subsp. ft. Dendrocopvs ]arrisi IIAnrrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 234, part (localities in Chihuahua; Ciudad Durango, Durango; Sierra de Nayarit,a Sierra ]Iadre de Colima,a and Sierra de Valpa- raiso, a Jalisco?a). Dedrocopus harrisi lww, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 570 (Sierra de Bolafios, Jalisco).--SLvs and (ODAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 431, part (Casa Colorado, Pifios Allos, Temochi, Rio de Iglesias, Rio de Emeribano, Rio de Urique, and Refugio, Chihuahua; Ciudad Durango; Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco; Valparaiso, Zacatecas; Sierra de Nayarit, Tepic?a). Dryobates illosus ]yloscopus (not 1)ryobates ]yloscopus Cabanis and tteine) RuoDs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 116 (Santa Catalina hits., 8,000 It.).-- ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (El Puerto and Rancho de los Apaches, Chihuahua).--Swwn, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 10 (Huachuca Mts., chiefly above 7,000 ft.; crit.).--hiLL (W. Dew.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. tI., xxii, 1906, 166 (Arroyo del Buey, n. w. Durango, hlay 28; crit.). Dryobates villosus icastts OEOLSE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, June 3, 1911, 597,612, (El Salto, Durango; coll. U. S. Nat. ][us.). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS INTERMEDIUS Nelson. ITERMEDIATI' WOODPECKER. Similar to D. v. icastus, but color of under parts decidedly darker (light buffy drab-gray instead of dirty white or very pale drab- grayish). Adult zn,le.---Length (skins), 202-219 (211); wing, 119-122.5 (120.7) ; tail, 70.5-74 (71.8) ; exposed culmen, 28-28.5 (28.3) ; tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); outer anterior toe, 13.5-14 (13.7).  a Specimens from these localities not seen by me. b Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9 ing anteriorly, beneath eye, to lores, where confluent with the duller white of nasal tufts, its posterior end involving sides of neck, includ- ing post-auricular region, except upper portion; malar region grayish, intermixed with black, anteriorly (sometimes wholly black except extreme anterior portion), posteriorly continued as a gradually widening "solid" black stripe which curves upward behind the vhite cervical area and connects with the black of back; under parts plain palo brownish gray or dull grayish white, more whitish on chin and throat, the under tail-coverts usually barred or flecked with black; under wing-coverts mostly immaculate dull white, but with a black patch on carpo-metacarpal region; inner webs of remiges dull slaty with large semiquatrate spots of white, except on distal portion of longer primaries; bill dark horn grayish, paler on mandible; iris brown or reddish brown; legs and feet dusky (olive-grayish in life); length (s-kins), 139-155 (145.7); wing, 86-91 (88.6); tail, 48-53 (50.5); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.9); outer anterior toe, 9.5-11 (10.5). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but without any red on head, the red nuchal band replaced by a white one, this usually divided by a median black area; length (skins), 139-153 (144); wing, 86.5-91 (88.7); tail, 48-54.5 (51.6); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (15.2); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.3); outer anterior toe, 9.5-11 (10.1). b e Fourteen specimens (ten from Florida, four from southern Georgia). b Thirteen specimens (ten from Florida, three from southern Geora). The extreme difficulty of satisfactorily separating this species into two or more subspecies and defining their respective ranges with even approximate accuracy is quite as great as in the case of D. illosus (see p. 203), the two cases being exactly parallel, as the following measurements will.show: Locafity. MALES. Nine adult males from interior of Alaska (/9. p. zelsoni) ....... Three adult males from KenM Peninsula, etc., Alaska (/9. p. glacialis) ..................................................... Two adult males from Kadiak Island, Alaska (D. p. nedianus?? Four adult males from Mackenzie (D. p. nelsoni) ............. Two adult males from Athabasca, Jun (D. p. zelsoni) ......... One adult male from Saskatchewan, May 31 (D. p. nelsoni) .... One adult male from Minnesota, May 23 (D. p. nedianus) ..... Four adult males frown Newfoundland (D. p. edianu,') ...... Two adult males from Maine, April (D. p. nedianus) .......... One adult male from New Hampshire, June (D. p. nedianus).. Six adult males from Massachusetts, March-June (D. p. nedianu,) ................................................... One adult male from New York, April, August (D. p. nedianus) Three adult males from Pennsylvania, March, April, July (D. p. rnediaus) ............................................ One adult male from northeastern Illinois, June (D. p. nedianus) Wing. 99.2 96 94.7 98.8 98.7 96.5 92 95. 4 94.2 93.5 95.2 93 93 95 Tail. 62.  58.7 65. 7 62.  Ex- posed culmen 16.6 16.3 16.5 17 17.5 17.5 17 59.9 15.9 57.5 16.7 58 16 56.3 16.5 52.5 16.5 54.3 16.5 56 17 Tarsus. 16.2 16.8 15.7 16.1 15.5 15. 5 16 16 16.2 16 15.7 16.5 16.3 16. 5 Outer ante- riot toe. 10. 6 10. 5 10. 5 10.2 10 10.5 10.5 10.3 10.5 11 10.3 11 10.8 11 BIRDS 017 NOITH AND 1VIDDLE AMEIICA. 33 DRYOBATES PUBESCENS MEDIANUS (Swainson). rowdy Similar to D. p. pubescens, but larger, and the whitish of under parts, etc., slightly paler (more nearly white). Adult male.--Length (skins), 145-61 (153); wing, 1-6.5 (4.1); tail, 51-66.5 (55.8); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.4); tarsus, 15-16.5 (16); outer anterior toe, 10-11 (10.5). a Ad[ .fea[e.Length (skins), 145-161 (153); wing, 1.5-fl7 (4.7) ; tail, 50.5-61.5 (56.4) ; exposed culmen, 14.5-17.5 (15.4) ; tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.4) ; outer anterior toe, .5-11 (10.4). b Upper Austral Zone and part of Transition Zone of eastern North America, from southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp), highlands of North and South Carolina, northern Georgia, eastern Tennessee, southern Illinois and Indiana, eastern Kansas, etc., northward to about northern border of United States and maritime provinces of Canada to Newfoundland; grading into D. p. nelsoni northward, into D. . pubescens southward; westward to eastern portion of Great Plains, occasionally to base of Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado, May); Kodiak Island, Alaska (resident).  Picus pubescens (not of Linnmus) WLso, Am. Orn., i, 1807, 153, part, pl. 9, fig. 4.--VLow, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 65, part, pl. 121; Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 82, part.--ST.PHNS, Shaw's Gen. ZoI., Lx, 1815, 170, part.--BONAPATS, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 46, part; Synopsis Birds U. S., 1828, 46, part; Obs. Wilson's Am. Orn., 1826, [240], part; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39, part.--Lsso, Trait d'Orn., 1831, 228, part,-- NUTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 576, part.--AvDvON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 81, part, pl. 112; v, 1839, 539, part; Synopsis, 1839, 180, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 249, part, pl. 263.--WooHouss, in l=tep. Sit- greaves' Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 89, part (Indian Territory; Texas).-- BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 89, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 76, part.--MALHRB., Mort. Picid., i, 1861, 119, part; iii, 1861, pl.29, figs. 8, 9.---SCLXTSR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 334, part (eastern North America). SUNDVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 17, part.--ALLN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 129 (Topeka and Leavenworth, e. Kansas, May; crit.).-- Covs, Check List, 1873, no. 299, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 440, part.--BAmD, BREWER, and RIP,WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 509, part.--MRNS, a Thirteen specimens, from Massachusetts (6), New York (2), Pennsylvania (3), Wis- consin (1), and Iowa (1). b Eighteen specimens, from Massachusetts (9), New York (4), and Pennsylvania (5). In the series from Massachusetts are several specimens which closely approach D. p. nelsoni in dimensions.  I am not able to detect the minutest difference, in any respect, between Kadiak examples of this species and specimens of true 1). p. medianus from the northeastern United States, and therefore, notwithstanding the puzzle of geoaphic distribution involved in the case, I do not know what else to do with these Kadiak birds than to refer them (provisionally, at least) to 1). p. medianus. An adult male from Saturna Island, British Columbia, taken Feb. 3, 1894, in the Ban collection (no. 4508), is exactly like Kadiak specimens, and may be a migrant from there. BIRDS OF WORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239 DRYOBATES PUBESCENS GLACIALIS Grinnell. VALDEZ DOWNY WOODPECKER. Intermediate in size between D. p. ndsoni and D. p. medianus, but differing from both in absence of white sub-basal spots on greater wing-coverts, reduction of size, or number, of white spots on mi(idle coverts, and more spot-like or rounded form of white markings on inner secondaries; under parts less purely white (more grayish) ? Adult male.--Length (skins), 152-162 (157); wing, 94-99 (96); tail, 57-60 (58.7); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.3); tarsus, 16.5-17 (16.8); outer anterior toe, 10-11 (10.5). a Adultfemale.--Length (skins), 155-162 (158); wing, 96-99 (97.2); tail, 59-63.5 (61.2); exposed cuhnen, 16-17 (16.5); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5); outer anterior toe, 10.5-11 (10.7). a Kenai Peninsula (Homer; Moose Camp), shores and islands of Prince William Sound (Valdez Harrows; :Naked :Island) and east- ward along coast of Alaska to Taku River; northcrn British Columbia (Fort Babine) . Picus pubescens (not of Linnaeus) FINSCH, Abh. Iat. Brem., iii, 1872, 60 (Alexan- drovsk, Alaska).--Cou.s, Check List, 1873, no. 299, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 440, part.--BAIRD, BR.W.R, and RIDGWAr, tlist. N. Am. Birds, if, 1874, 509, part.--RmGwAr, Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 361, part.--IIARTLAUB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Chilcat R., Alaska). [P/cus] pubescens Cou.s, Key N. Am. Birds, .].872, 194, part. P[/cus] pubescens Cou.s, Key I. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. Dryobates pubcscens AIERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 394, part.--(?)NnLSON, Rep. Nat. IIist. Coil. Alaska, 1887, 156, part (Sitka?). D[ryobates] pubescens IIDGWAV, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. Dryobates pubescens nelsoni (not of Oberholser) CHAP.'AN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvl, 1902, 239 (IIomer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Sept.); xx, 1904, 402 (Moose Camp, Kenai Peninsula, Sept.; crit.). Dryobates pubescens glacialis CRINNELL (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, no. ]2, March 5, 1910, 390 (Valdez Narrows, Prince William Sound, Alaska, Sept.; coll. Mns. Vert. Zool. Univ. Calif.).--SwARTH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 68 (Taku R., Alaska; crit.; habits). DRYOBATES PUBESCENS TURATI (Malherbe). WILLOW WOODPECKER. Similar in pattern of coloration to D. p. omorus, but decidedly smaller and with white of under parts much duller. Adult male.--Length (sns), 145-163 (154); wing, 88.5-97 (92.6); tail, 53.5-60.5 (55); exposed cuhnen, 15-17 (16.3); tarsus, 15-17 (16.1); outer anterior toe, 9-11.5 (10.5). c a Three specimens. bA breeding bird from Fort Babine, in the interior of northern British Columbia, is very near this form in its characters, but has indications of white subbasal spots on the greater wing-cover.ts. Its measurements are essentially the same (wing, 94; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 16.5; outer anterior toe, 10).  Ten specimens. 240 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL IIUSEUM. Adultfemale.--Length (skins), 141-163 (152); wing, 88-95 (92.2); tail, 51-60.5 (55.8); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (15.5); tarsus, 16-17 (16.2); outer anterior toe, 10-11 (10.5). a Upper Austral and Transition zones of California, except on north- west coast and southeastern desert mountains. Picus merdionalis (not of Swainson) NvrALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 690 (California).--G.EL, $ourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1)hila., i, 1847, 55 (California).--(?)IIEERmNN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, no. 2, 1859, 57 (mrs. of n. California). Picus gairderi (not of Audubon) BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 91, part (Pctaluma, Sacramento, and San Francisco, California).--X.NTvS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Ft. Tej6n, California).--CooPm, Orn. Calif., 1870, 377 (chiefly).--BD, BREWER, and RDCw., Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii,1874, 521 (Santa Cruz I., California, breeding; measurements of eggs). t)icus (Trichopicus) gairdneri B.mD, Rep. Pacific R. 1. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii, part. [Picus pubesccns.] Var. gairdneri CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194, part. Picus pubescens, var. gairdneri BAIRD, BREWEa, and IIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 512, part. t)icus pubescens gairdneri (not of Ridgway, 1875) IIDGWAI', Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188, part; Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 361a, part.--CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 441, part. P[icus] p[ubescens] gairdneri CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii A]IERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 394a, part.--TowNSEND (C. It.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 205 (Baird, Shasta Co., California, breeding).--EEso, Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., ii, 1887, 426 (Poway Valley, San Diego Co., California, breeding).--FsER, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 47 (Tehachapi Pass, Grapevine Mts., and Panamint Mts., California, breeding).--BENDn, Life tIist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 58, part.--GaNNEI ($.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California).--VAN DENVR, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxxviii, 1899, 162 (Santa Clara Co., California., breeding). D[ryobates] pubescens gairdnerii RDow.Y, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. Dryobates pubescens gairdneri EERSON, Auk, iii, 1886, 94 (Ventura Co., California, resident).--M.I.RD, Condor, iii, 1901, 122 (San Benito Co., California, resident). Picus pubescens, [. gairdneri PDOWY and BEDNO, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i. March 2, 1879, 428 (Marysville, Murphys, and Big Trees, California). [Picus pubescens] b. gairdneri CovEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 282, part. [Dendrocopus pubescens.] Subsp. er. Dendrocopus gairdneri tI.aOTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 241, part (Monterey, Los Alamos, San Bernardino, Visalia, and Walker Basin, California). t)icus gardineri SCI2TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San $osd Valley, California). Picus turati MA/HERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 125, iii, 1861, pl. 29, figs. 5, 6, 7 (near Monterey, California; coll. Malherbe).---C.ssN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 202 (crit.). [Picus] turati GRY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 185, no. 8597. P[icus] turati SVNDEV.L, Consp. Av. Picn., 1866, 1S (crit.). D[ryobates] turatii C.mNm and HEINE, MUS. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 65 (Monterey, California). a Ten specimens. BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL P[icus] gairdnerii REICHENB,CH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 375. [Picus] gairdneri GRAY, EIand-list, ii, 1870, 184, no. 8591. Dryobtes pubescens gairdnerii lIDGW,Y, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355; Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596.--AJElms ORm- THOLO(ISTS' UIO, Check List (and 2d ed., 1895), 1886, no. 394a, part.-- BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 58, part. D[ryobtes] pubescens gairdnerii lID(w,Y, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. [Trichopicus] gairdneri BOlVAP,RTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Picus (Trichopicus) gairdneri B,IRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii, part. D[ryobates] gairdneri CABamS and IIEE, hlus. ttein., iv, heft 2,1863, 64 (Oregon; Washington). [Picus pubescens.] Var. gairdneri CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194, part. licus pubescens, vat. gairdneri IIDGWAY, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456.-- BAIRD, BREWER, and RD(W.Y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 512, part. licus pubescens gairdneri (not of Ridgway, 1875) RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 361a, part.--CovEs, Check List., 2d ed., 1882, no. 441, part. P[icus] p[ubescens] gairdneri CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. Dryobates pubescens gairdneri AT,OY, Auk, iii, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon).--C,AJA, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 138 (Westminster, hit. Lehman, Kalama, and Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia; crit.).--MEL, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 114 (Sisson, n. California).--FIs,Ea (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 69 (diagnosis).--ADEaSO and GaiE,.,., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phfla., 1903, 7 (Siskiyou hits., n. California; crit.).--AEcA Oa.-I- r,OLO(ISrS' UION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 187.--Swlr,L Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., x, 1912, 34 (crit.). [Picus pubescens] b. ga{rdneri CovEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 282, part. [Dendrocopus pubescens.] Subsp. a. Dendrocopus gairdneri IIlr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 241, part (Brit. Columbia; Vancouver I.; Wall Walla, Columbia R., Albany, Umatilla Agency, and Dalles, Oregon). [Dndrocopu] gairdneri Sit,arE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214. P[icu] gardneri GIAV, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 435. Dryobates pubescensfitmidu MAYNARD, Ornith. and Ool., xiv, no. 4, April, 1889, 58 (s. Vncouver I., Brit. Columbia; coll. F. B. Webster). (?)Picus meridionalis (not of Swainson) tIEEIN, Rcp. Pacific R. It. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 57 (mts. of n. California). DRYOBATES NUTTALLII (Gambel). IUTTALL'S WOODPECKER. Adult male {n autumn and winter.--Forehead and greater part of crown black, more or less conspicuously streaked (except sometimes on forehead) with white, the streaks of narrowly guttate or cuneate form; extreme posterior portion of crown, occiput, nape, nd upper hindneck bright red (poppy red to scarlet vermilion), this color separated, on each feather, from  dusky basal area by  snmll V- shaped or sattate spot of whitish; lower hindneck, upper back, lesser wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, nd four middle rectrices uni- form black; rest of back, together with scapulars nd rump, broadly burred with black and white, the bars of the two colors pproximately BIRDS OF NORTH AND IIIDDLE AMERICA. 