ZOE
TOWNSHEND STITH BRANDEGEE
Editor
VOLUME    II.
IS 91
:San   Francisco,    California.
CONTENTS.
Page
H. W. Harkness, Biographical Notice and Portrait.......................       I
Botanical Reminiscences: H. H. Behr..................................       2
Oregon's Imported Songsters: A. W. Anthony..........................       6
Plants Peculiar to Magdalena and Santa Margarita Islands:
T. S. Brandegee     11
New Plants from Arizona, Utah and Nevada: Marcus E. Jones..........      12
Cactacete of the Cape Region of Baja California: T. S. Brandegee........      18
Strange Nesting Place of the Barn Owl: W. Otto Emerson..............      22
Relationship of Bell's and Sage Sparrow: F. O. Johnson.................      22
Naturalized Plants of Southern California, VIII: S. B. Parish............      26
Andrew Jackson Grayson: Walter E. Bryant..........................      34
Drymaria in Baja California: T. S. Brandegee..........................      68
A Miocene Shell in the Living State: J. J. Rivers........................     70
A New Astragalus: T. S. Brandegee....................................     72
Use of Broken Pottery Among Indians: Edward Palmer................     73
Paullinia tortuosa: T. S. Brandegee....................................     74
Contributions to West American Botany: Katharine Brandegee........      75
Notices of Some California Birds: L. Belding...........................     97
Influence of Pollen upon the Quality of Fruit: G. Eisen..................    101
Common Shrubs of Southwest Colorado: Alice Eastwood...............    102
Unusual Nesting Place of Empidonax hammondi: J. G. Cooper...........    104
List  of Mosses  Collected by T. S. Brandegee in the Yakima Region of
Washington, 1882-3.............................................    107
The Reciprocal Influence of Stock and Scion: Gustav Eisen.............    108
The Fertilization of Geraniums: Alice Eastwood.......................    112
Notes on*the Land Mammals of California: Walter E. Bryant..........    112
Introduction of Blastophaga psenes into California: Gustav Eisen........    114
Notes on California Plants: S. B. Parish—    -
I. Tuberiferous Roots of Hydrocotyle.............................    116
II. An Abnormal Phacelia.........................................    320
III.  Pseudo-Caudex of Cdrex barbara...............................    321
The Vegetation of " Burns": T. S. Brandegee..........................    118
Nesting Habits of Thick-Billed Sparrows: H. R. Taylor................    123
Notes on Introduced Plants of Santa Clara: B. Frank Leeds.............    124
Notices of Certain Californian Birds: Walter E. Bryant...............    128
Ferns of Tamalpais: Mary Elizabeth Parsons.........................    129
Notes on the Cactus Wren: A. W. Anthony............................    133
Edible Mollusks of Western North America: Henry Hemphill...........    134
Chia: Edward Palmer___...........................................    140
" Reed Birds " of the San Francisco Markets: Walter E. Bryant........    142
Field Notes on the Plants of Baja California: T. S. Brandegee...........    145
Tiger Beetles of California: George W. Dunn..........................    152
IV
Contents.
[zoe
Page
Flora of Yo Semite: Katharine Brandegee...........................    155
Nesting Time of Birds about San Francisco Bay:  Charles A. Keeler___    167
The Cape Region of Baja California: Walter E. Bryant................    185
Mariposa Lilies of Colorado: Alice Eastwood....................___   201
Notes on the Colors of West Coast Mammals: Charles A. Keeler........    203
List of California Marine Algae, with Notes: C. L. Anderson.............    217
Additions to the Flora of Colorado, I: Alice Eastwood.................    226
Mariposa County as a Botanical District: J. W. CoNGDON.................   234
New Species and Notes of Utah Plants: Marcus E. Jones................   236
A New Phacelia: T. S. Brandegee.....................................    252
Flora of the Olympics: L. F. HENDERSON...............................    253
Biological Peculiarities of Phylloxera: H. H. Behr..............,........    305
Coleoptera and Mollusca of the San Francisco Beach: George W. Dunn. ..    310
Studies Among Mollusks—Instinct and Genera: Henry Hemphill........    312
Description  of the Nest.of   the Californian   Turret-Building Spider  with
Some References to Allied Species: J. J. Rivers...................    318
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa alpestris : GustaV EiSEN....................    322
Flowering Plants and Ferns of San Francisco: Katharine Brandegee___    334
Appendix—List of the Mosses of San Francisco....................    384
List of Members of California Botanical Club...........    386
Notes.............................................................183,  396
REVIEWS.
Nutting: Some of the Causes and Results of Polygamy among the Pinnipedia,
84. Ward: Description of two New Species of Rodents from,Mexico, 84. Allen:
A Collection of Mammals from Costa Rica, 84. Allen: A Collection of Mammals
from Southern Texas, 85. Forest and Stream, 85. A Marine Reservation, 85,
Evans: Periods Occupied by Birds in the Incubation of their Eggs, 85. Ibis, 85,
86. Shufeldt: Notes on the Classification of Pigeons, 85. Ball: Doves Nesting
in Trees, 86. Shufeldt: Comparative Osteological Notes on the North American
Kites,' 87. Thompson: Labrador Duck, 87. Brewster: Descriptions of Seven
Supposed New North American Birds, 87. Ridgway: Observations on the Faral-
lon Rail, 87. Greene: Flora Franciscana Part I, 88. Trelease: Revision of the
American Species of Epilobium Occurring North of Mexico, 89. American Garden,
90. Botanical Gazette, go, 177, 298. Holm: Contributions to the Knowledge
of the Germination of some North American Plants, 91. Bulletin of the Torrey
Club, 91, r78, 298. Third Biennial Report of the State Board of Forestry,
92. Journal of Mycology, 92, 179, 297. Nuttall: Atlatl or Spear-Thrower,
172. Mearns: New Subspecies of the Eastern Chipmunk; A New Species of
Weasel, A New Subspecies of the Gray Fox; Observations on the North Ameri-
can Badgers; Notes on the Otter and Skunks, 172-3. Allen: Notes on New or
Little^Known North American Mammals, 174." Nouvelle Correspondence Bo-
tanique, 275. Bailey: Notes from a Garden Herbarium VI, 176. Meehan:
Contributions to the Life-Histories of Plants, 176. Chamberlain: A Compara-
tive Study of the Styles of Composite, 177. Coulter: Manual of the Phan-
erogams and  Pteridophytes of Western Texas, 177.    Rose: List  of Plants col-
VOL. II.]
Contents.
Page
lected by Dr. Palmer in 1890, in Western Mexico and Arizona, 177. Bran-
degee: Flora of the Cape Region of Lower California, 178. Farlow & Sey-
mour: A Provisional Host-Index of the Fungi of the United States, Part. Ill,
178. American Naturalist, 295. Allen: A New Species of Capromys, 295.
Auk, 295. Chapman: Color-Pattern of the Upper Tail Coverts in Colapti-s
auratus; Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, 296. Turner: Morphol-
ogy of the Avian Brain, 296. Hancock: Evolution of the Upright Tail in the
Domestic Dog, 296- Ibis—On, Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Ge-
ographical Distribution of Birds, 297. Pittonia No. 10, 299. Sereno Wat-
son: Contributions to American Botany, XVIII, 390. Robinson: Descriptions of
New Plants chiefly Gamopetalse, Collected by C. G. Pringle in 1889-1890, 391.
PROCEEDINGS OF  SOCIETIES.
California Academy of Sciences..............................92, 179, 302, 391.
California Botanical Club....................................93, 182, 304, 394
CONTRIBUTORS.
Anderson, C. L......................................................... .217
Anthony, A. W.......................................................6, 133
Behr, H. H.........................................................2, 305
Belding, L...............................................................97
Brandegee, Katharine............................................75, 155, 334
Brandegee, T. S...............................11, 18, 68, 72, 74, 118, 145, 252
Bryant, Walter E.......................................34, 112, 128, 142, 185
Congdon, J. W..........................................................234
Cooper, J. G..................................'.........................104
Dunn, George W....................................................152, 310
Eastwood, Alice............................................102, 112, 201, 226
Eisen, Gustav..............................................101, 108, 114, 322:
Emerson, W. Otto.......................................................22
Hemphill, Henry.........................-..........................134, 312
Henderson, L. F........................................................253
Johnson, F. O...........................................................22
Jones, Marcus E............................'........................12, 236
Keeler, Charles A...................................................167, 203
Leeds, B. Frank........................................................124
Palmer, Edward.....................................................73, 140
Parish, S. B.....................................................26, 116, 320.
Parsons, Mary Elizabeth.................................................129
Rivers, J. J..........................................................70, 318-
Taylor, H. R...........................................................123.
LIST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece.   Portrait of Dr. H. W. Harkness.
XIII.   Boschniakia strobilacea.
XIV—XVI.   Sutroa alpestris.
XVII.    Outline Map of San Francisco.
MHfif
Errata.
In "Plants of San Francisco" the names of the following plants introduced from
the Old World should be italicised—IO2; 119, 206, 274, 375. Many others which
are not so printed, are unquestionably introduced on this coast, at least in our
region.                            .....                                      ¦
The note on Zauschneria at the foot of page 352, belongs at the bottom of the
previous page.
I from
which
in our
of the
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Vol. II.
ZOB
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
APRIL, 1891.
No. 1.
HARVEY WILLSON HARKNESS.
The subject of this sketch was born in the town of Pelham, Massa- .
chusetts, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in the year 1821. His
parents, of Scottish origin, were blessed with a large family and
small means, and the boys following the usual custom of the rural
population in those days, worked upon the farm in summer, attend-
ing the best accessible schools in winter. Harvey, the seventh
child, being of a more than usually studious turn, sought eagerly
for opportunities of instruction, and following his strong inclination,
entered upon the study of the profession which was to be his life
work, receiving his degree in medicine from the Berkshire Medical
College of Massachusetts in the year 1847.
His youth was overshadowed, and the foundation laid for that
melancholy often observable even in gayer moments, by that fell
blight of New England—consumption. One by one he saw his
brothers and sisters, starting with every promise of vigorous life,
fade away as they reached maturity, and it was as much for the
milder climate as for the allurements of wealth that he joined a
party of emigrants at Rock Island, Illinois, reaching California by
the tedious journey across the plains in October, 1849.
He first located at Bidwell's Bar, in the practice of his profession,
removing the next year to Sacramento, at which place he spent the
succeeding years in the busy life of a physician until his retirement
in 1869 with a well earned competence. Since that period he has
lived for the greater 'part of the time in San Francisco, but has
made several visits to the Eastern States, four to Europe and two
to Northern Africa.
On the tenth of May, 1869, he assisted in laying the rail which
completed the first transcontinental railroad, presenting on behalf
of the State of California the gold spikes used in the ceremony,
and on the seventeenth of November, in the same year, was pres-
Botanical Reminiscences.
[zoe
ent as an invited guest of the Viceroy of Egypt at the opening
of the Suez Canal.
He took an early and active interest in the cause of education,
was prominent in the organization of the school department of Sac-
ramento, and was elected in 1853 the first president of the local
board of education.
His connection with the California Academy of Sciences dates
from the year 1875. and for the last five years he has been its Presi-
dent, sacrificing to its interest and advancement all his time, atten-
tion and energy.
The scientific labors of Dr. Harkness have been directed to the
lower Cryptogams—chiefly to fungi of the Pacific Coast. His
writings on the subject are to be found in the Bulletins and Pro-
ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Grevillea and
other journals. His valuable collection containing the types of
many species, as well as the large additions made by purchase and
exchange, aggregating 10,000 species, have been recently conveyed
by gift to the California Academy of Sciences.
Dr. Harkness was married in 1854 to Miss Amelia Griswold.
Her death in the first year of their union, under particularly pain-
ful circumstances, was a bitter grief, which time could only assuage
but never remove.
BOTANICAL REMINISCENCES.
BY  H.   H.   BEHR.
The nativity of some Californian plants is at present a matter, of
controversy. The birthplace of a single or a limited number of
species may appear of such trivial importance as to be beneath
serious notice, but as part of a totality of facts it is worthy even in
isolation of our closest attention. We must consider it the duty of
each generation to record as many of such facts as possible not only
in regard to the geographical distribution of species, but to its
historic existence in certain localities as well.
The botanists of former generations have done but little iu this
respect, being apparently under the impression that the distribu-
tion of vegetable life on this planet was as unchangeable as they
considered the species to be; and in consequence many of the pecu-
liarities of plant distribution cannot now be explained at all and
others form the subject of more or less heated controversies.
VOL.  II.]
Botanical Reminiscences.
As I am at present one of the comparatively few and almost daily-
decreasing survivors of the earlier days of California, and, perhaps,
with the exception of Prince Paul of Wurtemburg, the only one who
found time in the years 1850 and 1851, during the gold fever, to pay
attention to things that were not mineral, I consider it my duty to
make record of my observations and experiences in this as well as
in other countries newly opened for settlement, and calculated to
shed some light on the modus operandi used by nature in changing
the flora of a district previously little or not at all disturbed by agri-
culture or by commercial intercourse.
The wind-swept hills of San Francisco have apparently always
been rather deficient in trees, but in places somewha't sheltered from
the blasts a considerable number were formerly to be found. The
scrub of Quercus agrifolia now to be seen in the park fairly repre-
sents the oak" vegetation, though occasional trees of greater size
were to be seen. The buckeye grew in some localities into large
trees, like those examples now growing in Sausalito, near the mouth
of Wildwood Glen. Near Mountain Lake there were formerly
entangled thickets of Myrica Californica, and the bay shore from
Fort Point inward was fringed with laurel ( Umbellularia California)
which grew to large size, mixed with thickets of Garrya, Sambucus,
etc., and the hill tops were crowned by a very extensive chap-
paral of robust Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. No conifers anywhere in
the region covered by the city proper came under my eye with
the exception of a few small ones on Lone Mountain; across the
bay, however, the Contra Costa Hills were fringed with redwoods
of such dimensions that the separate trees could be distinguished
from this place. In my botanical rambles, which frequently became
scrambles, I often came upon the camps of woodchoppers, hidden
away among the tangled thickets of brushwood, their habitants,
usually French or Italians, turning an honest penny by supplying
the infant city with fire wood.
The destruction of the trees and shrubs, draining and filling up
the swamps and lakes, etc., has of course banished many of our
species, one of which, Alsine palustris, has not been found elsewhere.
The columbine (Aquilegia trzincata) and Thalictrum formerly
grew on Telegraph Hill. Ranunculus muricatus, now so abundant
in swampy places about the Presidio and the Marine Hospital, I
first observed about i860.    Accena trifida, a Chilian species of a
Botanical Reminiscences.
[zoe
very limited range in California, was apparently as abundant on the
grassy summits of hills when I first reached the State as it is now.
Berberis t>invata and Ribes Menziesii were abundant in the
hills beyond the Mission, the latter, the prickly-fruited goose-
berry, found also in many other places near the heart of the
city. Spir&a discolor was found near North Beach and a
single tree of the Box Elder (Negundo Californiciini) on the
hills near Polk street. Sphacele calycina grew on Second street near
Fremont; and near a resort called Sans Souci, somewhere about the
site of the Protestant Orphan Asylum, there grew the tall form of
Manzanita still found so abundantly on the slopes of Tamalpais.
The prostate species, Arctostaphylos pumila, once abundant still
survives in a few localities, principally in Laurel Hill Cemetery, but
will probably disappear shortly. Neither water cress nor the duck-
weed (Lemna), so often associated with it, were found in our streams
when I first saw them.
Near the formerly well known Russ Gardens there were
extensive marshes abounding especially about their borders
in interesting plants. Here grew the large-flowered dogwood
(Comus Nidtallii), the buckbean [Menyanthes trifoliata), Epipaciis
gigantea, the delightfully fragrant Habenaria leucoslachys, and
Eriophorum gracile. In the same vicinity I found in a single local-
ity five specimens of Botrychhtm ternatum; and the Lady-fern
(Asplenium filix-foemind), grew luxuriantly, often forming root-
stocks two feet high, simulating tree ferns.
Next to the sudden disappearance of Azolla which between the
years 1851 and 1854 was almost entirely superseded by Cotula
coronopifolia, my attention was attracted by an analagous spreading
of a Lavatera which first came under my notice in September,
1850, in the garden of a Mr. Tittel. The locality was a little spot
protected from the drifting sand of the dunes which at that time
covered Kearny street, between Pine and Bush, and the sight of its
rosy blossoms and succulent leaves often refreshed my eyes wearied
by dying chapparal and barren sand. Mr. Tittel told me that he
had bought the seed from an Irishman, who kept what was then
called a Half-way House at the Mission Dolores. I did not pay
much attention to the matter as I was under the impression that
the plant, which reminded me very much of Lavateras cultivated
at the botanical gardens of the University of Wurzburg, was intro-
VOL.  II.]
Botanical Reminiscences.
duced. This impression was confirmed by the statement of the
Mediterranean origin of the genus, in Endlicher's Genera Planta-
rum which, with a few volumes of Linnaea, formed at that time my
whole botanical library and probably all the accessible botanical
literature of California as well.
The date of my first interview with Lavatera in San Francisco is
fixed in my mind by the cholera epidemic that devastated the city
in the last months of 1850. I observed the plant exactly two Sun-
days before the Sunday on which my first cholera case occurred.
The hard work and excitement incident to the epidemic, the great
conflagrations and the Vigilance Committee materially interfered
with my biological observations, but in regard to Lavatera I recol-
lect distinctly that the little garden spot, near Kearny street, re-
mained the only locality in which the plant was seen, nor did I in
my field excursions ever strike the garden in the Mission Dolores
from which the plants in Mr. Tittel's garden originated: No special
search was made, however, for the reason above given.
In the year 1853 I kft f°r a visit to Europe and returning in 1854
found the aspect of the surroundings materially changed in regard to
vegetation; the inhabitants having to some extent given up their mi-
gratory habits had taken to embellishing their homes, and especially
in the suburbs little garden spots with introduced ornamental plants
had become numerous. The marshes and the luxuriant vegetation
of their borders were nearly intact, but the impenetrable thickets
of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus which originally covered the dry hills
between the city and the Presidio had been much thinned out and
the nearer ones entirely destroyed. The ground thus laid bare
had not been cultivated; most of it was rather poor soil, apparently
intended by nature to grow houses rather than grain, and in the
interim furnished a home for luxuriant masses of the milk-thistle
(Silybum marianum) not a single specimen of which had been seen
during my previous residence. The clear brooks covered with a
mossy vailtrf Azolla had changed to muddy pools filled with Cohda
coronopifolia (called by the children "brass buttons"), hiding a
liquid of the color and consistence of cafe au lait. Lavatera was at
this time generally employed as a hedge about the gardens, but as
I had witnessed the sudden invasion of South Australia by the
Silybum and Cotula mentioned above I considered the spread of
Lavatera an analagous circumstance and only wondered that I
never found specimens away from the gardens.
Oregon's Imported Songsters.
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My idea that the Lavatera like Silybum, was of Mediterranean
origin was changed in 1854 by the distinct statement of my lamented
friend, Dr. Albert Kellogg. It is true that the botanical literature
at his command was even more scanty than mine, but he had seen
more of the country, and consequently knew more of its flora than
I who by my professional duties was bound to an area not exceed-
ing two days travel from San Francisco. As he was convinced
that the plant occurred in a wild state he described it, and I have
a lively recollection of protesting against the Latin of its specific
name " assurgentiflora," and also of informing him that the graceful
curve of the pedicel which was the occasion of the name was not a
peculiarity of the species.
The discovery of three more species on the islands of the Cali-
fornia coast, would go to prove that a center must have existed
from which the Califomian species of Lavatera radiated, like the
Mediterranean one from which radiated L. Thuringiaca as far north
as central Germany, and L. acerifolia, so closely related to our
species, as far west as the Canary Islands. To the scientist of
evolutionary tendencies the co-existence of two such biological centers
isolated by so great a distance as half the circumference of our
globe, as is the case with regard to the Lavateras, presents one of
the most interesting philosophical problems.
In questions of this kind the absence of botanical gardens is to
be much regretted. Those of Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide
have solved by simple experiment nearly all questions of this kind
relating to the Australian flora, in its pre-colonial history and the
agricultural and pastoral influences to which it became exposed.
The cultivation of the SMediterranean species of Lavatera in a bo-
tanical garden would certainly solve the question of the relation-
ship of our forms and save us a great amount of fruitless discus-
sion and ink.
OREGON'S IMPORTED SONGSTERS.-
BY A.   W.  ANTHONY.
Sometime in the year 1888 a society was formed in Oregon for
the importation of European song birds. This, organization was
composed largely of the German citizens of Portland, having as
its President Mr. Frank Dekum, President of the Portland Savings
Bank; Mr. C. F. Pfluger, Secretary, and Mr. F. Bickel, Treasurer.
1
vol. ii-l          Oregon's Imported Songsters.                        7
Contract was made with a resident of the Herz Mountains to cap-
ture and bring to Portland in the spring of 1889 one thousand
birds, embracing from ten to twenty-five pairs each of sky lark,
starling, nightingale, gray thrush, black thrush, ring auzel, black-
headed nightingale, linnet, bullfinch, chaffinch, goldfinch, green-
finch and European quail. It was the intention of the society to
make the first shipment largely experimental, and, if successful in
naturalizing those first introduced, to make other importations later.
The first shipment of birds reached Portland in May, 1889, and
consisted, I was told by Mr. Pfluger, of nine pair of black-headed
nightingales (Sylvia vielanocephala?')*, one pair of nightingales
(Luscinia philomela), the rest having died; sixteen pair of black
thrushes ( Turdus merula), eight pair of song thrushes (T. mu-
szcus), forty pair of goldfinches (Car due Us cardzielis), nineteen
bullfinches (Pyrrhula rubicilla), of which sixteen were males, most
of the females having died before reaching Portland; forty pair of
greenfinches (Chrysomitris spimis?), thirty-five pair chaffinches
(Fringilla ccelebs), thirty-six pair linnets (F. ca?mabina), twenty-
one pair crossbills (Loxia curvirostra), twenty pair starlings
(Sturnus vulgaris), eighteen pair skylarks (Alauda arvensis), and
five pair of European quail ( Coturnix coturnix).
The quail and six pair of skylarks were released near Salem, a
few larks and starlings near McMinnville, Yamhill County, and the
remainder of the shipment at and near Portland.
Regarding the success of the expeririient little can be said at
this early day; many of the birds undoubtedly returned in the
spring of 1890 to the vicinity of their haunts of the preceding sum-
mer, as starlings were reported from McMinnville and quail and
larks from Salem, upon good authority. The goldfinches and larks
are said to have done well about Portland, and to have increased
largely; black thrushes were also reported. Owing, however, to con-
flicting testimony it is very difficult to get any reliable information
regarding the different species, few people being able to discriminate
*For the identification of the species mentioned in this paper I am obliged to
depend partly upon the descriptions of the birds, as given me ,by Messrs. Dekum
and Pfluger and partly upon a colored print and list of the species which appeared
in "The West Shore" for March, 1889. Some doubt exists in several cases as to
what species was introduced, and in such cases an interrogation mark follows the
technical name.
Oregon's Imported Songsters.
[zoe
between the imported and native species. As an illustration: In
March, 1884, I was frequently told by different parties, of a finch
that had been imported from Japan and become naturalized in the
vicinity of Portland. Its history was well-known to the majority
of Portland business men, the only difference in their testimony
being that about half of them reported the bird as coming from
Australia. Several of my informants went so far as to say that
they were present when the birds were released. It was some time
before I was able to find a specimen of this 7rara avis, and what was
my surprise to discover that the Australian-Japanese importation
was the common evening grosbeak (Coccothratisles vespertina).
Capt. Chas. E. Bendire, in a letter received during the fall of 1884,
refers to the same story and informed me that he had investigated
it with the same result. Whether some species had actually been
brought to Portland, from a foreign country, and the evening gros-
beak been confounded with it, I was unable to decide, but think
the story was without foundation.
In 1890, while collecting data regarding the species imported
from Germany, I encountered my friend the grosbeak in a new
role; many of the persons of whom I sought information told me
that the city was full of " German finches," "they could be seen
about the maples anywhere." With a spirit of accommodation
that was quite to be admired, Coccothrazistes was doing its best to
enact the part of Carduelis, Pyrrhula and Loxia, and as far as my
inquiries went giving perfect satisfaction.
I was frequently told of the great increase in bird music since
the arrival of the German songsters, and many newspaper articles
refer to the beneficial effects. A clipping from the San Francisco
Call of January 1, 1891, lies before me and is, perhaps, a fair sam-
ple, from which I copy the following: "It is now no uncommon
sight in the vicinity of Portland and different parts of Oregon to
see skylarks caroling far up in the air, thrushes singing among the
trees, and finches and linnets near the houses, also singing as
sweetly as in their native haunts. Near Portland the songs of
nightingales have been heard after dark during all summer.3'
As for my personal experience during the past season (1890), in
the vicinity of Portland, I did not hear a single song that I could
not identify as proceeding from some of our native species. The
region from which the goldfinches and skylarks were reported was
not visited, however.
vol. ii.]          Oregon's Imported Songsters.                        9
I found a universal disposition, upon the part of the people of
Portland and vicinity, to give to the imported species credit for
every bird note heard. It is not probable that the single pair of
Ltiscinia philomela, even if they survived after being released, fur-
nished music for the entire region about Portland, and yet I found
plenty who in all sincerity informed me that nightingales had sung
about their homes every night during the spring and summer of
1890.
Credit in this case is, in all probability, due to the russet-backed
thrush ( Turdus zistulatits), which is very abundant in the Willamette
Valley, and is much given to singing during the long twililight hours
of early summer.
The " West Shore," of March, 1889, in an article relating to the
Society for the Importation of European Song Birds says: " Among
the first to appreciate the action of this society were members of
the Oregon Alpine Club, who at once took steps to supplement it
by bringing from the Eastern States several of the most desirable song
birds, such as the famous mocking bird of the south, the cardinal
grosbeak or red bird and the joyous bobolink. These birds, also,
will arrive early in the spring, and will receive, as will also the
others, the fostering attention of the club and the German society
until they can propagate in sufficient numbers to be past all danger
of extinction."
I was unable to learn whether the Eastern species had been ob-
tained, but think that they were not released with the German im-
portation.
Mr. Frank Dekum also informed me that a prominent Chinese
merchant of Portland had ordered a number of song birds from
his native country, as a personal contribution to the list of Oregon's
songsters; his first effort in this direction was not successful, owing
to the absence of a proper person to care for them on shipboard.
The birds had been sent for a second time, however, and would
reach Portland, it was hoped, in time to be released before the
nesting season of 1891.
This formidable array of importations would suggest to one un-
acquainted with ornithology of Oregon, a singular absence of native
song birds. This is far from being the case. A glance at a list of
the birds of that State will show such noted songsters as the russet-
backed and dwarf thrushes, western robin, winter, and Parkmann's
IO
Oregon s Imported Songsters.
[zoe
wrens; yellow, Audubon's, black-throated-gray, Townsend's, her-
mit and Macgillivray's warblers; warbling and Cassins vireos, purple
martin, Californian purple finch, vesper and Gambel's sparrows;
Bullock's oriole and a score of others, all more or less common,
and many of them abundant throughout the Willamette Valley and
vicinity of Portland. And to such as believe that " America is a
country where the flowers have no scent and the birds no song"—
a phrase frequently heard while discussing, with residents of Port-
land, the merits of the imported species—I would suggest that a
visit be made some morning in May to any wooded thicket or ravine
in northwestern Oregon, where a. chorus of bird music will be heard
that will convince the most skeptical that Oregon's native songsters
are, at least, worthy of more than passing consideration.
As for the desirability of these European species, economically
and otherwise, the writer has but little to say, being entirely unac-
quainted with the birds in their native haunts; there is no good
reason, however, why they should be otherwise than beneficial to
the farmer and horticulturist, as well as adding to the already rich
and varied avi-fauna of Oregon a number of new and interesting
species. It will be especially interesting to the ornithologist to note
the effect upon the allied native species. The Oregon Loxia cur-
virostra bendirei is not so far removed from the imported Loxia
curvirostra as to be past all danger of interbreeding.
As for the birds offered by the Alpine Club, comment is hardly
necessary; both the mocking bird and bobolink are birds that could
not be expected to thrive in the heavy fir forests of the Columbia'
and it would not be strange if they declined to return after the first
migration.
It would be difficult to say too much in praise of the motive that
has prompted Mr. Dekum and his associates in presenting to the
people of Oregon this handsome addition to their list of feathered
songsters. It is nothing new to take from one part of the globe to
another game birds or fish that the sportsman may find better and
cheaper amusement, but the moving impulse has usually been of a
sordid and unsentimental nature. In the action of this society, how-
ever, there has been no thought of pecuniary gain and all considera-
tions but those of sentiment have been cast aside.
It is plain that in many respects a lack of judgment has been
shown in the selection of species, several of which could hardly be
VOL.  II.]
Island Plants.
ii
expected to thrive in that part of the world; it would, therefore, be
wise to watch carefully the results of this first experiment before
making further importations, and also to take counsel of responsible
naturalists before introducing other species, the desirability of which
is not assured.
THE PLANTS PECULIAR TO MAGDALENA AND SANTA
MARGARITA  ISLANDS.
BY  T.   S.   BRANDGEE.
Magdalena Island, so called, is a low ridge joined by a very nar-
row strip of sand to the mountain known as Cabo San Lazaro, from
which a low line of sand between the lagoon and the ocean is con-
tinued to the Boca de Soledad. No one has ever collected plants
upon Cape St. Lazarus, but probably its flora would differ little from
that of these islands.
Santa Margarita Island is formed of two large mountains, sepa-
rated by a lowland having little elevation above the sea. Magdalena
is separated from the mainland by the width of the bay—a distance
of about fourteen miles—but to the northward the sand strips reach
within a mile of the sand of the mainland. Santa Margarita, sepa-
rated from Magdalena only about nine miles, near its southern ex-
tremity also approaches close to the mainland. There are. appar-
ently, a few species peculiar to these islands—local species or insular
species as they may be called. The short distance between the
islands and the mainland would not afford a barrier to the distribu-
tion of most plants, and those not known elsewhere are really in-
habitants of a separated mountain range of a different geological
formation. The adjoining coast is low, level and sandy, and the
central mountains of the peninsula are at least thirty miles away; at
the south no ridges approach the coast until Todos Santos is reached,
and at the north the mountains near the coast at San Gregorio are
more than a hundred miles distant. These islands are masses of a
rock different from that of the nearest mountains of the peninsula,
and separated from them by a wide extent of low sandy country.
From their size and position it might be supposed that a large num-
ber of species would prove to be peculiar to these islands, but such
is not the case. While collecting plants extensively in the region,
I have seen nearly every species of these islands growing on the ad-
12
New Plants.
[_ZOB
jacent mainland or in the mountains to the north of them. A very-
few, however, have been found in no other locality, and these are
inhabitants of the rocks.    One of the most showy and interesting is
Gongylocarpus fruticulosus, which is so conspicuous that it could
not have been passed over in other localities. Mamillaria Halei
and Agave Margaritce will probably be found in no other locality.
Brickellia hastata may be peculiar to these islands; so also may be
Viguiera subincisa.
And. these species complete the list, which is more likely to be
diminished than increased.
NEW PLANTS FROM ARIZONA, UTAH AND NEVADA.
BY  MARCUS  E.   JONES.
Astragalus Moencoppensis. Densely tufted from a much
branched woody root; one foot high, branched, glabrous or slightly
pubescent with scattered hairs, young leaves more pubescent; stip-
ules scarious, small, broadly triangular, not free, generally with a tuft
of white hairs at the tip; leaves 4 to 8 inches long, petiole half the
length, generally grooved ; leaflets about 5 pairs, linear or narrow-
er, one inch or less long, acute, somewhat narrowed at the base;
peduncles 8 to 12 inches long, racemose-spicate on the upper half,
flowers spreading; bracts a line long, ovate or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, hairy; pedicels half a line long; calyx very hairy with entan-
gled white hairs, campanulate, about 2 lines long, equaling or slight-
ly exceeding the subulate lobes; flowers purple, surpassing the calyx
lobes by 1 to 2 lines; pods erect or even reflexed, barely equaling
the calyx lobes, 3 lines long by i}t> wide, one-celled, obcompressed
to such an extent that the cross-section is nearly linear, hoary, ob-
long-oval, acute, sessile, both sutures prominent, the ventral more
so, scarcely sulcate ventrally, not at all dorsally.
Collected June 11, 1890, on limestone cliffs, at Willow Springs,
near the Moencoppa, in northern Arizona.-
Astragalus sophoroides. Perennial but flowering the first
year, silvery silky all over even to the stipules, but the calyx with
rather coarse pubescence, the hairs on the calyx inclined to be en-
tangled and those on the pods shorter and entangled; plants 3 to 12
inches high, many stemmed, erect or ascending; stipules free from
the petiole and connate, even to the top of the stem, scarious, large,
VOL.  II.]
Nexu Plants.
upper part acuminate - triangular; leaves 3 to 4 inches long, the
stout petiole being itoi^ inches long; leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, oblong-
linear or narrowly oblong, rounded at top and cuneate at base, 1 to
4 lines wide and 6 to 16 long; earliest peduncles very short, ^ to 1
inch long, spike 1 to 2 inches long, and so appearing sessile among
the leaves as in Sophora sericea, later peduncles often 4 inches long
and the spikes 3 inches in addition, latest peduncles as short as the
earliest ones; bracts scarious, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, as long
as the calyx tube, hirsute; calyx campanulate, equaling the subulate
teeth; flowers light yellow, keel sometimes purple tipped, 4 lines
long, erect; pods erect, 4 lines long by 2 lines wide and less than 1
line thick, slightly exceeding the calyx and its lobes, hoary, the tip
slightly incurved, elliptical, rounded at base and barely acute at tip,
obcompressed, flattened at base, ventral suture prominent, neither
suture incurved, one-celled, chartaceous; seeds several, large. The
oldest leaves and stems are sometimes only pubescent.
Collected at Willow Springs and on the Moencoppa, northern Ar-
izona, June 10, 1890.
Frasera Utahensis. Intermediate between paniadafa and ol-
bomarginata. Upper stem leaves reduced to small bracts, lower
opposite, 3 to 4 inches long and nearly 1 inch wide at the ova'e
clasping base, tapering gradually to a slender point; root leaves
clustered, 1 inch wide at base and somewhat contracted and grad-
ually tapering to a point, or lanceolate from a slightly contracted
base and long acuminate, nearly 2 inches wide in this case, distinct-
ly 3-nerved and indistinctly 7-nerved; stems 3 to 5 feet high, erect,
widely branching (at right angles to the stem) toward the top,
branches opposite and a foot or more long; whole plant glabrous;
pedicels flexuous Yi to 1 inch long in flower and in fruit lengthen-
ing to 3 inches; all the flowers show a decided tendency to become
erect by the curving of the lower pedicels; calyx lobes generally
broadly ovate, acute or abruptly acuminate, whitish margined, 1 }4
to 2 lines long, enlarging somewhat in fruit; corolla yellowish green
and purple spotted, lobes 4 lines long, oblong-obovate, obtuse, and
with rather ragged margin; gland above the middle, much broader
than long, with a prominent tooth in the middle, yellowish, glab-
rous on its face or only slightly hairy, fringed on the.edge, base
confluent into a pair of coronal crests which are bilamellate and dis-
sected into  flattened subulate segments which terminate in long
JVew Plants.
[ZOE
twisted white hairs, the lamellae unite below into the two glabrous
tubes which extend nearly to the base of the lobes; filaments purple
at very base, separate, and surrounded at base by scanty hairs; style
short and subulate; stigma very small; pod lanceolate or oblong-
ovate, acuminate, flattened but doubly convex; seeds elongated-
oblong, marginless.
Collected by me June 19, 1890, on the Buckskin Mountains
(Kaiba Plateau), on the southern edge of Utah. It grows in the
valleys also and in poor soil, in very dry situations. The descrip-
tions of allied species in the Synoptical Flora are very incomplete
and unsatisfactory.
Cercocarpus Arizonicus. Low, intricately branched, spines-
cent, 1 to 2 feet high; whole plant short-woolly except the old stems
which are smooth and very light gray; leaves in fascicles of 6 to 10,
narrowly oblong and entire, revolute and so broadly linear, very
thick, obtuse, 3 to 6 lines long and 1 line wide or more; flowers 4
lines long and the limb 3 lines wide; seed 2 lines long, covered with
very long yellowish hairs; tail 1 inch long and very long-hairy.
Collected June 11, 1890, at Willow Springs, on the cliffs.
Compared with C. ledifolius var. intricahis Jones (C. intricaius
Watson), the flower is twice as large and the tail not much over
half as long, stouter and the hairs double the length of the var.
The leaves are several times thicker, shorter; the dense pubescence
stands straight out from the leaf and is woolly, not at all silky nor
appressed; the stems are weakly spinescent, while the var. is not at
all spinescent. I have long ago shown that Watson's C. intricatns
is only a starved form of ledifolius; and all sorts of transitional forms
are to be found in the Wasatch. Compared with C. breviflorus
Gray, this plant has narrow and not at all spatulate leaves, the base
if anything being a little broader than the tip, leaves woolly instead
of silky-puberulent, tube of the flower much longer, solitary, other
differences of fruit not determinable.
Cymopterus megacephalus. Acaulescent from a thick fusii
form root the top of which is shaggy with dead petioles; leaves
many, flat on the ground, petioles 1 to 4 inches long (an inch or so
long above the ground), leaves twice to thrice pinnatifid, triangular
or ovate in outline, blade 3 to 6 inches long', segments bluntly
toothed or lobed, the teeth reminding one of the lobes of some spe-
cies of Cheilanthes, leaves thick, glabrous but not glaucous; pedun-
VOL II.]
New Plants.
cles about as long- as the leaves arid not elongating in fruit, flat on
the ground ; flowers very small, dirty white, in dense heads like the
heads of mimosa flowers, ^ inch broad in flower and 1^2 to 2 inches
broad in fruit, involucre none, top of the peduncle enlarged into a
disk from which the innumerable flowers arise; fruit with generally
thick spongy wings, almost orbicular to obovate, truncate at the top,
4 lines long and 3 wide, wings a little over a line broad, all three
equally developed, oil tubes 8 or more on the commissure, and 4 to
7 in the intervals, fruit hairy at the top, and the triangular calyx
lobes green and starlike on the top of the fruit.
June 10, 1890, on the mesas-just south of the Little Colorado,
northern Arizona, growing in gravel. This is to be compared only
with C. globosus and corrugatus, but is very different from either in
the leaves and fruit as well as the size.
Laphamia Gilensis. Shrubby at base, 6 to 10 inches high,
glabrous; simple, striate stems tufted and erect; leaves distant,
lower opposite, long petioled, petiole margined 1 inch long; blade
Y^ inch long, ovate or broadly ovate and with a cuneate base, 3-
nerved from the base, small, lowest entire or coarsely dentate, or
three-lobed and coarsely dentate; upper leaves much reduced, al-
ternate, always lobed or dentate and more or less glutinous; heads
single, terminating the slender branches; involucral scales ovate or
lanceolate, outer ones acute, all nerved and glandular; heads many
flowered; rays yellow present or absent, about y^ longer than the
disk flowers; akenes with one slender upwardly toothed bristle;
hairs on the sides of the akene thick and bidentate at the tip.
May 23, 1890, at Putnam's Ranch, near the Gila River, growing
among rocks.    This is allied to L. lanceolaia Gray.
Eriogonum flexum. Annual, intricately and widely branched
from the base and upwards, 1 to 2 feet high and branches a foot or
more long and horizontal; leaves fleshy, yellowish - green and gla-
brous except a few scattered hairs and some scurf; petioles glandu-
lar and hairy, 1 inch or less long; blade nearly round, 9 lines long,
obtuse, cuneate at base: stem leaves generally in threes at the nodes,
linear-oblanceolate, acute, lower 6 lines long, upper gradually re-
. duced but never minute, glabrous except at base where there is a
glandular and hairy pubescence; lower part of the stem and nodes
glandular and sparsely hairy, otherwise glabrous; pedicels ascend-
ing from every node of the repeatedly dichotomous branches, 1 to 2
i6
New Plants.
ZOE
inches long, purplish, capillary bent at right angles above the mid-
dle; scales of the involucre separate nearly to the base, lanceolate
or ovate - lanceolate, obtuse, i line long, hyaline margined, erect;
flowers 5 to 10 on pedicels */>, a line long, ovate with a contracted
base and the lobes connivent at tip, i line long, pubescent with very
stiff short hairs, but scarcely glandular, sepals i line long and very
narrowly triangular, three times as long as wide, golden yellow, the
pubescence confined to the lower half, midrib prominent. The
nearest congener is E. salsugi7iosuin. The flowers are much the
same, but the akene of flexiini is brown, broadly ovate, very nar-
rowly winged at the abruptly contracted summit, not at all winged
in the middle, and slightly so at the base. The akene of E. salsug-
inosuni is simply ovate, and winged throughout and conspicuously
so at the base and broad apex, and is yellowish brown, they are the
same size. E. flexum resembles E. irichopodum in habit. E. sal-
sugijiosum is a small, erect, closely branched annual, with some of
the upper involucres long- peduncled, and the rest sessile.
Collected June 10, 1890, on the Moencoppa in northern Arizona.
It grows on dry mud fiats.
There are two plants which need characterizing, one of which has
been known for ten years—two species of Stanleya. The first is a
very conspicuous plant from the wide sandy valleys of western
Nevada.
Stanleya elata. 2 to 6 feet high, erect, short lived or bien-
nial, branching toward the top, glabrous to the flowers, and often
glaucous; leaves very thick and leathery, veiny, generally entire,
but sometimes with a few small lobes at the base, 4 to- 10 inches
long, obtuse, oval or ovate generally cuneate at base and contracted
into the margined petiole which is seldom over 2 inches long; upper
leaves lanceolate, acute, on a half-inch petiole, entire and contracted
at the base, lower leaves slightly and irregularly dentate, spikes
simple or compound 1 to 2 feet long and very showy from the
golden glabrous sepals which are half an inch long and enlarged
into a blade 2 lines wide; petals about 4 lines long, light yellow and
inconspicuous, claw broadening to the base and glabrous, blade 2
lines long and scarcely wider than the upper part of the claw, nar-
rowly linear; stamens twice as long as the petals, anthers loosely
coiled, filaments glabrous down to the middle then very woolly to
the base, with short, broad and flat hairs, not enlarging much at base;
VOL. II.]
Nczv Plants.
pods 3 to 4 inches long and filiform, about % a line wide, seeds lin-
ear. This magnificent plant is conspicuous for miles near Haw-
thorne, Nevada, standing- up like a sentinel on the plains. It differs
from 6*. pinnatifida in the large leathery leaves which are generally-
very broad and entire, in the broad yellow sepals, very narrow and
small glabrous petals, woolly filaments, and very long and narrow
nods and linear seeds.
This was first collected by me in 1882, near Hawthorne.
Stanley a pinnatifida has greenish, linear, inconspicuous sepals,
golden yellow petals, with a blade about 4 lines long and lance-
olate but sometimes broadly linear and sometimes elliptical, the
claw is subulate and quite broad at base and very woolly through-
out, the stamens are woolly on the lower half and not much enlarged
at base, anthers loosely coiled, the pods are shorter and about a line
wide, seeds broader. It is a perennial from a woody root, and sel-
dom is strictly erect.
Stanleya albescens. Biennial, erect, branching from the
base, 1 to 3 feet high ; leaves entire or lyrate - pinnatifid toward the
base, lanceolate to ovate, upper ones hastate and with a minute pair
of leaflets on the short petiole, often glaucous, thick and cabbage-
like, lower ones 6 inches or less long by 2 inches or less wide, petiole
1 inch long in all but -the upper leaves; spike sessile, rather dense,
sepals linear and slightly widened toward the top, white with a green
tip and slightly tinged with green, T3^- inch long, glabrous; petals
y'g- inch long, light yellow or at first almost pure white, blade broad-
ly oval y£ inch long, slightly erose, obtuse and abruptly contracted
into the claw which is very narrow at the top and only y^ a line
wide at base, claw clabrous except the top where it is scantily wool-
ly; stamens $/% inch long exclusive of the tightly coiled anther, with
a few woolly hairs toward the base, only very slightly enlarged at
base; pods 2 inches long, a line wide; seeds narrowly oblong, ob-
tuse; pedicel %& inch long and stipe j4 inch long. This differs from
6". pinnatifida in the very narrow white sepals, broad whitish almost
glabrous petals, almost glabrous filaments and tightly coiled an-
thers, and short pods, as well as being biennial.
June 10, 1890, on the Moencoppa in dry mud from freshets.
Salt Lake City, April 9, 1891.
NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN MOLLUSCA.
BY  T.   D.   A.   COCKERELL.
Pupa arizonensis var. nov. saxicola. 3 to sH mm-
Common under rocks on Round Mountain, Custer County, Colorado.
Dr. V. Sterki, to whom I sent specimens, remarks, " They are a
little smaller than my specimens from New Mexico, and, if I am not
mistaken, a trifle more tapering towards the apex than the type
specimen in the Binney and Bland collection."
Pupa ovata forma nov. antiquorum. 2 mm. long; lamellae 7;
three on parietal wall, the central one large and slender, the others
very small: two on columella, these approximately of equal size,
and both rather slender: two on external wall, continued backwards,
the upper one large and curved downwards about its middle. Whorls
4j^, body whorl inflated, the others diminishing regularly and rather
rapidly towards the apex; outer lip conspicuously curved inwards
opposite the upper tooth on external wall. Post-tertiary deposit at
West Cliff, Colorado. This form also occurs living, as Dr. Sterki, to
whom I sent a specimen, says it " is of a form of which I have seen
examples from many parts of the country, of the same size, shape,
and formation of lamellae."
Bulimulus dormani forma nov. SUBFASCIATUS. 31 mm. long,
very thin, semitransparent, hardly at all maculate, but fasciate with
pale brown about base on body whorl, i. <?., an indistinct band at
periphery, a broad one below, and the umbilical region brownish.
This form was sent to me by Mr. W. G. Binney.
3 Fairfax Road: Bedford Park: London,, W.: Eng.: Feb. 28, 1891.
CACTACE^   OF  THE  CAPE  REGION OF  BAJA  CALI-
FORNIA.
BY  T.  S.  BRANDEGEE.
Cactaceae, although numerous in the Cape Region, are not as
abundant in species or individuals as in elevated regions of the cen-
tral peninsula about Purisima and Comondu, but they are com-
mon enough to form a prominent portion of the vegetation.
A Mamillaria just coming into flower was found from near the
ocean at San Jose del Cabo to the summit of the mountains of the
Sierra de la Laguna. It is a nearly globular species, six to eight
inches in diameter.
Cactacece of Baja California,.                    19
Mamillaria Goodridgii Scheer. is abundant at the southern
extremity of the peninsula about San Jose" del Cabo. The scarlet
fruit, though small, has a pleasant acid taste.
Mamillaria Roseana. Stems numerous from the root,
spreading, curved, ascending, yi-2 m. long, 4 cm. thick; mamil-
lae arranged in quincunxial order, 15 mm. apart, cylindrical, 12
mm. long, white-woolly in the upper axils; pulvinae finely pubes-
cent; radial spines 7-9 in number, 9-12 mm. long, brown or straw
colored, the single central spine, 25 mm. long, curved, hooked at
the tip; flowers from the axils of the upper mamillae, 3 cm. long;
sepals and petals bright scarlet, joined into a tube, spreading at
their tips, in several series; stamens and style scarlet; style branches
5-7; fruit scarlet, pyriform 6-8 mm. long; seeds black, pitted;
cotyledons united, only a depressed line at their tips; albumen
none.—Throughout the lower elevations of the Cape Region and
northward to Calmalli.
This cactus is one of the most showy of Lower California. Dr.
Palmer collected it at La Paz and it is No. 139 of the list from that
place in Contr. U. S. Herb. No. 3, catalogued by Mr. Rose for whom
it is appropriately named. The stems pendent from rocks at Com-
ondu are sometimes six feet long. This species and M. Halei of
Magdalena and Santa Margarita Islands have similar flowers, fruit
and seeds. The seeds of M. Halei were wrongly described as
smooth; they are pitted in the same manner as those of this species.
Cereus pecten-aboriginum Engelm. This giant cereus is
common at San Jos6 del Cabo, La Paz, Todos Santos.
Cereus Pringlei Watson is also abundant.
Cereus striatus. Stems 4-angled, becoming terete, 1 m. high,
2-6 mm. in diameter, very sparingly branched above, ash-colored,
weak, 9-ribbed or striate, the ribs flat and slightly raised above the
flat, greener depressions, areolae small, about 6 mm. distant verti-
cally, slightly la^nate when young; spines about 9, soft, closely
appressed, either light-colored or brown, 2 mm. long; flowers few,
10-12 cm. long, tube elongated, bearing bristles 8-9 mm. long,
similar to the spines of the stem; fruit sessile, obpyriform, 2-2^
cm. in diameter, 3-4 cm. long, bright scarlet when mature and
bearing the persistent spines; seeds angular black, finely pitted,
embryo slightly hamate.—San Jose del Cabo in fruit and with
remnants of dried flowers. Found also on Magdalena and Santa
Margarita Islands and northward beyond San Ignacio.
Mi.
20
Cactacea of Baja California.
[zoe
This is a very peculiar species of Cereus and differs much in ap-
pearance from nearly all others of the genus. The weak stems
are no thicker than straws and are supported by the bushes
amongst which they grow. The ashen color of the slender plants
and its habit of growing amongst bushes almost conceal it from
observation, and only when in flower or when the conspicuous fruit
becomes scarlet is it likely to be noticed. The ribs are flat and
broad and sometimes so close that apparently only a line of lighter
green separates them. The spines are soft and the whole plant can
be handled with impunity. The fruit is very large for the size of
the stems, insipid to the taste and consists mostly of black seeds
with very little pulp. The natives call it " Pitahayita " from the
general resemblance of its flowers and fruit to C. guvimosus, called
"Pitahaya."
Cereus gummosus Engelm. This species is abundant in the
Cape Region and during September can be found bearing both
flowers and fruit. The fruit is sessile, globular, 6-8 cm. in diam-
eter. The 30-40 areolae are armed with 10 or more short stout
persistent spines. When ripe the fruit is bright scarlet and is
eaten by the inhabitants of the region and is well known as
'' pitahaya acre.'' Within it resembles in color the purple of a ripe
watermelon with the small black seeds scattered throughout. It is
prepared for eating by cutting and peeling off the 'outer skin and
thorns. The acid taste of the fruit is agreeable, and on the plants
is retained a long time but the flavor is lost soon after picking. The
seeds are 2^ mm. long, rugose,'pitted, embryo very much hooked.
Cereus Schottii Engelm. About Todos Santos this species
runs into some very peculiar forms; the tops of the stems differing
in their spines in no respect from the lower part. At first they
seemed like a different species but connecting forms abound.
Cereus Thurberi Englem. Common in the southern part of
the peninsula. The fruit is made into preserves and without sugar
is extremely sweet, whence the common name of the species " Pit-
ahaya dulce."
Cereus Eruca Brandegee. Remains of old flowers with an
abundance of ripe fruit were found on the mainland opposite Mag-
dalina Island,'and from them the following additions to the original
description are made: The flowers are four or five inches long.
The fruit  is  about  two  inches  in  diameter.     Somewhat spiny,
vol. 11.]         CactacecB of Baja California.
21
globular, dull red when ripe, acid and pleasant to the taste. Seeds
very rough, embryo slightly hooked. The fruit much resembles in
form and color that of C. gummostis, the well known pitahaya of
Lower California. It is more acid in flavor and on that account
not so much esteemed. Within the color is bright purple, similar
to that of a ripe watermelon. As far as known, its habitat appears
to extend from San Gregorio to below Santa Margarita Island
along the coast in sandy situations. It perhaps does not belong
to the Cape Region flora.
A species of Echinocereus, bearing dull red flowers, is abundant
at Todos Santos and La Paz. It does not grow on the peninsula
north of these places.
A species of Cereus with long stems hanging from the rocks
grows in the Sierra de la Laguna. The spines are few and short,
the stems are prominently angled and their color light green.
Neither flowers nor fruit were seen.
Opuntia (Platopuntia) sp. The common species of the
southern part of the peninsula.
Opuntia prolifera Engelm. San Jose del Cabo.
Opuntia rotundifolia. Erect, slender and weak, ramose,
2-3 m. high, supported by bushes; stems cylincrical, woody, 1—1J&
cm. thick; joints 6-10 cm. long; spines none; setae numerous,
retrorsely barbed, 3-5 mm. long, usually reddish brown"; pulvilli
gray, woolly, remote; leaves sessile, fleshy, round-ovate, acute,
2-3 cm. long and broad; flowers about 4 cm. in diameter; sepals
few, spatulate, short; petals few, yellow, broad and entire; style a
little shorter than the petals, with (in the single flower) four branches;
fruit slenderly clavate, about 5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with 15-20
areolae, setae-bearing like the joints; seeds few, flattened, whitish,
densely covered with white hairs about as long as the diameter of
the seed, apparently somewhat deciduous in age, commisure readily
separating, embryo curved about small albumen, the thick coty-
ledons somewhat obliquely incumbent.—Not uncommon in the
Cape Region at low elevations. At Todos Santos and La Paz in
January it was in fruit and all the leaves had fallen excepting a few
at the ends of young growing shoots, but in September at San Jose"
del Cabo the whole plant was covered with a mass of thick green
leaves, amongst which a few yellow flowers were visible. In January
the setae were numerous and so easily detached that many fell
while cutting specimens, and the inhabitants say the wind will blow
f
22
Relationship of Sparrows.
[zoe
them into their eyes; being very sharp they easily enter the flesh ot
the hands and, retrorsely barbed, they remain there several days
and are very disagreeable. The long fruit appears like a small
joint. In September, with its numerous dark green leaves, it is
not easily distinguished from the bushes amongst which it grows
and resembles Peirescia, from which genus it is however separated
by its barbed setae, its fruit and seeds.
STRANGE NESTING PLACE OF THE BARN OWL.
BY  W;  OTTO  EMERSON.
A neighbor informed me that a pair of barn owls (Strix pratin-
cola) had taken up their abode on the tin roof around the cupola of
their house, and upon visiting the place I found twenty-odd eggs
which had not hatched, owing perhaps to the intense heat of the tin
roof during the day or from the inability of the owl to cover so
many. There was nothing used for nesting material or to prevent
the eggs rolling about the smooth surface. After removing these
eggs two more were laid, which in due time hatched. The two
young were placed in a cage upon the lawn under a tree, and were
kept well fed by the parent birds, as many as eight or ten gophers
being found some mornings scattered over the lawn, and how many
had been fed to the young during the night there was no means ot
knowing. The cage, one day, was moved to another place, and
when the owls discovered the absence they made a great fuss by
loud calls, screeching and by snapping their beaks. A lady went
out of the house to try and stop the noise and was followed by the
owls until the cage had been placed under the first tree, then they
quietly departed. On September 13, when the young were about
two months old, they appeared to be in perfect plumage.
THE  RELATIONSHIP OF  BELL'S  SPARROW AND
SAGE SPARROW.
BY  F.   O.  JOHNSON.
The winter habitat of the sage sparrow (Amphispiza belli neva-
densis) extending into the southern counties of California, affords
an excellent opportunity for studying the relationship of these two
forms.
In the winter of 1888-89, in tne vicinity of Riverside, Cal., I
gave these birds some attention.
VOL.  II.]
Relationship of Sparrows.
23
Bell's sparrow (Amphispiza belli) is a resident and breeds com-
monly, although it is quite difficult to find their nests. I have had
the fortune to find but two of them, in both cases in canons, placed
in small bushes about eight inches from the ground. The number
of eggs in each instance was four.
The earliest specimen, in my collection, was taken Nov. 27, 1887.
During a fortnight's stay in Riverside, from Dec. 24, 1889, to
Jan. 3, 1890, I took three Bell's sparrows and seven sage sparrows.
The difference in size of these birds is very apparent, even at
good range gun-shot, both in the lighter coloration and greater
size of wing and length of tail of the sage sparrow. Their actions,
too, are quite different. The sage sparrows are much wilder, and
never have I shot one in a canon. Mr. Ridgway observes of these
birds in breeding season that " at Carson City he found these spar-
rows very abundant, * * * * as it was also the most unsuspi-
cious and familiar* It was even difficult to keep them from under
the feet. A pair would often run before him for a distance of sev-
eral rods with their unexpanded tails elevated, and when too
nearly approached would only dodge in among the bushes instead
of flying off." (See Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, N. A. Birds, Vol.
I., p. 595.) So in this respect their habits are apparently different
in their summer and winter homes. They prefer the sage brush of
the open plain, generally associating with several others and often
going in scattered flocks.
Bell's sparrow freely mingles with them, but the collector after
some experience has but little trouble in discriminating between
them. The sage sparrow is much more terrestrial than Bell's,
often running along the ground in cases where Bell's would fly,
and holding their black tails high in air, then mounting to the top
of a sage bush till you get nearly in gun-shot they will drop down
on the other side and make for the next bush as fast as their little
legs can carry them, in the manner of a California thrasher (Har-
porhynclms redivivus). Often one can get a cross fire on the bird
as he runs from^bush to bush.
Last January I was again at Riverside for a week, and riding out
on the plains towards the hills, I saw more than I had ever noticed
before, both in large flocks and individually. Indeed, I saw one
flock with over a hundred in it.    How I did long for a gun!
"Italics my own.
T
24
Relationship of S-parroius.
[zoe
I do not remember of hearing their song at all.
They certainly have an aversion to the haunts of man, as I have
never seen either form around civilization or cultivated fields.
Out of nine specimens collected by me but two are females.
It should be borne in mind that the differences between Riverside
specimens of the two forms is based on fall and winter birds only.
I have observed the following general differences between the
two forms:
AMPHISPIZA  BELLI.
Little or no traces of dorsal
streaks.
Above, hair brown, darker on
head; mandibles slate black.
Outer web of outer retrix same
as inner web, or but little lighter.
of
primaries
Outer   edgin<
light brownish.
Edging   of   secondaries   and
tertials dull light cinnamon.
Flanks washed with light cin-
namon, streaked with dusky.
Stripes on side  of throat al-
ways well defined and constant.
Pectoral spot always distinct.
AMPHISPIZA BELLI NEVADENSIS.
Dorsal streaks always present,
generally well defined.
Top of head, general color of
black, and often under mandible
much lighter.
Outer web of outer retrix
whitish, sometimes broadly tip-
ped with white.
Outer edging of primaries
plainer and whitish.
Edging of secondaries and
tertials much lighter.
Flanks lighter, less streaked.
Stripes on side of throat not
well defined, often only obscure
traces present.
Pectoral spot more diffused,
sometimes nearly lacking.
Scarcely any of the specimens carry all of the above distinctions
entirely, but usually vary in regard to some one particular; so that
while none of the differences between the two forms seem altogether
constant, not one of my birds, nor indeed of any others I have ex-
amined, appear to lean towards the other variety very decidedly,
nor is there any hesitation of instantly assigning any specimen to
its proper form. Moreover, the subjoined table of measurements
show that in size they are also quite constant. On account of the
lack of females I cannot actually give their differences in size, but
have merely inserted their measurements with the males; all of
them were collected by myself at Riverside, Cal.
vol. ii.]             Relationship of Sparrows.
AMPHISPIZA  BELLI.
Collector's No.	Sex.	Date.	Wing.	Tail.	Bill from nostril.
325 507 315	$ 6 $ $ 9	September 20, 18S7...... January 2, 1889......... April 7, 1S89............ December 31, 18SS...... Average.............. December 26, 18S9......	mm. 65 65 67 72	mm. 67 69 67 71	mm. 7.5 7 7.5 7
S45			67.2 62	6S.5 64	7.2 6
AMPHISPIZA   BELLI   NEVADEUSIS.
Collector's No.	Sex.	Date.	Wing.	Tail.	Bill from nostril.
296 327 297 S49 850 80S	$ $ 0 S $ $ $ 9 $ «	November 27,  18S7...... December 24, 1SS8...... January 2, 1SS9 ........ December 24, 1889...... December 26, 1SS9...... Average.............. December 26, 1S89...... December 31, 18S9...... Average..............	mm. 79 77 77.5 79 76 75.5 7S	mm. 74 71 75 72.5 71 68.5 72	mm. 7.5 7.5 8 S 7.5 S 8.5
847 859			77.5 70.5 72.5	72 68 70	7.8 7 8
			71.5	69	7.5
The most striking difference in size of the two forms is in the
greater size of the wing of the sage sparrow, a little more than ten
millimetres. The differences of tail and bill are not so marked,
being three and one-half millimetres for the tail and about three-
fifths millimetres between the bills.
i:
26
Naturalized Plants.
[zoe
Therefore, judging from the small winter series available, there
seems to be pretty plain evidence of specific difference, but in such
cases one needs a large series at hand for forming an accurate
decision.
NOTES ON THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.    VIII.
BY  S.   B.  PARISH.
Arundo donax holds a somewhat uncertain place in the American
flora. A native of Southern Europe, it may be reasonably thought
to have reached us from that source. Yet along the banks of the
Rio Grande Riyer it is found apparently indigenous.* It is not
uncommon in northern Mexico, and recently Mr. Brandegee has
collected it in Lower California. And now Mr. Lyon sends it from
Los Angeles, where he reports it as growing in great abundance in
the river bed, and often springing up in gardens from seed brought
down through the city water pipes. It has been long established
by the river side, Mr. Lyon's own knowledge of it going back nine-
teen years, while he learns from others that it was equally abundant
forty and fifty years ago. An aged native Californian states that
more than seventy years ago his father was accustomed'to have his
Indian peons gather it for building their jacales or huts, considering
it more durable for this purpose than tule (Scirpus lacustris), which
was also sometimes used.
It is remarkable that this conspicuous reed, growing in the very
outskirts of one of the oldest towns of the State, should have so
long escaped the notice of botanists, and if it is indeed indige-
nous Mr. Lyon's station is not likely to be the only one. The
Spanish-speaking people call it carrizo, a name borne by more than
one stream of the desert region; but the presence of Arundo by
their banks is not to be therefore inferred, since the same Spanish
term is applied to Phragmiies commwiis, and perhaps to any reed-
like grass.
The history and manner of growth of this reed at Los Angeles
are such as to render its exotic origin somewhat doubtful, and it
would be much more so if it be truly indigenous on the Rio Grande,
*Vasey, Agric. Grasses of U. S., 2d Ed., 60.
Herb., ii, 58.
Coulter,   Contrib.  U. S. Nat.
VOL.  II.]
Naturalized Plants.
27
and should it be discovered at intermediate points. But consider-
ing the uncertainty of its character elsewhere, and the isolation of
the Los Angeles station, it will be most properly, for the present,
regarded as an introduced plant.*
Brassica alba I have received from Dr. H. E. Hasse, who finds
it not uncommon about Santa Monica. He also reports Solamim
rostratum at the same place, but not abundant. This is the second
station in Los Angeles, and in the State, for this pest, and marks
its gradual increase.
Dr. Hasse also discovered near Santa Monica a single plant of
Phytolacca deca?idra, the common poke of the Eastern States. As
it was loaded with ripe fruit it is probable that this species will be
permanently added to our flora. This find is a most interesting
one, the plant not having been found heretoiore west of the Rocky
Mountains.
Senecio sylvaticus has been collected by Mr. Cleveland along the
water front at San Diego, and Raphanus Raphanistrum in plowed
fields at many places near the same city. Convolvuluspentapetaloides
he finds abundant along and near a stony road in the Sweetwater
Valley, ten miles from San Diego.
Another species of the last mentioned genus, C. arve?isis, is well
established by the roadside near Seventh and A streets in San Ber-
nardino. In the environs of the same city Scabiosa atropurpzirea
is quite common in damp adobe soil. In some of the suburbs, as at
St. Elmo, it is very abundant by roadsides and in fields. It has
been reported in a recent number of this journal from Pescadera
and the San Joaquin River.f
In a meadow at St. Elmo I also saw this summer some two or
three dozen plants of Daucus carota, the wild carrot, so common
and obnoxious in the Eastern States. They were seeding plenti-
fully, and in all probability will produce a progeny which in time
*In the third Report of the State Board of Forestry, page 46, this reed (there
called by mistake Arundinaria macrosperma) is said to be " abundant along many
water-courses in the State, being most prolific along the water-ways of the older
towns and cities." Los Angeles and San Bernardino are specified as places where
it is especially plentiful. This statement is misleading, and is entirely unsubstan-
tiated as to any other places than Los Angeles. It certainly is an error as to San
Bernardino.
tZoe, i, 86.