243 equal in width; middle and greater wing-coverts black, the former with a single subterminal roundish or subcordate spot of white, the latter with two roundish white spots on outer web; remiges black, broadly barred with white, their inner webs with larger roundish or subquadrate spots of the same; outermost normal (i. e., second) rec- trix white, with one complete subterminal bar of black and a second incomplete or interrupted bar, the basal portion of inner web usually with more or less of black; next rectrix similar but with more black at base and with second subterminal interrupted bar reduced to a pair of small, widely sparated spots, or even obsolete; third (i. e. fourth) rectrix with more than basal half black and without second (sometimes without any) subterminal black spot or bar; nasal tufts and anterior portion of loral or latero-frontal region dull whitish or light yellowish, the former dusky terminally; posterior portion of loral re, on, narrow rictal stipe (extending posteriorly beneath orbital and auricular regions), a broader supra-auricular stripe (extending anteriorly to at least middle of orbital region and posteriorly con- tinued, more broadly, along sides of neck), together with under parts, white, the under parts of body usually tinged, more or less strongly, with pale brownish huffy; auricular region and broad malar stripe (the latter continued posteriorly over lower sides of neck, where much expanded), black; sides and flanks spotted with black, the markings more longitudinal on sides of breast, more transverse on flanks; under tail-coverts barred or transversely spotted with black; bill horn color (more or less dark) usually darker toward culmen; iris brown; legs and feet grayish olive or greenish gray in dried skins. Adult male in spring and summer.--Similar to the autumnal and winter plumage, but white streaks on forehead and crown much reduced in size, sometimes obsolete, and red nuchal area more resticted, through wearing off of red tips of feathers of anterior portion. Adult female in autumn and winter.--Sinlar to the adult male of corresponding season, but without any red on occiput or nape, which are black, with guttate or elliptical streaks of white, like forehead and crown. Adult female in spring and summer.---Similar to the fall and winter plumage, but pileum and hindneck uniform black or else (in earlier spring), with very small or scattered white streaks. Young ma/e.--Essentially like adult males, but occiput, nape, and hindneck uniform black, the whole crown red, spotted or speckled ith white, "pattern" of upper parts less sharply defined, and mark- ings on lateral under parts less distinct. Yougfemale.--Simflar to the young male, but red of crown more restricted, and forehead streaked with white. BIRDS OF NORT]I AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 2, 1889, 286 (San Rafael and Ensenada, Lower California, up to 3,500 ft.).a--FIsHEa (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 47 (Cajon la, San Bernardino Mts., Old Ft. Tejon, Walker Basin, etc.).--BENDIR, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 65.--MAILLIARD, Auk, xv, 1898, 196 (San GerSnimo, Matin Co., California and 30 m. northward).--VAN DsuG, lroc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxxviii, 1899,162 (Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., breeding). D[ryobates] nuttallii RDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285. Dendrocopus nuttalli HAIT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx4ii, 1890, 244 (Ashland, Oregon; localities in California). [Dendrocopus] nuttalli SHPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 215. t)icus scalaris (not of Wagler) GasEL, $ourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 55, pl. 9, figs. 2, 3 (California). t)icus wilsonii MHESE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Nov., 1849, 529 (Monterey, California; coll. A. Malherbe?;----adult male). t)[icus] wilsoni BON,PaTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138. t)[icus] wilsonii REmHENSCH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 375. [Trichopicus] wilsoni BOnaPaRTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod.,1854, 8). DRYOBATES SCALARIS SCALARIS (Wagler). OIIZABA WOODPECEI. Adult male.--Pileum, superficially, bright red (poppy red or ver- milion), the feathers dark grayish sooty basally, and with a white spot in middle portion, the red tips gradually increasing in length toward the nape, so that the white spots are concealed posteriorly, but exposed on the crown, where also the basal dusky shows, more or less; forehead with very little, if any, red, passing into brownish (more or less dark) anteriorly; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump broadly, sharply, and regularly barred with black and white, the black bars narrower than the white, and less distinct on rump; shorter upper tail-coverts black, usually with a white subapical spot or bar; longer upper tail-coverts and four middle rectrices uniform black; lateral (developed) pair of rectrices dull or brownish white, crossed by about six broad bars of black, those on basal portion of outer web usually rduced to spots next to shaft; next (third) pair similar, but with about basal half of inner web uniform black; fourth pair black, with broad white spots, or broadly and irregularly edged with white, on about terminal half of outer web, the inner web sometimes with one to three white spots on terminal portion; wings black, the middle coverts with a central or subapical, usually cordate, spot of white, the lesser coverts (at least the posterior ones) with a smaller and more rounded white central spot, the greater coverts crossed by two transverse series, or bands, of wtfite spots, the secondaries with six similar white bands, the first (subbasal one) concealed by greater coverts, the pri- maries similarly marked; nasal tufts dull brownish wtfite to pale brown; a broad supraauricular stripe of brownish white or pale dull brownish huffy; a broad subauricular stripe of the same color, extend- a According to Anthony (ZOO, iv, 1893, 236) this may be D. scalar,is dremics. BIRDS OF 17ORTtt AND 1VflDDLE AMERICA. 247 Rio), southern Tamaulipas (Aldama; Tampico; Alta Mira), and southern San Luis Potosi (Vallds). P[icus] scalaris WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 511 (Mexico a).RAy, Gem Birds, ii, 1845, 435.--BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138.--REICHENBACH, I/andb. Scan- sores, Picinm, 1854, 377, pl. 639, figs. 4264-4266. [Picus] scalaris LIcttTENSTEIN, Nora. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75.--GRAY, Hand-list' ii, 1870, 185, no. 8605.--SCLATER and SALVIN, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99, part. Picus scalaris SCITER, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 307, part (Mexico; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 333, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).--MALERBE, Men. Picid. i, 1861, 116; iii, 1861, pl. 27, figs. 1--6.--SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 18 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).RAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 48 (Mexico).--BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 515, part. D[ryobates] scalaris RIP,WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 284, part (Vera Cruz). Dryobates scalaris scalaris AERICAN ORNITttOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 188.--OsEROLSER, Prec. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, 1911, 140, 141 (monogr.). [Picus scalaris] var. scalaris BAIRD, BREWER, and RIP,WAY, ttist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 501, 517, part. [Dyctiopicus] scalaris BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Picus (Dyctiopicus) scalaris BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxviii, part. D[iclyopipo] scalaris CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. ttein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 74 (Jalapa). [Dictyopipo] scalaris IIEINE and REICttENOW, Nora. Mus. ttein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Jalapa). Dendrocopus scalaris HARGrrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part (Aldama and Tampico, Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Cordova, Orizaba, and San Andres, Vera Cruz).--SALVIN and GOD,AN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 435, part (Tampico and Aldama, s. Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Coatcpec, Cordova, I/uatusco near Cordova, Odzaba, and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).b [Dendrocopus] scalaris SHnPE, ttand-list, ii, 1900, 215, part. Picus gracilis LESSON, Iev. Zool., 1840, 41 (Mexico). Picus orizabx CSSIN, Prec. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 196 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). DRYOBATES SCALARIS RIDGWAYI Oberholser. TLALCOTALP.M WOODPECKER. Similar to D. s. scalaris, but decidedly smaller; similar in size to D. s. parvus, but lateral under parts streaked instead of spotted (or, if spotted, the spots narrow and much smaller), malar region paler (with less blackish intermixture) anteriorly, and black bars on back, etc., relatively narrower. Adult m, ale.--Length (skins), 140-154 (147); wing, 88-92.5 (90.7); tail, 45-50.5 (47.7) ; exposed culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.1) ; tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.6); outer anterior toe, 11.5-12 (11.7).  a The precise locality not stated, but the description indicates the form from central and northern Vera Cruz. b The localities Sola and Juchatengo (Oaxaca) and Amula (Guerrero), mentioned in the "Bioloa," I am unable to properly allocate, not a single specimen from either of the States of Oaxaca or Guerrero being contained in the series of more than 550 exam- ples of this species examined in this connection. e Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 Yucatan (Sisfil; Mrida; Temfix; Clfichen-Itza; La Vega; west of Tunkas; Progreso; San Felipe; Tekanto; Ticdl; Tizimln; Chable; Pocdl; Cozuml Island). Picus parvus C,BOT, Journ. Ac. Nat. $ci. Phila., v, 1845, 90 (Ticfil, Yucatan; coll. S. Cabot, jr.). P[icas] parvus GR,Y, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 21. D[ryobaes] scalaris parvus RDow,Y, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 284. Dryobates scalaris parvus STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 206 (Tunkas and Tekanto, Yucatan).--CH,Pi,N, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 285 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).--OBEHOLSR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, 1911,140, 145 (monogr.). Picus scalaris (not of Wagler) SCL,TR and S,LwN, Ibis, 1859, 136 (Ticul, Yuca- tan).--L,WRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 205 (M6rida, Yucatan).-- BIRD, BReWeR, and RIDOW,Y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 515, part (Yucatan).--Bouc,RD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Yucatan).-- S,wN, Ibis, 1885, 191 (Cozumel I.; habits); 1889, 368 (Cozumel I.; crit.). [Picus] scalaris SC,TR and S,wN, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99, part. Dendrocopus scalaris H,RCXWT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part (M6rida, Tizimin, Chable, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan).--S,VN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., ii, 1895, 435, part (Pocul, etc., Yucatan). [Dendrocopus] scalaris SHhR1), Hand-list, ii, 1900, 215, part (Yucatan). Picas vagatus C,ssN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 196 (Mexico?; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, pl. 52, fig. 1.---SUNDE- V,L, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 19.--GR,Y, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 49. [Picas] vagatus GR,Y, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8610. DRYOBATES SCALARIS LEUCOIYrILURUS Oberholser. IaECr'S WOODIaECKER. Similar to D. s. parvus, but still smaller; lateral rectrices less regu- larly and less extensively barred (the inner web more extensively black basally, the outer with proximal portion more narrowly or not at all barred); back, etc., rather less broadly barred, and red of head in adult male slightly deeper (less scarlet). Aduh male.--Length (s-ldns), 137-149 (143); wing, 85-88.5 (86.8); tail, 43-48.5 (45.8); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.5); tarsus, 16.5; outer anterior toe, 11.5-12 (11.7). a Adultfemale.--Length (skin), 133.5; wing, 84; tail, 44; exposed culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 15; outer anterior toe, 11.5.  British Honduras (pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon; Ycacos Lagoon). Dryobates scalaris leucoptilurus OBERIOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, June 30, 1911, 141, 146 (Pine Ridge, near Manatee Lagoon, British Honduras; coll. Carnegie Mus.). a Two specimens, b One specimen. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DRYOBATES SCALARIS AGNUS Oberholser. CAMOA WOODPECKER. Similar to D. s. snaloenss, but decidedly larger. Adult male.--Length (skins), 165-170 (167.5); wing, 100-101.5 (100.8); tail, 58-59.5 (58.8); exposed culmen, 20-23 (21.5); tarsus, 17; outer anterior toe, 13. a Adult female.--Length (skins), 160-161.5 (161); wing, 95-98.5 (96.8) ; tail, 56.5-60.5 (58.5) ; exposed culmen, 19.5-20 (19.8) ; tarsus, 16-16.5 (16.3); outer anterior toe, 12. b Southern Sonora (Camoa; Batamotfl). Dryobates scalars agns OBERttOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, June 30, 1911, 140, 150 (Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). DRYOBATES SCALARIS LUCASANUS (Xantus). SAN Y.UCAS WOODIECKER. Similar to D. s. agnus, but decidedly larger (especially bill and feet), black bars on back, etc., broader (usually nmch broader) than white ones, white bars on wings usually decidedly narrower, and black marldngs on lateral under parts usually shorter and broader (spots rather than streaks). Adult male.--Length (skins), 174-191 (184); wing, 100-105 (102); tail, 60.5-66 (63); exposed culmen, 23.5-25 (24.5); tarsus, 18.5-19.5 (19.1); outer anterior toe, 13-14.5 (14). b Adultfemale.--Length (skins), 168-182 (175); wing, 95-102 (99.2); tail, 57-69 (63.8); exposed culmen, 19-22 (20.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.7); outer anterior toe, 12.5-13 (12.8). 5 Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Cape San Lucas; San Josd del Cabo; La Laguna; La Paz; San Igncio; Rosarito; Santo Domingo; Miraflores; Todos Santos; Pescadero, 10 miles south of Todos Santos; Santa Anita; E1 Cajoncito; San Francisco Moun- tains; Victoria Mountains; Santa Margarita Island). Picus lucasanus XANTUS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov., 1859, 298 (Cape San Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).--BR), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 302 (Cape San Lucas; crit.).--MLHn, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 166.---ScL,Tn, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 333.--CAss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 195.--GRY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 50.-- ELLmT, IIlustr. New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, 1869, 7. P[icus] lucasanus SUNDVLL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 20. [Picus] lucasanus GRY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8612. D[iciyopipo] lucasana C..xs and HxN, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 75. Picus scalaris var. lucasanus BAIRD, in CooPn, Orn. Calif., 1870, 381 (crit.).-- Bn), BRWn, and IID(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 519. [Picus scalars] vat. lucasanus BAIRD, BREWER, and IID(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 501, 517. Picus scalaris.., vat. lucasanus Coups, Check List, 1873, no. 297b. Two specimens, b Ten specimens. 354 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendrocopus scalari lucasanus TnAYEI and BANGS, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Santa Ann and San Andres, Lower California). (?)Dryobates nuttallii (not Picus nuttallii GambelT) BRYANT (W. E.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d set., 1889, 286 (San Rafael and Ensenada, Lower Cali- fornia; see Anthony, ZoO, iv, 1893, 236). Dryobatcs scalaris eremicus OBERnOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, :Iune 30, 1911, 141, 151 (San Fernando, n. w. Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. MUS.).-- AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxix, 1912, 383. DRYOBATES SCALARIS CACTOPHILUS Oberholser. CACTUS WOODPECKER. Similar to D. s. sgmplectus, but slightly larger, and with black bars on back., etc., decidedly broader. Adult male.--Length (skins), 156-181 (170) ; wing, 99-107.5 (104) ; tail, 56.5-68 (60.8); exposed culmen, 21-27 (22.7); tarsus, 16.5-19.5 (18.1); outer anterior toe, 12-14 (12.9). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 148-175 (162); wing, 97-106 (101.5); tail, 56-65 (62.4); exposed cuhnen, 17.5-22 (19.8); tarsus, 16-18.5 (17.1); outer anterior toe, 11.5-13 (12.2). b Lower and Upper Austral zones from extreme western Texas (Fort Hancock; Fort Davis; Davis Mountains; E1 Paso; Chisos Mountains; 20 nfiles southwest of Toyahvale) through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Californi (Hesperia, Needles, and Cushenbury Springs, San Berardino County; San Gorg6nio Pass, Riverside County; Whitewater, Walters, Vallecito, Yuma, and Mount Spring, San Diego County) and northern Lower California (Colony, etc., lower Colorado River; delta of Colorado River; Salton River; Gardners Laguna; C6copah Major Mountains); north to southern Nevada (east a Thirty-five specimens, b Thirty-six specimens. Locality. MALES. Ten adult males from New Mexico ............................ Ten adult males from Arizona ................................ Two adult raales from northern Lower California .............. Four dult males from northern and middle Sonora ........... Five adult males from Chihuahua ............................. Four adult males from northern Durango ...................... FEMALES. Eight dult females from New Mexico ......................... Ten adult females from Arizona ............................... Five dult females from southeastern California (1) and north- ern Lower Calilornia (4) ..................................... even adult females from northern and middle Sonora ......... Three adult females from Chihuahua .......................... Three adult females from northern Durango ................... Wing. 104.2 105 105. 5 100.2 104. 2 103. 5 102. 1 100. 8 100.7 100.1 104 104 Tail. 60.5 61. 9 63 59.9 61.1 58.1 61.4 59. 6 ,59.8 6O 69.5 62. 5 posed culmen. 22.1 23.1 24.5 22.2 22.1 23.5 20.4 19. 3 20.5 19.3 20 19.8 17.6 18,9 19.2 16.9 17.8 18. 5 16. 9 17.2 17.5 16. 7 17.2 17.5 Our ante- rior toe. 12.7 13. 13. 12. 12.{ 13.1 12. i 12. ] 122 12A 1Lt 12 256 BULLETIN 50 JNITED STATES NATIONAL MJSEUM. belt).--FisHR (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 47 (Hesperia, e. of Cajon Pass, s. e. California; e. base Charleston Mrs., and Vegas Wash., s. Nevada; near mouth of Santa Clara R., s. Utah; junction of Bear Creek and Virgin R. Arizona).--BENDm, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 63, part.-- MILLER (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1900, 344 (Matalotes, etc., n. w. Durango; crit.).--HuNN, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 421 (Silver City, New Mexico, resident).--GRINNELL (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1908, 61 (bae of San Bernardino Mrs., at Cushenbury Springs, s. California, Aug.). HOLLISTER, Auk, xxv, 1908, 458 (Needles, s. e. California, common). Dryobates scalar.is bard STEnNS, Auk, vii, 1890, 297 (Colorado Desert). Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (not Picus lucasanus Xantus) AERICAN ORNITHOLO- giSTS' UNION, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 396a, part; 3d ed., 1910, 188, part. MIIL]R (G. S.), Auk, xi, 1894, 178 (]]naitewater, San Diego Co,, California).--BENDIaE, Life :Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 65, part.---SWON, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1905, 681 (Colony and Cocopah Major Mts., Colo- rado delta, Lower California). Dryobates lucasanus GINN (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 37 (near Whitewater, Colorado Desert, breeding). Dryabates scalaris caclophibs OHos, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, une 30, 1911, 140, 152 (TucsOn, Arizona; coll. U. S. :Nat. Mus.).--AMICN O- THOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxix, 1912, 383. DRYOBATES SCALARIS CENTROPHILUS Oberholser. SALISCO WOODPECKER. Similar to D. s. cactoph.ils, but slightly smaller, black bars on back, etc., averaging decidedly broader, the white bars narrower and (usually) less purely white, and under parts slightly darker; decidedly smaller than D. s. bairdi, with under parts slightly paler, and black bars of back, etc., averaging slightly narrower. Adult nale.--Length (skins), 152-185 (168); wing, 100-104.5 (102.6); tail, 56-63.5 (58); exposed culmen, 19.5-23 (21.1); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (17); outer anterior toe, 11.5-13 (12.2). a Adult female.