TT'
28
Naturalized Plants.
[zoe

will be very troublesome. This is the first recorded appearance of
this plague in California, although it is probably to be found in other
parts of the State.
Observing the beginnings of such evils one is impressed by the
ease with which their spread might be prevented by prompt action.
But this is taken with neither vegetable nor animal pests. Indeed
their character is not at first realized, and it is only after their rav-
ages become disastrous that efforts, always costly and too often in-
effectual, are made for their extermination. Much of this might be
prevented by an intelligent supervision which would detect and
stamp out these plagues before they had time to spread; but it is
doubtful if such a supervision could be provided or successfully ex-
ercised.
The garden dill, Peucedamim graveolens^. & H.,* the appear-
ance of which as an escape at Los Angeles has already been record-
ed in these notes, f I have observed during the past summer in great
abundance by roadsides and in fields in some of the environs of San
Bernardino, so that it may be regarded as fully established. Mentha
piperita also grows abundantly by the banks of several streams in
the city limits of the same town.
Sisymbrium acutangulum is reported in the Botany of California
to be found about the "older towns from San Francisco to Los An-
geles." The southern range, I am informed by-Dr. Watson, rests
on specimens collected in 1860-62 by Brewer, "back of Santa Bar-'
bara and Los Angeles." Later collectors have not found it, nor is
it known to resident botanists of either place as now growing at
them. It is therefore doubtful if it is at present an inhabitant of our
region.
Veronica peregrma exhibits here the same dubious character that
it possesses in most places where it is found in the United States.
It is not uncommon in neglected fields, and is occasionally seen by
roadsides, but I have yet to meet with it at a distance from cultiva-
tion.
Escapes and Waifs.—Many of the plants cultivated in field or
garden are occasionally to be found growing spontaneously, and
some have been included in floras.    Such are lucerne, the garden
'Coulter & Rose, Bot. Gaz., xiv, 275.    Anetkum graveolens, L.
tZoe, i, 10.
VOL.
II.J
Naturalized Plants.
29
radish and the tomato, and among flowers the sweet alyssum. In
this region they are mere temporary fugitives which fail to propa-
o-ate and extend themselves, and have no claim to be enumerate d
among our plants. Ailantus glandulosus, the garden asparagus,
and the common pampas grass show some inclination about Sau
Bernardino to pass into the rank of truly naturalized plants, and
other similar instances have been mentioned elsewhere in these
notes. Mr. Cleveland reports Cerasiium viscosum in a yard at San
Diego, and Melilotus alba in a cultivated field at Buckman's Spring,
near Pine Valley, San Diego County, both apparently not fully es-
tablished. Probably here also belongs Carex pseudocyperus var.
Americamis, a single plant of which I collected ten years ago by the
roadside in San Bernardino. It has never reappeared, and is not
otherwise known south of San Francisco.
Summary. Excluding those plants whose foreign derivation is
disputed, and those which have not sufficiently established them-
selves, the naturalized flora of the four southern counties comprises
the following species:
Brassica nigra.
alba.
campestris.
adpressa.   .
Nasturtium officiyiale.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris.
Raphanus Raphanistrum.
Cerastium viscosum.
Stellaria media.
Portulaca oleracea.
Malva parviflora.*
Erodium moschatum.
cictitarhim.
Melilotus Indioa.
alba.
Convolvulus arvensis.
Solanum rostratum.
Physalis tzquata.
Nicotiana glauca.
Verbascum virgatum.
Verbena officinalis.
Mentha piperita.
viridis.
Nepeta cataria.
Marrubium vulgare.
Plantago major.
lanceolata.
Ricmex crispus.
conglovieratus.
Polygojium aviculare.\
*To this species,  rather  than  to  M. borealis,  belongs the common Mallow of
Southern California.
tPolygonum nodostim was included on a previous page, but while usually a weed
of cultivation it may possibly be also indigenous, and is therefore omitted.
Naturalized Plants.
[zoe
Medicago denticulata.
Pastinaca sativa.
Peucedanum graveolens.
Dipsacus fullonum.
Scabiosa atropurpurea.
Melampodium perfoliatum.
Xanthium Canadense.
spinosum.
Verbesina encelioides.
Bidens pilosa.
Anthemis Coiula.
Cotula coronopifolia.
australis.
Senecio sylvaticus.
Cnicus edulis.
Silybum Marianum.
Centaurea solstitialis.
melitensis.
Sonchus olerdceus.
asper.
tenerrimus.
A?ia%allis arvensis.
Ipomaea purpzirea.
Convolvulus pentapetaloides.
Amarantus reiroflexus.
chlorostachys.
albus.
Chenpodium mzirale.
ambrosioides.
Urtica urens.
Ricinus communis.
Sagittaria Chinensis.
Panicum sangtiinale.
Crus-galli.
Phalaris Canariensis.
Polypogon Monspeliensis.
Cynodon Daclylo7i.
Avena fatua.
Lamarkia cnirea.
Arundo Donax.
Poa annua.
Eragrostis pilosa.
Festuca Myurus.
Bromus maximus.
rubens.
Lolium temulenium.
Hordeum muriniim.
Sorghum halepense.
There are in the above list 78 species, belonging to 59 genera,
and representing 23 natural orders, the most numerous being the
Compositae and the Gramineae with 16 species each, and next
the Cruciferae with 7 species.
The species are not unequally diyided between those which are
widely diffused and numerically abundant, of which there are 43,
and those which are more or less restricted in habitat, of which
there are 35 species. In the table the former are printed in Italic,
and the latter in Roman type.
In Brewer and Watson's Botany of California 46 of these species
are reported as growing in the southern part of the State, and nine
others at stations north of our limits, so that twenty-three species
remain whose presence in California was not known at the time
that work was published. A few of these certainly were growing
here at that time, but by far the greater number, probably nearly
VOL.  II.]
Naturalized Plants.
twenty of them, have either come to us, or have passed from the
condition of mere adventive plants to that of naturalized ones, in
the period of twelve or fifteen years that have elapsed since the
material was accumulated on which that great work was founded.
That nearly one-quarter of the naturalized flora of the region
should have been added in this short time is a notable fact, but
quite in harmony with the great increase of population and the
wonderful industrial  development during the same period.
Sixty-two species of the entire seventy-eight, including all the
Cruciferae and all but one of the grasses, are of European origin,
and the same proportion holds if the commoner plants only are
considered. Fourteen are natives of other parts of America, twelve
of them coming from the South and two from the North, a pre-
ponderance agreeing with the derivation of the native flora. Asia
and Africa supply two species each, and Australia one.
This statement, however, does not correctly represent the imme-
diate sources from which most of these plants have been received.
Many of them have long been dispersed from their primitive homes,
and are weeds of world-wide diffusion. These are for the most
part attributed to Europe, although the real nativity of some of
them is very uncertain, and they have doubtless reached us through
intermediate countries. It is probable that the only direct importa-
tions are those few plants which are not likewise naturalized either
in Mexico or in the transmontane States of the Union, the former
being the intermediary through which the earlier introduced and
more abundant species have been received, while more recent emi-
grants have come by way of the latter.
The four counties here, called Southern California, constitute one-
tifth of the entire area of the State; a territory a little larger than
Ohio. But of this great province only one-tenth is arable land, a
district hardly more than half the size of New Jersey.*
*AREA OF SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA.
Arable.           Mfc. and Desert.           Total
sq. m.                       sq. m.                 sq. in.
San Diego............................            836               14,133              14,969
Orange...............................            450                     304                   754
Los Angeles...........................         1,000                 2,996                3.996
San Bernardino........................         2,000               19,170              21,170
4,286                 36,603             40,889
The arable parts of Los Angeles and San Bernardino are estimated.
Naturalized Plants.
[zoe
This smaller portion contains the farms, the towns and almost
all the population, and in its limits are found also most of the
naturalized plants. The other region consists of deserts or
rough mountains, the former largely preponderating. Its popula-
tion is sparse, and there is comparatively little travel and few roads.
The opportunities for the introduction and dissemination of foreign
plants are consequently slight, and as there is almost no agriculture
the weeds of cultivation are seldom seen. The climate of the
desert is an additional safeguard to the integrity of its vegetation.
Few exotic plants are capable of adapting themselves to the aridity
of air and soil which there prevail. Hence, the desert flora is but
slightly contaminated by intruding species, and these are easily re-
cognized, since they cling closely about houses or camping places.
A few early introduced plants, such as the Erodiums, have a some-
what wider range, but in no degree comparable to their abundance
in the inhabited districts. So little is this region receptive of new
comers that the prevalence there of any plant away from habita-
tions and routes of travel is almost conclusive evidence of its in-
digenuous character. With our present imperfect knowledge it is
not possible to give the number of introduced species which extend
to the desert region, but they are probably not more than twenty.
Numerically they constitute a very small proportion of the whole
vegetation, and in the mountain districts it is hardly greater,
Very different is the case in the region of fertility. Here intro-
duced plants constitute a very considerable element of the vegetive
life. These have not, indeed, supplanted the natives to such an
extent as is unhappily the case in the Atlantic States, where the
European visitor finds the agrestial and ruderal vegetation largely
made up of the weeds of his own fields and waysides. Our meadows
are yellow with native buttercups, azure with Brodiaeas, or whitened
with Yerba Mansa. By the highway the sunflower and the tarweed
maintain their ground against all intruders. On> the hills and
plains the foreign Erodiums, bur clover and wild oat are ever present
and often cover mile on mile of land, but they do not exclude the
natives of the soil, and in the spring there are burnished acres of
Eschscholtzia and glowing leagues of Bseria. Even in cultivated
fields there are weeds of native origin quite able to compete with
their foreign rivals. The black mustard alone succeeds in excluding
all other plants from the soil it occupies.
VOL.  II.]
Naturalized Plants.
33
While, therefore, the floral aspect of this region is strongly tinged
by foreign admixture, it is predominately indigenous except in
the immediate precincts of habitation. How long it may so con-
tinue cannot be foretold. Some evil emigrants are rapidly spread-
ing, and new ones are constantly arriving.
The prevalence of intruding plants upon the other side of the
continent has been explained as resulting from the originally sylvan
character of that region. The native herbs were adapted to the
shade of woodlands and could not survive the clearing of the forests.
Thus there being no native campestrine vegetation to occupy the
clearings, a free field was left for the incoming weeds of Europe.*
If it be, indeed, not by reason of any superior inherent vigor or
capability of adaptation, but from the lack of suitable competition
that intruding weeds obtain possession of the soil, our native flora
should be able to maintain its predominance. This has never been
a forest region, and possesses a large number of campestrine plants.
These native herbs are likewise adapted to the condition of scanty
and uncertain rainfall which here prevails. With the first showers
they spring up and are in flower almost as soon as they are out of
the ground, so that the production of seed is assured in the dryest
season. With a continuance of moisture, growth continues and
constant blossoming, until the full grown plant can hardly be re-
cognized as identical with the pigmies which first appear. This
character exercises its protective influence especially in the deserts,
and among the plants of the fertile region is most developed in those
which grow on dry and barren soils. In such tracts the proportion
of introduced plants to indigenous ones is much smaller, not only
numerically but particularly in the number of species, than it is in
rich and moist places. And those exotics which are widest spread
and most abundant are precisely the ones which possess this char-
acteristic, as is noticeable in the Erodiums, the most abundant of
all. Many of the most objectionable weeds require a long season of
moisture to perfect their fruit, and climatic conditions may be ex-
pected to confine these to meadows or irrigated fields. Elsewhere
the native herbs should have no difficulty in maintaining their pos-
session of the soil.
Corrections.—The Cenchrus mentioned in vol. i, page 187, as C.
*Gray, Characteristics of the N. Am. Flora; Am. Jour. Sci. xxviii, 324.
34
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
echinaius proves to be C. tribuloides, a commoner but hardly less
obnoxious species. Petunia parviflora extends considerably further
north than is indicated on page 302, or in the Floras. There are
specimens in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences,
collected twenty years ago at Oakland by Kellogg and Bolander, as
well as many others from Santa Barbara up. It has also been col-
lected at Sacramento by Prof.  Greene.
Errata.—Page 7, for "every collection" read "early collec-
tions"; p. 8, for "Foreign Plants" read "Forage Plants"; p.
57, for "series" read "species"; p. 122, for "Warren" read
"Waren"; p. 124, for "horned" read "horrid"; p. 205, line 6,
for "same" read "some"; p. 206, for "accidental" read "occi-
dental."

ANDREW JACKSON GRAYSON.
BY  WALTER  E.   BRYANT.
Between the years 1846 and 1869 there dwelt upon the Pacific
Coast a naturalist - and artist of so great attainment that he became
rightly known as the " Audubon of the Pacific." Under congenial
conditions in this State the latent genius, which had been suppressed
in childhood, burst forth in beautiful masterpieces of pen and brush
and found its highest development amidst domestic happiness under
the tropical sun of western Mexico. During the few years allotted
for him to pursue the cherished plans of his life, he built for himself
a lasting monument more exquisite than pen can describe, more
wonderful than this country has known since the days of Audubon
and grander than any that sculptor could have chiseled to be unveiled
by appreciative friends and scientists.
It has been my privilege to study and admire the many water-
colored plates of birds made by Colonel A. J. Grayson and to
be called upon to edit the unpublished manuscripts in the posses-
sion of his life-partner and helpmeet, now the wife of Dr. G. B.
Crane of St. Helena, California; to briefly sketch the life and
scientific career—for much has already been published—and to
present to the present generation an account of the most illus-
trious ornithologist who has lived amongst us.
Grayson has been too little known, or what is more deplorable,
sometimes wrongly known.     Errors and misinformation h&ve ap-
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
35
peared in print which the present article will strive to correct and
right.
Of Grayson as a naturalist, alone this memoir can treat; of the
Grayson family as pioneers of California, a volume remains for a
more able pen than mine, and the publisher of his portfolio will re-
ceive the esteem of the public and honor from ornithologists.
In the northwestern corner of Louisiana, at the Grayson planta-
tion, on the banks of the picturesque Ouachita River which takes
its rise in the Ozark Mountains and confluences with the Red
River just before the latter enters the Mississippi, Andrew J. Gray-
son was born August 20, 1819. (Audubon was born in the same
State in 1780.) There were but few habitations in those days upon
the narrow strip of arable land bordering the Ouachita, hemmed in
by pine forests and cane brakes. This strip was mostly devoted to
the cultivation of cotton. The adjoining region was one of bayous,
stagnant lakes and cypress swamps, the home of the alligator,
mosquito and fever. There was but little society and no schools
nor churches.
With such surroundings of nature in her wildest aspect it is not
strange that the youthful Grayson, being of a contemplative mind,
should have become one of her ardent devotees. Subject to fre-
quent attacks of chills and fever, he was permitted by his parents
to occupy his time pretty much as he pleased. With no congenial
companions around him, boy-like, he spent most of his time
rambling in the woods with his gun, or on the banks of the river
with his fishing rod. His gun was seldom used except for game,
his early love for birds was of that remarkably tender nature which
spared them from ruthless destruction, and in all his after life this
humane trait was evidenced.
The region gradually becoming settled and cleared along the
river banks a log schoolhouse was built, where some twenty chil-
dren, including ^oung Grayson, attended under an Irish school
master; but within six months intemperance caused the teacher's
dismissal and another one, who proved to have his predecessor's
failing, then taught for a few months.
One of the first turning points in Grayson's life came when the
third instructor was engaged; he was an Irishman, by the name
of Tobin, of most unprepossessing appearance who boarded at
the house of Grayson's father.    It was sometime during the first
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
year of his tuition under Tobin. that he showed the beginning of
the taste for drawing, his first attempts being mainly birds, foliage
and flowers. The first drawing of a bird which he completed was
of the wood duck (Aix sponsa), and was considered by himself and
the other boys a very pretty picture. One day during school
hours, when Tobin was drowsy in his chair, Grayson was engaged
upon a picturesque river scene; so intent was he, and the two boys
peeping over his shoulders watching the progress of the picture, that
they did not notice the sly approach of Tobin who suddenly stood
beside them. The picture was immediately hidden in the desk, but
it was too late. Tobin ordered not only that picture but the entire
contents of the desk produced for his inspection and the quick re-
fusal was followed by a severe blow upon the side of young Gray-
son's head. Thoughtless of the consequences, he broke his slate
over the teacher's head and taking to his heels ran for home. That
evening, in the presence of the boy and his father, Tobin displayed
the pictures upon which he said the son was wasting his time in
school. His father scanned the pictures, then threw them into the
fire and followed the act by a severe scolding about the making of
pictures and the wasting of opportunities. Thus in one hour was
crushed (as he thought forever) the talent which he himself has
said " had it been fostered might have made me an artist of no
mean order."
The fracas with old Tobin resulted in his father's sending him at
once to the College of St. Mary, Missouri. But during this course
he was prohibited from taking drawing lessons, and as it was
against his father's wishes, he did not desire to.
A year after Mr. Grayson returned from college, his father died,,
and the estate being divided, three negroes fell to his share; these
were sold to a relative for their valuation.. Fpr the first time he
commenced business on his own account. Starting a country store
in the very rough and new town of Columbia, on the pine-hill
side of the river, he invested his entire inheritance in the establish-
ment. It was the only store in the town of Columbia, but most of
the time the business was left to the care of a clerk whilst the
young proprietor wandered about the woods with his gun. The
result was what might have been expected. Mr. Grayson had no
business tact whatever, no love for the drudgery of mercantile pur-
suits and no pleasure but in the study of nature.    In two years
VOL.  II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
37
the store was closed. Now that we have passed the second turning
point in his life, let us carefully consider the third and greatest one.
It was the old, old story; Grayson met and fell in love with Miss
Frances J. Timmons. "In proposing to me," says she, "Mr.
Grayson told me of his future plans; that it was his intention to
leave forever the country of his nativity, and endeavor to cross the
Rocky Mountains and dwell upon the far off Pacific shores—in
California—which was then a terra incognita to most of the world
and especially to the denizens of the Ouachita region; such a region
they had never heard of; I only knew it from my geography.'' They
were married July 21, 1842.
While in St. Louis, Grayson had learned a great deal about
this remote region from the trappers of the American Fur Com-
pany, some of whom were his old schoolmates. They gave such
glowing descriptions of the beautiful land of California and Oregon;
of the fine climate and abundance of game, that his spirits were
filled with a desire to come and live here. Having become familiar
with the fauna and flora of his own State—few knew the forest better
than he—his zealous nature yearned for a new field for activity; he
longed for new objects of study in nature's yet unexplored recesses.
In the year 1844 Mr. Grayson and wife moved to St. Louis for
the purpose of making preparations for the long journey across
the plains.
In the St. Loiiis Reveille of February 20, 1846, appeared the fol-
lowing notices:
HO  FOR  CALIFORNIA !
At the suggestion and desire of a number of my friends, who propose emigrating
with me to California, and deeming it actually necessary that some one should take
the lead, whereby we may be able to organize an expedition and preserve good
order while on the route, I have consented to take the charge upon myself, and
pledge my life to the safe conduct of those who are disposed to join us in our
journey to that country. Should any one of the company, however, be considered
more efficient than myself, by a majority at the rendezvous, I shall be most happy
to resign him the duties of the command.
As it is my intention to take my family with me, which is quite young, I sin-
cerely hope that we may have an orderly and well organized company. Those who
design going should be at Independence, on the Missouri river, by the 15th of April
next, as that will be the time of our departure from that place.
Emigrants should be well provided with arms and ammunition, good teams of
mules or oxen, and provisionsfor at least six months. It is better not to be bur-
dened with any heavy and unnecessary articles of house furniture, but good assort-
Andrew "Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
ments of farming implements, useful tools, garden seeds, and such things only as
will be serviceable in a new country, and not easily to be had in California.
A good interpreter and pilot will be wanted for the expedition.
[Signed.]          A. J. GRAYSON.
EXPEDITION   TO   CALIFORNIA.
We refer our readers to the announcement, in another column, of a proposed
expedition to California. Mr. A. J. Grayson, an esteemed friend, will take charge
of the emigration, subject to the pleasure of the company when it shall have
assembled at Independence, previous to its departure. He is eminently qualified
for such a responsible station, being a young man of enterprise, courage and de-
termination—one who has not been accustomed to the " soft lap of luxury," but
who has rather courted, from his youth up, the excitement and dangers of an ad-
venturous life in the extensive wilds of the Southwest—a gentleman whose rifle is
as true to its aim as his heart is true to the principles of honor.
Under Mr. Grayson's advice and direction we look for the organization of a
numerous and highly respectable expedition to California.
This memorable expedition is best told in the words of Mrs.
Grayson-Crane: "By some, Mr. Grayson was looked upon as crazy
and heartless for attempting such a dangerous adventure with a
young wife and child; a wife, too, who had been unused to the
hardships such a trip would devolve upon her; but I was as full of
romantic adventure as my husband, and could not be persuaded
from accompanying him; and I may say here that the trip across
the plains was one of the most enjoyable episodes of my life.
Encouraged by warm friends in St. Louis and having the good
fortune to become associated with Ex-Governor Boggs of Missouri
and Captain Isaac Branham with their families and others, with
both of which parties the lamented Donner party became united,
we felt ourselves sufficiently formidable to be in no fear of molesta-
tion or danger from savages, and it was but natural to feel that the
guardian spirit of that prince of pioneers and backwoods adven-
turer, Daniel Boone, would be with us from the fact of the Gov-
ernor's most estimable wife being his grand-daughter.
The Donner party left us at Fort Bridger, and this error gives to
California the most melancholy chapter in its history.
About the middle of April, 1846, the caravan started on the long
journey to the Pacific shores. Several encounters were had with
the Indians; in an engagement one of the emigrants was killed>
three badly wounded and others slightly. Having lost half of his
team animals, Mr. Grayson exchanged the other for a horse, on
which he placed his wife and child, with necessary accoutrements,
VOL.  II.]
Andrew fackson Gray son.
and completed the last of the way over the mountains by them-
selves. "
After six months constant traveling, the Grayson family reached
the Sierra Nevada. Every step of the journey had been pleasant
to Mr. Grayson, who had often wandered miles from the train on
hunting excursions, observing birds.
That October time in 1846, when they first stood upon the
heights of the Sierra Nevada at a point overlooking the magnifi-
cent Sacramento Valley, has been perpetuated upon canvas by
William S. Jewett (1850). The painting is about 5x6 feet and
cost Mr. Grayson two thousand dollars in addition to the artist's
expenses in visiting the scene.
Immediately upon his arrival in California Mr. Grayson, leaving
his family at Sonoma, volunteered his services in defense of the
State. Every American was needed then, and Grayson, raising a
company of mpunted riflemen, joined the regular forces and re-
mained on duty until peace was restored.
At the beginning of the gold excitement, he went, like almost
every one else, to the " diggings," and was so far successful as to be
considered one of the wealthy men of San Francisco.
Making one more attempt at a mercantile pursuit, he became a
member of the firm of Grayson, Guildo & Lightner, on Sansome
street; disappointment, reverses and fire came and came again, till
he renounced the business and adopted the life of a trapper, which
afforded him opportunities for the study of ornithology.
In January, 1850, Grayson surveyed and laid out the town ot
Grayson (afterwards named for him), on the west bank of the San
Joaquin River, in Stanislaus county.
In 1852 he made a visit East and to his native home on the
Ouachita, but he found everything so gloomy there in that out-of-
the-way place that his greatest desire was to return to California.
Once more in San Francisco (1853), he met an old acquaintance
and accepted an invitation to go to the plains of Tulare County on
a surveying expedition.
While he was absent Mrs. Grayson and some friends visited the
Mercantile Library to examine for the first time the magnificent
work of Audubon, the " Birds of America." Her first thought was
of her husband, and as soon as he returned they went together and
spent nearly an entire day over one copy.    Mr. Grayson was en-
4o
Andrew "Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
chanted. His early love of birds and his first attempts to draw
them came crowding before his memory. Then he bitterly regretted
that he had not been permitted to learn to draw when young, that
he too might create such a work. That eventful day decided his
life and turned it into its proper channel. He at once made up his
mind to accomplish a similar work and call it the '' Birds of the
Pacific Slope," and if necessary devote the balance of his life to the
task. Once his ambition had been crushed by a heartless school-
master, now there was no one to prevent him, and there was one to
whose interest in his plans and encouragement of the first attempts
made possible the achievement which places him to-day second only
with the artist-ornithologists of the country. He caught the spirit
of the study as others except the gifted Audubon, have not done.
He went to work at once to learn to draw from nature and to color.
His friends were surprised at the progress which he made and could
not be convinced that he was but self-taught.
After a short residence in Marin County, he decided that he
would be more happy at San Jose, and accordingly purchased a
piece of land, unimproved, upon which he built his "Bird's Nest
Cottage," as he and his wife named their home. Fruit trees and
vines were planted and in this pleasant home he continued the
practice of drawing.
In 1855 his wife and a lady friend sent, without his knowledge,
some of his paintings to the State Fair at Sacramento, where they
were awarded a special premium, a silver cup, upon which was
inscribed:
"Awarded to A. J. Grayson, Esq., for Superior Drawings of the
Native Birds of California, Exhibited at the Fair, 1855."
Surprised and greatly encouraged he went to work with renewed
zeal, and the following year received first premium for water colors
at the fair in San Jose. However well his drawings pleased the less
critical observers, they were far from reaching his own idea of the
perfection for which he strived.
A short residence was made, in the spring of 1859, m Napa Val-
ley, from whence came most of his notes and drawings of California
birds, and where the famous drawing of mountain quail which has
since been lithographed, life size was made.
Mr. Grayson and wife sailed for Tehuantepec in 1857. It was his
intention to make Tehuantepec the most southern point for his pro-
VOL.  II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
41
posed work upon the birds of western Mexico.    Their son Edward
had been sent East to school the same year.
The voyage to Mexico ended in disaster; the schooner Mary
Taylor was wrecked in the bay of Ventosa and all the books,
drawings, drawing paper and colors were ruined. In a strange land
without money, Grayson gladly accepted a position as surveyor,
which enabled him to replenish his funds.
The loss of the drawing materials was keenly felt, but having be-
come a self-taught taxidermist, he made collections of birds and
kept notes and descriptions for future use.
On again arriving in San Francisco he was compelled by want of
funds to sell his collections to a naturalist. They were taken by
the purchaser to New York and some or all found their way to the
Smithsonian Institution.
Soon after his return he made an exploring trip down the coast
of Mexico in company with his esteemed friend Hutchings, of
Yosemite Valley fame. Several months were spent together trav-
eling in a canoe below San Bias.
The lateness of the season and the inclement climate brought on
an attack of the coast fever, which ended the trip without having
accomplished much in the way of collecting natural history speci-
mens.
The information gained by the canoe voyage decided Gray-
son to settle at Mazatlan with his family and to make that city his
headquarters for future explorations of western Mexico whenever
opportunities afforded or time could be spared from the general
merchandise and commission business in which he engaged.
During the ten years of his residence in Mazatlan he performed
the work by which naturalists shall judge him. In addition to the
vicinity of Mazatlan, he explored the Tres Marias Islands, Socorro
Island and Isabel Islands. Grayson contributed many articles
to newspapers in Mexico and California and to magazines in this
State. Some of his writings appeared with his own name and
many with the nom de plume "Wanderer," others were signed
."Rambler" or " Occidentalus." The majority of the articles were
geographical accounts of the interesting places .and islands visited
with profuse notices of natural history objects. A long letter writ-
ten at Mazatlan in 1865, to the editor of the Mexican Times, called
the attention of the Imperial Government to the wrongs of Amer-
ican settlers from California living upon the west coast of Mexico.
4-'
Andretv yackson Gray son.
[zoe
Correspondence was carried on with Mr. John Xantus while the
latter was stationed at Cape St. Lucas by the U. S. Coast Survey,
and the account of Xantus's accumulations interested and stim-
ulated Grayson to keep on with his collecting-. In one letter
Xantus writes: "I collected 39 species of mammals, 188 of birds
[nearly 3,000 specimens, elsewhere stated], 51 reptiles, 73 saurians,
927 fishes, 4,088 Crustacea and about 14,000 species of insects.
Besides, about 4 tons of minerals and near 2 tons of dried plants [!].
The shells amount to about 23,000." An offer of an exchange of
birds' skins was made by Xantus and accepted by Grayson, but
probably never carried out.
His principal correspondence was with Prof. [Spencer F. Baird,
then assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and from
whom he received great encouragement as well as suggestions and
kindly criticism.
One of these letters may be introduced here, giving as it does a
clearer insight of the life and sentiment of this self-taught orni-
thologist.
The letter was written during the time of the French invasion of
Mexico, and just previous to the overthrow of the Imperial Govern-
ment, when Maximilian was betrayed, captured and shot while the
civilized world stood aghast and shivering at the spectacle.
Mazatlan, July nth, 1866.
My Dear Prof. Baird—Once more I have returned to this part of Mexico,
where I have spent so many venturous years interesting tome in my "labor of
love," sometimes at the mercy of the waves in a mere canoe, at other times float-
ing in the quiet estero amid the surroundings of thick and tangled mangroves or
climbing the mountains of overgrown brambles and forests of high tropical vegeta-
tion, infested by ticks and other insects, but this was pleasure. But how changed
this place since my absence of eight months; we had trouble enough on our long
and tedious road to and from the City of Mexico, but on reaching our old home
in this place we are still amid trouble and annoyances, if' not really in danger,
caused by the trouble existing between the two opposing parties, which has so
completely unsettled the country as to prohibit any traveling in -the interior. I am
not permitted to have a gun of any kind, nor to go outside the city limits; and at
this season of the year, too, when I so much desire to do so in order to procure
the eggs of some birds and the birds also. These are the difficulties, among many
others, which a poor field-naturalist or collector, like myself, has to contend with
in an unsettled, savage country like this, where every tree has its thorns, every
insect its sting, and every Mexican his sharp-pointed knife to assassinate or rob you
upon the highway in open day, or stealthily in the night; besides this, there is the
pecuniary expense to contend with, which is this country is an absolute necessity.
IN
VOL.  II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
43
And what is worse'still, since the French have occupied the country business has
been destroyed. Indeed, since my return I have had the blues most terribly—a
malady I am not often afflicted with, because I could always find "a pleasure in
the pathless woods." But I will no longer trouble you with my sorryful complain-
ings. There is some consolation, however, in writing to an old friend like yourself
(for I feel towards you as though we.had known each other from childhood). But
to business. On my arrival I found your welcome and interesting letter of Nov.
15th, the first and only one received from you since my departure from Tepic for
Mexico. It was highly satisfactory and gave me much pleasure to know of the safe
arrival of the small collection of Socorro and Tres Marias birds, which I feared
were lost. How I should liked to have visited these islands again this season, pre-
pared to make a thorough investigation of them before I quit them; but this trip to
Mexico has completely used me up pecuniarily, having been cleaned out most
effectually by the miserable ladrones, both going and coming. But amid all these
troubles I managed to save my portfolio of drawings unharmed, and this, much to
my wonder, when we consider the ignorance of these barbarous and uncivilized
thieves, who either take or destroy everything in their power, whether of any! value
to them or not. It seems as though a Divine Providence protected my portfolio
and also my book of notes, which I left in Guadalajara, reluctantly, because the
trunk in which it was, was too heavy to go in the coach; the loss of this, you
know, would have been irreparable. My gun, however, my old and tried friend
that has been my constant companion for years, was forced from me by the over-
powering, half-naked, armed savages. I being the only one who had a gun in the
diligence, resistance was impossible; my gun was caught by the coachman as I
raised to fire. This was done just outside the city gates of Guadalajara, half an
hour before daylight; the first occurrence of the kind that has happened to me in
all my travels in Mexico. A similar fate awaited us on our return from the Cap-
ital, but as I had taken the precaution against loss, we were not so badly damaged.
In returning from Mexico I was not idle on the way in my ornithological pursuits.
I remained some days at an old friend's ranche near Guadalajara, who having good
guns, dogs, and plenty of ammunition, rendered me all the assistance I could
desire in making collections in that locality (ten leagues from Guadalajara). Some
of the collections made there you will, I think, find interesting; you will see my
notes upon the list. I also stopped again in Tepic; you will please notice the list
also from that locality, and the list from this locality, as well as the one from the
valley of Mexico, marked and numbered, agreeing with the labeled birds accompa-
nying them.
Please send me a list with the numbers agreeing with mine, so that I may know
with a certainty the name of each species sent as classified by you, with the Latin
name in a clear hand. I was gladdened on the arrival of the steamer yesterday
from California (all my dark feelings on me) with the welcome arrival through
Wells, Fargo & Co's Express of a large package of books, among which was the
much-wished for ix vol. (Birds), and also part of your "Review of American
Birds," commencing with page 321, ending 368 on Vireonidse, and very interesting,
but you scarcely mention the vireo from the Tres Marias (hvpochrysens) only in
synopsis. To have mentioned this bird as coming from the Marias Islands, and as
you say, "largest and most deeply colored of all the species," would make it the
44
Andrew yackson Gray son.
[zoe
more interesting, in as much as it is found upon these islands, where I know it. to
be a constant resident (see page 353, review of Am. Birds, and Nos. 83, 84, 85 and
86 in my catalogue transmitted to you of Tres Marias birds). These things are of
much importance to me, as I expect to make reference to your valuable and inter-
esting correspondence (by your permission). The review of "American Birds " will,
I consider, be invaluable to all ornithologists, whether professional or amateurs,
comprising, as it will, such a vast number of species showing the geographical dis-
tribution, and of a truly reliable nature. I shall be engaged, during this rainy
season which is now upon us, in drawing and writing up my notes, &c, &c.
The Academy of Sciences in Mexico have acted in good faith'so far with me in
their contract to aid me in my collections and the completion of my work, but the
amount is so small without having anything else to depend on at present, makes me
feel rather pressed, or compressed, if you like. I have read and re-read- your letter
of 15th Nov., and I am of the opinion that I often pass or let pass birds which I
think I know to be such, that by procuring them would prove to be entirely differ-
ent.    I shall change my tactics, however, in regard to this matter.
You can not regret more than I my inability to make Socorro another visit this
season, or rather to have made, for now it is too late to go. Jan., Feb., March or
April are the best months to go to Socorro. I am sure there are many birds, as
well as mammals, reptiles, &c, that remain, yet to be brought to light inhabiting
this remote and but little known island. I must, however, bide my time and hope
at some future day to make a stay of at least two months. I am not yet done with
the Tres Marias. I am anxious to know what names you will give the Socorro
birds. How sorry I am that I could not procure more and better specimens. I
have trained a young Mexican boy to assist me in my collections, as well as pre-
paring them; he has been constantly with me for two years, and is very fond of
the occupation; he is the only valuable article I did not lose when rcbbed on the
road to Mexico (except portfolio); he is a keen observer in natural history and of
good service to me.
It does seem to me that when my spirits become the darkest, something comes
in like a bird, with good tidings, whose melodious notes have often, as I wandered
alone in the wilderness, cheered my lonely spirits and gave me hope, and excited
in my heart and soul a greater love for our God, whose works shine forth every-
where in all things so beautiful and mysterious. As we were sitting gloomily at
our lonely table to breakfast this morning, when lo! the polite and ever agreeable
gentlemanly agent for the steamers in this place (Mr. Wyinan) made his appear-
ance, bringing me two more letters from you, besides package of books, among
which another copy of vol. ix, also mammals of North America, land and fresh
water shells, &c, &c, for which please accept my thanks. I begin to think my
old friends have not deserted me, and seeing these welcome visitors, these prizes
from the Smithsonian Inst., I feel once more like old times, and can now work
with better heart; and my dear wife, who ever cheers me in my saddest hours, also
felt the agreeable and welcome surprise. These letters are dated Jan. 24th, 1866,
No. 9,736, and May the 20th, '66, No. 10,692. These letters and package came
through the care of Mr. Hubbard, S. F., but the arsenic you mention did not come.
I need very much the alcohol and cans, and also No. 11 shot, which cannot be
obtained in San Francisco.
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
45
I shall endeavor to procure for you alcoholic specimens of the Hilgaro (Mya-
destes obscums). Have you ever received specimens of this bird from eastern Mexico?
I saw two other varieties while in the City of Mexico (in cages), one of which is
called Clarinde by the natives. Its notes are very melodious, and its colors much
darker than the variety found on this side—more of a lead color. The other one I
saw there also differs in color, the under parts, under tail coverts yellowish, tail
longer than either of the two mentioned. I could not procure one for less than
$12 to $20, cage birds.
I shall hope for your co-operation in my work. Any advice or information you
may find it convenient to give me will be highly appreciated, and I at the same
time will continue my contributions.
I will now proceed with the list of birds I send you with this. Mrs. Grayson
sends her highest regards, with many thanks for the letter you wrote her.
Yours truly,                                                 A. J. Grayson.
The allusion to the contract with the Academy of Sciences may-
be explained as follows:
Mr. Grayson had previously visited the City of Mexico and been
presented to the Emperor Maximilian and the Empress Carlota,
both of whom took a deep interest in the water-colored drawings of
the "Birds of Western Mexico," and retained his portfolio one
week for examination. Through the intercession of Maximilian
the accompanying contract (translated) was made with the Imperial
Academy of Sciences and Literature. It was through this society,
only, which was not in any way connected with the political govern-
ment, that Grayson was assisted at all, in a financial way, to carry
on his great undertaking.
Mr. Grayson had become a member of the Geographical Society .
in the City of Mexico.
With the downfall of the Imperial government ended Grayson's
contract. The new government would assume none of the obliga-
tions nor indebtedness of the old one, and the plates, yet unpub-
lished, remained in his possession.
Mr. A. J. Geayson,
And the, Imperial Academy of Sciences and Literature.
Record No. 28.—Mr. Rio de la Loza read a second time the opinion presented
by the Mathematical Physical Class respecting the application of Mr. Grayson that
the Academy should assist him to publish a work which he is writing upon Mex-
ican ornithology, and the suggestions of which are as follows:
"The undersigned, appointed a committee to suggest in the business committed
to them, have the honor to propose the following:
"The Physical Mathematical Class have examined attentively the collection
presented to the Academy by Mr. Grayson, and assembled in session on the 24th
46
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
of March, have held a long conference with the said gentleman; seen the greater
part of his work, and determined the essential points of the dispositions contained
in the second number of fraction C, base 4 of the law of the 10th of April; fraction
A of the 16th, and the other provisions of the regulation. In view of all, and of
the great utility which would result from publishing the work, we advise the
Academy, without hesitation to admit the propositions of Mr. Grayson, arranging
the details and conditions upon the basis of the understanding had in the confer-
ence with him, and which is substantially expressed in the following terms:
" 1st.—Mr. Grayson agrees to furnish within 2 or 3 years a work which shall
[be] national, and will contain colored steel engravings of all the different varieties
and species of birds in this country, with their peculiarities, North, South, East and
West, and throughout the Empire.
"2d.—The work will be composed of 4 volumes, and will contain about 100
steel engravings—each carefully drawn from nature, collocating the birds in their
natural position[s] in harmon)' with their habits, while each drawing will contain
also the different kinds of plants and flowers situated near the localities frequented
by these birds. All the impressions will have 3 or 4 figures representing the birds
in their peculiar and most graceful positions. The index will indicate each engrav-
ing in the book, which will be published in three languages—Spanish, English and
French.
"3d.—The work will be issued at intervals, commencing with the material
already prepared and to be delivered in a short time by Mr. Grayson. In order
that it may be finally correct, the Academy will appoint intelligent persons charged
with its supervision.
"4th.—The first edition will be 1,000 copies, the drawings remaining in pos-
session of the Academy, making in advance such costs as it may desire.
" 5th.—In order to complete a work of this magnitude by the time of its final
publication, the Academy will give the author 200 dollars per month, in order
that all expenses may be met in forming additional collections in different parts of
the country, with the understanding that he has explored some points in the East
and South of Mexico from Tehuantepec to Sonora', and visited at his own cost the
Islands of Tres Marias, -Socorro and others, with the object of finding new speci-
mens, and making further additions to the ornithological fauna of Mexico.
"6th.—The Academy will be the chief organ of the enterprise, directing it, with
the assistance of Mr. Grayson until completed.
" 7th.—The Academy will cover the expenses which maybe occurred with the
proceeds of the sale of the work, the price of which will be hereafter fixed. If
these expenses are more than met, one half of the excess will be given the author.
"8th.—As soon as Mr. Grayson shall deliver to the Academy his collection of
birds, he will receive 400 dollars besides the monthly pay above referred to.
"9th.—The author declares his work the exclusive property of the Academy and
not to be published in foreign countries.
" 10th.—In the event of Mr.. Grayson's death, all will remain the property of
the Academy.
Inasmuch as Mr. Grayson is highly recommended by Mr. Maury, and has exhib-
ited the greatest  disinterestedness and most  gentlemanly generosity,   it  is  not
VOL.  II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
47
deemed necessary to exact terms or security from him.    In virtue of this the Class,
in the discharge of its duty, presents the following proposition:
"The proposition of Mr. Andreas Grayson is admitted, conformably to the tenor
of these suggestions.
"L. Rio de la Loza."
" Mexico, Feb. 26th, 1866.
"Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10 are approved without alteration. To the 5th
article the following addition is made: The author will deliver to the Class every
three months his drawings and writings—if this time is not sufficient, a time more
convenient will be determined.
"Article 6th is amended thus: The Academy receives the work, admits the pro-
priety, and commits its direction to the Physical Mathematical Class to complete
the same with the co-operation of Mr. Grayson.
'' Article 7th remains in this form: The Academy will fix the price of the work,
will pay all expenses, and should it result in profit, will divide such profit with
Mr. Grayson.
"With the above amendments it is decided that this opinion pass to the Minister
of Public Instruction, in order that he arrange with Minister of Hacienda to open
the respective credit to the Academy.
" Francisco Pimentel,
" Secretary of the Interior.
" Mexico, March 21st, 1866."
By the unfortunate termination of his contract with the Academy
of Sciences he was once more left without means to carry on his
work. The Boston Society of Natural History and the Smith-
sonian Institution have been considered as having- assisted him in the
exploration of the Sierra Madre Mountains. " Neither of the above
Institutions" says Mrs. Grayson-Crane, "aided Mr. Grayson in
any manner. Just previous to his death, the Smithsonian Institu-
tion sent him two hundred dollars, requesting- him to explore the
Sierra Madre Mountains, which amount I, (by my husband's re-
quest) returned and I have Prof.   Henry's receipt for the same."
The exploring trips which Grayson made, at his own ex-
pense, to the Tres Marias Island and to Socorro Island have been
fully treated of in his accounts edited by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence *
with which is given annotated lists of the birds. It was a memor-
able expedition to Socorro. The little vessel was wrecked, and
they subsequently rescued by a passing vessel which landed them
* On the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Islands of tbe Tres
Marias and rof Socorro, off the Western Coast of Mexico. By Col. Andrew J.
Grayson. Edited by Geo. N. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1871,
261-303.
43
Andrew yackson Gray son.
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on the Tres Marias from whence they made their way to San Bias.
At this place Mr. Grayson's only child, Edward, was drowned, at
the age of twenty-two. The solitary dove (Zenaidura graysoni
Baird) was named for that son.
Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence has also published an account of the birds
of western Mexico,* principally from the vicinity of Mazatlan that
were collected by Mr. Grayson.
His last expedition was to the Isabel Islands, a group of rocks
swarming with water birds.
As the guest of the U. S. S. Mohongo he left Mazatlan, April 20,
1869, and at the islands was taken sick with the coast' fever. His
illness lasted three months and a half, during which time he arranged
his affairs as though having a premonition that it was his last illness
and his work was done. At Mazatlan, in the night of August
17, 1869, went out the light of that heroic life, which, unaided and
untaught, by indomitable perseverance has placed the name of the
lamented Grayson in the galaxy with Wilson, Audubon and Gould.
During his last moments his mind wandered, perhaps to scenes
of the past, or lingered over some exquisite piece which he had
just completed, for his last words to his wife, were: "What a beauti-
ful picture!'' He was buried at Mazatlan and his body afterwards
brought to San Francisco, for interment, by the Society of Califor-
nia Pioneers.
His age lacked but three days of half a century, not one third of
which had he been able to devote to art and science, yet he has left
two large sized portfolios containing one hundred and fifty-four
water-colored plates of the birds of the Pacific Coast. Most of the
plates represent two or more specimens in various attitudes, some-
times with their nests, delineated and colored with extraordinary
faithfulness and care. Prof. Baird has sent to Mrs. Grayson-Crane
the following testimonial of the high character of the work:
" As far as my own opinion of the work is concerned, I have no
hesitation in saying that I consider the memoir, next to the work of
Mr. Audubon, the most important contribution yet made to Ameri-
can Ornithology, in the form of good illustrations and interesting
*The Birds of Western and Northwestern Mexico, based upon Collections made
by Col. A. J. Grayson, Capt. J. Xantus and Ferd. Bischoff, now in the Museum
of the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, D. C. By Geo. N. Lawrence.
Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1871-1878, 265-319.

VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
49
biographies. The plates are drawn with exceeding care, and repre-
sent the minutest features of the species; while, as it regards the
fidelity of coloring, I do not believe they have ever been excelled.
I much hope that matters may ultimately be arranged to secure the
publication of the work, as I want to see it appear, knowing it will
be a worthy companion to the publications of Audubon, Gould and
others."
A few of the original drawings were reproduced by wood cuts in
Huichings California Magazine and by colored lithographs (which
by no means do justice to the originals) in the Hesperian.
The two original volumes of water-colored plates were presented
to the University of California in 1879 by Mrs. Grayson-Crane, sub-
ject to no other conditions than her right to hereafter publish the
same and subtitute a printed copy for the original. A selection of
the plates was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition at Philadel-
phia in 1876.
The appended biographical sketches of birds appeared to be un-
published and are here presented for the sake of the information
which is accurate and illustrates the close and careful attention which
Mr. Grayson gave to the study of the habits of birds.
Anhinga or "Snake Bird." Anhinga anhinga (Linn.) This
remarkable species is usually met with along the shores of inland
lakes, lagoons, bayous and rivers in the warmer latitudes, and never
on the sea-shore. Scarcely visiting the salt water esteros, it is
strictly a fresh water bird. Wherever there are streams or lagoons
abounding in small fish, there it will be found the most abundant.
Of all the divers or birds that pursue their prey by swimming be-
low the surface, this one most excels. Its form is admirably
adapted to rapid swimming and diving, and it can remain longer
under water than any other of the feathered divers.
It is sometimes gregarious, particularly in the breeding season,
but may be as often met with solitary as in flocks. When fishing
it often comes to the surface, either to breathe or devour what it
has captured, and when swimming on the surface its body is scarcely
perceptible and frequently entirely concealed, whilst its head and
neck only are above the water. After it has satiated its hunger it
mounts some old log or dry branch overhanging the water and
there spreads its wings to the sun in order to dry the plumage. If
it should be molested at that time by an enemy, it does not attempt
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
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to escape by flight, for it is then too heavy, but falls headlong into
the water and instantly disappears as though a stone had fallen into
its depths. It rises with great difficulty from the water when it does
make the attempt. The plumage of its pinions as well as the tail
are naturally heavy and ridged, and the body itself is very solid
and weighty for its size, which would at first lead one to suppose it
incapable of extended flight, but this is not the case, for its wings
are long and ample and its flight vigorous and well sustained.
After it has dried its plumage in the sun, it is then that it displays
its powers on the wing. Its flight is exceedingly rapid and really
graceful and at times long protracted—ascending to a great height
in circles, frequently in company with the common black vulture,
or the wood ibis, and like them sailing in wide circles, seldom mov-
ing its wings, at the same time constantly rising in the air until al-
most lost to vision. After it has enjoyed for a time the cooler air
above, it folds its wings near its body and darts like a meteor back
to its favorite lake or stream, there to exercise its superior powers
in a different element.
Doubtless some of my readers when looking at the picture in
which the bird is figured will be reminded of some such scene he
has witnessed if he has ever traveled along the thickly wooded
banks of the silent streams or lagoons within the regions of the
tropics. And the bird, too, he will remember, as it sat perched upon
some dry branch overhanging the water, with wings partly spread
to the sun whilst its long snake-like neck presented the many ex-
centric and graceful curves peculiar to the species ; its hoarse
croaking voice, too, as he neared its resting place—all of which may
recall to his memory the dismal swamps and quiet streams through
which he has passed. Such scenes are familiar to me from myt boy-
hood to the present time. The same which I have often in my
younger days witnessed in the cypress swamps of- Louisiana are
only replaced in western Mexico by swamps of the mangrove and
other tropical trees. Such places are the favorite haunts of the
" snake-bird."
The nest is usually placed in very tall trees overhanging the water
and is composed of sticks and water plants. In the month of May,
1866, I found them building in some large cedar trees over a small
sluggish stream that runs through the valley of Tepic. They were
quite numerous about this little river which abounded in several
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
species of small fish among which is the small, yellow catfish. It
is, however, quite as common on the Mazatlan River and adjacent
lagoons.
Inca Dove. Scardafella inca (Less.)—This lovely little species
is like a miniature of the common turtle dove and in the warmer re-
gions of Mexico, it is equally common, but at the same time
much more domestic and familiar in its habits. It is more usually
found near the habitations of man, frequenting the house lots, gar-
dens, and even the streets of large cities in which its innocent
and harmless qualities guarantee its safety from the rudeness of
man. It is regarded by the Mexicans with feelings of tenderness,
and their mildest expressions of love are referable to this little
dove—as mi palomita, my little dove. They exhibit the most ar-
dent attachment for their mates and may be often seen caressing
each other in a loving manner. But with all their innocent looks,
they are possessed of violent paroxysms of jealousy, and a pugnacity
equaling the game-cock. I have often seen the males fighting to-
gether until they became completely exhausted and unable to fly.
When engaged in combat they strike with their wings, which are
used with considerable force. Thus these most innocent appearing
of all animated beings have their faults also, but as they are not
armed with spurs or spines of any kind (like some tame combative
birds), their bills being weak and their claws delicate, they are
unable to inflict any wounds.
Unlike the turtle dove, they never associate in flocks, but continue
in pairs throughout the entire year. They are sure to attract atten-
tion by their loving and innocent appearance, as the two seem to be
inseparable.
Its voice is plaintive and sad, and my wife never hears it but that,
as she says, it reminds her of Tehuantepec and the memorable event
of our first setting foot upon Mexican soil, at the port of Ventosa
where we suffered a disastrous shipwreck. The notes of this
little dove were the first and most common we heard from the
strange and interesting land upon which destiny had cast us. Time
can not eradicate from our memories the scenes through which we
passed in that remarkable region, which were only freshened, and
often recalled to our thoughts after a lapse of ten years, by the
sweetly sad notes of this dove.
It is exceedingly docile, allowing itself to be approached to within
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe.
a few feet, without showing any signs of fear, as if it knew that its-
very innocence was a shield of protection.
They breed three or four times in the year, and I have found
them nesting in the winter months as well as in the spring and sum-
mer. The nest which is formed very loosely of small twigs and
bits of dry grass, is usually placed very low, sometimes in the
branches of a small bush or on the broad leaves of the Opuntia,.
and not unfrequently they construct a nest under the sheds of
the houses, if a suitable beam is found. The eggs are two in num-
ber and pure white. The male assists in incubation and feeding
the young.
California Vulture. Psendogryphus californianus (Shaw).—
Is the largest rapacious bird of North America and * * * *
it is better known in California than elsewhere, where, previous to
the civilization of that country, it was very abundant, approaching
in large flocks the near vicinity of the Missions, where it con-
tended with the coyote for the offal and carcasses of cattle slaugh-
tered for their hides and tallow. In the early days of California
history it was more frequently met with than now, being of a cau-
tious and shy disposition the rapid settlement of the country has
partially driven it off to more secluded localities. I remember the
time when this vulture was much disliked by the hunter for its
ravages upon any large game he may have killed and left exposed
for only a short length of time. So powerful is its sight that
it will discover a dead deer from an incredible distance while
soaring in the air. A case of this kind happened with myself whilst
living in the mountains of Marin County, California, in the year
1847. At that time my main dependence for meat wherewith to-
feed my little family was my rifle. The hills and mountains there
abounded in deer and other game and it was not difficut to kill a
deer any day, but to kill a fat one could only be done by accident
or the acuteness of a skillful hunter in making such a selection. A
four-point buck in the month of July could always be depended
upon as savory venison with ribs and haunch covered with tallow.
One fine morning I had shot a large and exceedingly fat buck of
four points, on the hills above my little cabin. Taking a survey of
the sky in every direction I could not discover a single vulture, and,
as my cabin was but a short distance from the spot, I concluded
not to cover my game as I could return with my horse to pack it
VOL.  II.]
Andrew yackson Gray son.
53
home before the vultures would be likely to trouble it. But for this
lack of caution I was doomed, as in many other events in my life,
to disappointment. I was gone about two hours, when, on return-
ing", I found my game surrounded and covered by a flock of at
least a dozen vultures, and others still coming-. Some so far up in
the heavens as to appear like a small black speck upon the clear
blue sky. So busy were they, tearing and devouring the deer and
fighting among themselves that I approached quite near before they
saw me, when all arose, some flying a short distance and perching
upon the rocks and sides of the hill, while others less gorged were
sailing around taking a bird's-eye view of the half consumed deer
and my chagrin. Their greed in feeding upon a carcass and their
aerial movements remind me of the black vulture (C. atratzis), and
like that bird they have often been known to gorge themselves so
as to be unable to fly.
The California vulture seems to be entirely restricted to the re-
gions west of the Rocky Mountains and its geographical range does
not extend as far south as Cape St. Lucas, nor north to Washington
Territory. Its flight when ascending is a quick movement of
the wings and alternate sailing in circles till out of sight. It soars
to an immense height and is endowed with such a far-seeing eye
that it is able to discover over a great expanse of territory any
dead animal which may happen to be exposed to view. * * * *
The home of this vulture is amid the clouds and in the wildest
mountain regions it seeks for a retreat and to repose, usually pre-
fering to perch upon rocks than upon trees.
King Vulture. Sarcoramphus papa (Linn.)—I found it quite
common on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, more to the Atlantic side,
however, than the Pacific, and have not seen it except in confine-
ment in any of my wanderings in western Mexico. From the best
information I could obtain it seems to prefer the wild mountainous
regions to that 6f the near vicinity of civilization,"and its habits are
not unlike those of other species of this family except that it is a
little more particular in the selection of its food. It is rather slug-
gish and flies heavily. * * * * In crossing the Isthmus in
1857 and near the Magonia River, we frightened up five or six of
these vultures which were feeding upon a dead horse, one of
them which perched upon a neighboring tree was shot and proved
to be a fine specimen, but for want of conveniences we were un-
54
Andrew yackson Gray son.
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able to save it. There were no other species of vulture near this
dead animal. I am of the opinion that it seldom makes its appear-
ance on the western coast of Mexico.
Cooper's Hawk. Accipiter cooperi (Bp.)—I shot a specimen of
this hawk at a ranch near Rio Mazatlan. It had just made an un-
successful raid upon the poultry yard and created great consterna-
tion among the hens with their broods of small chickens. It con-
tinued on, flying very near the ground for about a hundred yards
and perched upon a low stump. Like the sharp-shinned hawk and
one or two others of closely allied species it has the habit of flying
very swiftly near the ground when hunting for its prey, as if to
come upon it suddenly without being seen, at times rising and
falling in an undulating manner, resembling the flight of the yellow-
hammer woodpecker. When thus upon its tour of rapine the birds
lie close under cover, well knowing the brave and desperate spirit
of this keen little hawk. At last he surprises a flock of quail, his
favorite game, onward he dashes among them,' the affrightened
birds are so confused and panic stricken as scarcely to know which
course to flee, they scramble in every direction, but the reckless
hunter in an instant has selected one and furiously dashes headlong
amidst the brambles and grass in which the unfortunate game en-
deavors to make its escape. But too late, crying and plaintive
notes of the poor quail are heard, he has seized it in his powerful
and sharp claws and immediately bears it off, flying near the ground
until he finds some secluded spot beneath a canopy of bushes and
vines where either upon a prostrate log or on the ground he devours
his prey at leisure. Not a few of similar incidents have I witnessed
with this hawk, or its near allies.
. I have found this hawk not uncommon in the locality of Mazat-
lan during the winter months; it is most usually met with about old
fields where there are brambles which the kind of prey, it seeks
inhabit. Field mice and other species of small rodents form a part
of its subsistence as well as birds. Of all the hawks it is perhaps
the greatest chicken thief, and is a terror to the old hens and chick-
ens of the farmyard. Once it commences upon a brood it will
return daily until many are captured. It usually perches beneath
the thick foliage of a tree, or in some obscure place near the ground,
where from its place of concealment it slyly watches its opportunity
to pounce upon its prey.     *    *   *   *   *    I am  unable to state
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
55
whether this hawk breeds in western Mexico or not, not having the
good fortune to encounter its nest. It is quite probable, however,
that it breeds in California and Oregon, where young-plumaged
birds have been obtained.    *   *   *   *
Tres Marias Yellow-headed Parrot. Chrysotis levaillanti
Gray.—In the wild and densely wooded islands of the Tres Marias,
hitherto but little known and uninhabited, I found this large and
handsome parrot in considerable numbers. Its appearance there
and not upon the adjacent coast seemed to me very remarkable,
as it possesses sufficient powers of flight to pass back and forth it
it so desired, and the same kind of food upon which it subsists could
be found in equal abundance, yet it never visits the mainland volun-
tarily. It is without doubt peculiar to these islands, where nature
had produced and destined it a local habitation. Therefore its geo-
graphical range is more limited than that of any parrot found upon
the mainland. Doubtless they are more contented in their quiet
island home, than the roving species that are ever restless. Know-
ing no other country but their little flowery forest world, with the
native songsters for their friends and acquaintances, they led a
happy and obscure life of contentment and safety, until man the
destroyer made his appearance among them.
It is only within very recent years that one of the islands has
become partially inhabited by the cutters of cedro, and as recently as
1865, when I visited these islands for the first time, I found these
birds so tame and unsuspecting at the approach of a human being,
as to be easily taken, simply by putting a running noose of twine
upon the end of a slender pole and slipping it gently over the head,
while they were busy feeding among the low branches or quietly
sitting upon the limb of a tree.
Many of these parrots are captured by the wood cutters and sold
to the vessels touching there for a cargo of timber. They are also
carried to Tepic1, San Bias, Mazatlan and other points on the coast
and sold for from one to five dollars. Upon a subsequent visit to
these islands in 1867, on my return from Socorro Island, I found
that their numbers had diminished considerably, and they had
become so shy as to be difficult of approach^ They had learned
the arts and tricks of man, and kept him at a respectable distance.
When captured after they are fully grown, they never learn to
talk and seem very unhappy and unfriendly in confinement, keep-
r
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
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ing up a constant squalling of harsh and discordant jargon, which
is very disagreeable. But if they are taken from the nest before
they are fledged, they may be taught to utter some words very dis-
tinctly.
I saw nests of this parrot, all in the hollows of large trees, one
only of which I was able to reach. This one was in a large smooth
bark tree, known here as " palo prieto." The entrance was much
larger than the bird required; it was where a limb had broken off
close to the trunk, about sixty feet from the ground, inside of it
there was a very large hollow, about as deep as I could reach
with my arm. The eggs (two in number) lay upon the bare rotten
wood which had been a little scooped out, forming a slight indenta-
tion. The eggs are a clear white, and a good deal larger than a
tame pigeon's and of an elliptical form. They were so far advanced
in incubation, that I was unable to preserve them. When
I discovered this nest, which was in a very secluded and shady spot
among large trees, the male was sitting alone on the branch of an ad-
jacent tree, apparently keeping watch while the female was sitting.
Being a fine looking specimen I shot him. I continued my ramble
through the woods and in about an hour returned to the spot. I
sat down beneath the shade of the tree containing the nest, to con-
sider the chances of getting up to it. Suddenly the female
made her appearance in the door of her domicile; after looking
around she at length gave a long, low whistle, as if calling her
mate, but there came no answer; in a few moments she gave another
a little louder, still she only heard the echo of her own voice in the
silent woods. She finally gave a loud and angry scream, yet there
came no response. After waiting for a few moments in doubtful
suspense, muttering something to herself, which seemed plainly to
say, "Why doesn't he come?" with apparent disappointment she
returned into her nest.
The following day I returned with assistance to climb the tree.,
but before we made any attempt to do so, she came to her door, and
went through the same performance of calling for her mate as on the
day previous. There was something touching in the peculiarly sad-
dened tones of her voice oh this occasion, which was very different
from the harsh and angry scream of the day before when she first
missed her spouse. Before I reached the nest she flew off a little
distance and perched upon a branch from which she watched us in
silence desecrating her sacred abode.
VOL.  II.]
Andrew yackson Gray son.
57
These parrots are always found in pairs and many pairs congre-
gate together forming large flocks. During the breeding season,
the pairs divide off and do not mingle together until the young are
abie to fly. Their breeding season is in March and April, and both
birds assist in incubation.
In the evenings they may be seen in flocks or pairs flying at a
great height, going to the mountainous portion of the island to
roost. Their flight appears easy, and in a straight line without un-
dulations and is performed by the constant and moderate move-
ment of the wings.
They feed principally upon the kernels of various kinds of hard
seeds and particularly upon a large bean of a species of acacia
which is in great abundance, they are also very fond of the seeds of
the morning glory (Convolv?ihts) which grows here very rank,
ascending and spreading over trees of considerable height.
Like all the species of the Psittacidtz this parrot feeds its young
by ejecting into their-mouths the well masticated food from its
own stomach and I have seen the grown ones receive food from
their mates in a similar manner, when caressing each other upon
the limb of a tree. After their morning's repast they repair to the
most secluded and shady retreats, where they spend most of the
day, keeping up at times their loud squalling notes and alternately
dozing. When the shades of evening begin to appear they again
assemble in flocks, flying about in different directions in search of
food. At a later hour they ascend to a considerable height and
seek their resting place.
Figure in plate (male) nearly nat. size.
Remarks.—Specimens of this species sent to Prof. Baird of
Smithsonian Inst. for identification. In a letter to me he states
that he thinks it a new and undescribed species. In this remote
region, with but few books for reference, it would be difficult to
identify species'without such valuable assistance from one of the
best and most comprehensive ornithologists of America, with whom
I have long had an agreeable and interesting correspondence.
Road Runner. Geococcyxmexicanus (Less.)—This remarkable
bird—which the Mexicans call "Churea," or " Correo del Camino"
(Road Runner), so called from the habit it has of sometimes run-
ning along a path or road—seldom fails to attract the attention of
the traveler by its  solitary and peculiar habits, often, too, in the
Andrew yackson Gray son.
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mountainous regions and desert countries, where no other living
creature is to be seen. Although met with in such localities, it is,
however, not entirely confined to them, as it is an inhabitant of
some portions of the thinly wooded parts of the iierra caliente of the
west, where the trees are scrubby and the country open, as also of the
barren and rocky great central plains of Mexico. It seems to prefer
a hilly country but scantily supplied with vegetation, where the
various species of cacti form impenetrable thorny thickets, and the
Agave americana rears its lofty stem amid its clustering sharp-
pointed leaves, where the Ucas tree with its thousands of dagger-
pointed leaves thrive best, with here and there a scrubby thorny
bush, precipitous and deep gorges of basaltic rock, and the far-
stretching horizon wild with strangely-formed mountains. Here
the road-runner wanders in solitude, subsisting upon grasshoppers,
mice, lizards, etc. It has no song to awaken the eternal silence
that surrounds it, but silently and lonely pursues its avocation
undisturbed in these desolate localities.