--Length (s-kins), 142-171 (153); wing, 97-103.5 (99.6); tail, 54-62.5 (56.9); exposed cuhnen, 16.5-18.5 (17.5); tar- sus, 16-17 (16.4); outer anterior toe, 10.5-12 (11.4). 5 Westera Mexico, from southerr Durango (Ciudd Durango) through Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano) and Jalisco (Atemajc; Ocotln; Ameca; Zapotln; Beltrn; Zacoalco; Arroyo de Gaviln; La 1)isgua; Las Canoas; Guadalajara; VoIcan de Colima; Bolafios; Mineral de San Sebastian near Mascota), to Michoacn (Patambn; Uruapfm) and Territory of Tepic (Arroyo de Gaviln, near Amatlm). Picus scalaris (not of Wagler) :HARGITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part (Santa Aria, Guadalajara, Zapotlan, Beltran, Zacoalco, and Huayimic, 6,000 ft., Jalisco).--SALvIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 435, part (Volcan de Colima, Bolafios, Mineral de San Sebastian near Mascota, etc., Jalisco). Dryobates scalm'is centrophilus OSEOLSE, Proc. U. S. :Nat. Mus., xli, Iune 30, 1911, 140, 157 (Ameca, Ialisco, west-central Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). a Five specimens, b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 Pachuca), Guanajuato (Silao), and Coahuila (La Ventura; Carneros; Jar/d); Mexico (Valley of Mexico; Tetelco, Tlalp/tm; Tetelco, Xochimi]co) ? Picus bairdi MAL.aB., Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 118 (Mexico;a ex Sclater, manu- script); iii, 1861, pl. 27, figs. 7, 8.--ScaTs.a, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 333, part (n. Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 117 (near City of Mexico).-- CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. lhila., 1863, 196, part (northern Mexico).-- GravY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and licid., 1868, 48 (north Mexico). (?)P[icus] bairdii SUNDEVALL, Consp. AV. Picin., 1866, 19 (n. Mexico). [Picus] bairdi GPY, IIand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8609. (?)D[ictyopipo] bairdi CABANm and tIEINE, MUS. IIein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 76 (n. Mexico). D[ryobates] scalaris bairdi RIDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285, part. Picus scalaris (not of Wagler) LAWnENC, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 34 (Puente Colorado, Puebla).--(?)IInaEm, La Namraleza, (2) i, 1891, 179 322 (Valley of Mexico). Dendrocopus scalaris IIhaGWW, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part (Atlixco, Pinal, and San Miguel Molino, Puebla; Tetelco de Tlalpam, and Tetelco de Xochimilco, Mexico?).--SLvN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 435, part (Guanajuato; plains of San Luis PotosI; Moctezuma, San Ltis Potosi; Pucnte Colorado, luebla; Valley of Mexico, Tetelco, and Chimalpa, Mexico). Dryobates scalaris bairdi JOUY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 785 (Ahualulco, San Luis I)otosI).--OBEaHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, 1911, 140, 158 (monogr.). DRYOBATES STRICKLANDI (Malherbe). sc.nv's woov.cm. Adul male.--Crown (lark sooty brown, seal brown, or very dark sepia, fading into paler sooty brown on forehead and nasal plumes; occiput and upper nape bright poppy or vermilion red; upper parts dark sooty brown or seal brown, the median portion of back and vhole rump, broadly barred or transversely spotted with white, the outer vebs of prhnaries (except outermost) with quadrate spots of white, these becoming smaller and less numerous on inner (proximal) quills; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown or brownish black, the two lateral rectrices (on each side) mostly white, with several, usually broad, bars of black on distal portion, the third with more or less of white on distal portion, mostly on outer web; a broad supra-auricular streak of white and a broad suborbital and sub- auricular stripe of the same, originating at rictus and extending to side of neck, where involving the greater part of that area; auricular re,on very dark sooty brown, the malar region similar, forming a conspicuous, usually broad and uninterrupted, stripe of that color; under parts dull white, heavily streaked, spotted, and barred with very dark sooty brown, the mar-kings mostly longitudinal on foreneck a Type locality fixed by Oberholser (Proc. U. S.- Nat. Mus., xli, 1911, 159) as State of Hidalgo, south-central Mexico. BIRDS OF NORTH AND ]V[IDDLE AMERICA. 261 DRYOBATES ARIZON ARIZONE (Hargitt). ARIZONA WOODPECKER. Similar to D. stricklandi, but without any white on back or rump; brown of back, etc., lighter, and marl-rings on foreneck, chest, and breast in form of large rounded or subcordate spots instead of streaks. Adult raale in auturan and winter.--Piletun and hindneck deep sooty brown (warm sepia to dark sepia), becoming paler (more smoky brown) on forehead and nasal tufts, interrupted by a nuchal crescent of bright red (poppy red to scarlet vermilion) ; auricular re,on simi- lar, sometimes rather lighter and grayer brown; back, scapulars, 4ug-coverts, rump, and general color of remiges plain grayish brown (deep broccoli brown or drab), the last (except two outermost) marked on outer webs with rather small quadrate or triangular spots of white, except on terminal portion, the distal secondaries similarly marked, but with smaller spots; upper tail-coverts and tail similar to or darker than pileun in color, the former sometines having a few feathers narrowly tipped with white, the two outer pairs of normal rectrices broadly barred with white on terminal portion (about five white bars, including terminal one, on outer 'cb, fewer on inner web, these white bars sometimes broader than the dusky interspaces); inner webs of remiges (except terminal third or more of longer primaries) spotted or broadly barred with white; a narrow postocular stripe and broader rictal stripe, extending posieriorly beneath orbital and attricular regions, white, both confluent pos- teriorly with a large white area on side of neck; a broad, usually more or less broken or interrupted malar stripe of dark sooty brown or sepia (the anterior portion usually barred or spotted with whitish), continued posteriorly to lower portion of sides of neck, where much broader than anteriorly; under parts dull white, spotted, except on chin and at least upper part of throat, with dark sooty brown, the spots largest and usually roundish or sub-cordate, but sometimes guttate on chest or breast, the flanks and under tail-coverts broadly barred ith dark sooty brown or dusky; bill horn color, darker toward culmen; legs and feet grayish olive or greenish gray (in dried s -kins). Adult male in si)ring and suramer.--Similar to the autumn and winter plumage, but brown of upper parts paler, inclining more or less toward isabella color, and red nuchal crescent more scarlet. Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but without any red on nape. Young male.--Essentially like the autumnal or winter adult male, but red of head on crown and occiput instead of on nape, only the tips of the feathers being red, forming a large patch, more or less broken, at least anteriorly; spots on breast, etc., smaller, nearly longi- tudinal, the ground color of under parts more grayish white. BIRDS O17 NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265 XENOPICUS ALBOLARVATUS ALBOLARVATUS (Cassin). WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER. Adult mae.--Head, all round (except posterior occiput and upper nape, and a postocular streak), together with foreneck, plain white, the nasal tufts more or less tinged with brownish; an occipito-nuchal band of bright poppy red; rest of plumage uniform, slightly glossy, black, duller black on wings, the primaries extensively white o proximal half (more or less) of both webs, this white extending nmch farther on outer than on inner web; bill slate-blackish; iris brownish red or dull carmine; legs and feet grayish olive or olive-grayish (in life) ; length (skins), 205-236 (216) ; wing, 124-131 (127.9) ; tail, 74-85 (80.9); culmen, 27-30.5 (28.1) ; depth of bill at base, 7-8 (7.6) ; tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 13.5-15 (14.2). a Adult female.---Similar to the adult male, but without any red on occiput or nape; length (skins), 190-215 (208); wing, 124-130.5 (126.9); tail, 75.5-90 (82.3) ; culmen, 24--27 (25.3) ; depth of bill at base, 6.5-8 (7.1); tarsus, 20-23 (21.2); outer anterior toe, 13.5-14.5 (13.9).a Young male.---Similar to the adult male, but the black much duller, especially on underparts, where, as well as o hindneck, the feathers are sometimes indistinctly and narrowly margined at tip with grayish, the hindneck sometines indistinctly spotted with whitish, a Fourteen specimens. i Ex- Depth Locality. [ Wing. Tail. posed of bill culmen, at base. MALES. 'ive adult mles from Oregon ......................... ix adult males from northern California ............. 'hree adult ]hales from western Nevada .............. ne adult male (2. a. gravirostri) from Wilsons Peak, San Gabriel Mountains .............................. ve adult males (X. a. gravirostr) from San Ber- nardino Mountains .................................. 'our adult males (X. a. gravirostris) from San Jacinto Mountains .......................................... FEMALES. 'he adult female from Washington .................... 'wo adult females from Oregon ....................... 'en adult females from northern California ............ 'he adult female from western Nevada ................ ,he adult female (X. a. gravirostri) from Cuymaca Mountain, San Diego County ........................ even adult females (X. a. grarostris) lrom San Ber- nardino Mountains .................................. 'wo adult females (X. a. gravrostris) from San iIacinto Mountains .......................................... 129. 7 82. 7 28. 7 7. 8 127. 5 79. 4 28 7. 4 125.5 79.3 27.5 7.7 122 ........ 29. 5 8 12 4 80. 8 29. 5  5 127. 1 80. 8 30. 1  1 130 129 126. 3 126 129. 5 90 26.5 {.5 84.5 25.7 7.5 81.3 25.3 7.2 81 24. 5 6. 5 86.5 28 8 79.5 27.1 7.9 127 80. 2 2 2 8. 2 ITarsus. 22 21. 9 21. 8 23.6 22.  22. 2 21 22. 2 2O. 8 21 21.7 21. 7 Outer ante- rior toe. 14. 14 14 14 14. 2 14. 5 14 14.2 13.  14 14 14 268 BULLETII 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus PHRENOPICUS Bonaparte. Phrenopicus ]ONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, if, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Pious borealis Vieillot.) Pyroupicus IIALERBE, on. t'icid., Introduction, 1861, p. liii. (Type, P/cus borealis Vieillot.) Threnopipo ('ABANIS and ttINE, IIus. l:[ein., iv, heft 2, June 20, 1863, 70. (Type, Picas borealis Vieillot.) Similar to Dryobates, but differing in relatively much longer and more pointed wing (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-third the length of wing, the ninth primary nearly as long as fifth), much smaller tenth (outermost) primary (only one-fourth, instead of one-tlfird, as long as ninth), and relatively much smaller bill (culmen shorter than outer hind toe with claw but prefrontal plumes covering less than basal third of maxilla), the adult male with a longitudinal streak of red on each side of occiput. Bill shortcr than head, rather compressed for anterior half, dis- tinctly but narrowly chiscl-shaped at tip, its width at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point; culmen straight or very faintly convex, sharl)ly ridged; gonys less than twice as long as mandibular rami, straight, distinctly ridged; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, unning out to edge of maxilla about one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, nearer to tomium than to culmen, com- pletely covered by the conspicuous antrorse tuft of hair-like, bristle- pointed, prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex and clfin antrorse, with slender bristle-like tips. Orbital region mostly feath- ered, including margin of eyelids. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-tlfird the length of wing; sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the ninth nearly as long as fifth, the tenth (outermost) one-fourth as long as ninth or slightly less. Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices relatively rather narrow, the middle pair strongly decurved and gradually contracted terminally. Tarsus about as long as culmen, about as long as outer hind toe with claw, the latter decidedly longer than the outer front toe and claw. Coloration.--Above black, the back and wings barred and spotted with white; outer rectrices white spotted or barred with black; auricular and suborbital regions and under parts white, the latter spotted and streaked with black laterally; a black malar stripe; adult male with a narrow concealed streak of red along each side of occiput. Range.--Southeastern United States. (Monotypic.) BIRDS OF IORTI:t AID MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 PHRENOPICUS BOREALIS (Vieillot). RED COC.ADED WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Pileum, hindneck, loral and rictal regions, and broad malar stripe, extending posteriorly to sides of neck, where wider than anteriorly, glossy blue-black; nasal tufts dull whitish; suborbital and auricular regions white, forming a large patch or area which extends posteriorly onto sides of neck and anteriorly sends a narrow branch to above middle of eye; a streak of bright red (poppy red or scarlet- vermilion), mostly concealed, along each edge of occiput, immediately above the white auricular area; extreme upper back sooty black, tually with concealed spots or streaks of whitish; rest of back, together with scapulars, broadly barred with sooty black and white, the two colors approximately equal in extent; upper rump also barred with black and white, but less regularly or distinctly; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and four middle rectrices black; two outer normal rectrices white (usually more or less stained), with basal portion of inner web black, the white portion of inner web with three broad bars or transverse spots of dull black, the distal of which reap- pears on outer web; third normal rectrix with whole, or nearly all, of inner web black, also the basal half, approximately, of outer web, the line of demarkation longitudinally oblique; a wings sooty black, the middle and posterior lesser coverts variously spotted with white, the greater covcrts with two transverse rows of white spots, the secondaries crossed by. four (exposed) narrow bands or broad bars of white; outer webs of primaries (except two outermost) with sub- quadrate spots of white; inner webs of remiges (except terminal half, more or less, of longer primaries) with large spots of white; underparts white, the sides of chest longitudinally spotted or broadly streaked with deep black, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts with smaller spots and streaks of dusky; bill, blackish; iris, brown; legs and feet dusky greenish olive in dried skins. Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but without any red streak on sides of occiput. Young male.--Essentially like adult female, but a large spot of bright red or orange-red in center of crown, forehead narrowly streaked with white, general "pattern" of coloration less sharply defined, and underparts duller white, with markin dusky or dark sooty brown or brownish black instead of deep black. Young female.--Similar to young male, but without any red on crown. a Usua!ly there is a more or less distinct dusky spot near tip of outer web, and often the terminal portion of outer web of the fourth normal rectrix has more or less of white edging or spotting. BIRDS OF NORTIt AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 Adult male in autumn and winter.--Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but the lighter-colored markings of back and scapulars and color of nape light yellowish olive or light huffy yel- lowish brown instead of wlfite, yellow of under parts deeper, and sides light brownish instead of whitish; bill more brownish. Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but chin and throat white instead of red, and [requently with red of pileum reduced in extent, often altogether wanting, the whole forehead, crown, an(l occiput sometimes uniform glossy black, sometimes with small whitish streaks or sagittate spots. (Seasonal variations same as in adult male.) Young (sexes alilce).--Wings and tail as in autumnal adults, but otherwise very different; pileum sooty brown or sepia, each feather with a more or less distinct small terminal or subterminal spot of paler; auricular region and malar stripe brownish (instead of black), the former with narrow shaft-streaks of dull whitish; chin and upper throat dull white or pale buffy brownish; lower throat, foreneck, and chest pale brown, broken by crescentic bars or lunules of dusky; otherwise as in autumnal adults but sides and flanks more brownish. (The red of the adult ph.mage appears in scattered feathers on forehead and crown before .any black feathers are ac- quired on chest or malar region, and also on the throat in the case of young males.) Adult male.--Length (skins), 189-206 (198); wing, 120-130 (124.1); tail, 67-76 (72.5); culmen, 21.5-25.5 (23.4); tarsus, 19-22 (20.3) ; outer anterior toe, 14-16 (14.7). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 182-206 (192); wing, 121-128 (124.3); tail, 68-75 (71.7); culmen, 22-24 (22.7); tarsus, 18.5-20 ( 19.4).; outer anterior toe, 13.5-15.5 ( 14.4).a Eastern North America, breeding from northern portion of Caro- linian life-zone in northern Missouri, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, Massachusetts (mountains of Berkshire County), etc., north t o Mackenzie (Fort Providence; Fort Simpson; Fort Smith; Fort Rae; Fort Resolution; Fort Liard; Nehawney Mountains, 100 nfiles north- west of Fort Simpson; Big Island, Great Slave Lake), central Kee- watin, central Quebec, and Cape Breton Island, west to Alberta (Fort McHcnry, Athabasca River), and southward on Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina; wintering from Pennsylvania, Ohio Valley, etc., southward (occasionally farther northward); migrating southward over greater part of Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Sierra Madre, near Victoria), San Luis Potosi (Soledfid), Nuevo LeSn (Rodriguez; Monterey; Cerro de la Silla), Coahuila (Sierra de Guadalupe), Guanajuato, Hidalgo (Refil de] Monte; El Chico), a Ten specimens. 282 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SPHYRAPICUS RUBER RUBER (Gmelin). ED-BEASTED SAPSUCrE. Adult ale in spring and summer.--Head, neck, and chest, bright red (nearest poppy red) superficially, (the feathers dusky grayish beneath surface); nasal tufts and anterior and lower portion of loral region (lull yellowish white or pale dull buffy, the posterior portion of loral region (next to eye) black, this sometimes continued, narrowly, along edge of forehead; red of suborbital region lighter than that of malar region, th latter blackish at anterior end; rest of under parts very pale straw yellow or yellowish white, the breast more or less washed or overlaid with bright red, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts less yellowish white, broken by mostly V-shaped or hastate markings of dusky grayish; general color of upper parts (except head and neck) black, broken by a double series (converging posteriorly) of white spots down middle of back, a longitudinal white patch on wing-coverts (involving most of middle coverts and outer webs of distal greater coverts) and white spots on outer web of primaries and at tip of proximal secondaries, the inner web and tip of upper tail-coverts also white, and inner web of middle pair of rectrices with oblique, quadrate spots of white; bill brownish black or blackish brown; iris brown; legs and feet grayish; length (skins), 176-208 (194); wing, 118-127.5 (123.1); tail, 71.5-77 (74.6); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.2); tarsus, 20-22 (20.7); outer anterior toe, 14-16 (15.2). a Adult male in autumn ad winter.--Similar to the adult male in spring and summer, but the red duller, more vinous (sometimes approaching lake red or light bmt carmine), under parts of body more decidedly yellowish, spots on back brownish white or pale brofish, and bill horn brofish instead of nearly black. Adult female.