The road-runner is seldom seen perched in a tree, although it not
only roosts, but builds its nest in a low and thickly-branched
Mimosa, and passes some portion of the day amid its branches,
amongst which it jumps with as much facility and activity (for
which its feet seem to have been intended) as it does upon the
ground. Thus it would appear to be partly arboreal as well as
terrestrial. It is most usually met with upon the ground, and as
soon as it discovers the presence of danger or the intruder, instantly
runs off with remarkable fieetness to the nearest thicket or hill,
where it generally escapes from its pursuers, either by concealment
or a short flight from one hill to another. If a tree with low branches
be convenient it will spring into that, and, soon reaching the top,
will fly off to a distance of an hundred yards or more. It appears
to rise from the level ground with much difficulty, owing to its feeble
anatomical structure, or apparatus for flight, the sternum measur-
ing but little more than an inch, and the muscles of the wing
being small and weak, the wings also being very short. Its mus-
cular powers are mainly embodied in its stout tibia and tarsus,
which give it the power to run with great swiftness. It is very
quick in its motions, active and vigilant; indeed, its fleetness ena-
bles it to elude its pursuers although one may be mounted on a
good horse, or a dog maybe in the train; but this is only for a
li^L
VOL. II.]
Andrew yackson Gray son.
59
short distance, as it could soon be run down by the horse or dog
were not some convenient thicket or hill near, from which to take
its flight or conceal itself among the branches.
At first sight one would suppose the road-runner, from its ter-
restrial habits, to belong to the pheasant or to the gallinaceous
.species, but when examined more closely it resembles them in no
particular.
The most remarkable feature about it, for a bird that passes most
of its life upon the ground, is the form of its feet, the arrangement
of the toes being zygodactyle or in pairs, two of them anterior
and two posterior, which places it with the cuckoos, birds that are
strictly arboreal; thus in this genus we see an arrangement of the
toes, as strange as it is contrary to that of all ambulatory birds.
I have met with the road-runner frequently in my travels in vari-
ous parts of Mexico and California, but have seldorn seen it in com-
pany with other birds, either of its own or other kinds. I have
sometimes seen them in pairs, and on one occasion, in Tehauntepec,
I observed three or four together; these were among some tall
weeds, and were uttering a few low, hoarse notes, but as soon as I
was discovered, they immediately struck off in different directions
and were soon lost to my sight. It is exceedingly shy and solitary
in its habits, inhabiting the wildest and most unfrequented places.
When I resided in San Jose, California, I had in my possession
one of these birds which I kept in an exclosure of wire about ten
feet square. It soon became quite tame, taking its food from my
hand. I fed it principally upon raw meat, and sparrows which I
captured in traps set in the garden, on purpose for my pet. These
he would devour entire, after first picking out the wing and tail
feathers; it appeared to be a difficult morsel for him to swallow,
but he never failed after a few attempts. When a bird was given to
him alive, if not very hungry he would play with it before killing,
as a cat will do'with a mouse, taking it in his bill and putting it in
the center of the inclosure, where he would let it go; but as sooa
as the sparrow would attempt to make its escape, it was very quickly
recaptured by its overpowering enemy and brought back to the
same spot, when another opportunity would offer for its freedom,
but to no purpose, the road-runner was too quick for him. After
worrying its victim for awhile in this way it would finally kill it by
taking it in its bill and beating the life out of it on the ground, as a
i ,
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
ZOE
flycatcher does an insect. As soon as the sparrow was completely
dead it would then pick out the wing and tail feathers and swallow
it entire, head foremost; all its food is swallowed entire with consid-
erable voracity. Although I gave him lizards he did not seem to
care for them, and it is probable they are only resorted to in cases
of extreme hunger. Grasshoppers appear to be its principal food,
together with insects.* It doubtless devours both field mice and
small birds, when such objects are attainable.
During the time I possessed the one mentioned above, I turned
loose in his inclosure a pair of quail and a sharp-shinned hawk
(A. fuscus) for his companions, but this intrusion only made him
restless and unhappy, and he exhibited extreme fear of the hawk.
The little hawk in a few days attacked and dispatched the quail;
at the sight of which the road-runner showed renewed symptoms
of fear and distress, frequently uttering a harsh note of anger not
unlike the sudden twirl of a rattle. The little hawk often made
darts at him, but he evaded its sharp claws by his activity. I believe,
however, the hawk would have eventually conquered and killed him
had I not removed the former from the cage.
Strange and to me seemingly fabulous stories are told by the
native Californians of the road-runner's peculiar ingenuity in
destroying the rattlesnake, and I was informed by a respectable
native gentleman of that State that he witnessed the feat himself.
It is said that when the road-runner finds a rattlesnake coiled
and asleep, it corrals him or builds a fence around him of the cactus
burrs with their innumerable sharp spines. After completing the
corral it then commences to tease and worry the snake by darting
at and pecking it with its stout bill. The snake in endeavoring to
extricate himself from his thorny inclosure finds himself pricked on
•every side by the sharp spines of the cactus, arid, tantalized by the
bird, becomes infuriated, bites himself and dies. This I do not
vouch for.
Although the road-runner has no song, yet it is not entirely
without a peculiar hoarse cooing note during the love season, which
is uttered at intervals, something like that of the Yellow-billed
cuckoo (C. a?)tericana), but deeper toned, as ho-o-ho-o-ho-o-
ho-o-.    I was first attracted by this sound in April, 1864, in the
* The stomachs of all those dissected by me contained exclusively grasshoppers.
VOL. II.]
Andrew yackson Gray son.
61
foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains.; it was a strange sound to
my ear, and I searched for its cause until I discovered the bird
sitting in a low bushy tree. It was a male and in fine plumage.
Since then I have occasionally heard it in the tierra caliente region
near Mazatlan.
The one figured in the plate is from a specimen shot near Mazat-
lan, and agrees with Baird's description of the smaller species, G.
affinis (Hartlaub).    It is an adult male.
I had the good fortune to discover the nest of the California
species \_G. californianus\ in the Coast range of mountains east of
San Jose, but the nest had no eggs, and contained only the newly-
hatched young, three in number. It was placed low down in the
horizontal branches of a California buckeye, and composed of small,
dry twigs, rather loosely put together. The old bird kept at a
respectable distance whilst I was examining her treasures, and
seemed to express much solicitude during my presence near to her
sacred domains. I have sought in vain for other nests, but such
discoveries could only be accidental. A female procured by me
near Mazatlan, shot in July, proved upon dissection to contain
nearly developed eggs and several of the ovaries were much en-
larged.
" Rose-breasted Fan-tail." Granatelhis francescez Baird.—
This bird is one of a number oi new species discovered by me during
the past year upon one of the Tres Marias, a group of islands of
the west coast of Mexico, about eighty miles west of San Bias.
Prof. Baird has dedicated it to my wife, to whose encouragement
and assistance I owe so much of the persistency and success with
which I have prosecuted the study of the ornithology of western
Mexico, giving the bird her name (Frances).
Whilst examining and exploring these beautiful islands, I fre-
quently met this handsome little bird in the deep recesses of the
forest, where amid the solitude of the woods of these quiet islands,
it might be seen hopping about among the low brush, busily search-
ing for the insects upon which it feeds. It is solitary in its habits
and does not sing; its note is very feeble. In the plate are three
figures, two males and one female. The moth and flower repre-
sented I found upon the islands.
Yellow-green Vireo. Vireo Jiavoviridis (Cass.)—The Mazat-
lan vireo ( V.flavoviridis) appears to be a spring visitor to this re-
rr
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
i •
il  if
it;  ii
til il:
gion of Mexico; making" its appearance about the latter part of April
and in May. The males arrive first, as their cheerful little song,
which is continued throughout the day indicates their presence.
About the latter part of May they have paired off and the nests
commenced. The nest is usually placed low down, suspended be-
iween the forks of a horizontal branch, in some shady and secluded
spot.- It is half spherical in shape and most beautifully and com-
pactly formed, composed of the lightest material, fastened together
and attached to the branch by means of the silken floss of the
spider and caterpillar, the whole of which is more or less glossed over
with this substance. The inner part is lined with elastic fibres, but
no downy material is used inside. The eggs are usually three in num-
ber, sometimes four, purely white, with very delicate reddish spots.
After their brood is fully fledged, they disappear as mysteriously as
they made their appearance in spring. I have never seen nor heard
one after the rainy season, which terminates in October. They
doubtless return to Central America, from whence specimens have
been sent to the Smithsonian Inst. from Panama, collected in the
month of January. Specimens have also been received by the
Inst. from Monterey, Mex., Colima, Mexico, and Costa Rica.
From the evidence of these facts, it would appear to be an entirely
western species. But our present bird has not so extensive a geo-
graphical range, being recorded only from such localities as hereto-
fore stated in this paper. There is no appreciable difference in the
colors of the sexes. The figures in the plate, male and female and
nest represent the life size, drawn from fresh specimens. The
nest, branch and flowers are as I found them in the woods.
" Blue Mocking Bird. '' Melanotis ccerulescens (Sw.)—The blue
mocking bird is the common name which I have adopted for the
species, from the fact of its disposition to imitate the notes of other
birds and sounds, which it does to a considerable extent, but not
in such perfection as our celebrated mocking bird, Mimus polyglot-
tos. Its song however is melodious and of great compass, at times
making the woods echo with its charming notes. It is a species
which inhabits the densest thickets and woods of the " tierra cal-
iente " where it keeps itself mostly concealed from view, but often
makes its presence known by its peculiar song. It is solitary in its
habits and equally as unsociable as the common mocking bird.
Two males can never occupy the same approximate locality in peace
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
and often furious combats take place between them, resulting in the
victor keeping possession of the favorite spot. It spends much of
the time upon the ground, turning up the leaves with its bill in
search of insects in the same manner as most thrushes. The Mex-
icans call this bird Mulato, for what reason I could never ascertain.
It is one of the favorite cage-birds with them, and its pugnacious
propensities often cause it to lose its liberty. A cage or rather
trap is constructed with two apartments, one upper and one lower;
the lower contains a live bird of the same kind, whilst the top of
the upper is raised and set like a trap. It is placed in a thicket
where one of this species is known to frequent, and, as soon as it
discovers the one in the cage, it immediately flies to it, and in its
endeavors to get at it, finally touches the spring of the trap and is
itself encaged. In this same manner the common mocking bird is
also captured, but it never sings after losing its liberty. The natives
often sell them to strangers, knowing full well that they will never
sing in the cage. It is only when they are taken from the nest just
before they are able to fly, that they become good singers. Not so
with the blue mocking bird, the old birds if taken from the woods
and well treated will soon become reconciled and cheerful and sing
from morning till night. It is indeed a very interesting cage-bird,
easily kept and becomes very docile, whilst its song is surpassed by
few of the feathered vocalists.
The blue mocking bird does not migrate. It seems to have strong
local attachments where it has taken up its abode, and seldom
departs to any great distance.
Its flight is low among the dense foliage and brush in which it is
usually found and never long extended. It is very shy, though
possessed of a good deal of curiosity.
I found this bird quite abundant on the islands of the Tres Marias
and in that locality it was. very tame and unsuspecting. They often
followed me in my rambles in the virgin forest, and I sometimes
seated myself on an old prostrate log, when they would come
around me in a very inquisitive manner, looking into my eyes,
and observing every movement I made. I tossed them bits of hard
bread, which I carried in my pocket; they would immediately seize,
and after examining it would beat it against a branch or rock, swal-
lowing the small pieces broken off. I one day threw to one which
was near me on the ground, the end of my cigar which I had fin-
64
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
ished smoking; it picked it up and came with it to the log upon
which I was seated, within a few feet from me, then thoroughly
inspected the bit of cigar, carefully picking it to pieces as if to dis-
cover what was inside; at length after its curiosity was fully satisfied,
it perched upon a branch near by, upon which it repeatedly wiped
its bill, doubtless having become slightly nauseated with the to-
bacco. I often found them beating the land snail shells against a
rock; this they would continue to do until able to extricate the snail
which it swallowed with gusto.
Upon the islands they are more numerous than on any part of the
mainland, and like many other birds which I found there common
to the mainland, whose powers of flight are weak, they never mi-
grate. It seems a mystery as to how they became denizens of
these island wilds, when we take into consideration these facts and
the wide expanse of sea to be crossed. But Nature in her mys-
terious plans seems to awaken into existence the creatures best
suited to the localities she has provided for them.
This thrush subsists upon insects and their larvae' as well as the
various kinds of wild fruit, which, one kind or another, may be found
at all seasons in the tropical woods. Its geographical distribution
extends over the greater part of Mexico. It is quite common about
Tepic and Colima ; in all wooded districts and particularly in the
warmer regions of Mexico it may be found. It is recorded from
Jalapa, Valley of Mexico and Mirador and I found it in Tehuante-
pec, but not common there.
Figure in the plate, life size.
Rose-breasted Thrush. Rhodinocichla rosea (Less.)—Prof.
Baird states, in his " Review of American Birds," that this species
was originally described from Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. Law-
rence of New York has received it from the line of the Panama
Railroad; while the Smithsonian Institution possesses specimens
from Colima and Mazatlan^ western Mexico, collected by Xantus de
Vesey and A. J. Grayson, thus showing its very extensive geo-
graphical distribution within the tropical regions.
It is a bird very exclusive in its habits, and would rarely ever be
seen unless cautiously sought for, or by accident, so closely does it
keep near the ground in very dense thickets. Its notes alone dis-
covered it to me, as also many other species which I have collected
in the impenetrable forests of western Mexico.
VOL. II.]
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
One who is accustomed to the woods, and has spent the most of
his existence amid its wild life, especially if he be an observer of
nature, becomes familiarized with the varied notes of birds.    Their
expressions of alarm, their call or love note, and many other pecu-
liarities are understood almost as well as his own language.    He
easily recognizes each bird (though he may not see it) by its voice
alone, and quickly detects a strange note of some one unknown to.
him.    While I was collecting specimens at a little hamlet of Indian
huts on the Mazatlan River, surrounded by a heavy forest, inter-
spersed with clearings which were overgrown with brambles, I first
met with this beautiful species.    I was traveling  slowly along a
narrow path flanked on either side with impenetrable brakes of
thorny brush, canopied with innumerable creepers that barred all
possibility of penetrating its depth with my eyes.    It was in the
latter part of June, the morning was fresh, and the leaves were
dripping from the copious shower that had fallen during the night.
This was the first rain of the season, and the feathered creation
seemed to have been awakened to an unusual degree of animation.
Amid the numerous voices of song, and the chattering and scream-
ing of parrots, one full and melodious note was caught by my ear,
which I at once felt to be that of a stranger.   Although it had some
resemblance to that of the blue mocking-bird, whose imitations ol
other birds had frequently deceived me, yet with a close attention
I was convinced that it was an unknown species to me.    With a
great deal of scratching and pricking by the thorns, I at last suc-
ceeded in reaching near  the spot where  I thought it was; but
its song had ceased.    I, however, sat down upon the ground, com-
pletely canopied by the mass of convolvulus and other creepers
that overspread the thorny bushes, beneath which a tolerably clear
view along the leaf-covered ground could be had for forty or fifty
yards.    After remaining seated for about ten minutes I perceived a
bird quite near me upon the ground, busily turning up the damp
leaves with its bill, looking steadfastly for a moment at the turning
up of each leaf to discover the insects it was in search of, in the
manner of some wood thrushes.    I at length shot it, and it proved
to be the female of the very bird I was looking for.    It was new to
me, and I felt pleased with my morning's work.    The following
day I returned to the same spot, and was soon gratified by hearing
the rich melodies of the male, as well as getting a sight of it.    By
66
Andrew Jackson Gray son.
[zoe
remaining quiet I succeeded in procuring two fine male specimens
in excellent plumage. After I had once discovered its hiding-
places and knew its habits, I procured specimens in other locali-
ties, in the vicinity of Mazatlan, in both summer and winter
months.
The song of this bird is charmingly melodious and full, resembling
in its general tone some of our wood thrushes. It is very timid,
never venturing into an open sunlit spot, but always concealed, and
inhabits the darkly shaded solitudes. It is not a common or
abundant species in this vicinity,
Figures in plate—two males and one female; about or little
less than life size.
Socorrc Wren. Troglodytes insularis Baird. —Upon nearing the
rock-bound shores of the remote island of Socorro, the first melody
that reaches the ear of the weary, sea-worn traveler, from its groves
and rocky dells, are the sweet and cheerful songs of this busy and
lively little wren. Indeed, upon my first visit to this island for the
purpose of collecting the strange fauna peculiar to its wild solitude,
the notes of this little bird were the first to greet my ears, as they
came wafted by the breeze to our vessel, elating and filling my
imagination with the pleasing prospects of finding it well peopled
with the objects of my research.
This diminutive species is very abundant and well distributed
over the island. Like other members of this family, its attire is mod-
est and unpretending, but its song may be heard throughout the
day, either among the trees or brushy covered rocks that crop out
everywhere. Like all the birds of this locality it appears to be
insensible to the close proximity of man. They seemed to rather
court our society, and many of them came round our camp feeding
upon the meat of crabs that were killed or the gleanings of our
table. I never tired watching them climbing about over old logs or
the trunks of standing trees, creeper-like, and often turning up the
leaves on the ground at our feet in search of food. In the midst of
all this busy occupation for subsistence, it frequently stops and
mounts a bunch or twig to pour forth its cheerful little song, which
is of considerable volume for a bird so small.
They have not yet during my stay fully commenced nesting. I,
however, found a nest without eggs in a knot-hole of a decayed
tree, which sufficiently proved to me that they rear their young in
VOL.  II.]
And?'eiv Jackson Gray son.
67
such situations or in the cavities of rocks, and not in the branches
of trees or bushes, as one species ( Thryophilus sinaloa Baird,) does
on the mainland.
The present species is the only representative of the genus found
upon the island. It is new and hitherto undescribed. Specimens
of this, as well as all the land birds of the island, have been sent by
me to the Smithsonian Institution for identification.
Figures in the plate represent male and female, natural size.
Great Mexican Creeper. Dendromis mentalis Baird.—In its
habits this singular creature very much resembles the common
creeper (Certhia americana). It is however very creeper-like in
its general appearance as well as in some specific characters, and any
one acquainted with the habits of the two birds would at once
recognize in this a marked resemblance in all of its peculiarities.
Like the little creeper it inhabits the oldest and darkest forests.
Scaling each tree from its roots upwards, searching the cracks in
the bark for insects upon which it entirely subsists, circling around
from one side of the tree to the other in its upward course until
reaching a certain height, when suddenly it apparently drops to
the root of another tree and immediately commences its ascent as
before. Thus for hours it continues its avocation in perform-
ing the duty with which nature has invested it, ridding the
trees of destructive insects that may infest them. Often have I
watched it, when seated upon an old log, in the shadiest woods,
performing its excentric maneuvers, whilst my presence was hardly
noticed. It is quite unsuspicious of harm from man and may be
approached to within a few paces, without its taking alarm from such
intrusion. When it does it will fly off to a neighboring tree, and, if it
discovers that you are in pursuit, it will dodge around to the opposite
side of the tree and occasionally peep round at you whilst moving
up towards the higher branches, as if to learn your intentions.
Its enormously long, curved bill enables it to probe deeply in the
old trees for its food, whilst its very acute claws and the rigid points
of the tail feathers sustain it upon the side of the tree, in every
respect like the woodpeckers. I have never observed it pecking in
the decayed parts of trees as woodpeckers do, indeed the form
of the bill is unsuited for such work.
It is rather a seclusive and quiet bird, but seldom uttering its
note, and that only during the love season, when calling its mate;
68
Drymaria in Baja California.
[zoe
then its loud, shrill, warbling whistle, may be heard frequently dur-
ing the day in those localities to which it resorts.
At times two or three or more may be met with in near prox-
imity, always busy in searching for food.
Although its wings are ample, yet its flight does not appear to
be long continued and is usually very low, below the branches of the
trees, as if endeavoring to keep concealed as much as possible in
the dark and silent woods.
The nest which I discovered near the Rio Mazatlan was in a de-
cayed tree, with the top and limbs broken off and overhung and
festooned with vines. The pair had taken possession of a deserted
woodpecker's nest and I often observed both the male and
female pass in and out separately. I watched them for several days
and when they were not about the hole, they were near by on some
other tree. The nest was about twenty feet from the ground, and
I am sorry to say I was not able to procure the eggs owing to many
difficulties and the means of reaching the nest.
DRYMARIA IN BATA CALIFORNIA.
T.   S.   BRANDEGEE.
Eight species belonging to this genus, including the two here
described, have thus far been found in Lower California. D. viscosar
a. little sandwort, is the most northern extending from Socorro,
where it was first collected by C. R. Orcutt, nearly to Todos Santos.
Dryynaria debilis, which also is found away from the Cape Region
(Purisima), may be too near the imperfectly defined D. cordifolia.
The rest, excepting D. kolostioides, belong so far as I know, on
the peninsula, to the Cape Region D. arenarioides (D. Frankeni-
oides) credited to Xantus, from Cape St. Lucas, I did not find.
Drymaria holosteoides and D. crassifolia were collected near Cape
St. Lucas and described by Mr. Bentham in the Botany of HMS.
Sulphur. D. crassifolia, according to Dr. Gray, was again col-
lected near Cape St. Lucas by Xantus and has 'also been identified
vby him with D.polycarpiodes of Plantae Fendlerianae. Since then
this form has been collected by Dr. Palmer about Guaymas and on
the Peninsula at Los Angeles Bay, La Paz and other places, and I
have found it growing abundantly throughout the middle portions
of Baja California.    This year at* San Jos6 del Cabo a plant was
VOL. II.]
Drymaria in Baja Califoi'nia.
69
found growing in the clean sand of the sea shore which seems to be
the true D. crassifolia, and it is not the plant now generally dis-
tributed under that name. A careful comparison of specimens be-
longing to this form and the common form now known as D. crassi-
folia convinces me that the latter for many years has been masque-
rading under an alias and should be known as D. holosteoid.es.
Mr. Bentham writes of D. crassifolia: '' This species is near D.
holosteoides, but forms dense tufts covered with leaves and flowers;
the leaves are thicker and more glaucous, and the flowers larger,
and on longer stalks." This general summing up of the differences
between these two nearly allied species shows just the differences
between the two forms I have found. The one from the sea-shore
near San Jose1 del Cabo grows in dense rounded clumps, has thicker
and more glaucous leaves, and flowers on larger stalks and must be
the D. crassifolia of Bentham's description, but it is not the plant
distributed under that name. The description of D. holosteoides is
very full in the Botany of the Sulphur and that of D. crassifolia is
short, the species being distinguished in these descriptions mainly
by comparison, and now having specimens of both before me there
isno doubt as to the plants meant by Mr. Bentham.
D. holosleoides is annual, low, usually prostrate-spreading, some-
what glaucous, pubescent; leaves ovate, cuneate at base, thickish;
pedicels scarcely equalling the leaves.
D. crassifolia grows in thick rounded clumps, is more glaucous,
entirely glabrous, has thicker leaves, and pedicels slightly longer.
The margins of the petals are not so evidently scarious. It is per-
haps perennial. The flowers of both are nearly alike, those of D.
crassifolia have narrower petals and in this respect differ from the
description.
These species are certainly nearly related as Bentham writes, and
the differences may be caused by exposure, soil, etc., but the grow-
ing plants seem very distinct. If ever they should be proved to be
not specifically distinct, priority of place should make the name of
the species D. holosteoides, but if they are considered to be two
species, the one distributed should be known by; that name and
the thick, glaucous leaved one as D. crassifolia.
Drymaria Fendleri Watson is a common species of the penin-
sula. It agrees well enough with the New Mexican specimens for-
merly classed with D. glandulosa, to which according to the de-
Miocene Shell in the Living State.
[zoe
scription in Rel. Haenk. they must be very closely related. They
are rather less pubescent than the northern forms known to me, and
the stamens are 3-5, most usually 4. Specimens of D. Fendleri
from New Mexico, in the herbarium of the California Academy of
Sciences, have usually three fertile stamens, with one or two small or
abortive ones. The number of the stamens has probably very
slight value in classification.
Drymaria carinata. Annual, weak and slender, nearly glabrous,
1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, apiculate, cuneate at
base, the broader ones 15-16 mm. long, 17-18 mm. broad; petioles
nearly as long as the leaves; stipules setaceous: inflorescence loosely
cymose, dichotomous; pedicels filiform; sepals 1% mm. long,
strongly carinate by the deep green midnerve; the margins broad,
scarious; calyx widely spreading in anthesis; petals oblong ^ longer
than the sepals, deeply 2-lobed, the broad margin continued nearly
to the base: stamens five, all fertile; filaments linear, flattened, nearly
as long as the sepals: style cleft half-way to the base; seeds light
brown, minutely roughened.
A common species of the high mountains of the Cape Region.
Drymaria polystachya. Perennial, growing in clumps from a
woody base, pubescent and somewhat glandular; stems 8-10 cm.
high, sparingly branched; leaves rather thick, broadly cordate,
acute, 1 cm. or less broad, y2 cm. long, on petioles of nearly the
same length; stipules small, lacerate; peduncles terminal 1-3-flow-
ered; sepals ovate-lanceolate sub-3-nerved: petals bifid nearly twice
as long as the sepals, the long claw naked: stamens 3-5 all perfect;
filaments linear, flattened; ovary stipitate above the cupulate disk
into which the stamens are inserted at the summit, the petals at
the base a considerable distance from them; seeds brown, tessel-
lated in many longitudinal rows.
Growing on cliffs near San Jos6 del Cabo.
OCCURRENCE OF A MIOCENE SHELL IN THE LIVING
STATE.
J.  J.   RIVERS.
Nassa californiana (Conrad). Schizopyga californiana Con-
rad.
The discovery of this species in the flesh will be of interest to
conchologists  and  geologists alike.     It   has  hitherto  been  only
vol. ii.]       Miocene Shell in the Living State.
identified in the fossil state though there are two examples of this
shell mixed with the set of N. perpinguis in the State Survey coll.
at Berkeley and are labelled Santa Barbara. In the State Survey col-
lection of fossils there are two shells from the Pliocene of Fernando,
Los Angeles County, these shells are N. californiana but are
named N. perpinguis. Good specimens occur in the D. O. Mills
collection at Berkeley but are labelled N. perpinguis instead ot
califoryiiania, they are from the Post Pliocene of San Pedro, Cal.
N. californiana is in D. O. Mills' coll. as N. fossata from the Plio-
cene or Miocene of Soquel, Santa Cruz County, California.
The confusion in the classification of the above was in part due
to the bleached and the partially effaced condition of the examples,
but much more to the terseness of the original description together
with the caricature of a figure as given in P. R.R. Rep., vol. vi, p.
69; pi. 11, fig. 1. Then not forgetting the misleading injunction
that the species had some relation to cancellaria there is every ex-
cuse for not making out the type. A figure and description are now
given.
Description: Generally ventricose; cancellate; slightly tabulate
on the upper portion of the whorls near the suture; where the re-
volving ribs cross the longitudinal ribs there occurs a considerable
nodule; body whorl with about ten prominent re-
volving ribs and with about three less conspicuous
at the base; the basal channel ceases just before
reaching the columella; the inner lip obsolete on
the columella; columella smooth without teeth
or tubercles; outer lip strongly sinuate with the
extreme edge crenate. Whorls of the spire about
five. Ground color white; revolving ribs purplish
brown; epidermis yellowish white; varieties occur
with omission of color in some of the revolving ribs which gives
a faint pattern of banding. Length 30 mm.; width 11 mm.; spire
10 mm.    Dredged in Drake's Bay in 25 fathoms.
Of* all the American Nassas it is most like trivittata Say, but is
very much larger though not so compact. The European N. reli-
cosa, a Tertiary shell, has a deal of the aspect of N. californiana.
The discovery of this shell in the living- state brings back to life
a species that had been considered entirely extinct. This mollusk
like all  other things continues by virtue of favorable conditions.
A New Astragalus.
Being a lover of deep water it has lived and died through the
ages, in Drake's Bay or contiguous areas, until its habitat was
intruded upon by a dredge, a modern machine for catching fish,
and which, by chance, at the same time laid bare a surprising peice
of biologic history. A long time ago was the Miocene age ! If this
shell is truly of Miocene times, then it has been sustained from then
until now through some of its progeny always finding a suitable
habitation to dwell in notwithstanding the vast upheavals and de-
pressions that have alternated the coast line of California since the
Miocene period.
A NEW ASTRAGALUS.
T.   S.   BRANDEGEE.
Astragalus coccineus. Perennial caespitose densely white-
hirsute: petioles nearly as long as the leaves; leaflets, 12-15 oval to
obovate, o'btuse, 6-10 mm. long; stipules triangular-lanceolate: pe-
duncles considerably surpassing the leaves; flowers numerous shortly
pedicellate, clustered near the top; calyx cylindrical slender, the
linear nearly equal teeth \ the length of the tube: corolla spread-
ing, bright red, 35-40 mm. long, double the length of the calyx;
banner lanceolate: the oblong keel equalling it in length, very shal-
low and little curved not hiding the stamens, which are free for
nearly one-fourth their length; keel and banner barely emarginate:
pods an inch long resembling those of A. Purshii, but not mature
and exact shape therefore not determinable.
Collected near the summit of the Inyo Range by Mr. G. P. Rix-
ford, and by myself at Lone Pine on the slopes of Mt. Whitney.
This is without doubt the plant collected by C. R. Orcutt on the
eastern slope of the mountains, bordering the Colorado desert, in
San Diego County, for which Dr. Parry in West. Am. Scientist,
vii, 10, doubtfully suggested the name Astragalus Purshii var. (?)
coccineus. It is by far the handsomest Astragalus I have ever^seen,
forming in favorable locations hemispherical tufts a foot in diameter,
the silvery leaves surpassed and nearly hidden by a profusion of
bright red flowers an inch and a half in length. The widely sepa-
rated banner and keel are of very different shape from those of its
near allies.
THE USE OF BROKEN POTTERY AMONG INDIANS.
EDWARD   PALMER.
In exploring- Indian mounds along- the Mississippi and Arkansas
rivers and in Tennessee I have found, as is usually the case, broken
pots of various sizes and designs associated with whole ones placed
near the human remains; and in cases where the whole mound
has been carefully examined without finding the missing fragments
it is evident that they were used in the broken state no doubt as
receptacles of food, medicine, or other objects belonging to the oc-
cupants of the mound, or placed therein as offerings by the friends.
Water vessels are always to be found.
In seeking the explanation of any custom among primitive peo-
ples the simplest is most likely the true one, and having observed
among the Tarahumara Indians the very numerous uses to which
fragments of pottery are put, it has occurred to me that to similar
usages among the mound-builders we owe many of the fragments
found therein.
In a dwelling of the Tarahumaras' there may often be seen the
half of a large water vessel or cooking pot inverted over a pile of
ashes on the hearth—the housewife desiring to preserve her fire
during absence takes this effectual method of doing it, for their
houses being generally open the wind would otherwise blow away
the ashes and uncover the fire. Parts of pots are often used as
plates to hold portions of food, and parts of small ones 'sometimes
are made to serve as spoons. If for any purpose an ointment is
desired, a fragment of pottery will answer as a receptacle. The
part of a large broken pot serves the Indian housekeeper as a ve-
hicle for removing the ashes or dirt from her house.
As covers for vessels containing any substance liable to injury
from exposure to the air or insects a fragment or half of a small
vessel is used, tied on to make a tight fit by a rag or piece of buck-
skin, or by corn .husks. At other times a flat piece is ground round
and cemented, or something tied over it to keep it in place.
The earthen pot in which the Indian cooks his food has no cover,
so part of another pot serves a good purpose especially when the
cook's back is turned, for otherwise the dogs and chickens, always
privileged parlor boarders in an Indian's hut, would steal the con-
tents—if they were not boiling hot.
On the roofs at certain seasons may be seen parts of broken pots
of various sizes containing beans, corn, water-melon, pumpkin and
other seeds in process of drying for next year's planting.   The chick-
74
Use of Broken Pottery.
ens are less likely to get at them there and they quite secure from
the voracious dogs, which would make as much havoc among them
as a horse.
Broken pots are used to feed and water the chickens and dogs,
and would probably be used as washpans if the Indian mind could
conceive of water as an external application.
In their primitive cupboards—shelves made of sticks lashed to-
gether—one is often surprised at the number of more or less broken
vessels and their contents —salt, red pepper, dried meat, dried roots,
berries, seeds of many kinds, old buttons, nails, odd tools for small
domestic uses, with dyes, paints, etc.
Pieces of broken pots are used in making and smoothing new
ones. I noticed one day a woman at the shady side of her house
engaged in this very necessary occupation; on one side was part of
a large water vessel filled with the crude clay, and part of an old
cooking pot with sand to be used in tempering. She was work-
ing into the requisite shape a portion properly mixed and softened
by the addition of water, using- as a working board an old flat
dish with the rim broken off. Near her were parts of several
broken vessels in which to stand the newly made ones while slowly
drying in the shade, thus obviating the necessity of direct handling
in changing them about to secure the necessary evenness in drying.
As broken pots are put to so many uses, it lessens the actual need
of new ones, and the Indian in the absence of manufactories and
left to his own resources is equal—that is his wife is—to the emer-
gency and with clay and the patience which fortunately she pos-
sesses, produces the vessels which serve her simple purposes, nearly
as well as the more ornamental and elaborate ones of civilized man.
Paullinia tortuosa (Benth.) Cardiospermum tortiosum de-
scribed and figured in the Botany of the Sulphur is certainly a Paul-
linia. A recent examination of material collected at Magdalena
Bay, the original locality, by Walter E. Bryant and by the writer,
shows that the plant has five sepals, four discal glands and a septici-
dal capsule nearly filled by the 1-3 large seeds; leaves deeply im-
pressed over the veinlets on the under surface and minutely papil-
lose on the upper. The two anterior glands are conical, the white
area at the base of the seed is bilobed and the lobes of the stigma
elongated.                                                                        t. s. b.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF WEST
AMERICAN PLANTS.   I.
KATHARINE  BRANDEGEE.
Camelina sativa Crantz is abundant in fields and by the way-
side near the Klamath River, in Siskiyou County.
Paronychia Chilensis DC. Abundant in the western part
of this city, from the Presidio at least as far as the southern end of
Lake Merced. It was apparently first observed by Professor E. L.
Greene, the earliest specimen in the Herbarium being labeled in
his handwriting, "Presidio, San Francisco, April 21, 1887; E. L.
Greene." It agrees perfectly with a specimen sent by Dr. Philippi
from Chili, but not very well, with De Candolle's description, the
calyx lobes more like those of P. Bonariensis. Possibly they are
variations of the same species.
Ceanothus rugosus Greene, Flora Franciscana, 88. The really
astonishing thing about this is, not that the author has applied a
specific name to a plant which is " doubtless a hybrid " but that
he from "his vantage ground of familiar knowledge " of our-plants
should be ignorant of the fact that neither C. cuneatus nor any
other species of the Cerastes section, excepting C. prostrates, is
to be found within thirty miles of Truckee.
Medicago marginata Willd. Almost as common about San
Francisco, especially about the Marine Hospital and South San
Francisco, as M. denticulata. It abounds also in places about
Tamalpais and has been reported from Sonoma by Frank H. Vaslit.
Medicago maculata Willd. Occasionally met with about
Tamalpais.
Heuchera pilosissima Fisch. & Meyer, grows on the hills west
of Noe Valley in an unusually stout, erect form.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. is extremely abundant in grain
fields and by the waysides in the western part of Contra Costa
County and in the streets of Oakland.
Valerianella olitoria Poll, cultivated under the name "Dou-
cette " has been recently collected by Miss E. Cannon, on the sand-
hills in the western part of the city. It has been previously re-
ported from Sweetwater, El Dorado County.
Helianthella Californica Gray, has been collected this
season by Frank H. Vaslit, on hills east of Ocean View in this city.
West American Plants.
[zoe
The specimens like those from the Sierra Nevada and from Howell
Mountain, in Napa County, have awned akenes, but awnless speci-
mens have been found by Mrs. C. M. Blake at Orinda Park, in the
Contra Costa hills. It is probably much more generally distributed
than has been supposed, being most likely confounded with Wyethia
angustifolia to which it bears a considerable resemblance.
Matricaria occidentalis Greene. This plant is abundant
about the streets of San Francisco, especially about the suburbs
towards the Presidio and the Marine Hospital. While it is suffi-
ciently distinct from M. discoidea, the real differences are other
than those given by the author, who describes M. occidentalis as
<c distinguishable indeed, more by its different habit and size, lack of
fragrance, and its late flowering than by any striking characters of
flower or fruit." M. discoidea though usually low and spreading is
often tall and stout, especially in the interior of this state. As to
the lack of fragrance and much later flowering of M. occidentalis
any one who takes interest in the matter may at this date (May
15th) find them growing together inside the fences of abandoned
gardens near First Avenue on the road to the Marine Hospital or
within the southern boundary fence of the Presidio, and investigate
the matter for himself. The flowers, though usually 4- are often
5-cleft; akenes oblong, thickened upward, 3-nerved, the upper nerve
double, the lateral ones glandular in the upper half and continued
upward as auricles. Unlike the better known species the akenes
are very persistent and do not develop mucilage when wetted.
Neither of these species have the aspect or habits of indigenous
plants; both probably coming to us from the north, and M. occci-
dentalis is perhaps the same as M. inodora var. eligulata Seem.
Bot. Herald 33, which was collected on this coast at St. Michael,
Norton Sound.
Anthemis Cotula L. commonly known as " May-weed," is
noted in the Botany of California, as '' sparingly found along road-
sides: introduced but not yet common." This remark must apply
to the Coast region for I well remember when a child going to
school through blossoming fields of such a robust growth as almost
in turns of the pathway hid me from my companions. This was in
1854 at the village of Prairie City near the eastern line of Sacra-
mento County. At the same place I saw for the first time the
equally abundant "Milk-Thistle " (Silybum marianum), the large
VOL. II.]
West American Plants.
blotched leaves of which I greatly admired. Botanists who visit us
in these later days when man and the omnipresent sheep have done
their worst with our fair lands have small conception of the astonish-
ing luxuriance of the vegetation springing from the then almost
virgin soil.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. " Salsify " or " Oyster Plant" is
now very freely naturalized in the northern part of the State.
Lactuca scariola L. ' 'Prickly Lettuce " is becoming established
in Berkeley. It was abundant last year near the entrance of the
University grounds.
Arctostaphylos nummularia Gray, was found by Mr. Brande-
gee three years ago, growing abundantly on the eastern side of Mt.
Tamalpais, and he has since brought it from the northern slope of
the Bolinas range. In these localities it blooms sparingly during
nearly the whole year. The plants are rarely more than eighteen
inches in height, of a bright glossy green. The tall form found on
Ben Lomond in Santa Cruz county has duller, less rounded leaves,
and though often eight feet high bears a much greater resemblance
to A. myrtifolia of Amador County, which can hardly be more
than a mere variety distinguished by its tetramerous flowers and
less rounded leaves. Dr. Parry was in error in stating that the
fruit of A. nummularia was covered by the persistent corolla. It is
promptly deciduous in the thousands of plants observed in these
various localities. The species appears to have a preference for
the sandstone formations.
Rhododendron Californicum Hook. " Rose Bay" has been
recently collected on the side of Tamalpais above Corte Madera
by Miss Belle Brown.
Gilia Parry^e Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 76. G. Kennedyt
Porter Bot. Gazette ii, 77. The peculiar appearance of the throat
of this species described as produced by " a broad adnate and emar-
ginate or obcordate scale "* is in fact caused by a series of arched
saccate protuberances, one at the base of each segment of the
corolla, and the external surface bears as many corresponding de-
pressions. It is often a much larger plant than described, forming
tufts three or four inches high and as broad. • It has been brought
from the Mojave Desert, from Tehachapi, from Walker's Basin,
Kernville and Owens Valley.
*Syn. Fl. pt. i, 137.
78
West American Plants.
[zoe
Boschniakia strobilacea Gray. This plant belonging to
mountainous districts, and parasitic on the roots of Manzanitagrows
in profusion on Mt. St. Helena. Very large and fine specimens
have also been collected by Dr. Anderson in the Santa Cruz mount-
ains, and one in the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences
collected in the same region by Mr. E. Brooks, June, 1886, has
the stem divided into two equal branches. Miss Alice Eastwood
and Mr. Brandegee found it recently on Mt. Tamalpais.
The seeds are as Dr. Gray has said deeply favose, but varying in
size from 1-2 mm. and are very irregular in shape from mutual
pressure. The outer seed coat is nearly all "favosity," the inner
is oval and similarly favose and the germ, which is barely visible to
the naked eye, is apparently homogeneous and of similar shape and
markings.
The accompanying plate (xiii) is photographed from a plant taken
from the ground on Mt. St. Helena early in February. It was en-
tirely underground, there was not even a swelling of the ground,
and its presence was indicated only by the dead and dried spikes of
the previous year. Upon the single tuber there were nine spikes,
large and small, and in all the larger ones the flowers were already
fully formed. The tuber which is usually found on roots of about
the diameter of a goose-quill or a little larger are often two or
three inches in thickness, dark brown, with the surface tessellated
somewhat in the manner of the truffle. It evidently lives for a
considerable time, drawing sustenance from its host, increasing in
size and producing year after year in April and May its brownish-
purple, cone-like spikes.
Dr. Gray says:* " I have now reason to think that B. Hookeriand
my B. strobilacea may be the same." If he is correct, which is
probable, the much to be preferred descriptive name will have to be
given up.
Colochortus albus Dougl. is often rose-colored. It is usually
of that color but rather pale on Santa Cruz Island, as Mr. Brande-
gee noted, but appears in its usual pearly white on the mountains
back of Santa Barbara. On Ben Lomond, in Santa Cruz County,
it runs through all the shades from deep rose-color to white.
The deeper color appears to be quite frequent in the southern
Troc. Am. Acad. xxii, 312.
VOL.  II.]
West American JPla?its.
79
Sierra Nevada. Examples from Dunlap, in Fresno County, col-
lected by Mrs. Sophie E. Wilson, are rather small-flowered and of
a deep rose color; the manifold gland nearer the base of the seg-
ments than usual.
This form is probably C. amoe?ius Greene, from the mountains east
of Visalia. The author describes it by comparison with C. pul-
chellus and says, " petals more elongated, the ciliation longer, more
lax and scarcely carried above the middle of the organ, the whole
flower of a deep red-purple." This is a fairly good description of
C. albzis, as far as it goes (the author makes no mention of the
gland), but it is difficult to understand why he compares it with C.
pulchellus. In differential diagnosis, species are usually supposed to
be compared with the nearest, but the author who is somewhat
celebrated for '' new departures'' wishes perhaps to establish a pre-
cedent.
Scoliopus Bigelovii Torr. Very abundant in the Coast Range
from Santa Cruz to Oregon and sufficiently conspicuous with its
pair (sometimes three or four) of spotted, usually prostrate leaves.
The flowers on account of their dull color and early appearance are
less frequently collected than those of many less abundant plants.
About Tamalpais they are to be found on damp and shady hillsides
early in February.
The pedicels 2-8 inches long are triquetrous and somewhat winged
on the angles, at first erect, elongating and becoming tortuous in
fruit, and trying usually with success to hide their capsules under
the leaves. The outer segments of the lurid purplish perianth are
concave, thickened and shining at base. The connective of the
extrorse anthers is much thickened especially at the upper part.
The style branches though deeply sulcate their whole length are
stigmatic only at the recurved apices, which in the young flower
bend over touching the outer surface of the stamens. The capsules
open by irregular fissures between the placentiferous angles which
remain for some time attached at base and apex, forming a kind of
framework from which the tissue falls away in minute scales—ap-
parently disintegrating into its separate cells. The turgid seeds are
3-4 mm* long, pale in color, and minutely pubescent, the inner seed
coat is deficient at the apex and the opening is plugged with a
disk of soft tissue somewhat darker in color than the seed, and
in  drying shrinks forming a  depression.    The longitudinal lines
8o
West American Plants.
[zoe
marking the seed are grooves in the albumen.    The plant has an
offensive odor, somewhat like chlorine.
It is not probable that .S". Hallii is anything more than a geo-
graphical variation, our plant is variable in size, and the color and
size of the capsules, which are pale when (as usual) hidden under
the broad leaves, but brown-purple whenever by loss or depaupera-
tion of the leaves they are exposed to the sun.
THE  DEHISCENCE  OF  MIMULUS.
The dehiscence of Minndus angustatus (Greene) was wrongly
described by the author* and by myself.f The plant is so minute
that unless the locality is marked it is quite difficult to find them
when the flowers have fallen and the leaves withered. Fqr
good and fully mature specimens I am indebted to Miss Eliza Clarke
of Cahto, Mendocino County. The study of this material makes
the dehiscence of the CEnoe section of the genus perfectly plain
and shows that the separation from the basal portion if not effected
by violence must take place very late. The gibbous, laterally com-
pressed capsule opens when moistened, for two thirds the length oi
the upper suture never widely, and not all by the lower, and closes
again in drying. The placentse connate in the ovary as Dr. Gray
observes are separated nearly to the base in maturity. The seeds
marked on the face by a longitudinal darker line are sparsely covered
with glochidiate hairs. The dehiscence of M. latifoliits and of M.
Douglasii is essentially the same. M. tricolor I have not yet seen
in maturity. It is probable that the seeds of these small, early
spring plants remain within their horny capsules until set free by
the winter rains.
In a recent publication \ Professor Greene in revising " Diplacus "
makes the following statements:
"The present writer, with his advantages of long residence in the regions inhabited
by these plants, is not yet acquainted with any transitions between the capsules of
Diplacus and either Mimulus on the one hand or Eunanus on the other, and during
the five years which have elapsed since he proposed the reinstatement of both these
genera, he has met with no facts not confirmative of the view then set forth.
Mimulus in all its several phases has its placentae (theoretically two) firmly and
in so far as I know permanently coherent, thus forming a central column in the
*Bull. Cal. Acad. i, 99.
tProc. Cal. Acad. ser. ii, 1, 260.
JPitt. ii, 152.
VOL.  II.]
West American Plants.
81
midst of the capsule, whose valves at first separate by a slight parting of their
edges at the natural suture, ultimately breaking away irregularly and piecemeal
from the placentiferous central axis. In Diplacus there is no such axis. The firm
valves parting at first only by the upper suture, lie open like a boat-shaped follicle,
each bearing its own distinct placenta, and that with a broad thin spreading margin
which almost conceals the seeds. That this pod, at first boat-shaped by a partial
dehiscence, is held in this shape by a tubercular enlargement of the base of the
style, I have stated in the earlier paper cited in the foot note. * * * Diplacus
has a completely revolute vernation, the young leaves in all Mimuli are more or
less distinctly conduplicate, never revolute. * * * In the Supplement to the
Synoptical Flora he [Dr. Gray] says of the various ' subgenera' of Mimulus:
' Diplacus is placed first as having the best claims to generic distinction."'
There are in this sentence quoted from Dr. Gray, just two more
words, which should not have been omitted as they distinctly modify
its meaning.
Professor Greene in his anxiety to strengthen his position not
only contradicts the published observations of Dr. Gray,* Dr. Wat-
son,f and of the writer, | but conveniently forgets his own pub-
lished notes to the same effect. §
The single species Mimulus glutinosus (Nutt.) now labors under
the following synonyms: D. latifolius, leptanthus, longiflorus, and
ptmiceus Nuttall; D. stellatus Kell.; D. arachnoideus, linearis,
grandiflorus and parviflorus Greene; besides Mimulus aurantiacus
Benth., etc.
That the author is far from careful in his statements, a few extracts
from his own writings will serve to show. In the paper quoted
above he says that he had stated in an earlier paper (Bull. Cal.
Acad., i, 94 and 96), that the "pod " of Diplacus was held in boat-
shape by a tubercular enlargement of the base of the style. Not
only did he fail to make such a statement in the place cited, but in
subsequent papers he uses the presence or absence of this inconstant
*Supp. Syn. Fl., 4*50.
t " Mimulus (Eumimulus) deflextis. * * * The placenta splits at the apex."
This is apparently the same as Mr. Greene's (Drew in ;herb.) Eunanus ptdchellus
published more than a year later.
JProc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, i, 261.
§" As Mimulus rulellus diverges from the other Mimuli by separated placentas, so
Eunanus Breweri is aberrant from its congeners in having them firmly united below
the middle."   Bull. Cal. Acad., i, 102.
82                         West American Plants.                     [zoe
'' tubercle " as a factor in determining specific differences.    Another
amusing instance is found under Diplacus stellatus.      He says:
"Shortly after having proposed the restoration of this species on the ground of
its accredited stellate pubescence, I collected it anew, and seemed to find that the stel-
late hairs on my own specimens as well as on those obtained by Dr. Veatch—hairs
so extremely unlike what are found elsewhere in the genus, had been derived from
an extraneous source."*
The author's previous statements concerning these "stellate
hairs" are here given in chronological order:
" D. stellatus Kell. Branches and under surface of leaves yellowish-tomentose,
the pubescence partly stellate and partly dendroid. * * * The pubescence of
two different kinds is very plentiful in this plant, which is doubtless of a species
distinct from all our mainland forms; although the dendroid hairs are on other
species and even the stellate are not wanting elsewhere in the genus." Bull. Cal.
Acad., i, 95., Feb.,  1885.
" Was found again by the writer on Cedros Island, last May. The corolla is
like that of D. glutinosus in form and color, but only half as large. The pubescence
is chiefly a dense short yellow tomentum. The pod has the tuberculation. The
species is, in my opinion, well confirmed."    1. c, 210, August, 1885.
'' Species exceedingly well marked by its stellate pubescence and rather small
corolla."    List of Cedros Plants, Pitt., i, 206; June, 1888.
There does not appear in these notices any evidence that the
author " seemed to find" the stellate hairs a doubtful possession
and one is reluctantly driven to the conviction that in a moment
of forgetfulness he imagined himself the writer of the following:
" D. stellatus Kell. has been described as having very small flowers, entire leaves
and a stellate (whence the name) pubescence. The specimen from which the de-
scription was drawn was badly dried and its characters obscured, but another
brought since from the original locality shows that the leaves are dentate and the
flowers of the ordinary size and form. The stellate pubescence is probably derived
from some neighboring plant, being loosely involved in the tomentum and having
no apparent connection with its host." Botanical Notes, by Mary K. Curran.
Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, i, 259, Dec. 11, 1888.
The author still divides his so-called species into '' Corollas buff
or pale salmon-color," and "Corollas blood-red or scarlet," al-
though Mr. Brandegee has collected specimens on Santa Cruz and
Santa Rosa Islands with flowers of both colors on the same plant,
and the writer has collected and distributed specimens from near
Alpine station, fifteen miles north of San Diego, in which the flowers-
vary on the same branch from pale-buff to deep-red.
"Pitt., ii, 155, Dec, 1890.
VOL. II.]
West American Plants.
The capsule of M. glutinosus has a flexure near the base on the un-
derside. It is most apparent on the growing ovary. The '' tuber-
cular enlargement of the base of the style'' is not apparent till the
ripening of the capsule, being produced apparently by the shrink-
ing of the tissues above and below the point where the style ceases
to be tubular.
The latest character brought forward to sustain Diplacus is its
vernation. This differs from all other species of Mimulus known to
the writer, but the difference is not nearly as great as Professor
Greene has implied. The lower part of the leaf is somewhat con-
duplicate in M. ghitinosus as in all the species, the hollowed surfaces
of the opposite leaves forming a cavity for the growing shoot, the
limb is revolute as stated. In wide leaved Mimuli the limb is more
or less folded, but in species with somewhat narrower ones as our
variety of M. mosckatus it is almost plane, or the edges turned
slightly backward.
[Since the note concerning C. mgosus was in print I have re-
ceived a flowering branch of the plant from Mr. C. F. Sonne of
Truckee. It bears evidence of its parentage, being without doubt
C. prostrates X veluiimis, and the first undoubted hybrid between
the §Euceanothus and §Cerastes ever noted. Mr. Sonne failed to get
fruit although he left flowers for the purpose. It is not probable that
fruit will form in a hybrid of such dissimilar parents, though hybrids
between the different species in each section are very common and
apparently as fertile as any of the species. The only exception
known to me is C. incanus X papillostcs. which occurs occasionally
on Ben Lomond in Santa County, and in all the examples observed
failed to set fruit.]
Hybrids in all degrees, to all appearance as fertile as their parents
are very common between C. velutinus and the other species, C. cor-
dulatus, found in the vicinity of Truckee.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The American Naturalist for February contains a number of arti-
cles of interest to zoologists. Recent Studies of the Vertebrate
Head by H. W. Norris. Also, Some of the Causes and Results
of Polygamy among the Pinnipedia by C. C. Nutting; the best and
most striking example of true polygamy among mammals is shown
to be the northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus) of which the male
weighs from three to nearly six times as much as the female. The
species exemplified are walrus ( Odobcenus rosmarus), hooded seal
(Chrystophora cristata), bearded seal (Erignathus barbaius), sea
elephant (Macrorhinus angustirostris), Stellar's sea lion (Eumato-
pias stelleri), and northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinusJ, in the
order of their sexual disparity in size. '' The writer has endeavored
to account ior the following peculiarities met with among the Pinni-
pedia:                              •
ist. The relation between great sexual disparity in size and po-
lygamy.
2d.    The manner in which polygamy may have originated.
3d.    The origin and effect of excessive pugnacity.
4th.    The origin and advantage of great sexual disparity.
5th. The origin and advantage of the ability to endure long-
protracted fasts."                                                             w. E. b.
Descriptio?i of Two New Species of Rodents from Mexico. By
Henry L. Ward. American Naturalist, xxv, p. 158. The new
species are Spermophilus sonoriensis, which is " apparently quite
similar to Dr. Merriam's recently described ^S*. cryptospilotus" and
Neotoma torquata, which may be distinquished from all others of
the genus by " a well defined collar, 20 mm. in width " upon the
breast.    The collar is light Vandyke brown, washed with bla'ck.
w. E. B.
Notes on a Collection of Mammals from Costa Rica. By J. A.
Allen. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 2, 203-218. A report
upon a collection of thirty-eight species with annotations and yield-
ing the following which are described as new: Blarina costaricensis,
Hesperomys ( Vesperimtis) cherrii, Hesperomys ( Vesperimus? ) nu-
dipes and Hesperomys (Oryzomys) alfaroi.                   w. E. b.
On a Collection of Mammals from Southern Texas and North-
eastern Mexico.    By J. A. Allen.    Bull.  Am. Mus. Nat.  Hist.,
Recent Literature.                          85
iii, 2, 219-228. The collection upon which this paper is based was
received from Mr. George B. Sennett and contained two new forms
of which descriptions are given: Scalops argeniahis texanus from
Presidio County, Texas, and Dipodops sennetti from near Browns-
ville, Texas. Thirty-one species are recorded with annotations and
critical remarks.                                                         w. E. b.
A Marine Reservation. Forest and Stream, xxxvi, No. 14. The
commendable plan of reserving certain islands in the Pacific Ocean
and Behring Sea as preserves upon which marine mammals may
resort without molestation and thereby be kept from extirmination is
presented in an editorial and a letter from Prof. Langley, Secretary
of the Smithsonian Instution to Hon. John W. Noble, Secretary
of the Interior. Briefly expressed, it is proposed to establish a
northern station on Amak Island in Behring Sea for the refuge of
the walrus (Odobtznus obesus) and sea otter (Enhydra marina),
also a southern station on the Farallon Islands for the northern sea
lion (Eumatopias stelleri) and California sea lion (Zalophus califor-
nianus).                                                                    w. E. b.
On the Periods occupied by Birds in the Incubation of their Eggs.
By William Evans, F. R. S. E. Ibis, Jan., 1891, p. 52. It is
partly compiled from the works and observations of others and
partly the results of his own careful watching of nests and by the
artificial means of a self-regulating incubator; eggs were also hatched
under the domestic hen, dove and canary, according to the size of
the eggs. The temperature best suited for hatching the majority of
birds in the incubator was found to be 102.50 Fahr. The author
says: " Probably no point in the life-histories of the different species
of birds has received less attention than the period of incubation, a
circumstance all the more surprising when we consider the import-
ance of the subject and the great activity which has been manifested
during recent years in the elucidation of ornithological questions.''
W.   E. b.
The plates accompanying the January number of the Ibis are of
^.thopyga latouchii Slater, $ , § , a new species from south-eastern
China; CryptolophanigrorumMoseley and AbrornisolivaceaMoseley
two new flycatchers from the Philippines, the third plate represent-
ing S , ? Loriailus bonapartei De Souanc6 from the Sooloo Islands.
Notes on the Classification of the Pigeons.   By R. W. Shufeldt.
86
Recent Literature.
[zoe
American Naturalist, xxv, p. 157. From a study of the osteol-
ogical character of nearly all the genera of United States Colum-
bidae the author divides the family Columbidae of the sub-order of
American Pigeons (Peristercs) into two sub-families, Columbines
and Starncenadince; the former containing the genera Columba,
Ectopistes, Engypiila, Zenaidura, Zenaida, Melopelia, Columbi-
gallina, Scardafella and Geoirygon, and' the latter containing the
genus Starncenas. This arrangement differs from Coues, who
divided the family Columbid<z into three subfamilies, viz: Colum-
bines, Zenaidincs and Starncenadince. The details by which these
conclusions were arrived at are not given in the present paper.
w. E. b.
The Forest and Stream of March 19 has an article on Doves
Nesting in Trees, by S. A. Ball. No locality is given where the
observations were made but it is undoubtedly eastern, where ground
building may be the common practice with the mourning- dove
(Zenaidura macroiira), but on the western coast nests are oftener
found in trees than upon the ground and in California it is a rule to
which I recall no exception in scores of instances in my experience,
although cases have been reported by others. The most interesting
part of the article is the recounting of how he persecuted twenty-
four nests belonging to fourteen species in order to ascertain to
what extent the labor of constructing was lost by failure of the
birds to hatch and rear their young. He says: " Here were twenty-
four nests over which I constituted myself guardian, and which /
visited every day or every other day." [Not italicized in original.]
After such a confession it is a matter of surprise that so many as six
species (nine nests) succeeded in hatching part or all their eggs.
Had he been more zealous he might have accomplished the break-
ing up of the domestic arrangements of every pair in his vicinity.
Following this he bitterly complains of the investigations of scien-
tists with but an allusion to the destruction of birds for millinery
purposes.
A notable departure from terrestrial to arboreal nest-building
could be cited in a number of instances where the California part-
ridge has built in trees, upon hay-cocks in the field, upon covered
hay stacks and once in a vine-covered trellis (Bull. Cal. Acad., ii,
452).                                                                               w. e. b.
The colored plates in the April issue of the Ibis are of Galeopsar
VOL.  II.]
Recent Literature.
87
salvadorii, a new genus described by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL. D.,
F. Z. S., etc., from a specimen collected by Mr. F. J. Jackson, F.
Z. S., in Eastern Africa; Drepanoplectes jacksoni Sharpe another new
species in which the male differs remarkably from the female. Syco-
broius insignis Sharpe and Heterhyphantes slephanophorus Sharpe
are figured upon one plate.                                            w. e. b.
Dr. R. W. Shufeldt contributes Some Comparative Osteo-
logical Notes on the North American Kites to the April Ibis. In
critical concluding remarks he arranges the North American kites
provisionally in the family Milvidce with subfamilies Ictiniiniz, Ela-
noidintz, Elanincs and RostrhamincB (?).
The plate with the April number of the Auk (vol. viii, No. 2) is a
wood cut drawn by Mr. Ernest E. Thompson, representing the
adult male and female and immature male Labrador duck ( Camp-
tolaimus labradorius). This species, which is probably extinct, is
treated by Mr. William Dutcher in an article entitled The Labra-
dor Duck, etc. There are at present thirty-eight recorded speci-
mens of which twenty-seven are preserved in North American col-
lections. No examples are known to have been taken since Decem-
ber, 1878.
Descriptions of Seven Stipposed New North American Birds,
by William Brewster, contains descriptions of eight proposed
subspecies, as follows: Megascops asio aikeni, Aiken's Screech
Owl. Megascops asio macfarlanei, MacFarlane's Screech Owl.
Megascops asio saturatus, Puget Sound Screech Owl. Contopus
richardsonii peninsulcs, Large-billed Wood Pewee. Ammodramus
henslowii occidentalism Western Herislow's Sparrow. Pipilo macu-
laius magnirostris, Mountain Towhee. Vireo solitarius Izccasamts,
St. Lucas Solitary Vireo. Sitta carolinensis lagzmce, St. Lucas
Nuthatch.                                                                        w. e. b.
Observations on the Farallon Rail (Porzana jamaicensis coiurni-
culus (Baird). By Robert Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xiii, 1889, 309-311. The present paper gives much important light
upon the subject of the unique specimen of the Farallon rail and
shows the possibility of its being identical with Gould's Zapornia
spilonota from the Galapagos Island, and also shows wherein exists
a doubt, unknown before, that the specimen was taken at the Faral-
lones at all.                                                                     w.  e. b.
88
Recent Liter attire.
[zoe
Flora Franciscana. Part I. By Edward L. Greene, Assistant
Professor of Botany in the University of California, 128 pp. San
Francisco, 1891. The title of this work is somewhat of a misno-
mer, as it ranges over a district extending north and south from
Cape Mendocino to Point Conception and from east to west the
whole breadth of the State.
The reasons usually given for the publication of '' Local Floras''
are that they furnish more exact and fuller particulars concerning
the localities and life history of plants than are usually given in
works dealing with wider areas. In these respects the work is a
distinct failure, scarcely any addition being made to the localities
mentioned' in the Botany of California—which is usually ignored—
or any biological observation made that has not been already made
public by previous authors.
The author's motto seems to be " change," and especially such
change as will admit of placing his name after as many species as
possible. The logic of these changes is past finding out. Eremo-
carpus is certainly quite as distinct from Croton as Cerasus and
Amygdalus from Prunus; Malus from Pyrus, etc., and if Hosackia
is to be reduced to Lotus, Horkelia to Potentilla and Limnanthes to
Flcerkea, by what rule is he able to keep Heteromeles distinct
from Photinia, " Alsinella" from Arenaria, or " Tissa " from Sper-
gula?
In accordance with his well-known tendencies he inflates the
genera with numerous species, either of his own making or from
half-forgotten synonymy. Trifolium, for instance, is credited with
forty-three, and Lupinus with forty-eight species in Central Cali-
fornia! As Dr. Gray said on noticing in ihe American Journal
of Science the first number of Pittonia: " The various new species
of Trifolium, etc. * * * may be safely left to the final judg-
ment of competent botanists. Professor Greene's judgment and
ours are widely divergent," but the author's habit of uniting genera
haphazard and renaming all the species with identical names in the
absence of positive knowledge of their validity is a serious evil.
The aphorism "once a synonym always a synonym" may apply
to the naming of new species, but it is rather straining matters to
make the rule retroactive.
The day which sees botanical names so well established as to be
able to dispense with their authorities will be a very welcome one.
VOL.  II.]
Recent Literature.
89
The attempt to disturb nomenclature by referring generic names
to ancient authors in whose records they appear with more or less
uncertainty is at this day almost beneath serious notice. Mr.
Brittonin the Torrey Club Bulletin for May, well says: " How can
he in any event safely credit a name to Dioscorides or Theophrastus?
They surely did not originate such terms as Astragalus and Sorbus,
but merely recorded what certain plants were called in their time."
Surely even Professor Greene must be able to see that if these names
and others in common use are to be so credited, the numerous
others which are either not used at all, or used for entirely different
plants than those to which they were originally applied, have an
equal right to restoration. And where is a stopping place to be
found? Have the vernacular names recorded by Greeks and Ro-
mans any better claim than the far older ones of the Hebrews, the
Egyptians, the Hindoos or the Chinese ? A large number of the
names of Theophrastus, etc., have been identified, but some mous-
ing antiquarian excavating about Jerusalem may furnish us at any
time with the records of Solomon, who '' spake of trees, from the
Cedar tree that is Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out
of the wall."
If Prunus is to be credited to Varro, Rubus to Virgil and Aviyg-
dalus to Theophrastus, why not say Apios Theophrastus, instead of
Malus Tournefort? But then there is a still older name given by
irrefragible authority—the Hebrew Ez, mentioned in Genesis; and
Cerasus even when credited to Theophrastus is certainly long ante-
dated by Bimba of the Mahabharata.                                 k. b.