--Similar to the adult male and not always distin- guishable, but usually (?) with the breast less strongly washed with red; length (skins), 186-206 (195); wing, 120-125.5 (122.8); tail, 71-79 (75.1) ; culmen, 22-25 (23.8) ; tarsus, 19-21 (20.1) ; outer ante- rior toe, 14.5-15.5 (15).  Young (both sexes).--Wings, tail, and back essentially as in adults; pileum, nape, auricular region, and malar region sooty blackish or dark grayish sooty, the forehead and crown usually tinged, more or less strongly, with dull red, sometimes decidedly dull red (malar region also sometimes dull reddish); suborbital stripe white (some- times tinged with red) ; chin, throat, and chest dull grayish (the fit two sometimes partly intermixed with dull whitish), usually more or less distinctly barred with darker but sometimes immaculate, often tinged (in part at least) with reddish; sides grayish, usually a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 islands; Chilkat River; Chickamin River); occasional southward in winter as far as Monterey, California. Picus tuber notlcensis Sucgow, Anfangsgr. Naturg. Th., ii, i, 1800, 535 (Nootka Sound, Brit. Columbia; based on "Cook's last roy., ii, 297."). Sphyrapicus tuber notkensis RICHMOND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, April 25, 1902, 89 (crit. nomencl.).--AERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COITTE, Auk, xix, 1902, 319; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 191.--BOWLES, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 144 (Puyallup Valley, Washington, resident).--EDsoN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 434 (Bellingham Bay, Washington, resident).--KRODE, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 49 (Vancouver I.; Chilliwack). Sphyrapicus tuber nootlcensis BOWLES, Condor, x, 1908, 130 (Puyallup Valley, Washington). Picusflaviventris VIILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 67 (Nootka Sound); Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 95 (Nootka Sound).--STEPtENS, Shaw's Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 161. P[icus]flaviventris BONNATERRE and VIEILLOT, Enc. M6th., iii, 1823, 1320. Sphyrapicus tuber flaviventris OS(]OOD, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 45 (Queen Charlotte islands, Vancouver I., etc.; crit. nomencl.).--RATH- BUN, Auk, xix, 1902, 135 (Seattle, Washington, breeding). Picus tuber (not of Gmelin) AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 179, part, pl. 416, figs. 9, 10; Synopsis, 1839, 181, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 261 part, pl. 266.--MALHERBE, Mort. Picid., i, 1861, 132, part; iii, 1861, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.--SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 32, part (Nootka Sound). Melanerpes tuber BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39, part. [Melanerpes] tuber BON.'PARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 115, part. [Pilumnus] tuber BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zy- god., 1854, 8), part. Sphyrapicus tuber BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxviii, 104, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 87, part.--COUES, Check List, 1873, no. 303, part.--AERICAN ORNITHOLO(]ISTS' UNION, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 403, part.--ANTHONY, Auk, iii, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon, resident).--lELSON, Rep. Nat.'Hist. Coll., Alaska, 1887, 160 (Chilcat R.).-- BENDIRE, Auk, v, 1888, 229, part (geog. range; habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 92, part.--CaPAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (coast Brit. Columbia).--FANNN, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (e. and w. side of Cascade range).--DAwsoN, Auk, xiv, 1897, 175 (Okanogan Co., Washington, 1 spec.).--BIsHOP, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 78 (Skagway, Alaska). [Sphyrapicus] ruber COVES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195, part. S[phyrapicus] tuber RID(WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Sphyropicus tuber SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.).-- BROWN, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).--CooPER, Orn. Cal., 1870, 392, part.--HARTLAUB, Journ. Iiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Chilkat R., Alaska).--HAm GTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 194, part ("Behring Straits"; Ft. Rupert and Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia). [Sphyropicus] tuber SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 212, part. Sphyropicus varius var. tuber RD(WAY, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, footnote, part; v, Jan., 1873, 40, footnote, part.--BAIR), BREWER, and RD(WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 544, part. Sphyrapicus varius tuber RID(]WAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 369b, part.--COuES, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 448.--GRINNLL (J.), Condor, iii, 1901, 12 (crit.; range); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 38 (range).--ANDERsoN and GRNNELL, Proc. Ac. 286 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 8 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.).--SwAar, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 69 (Kupreanof, Kuiu, Prince of Wales, Etolin, and Wrangell islands and Chickamin R., Alaska; crit.); x, 1912, 34 (descr. nest; crit. nomencl.).a Sphyropicus varius tuber Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 448, par S[phyropicus] v[arius] tuber Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 486, part. [Sphyrapicus varius] c. ruber Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 286, part (synonymy). Sphyrapicus tuber tuber GRINN,, (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1909, 218 (Admiralty Is., Alaska; crit.). SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS (Cassin). WILLIAMSON'S WOODPECKER. Adult male.--Greater par of head and neck, back, scapulars, chest, and sides of breast uniform glossy greenish blue-black; a white postocular or supra-auricular streak, extending to sides of nape, where considerably expanded; a white suborbital and subauricular stripe originatin on and involving nasal tufts and extending to beneath end of auricular region; a median stripe of bright poppy red on lower chin and upper throat; abdomen and median portion of breast bright sulphur or canary yellow (sometimes nearly lemon yellow); sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts white, broadly striped and spotted with black, the markings more or less V-shaped on flanks and under tail-coverts; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, the lateral portions of the former and outer webs of latter largely black; tail black; wings black, the middle coverts and outer webs of greater coverts (except inner or proximal ones) white, forming a very conspicuous large longitudinal patch on wing, the second, or third, to fifth primaries (counting from outermost) usually with a greater or less number of small white spots on outer web; bill black in summer, purplish slaty brown in winter; iris deep reddish brom; legs and feet grayish olive in life; length (skins), 190-20 (208); wing, 131.5-139 (136.8); tail, 70.5-88.5 (83.2); culmen, 23-28 (25.6); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); outer anterior toe, 14-15 (14.5). b ]'oung ma/e.--Similar in pattern of coloration to the adult male, but the black everywhere much duller (that on back often broken by more or less concealed white spotting or strea -Idng), throat-stripe white instead of red, yellow of abdomen and breast paler, and sides and flanks barred, rather than striped or spotted, with dusky. Adult female.--Very different from either adult or young male. Pileum and hindneck deep drab, the occiput and nape more or less streaked (sometimes also narrowly barred) with black; back and scapulars broadly barred with black and pale drab or, (in worn a Mr. Swarth seems to have made out a good case in favor of restriction of the name tuber to the northern form instead of the southern one. Unfortunately it is now too late for me to reopen the question. b Twenty specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 bb. Rump (sometimes upper tail-coverts also) barred or spotted with white; back mostly white, this with usually a longitudinal instead of transverse disposi- tion; sides and flanks less heavily barred; forehead with whitish prevailing, or at least conspicuously spotted with white; white supra-auricular streak distinct, usually conspicuous. c. Smaller (wing averaging 116.8 in adult male, 113 in adult female); white of back more or less broken by black bars; white spots on inner web of inner- most secondaries smaller. (Hudsonian zone of Alaska and Mackenzie and southward over Hudsonian highlands of British Columbia and western Alberta.) ......................... Picoides americanus fasciatus (p. 295). cc. Larger (wing averaging 123.3 in adult male, 121.5 in adult female); white of back continuous, not broken (or very rarely and to slight extent) by black bars; white spots on inner web of innermost secondaries larger. (High coniferous forests of Rocky Mountains, from southern Idaho and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona.) ...... Picoides amcricanus dorsalis (p. 297). aa. Back wholly black. (Northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota to southern Ungava, central Keewafin, south- ern Mackenzic, central Yukon, and southern Alaska, west, through higher mountains of western South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nevada, to (he Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges.) ..... : ......... Picoides arcticus (I)- 298). PICOIDES AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Brehm. THIEE-TOED WOODPECKEI. Adult a/e.--Crown yellow (light wax yellow or dull light gamboge to saffron); forehead black, more or less spotted with dull white, especially on posterior portion (next to yellow of crown); rest of pi]eum, together with loral, orbital, and auricular regions and hind- neck, unifon glossy blue-black., sometimes with an indication of a nan)w postocular or supra-auricular streak of white, often with whitish spots or streaks on occiput (next to yellow of crown); rest of upper parts dull black or sooty black, the lower hindneck with more or less of white (sometimes forming a rather distinct but boken collar), back and upper rump barred or transversely spotted, along median portion, with white, the outer webs of remiges also spotted with white, except proximal secondaries, the innermost of which have white spots along edge of inner web; two lateral normal rec- trices, on each side, with distal half or more white, the third exten- sively white terminally, this white more or less stained with brownish, especially on distal portion; nasal tufts light grayish brown, finely streaked with black, this sometimes predominating on lower or ter- minal portion; a more or less distinct rictal streak or narrow stripe of white, passing beneath orbital and auricular regions; beneath this a mo or less broad malar stripe of glossy black or blue-black, usually more or less broken by white tips to the feathers; under parts white, the sides and flanks broadly barred with black, the anterior portion of sides (sides of breast) with bars more irregular, sometimes broken into spots and streaks; bill grayish horn color, the mandible paler (pale yellowish gray); feet dark grayish horn color (in dried skins); 294 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL V[USEUIV[. in winter).--RALP and BArite, Trans. Oneida IIist. Soc., iii, 1886, 123 (Her- kimer and Hamilton counties, New York, rare resident).--CmBouR-, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mts., New Hampshire, 3960 ft.).--ToPsoN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 550 (n. e. Manitoba).--HRGIr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 279 (Big Moose Lake, Moose R., Hamilton Co., and Her- kimer Co., New York; etc.).--CooK, Bull. 54, Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1893, 88 (n. peninsula and Gogebic district, Michigan, visitant).--BENm, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 77.--MoRRELL, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Nova Scotia, March).--(?)RoBmNs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 173 (Beverly, Massachu- setts, Jan. 21, 1899 a).--NoRTON, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., ii, 1901, 153 (Northwest R., Labrador; descr, young).--FEMN% Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, winter); xix, 1902, 79 (Toronto, Ontario, Nov. 16, 1901).--PR, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 112 (Severn R., Ft. Churchill, etc., I(eewatin).--TowNsND and ALLEN, I'OC. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxiii, 1907, 377 (Labmdor).RoERWS, in Wilcox's Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 176 (Lke Itasca, breeding in 1902).--Ns, Vertebr. Ontario, 1908, Birds, p. 50 (resident in northern, rare winter visitant in souther,b Ontario).--(?) Sww, Condor, xiii, 1911, 211 (Admiralty Islands, s. Alaska, resident). [Picoidcs] americanus GR.Y, IIand-list, ii, 1870, 181, no. 8537.--CoEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194, part.--SR, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217, part. P[icoides] americanus BREWSTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 122 (unusual influx into e. Massachusetts, winter of 1860-61).--Cos, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 485, part.--RIw.', Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 287, part. Apternus americanus SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 306. Picus americanus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 15. Picoides tridactylus, var. americanus B.IR, BREWER, and RIDW.Y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 532, part. Picoides americanus . . . u. americanus COVES, Birds Northwest, 1874, 284. Picoides americanus americanus BAs, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 132, part (crit.).-- ARmN ORrroLomws' UNIon, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 194.-- (?)SwaRTh, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 69 (Freshwater Bay, Chicha- goff Island, Alaska; crit.).--SuNERS, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 37 (Bear Canyon, Gallatin Co., Montana); Condor, xiv, 1912, 26 (Pipestone Creek, Jefferson Co., Montana, Oct. 6, 1909). Picoides tridactylus americanus RII)WAy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 6,189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 368. MRRLM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 232 (Adirondack region, New York, resident); Auk, i, 1884, 295 (Point de Monts, Quebec). [Tridactylia] americana IIi and RIcrtNOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 213 (Canada; Labrador). Picus arcticus (not of Swainson) DKx', Zool. New York, 1844, 190, pl. 17, fig. 36. [Picoides amercanus.] Var. fasciatus BAIRD, in Cooper's Orn. Calif., 1870, 385, part. Picoides americanusfasciatus (not of Chapman, 1902) PREE, North Am. Faun, no. 27, 1908, 382, part (Ft. Anderson, Mackenzie; some specimens from Ft. Simpson; crit., etc.).--AEmN ORNrrooms' Uio, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 190, part. a The vernacular name "Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker" being coupled with the technical name Picoides americanus, it is uncertain whether this species or P. arcticus is meant. BIRDS OF NORTH AND 1VIIDDLE A1VIERICA. '297 (?)Picoides americanusfumipectus GRINNELL (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, 217 (Hoonah, Chichagoff I., Alaska; coll. Mus. Vertebr. Zool. Univ. Calif.). (?)Picoides americanus dorsalis (not Picoides dorsalis Baird?)NELSON, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 160 (Ft. Kenai; Kodiak).--MEaaA, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 97 (Salmon R. Mts., Idaho).--FANNN, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (rots. e. of Cascade Range, n. to Cassiar).--KERMODE, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 49 (e. of Cascade Range, Brit. Columbia). PICOIDES AMERICANUS DORSALIS (Baird). ALPINE THREE-TOED WOODPECR. Similar to white-backed examples of P. a. fasciatus, but larger; white markings on back usually all lontudinal (very rarely with any transverse bars of black), white supra-auricular streak usually broader, forehead usually with more black and less whitish spotting, white spots or bars on inner web of innermost secondaries larger, and sides and flanks usually less heavily barred with black. Adult nale.--Length (skins), 190-210 (201); wing, 120.5-128 (123.3); tail, 71-77.5 (75.2) ; cuhnen, 26-30.5 (28.9) ; tarsus, 20-22.5 (20.9); outer anterior toe, 10-12 (10.8). a Adult female.--Length (s-14ns), 191-212 (198); wing, 118-129 (121.5) ; tail, 70-81.5 (76.1) ; culmen, 25-28 (26.5) ; tamus, 19.5-21.5 (20.6); outer anterior toe, 10-11.5 (10.6). a Boreal forests of Rocky Mountain district, from northern Montana (aola; east side Bitterroot Mountains; Gallatin Basin; Belt Moun- tains) and Wyoming (Lake Fork; Lower Geyser Basin; Laramie Peak; Fort Bridget), southward through higher mountains of Colorado to New Mexico (Pecos Baldy; Upper Pecos River; Zufii Mountains; Jamez Mountains; Mazano Mountains; Santa Fe Mountains; Twin- ing; Copperton; La Jara Lake; Cantonment Burgwyn; Rio Grande) and Arizona (San Francisco Mountain; White Mountains; Bakers Butte; Willow Springs; Kaibab Plateau). Picoides dorsalis BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 100 (Laramie Peak, Wyoming; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birtts N. Am.), 100, atlas, pl. 85, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 84.--MALSERBE, Mort. Picid., i, 1861, 179.--CAssN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 203.--GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 31. MERaAM, Sixth An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 694 (Lower Geyser Basin, Wyoming).--IIAaTT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 278 (Ft. Bridger, Wyoming; Santa Fe Mts. and Rio Grande, New Mexico); Ibis, 1891, 467, in text (crit.). [Picoides] dorsal.is GRxv, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 181, no. 8538.--SnAaPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. T[ridactylia] dorsalis CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. ein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 26. Picus dorsalis SUN)EVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 14. [Picoides americanus.] Var. dorsalis BAIR), in Cooper's Orn. Calif., 1870, 386, 387 (crit.).CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194. a Ten specimens. 304 BULLETIN 50 UIITED STATES IATIOlqAL MUSEUM. bb. Crown streaked with yellowish orange or orange-yellow.a c. Back, etc., much more yellowish olive; under parts more buffy; smaller (wing avera#ng 51.4, tail 24.6, culmen 11.1, outer anterior toe 9.5). (Eastern Panama.) ....................... Picumnus olivaceus lanamensis (p. 304). cc. Back, etc., much less yellowish olive; under parts less buffy; larger (wing avera#ng 53.1, tail 27.7, culmen 11, outer anterior toe 10.7). (Western Panama and southwestern Costa Rica.) Pieumnus olivaeeus flavofinctus (p. 306). aa. Crown without red, orange, or orange-yellow streaks (minutely dotted wth white instead). b. Ground color of pilem deep black. c. Back, etc., more buffy olive. Picunmus olivaceus olivaceus, adult female (extralimital). cc. Back, etc., more greenish olive. (Western Colombia.) Picumnus olivaceus granadensis, adroit female (extralimital).b bb. Ground color of pileum sooty, sooty black, or dull black. c. Ground-color of pileum sooty black or dull black; general coloration darker and less buffy; wing and tail longer (wing 52-54, tail 26-30). d. Back, etc., clearer or more greenish olive; chest less yellowish or buffy; white dots on pileum larger. Picumnus olivaceus dimotus, adult female (p. 307). dd. Back, etc., moro huffy olive; chest more buffy; white dots on pileum smaller, those on crown less numerous. Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus, adult female (p. 306). ec. Ground color of pileum dark sooty brown; general coloration paler and more buffy; wing and tail shorter (wing 50.5, tail 24). Picumnus olivaceus panamensis, adult fenmle (p. 305). PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS PANAMENSIS Ridgway. Similar to P. o. grandensis, b but smaller; coloration decidedly more yellowish oIive, pileum much duller black, and feathers of malar region and chin more narrowly marned with black or with these markings obsolete. Adult male.Pileum duI1 black, the crown with short, narrow streaks of orpiment orange, the occiput with smalI circular spots or dots of white; back, scapulars, and rump pIain yellowish olive, the wing-coverts similar, but darker and margined or edged with color of back or slightIy paler; remiges dusky grayish brown, the secondaries broadly (but not sharply) edged with dulI Iight buffy olive-yellowish (nearly pale wax yellow), the median portion of proximaI secondaries (broadly) light grayish brown or hair brown, the primaries narrowly a I have not seen the adult male of P. o. granadensis, which belongs to this section. b Picumnus granadensis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., x, March, 1847, 78 (Cali, w. Ecuador; coll. De Lattre; type now in coll." Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.); hlalherbe, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, pl. 118, fig. 3; Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 104. [Picumnus olivaceus.] Subsp. er. Picumnus granadensis Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvm, 1890, 549, part (excl. specimens from Panama, Chiriqui, and Ecuador).--Picunnus olivaceus granadensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). I have seen only the female of this form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 07 Picumorus olivaceus CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa lica, 1893, 46 (Palm,r, Boruca, T6rraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). |Picumnus olivaceus.] Subsp. a. Picumnus granadensis (not P. granadensis Lafres- naye) ]ARGITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 540, part (in synonymy). Picumnus granadensis (not of Lafresnaye) B.NGS, Auk, xviii, 1901, 361 (Divala, w. Panama). PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS DIMOTUS (Bangs). HONDURAS PICULET. Similar to P. o. olivaceus,  but slightly smaller (especially the bill), color of back, etc., darker and less buffy olive, and chest darker and less buffy olive. Similar also to P. o. flavotinctus, but larger (especially the bill), throat more whitish (less buffy), and adult male with streaks on crown orange-red (scarlet), as in P. o. olivaceus, instead of yellowish orange or orange-yellow. Adult male.--Length (skins), 92-94.5 (93.5); wing, 53-54 (53.3); tail, 27.5-29 (28); culmen, 12-12.5 (12.3); tarsus, 12-13 (12.5); outer anterior toe, 11-11.5 (11.2).  Adultfemale.--Length (skin), 93; wing, 54; tail, 27.5 ; culmcn, 11 ; tarsus, 12.5; outer anterior toe, 10.5.  Caribbean slope of Nicaragua (San Carlos) and Honduras (Ciba; San Pedro Sula; Julian). Picumnus olivaceus (not of Lafresnaye) SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837, 839 (Julian and San Pedro, Honduras).--H,TT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 548, part (Julian and San Pedro, IIonduras).-- IICIMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 519 (San Carlos, e. Nicaragua; crit.).-S.LVN and GODM.N, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1895, 452 (Julian and San Pedro, Honduras). Picumnus dimotus B.Gs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, July, 1903, 146 (Ceiba, Honduras; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Ptcumnus olivaceus dimotus I:IDGWAY, Proc. Biol. ,oc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). Genus 1NIESOCTITIES Haryitt. Nesoctites d II,ITT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 552. (Type, Picuntnus microraegs Sundevall.) Large Picumninm (wing 68-7"5 ram.) with nostril much nearer to culmen than to tomium, gonys but little longer than mandibular rami, outermost primary more than half as long as ninth, no stripes on side of head, and without black, white, or pale yellow on rectrices. Bill shorter than head, much compressed anteriorly, subcuneate in lateral profile, pointed at tip, its width at anterior end of nostrils See p. 303. Three specimens. One specimen. IVaog, island; rirg, a colonist, inhabitant. (Richmond.) 312 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL IIUSEUM. The Capitonidm are forest birds, livhg mostly among the tree tops, where they feed on fruits, berries, and insects and, some species at least, nest in holes in trees and lay pure white eggs. Some kinds are said to run up and down trunks of trees, though in a different manner from the Woodpeckers. As a rule, they are birds of beautiful, or at least gaudy, plumage, the coloration consisting of strongly (but not always harmoniously) contrasting areas of several of the spectrum hues (blue, green, yellow, orange, and red), usually with more or less of black. Often the two sexes, while equally bright or showy in coloration, are yet so different in their colors as to have often been described as distinct species. Unlike the Toucans, the Barbets are not confhmd to the American Tropics. In fact, they are poorly represented there, being far more numerous in tropical Asia and Africa. In America only four genera, with about eighteen species, are knovn to occur, about seven thnes as many genera and nearly seven times as many species being found in the Eastern Hemisphere. a "They arc birds nmstly of a bright green plumage, some of them variegated, especially on the head, with scarlet, violet, blue, or yel- low, though others are plainly colored. All of them seem to live chiefly on fruit, but insects occasionally form part of their food, and in captivity they become carnivorous. They breed in holes of trees, laying white eg, and most, if not all, of them utter a clear ringing note so loud as to attract general attention." (NEWTON, Dictionary of Birds, Part I, p. 28.) "Although the limits of this family appear to be well defined, the characters used for the separation of genera are by no means easy to distinguish, and in any case they are difficult to formulate. The Capitonid appear to me to constitutea family 6f Picarian birds in which no single character for the separation of genera can be con- sidered to be absolute, and even style of coloration is of no avail as a generic character. As a rule, the plumage is gaudy and the con- trasts strikig; but there are some genera, such as CalorIampIus and Ggmnobucco, which it would be difficult to match for dullness of coloration. Scarcely one of the genera admitted here is so well defined that it does not form a link toward some other genus, and Pogonorlynclus and its allies may well be considered as subgenera aIn Sharpe's "Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Bixds," it, 1900, 177-187, nineteen genera and one hundred and twenty-two species of Capitonide are listed as peculiar to the Old World. Of these, eleven genera and eighty-two species are found in Africa only, while eight genera and forty species occur only in southern Asia and the Indo-Malayan region. BIRDS OF IWORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 313 belonging to one leading type, of which the toothed bill is the most prominent feature. The same may be said of Barbatula and Smi- lorIis, and Megalema and Cyanops." (SHELLEY, ('at. Birds Brit. Mus., Vol. XL-, p. 13.) The authors of a beautiful monograph of the family, Messrs. C. I-I. T. and G. F. L. Marshall, have divided the Capitonidm into three subfamilies, Pogonorhynchine, Megalemine, and Capitonine, but later writers ignore these subdivisions. KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA OF CAPITONID.. a. Tomia smooth, without distinct, if any, subterminal notch or dcnticulation; tip of mandible simple (normal); bill more slender, its width at base less than lenh of maxilla from nostril;, mesorhinium broadly rounded or flattened; tail very little more (often less) than two-thirds as long as wing, the outermost pair of rectriccs two-thirds to more than three-fourths as long as middle pair; adult males without a nuchal tuft; sexes distinctly different in coloration. b. Bill more slender; nostrils narrower, separated by a much narrower mesorhinium; tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, the outer pair of rectrices much less than three-fourths as long as middle pair; outermost (tenth) primary about half as long as ninth, relatively broad; back, etc., plain green; sexes with col- oration of head and neck very different .................... Eubucco (p. 314). bb. Bill stouter; nostrils circular, separated by a much broader mesorhinium; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the outer pair of rectrices nearly to more than three-fourths as long as middle pair; outermost (tenth) primary much less than hail as long as ninth, relatively very narrow; back, etc., black, streaked, etc., with yellow or orange (or both), or plain glossy blue-black; sexes with coloration of head not essentially different (except, sometimes, throat). Capito (p. 319). aa. Maxillary tomium conspicuously notched and toothed subterminally; tip of mandible bifurcate; bill stouter, its width at base greater than length of maxilla from nostril; mesorhinium narrowly ridged; tail much more than two-thirds as long as wing, the outer pair of rectrices less than two-thirds as long as middle pair; adult males with a nuchal tuft of elongated, glossy black feathers, the sexes otherwise alike in coloration. b. Lateral base of maxilla more swollen; mesorhinittm less distinctly ridged; middle toe, without claw, much more than two-thirds as long as tarsus; outermost rectrices slightly more than half as long as middle pair; coloration much more varied, the chest bright red, pileum glossy black with a white spot on each side of occiput ................................... Semnornis (extralimital).a bb. Lateral base of maxilla less swollen; mesorhinium more distinctly ridged; mid- dle toe, without claw, not more than two-thirds as long as tarsus; outermost rectrices nearly two-thirds as long as middle pair; coloration plain, without red, glossy black (except nuchal tuft of adult male), or white. Dicrorhynchus (p. 324L a Tetragonops (not of Gerstcker, February or March, 1855) Jardine, Edinburgh Philos. Journ., n. s., ii, no. 2, October, 1855, 404 (type, T. vamphastinus Jardine).-- Pan (not of Oken, 1816) Richmond, Auk, xvi, January, 1899, 77 (to replace Tetra- gonops Jardine, preoccupied).--Semnorn/s lichmond, Auk, xvii, April, 1900,179 (to replace Pan Richmond, preoccupied). A monotypic genus the single known species of which is confined to eastern Ecuador. 314 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL ]VIUSEUM. Genus EUBUCCO Bonaparte. Eubucco BONAPARTE, ('onsp. Av., i, 1850, 142. (Type, Capito richardsoni Gray.) Abelterusa HEINE, in IIeine and 1Reichenow, lom. Mus. ]ein. Orn., 1890, 227. (New name to replace Eubucco Bonaparte on grounds of purism.) Rather small Capitonidm (length about 130-160 ram.) with rather slender, compressed bill, relatively narrow mesorhinium, oval to nearly linear nostrils, tail less than two-tlfirds as long as wing, outer- most (tenth) primary broad and about half as long as ninth, back, etc., plain green or olive-green, the sexes with coloration of head and neck radically different. Bill about as long as head, rather slender (its depth at nostril equal to not more than half the length of exposed culmen), very much broader than deep at base (width at base at least one and a half times as great as depth at same point), compressed anteriorly; culmen rounded (or at least not distinctly ridged), nearly straight for basal half or more, gently convex terminally, the tip of maxilla pointed and more or less strongly decurved, but not uncinate; gonys about as long as man- dibular rami or slightly longer, nearly straight, ascending terminally, not ridged; lateral base of maxilla more or less tumid or turgid, espe- cially the upper-posterior margin; tomia perfectly smooth, the max- illary tomium rather strongly though gradually deflected basally. lostril small, more or less narrow, partly concealed by, or at least in contact with (posteriorly) feathering of frontal antim, from which spring several rather long but very slender antrorse bristles, the chin and rictal region with similar but rather smaller bristles. Orbital region partly naked. Wing rather short, very concave beneath, much rounded; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of exposed culmen, the skxth and seventh or fifth, skxth, and seventh primaries longest, eighth shorter than fourth (sometimes shorter than second), ninth much shorter than fu-st, the tenth (outer- most) about half as long as ninth, normally broad. Tail more than two-thh-ds as long as wing, the outermost pair of rectrices more than half to slightly more than tvo-thirds as long as middle pair. Tarsus slightly shorter to longer than culmen (from base), decidedly longer than longest toe with claw. Coloration.--Above (except sometimes head and neck) plain green (varying from bluish green to olive-green), under parts with more or less of yellow, the flanks striped with green or greenish dusky; adult males with at least pileum red and a bluish band across hindneck; adult females without red on head. Range.--Costa Rica to Bolivia and eastern Peru. (About eight species and subspecies.) a 'Alk2r*pog, silly, stupid. (Richmond.) BIRDS OF IORT]t AID MIDDLE AMEI',ICA. 323 d. Smaller (wing 76.5-81, tail 47.5-49, exposed culmen 20.5-22, tarsus 20-22). Capito v, aculicoronatas pirrensis, adult female (p. 324). dd. Larger (wing 79-86, tail 45-52, exposed culmen 22-24, tarsus 21.5-23). Caito maculicoronatas rubrilateralis, adult female (extralimital). bb. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., conspicuously maro4ned with white; forehead red. (Western Ecuador.) Capito squamatas, adult [female?] (extrulimital).a CAPITO MACULICORONATUS MACULICORONATUS Lawrence. SPOTTED-CROWNED BAIBE T. Adult nale.--Above mostly plain glossy blue-black, the wings and tail black but wing-coverts margined with glossy blue-black; median portion of pileum (broadly) brownish black, each feather (except on forehead) tipped with a large spot of pale brown or dull brownish white; underparts, including malar region, mostlydullwhite, thebreast crossed by a broad band of saffron yellow or indian yellow, the sides and flanks marked with large spots (mostly ovate or guttate) of blue-black, the outer portion of flanks also streaked with bright yellowish orange; outer side of thighs mostly deep blue-black; bill grayish horn color on basal half or more, blackish terminally; iris dark (brown?);b legs and feet dusky grayish (bluish or greenish in life?); length (skins), 148- 172 (158) ; wing, 78.5-84 (80.7) ; tail, 47.5-51 (49.5) ; exposed culmen, 21-23.5 (22.1); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18 (17.4) .c Adult female.--Upper parts exactly as in the adult nmlc, but aaterior under parts, as far back as middle of breast wholly uniform, slightly glossy, blue-black, and orange-color on flanks more exten- sive, forming a conspicuous patch; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 145-157 (152); wing, 76-81.5 (78,6); tail, 46-49 (47.5), exposed culmen, 20.5-23 (21.9); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.6); outer an- terior toe, 16.5-17.5 (17.2). c Panama, from Canal Zone westward (Lion Hill; near 1)anami; Coln; Santiago de Veragua). Capito maculi-coronatus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. lat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 300 (Lion Hill?, 1)anama; coll. G. N. Lawrence). [Capitol maculi-coronatus SCLATER and SALvia, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 110. Capilo maculicoronatus SCITER, Ibis, 1862, 1, pl. 1.--Go, Mus. lays-Bas, i, Buccones, 1863, 57.--SCLATER and SALVL'% lroc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Panama).----SAvL,% lroc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (Santiago de Veraoa, Panama). ]LRSALL, MOrt. Capitonidse, 1871, 153, pl. 61.--SELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 109, part (Veragua, lanama, and Lion H_ill, lanama).--SAvI and GoD,N, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1896, 548, part (Santiago de Yeragua; Lion ESll; 1)anama).--BAs, 1)roc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 18 (Loma del Leon=Lion Hill, lanama). [Capitol maculicoronatus GY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 178, no. 8494.  Capito squamatus Salvin, Ibis, set. 3, vi, Oct., 1876, 494, pl. 14 (Sant Rit, w. Ecuador; coll. Salvin and Godman); Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 110. t Salmon, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 537.  Eight specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325 distinctly ridged, the mesorhinium strongly carinate; gonys about as long as mandibular rami, distinctly convex, prominent basally, strongly ascending terminally, broadly rounded (distinctly ridged or carinate basally in adult males); lateral base of maxilla strongly tumid or turgid, with nearly vertical or truncate basal outline; maxillary tomium strongly incised or notched terminally, toothed subterminally; mandibular tomitm rather shallowly incised termi- nally, the tip of the maxilla produced laterally into a prominent vertical tooth on each side, the two prongs inclosing the uncinate tip of the maxilla. Nostril small, narrowly oval or elliptical, sittated in a narrow groove which widens anteriorly. Latero-frontal antie with several elongated, slender, antrorse bristles; the rictus, malar apex, and chin with similar bristles. Orbital region partly naked. Wing short and rounded, very concave beneath, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of culmen; fifth, sixth, and seventh, or fourth to seventh, primaries longest, the eighth shorter than third, ninth decidedly shorter than secondaries, the tenth (outermost) a little more than half as long as ninth. Tail nearly to quite three-fourths as long as wing, the lateral pair of rectrices about two-thirds as long as middle pair. Tarsus more than twice as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, much longer than longest toe with claw. Coloration.--Head, throat, and chest plain bright olive-tawny, the capistrum dusky; above plain olive; under parts of body olive suf- fused with light yellow, the sides of breast with a patch of light gTay; adult male with a nuchal tuft of elongated, narrow, glossy black feathers. Range.--tIighlands of Costa Rica and western Panama. (Mono- typic.) DICROR.HYNCIIUS FRANTZII (Sclater). Adult ma/e.--Forehead and crown bright golden yellowish brown or tawny-orange; rest of pileum deep bright yellowish or brownish olive, passing through brownish olive into dull olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail dull olive; a conspicuous nuchal tuft of elongated, flattened, glossy black feathers; anterior portion of forehead (narrowly), lores, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dull blackish or dusky; auricular and malar regions (except anterior part of the latter), throat, and chest plain ochraceous-olive or olive-ochraceous; a patch of light bluish gray on each side of breast, margined anteriorly by  more or less distinct bar of dusky; median portion of breast (broadly) light olive, the feathers tipped with golden ochraceous or dull saffron yellow; the abdomen similar but more yellowish; rest of under parts light yellowish olive, suffused BIRDS OF NORTH AND ]VIIDDLE A]VIER1CA. 27 [Tetragonops]frantzii SCLATER and SA,vI-, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873,110. Panfrantzii RICHMOND, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 77, in text. Semnornisfrantzii RICHMOND, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 179, in text.