Revisio?i of the America?i species of Epilobium occurring north of
Mexico. By William Trelease; pp. 118, 48 plates. Extract
from the second Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Issued April 22, 1891. This work shows the usual painstaking
study for which the author is so well known. The genus is a very
difficult one, many of the species forming fertile hybrids5 which are,
in the absence of extensive field studies, a source of much perplexity.
The author is very conservative in his dealings with the species.
He says: " I have tried as far as possible to account for ail species
indicated by him [Haussknect] and other writers as coming within
our limits, recognizing them as valid whenever satisfactory reason
could be obtained for doing so. It is with reluctance that I publish
several as new.    It must be said, however, that increasing familiarity
Recent Literature.
ZOE
with the genus strengthens my impression that the characters here
admitted as of specific value are worthy of credence, and do not
apply to mere forms or varieties, although the less differentiated
species fall into groups, which some of the most conservative bota-
nists might justly treat as species consisting of fairly marked sub-
species, in a monograph of the genus as a whole." The new
species are E. delicatum, E. clavalum, and E. tcrsinum Parish in
herb. The recently described species reduced are E.pseudo-lineare
Hausskn. " unknown to me, and suspected by Professor Hauss-
knect to be a hybrid of uncertain parentage;" E. America?ium
Hausskn. reduced to E. adenocauloti; E. exaltatum Drew, reduced
to a variety of adenocaulon; and E. Oreganum Greene, considered
a hybrid of glaberrimum, with perhaps adenocaulon. The plates are
of much value in the future study of the genus.                     k. b.
American Garden, xii, 247, makes an amusing contribution to
the literature of Rhamnus Purshiana. It is described over the
name of a contributor as " A very low, pretty shrub with bright
scarlet berries, handsome light green, deciduous leaves and cinna-
mon-colored stems. The tiny greenish-white flowers have four or
five petals and stamens." The accompanying figure represents
Prosartes Hookeri.
Botanical Gazette, February, 1891. Notes on the apical growth
of Osmunda and Botrychium (with pi. v.): Douglas H. Campbell.
Two new plants (Luina Piperi, Silene Suksdorfii), from the Cas-
cade Mountains (with pi. vi.)—B. L. Robinson. New species of
Montana fungi (with pi. vii.)—J. B. Ellis and F. W. Anderson.
Key to the North Amerian Genera of Labiatae.—Alfred C. Stokes.
Observations on the new Texas fern, Notholcena Nealleyi and var.
Mexicana—George E. Davenport. Sarcodes Sanguinea—Thomas
Meehan.
March, 1891. Black rust of cotton—George F. Atkinson. Flow-
ers and insects, vi—Charles Robertson. Notes on Technique, ii—
James Ellis Humphrey. A contribution to the life history of Hy-
drastis Ca?iade?isis (with pi. viii)—Homer Bowers. Two unde-
scribed species {A. Pringlei, A. globosd) of Apodanthes (with pi.
iv)—B. L. Robinson. Erythrcea Pringleana Wittr.—C. G. Pringle.
New species of Montana fungi (with pi. x)—Ellis & Anderson.
April, 1891. New or noteworthy Composite from Guatemala—
John M. Coulter.    Notes on North American Willows, vi (A review

VOL. II.]
Recent Literature.
91
of the Willows of California, a paper of much interest to Western
botanists—M. S. Bebb. Notes on the Flora of the St. Croix region
—E. G. Hill. A new Aster from California, Aster Orcuttii, Vasey
& Rose.—J. N. Rose (with pi. xi).—A new Fomes from Mon-
tana (Fomes Ellisianus Anders.)—F. W. Anderson. Silphhim laci-
niatum L.—B. L. Robinson. The propagation of Ranunculus la-
custris—Charles A. Davis. Cornus Baileyi in Oregon—Walter H.
Evans.
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Germination of some North
American Plants (with plates v-xix). By Theodor Holm. Mem.
Torr. Club, ii, No. 3. Such papers as this which really add some-
thing to the sum of our knowledge are a welcome relief from the
surfeit inflicted upon us by a crowd of systematic botanists, many of
whom seem to have no idea of botany, beyond the describing of new
species, or chasing the names of plants through a lot of old books
and changing them if possible. The germination and early growth
of more than forty plants is described and delineated. We hope
the author will continue his studies in the line he has marked out.
K. B.
Bull. Torrey Club, xviii, No. n. Notes upon Uvularia Oakesia
Diclytra and Krigia, (pi. cxi-cxiii): Theodor Holm. Recent Con-
tributions to the literature of the Diatomaceae: C. Henry Kain. A
new Anthracnose of Peppers: Byron D. Halsted. Notes on the
Archegonium of Ferns: Douglas H. Campbell. Virginia creeper:
Thomas Meehan.
No. ii. Enumeration of the Plants" collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby
in South America, 1885-1886.—xv: N. L. Britton. The Flora of
the Desert of Atacama: Thomas Morong. Contributions to Amer-
ican Bryology (pi. cxiv.): Elizabeth G. Britton. Zizania as found
by the Explorers of the Northwest: E. J. Hill. A new locality for
Lychnis Floscuculi: C. L. Shear.
No. iii. Study of the Apical Growth of the prothallium of Ferns
with reference to their Relationship (pi. cxv.): Douglas H. Camp-
bell. Influence of Moisture upon dehiscent Fruits (pi. cxvi.): B. D.
Halsted and D. G. Fairchild. Notes from Pennsylvania: Thomas
C. Porter.
No. iv. The Formation of the Flower Buds of Spring-Blossom-
ing Plants during the preceding summer: Aug. F. Foerste. Enu-
meration of the Plants collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby in South
America,   1885-1886-xvi:  N.   L.  Britton.-   The  Fertalization of
Proceedings of Societies.
[ZOE
Three Native Plants: E. J. Hill. Variations of the Rootstock of
Similax glauca dependent upon Environment: Wm. T. Davis.
An Undescribed Desmodium from Texas and Mexico: Anna Maria
Vail. Plants of Special Interest collected at Oroho, Maine. Merritt
L. Fernald.
Third Biennial Report of the Slate Board of Forestry, for the.
years 1889-90. 8 vo., pp. 212. The first part of the volume is
devoted to a report by W. S. Lyon, State Forester, on the progress
made in introducing and acclimatizing foreign trees; the second
part by John Gill Lemmon, botanist of the Commission, contains an
account of the Conifers of the Pacific Coast, enriched by many pho-
tographs. A new genus, Hesperopeuce, is proposed .for the well
known Tsuga Pattoniana.
fournal of Mycology, vol. 6, No. ii, published by the Department
of Agriculture. A new Hollyhock disease, Colletoirichum althete,
by Miss E. A. Southworth. Recent Investigations of Smut Fungi
and Smut Diseases by Dr. Oscar Brefeld, translated from Nach-
richten aus dem Klub der Landwirthe zu Berlin, a paper of very
great interest. The author details numerous experiments with the
smuts Usiilago carbo, U. crzienta and U. maydis, undertaken to de-
termine the period of infection. The experiments tend to show
that in slender plants with necessarily minute and well covered
growing points, infection apparently takes place very early, in most
cases, soon after the appearance of the plumule, but exceptionally,
and in Maize and Sorghum frequently, if not nearly always, the
young tissue may become affected at any part of the plant.
The spread of smuts in fields was found to be very greatly pro-
moted by the use of fresh dung.
The number also contains some notes of interest on A New and
Destructive Oat Disease, by B. T. Galloway and E. A. Southworth;
Note on a Minnesota species of Isaria and an attendant Pachybasium,
by Conway MacMillan; A Few New Fungi, by J. B. Ellis and S.
M. Tracy, and a new species, Mucronoporus Andersonii, by the for-
mer.                                                                               H. w. H.
--------------------¦•--------------------
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
California Academy of Sciences. March 2, 1891, Presi-
dent Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the Museum were reported from the following: L.
VOL. II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
93
Belding, Robt. A. A. Wright, M. Braverman, B. C. Winston, Geo.
W. Dunn and Melville Attwood.
The Librarian reported 140 additions to the Library.
Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on " Botanical Reminiscences."
Walter E. Bryant read a paper entitled '' A Provisional List of
the Land Mammals of California."
The Secretary read an account of the discovery of precious opals
near Moscow, State of Washington, and exhibited specimens in the
matrix presented by Melville Attwood.
The following communication was read:
San Francisco, March 2, 1891.
To the Officers and Members of the California Academy of Sciences:
I hereby present to this Academy my collection of Fungi, now in this building,
in the gathering and identification of which I have devoted the major portion of
my time during the past fifteen years. The collection consists of between 10,000
and 1.1,000 numbers, which are catalogued by the card system, nearly 13,000 sepa-
rate cards having been required for the work.
The catalogue is arranged for immediate use and the specimens are already in
convenient receptacles.
Yours respectfully,                                 H. W. HARKNESS.
A vote of thanks was unanimously tendered to Dr. Harkness for
his valuable gift.
The report of the Director of the Museum, which had been de-
ferred from a previous meeting, was read and filed.
April 6, 1891. There not being a sufficient number of members
present the meeting was merely called to order and adjourned.
California Botanical Club.
In response to a call from Dr. H. W. Harkness, Dr. H. H. Behr,
Dr. Gustav Eisen, T. S. Brandegee, Mrs. Mary W. Kincaid, Miss
Agnes M. Manning and Mrs. Katharine Brandegee, a meeting was
held at one p. m., on March 7, 1891, in the herbarium room of
the California Academy of Sciences.
The meeting was called to order by Dr. H. W. Harkness, who
briefly explained that the objects of the proposed Club were to pro-
mote the study of plants, especially those found on the Pacific Coast
of North America, and by bringing into more intimate relations the
botanists of the Coast to arouse a greater interest in so rich a field
of science. All persons joining the Club were invited to meet the
botanical curator of the California Academy in the herbarium room
94
Proceedings of Societies.
[zoe
every Monday afternoon for the study of living plants. He then
suggested that the election of officers was the first business in order.
The following officers were elected for the first term ending the
first Saturday in March, 1892.
President—Dr. H. H. Behr.
Vice-President—Mrs. Mary W. Kincaid."
Secretary—Frank H. Vaslit.
Treasurer—Miss Agnes M. Manning.
Librarian—Miss Caroline L. Hunt.
Curator—Miss Kate Elliott.
Councilors—Mrs. C. E. Hansen, Mrs. M. J. McDonald,
Dr. C. M. Blake.
The Committee on Constitution consisting of Dr. H. H. Behr,
Mrs. Mary W. Kincaid and Miss A. M. Manning, appointed at a
preliminary meeting, presented a report embodying the Constitution
engrossed upon pages 1-4 of this record, which report was read
and adopted.
It was decided to meet for the present on the first and third Satur-
days of each month at 1 p. m. in the herbarium room of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, the meetings to be followed whenever
practicable by an excursion to some place of botanical interest.
The Club then adjourned for an excursion to Mountain Lake.
March 22, i8pi. In the absence of the President, the Vice-Presi-
dent, Mrs. M. W. Kincaid, presided.
On motion it was decided to keep the charter roll open for sig-
natures during the month of April.
Adjourned for excursion to Laurel Hill.
April 4, i8pi.    The Vice-President in the chair.
It was announced by order of the Council that the regular busi-
ness meeting would be held on the first Saturday of each month.to
be followed by an excursion, and that the third Saturday of each
month would be devoted to a field meeting. Also that, as hereto-
fore, there would be excursions on Sunday, as quite a number of
the members were unable to spare the necessary time on any other
day, and that the Club, or as many as could attend, would continue
to meet for the study of plants brought in every Monday afternoon
from 3:30 to 5 p. M.
Adjourned for excursion to the Presidio.
VOL.  II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
95
May 2, 1891.    Mrs. C. E. Hansen in the chair.
The Secretary announced that in accordance with instructions
from the Council, he had communicated with the officers of the
California Academy of Sciences, soliciting the use of the Hall of
the Academy for one night during the month, and that through the
efforts of Dr. Harkness, and in consideration of the fact that the
investigations and collections of the Club would tend to enrich the
herbarium of the Academy, the request had been granted,
On motion a vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Harkness.
The thanks of the Club were also voted to Mr. T. S. Brandegee
for his donation of the two volumes of the Botany of California and
the first volume of Zoe, and also to Mr. George Spaulding for print-
ing without charge 250 receipts for dues.
The following notes by Miss E. Cannon on plants not hitherto
known as growing in San Francisco, were read:
Sanicula maritima Kell. A new locality for this plant is a half marshy de-
pression in the Potrero Hills at the end of Eighteenth street. It grows there in
stiff black clay called "adobe "which is very wet in winter and spring, but is
nearly dry at this time. The plants are, as seems usually to be the case with vege-
tation near the coast, lower and more spreading than those from Alameda. It is
associated at this place with Eryngium fetiolatum and probably occurs in other
similar localities, but is so inconspicuous and the foliage so exactly the color of
Ranunculus muricatiis and Plantago major that it is not easy to find.
Gilia liniflora Benlh. stouter, more spreading, but lower and with larger
flowers than any of the specimens in the herbarium of the California Academy of
Sciences, grows on the summits of the Potrero hills.
Gaultheria shallon Pursh., "Salal" of the Northern Indians, is found on
the summits of the hills on both sides of Noe Valley, growing only a few inches in
height, but flowering freely.
On motion the charter roll was declared closed with the following
signatures:
H. W. Harkness,
Mary W. Kincaid,
Katharine Brandegee,
Caroline L. Hunt,
Mrs. Paris Kilburn,
Ella L. Manson,
L. M. F. Wanzer,
Nellie Williams,
Evelina Cannon,
Florence Emerson,
H. H. Behr,
Emily V. Harrison,
T. S. Brandegee,
Ernestine J. Arnold.
Edith B. Falkenau,
Lucy F. Swett,
Jessie Andrus,
Mrs. R. F. Dodd,
Mrs. L. D. Emerson,
Jessie S. Easton,
rr
96
Proceedings of Societies.
Emily A. Easton,
Mrs. M. J. McDonald,
Bertha Tackle,
H. T. Bickel,
Daisy A. Loughlin,
George F. Kincaid,
Eliza C. Campbell,
Kate Elliott,
Fannie Davies,
Francis Hodgkinson,
Mrs. C. E. Hansen,
Charles A. Keeler,
Burns Macdonald,
Gustav Eisen,
Mary C. Bowman,
Bertha A. Wicker,
Nellie M. Owens,
Carl Purdy,
Agnes M. Manning,
Sarah E. Blake,
Edmund C. Shorey,
J. W. Hobson,
Josie L. Blum,
Mabel M. Miles,
Mrs. William Alvord,
W. H. Schockley,
AnnaJ. Monro,
H. E. Hasse,
S. B. Parish,
Daniel Cleveland,
H. S. Nichols,
G. P. Rixford,
H. R. Taylor,
Mrs. S. W. Dennis,
B.  Frank Leeds,
Mrs. William Westhoff,
D. C. Stone,
C.  C. Riedy,
Miss Amanda Hansen,
John
M. J. McDonald,
Nellie E. Barter,
L. W. Cushman,
Erne Mclllriach,
Lucy Cotrel,
Katharine M. Nesfield,
Fidelia Jewett,
Frank H. Vaslit,
Margaret C. Nesfield,
Carlos Troyer,
Mrs. Elwood Cooper,
LillieJ. Martin,
Frank E. Harris,
S. W. Holladay,
Agnes Bowman,
Nellie A. Morse,
Vesta L. Jordan,
C. F. Sonne,
Charles M. Blake,
Jennie Hewston,
Walter E. Bryant,
Alice C. Vincent,
Sara W. Scruggs,
William Alvord,
J. W. Hendrie,
John MacLean,
Marcus E. Jones,
Miriam Godbe,
Mary T. Mooney,
Florence R. Swett,
Mary A. Roper,
George Spaulding,
Alice Eastwood,
Mrs. S. A. P. Wheeler,
Elizabeth Parsons,
Sarah W. Horton,
Thomas H. Douglas,
Sarah E. Vaslit,
Mrs. W. C. Burnett,
McLaren.
Notice was given that the next meeting would be held at 8 P. m.
on Thursday evening, May 21, in the Hall of the Academy of
Sciences.
The society then adjourned for excursion to the hills south of
the Park.

PLATE XIII.
BOSCHNIAKIA STROBILACEA.
96
Proceedings of Societies.
Emily A. Easton,
Mrs. M. J. McDonald,
Bertha Tackle,
H. T. Bickel,
Daisy A. Loughlin,
George F. Kincaid,
Eliza C. Campbell,
Kate Elliott,
Fannie Davies,
Francis Hodgkinson,
Mrs. C. E. Hansen,
Charles A. Keeler,
Burns Macdonald,
Gustav Eisen,
Mary C. Bowman,
Bertha A. Wicker,
Nellie M. Owens,
Carl Purdy,
Agnes M. Manning,
Sarah E. Blake,
Edmund C. Shorey,
J. W. Hobson,
Josie L. Blum,
Mabel M. Miles,
Mrs. William Alvord,
W. H. Schockley,
Anna J. Monro,
H. E. Hasse,
S. B. Parish,
Daniel Cleveland,
H. S. Nichols,
G. P. Rixford,
H. R. Taylor,
Mrs. S. W. Dennis,
B.  Frank Leeds,
Mrs. William Westhoff,
D. C. Stone,
C.   C. Riedy,
Miss Amanda Hansen,
John
M. J. McDonald,
Nellie E. Barter,
L. W. Cushman,
Effie Mclllriach,
Lucy Cotrel,
Katharine M. Nesfield,
Fidelia Jewett,
Frank H. Vaslit,
Margaret C. Nesfield,
Carlos Troyer,
Mrs. Elwood Cooper,
LillieJ. Martin,
Frank E. Harris,
S. W. Holladay,
Agnes Bowman,
Nellie A. Morse,
Vesta L. Jordan,
C. F. Sonne,
Charles M. Blake,
Jennie Hewston,
Walter E. Bryant,
Alice C. Vincent,
Sara W. Scruggs,
William Alvord,
J. W. Hendrie,
John MacLean,
Marcus E. Jones,
Miriam Godbe,
Mary T. Mooney,
Florence R. Swett,
Mary A. Roper,
George Spaulding,
Alice Eastwood,
Mrs. S. A. P. Wheeler,
Elizabeth Parsons,
Sarah W. Horton,
Thomas H. Douglas,
Sarah E. Vaslit,
Mrs. W. C.  Burnett,
McLaren.
Notice was given that the next meeting would be held at 8 p. m.
on Thursday evening, May 21, in the Hall of the Academy of
Sciences.
The society then adjourned for excursion to the hills south of
the Park.
PLATE XIII.
BOSCHNIAKIA STROBILACEA.
ZOB
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Vol. II.
JULY, 1891.
No. 2.
NOTICES OF SOME CALIFORNIA BIRDS.
BY  L.   BELDING.
I believe the first specimen of the blue-winged teal (Anas discors)
that was taken in California was a male in spring plumage that I
found in the Stockton market late in February or early in March,
1881. This was forwarded to Prof. Ridgway for identification, and
was mounted and exhibited in the Smithsonian Institution.
In April following, Mr. J. C. Parker, of San Diego, showed me
another fine adult male which he said had been recently shot by a
Mr. Hill in Cajon Valley, about fifteen miles from San Diego. The
San Diego specimen was as much of a puzzle to the sportsmen of
San Diego as my specimen had been to me. I had probably never
seen the male in breeding plumage until I saw the Stockton speci-
men, but having shot a great many of these ducks in the fall in the
Mississippi Valley, I supposed I was well acquainted with the blue-
winged teal, and for that reason did not compare my bird with the
description of the species. Had I done so its identification would
have been easy.
Mr. F. Stephens secured a pair at Agua Caliente, San Diego
County, in March, 1886. These are all the California records that
I know of, although Dr. Newberry, in Vol. 6, Pacific R. R. Rep.,
says it is common throughout California and Oregon—referring es-
pecially to the central and northern part of California—but he must
have intended to say this of the cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera).
Another of the very few species which I have collected and failed
to identify was the harlequin duck (Hisirionicus histrionicus)—a
boreal species hitherto supposed to only winter in the State, which I
first discovered in the Sierra of California in the summer of 1879,
and probably the first specimen that was collected in California was a
half-grown juvenile I shot in the Stanislaus River in 1880, and sent
98                Notices of some California Birds.            [zoe
to Prof. Ridgway for identification. In the summer of 1879 Dr.
Fred. J. Huse and myself spent three very fatiguing days In follow-
ing the deep rocky canon of the north fork of the river, in search
of new fishing ground, and in stocking the river with trout. I had
stopped by a large deep pool, and he had gone a short distance up
stream in a rocky gorge. While we were separated, a strange duck
which he had probably frightened, but did not see, flew down the
canon and alighted within twenty yards of me, bent its neck for-
ward close to the water, lifted its wings and uttered a scream I had
never heard. A mountaineer who had not long before joined us
was between me and the much-coveted duck, and I was unable to
shoot at it until it had floated down the rapid stream so far as to
be out of effective range. I yearned for a specimen of that duck
until about a year later, when I visited the same locality and found
a brood of half-grown young and shot three or four of them, in-
cluding the above-mentioned juvenile which Prof. Ridgway identi-
fied. Since that time I have often seen these ducks in the
Stanislaus River, and have occasionally seen them on other streams
in that neighborhood, but have seen the young ducks only on the
Stanislaus River, where they are latterly becoming rare, owing to
their destruction by fishermen. Dr. Huse saw a female harlequin
with a brood of ducklings on Griswold Creek in 1881 or 1882, and
J. Clarence Sperry and Horace Pillsbury caught a juvenile from a
flock of the same, which could not fly, on the same creek, in the
summer of 1889. The most southern point where it has been cap-
tured in California is the south fork of the Tuolumne River, where
I got two fine specimens—a male and female—May 15, 1891.
The ovaries of the female were small—no larger than number one
shot. The adult male breeding plumage I had not seen in the field
until I got the specimens in the south fork of the Tuolumne River,
near Crocker's Station. Latterly I thought these ducks might be a
southern differentiated form of the harlequin duck, but these
specimens—which now are a part of the California Academy collec-
tion—prove that such is not the fact. The only California Coast
specimen that I have heard of is a fine male that was shot by Mr.
Lewis Locke in Bodega Bay. Mr. F. H. Holmes, who informed
me of it in 1885, said he had seen the specimen and examined the
label, but had forgotten the date of its capture.
Dr. Coues,  in Birds of the Northwest, published  in   1874, says
vol. ii.]        Notices of some California Birds.
99

it is found south in winter to California, but he gives no authority,
for the statement.
These ducks are very expert swimmers and divers, frequenting
rapid mountain streams, where they are secured with great difficulty.
They feed mostly upon aquatic insects; and the young ducks are
quite palatable. I think they nest in rocks in this State, and per-
haps in trees also, as they are said to do so elsewhere.
Probably the whooping crane (Grtis ame?-icana) visits north-
ern California in winter. In the fall of 1884, I suppose I saw a
flock of about twenty of these birds flying over the tules on Butte
Creek, Sutter County, and another flock of about the same number,-
April 15, 1891, near Gridley, Butte County. Both flocks were large
white cranes, with black wing tips, and the latter flock was soaring
in the manner of sand-hill cranes.
Mr. S. C. Phillips, who was with me when I saw the flock of
this year, said he had several times seen the same kind of birds
when hunting on Butte Creek. Mr. Anthony, in the Auk of April,
1886, mentions the occurrence of this species in Oregon.
Heretofore the Texan nighthawk (Chordeiles texensis) has not
been found in California north of San Bernardino Valley, as noted
by Mr. F. Stephens, who considers it a rare summer resident there,
but I saw about a dozen of this species in the hills opposite
Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus County, June 5, 1891, and shot and
preserved one, which is in the collection of the California Academy
of Sciences. I anticipated finding it here, as ever since June, 1885
—when I think I got (but lost) one of this species in the foothills
below Grass Valley, Nevada County — I have thought it might be
found occasionally to near the head of the Sacramento Valley.
The most satisfactory result of about a month's collecting along
the Knight's Ferry, Big Oak Flat and Yosemite road, in May and
June of this year, was the taking of three specimens of the Big Tree
thrush (Ttirdus sequoiensis) in Yosemite Valley. I think—and
Mr. Bryant agrees with me—that these specimens, with the types,
put the species on a good basis. It arrives in this State in spring,
after the dwarf thrush leaves it; is much more timid than the
dwarf thrush; never jerks its wings as the latter does; never has
been heard, by me, to utter the "chip," or " chip-chip," that the
dwarf thrush  so  frequently utters when  observed;  is fleeter  of
ioo               Notices of some California Birds.
wing, less terrestrial, and is larger, paler and slenderer than the
dwarf thrush.
I heard the song of the Big Tree thrush at Crocker's and in
Yosemite Valley—suppose they breed at both localities.
At Crocker's a pair of Lincoln's sparrows (Melospiza lincolni)
were probably breeding, as they were often in and about the garden
during about three consecutive weeks.
I saw flocks of the evening grosbeak (Coccothrausies vespertinus
mo?ita?ius) at Crane's Flat, Gentry's, and in Yosemite Valley. One
flock at the latter place contained about thirty individuals of both
sexes as late as June i.
I found the white - crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
rather common in Yosemite Valley, where it appeared to be a sum-
mer resident, but it and some other birds I found there may have
been driven down to the valley by recent snow storms on the sur-
rounding mountains.    I was in the valley but five days.
I often saw a pair of the pygmy nuthatch (Sitta pygmcea) at
Crocker's, where they were probably breeding in a dead oak limb.
About June 25 following I saw two more in southern Oregon,
near Klamath River. I so seldom see this bird on the west slope
that I think these worthy of mention, and also the scarcity of the
sparrow-hawk (Falco sparverius) wherever I have traveled this
season. I counted but four between Stockton and Knight's Ferry
—a distance of nearly forty miles — and about the same number
between Knight's Ferry and Yosemite Valley. I have seldom seen
it anywhere since the beginning of the year, though hitherto I have
thought it a very common bird. Perhaps it has become rare by
death from some disease.
Acomyces on the Alder. The Acomyces mentioned on page
87 of the previous volume as abounding on the buckeye (Aisculus
Califor?iica) has been observed recently in Redwood Canon, Tam-
alpais, on the leaves of Alnus Oregana, which was growing in close
proximity to diseased buckeye.                                    h. w. k.
THE  INFLUENCE  OF   POLLEN  UPON  THE   QUALITY
OF THE FRUIT.
BY    GUSTAV    EISEN.
In 1884 a friend who follows the vocation of druggist suggested
to me the cultivation of colocynth, the object being to supply the
home market with the home-grown drug. I accordingly procured
from a drug store several imported colocynths ( Citridlus colocynthis)
containing fertile seeds. In size these colocynths resembled small
oranges, and were otherwise characteristic of the species. The seeds
were planted, and the plants grew and produced fruit. Within a
few feet of these colocynths I had also planted seed of the water-
melon variety known as the citron-watermelon. When the colo-
cynths bore I found that nearly all the fruit were hybrids between
the colocynth and the citron-watermelon. That this hybridization
had not been produced by a previous pollination between the two
species was evident. The fruits on the colocynth plants were not
equally affected. Some were small, almost like their parent colo-
cynths, others again two or three times larger, and some again as
large as the citron-watermelons, all partaking more or less of the
characteristics of the citron-watermelon. The new fruit was neither
sufficiently bitter, nor would it dry readily, and it was accordingly
worthless as a drug.
As the seeds came from imported colocynths, and as the fruits
were unequally affected, there remains only one explanation of the
cause of the hybridization. The pollen of the citron-watermelon
had been transferred to the colocynth flowers and affected the fruit
the same season.
Similar instances are not very rare. A friend informs me that at
some places in San Diego County it is difficult to produce good
muskmelons, on account of the number of native wild cucurbita-
ceous plants abounding in the vicinity. These native gourds are
probably Cucurbila palmata and C. perennis, very different in ap-
pearance from the cultivated muskmelons. The melons produced
on the latter are affected by the pollen from the wild species, pro-
ducing unpalatable fruit.
THE COMMON SHRUBS OF SOUTHWEST COLORADO.
BY ALICE  EASTWOOD.
At all seasons of the year the shrubs are the most noticeable part
of the vegetation through Southwestern Colorado. Most of them
are conspicuous not because of brilliant flowers and beautiful foliage,
but for the reason that over large sections of country they form
about the only vegetation that is not dried into dust by the hot
summer days.
For miles and miles the adobe plains are covered with a carpet of
bluish green which at a distance might be mistaken for grass, but
upon a nearer view it is seen that black sage (Artemisia iridentata)
almost monopolizes the soil. However, greasewood (Sarcobatus
vermiculatus), rabbit brush (Bigelovia graveolens), and salty sage
(Atriplex canescens) become almost as common in scattered spots.
Generally they are not much more than a foot high, but in favor-
able localities they often become eight or ten feet. In the winter,
when the ground is covered with snow, they form the main subsist-
ence of the cattle that roam at will over the land.
Early in June, however, the hills and mesas seem suddenly to
burst into bloom and the air is perfumed with the fragrance of my-
riads of flowers. Peraphyllum ramosisimum is one of the earliest.
Its beautiful clusters of pinkish flowers are followed by the queerest
little bitter apples, commonly called "squaw apples." This year
the small bushes were loaded with fruit, but last year the late frosts
destroyed almost all. Towering above every other shrub Fendlera
rupicola exalts its flowery stems as if the delicate white flowers and
pink buds were too etherial for the common air below. All its
beauty is for the sun and stars. The earth looks upon rough scrag-
gy stems, without even a leaf to cover their ugliness. The wood is
exceedingly hard, dark colored and susceptible of a high polish. It
is named ironwood, and may some day be used in the arts. Service
berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) is also in bloom at this time and adds
its snowy flowers to the hillside bouquet. Purshia tridentata and
Cercocarpiis parvifolius are common, but their flowers being almost
the same color as the foliage, escape general attention. Quercus
\                                undulata, however, has already put forth its early leaves and the
'/]                                dense thickets glisten in the sunshine, the fresh light green foliage,
with its glossy sheen, seeming almost transparent.   Philadelphus
Shrubs of Southwest Colorado.
103
microphyllus, which looks like a small-flowered, diffusely-branched
Fendlera, is found upon rocky hills and abrupt canon sides.
Along the river bottoms, though the shrubbery is dense, the
flowers are generally dull in color and small. Cratcsgus coccinea,
however, rivals any of the hillside plants. Its lovely corymbs of
white flowers with red stamens are very fragrant, and the brilliant
scarlet berries that succeed them are set off to perfection by the
shining leaves. Alders and willows are abundant. I noticed four
kinds of willows—Salix lasiandra, S. longifolia, S. cordala and 6".
cordata var. Mackenziana. Occasionally clumps of Rhamnus Cal-
if ornica are met with. An ordinary observer would pass them by
if they were not in fruit. Some years they are very prolific, the
purple berries compensating by their beauty for the dullness of the
flowers. I have examined berries on every bush as I passed, and
have found none with three seeds, though they are described as two
or three-seeded. Rhus aromatica is found everywhere and is com-
mon to both the eastern and western slopes of the Rockies. But of
all the river shrubs there are none to compare with the Buffalo berry
( Shepherdia argentea). Far in the distance it can be discerned with
its silvery leaves shimmering on the swaying branches. It blooms
in early spring, but does not owe any charm to the beauty of its
flowers. In fruit it is gorgeous. The bright red or yellow berries
surround the stem and form a vivid contrast with the pale green fo-
liage. In early days, before fruit - raising was an assured success
through this region, the buffalo berries were a great luxury to the
pioneers. Even now, with an abundance of strawberries, blackber-
ries, raspberries and currants, they are prized by the housewives
for jelly and wine.
Among other wild fruits common in the section the choke-cherry
( Primus demissa) and the currant (Ribes aureutn) are most widely
distributed.