--FERRV, Pub. 146, Field lIus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser, i, no. 6, 1910, 265 (Coliblanco, Costa Rica, habits). Dicrorlynhus frantzii CARRIKE, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 571 (Burgos de Irazfi, Carrillo, La Estrella de Cartugo, Azahar de Cartago, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, La Hondura, etc., Costa Rica; habits). Superfamily RAMPHASTIDES. THE TOUCANS. Rlmpast CABANIS, Viegmann's Archly ffir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 348 (includes Capitones). :Rampastid FUERIER, Unters. Syst. Nat. VSg., ii, 1888, 1391. -RImmpIastides SttARPE, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 189. Desmognathous, scansorial (zygodactyle) Coraciiformes, related to the Capitones but differing in absence or great reduction of after- shaft, desmognathous (instead of ethognathous or schizognathous) palate, truncate vomer, highly specialized bill, the last very large (always longer than head, sometimes nearly as large as body), with distinctly decurved culmen, more or" less strongly uncinate maxilla, and peculiarly light construction, and with caudal muscles and terminal caudal vertebrm peculiar, a The Ramphas6des constitute a well-circumscribed oToup of zydactylous Coraciiform, or, more properly speaking, Picine, birds, very closely related structurally to the Capitones (Barbets), but differing from the latter in the several anatomical characters pointed out above, and externally in the great development of the beak, which in some members of the typical genus, Ramplastos, exceeds the body in length and almost equals it in bulk. In this extraordinary development of the beak the Ramphastides resemble somewhat the anisodactylous Bucerotes (Hornbills), of the Old World tropics, but the beak is never surmounted by a casque or accessory structure, such as birds of the latter family almost invariably present. Although apparently so unwieldy, the toucan's beak is exceedingly light, the whole interior consisting of a network of bony fibers so arranged as to produce the maximum of strength a In examining the caudal vertebrae, it will be found that the six basal ones are articulated by ball-and-socket joints and connected with the last ones, which are anchylosed, by a synovial joint, and can be bent dorsad till their superior spines touch the sacrum, while the broad and large transverse processes almost wholly prevent lateral motion. The muscles, therefore, which in other birds turn the tail sdeways, in the toucans become assistants to the true elevators of the tail; for when the latter havebent it upward sufficiently, the former become dorsad of the center of motion, causing the jerk of the tail [a motion of that member exceedingly character- istic of the toucans] by suddenly combining with the elevator muscles. (Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 415, 416.) 328 BULLETII 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUIV[. with the minimum of weight, a The tongue is also peculiar, consist- ing of a "long, narrow, thin lamina, flattened horizontally and supported by the anterior process of tim hyoid bone, which forms a ridge beneath it. It measures nearly six inches in length in the large species [of Ramp]astos]. At about four inches from its extremity it is obliquely notched on both sides, and these notches become deeper and deeper toward the apex, giving it a strongly bristled appearance." (Sclatcr, Cat. Birds Brit. fus., vol. xix, p. 122.) Family RAMPHASTID,:E. THE TOUCANS. =[Zygodactyli] Pteroglossi VIEILLOT, Analyse, 1816, 26. =Ramphastide BONAPARTE, Sagoio distr. An. Yert., 1831, 41; Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 16; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 92.--ScLTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 324.-- LLLZEBOR(, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 16.--STEJNE(ER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 412,414, in text. =RhaTphastide INzscH, Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 135.--SCLATER and SLVm, Nora. Av. leotr., 1873, pp. 108.--FVERBRN(ER, Unters. liorph. Syst. VSg., ii, 1888, 1391.--SALvN and Go)N, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1896, 551.--SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 189. -----Ramphastine BONAPARTE, Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 17; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 92. -Rhamphastine CABNm, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturg., 1847, i, 348.-- SVN)EVLL, Met. lat. Av. Disp. Tent., ii, 1873, 75 (English translation, ]889, 148). The characters of the family Ramphastide are the same as those of the superfamily Ramphastides (as given on pp. 2, 327), the latter con- raining only this one family. The Ramphastidm are peculiar to the continental portion of tropical America, ranging from southe Mexico to northern Argentina, their southward distribution along the Pacific coast district being limited by the Gulf of Guayaquil, in Ecuador. Of the five genera and sixty species recognized in Sharpe's Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds (vol. ii, 1900, pp. 189-193), four of the former but only ten of the latter occur from Panama northward, the family being most numerously represented in the valley of the Amazon and contiguous regions of the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia. The Toucans are forest birds of arboreal habits and feed chiefly on fruits, though in captivity, at least, they are completely omnivorous; and it is said that in the wild state they destroy the eggs and young of other birds, after the well-known habit of members of the Corvide. Little is known of their nesting habits, but so far as these have been a This structure is elaborately described and illustrated by Sir Richard Owen in the "Introduction" to Gould's "Monograph of the Ramphastide." See also tej- neger in "Standard Natural History," Birds, pp. 414-415. BIRDS OF NORTH AND ]VIIDDLE AIVIERICA. 331 strongly concave terminally, the tip of mandible more or less strongly decurved; mandibular rami contracted and truncate basally; base of maxilla truncate or subtruncate, raised abruptly above the level of the head. Nostrils transversely oval, opening posteriorly in pos- terior rim of maxilla, quite concealed by the frontal feathers. Orbital region naked, the interramal space also naked anteriorly, sparsely feathered posteriorly. Wing rather large but primaries relatively short, the longest extending only slightly beyond secondaries; fourth, fifth, and sLxth, or fifth, sLxth, and seventh primaries longest, the eighth usually shorter than secondaries (rarely slightly longer than second primary), the ninth much shorter than secondaries, the tenth (outermost) about two-thirds as long as ninth; ninth and tenth (two outermost) primaries conspicuously attenuated terminally, the con- tracted terminal portion rounded at tip, sometimes subspatulate. Tail a little more than two-thirds to more than five-sixths as long as wing, truncate or slightly rounded, the rectrices gradually widening terminally, with tip broadly rounded or subtruncate. Tarsus less than one-fourth to more than one-fourth as long as wing, longer than longest toe with claw. Coloration.wGeneral color uniform black; auricular and malar regions, throat, and foreneck immaculate white, yellow, or orange, succeeded by a jugular band of red (this sometimes extending over whole chest, breast, and sides); under tail-coverts bright red, the upper coverts red, orange, yellow, or white; bill brilliantly colored in life, also the bare skin of orbital region and chin. (Sexes alike in coloration.) Range.--The whole of continental tropical America (except south- western Mexico); north to southeastern lIexico, south to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, and southeastern Brazil. (Four- teen species.) There are considerable and marked variations iu details of external structure among the species of this genus, but these variations do not serve to divide the genus into well-defined groups of species. Thus, in R. dicolorus and R. ariel, relatively small-billed species, the sides of the maxilla are distinctly concave or hollowed out along each side of the culmen, all the other species examined having the same portion inflated to the level of the general surface. In a specimen of what appears to be a young R. inca (from Yungas, Bolivia), however, this same concavity along the upper portion of the sides of the maxilla is very evident, the adult having no trace of it. Taking the larger-billed species, R. erythrorhynchus and R. nca have the culmen broadly rounded throughout its length, except for the decurved terminal por- tion; in R. toco, R. carinatus, and R. brevicarinatus the culmen is compressed and carinate, while in R. swainsonii it is indistinctly 332 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ridged, or intermediate between the extremes as shown in R. erflro- ryncus and R. nca on the one hand and R. toco, etc., on the other. In R. toco the mandibular rami are relatively much shorter and the interramal space therefore shorter and more broadly triangular than in other species. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RAMPHASTOS. a. Terminal portion of maxilla and mandible red, the maxilla with a broad lateral area of yellow or orange. (Ramphastos piscivorus.) b. Breast without a distinct (if any) band of red; averaging larger, especially the bill (culmen averaging 150.3 in male, 131.4 in female). (Southeastern Mexico to Guatemala and British Honduras.) Ramphastos piscivorus piscivorus (p. 332). bb. Breast with a distinct red band bordering yellow of foreneck; averaging smaller (culmen averaging 136.1 in male, 120.4 in female). (Honduras to Colombia and Yenezuela) .............. Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus (p. 334). aa. Terminal portion of maxilla yellow, of mandible black; maxilla with lower lateral portion black or horn color or dull reddish margined above by black. b. Mandible and latero-basal portion of maxilla light horn color distinctly tinged with reddish or pinkish. (Southern Honduras to Venezuela and Ecuador.) Ramphastos swainsonii (p. 336). bb. Mandible and latero-basal portion of maxilla black, dark grayish horn color, or dark grayish olive. (Eastern Panama to Ecuador.) Ramphastos ambiguus (p. 339). RAMPHASTOS PISCIVORUS PISCIVORUS Linnaeus. EL-BILLED TOUCAN. Adults (sexes alke).--P'deum and hindneck black, the latter strongly washed with maroon; upper tail coverts white; rest of upper parts slightly glossy greenish black; malar and auricular reons, throat, and foreneck bright lemon or pure gamboge yellow, the strongly convex posterior margin sometimes with a few touches of red; under tail-coverts bright poppy red or carmine; rest of under parts, including raider side of wing, miform black; bill red and orange terminally, yellowish along culmen and in an ovate-cuneate space on lower side of proximal half of maxilla, elsewhere olive-dusky, in dried skins; a le and feet dusky (in dried skins), a Young.---Similar to adults but coloration of bill much duller, with differently colored areas not sharply defined. Adult male.--Length (skins), 472-560 (527); wing, 187-220 (208.6); tail, 147.5-178 (164.8); culmen, 133.5-159 (150.3); tarsus, 47-51 (49); outer anterior toe, 33-40 (36.4). b a The colors of the bill, feet, etc., in living and freshly killed specimens are much more bright, but I have no notes as to fresh colors in this subspecies. See, however, under R. p. brevicarinatus. b Ten specimens. 334 BULLETI 50 IJITED STATES ATIOAL MUSEUM. Cruz).--MooRE, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1859, 59 (Honduras; habits).-- CASSlN, Prec. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 102 (Jalapa, Mirador, Potrero, and Cordova, Mex.; Vera Paz and Coban, Guatemala; Belize, Honduras; crit.).-- BOUCARn, Liste Ois. r6col. Guat., 1878, 24 (Guatemala).--FEmli-P,lEZ, Prec. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 163 (Santa Ana, Vera Cruz). R[amphastos] carinatus WAGLEI% Syst. Av., 1827, sp. 7; Isis, 1829, 506 (Mexico).-- TSCHUDI, Fauna Peruana, Ayes, 1845-46, 261. Rhamphastos carinatus ScLAw,, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1859, 388 (Plays Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 125 (localities in Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Meco I., Yucatan; n. Yucatan; Orange Walk and Belize, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, sources of Rio de 1 Pasion, Lanquin, Cajabon, and Rio Dulce, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras).--SClAWER and SAIVlN, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1859, 135 (Rio Dulce, Guatemala; notes).--SclXWEl% Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1859, 368 (JaIapa, Vera Cruz).--SvMicmsw, Mere. Best. Soc. N. tI., i, 1869, 560 (Veto Cruz).--BovcAID, Prec. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1883, 455 (Yucatan; habits).--SALvlN, Ibis, 1889, 373 (Meco I., Yucatan).--SklVlN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, 1896, 552 (Misantla, Colipa, Hacienda de los Atlixcos, tIaciend Tortugu, Vega del Casaxtero, San Lorenzo, Alva- fade, Cordova, Cosamaloapam, Uvero, Atoyac, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Meco I.; Orange Walk and Belize, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, sources of Rio de l Pasion, Lanquin, Yzabal, and Rio Dulce, Guatemala; San Pedro, IIonduras).--DEABOm% Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 90 (Los Amates, Yzabal, Guatemala). [Rhamphastos] carinatus ScIwEI and SXLVlN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part (Mcxico, etc.). [Burhynchus] carinatus HEINE fl,nd I:EICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 228 (Jalapa). Ramphastos tucanus (not of Linnaeus) Sinew, Gem Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 362. R[amphastos] callorhinchus WAGr,Eg, Syst. Av., 1827, sp. 6 (new name for R. pisdvorus Linnaeus). Ramphastos sulfuratus LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 3, July, 1830, 173 (Mexico; coll. Paris Mus.).--Pvcn,,anN, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, 72 (crit.). Rhamphastos sulfuratus H.',ITL.UB, ffourn, ffir Orn., 1855, 422 (crit.). Ramphastos poecilorhynchus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. SSug., VSg., 1830, 1 (Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.); :Iourn. ffir Orn., Jan., 1863, 54 (reprint). (?) Rhamphastus ariel (not _Ramphastos ariel Vigors) IANT, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala). (7) Rhamphastos brevicarinatus (not of Gould ?) BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 145 (Ceiba, Honduras). RAMPHASTOS PISCIVORUS BREVICARINATUS (Gould). SHORT-ELED T OUCAI'. Similar to R. 1. liscivorus but bill avera.ghg decidedly shorter, its red terminal portion less extensive,  and deeper yellow of throat and foreneck margined posteriorly by a conspicuous, rather broad, curved bar of bright carmine or poppy red. a Fresh colors of five specimens (two of them cage birds of unknown locality) were as follows: Upper area of maxilla: (1) Parrot green fading into apple green below, the basal tomial portion and a streak parallel with anterior half of the orange lateral space light blue; (2) nile green; (3) eulphur yellow; (4) light yellowish green on culmen, more bluish ga'een below; (5) een, passing into blue anteriorly. Lateral area: (1) Orange; (2) light red (orange-red); (3, 4, and 5) fine orange-yellow. General color of mandible: (1) Parrot green, edged above and below with bright "crab" or azure blue BIRDS OF IORTH AID MIDDLE AMERICA. 345 Pteroglossus ambiguus LESSON, Trait d'Orn., 1831, 178 (no locality mentioned). lteroglossus regalia GOULD, lroc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1834, 75 (Mexico; coll. Zool. Soc. Load.); Mon. Ramphast., ed. 1, 1834, pl. 14 and text.--BoNAPAnTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 94. Ramphastos discolor MiLLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 83 (new name for R. quatus Gmelin). Pteroglossus erythropygius (not of Gould) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 178 (David, Chiriqui, w. Ianm).--SALvIN, lmc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1867, 157 (David). PTEROGLOSSUS TORQUATUS ERYTHROZOIIUS Ridgway. Similar to P. t. torquafus but much smaller, and color of thighs and under tail-coverts paler (dull cinnamon-rufous instead of chestnuO. Adult na/e.--Length (skins), 333-393 (363); wing, 126.5-135.5 (132.3); tail, 121.5-147 (136); culmen, 75-88.5 (81.8); tarsus, 32-33 (32.7); outer anterior toe, 27-28 (27.3). a Adult female.--Length (skin), 308; wing, 120.5; tail, l lS; culmen, 75.5; tarsus, 30.5; outer anterior toe, 25.5P Yucatan (San Felipe; Rio Lagartos; Temfix; Chicheu-Itza; Iza- lm) and Campeche (Apazote). Pteroglossus torquatus (not Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin) BOUCARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1883, 455 (Yucatan; habits).--ScLAwER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 141, part (Izalam, Yucatan).--SALvls and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.- Am., Ayes, ii, 1896, 555, part (Izalam).---CoLE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 130 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Pteroglossus torquatus erythrozonus RIDOWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 88 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). PTEROGLOSSUS FRANTZII Cabanis. F11AIZIUS' ARAQA11I. Adult (sexes alike).--Head and neck, all round, plain glossy black, becoming more sooty on chia and upper throat; back and scapulars glossy dark greenish olive, separated from the black of hindneck by a Three specimens. Locality. MALES. [wo adult males from Yucatan ................................ adult male from Cnpeche (Apuzote) ..................... b One s)ecimen. Wing. Tail. Cul- 130.7 130.5 81.7 135.5 147 82 Tarsus. 33 32 Outer anteric toe. 27. Three specimens from Yucatan with sex undetermined measure as follows: Wing, 135.5-140; tail, 134.5-149; culmen, 75.5-89.5; tarsus, 31-32; outer anterior toe, 26.5-27.5. There is the same great amount of individual variation in this form as in 1 . t. torquatus, but as a rule the under parts are more extensively suffused with red and there is usually less of black, this being sometimes practically wanting from the abdominal band as well as from the breast. 348 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. maxilla and mandible with a basal embossed lamina of whitish, this including lower edge of the mandibular rami; bare orbital space dusky (in dried skins); iris yellow; legs and feet buffy olive (in dried skins), greenish in life. Adult male.---Length (skin), 430-470 (450) ; wing, 151-155.5 (153.6); tail, 155.5-166.5 (162.9); culmen, (chord), 101.5-118 (108.4); tarsus, 33-34 (33.7) ; outer anterior toe, 28-32.5 (29.7). a Adult female ?--Length (skin), 450; wing, 142-152 (147) ; tail, 153- 154.5 (153.7); culmen, 95-104 (99.5); tarsus, 33.5; outer anterior toe, 29. b Northwestern Colombia, near Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando); western Colombia (Naranjito, Rio Dagua); northwestern Ecuador (Paramba). A specimen from northwestern Ecuador (Paramba) is precisely like those from the Rio Truando in coloration, and essentially the same in measurements. .Pteroglossus erythropygius (not of Gould, 1843) Govr), Mon. Ramphastidm, 2d ed., 1854, pl. 21 (upper fig.).--CAssxN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 136 (Rio Truando, Colombia). Pteroglossus sanguineus Gour), Mon. Ramphastidm, 2d ed., 1854, in text to ph 21 (locality unknown; coll. :l. Gould).--CAssxN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phih., 1867, ]09 (Rio Truando, Colombia; crit.).--SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., y_ix, ]89], 143 (n. Colombia).--SALWN and GO)AN, Biol. Contr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 557 (Rio Truando). Genus SELENIDERA Gould. elenidera GouLd), Icon. Av., pt. 1, 1837, text to pl. 7. (Type, Pteroglossus gouldii Gould.) Piperivorus BONaPaRTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 119 (Consp. Vol. Zygod., 1854, 4). (Type, Ramphastospipervorus Linnmus.) Ramphastoides CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 117. (Type, ,elenidera spectabilis Cassin.) Medium-sized to rather small Ramphastidm (length about 275-395 ram.) with the graduated tail not longer (usually shorter) than wing, auricular feathers elongated and yellow, no red on rump or upper tail- coverts (the under tail-coverts, however, red or partly so), throat, chest, and breast uniform black in males, chestnut-tawny or gray in females, the adult male usually with a yellow or orange flank-patch of elongated feathers. Bill less than half to three-fourths as long as wing, deeper than wide at base, the culmen arched (more or less) from base, broadly rounded basal]y, narrowly rounded terminally, where strongly .decurved, the tip of maxilla strongly uncinate; sides of bill smooth, without indi- cation of ridge or groove or lateral compression or concavity of maxilla; gonys as long as mandibular rami to twice as long, narrowly rounded, a Four specimens, b Two specimens. 350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES IATIOIAL MUSEUM. green; tail bluish slate color, the rectrices with black shafts and distinctly edged basally with olive-green (the lateral rectrices in- clining to olive-green on outer web), the under surface of ttJil dull black or slate-black; a conspicuous patch of orange-yellow on flanks; thighs chestnut; shorter under tail-coverts bright poppy red, the longer ones chestnut; under wing-coverts pale dull yellow (primrose or straw yellow), the remiges edged (not sharply) with the same, except terminally; upper half of maxilla dull greenish-yellow, the lower half passing from light olive sub-basally into nearly black terminally, the basal embossed lamina black; mandible blackish passing into light olive basally; bare orbital space dusky (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 350-392 (370); wing, 127.5-140.5 (134); tail, 115-133 (124.2); culmen, 88.5- 104.5 (94.9); tarsus, 33-36.5 (34.9); outer anterior toe, 27-30 (28.2). a Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but pileum and hind- neck bright to dark chestnut and auricular region black instead of yellow, the feathers not elongated; upper half (approximately) of maxilla apple green, paler and more glaucous terminally, tinged with yellow basally; the lower portion clear olive basally passing into black terminally; mandible clear olive basally passing into black terminally; both maxilla and mandible with a basal embossed, more or less distinctly sulcate, lamina of black; bare orbital space turquoise blue above eye, emerald green in front of eye, orange-yellow below eye (passing into greenish toward eyelid), the postocular portion bright greenish yellow; iris brownish red; legs and feet plumbeous- blue, the soles pale yellowish; b length (skins), 335-383 (359); wing, 132-140.5 (136.2); tail, 111-129 (122.5); culmen, 81.5-89.5 (85.5); tarsus, 33.5-37 (34.8); outer anterior toe, 26-30 (27.9). c a Seven specimens. b Fresh colors of specimens shot by the author in Costa Rica. Fresh colors of the unfeathered parts of the adult male probably do not differ materially, though dried skins indicate that the adult male probably has the upper half of the mandible decidedly more yellowish. c Eleven specimens. Locality. MALES. Six adult males from Costa lica ............................... One adult male from Panama .................................. FEMALES. Seven adult females from Costa Rica ........................... Two 8dIt females from Panama ............................... Two adult females from northern Colombia (Truando Falls)... Wing. 135 128 136. 138 134. Tail. Cul- Tarsus. 125.7 94.9 35.2 115 95 33 123.1 85.8 34. 7 125 86. 5 35.7 117.7 I 8 5 34 Outer ntoric tOe. 352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL like basal margin (white or yellowish). Nostrils opening vertically, rounded, rather small, partly covered by latero-frontal feathers, widely separated by the broad, more or less arched, mesorhinium, sometimes preceded by a short prenasal groove, and margined beneath, or exteriorly, by a short subnasal ridge. Loral region, and more or less of orbital region naked. Wing moderate or rather short, the longest primaries slightly but distinctly exceeding longest secondaries; fourth, fifth and sixth, or fourth and fifth primaries longest, eighth slightly longer to slightly shorter than secondaries, ninth a little more than two-thirds as long as longest, tenth (outer- most) slightly to decidedly more than half as long as ninth. Tail shorter than wing, graduated, the middle pair of rcctrices longest,. the outer pair slightly more than half as long; the rectrices tapering terminally, with tip narrowly rounded. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw. Coloration.--Gcneral color uniform green, the pileum and hindneck more olivaceous, the chin and throat white, grayish, or blue; under tail-coverts and broad tips to rectrices cinnamon-rufous or chestnut. (Sexes alike.) Range.--southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and British Guiana. (Fifteen species.) The above description of generic characters is taken from two of the three Central American species and two Colombian species, A. albivttus (Boissoneau) and A. lsematopygius Gould, that may be considered as truly congeneric. The type of the genus A. sulcatus (Swainson), I have not seen, but judging from the specific name I suspect that it may be related to one or another of the South American species which I have, for the present at least, excluded as being prob- ably not congeneric with the Central American species. Unfortu- nately I have been able to examine only seven of the fifteen recognized species, and, therefore, am not able to decide at the present time whether the genus, as generally understood, should be subdivided or not. Certainly three extralimital species which I have been able to examine are very different in the structure of the bill, not only from the Central American species and A. albivttus but, to a greater or less extent, from one another. The one coming nearest to the latter is A. derbianus Gould, from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; but his differs decidedly in having the nostrils situated much lower (about one-fourth the distance from the upper surface of the mes- orhinium to the maxillary tomium) and preceded by a very distinct prenasal sulcus which extends for more than the basal hag of the maxilla, the culmen being very broad and fiat, with distinct lateral edges from which the sides of the maxilla drop vertically to the 354 BULLETIN 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AULACORHYNCHUS WAGLERI (Sturm). wAG,.v.t's TOVCAmT. Much like A. prasinus, but color of pileum much lighter and more yellowish, becoming conspicuously paler on forehead; white of throat more restricted and passing into pale grayish blue posteriorly; maxilla with black tomial stripe much narrower anteriorly, and basally confluent with the black on base of culmen, and embossed basal lamina much wider, very strongly sulcate. Adults (sexes alike).--Pileum and hindneck light yellowish, or ochreous, olive-green, passing into pale dull yellowish or dull yellowish white on forehead and into yellowish grass green on rest of upper parts, the terminal portion of inner second-ies more bluish green, the rectrices passing into dull blue distally and broadly tipped with chest- nut; outer webs of primaries dull black or bluish dusky distally; auricu- larregionlightyellowisholive-green; anterior portion of malar region, chin, and upper throat dull white, passing into pale grayish blue on lower throat, this into light green on under parts of body, which are more or less tinged with blue or bluish green medially, the sides decid- edly more yellowish green; under tail-coverts light chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous; under wing-coverts pale dull yellow, the inner webs of remiges (except distally) passing on edge into dull primrose or pale straw yellow; mandible black (the extreme tip usually more brownish), with a basal V- or (J-shaped embossed, sometimes sulcate, lamina of dull yellow or yellowish white; maxilla, below nostrils, with a very broad basal, embossed, strongly longitudinally sulcate lamina of pale brownish yellow, the basal portion otherwise black, the black extending anteriorly for a greater or less distance over culmen (usually covering less than basal third, and, rather narrowly, along tomium nearly to tip, the rest of maxilla greenish yellow; iris browa?; bare orbital space dusky brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet grayish or olivaceous dusky (in dried skins). Adult male.--Length (skins), 350-387 (367); wing, 123.5-132.5 (128.5); tail, 113-128 (120.4); culmen, 73-80.5 (76.4); tarsus, 33.5- 35.5 (34.1); outer anterior toe, 25-27 (26.1). a Adult female.--Length (skins), 342-357 (351); wing, 122-136 (129.1); tail, 115.5-126 (119.5); culmen, 61.5-76 (68.3); tarsus, 32-35 (33.2); outer aaterior toe, 26-28 (26.7). b Southwestern B'Iexico, in States of Guerrero (Amula; Omilteme) and western Oaxaca (Sachtepec; Pluma). Pteroglossus pavoninus (not of Wagler, 1829) GoreD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, 158 (Mexico); Mon. Rumphast., ed. 1, 1834, pl. 30. Aulacorhamphus pavoninus Sv and GoD, Ibis, April, 1889, 240 (Amula, Guerrero, and Sucatepec, Oaxaca; crit.). a Seven specimens, b Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 359 AULACORHYNCHUS CERULEOGULARIS COGNATUS (Nelson). GOLDMAN'S BLUE-THROATED TOUCANET. Similar to A. c. cterleogdaris but prenasal spot on maxilla deep black, instead of chestnut; pileum and tfindneck averaging less oliva- ceous, and size averaging less, except feet. Adult nale.--Length (skins), 290-308 (300); wing, 118-121.5 (119.3); tail, 93-104 (98); cu]men, 62.5-64.5 (63.5); tarsus, 34-36 (34.9); outer anterior toe, 23-25.5 (24.6). a Adultfemale.--Length (skin), 290; wing, 121.5; taft, 99.5; ctflmen, 53.5; tarsus, 31.5; outer anterior toe, 24.5. 5 Southeastern Panama (Mr. Pirri, 5,000-5,200 ft., near head of Rio Lim6n). Alacorhamphus cruleigularis cognatus NELSON, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, no. 3, (pub. 2143) Sept. 27, 1912, 4 (Mt. Pirri, head of Rio Limon, 5,000 ft. e. Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. ][us.). Superfnily GALBUL. JACAMARS AND PUFF-BIRDS. Syndactyli ILLIGER, Prodromus Orn., 18]1,207. (Includes Galbula only.) =Galbdae FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. VSg., ii, 1888. 1567. Galbl. SAPE, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 194. (Excludes Bucconide.) ----Galbulidae CADOW. in Bronn's Thier-Reich, VSg., ii, 1893, 265, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 37. =Passerine ,cansores SEEBOH, Classif. Birds, 1890, 6. Buccones SAaPF, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 196. Excludes Galbulid.) Small to moderately large desmognathous scansorial (zygodactyle) Coraciiformes with two carotid arteries, nude oil-gland, non-oscinine or suboscinine wing-coverts, temporal fossse only moderately deep, and ectepicondyloid process of humerus absent. Temporal fossse only moderately deep; thoracic hsemapophyses with ventral lateral expansions; furcula t J-shaped, with hypoclei- deum; humero-coracoid fossa weak; ectepicondyloid process of hu- merus absent; two carotid arteries; cseca present; oft-gland nude; wing-coverts nonoscinine or suboscinine (no proximally overlapping middle coverts), and aftershaft absent or greatly reduced; basiptery- goid processes absent; myological formula AX or AXY; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck, forked on lower (not on upper) back; adult downs absent; tongue long, tapering, and membraneous. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF GALBULzE. a. Vomer absent; planta tarsi smooth (nonscutellate); pectoral pteryla with a nar- row lateral (clavicular) and an inner (postero-gular) branch; a[tershaft present (bts-smsll); tip of maxilla not decurved, or else (acamerops) gonys cari- nate and plumage o upper parts brilliantly metallic; gonys ridged (carinate); wing-coverts sub-oscinine; lateral rectrices rudimentary or sixth pair absent; plumage more or less metallic ............................ albulide (p. 360). aa. Vomer present; planta tarsi scutellate; pectoral pterylawithout lateral (clavicular) or inner (postero-gular) branches; aftershaft t; tip of maxilla decurved (often uncinate); gonys rounded; wing-coverts non-oscinine (picarian); lateral rtrices well-developed; plumage not at all metallic ...... Bucconide (p. 370). a Five specimens, b One specimen. 366 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL :MUSEUM. arched, not deflected basally, the tomia smooth. Nostril longitudinal, overhung by a broad, convex operculum, overlaid by several long and stout antrorse bristles, the rictus, malar apex, and chin with similar but smaller bristles. V'ing moderate, much rounde(1, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tarsus; sixth and seventh primaries longest, the fifth and eighth slightly shorter, the ninth about equal to fourth, the tenth (outer- most.) half as long as ninth or a little longer. Tail decidedly longer than wing, graduated, the lateral (developed) rectrices a little more than half to two-thirds as long as middle pair; rectrices relatively rather narrow, the middle ones tapering terminally but not attenuate nor pointed, the tip more or less broadly rounded. Tarsus as long as or longer than outer anterior toe without claw, feathered for less than upper half. Coloraton.--Above brilliantly metallic green, golden, or purplish bronze, the head sometimes bluish;, chest (somethnes throat or breast also) similar in color to back; under parts of body (posterior to chest) usually rufous-tawny, the latertfl rectrices also tawny (at least in part) ; adult nmles usually with a triangular throat-patch of white, this buff or tawny in adult females. Rage.--Southeastern Mexico to eastern Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Cayenne, Trinidad, and Tobago. (About nine species.) GALBULA MELANOGENIA $clater. BLACK-CHINNED JACAMAR. Adult ale.--Above bright metallic golden green, usually more decidedly golden on back and rump, the pileum usually slightly darker; four middle rectrices pm'er (less golden) green, the inner web of second pair duller green; auricular region and greater part o malar region rather dark metallic green, passing into dark sooty or blackish on suborbital and loral regions, anterior portion of malar region, and chin, the latter usually more or less intermixed medially with pale brown or whitish, sometimes in form of streaks; throat pure white, forming a conspicuous, more or less triangular, patch; chest bright metallic green, similar to but usually less golden than color of back, etc. ; rest of under parts, together with four lateral rectrices (on each side) plain rufous-tawny, the later (especially the third and fourth, from outside) with basal portion of outer web metallic green; bill black; iris brown; bare orbital space yellow; legs and feet brownish in dried skins, yellow or greenish yellow in life; length (skins), 204-256 (232); wing, 80.5-90.5 (84.5); tail, 97-111.5 (I02.2) ; exposed culmen, 40-57 (5I .1) ; tarsus, 12-14 (I3.1); outer anterior toe, 10.5-12 (ll.I). a a Forty-six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 381 Medium-sized Bucconidm (length about 187-205 ram.) with bill as long as or longer than head and much co.mpressed, tarsus as long as outer anterior toe without claw, tip of naxilla distinctly bifid or cleft, bristles round bae of bill very strong, tail nearl hs long as wing, longest primaries decidedly longer than longest secondaries, upper parts grayish brovn, indistinctly blotched with dull whitish, tail plain grayish brown, and under parts buffy with a pectoral band (sometimes a jugular band also) of blackish, the thro,t sometimes dull tawny. Bill as long as or longer than head, distinctly compressed (its depth at nostrils decidedly greater than its width at same point); exposed culmen decidedly shorter than combined length of tarsus and outer anterior toe, without claw, straight for more than basal half, then first gradually then rather strongly decurved terminally, rounded or indistinctly ridged; tip of maxilla conspicuously bifid, or incised medially; gonys nearly to quite twice as long as mandibular rami, gently but distinctly convex, ascending terminally, rather prominent b,sally, rounded; maxillary tomium nearly straight, sometincs with basal third (more or less) slightly deflected. Nostril snmll, roundish, opening postero-latcrally, in anterior end of the very short and broad nasal fossa, covered by antrorse prefrontal bristles, these extending over less than basal half of maxilla, slender, but exceedingly rind. Rictal bristles very strong, extremely rigid; malar apex with much smaller antrorse bristles, the feathers of chin with long, slender, recurred bristly points. Wing moderate, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about length of tarsus; seventh and eighth, or fifth, sixth, and seventh, primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fifth (sometimes shorter than fourth), the tenth (outer- most) slightly less to slightly more than half as long as the longest. Taft nearly as long as wing (seven-eighths as long, or more), strongly rounded, the lateral rectrices about four-fifths as long as middle pair, the rectrices rather narrow, with tip rounded. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than outer anterior toe without claw. Plumage and coloration.--Plumage soft, that of under parts blended, that of upper parts with feathers distinctly outlined but with margins more or less broken (the webs semidecomposed); orbital region feathered. Above grayish brown, blotched with dull whitish, the tail plain; under parts buffy with a pectoral band (sometimes a jugu- lar band also) of blackish, the throat white or dull tawny. Range.--Eastern Panamh to Colombi and Venezuela. (Two species.) 382 BULLETIlg 50 U/gITED STATES /gATIO/gAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HYPNELUS. a. Under parts with two broad dark bands, one across foreneck, the other across upper breast; throat buff or huffy white. (Venezuel% including lIargarita Island.) I-Iypnelus bicinctus (extmlimital).a aa. Under parts with only one broad dark band, a black one across upper breast; throat cinnamon or russet to nearly chestnut, bordered posteriorly by a band of buffy white across chest. (Hypnelus ruficollis.) b. Paler; under parts of body cream-buff to nearly buffy white; throat cinnamon to cinnamon-buff, followed by a much broader jugular band of buffy white; black pectoral band narrower; pale spots on scapulars, etc., much larger. (Northern Colombia.) ................... Hypnelus ruficollis ruticollis (p. 382). bb. Darker; under parts of body deep buff; throat (much more extensively) chestnut-cinnamon, followed by a very narrow band of buffy white; black pectoral band broader; pale spots on scapulars, etc., much smaller. (Vene- zuela.) ........................ Hypnelus ruficollis coloratus (extralimital).b HYPNELUS RUFICOLLIS RUFICOLLIS (Wagler). RUSSET-THROATED PUFF-BIRD. Adults (sexes alilce).--Pileum, hindneck, and upper back deep broccoli brown, some of the feathers  ith indistinctly paler tips, the anterior portion of the forehead suffused with cinnamon or cinnamon- buff; a whitish or pale buffy collar across hindneck; lower back, scapulars, and wing-coverts deep broccoli brom, each feather with a large te.rminal guttate or ovate area of very pale bro,smish gray; rump and upper taft-coverts deep broccoli broom, the feathers rather broadly tipped with buff; remigcs and rectrices grayish brown (nearly hair brown) narrowly margined with dull whitish, the inner secondaries paler and more grayish, at least terminally; lores dull white or buff)', passing into more decided buff or cinnamon-buff on anterior portion of forehead; suborbital and auricular reons dull white; a broad malar stripe and sides of neck deep broccoli brown (the former darker); anterior portion of malar region and whole of throat cin- namon, deeper or more saturated (nearly russet) centrally, fading into cinnamon-buff anteriorly and posteriorly, the upper chest clear buffy white, succeeded by a rather broad band of black across lower chest or upper breast; rest of under parts light buff, cream-buff, or a Tamatia bicincta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 80 ("Cayenne?").--B[ucco] bicinctus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, Dec., 1846, 74.--Bucco bicinches Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 196; Mon. Jacamars and Puff-birds, 1882, 91, pl. 30; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 188.--[Capitol bicincta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 146.--[Clau- nornis] bicincta Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 128 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 13).--H[ypnelus] bicinctus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. tlein., iv, heft 1, 1863, 143 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).--Tamat-ia bitorquata Swainson, Anita. in Menag., Jan. 1, 1838, 327 ("Trinidad "). A specimen of this species from Margarita Island, Venezuela, is so much paler than one from Valencia, on the mainland, that subspecific difference is strongly indicated. b New subspecies. (Type from Encontrados, Venezuela; coll. Field lIus. Nat. ]ist.) 384 BULLETI17 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus ECCHAUNORNIS 1Ridgway. Ecchaunornis a RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 97. (Type, Bucco radiatus Sclater.) Medium-sized Bucconidm (length about 190-215 ram.) with the compressed bill about as long as head or slightly shorter, the culmen straight to near tip where abruptly decurved, gonys distinctly convex and strongly ascending terminally, the tip of maxilla not distinctly if at all bifid; longest primaries only slightly exceeding secondaries, the upper parts, including taft, rufescent brown or rufous-tawny barred with black (or the tail narrowly barred with whitish), a collar across hindneck and the under parts buffy, the latter narrowly barred, more or less, with black; bill reddish or horn color. Bill about as long as head or slightly shorter (culmen from base much lcss than half as long as wing), compressed, its depth at anterior end of nostrils equal to one and one-fourth to one and one-third times its width at same point; exposed culmen about one-third as long as wing, straight for most of its length, decurved terminally, indistinctly ridged; tip of maxftla slightly and obtusely uncinate, not bifid or incised (in E. chacuru the unguis more produced and pointed); gonys much longer than mandibular rami, distinctly convex, strongly ascending terminally, narrowly rotmded or indistinctly ridged ter- minally, broadly rotmded or slightly flattened basally; maxillary tomium nearly straight, sometimes faintly convex. :Nostril small, oval, obliquely vertical, opening laterally, in anterior end of nasal fossa, partly concealed by the antrorse, decurved, very rigid pre- frontal bristles. Wing short and rounded, the longest primaries very slightly exceeding longest secondaries; fifth, sLxth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth about equal to third (E...lvidvs, E. radiatus) or equal to fourth (E. chacuru), the tenth (outermost) nearly to quite half as long as the longest. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, strongly rounded (lateral rectrices about six-sevenths as long as middle pair), the rectrices narrow, rounded at tip. Tarsus about as long as middle toe, without claw. Plumage and coloration.--Feathers of upper surface broad, dis- tinctly outlined, those of mder parts more blended; tail-coverts relatively very short, the upper covering slightly more than basal third of tail. Above, includhg tail, warm brown or rufous-tawny, barred or spotted with black (or the tail narrowly barred with pale brown or whitish), the hinchmck crossed by a broad collar of buffy; under parts buffy (more or less deep) more or less barred with black- ish; bill reddish, horn color, or grayish. Range.--Panam to western EcuadSr, Bolivia, and Paraguay. (Three species.) a Ex,ao,&, I puff up; pvtg, a bird. 386 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wing-coverts and inner webs of remiges (except terminal portion of outer and longer primaries) ochraceous-buff; maxilla horn color, the mandible paler, except terminally; iris yellow; a legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.--Length (skins), 202-207 (205); wing, 88-93.5 (91.2); tail, 73.5-77 (75.7); exposed culmen, 29.5-34 (31); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.8); outer anterior toe, 17-19 (18) b. Adultfemale.--Length (skins), 204-219 (209); wing, 89.5-94 (92.2); tail, 77.5-79.5 (78.6) ; exposed culmen, 30.5-34.5 (32.9); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (19.7); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.3) e. Specimens from GuayaquiI are identicaI with those from Panama in coloration; but the two from Honda, Tolima, are both paler, one of them conspicuousIy so, and should probably be referred to E. radiatus radiatus. It wilI be observed that these are also decidedly smaller than the others. I have not been able to examine a specimen of undoubted E. radiatus radiatus, however. Panama (Veragua; Cana, Dari6n; Lion Hill; Cascajl, Cocl6)and southward through northern and western Colombia (Rem6dios and Nichi, Antioquia; near Honda, Tolima) to western EcuadSr (Guaya- quil; Chimbo). Bucco radiatus (not of Sclater, 1853) SCLATER, Mort. Jacam. and Puff-Birds, 1882, 109, part, pl. 36, front (Iarger) fig. ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 192, part (Veragua).--SCLTER and SAWN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 536 (Remedios and Nichi, Antioquia, CoIombia).--BsRLm'SCH and TCZNOWSK, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 572 (Chimbo, n. w. Ecuador; crit.). [Bucco] radiatus SCLEa and SLvt, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 106, part. Bucco.fdvidus SLwN and GOD, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, ii, sig. 65, March, 1896, 514 (Vemm, Panama; coll. Salvia and Godman). [Bucco].fulvidus SAm,., Hand-fist, ii, 1900, 198. Ecchaunornis radiatus fulvidus RD(}WA, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 97, in text. a Heyde and Lux, manuscript. b Three specimens from Panama. c Six specimens from Panama. Locality. MALES. Three adult males from eastern Panama ....................... One adult male from Colombia (near Honda, Tolima) ......... FEMALES. Six adult females from Panama ................................ One adult female from Colombia (near Honda, Tolima) ....... SEX NOT DETERMINED. Two adults from western Ecuador (Guayaquil) ................ 91.2 86 92. 2 83.5 92.7 ?aft. posed culmen. 75.  28 76 28 78. 32.9 66.,  29.5 79.  33 Tarsn 18.8 17 19.7 17.5 18.7 Outar anterio toe. 18 19 18.3 16.5 19 388 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL VIUSEUVI. KEY TO THE CENTRAL AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF MALACOPTILA PANAMENS[S. a. Pileum and hindneck rufescent brown, the remaining upper parts more decidedly rufescent; chest ochraceousobuff to tawny. (Agult mal.) 5. Breastand sides conspicuously striped; chest tawny-ochraceous to tawny. (East- ern Panama to western Costa Rica.) Malacoptila panamensis panamensis, adult male (p. 388). bb. Breast and sides indistinctly striped; chest ochraceous-buff. (Eastern Costa Rica to extreme southern Mexico.) Malacotila anamensis inornata, adult male (p. 391). aa. Pileum and hindneck grayish brown to nearly oTay, the remaining upper parts more decidedly brown; chest buff to nearly white. (Adult females.) b. Breast and sides more distinctly striped; buff of chest deeper. Malacotfla anamensis panamensis, adult female (p. 389). bb. Breast and sides less distinctly striped; buff of chest paler. Malaco9tila 9anamensis inornata, adult female (p. 391). MALACOPTILA PANAMENSIS PANAMENSIS Lafzesnaye. PANAMa. MALACOPTILA. Ad;lt ma/e.wAbove mummy brown or prouts brown to chestnut- brown, passing into russet or chestnut on upper tail-coverts, the feathers of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with a termhal spot of pale tawny or brownish huffy, the pileum usually similarly but. less distinctly spotted, but. the spots changing on forehead into narrow streaks; secondaries darker brown than wing-coverts, narrowly edged distally with rusty brown; primaries dusky, the larger quills with median portion of outer web light rusty brown or dull light tawny; tail chestnut-brown or chestnut; orbital region (especiay the superciliary portion) tawny, passing into paler on lores, which together with anterior portion of forehead are sometimes slightly intermixed with white; auricular region brown (passing into tawny on upper portion), narrowly and rather indistinctly streaked with tawny; subauricular (postmalar) region darker brown, with broader and very distinct streaks of tawny; pendent mustache-like tufts on anterior portion of malar region white, sometimes tinged or inter- mixed with tawny; chin md sides of throat brown, the feathers with whitish shMt-streaks; median portion of throat and upper chest, plain tawny or tawny-buff; rest of under parts mostly pale buff or buffy whitish, the feathers of breast and sides broadly edged with brown and dusky, forming conspicuous broad streaks, which become indistinct or obsolete on flanks; under tail-coverts buff or brownish buff; under wing-coverts tawny-ochraceous; inner webs of remiges broadly edged for proximal half with ochraceous-buff; maxilla dark horn color to nearly black, sometimes paler on basal portion of culmen; mandible pale dull yellowish (grayish in life ?) dusky at tip; iris red- dish brown to chestnut-red; legs and feet dusky rayish in life?); length (skins), 170-190 (177); wing, 81.5-91 (86.7); taft, 67-81 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 398 curved terminally, indistinctly ridged; gonys about twice as long as mandibular rami, straight or faintly convex basal]y, more or less con- cavo terminally, indistinctly ridged or narrowly rounded terminally, broadly rounded basally; commissuro moro or less strongly arched though nearly straight basally, tho tomia smooth. Nostril small, ovoid, obliquely vertical, in anterior end of nasal fossa. Feathers all around base of bill long, bristle-like, antrorse, those at base of maxilla decurved, those of chin recurred. Wing moderate, the longest pri- maries more or less distinctly longer than longest secondaries; fifth to seventh (usually tho sixth, rarely the seventh) primary longest, tho ninth not longer than third, sometimes shorter than second, the tenth (outermost) more than half as long as ninth. Tail six-sevenths to quite as long as wing, rounded (lateral rectrices about five-sixths to sLx-sevenths as long as middle pair), the rectrices rather broad and firm, broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus longer than outer anterior too without claw. Coloration and plumage.--Plain slate color or slate-gray deepening into black on primaries, tail and head (sometbnes on back, scapulars, and wing-coverts also), sometimes with white on lesser wing-coverts or under wing-coverts, sometimes with forehead and chin white or fulvous; in one species the wing-coverts light gray; bill red, orange, or yellow. Range.--Nicaragua to eastern Ecuador, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil, and Cayenne. (Twelve or more species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MONASA. a a. No white on wings; back date cdor. b. Fore part of head partly white (adults) or rusty (young). c. Forehead, lores, and chin white or rusty. d. Malar apex black. e. Larger (wing 133-149.5, averaging 139.8 in male, 144.3 in female; exposed culmen 35--45, averaging 37.1 in male, 38.5 in female); lower throat, crown, and occiput black; white "capistrum" larger. (Eastern Costa Rica and eastern Nicaragua) ................ Monasa grandior (p. 395). ee. Smaller (wing, 121.5-132.5, averaging 127.6; exposed culmen, 31.5-33.5, averaging 32.5); lower throat, crown, and occiput slate color or date- gray. (Lower Amazon Valley) ........ Monasa rikeri (extralimital).b dd. Malar apex white. e. Whole head and neck (except white capistrum) black; remiges (except inner secondaries) deep black, contrasting strongly with date-gray of wing-coverts. (Eastern Panama) ............ Monasa fidelis (p. 397). a For the present I do not attempt to discriminate between species and subspecies in this genus, a very much larger amount of material being required for the proper understanding of all the forms and their relationships. bMonasa morpheus (not Bucco morphoeus Hahn and Kiister) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 80 (Santarem, Lower Amazon); Riker and Chapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 158 (Santarem).--Monasa rikeri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 88(Diamantina, Lower Amazon; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397 MONASA FIDELIS Nelson. GOLDMAN'S NUN BIRD. Similar to M. morphveus and M. peruana in having the malar apex as well as forehead and chin white or pa.lo rusty, but differing in having the whole head (otherwise), neck, and upper chest black, rather abruptly defined against the bluish slate color of back and bluish slate-gray of breast. Adult nale.--Frontal area (including forehead, antrorse supranasal plumes, and greater part of lores), anterior portion of malar region, chin, and upper throat dull white, slightly tinged with rusty brown; rest of head, together with neck, all round, uniform black, passing into slate-black on upper chest; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform bluish slate color; romiges black, faintly glossed with greenish blue, the distal secondaries narrowly edged with slate color, the innermost secondaries mostly slate color laterally; tail slightly glossy bluish black; under parts of body plain blui slate-gray, very slightly paler posteriorl:, the under tail- coverts, however, rather darker; under wing-coverts clear slate gray, slightly lighter than under parts; bill bright red; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skin), 258; wing, 136.5; tail, 115; exposed culmen, 38.5; tarsus, 20; outer anterior toe, 19. a Eastern Panama (Cerro Azfil, Canal Zone). Monasa fidelis N.LSON, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 56, no. 37, Feb. 16, 1912, 1 (Cerro Azul, Panama, 800 ft. alt. ; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). MONASA PALLESCENS Cassin. PALE-WINGED NUN BIRD. Adults (sexes alike).--A frontal area, involving anterior portion of forehead, antrorse supranasal plumes, and greater part of lores, cin- namon or cirmamomeous white; rest of head, including chin and throat, black, passing into slate-black on neck (all round); back, scapulars, and rump uniform slate-gray; ving-coverts much paler gray (about no. 6 or no. 7) paling into about no. 10 gray on anterior portion of lesser covert area; alula, primary coverts, and remiges black or slate-black, the innermost (proximal) secondaries mostly slate-gray; upper tail-coverts blackish slate or slate-black; tail uni- form bluish black; under parts light gray, nearly like wing-coverts, usually slightly darker anteriorly, where sometimes rather abruptly defined against the blackish slate or slate-black of foreneck; bill orange-red in life, fading into dull pale red or reddish white in dried skins; legs and feet grayish brown (in dried skins). One specimen (the type). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399 272-275 (273.5); wing, 131.5-132 (131.7); exposed culmen, 35-36.5 (35.7); tarsus, 22-22.5 (22.2); outer anterior toe, 17.5-18 (17.7). a Southeastern Panama (Marraganti). Monasa pallescens minor NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxvi, March 22, 1913, 67 (Marraganti, eastern Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). MONASA SIMILIS Nelson. CERRO AZL NUN BIRD. Similar to M. pallescens in restriction of the white or pale rusty frontal area to anterior portion of forehead, lores, and supranasal plumes (the head otherwise entirely black), but color of back, scapu- lars, rump, wing-coverts, and under parts of body much darker (the back dark slate instead of slate-gray, the wing-coverts uniform slate- gray instead of light gray posteriorly, becoming still paler--no. 8 or no. 9 gray--anteriorly). Adult female.--A frontal area, involving anterior portion of fore- head, supranasal plumes, and greater part of lores, dull white or pale rusty brownish; rest of head, together with neck, all round, uniform black, passing into slate-black on upper chest; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain slate color, the first darker anteriorly; wing-coverts uniform deep bluish slate-gray; remiges black, faintly glossed with greenish, the proxinml secondaries narrowly edged with slate color, increasing in extent to the innermost, which are mostly slate color; taft slightly glossy bluish black; under parts of body (posterior to chest) plain slate-gray, very slightly darker anteriorly, where rather abruptly defined against the slate-black of chest, the under tail-coverts darker; under wing-coverts clear slate-gray, paler than under parts; bill bright red; legs and feet dusky (in dried skin) ; length (skin), 281; wing, 140; tail, 127; exposed culmen, 40; tarsus, 20; outer anterior toe, 19. b Eastern Panam' (Cerro Azfil, Canal Zone). (?)Monasa pallescens (not of Cassin?) SALVADOII and FESTA, Boll. Mus. ZooI., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, p. 8 (Punta de Sabana, Panama). Monasa similis NELSON, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 56, no. 37, Feb. 16, 1912, 1 (Cerro Azul, Panam,,f, 800 ft. alt.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Genus NONNULA Sclater. Nonnula SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1853, 124. (Type, Bucco rubecula Spix.) Microtrogon c BERTONI, Av Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 41. (Type, M. ful- vescens Bertoni----Bucco rubecula Spix.) Very small Bucconidm (length about 125-145 ram.) with the rather slender, slightly decurved, slightly compressed bill equal to or slightly a Two specimens. b One specimen (the type). c MKpS-, small; -t- Trogon (rp&]'w, I gnaw, I eat). (Bertoni.) 404 BULLETIN 4) UITED STATES ATIOAL MUSEUM. =Halcyones FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. V6g., ii, 1888, 1567.--SHARPE, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 80; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 48. .Alcedines BEDDARD, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 197. Synpelmous anisodactyle Coraciiformes with myological formula AX, basipterygoid processes, vomer, cmca, and aftershaft absent, two carotid arteries, and without spinal apterium. Palate desmognathous; nares holorhinal, impervious; cervical vertebr 14-15; complete ribs, 3-4 pairs; metasternum 4-notched; spins externa sterni present, spins interns.absent; furcula [J-shaped; syrinx tracheo-bronchial; flexor tendons of type V or Vb, the halhLx connected with the flexor pelorans digitorum; intestinal convolu- tions of type VI; tensor patagii brevis muscle present, biceps slip absent; expansor secundariorum and accessory semitendinosus mus- cles either present or absent; feet anisodactyle, synpelmous, the outer (fourth) toe united to middle (tlfird) toe for more than its basal half, the inner (second) toe united to the middle toe by its basal third, but inner toe somethnes wanting; soles of toes flattened; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck, not forked on upper back; ventral pteryla not only divided centrally, but also on each side of breast; oil-gland tufted; secondaries 11-14; primaries 11; rectrices usually 12 (10 in one genus only). The Kingfishers are u well-marked group of Picarian birds, characterized by their long, compressed, and acute beak, small feet with soles much flattened and the fourth (outer) toe united to the third (middle) for more than half its length, and the second (inner) united to the third for its basal third. They differ from the Todies (Todidm) in the absence of cmca, and from the Motmots (Momotide) in the absence of aftershafts to the feathers, besides in other respects. Among Old World families they are most nearly related to the tIorn- bills (Bucerotidm) and tIoopoes (Upupidm), especially the former, with which the Kingfishers agree closely in the shape of the syndac- tylous foot, in having the oil-gland tufted, in lacking aftershafts to the contour feathers, and in the absence of colic crees--characters shared also by the Hoopoes except the first, the feet of the Upupide being almost typically Passerine in structure. The Kingfishers, as their name implies, feed chiefly on small fishes, though some of the species, particularly those belonging to the sub- family Daceloninm, are forest birds and subsist on reptiles and other forms of animal life. They nest in holes which they dig in banks, some of the forest-inhabiting species laying in cavities in trees. Their eggs are invariably pure white. The family is very numerously represented in the eastern hemi- sphere, especially in the Malay Archipelago, and thence to New Guinea, where u great variety of generic types are found, many of them among the most beautiful of birds. As stated above, the group BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405 is poorly represented in America, where occur only two genera with about eleven species and subspecies. Family ALCEDINID,E. THE TRUE rINGIISHERS. Ispidae MERRE, Abhandl. Berlin Acad., 1812-13 (1816), p. 245. >Halcyonide YmoRs, Zool. Journ., ii, Oct., 1825, 394 (includes Galbula, Capito?, and Monasa?).