In'the high mountains the shrubs are neither peculiar to the re-
gion nor so noticeable as the trees and herbs, but among those
found near the base of the foothills are some that are uncommon or
wanting in other sections. Berberis Fendleri is most conspicuous
and most beautiful. Its upright stems seem to be in bloom all at
once, and the clusters of yellow flowers extend from near the ground
to the very top without any interruption. It is a golden wand cov-
ered with tiny bells that send forth faint music with every breath of
104                    Nesting Place of Empidonax.                  [zoe
air. Berberis repens is also found here and is common through the
entire Rocky Mountain system. Pachystima myrsinites carpets the
ground under taller shrubs, almost concealing its tiny purple flow-
ers by its glossy leaves. Ceanothtcs Fendleri is common in open
spots on rocky slopes, but Ceanothus ovatiis is less often met with.
These low plants with small clusters of white flowers do not begin
to compare in beauty with their California relatives.
These observations have been confined chiefly to the valleys and
canons of the Mancos and Animas rivers. Undoubtedly there are
many other shrubs which I have never seen that ought to be no-
ticed, but from a careful comparison of Mr. Brandegee's descrip-
tive "Flora of Southwestern Colorado" with my own observations,
I think that I have included those that have the widest distribution.
Denver, Colo.
UNUSUAL NESTING PLACE OF EMPIDONAX
HAMMOND I.
BY  DR.   J.   G.   COOPER.
The tendency to seek the protection of human habitations during
the season of nest-building is well known to characterize many
kinds of birds of very different families, and in other respects, dif-
ferent habits. The motive impelling them to seek shelter in human
habitations for their progeny is, doubtless, a feeling of greater
safety there, both from the weather and from living enemies, than
they can find elsewhere.
Wild birds seem to have no fear of man until they have learned
by experience that he is sometimes dangerous, and visitors to lonely
islands tell wonderful tales of the tameness of the birds, both on
their nests and off of them.
There are also other motives for choosing houses to nest in. Such
species as have been accustomed to building in caves and hollow
trees find the best substitutes for such homes in or around houses.
Others find their food most abundant in the gardens or orchards,
and sometimes may be attracted by the flies and other insects, such
as spiders, which nearly all feed to their young, even if unnoticed
at other seasons.
It has been observed also that in some Eastern States where the
killing of small birds is forbidden in populous districts, the birds
soon find out where such laws protect them and flock to the country
I
VOL.  II.]
Nesting Place of Empidonax.
IOS
towns especially to build, even deserting the woods, and building
nests in most unusual and unexpected places about houses. An in-
stance of very extreme departure from original habits is that of the
European stork, which for several centuries has built on the chim-
ney-stacks of cities, being driven to them by the increasing scarcity
of suitable tall trees, and protected by a commendable superstition,
as the bringer of good luck to the inhabitants.
There is no doubt that with some protection, many useful birds
will become thus semi-domesticated, and be really sources of good
luck through their destruction of insects, as well as giving pleasure
by their songs.
The instance I now describe is one in which the bird is among
our rarest species near the coast, and also of a timid, shy, nature,
being generally found in retired shady groves.
The family of flycatchers to which this bird belongs is, however^
known to have some very sociable members, which build in barns,
under porches, bridges, etc., as substitutes for the hollow trees and
caves which they occupy in favorable places. These belong, how-
over, to other genera, containing larger species, and probably never
build in or on branches of trees, or in their forks, like those of this
genus. The arboreal residence characterises nearly all of the genus
Empidonax, of which nine or ten species and subspecies inhabit
the United States in summer.
The chief exception is in the western yellow-bellied flycatcher
(E. difficilis), which often builds in a hollow tree or branch,
a slight cavity in the bark, a hole in the bank of a stream,
under a bridge, or in a shed or barn; probably never in a forked
branch. This then is the most likely to resort to houses to build,
and as it is the commonest summer species in the coast counties,
such an event may be expected, though not yet reported. All the
numerous nests of it seen by me were near running streams, and in
well-shaded spots. That it is not more familiar in such localities'
makes the occurrence here reported still more remarkable.
Hammond's flycatcher seems to be the most timid as well as
smallest of the genus found in California (smaller than the so-called
'' little " flycatcher). Its most frequent residence appears from all
accounts to be the pine woods of the most eastern ranges of mount-
ains (west of the Mississippi), but it has been collected at Monterey.
In the Ornithology of California I confused it with the little fly-
106                 Nesting Place of Emfidonax.               [zoe
catcher (E. pusillus), their habits being very similar and the birds
not distinguishable at gunshot distance in a shady grove. It doubt-
less builds at times in the pine woods near Santa Cruz, where my
collections of nests and eggs were made in 1866, but at that time
the difference in the eggs of the two was unknown. In Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. vi, p. 199, I made some corrections of this
error, but think the nests and eggs collected were partly of the
yellow - bellied as well as of the little flycatcher, their eggs being
scarcely different, either in size or pattern of spots.
As is now well known, those of Hammond's species differ in
being pure white, and I may state that during four years, when I
collected nests and eggs around Haywards, I never but once ob-
tained a probable egg of the species, and then the positive evidence
j                              of the bird itself was wanting, as a boy brought me the egg and
I                              could give no account of the bird.
,                                 In the present instance I noticed a pair of birds about the garden
¦,                              for a week or more before finding the nest.    As no creek is within
f                              300 yards of the house I did not suspect the birds of building there,
i                              but now think they may have chosen the location on account of its
i                              dryness and also the presence of several pine and cypress trees.
¦!                              As if to escape all chance of wetting by the rather late rains, they
ff                              chose the driest spot they could find for the nest, for on June 11 I
found it, by seeing the bird fly off.    And for a very timid bird it
built in a strange place, on top of a pilaster supporting the roof of
t                              the porch close to the front door frame and only eight feet high!
|j                              A flat ledge there, four and a half inches square, formed more than
t    ,                         enough room for it though a few straws hung over the edge.    Un-
i                              fortunately the  eggs were hatched already, and two young only
;   -                           were in it, not a fragment of egg-shell to be found.
¦;                                 The base of nest measures 4^2  inches long and 3^ wide; the
;                              cavity 2 wide and 1^  deep, which is much smaller than those of
;                              the other species I measured.   It is 2 inches high, the base of coarse
:                              grasses, cobwebs, a bit of lace and one green leaf, then some stiff
'I                              plant-stems, green and dry grasses, a few feathers, leaves and more
!                              lace, with a thick lining of finer grasses and thread-like fibers, from
;t                              decayed pine leaves.   Unlike the nests of the other two species men-
tioned, no green moss was used in this. Neither was there any
earthy material, which sometimes becomes wet and looks like mud
used in their construction.

VOL.  II.]
Mosses of the Takima Region.
107
I had by close observation of both the birds become nearly
satisfied by this time of their being Hammond's flycatcher, but to
make sure I captured one of them at night on the nest, and taking
it in the house compared it with the description in the "North
American Birds.'' To avoid frightening them away I did not make
any measurements, but satisfied myself of its identity in colors.
Only one item was badly marked, as noticed then and by daylight
also, the almost entire absence of a yellow tint underneath, though
this is mentioned as very faint in summer adult birds. A decided
notch in the tail could be seen at some distance, a character best
marked in this species. For greater certainty I afterwards exam-
ined the fine series of west coast species in the Academy's collec-
tion, including the two new ones lately described from Lower Cal-
ifornia, and was convinced that my birds could be no other than E.
hammojidi.
To my great regret the parents were both gone the next day, and
near night I found that the young had been deserted and were al-
most dead. As a last chance I put them in a nest of the Arkansas
goldfinch in which three young were just hatched, but they dis-
appeared next day. I heard the old birds a few times afterwards
in the vicinity, but not later than about July 1. Their few faint
chirps and lisping calls resembled those mentioned by authors,
who have described the species.
LIST OF MOSSES COLLECTED BY T. S. BRANDEGEE IN
THE YAKIMA REGION OF WASHINGTON, 1882-3.
(Determined by L. M. Underwood and O. F. Cook.)
Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch.
Dicranum fuscesceus Turn.    Cascade Mountains.
Dicranum montanum Hedw.
Dicranum strictym Schleich.
Pottia cavifolia Ehrh.
Leptolrichum tortile Mull.
Barbula amplexa Lesq.
Barbula ruralis Hedw.
Grimmia anodon Br. & Schimp.
Grimmia apocarpa Hedw.    Cascade Range.
Grimmia alpestris Schleich.
io8
Stock and Scion.
[zoe
Grimmia Donniana Smith.
Grimmia Montana Br. & Schimp.
Grimmia Scouleri Mull.
Racomitrium patens Hiibn.
Hedwigia ciliata Ehrh., var. leucophcea Schimp.
Orthotrichum sordidum Sull. & Lesq.
Orthotrichum speciosum Nees.
Orthotrichum Texanum Sull.    Cascade Range.
Encalypta vulgaris Hedw.
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw.    Cascade Range.
Funaria hygromeirica Sibth.
Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.
Philonotis fontana Brid.
Philonotis fontana Brid. var.
Lepiobryum pyriforme Schimp.
Webera cruda Schimp.
Webera nutans Hedw.
Bryum ccespiticium L.
Bryum cirrhatum Hoppe & Hornsch.
Bryum Hendersoni Ren. & Card.
Bryum paliens Swz.
Mnium affine Bland.    Cascade Range.
Mnium piinctatum Hedw.
Timmia megapolitana Hedw.
Polytrichum piliferum Schreb.    Cascade Range.
Polyirichum juniperinum Willd.    Cascade Range.
Fontinalis Lescurii Sull. ?
Fontinalis Neo-Mexicans Sull. & Lesq.?
THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF STOCK AND SCION.
BY  GUSTAV  EISEN.
The following instances of the influence of stock upon scion, or
vice versa, have come under my personal observation. They clearly
show that there exists a strong reciprocal influence between scion
and stock, which, when more fully understood, may be of practical
value in the artificial production of new horticultural varieties.
Some ten years ago I had in my garden a Mandarin orange
tree, budded on sweet California stock.    This stock is simply pro-
VOL. II.]
Stock and Scion.
109
duced by sowing the seed of any of the commercial oranges, and
the seedlings are afterwards budded with improved kinds. If any
of these seedling are allowed to fruit as seedlings, the fruit will be
found to more or less resemble the parent orange; that is, it will be
of fair or large size, with sweet meat and thick skin—the seedling;
orange of our markets.
The Mandarin orange in question was a little tree, nine feet high
and quite bushy, and had borne a good crop of oranges for at least
five years. Its oranges were characteristic of the Mandarin vari-
ety—small, round, compressed, and with the skin peeling off like a
glove—hence the name " Kidglove orange," under which this and
similar varieties are known.
One winter we had a heavy frost and the Mandarin was greatly
injured. When the time for making new growth came I found the
top almost dead, and only one feeble shoot coming out above the
bud. The remainder of the top died, and was cut off in order to-
save the new shoot. This grew rapidly, and at the end of the
season had attained the full height of the old tree, with several
large side branches. But the leaves of the new standard did not
resemble the leaves of the old Mandarin tree, but were quite sim-
ilar to those of a common sweet seedling orange. So much did
they resemble the sweet stock that I thought, and continued to
think for some time, that all of the Mandarin part of the tree had
been killed, and that the new tree was produced from below the bud.
Next year the tree produced fruit in size and quality intermediate
between a sweet seedling and a Mandarin—much more resembling;
a sweet seedling, only distinguished by its smaller size; which, how-
ever, was several times larger than a large Mandarin orange. The
• meat and skin showed every characteristic of the common sweet
orange. The year following the leaves became smaller, and the
oranges almost identical with the original Mandarins. The third
year the fruit and other parts of the tree had regained all their
Mandarin characteristics. Ever since, this tree has produced Man-
darin oranges of the same size and quality as before it was injured
by frost.
My theory of the change from one variety to the other is simply
this: The frost killed the largest part of the Mandarin tree, only
one bud surviving. The shoot produced by this bud was so influ-
enced and overpowered by the strong sweet seedling root that it
T
no                  .         Stock and Scion.                       [zoe
lost part of its own characteristics, which were only regained grad-
ually as the Mandarin shoot became more vigorous and could exert
its old influence over the root.
About twelve years ago my attention was called to a very large
grapevine of the variety known as Flaming Tokay, which had been
grafted on the wild grapevine of California— Viiis Californica.
The vine must have been some ten years old, and covered part of a
veranda with luxuriant foliage, and large annual crops of its char-
acteristic and magnificent flame-colored bunches. From the root
j-                                of this vine, and as it was afterwards ascertained, several inches
below the graft, a shoot had sprung up which partook of the pecu-
liar characteristics of both the graft and the root. The new shoot
was, as regards leaves, intermediate between the Flaming Tokay
and the Californica. The next year this shoot-branch produced
fruit which also showed characteristics of both varieties, but which
much more resembled the Californica than the Tokay, and accord-
ingly proved of no particular value. Some cuttings of the new
sport were propagated and produced a similar hybrid grape, but
as far as I know no attempt was made to seed the new grape. Ac-
cording to my theory the old Flaming Tokay grape exerted a large
influence on the Vitis Californica root on which it was grafted, and
the sport produced was a sap-hybrid between the graft and the
stock.
In 1886 I had occasion to assist a friend in grafting a number,
one hundred or more, of Sultana grape vines which he desired to
change to Muscatel Gordo Blanco, like the remainder of the vine-
yard. The Sultana vine has large pale green leaves, long slender
shoots, and large compact bunches of very small berries. The
Muscat is the opposite of this: leaves medium, deep green, short"
branches, and bunches compact and berries large. The Sultanas
were cut down several inches below the ground and the Muscatel
graft inserted, leaving no branch of the Sultana. The work was
all very carefully done, and the grafts all "took." Two months
later I went over the vines, only to find to my astonishment that all
the tops of the vines were Sultanas, or apparently so. Upon exam-
ination, however, I found that all the grafts had taken, and that
there were few if any shoots from the roots. My idea was then that
the grafts had been mixed up, and that we had inserted Sultana
grafts in Sultana stocks.    However, as the vines grew I found a
VOL.  II.]
Stock and Scion.
in
few months later several bunches of berries which in shape and size
exactly resembled the Sultana, but which had a distinct and strong
Muscatel flavor. Everything else about the vine, such as color and
shape of leaves, size of branch, distance between the leaves, etc.,
was entirely characteristic of the Sultana. The following year the
grafts began to regain their Muscatel characteristics, and the third
year they had done so entirely, producing a good crop of Muscatel
grapes.
I had in the meantime inquired among the other grape-growers,
and inspected a large number of lately grafted vines. The variety
that had been mostly grafted were Zinfandel vines, and the grafts
were uniformly those of Muscatel. I found that several parties
had made observations similar to my own, and saw here and there
young vines which partook of the characteristics of the stock and
the graft. Muscatels grafted on Zinfandel resembled that variety as
to leaves, branches, and shape and size of berry and bunch, but
never as regards color of berry and aroma. The color was always
green, and the aroma Muscatel-like. In one or two seasons later
these grafts had all lost their Zinfandel characteristics and produced
regular crops of Muscatel grapes.
An explanation I believe is hardly necessary. The sap from the
Zinfandel and Sultana roots respectively had during the first season
so influenced the graft that it had partaken of most of the charac-
teristics of the stocks. Only as the scions grew did they gain in
strength, throw off the influence of the stock, and regain their
characteristics as Muscatel grapes.
It is needless to say that the reciprocal influence between stock
and scion may be taken advantage of in producing new varieties
with valuable qualities. The hybrid grafts may either be propa-
gated by themselves, if sufficiently valuable, or the fruit produced
on them may be seeded and the new seedling watched for valuable
characteristics. The frequency and facility with which grape scions
partake of the characteristics of the stock is especially interesting,
and should greatly facilitate the production of new varieties of
greater economic value. I will here only point out the desirability
of getting a hybrid between the "Muscatel" and the "Malaga"
grapes, and the possibility of producing it by sap hybridization.
4!
i 1
THE FERTILIZATION OF GERANIUMS.
BY  ALICE  EASTWOOD.
There are three species of Geranium common in Colorado — G.
Fremontii, G. Richardsonii and G. c&spitoszim. The first two are
found through the mountains and valleys of the whole State and
vary considerably; the last seems to be restricted to Southwestern
Colorado. When the flower expands the pistils are erect and some-
what convolute, while the stamens curve backward, the versatile
anthers hanging downward so as to discharge the pollen at the
bottom of the petals, instead of on the stigmas. When the anthers
are empty, the stamens become straight and the pistils curve back- .
ward. The styles are stigmatic along the inner and afterwards the
upper edge, so that self-fertilization would seem impossible. How-
ever, the hymeneal insect comes to its relief, and whether it is a
bee, beetle or fly seems not to matter in the least. Between each
petal, at the very base, is a small gland on the receptacle from
which a drop of honey can be seen to exude. In seeking the
sweets, the insect unavoidably becomes a bearer of pollen to the
next flower that it visits. I have seen flies alight first upon the ex-
panded pistils with legs dusted with pollen, and again I have ob-
served them crawling at the base of the flower, with difficulty mak-
ing their way among the viscid hairs on the corolla and uncon-
sciously gathering the grains of pollen that had fallen from the
open anthers. On the same plant may be found flowers in all stages
of development, so that undoubtedly cross fertilization prevails ex-
clusively among the wild Geraniums of Colorado.
Denver, Colo.
NOTES ON THE LAND MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA.
BY WALTER   E.   BRYANT.
Since the publication of the provisional list of the land mammals
of California, which was intended as a beginning for a catalogue of
the known mammals of California with their life histories, several
important changes have occurred and are to be noticed here. Sev-
eral species were included upon the authority of the earlier writers,
and in the present imperfect state of our knowledge upon the dis-
vol. ii.]         Land Mammals of California.
113
tribution of the species it would be inadvisable if not unjust to elim-
inate as yet such species as Didelphys virgi7iiamis californica (Ben-
nett) Allen, and Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) aztecus (De Saussure)
Allen.
The Forest and Strea?n notices an oversight by which the mount-
ain or white goat (Mazama montana Ord) was omitted. This spe-
cies was found as late as 1868 in Inyo County by Capt. Charles E.
Bendire, and Dr. Merriam has obtained evidence of its occurrence
on Mt. Kearsage. Probably some of the parties from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture now at work in that region will obtain new in-
formation regarding the present existence of the white goat in Cal-
ifornia.
Messrs. John Fannin and George Bird Grinnell, in their exhaust-
ive account of the species, cite the probably occurrence of this goat
in eastern Lassen County (Granite Creek Mountains), near the Ne-
vada line. If such should prove to be correct, it adds an impor-
tant link to the chain which probably once connected the extreme
southernmost known point (Inyo County) of the animals' range
along the Sierra Nevada Mountains into Oregon. The deer which
the Forest and Stream believes should have been included is
perhaps the unestablished variety of Cariacus macrotis from the
Coast Range of southern California, mentioned by Judge Caton as
"differing in important particulars from those found east of the
Sierras."
Some species will probably have to be eliminated, as Sciurus hud-
sonius fremonti, Dipodomys phillipsi, and others not yet determined,
while the following three have since been described: Aialapha telio-
tis H. Allen, from a specimen supposed to be from southern Califor-
nia; Histiohis maculatus Allen, taken in Ventura County, and Pero-
g?iathus (Ch&todipus) femoralis Allen, from Dulzura, San Diego
County. There is also to be added Sorex pacificus Baird, now
known to occur in California, and I have several specimens of an-
other unidentified Sorex from the vicinity of San Francisco, which
will require to be added. Neurotrichus gibbsii (Baird) has been
taken in Marin County by Mr. C. A. Allen, so Prof. T. S. Palmer
informs me.
The lynxes found in this State, Dr. Merriam considers, are Lynx
fasciahis Raf., and Lynx baileyi Merriam, which was first described
1'! 1
I
Blastophaga Psenes.
[ZOE
in North American Fauna, No. 3, from the lynx of San Francisco
Mountains, Arizona.
For reasons for changing the generic name Hesperomys to Ves-
perivms, and the specific name leucopiis to americanus, consult Dr.
J. A. Allen in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, III, 2, article xx.
THE INTRODUCTION  OF  BLASTOPHAGA PSENES
INTO CALIFORNIA.
BY  GUSTAV  EISEN.
One of the most important events in the history of California
horticulture has just taken place. The living Blastophaga psenes
was received in California the 25th of July this year, and was at
once placed on the caprifig trees in Mr. James Shinn's orchard at
Niles.
In 1882 I first called the attention of the fig-growers of this State
to the real cause of the failure of the true Smyra fig to mature its
fruit, and since that time I have had occasion to refer to this fact
repeatedly.
The cultivated edible figs contain, with a few and very rare ex-
ceptions, only female or pistillate flowers. The majority of fig vari-
eties mature their fruit without being pollinated by male flowers, but
a few—and among them the Smyrna varieties, the best ones for
drying—do not, or only rarely, mature fruit without having previ-
ously been pollinated. As the cultivated fig varieties have no
male flowers, the wild or caprifig (Ficus carzca), which possesses
such flowers in abundance, has been made use of to furnish the
pollen necessary to bring the female flowers to development. This
practice is very old, and is as yet in vogue in Asia Minor, Sicily and
other Mediterranean countries. As the male flowers and their pol-
len are enclosed in a large receptacle, it is evident that the pollina-
tion cannot take place by the aid of the wind or by insects gener-
ally. As far as the caprifig is concerned, only one variety of insect
is of any practical value in transmitting the pollen to the female figs.
This insect is the minute wasp known as Blastophaga psenes, which
inhabits the caprifigs, and here produces three broods yearly, or
one each for the various crops of caprifigs. The caprification of
the figs consists in hanging caprifigs on the branches of the culti-

VOL.  II.]
Blastophaga Psenes.
vated figs. Soon the Blastophaga hatches out, and, seeking for
new figs in which to lay its eggs, enters the female fig, and in
so doing conveys the pollen from the male to the female flow-
er, which causes the latter to develop seed and produce perfect
fruit.
The insects just received were sent directly to Mr. James Shinn
from Lokia, in Smyrna, by Mr. J. Bliss, a missionary. The little
box containing a dozen caprifigs, of the size of a very small walnut,
left Smyrna the 2d day of July. They must have been picked at
least two or three days previously. The box arrived in New York
the 18th of July, and the 25th of July in San Francisco. The next
day Mr. Shinn called on me and I at once started for Niles. The
largest caprifig tree in the State grows there. It was imported from
Smyrna some ten years ago by the San Francisco Bulletin Co., and
has borne fruit for years. Upon opening the box of caprifigs I
found that thousands of Blastophagas had already hatched, the
greater number were dead, of course, but many were alive and
lively, and some were just hatching out. I cut the figs open in
order to assist the insects in their exit. This I found was very
necessary, as the figs had been somewhat compressed and it had
become impossible for them to escape. One or two figs which
had not been injured showed a small round puncture in the eye,
through which the Blastophaga were escaping. A great many had
not hatched. The box had been suspended in the caprifig tree by
Mr. Shinn already several hours before my arrival and many Blas-
tophagas had escaped. That they already were hunting for new
quarters was evident, as in opening several young Smyrna figs in
adjoining trees I found that the insects had already entered them.
From our present experience it is safe to say that the importation
of Blastophaga into California is easy, or not by far so difficult as we
first had imagined. In twenty-five days from Smyrna the capri-
fig reached us safely, and during that time numerous galls re-
mained unhatched.
Blastophaga psenes is about a line long and looks much like a
slender ant with wings. The caprifig is, when dried without pres-
sure, less than an inch in diameter, and the mouth is more promi-
nent and open than in cultivated figs.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA PLANTS.
I.
TUBERIFEROUS ROOTS OF HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA Kellogg.
BY   S.   B.   PARISH.
Three of the North American species of Hydrocotyle within re-
cent years have been ascertained to be tuberiferous. Attention was
first directed to this character in H. Americana by Dr. George
Vasey,* and subsequently these organs were thoroughly studied
and described by Mr. Theodore Holm.f Recently Dr. Coulter, in
characterizing H. timbellata and H. prolifera, states that their roots
are tuberiferous.J No account, however, is given of the manner
in which the tubers of these two species are produced.
The method of their development in H. prolifera is quite differ-
ent from that of the same organs in H. Americana, although in fact
essentially similar. The latter species grows by means of terres-
trial runners from which arise the flowers and leaves and whose ax-
ils develop slender subterranean stolons, consisting of a few inter-
nodes, bearing at each node a scale-like leaf and terminating in an
oblong tuber. Both runners and stolons emit at the axils thready
roots.
The stems of H. prolifera, on the contrary, all creep beneath the
soil. They occupy the sandy or muddy margins of streams and
ponds, or other wet places. From the nodes arise solitary short
petioles, supporting a peltate blade. The plant is very floriferous,
nearly every axil producing its umbel on a stem usually shorter
than the petioles. The stolons themselves are slender whitish or-
gans, the internodes seldom more than half an inch long, and the
nodes sending out abundant capillary roots. If these are removed
from a growing plant the node is seen to consist of a narrow annu-
lar enlargement, not exceeding one-quarter the diameter of the
stem. So long as the plant continues to vegetate this condition is
maintained, and no further nodular enlargement ensues. In this
climate, according to my observations, if the ground remains suffi-
ciently wet it never occurs, the plant continuing to grow through-
*Bull. Torr. Club, xiii, 28.
tProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 455.
$Rev. Umb., 134.    Manual Western Texas, 149.
Notes on California Plants.
117
out the year without the production of tubers. When, however, by-
reason of the drying of the soil as summer comes on, the growth of
the plant is checked, the annular process of the nodes rapidly in-
creases, becoming eventually an irregular spheroidal tuber, some-
times a quarter of an inch in diameter. The leaves now turn yel-
low and wither away, the substance of the internodes is absorbed
and they decay, and the tubers alone remain to produce a new
growth with the coming of another wet season. The tubers consist
of an aggregation of starch cells contained in a thin cuticle and are
without odor or taste other than the peculiar starchy flavor of raw
potatoes.
While, as has been said, there is an apparent difference in the
manner in which the tubers are produced by the Eastern and the
Western species, a closer examination shows that they are essen-
tially the same. In the latter case they are enlargements of the
nodes of the stolons, while in the former they are terminal at the
extremity of thread-like stolons emitted by the superficial runners.
But, as Mr. Holm has pointed out, the thready stolons are merely
modifications of the creeping stems, as is shown by their nodular
scales which replace the normal leaves. The terminal tuber itself
is an agglutination of two or more enlarged nodes, as is indicated
by the bracts at the more enlarged portion, the less swollen part
representing the internode, while the bud at the apex shows that the
growth of the stolon has simply been arrested. From this it results
that the form of the tuber of H. Americana is oblong, or fusiform,
while in the Western species it is spherical. Moreover, in H. pro-
lifera all the internodes perish, while in the other species a single
one is shortened and enlarged, and makes a part of the tuber. To
the tubers of the former plant, also, the scales and the terminal bud
are lacking, the first because the leaves which they represent have
developed and decayed, and the latter because the tubers do not
include the germinal apex.
Furthermore, the production of tubers in H. Americana is regu-
lar, and all the other parts of the plant are destroyed by the rigors
of winter. In H. prolifera, at least in this mild climate, it is occa-
sional, and dependent upon the supply of moisture, so that they are
produced only when the plant is unable to continue its growth.
This special provision for its preservation is the more remarkable
since our species is an abundant seed producer.
THE  VEGETATION   OF   "BURNS."
BY  T.   S.   BRANDEGEE.
The forests of the States west of the Mississippi River are com-
posed mainly of Coniferae, a family of trees so constituted that
they furnish much inflammable material for a forest fire, when once
under full headway. In the western part of Washington and
Oregon, the woods are almost entirely made up of cone-bearing
trees, among which the Douglas fir usually predominates, and the
undergrowth is composed largely of Ericaceae with species of
mosses covering the ground beneath. Forest fires are not unknown
there, but on account of the damp climate and its consequent vege-
tation they are much less common than in the drier regions of Cali-
fornia and the interior.
The open forests of Colorada and Montana are composed of
yellow pine (Pinns ponderosa) with a sprinkling of the Douglas
fir, and are often endangered by fires which run through them,
burning the grass, the underbrush, the fallen dead limbs and trunks,
but without injuring the trees themselves, excepting the thin-barked
young ones. The Douglas fir, yellow pine, and a few others
will stand without injury a fire hot enough to blacken them many feet
up their trunks, while the hemlocks and spruces ( Tsuga and Abies),
are killed by a slight fire at the surface of the ground about the
base. Their inability to withstand heat arises from the fact that
their bark is much thinner than that of the Douglas fir, yellow pine,
Sequoia, etc. The trees of these forests, killed by a fire and be-
coming dry afford abundant material for a much hotter conflagra-
tion in succeeding years, when everything that may have escaped
destruction at first is burned to the ground.
The redwood trees of the forests of the northern coast of Cali-
fornia when killed or burned to the ground, send up a multitude of
new shoots from their roots and soon surround the old stumps with
a new luxuriant growth, from the center of which the parent stump
in time entirely disappears leaving only the beautiful circular grove
characteristic of this species of Sequoia.
The destroyed forests of Douglas fir of the coast region of Oregon
and Washington are after a time replaced by a host of young seed-
lings that grow rapidly; but in the interior, a dry climate, the
destructiveness of cattle and sheep, the sensitiveness of the young
The Vegetation of Burns.                       119
trees to slight fires, prevent a renewal of original forest growth.
In the high, mountainous portions of these regions, the forest con-
tains much hemlock or spruce and small trees of Douglas fir—
trees easily killed by the fires which readily ascend the steep slopes.
These mountainous regions, excepting where the soil deprived of
the protection afforded by vegetation may have been washed away
by rains, are more certain to be covered w.ith a new tree growth
than regions of less altitude, but the new growth is not always at
first that of the original forest. Fire usually seems to destroy, in
the mountain regions, the seeds of conifers, for certainly seedlings
do not appear immediately upon the locality of a burned forest, but
gradually the original growth is replaced under the shade and pro-
tection of bushes, aspens, etc., but the ground of a forest cut by
the axe soon produces young trees, unless, as so often happens, fires
burn the debris left by the wood-chopper.
The Coast Range of California, south from San Francisco, except-
ing the redwood forests and occasional groups of other conifers, is not
distinctively a forest region,but its hills and mountains are covered by
a thick, almost impenetrable growth of Adenostoma fasciculate,, com-
monly called "greasewood" or " chamis," manzanita, Garrya, oak,
Ceanothus (California lilac), etc., which seems to be periodically                               /¦
destroyed by fire. Indeed, it is almost impossible to find a hill or
mountain covered with bushes, even of great age, where some old
charred ends of roots may not be seen, showing that at some pre-
vious time they had suffered from fire.
This year, on Mt. Tamalpais, near San Francisco, an extensive
fire destroyed again the vegetation of part of the mountain slope,
from which everything green had been burned several years ago,
and to-day, in the burned district, not a single bush or plant can be
found, excepting along the edge of the wagon-road; in the damp
gulches and on the northern slopes. Last year a similar fire swept
through the vegetation upon that part of the mountain known as
Bolinas Ridge, destroying everything green, leaving the, ground
black and with only upright remnants of charred manzanita and oak
to show where the larger bushes had grown. This year, during
the early part of the season, this ground was green with a rank
annual vegetation, composed  mostly  of species  common in the                               i
neighborhood  of San  Francisco,   all growing much larger and                               ','
ranker than usual.    The perennial plants and bushes are re-appear-
1 1,
I2O
The Vegetation of Burns.
[zoe

ing, and in a few years, doubtless, the mountain side will be clothed
with its former vegetation, and the annuals now so abundant will be
found only along trails and in openings under the shade of bushes.
The nutmeg ( Torreya California), manzanita and the huckleberry
( Vaccinium ovatum) send up new shoots from the old roots, as does
also the madrono (Arbutus Menziesii), which requires more heat
to injure it than oak bushes. " Chamis," which formed a large part
of the original "chaparral," comes up from the old roots so strong
that the new shoots often blossom the first year. Oaks, chinqua-
pin ( Castanopsis chrysophylla), hazel ( Corylus rostrata), Christmas
berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia), all renew themselves in the same
manner, and almost all the woody plants seem to re-appear from
their blackened roots. The tree poppy (Dendro?neco?i rigidzim),
however, seems to spring from the seed, and I saw none excepting
seedlings, still retaining the early lobed form of leaves, although
some of them had grown to a height of two feet. Helianthemum, a
low perennial from a woody base, is killed by fire, but its seeds
spring up everywhere, and the young plants bloom freely as
annuals. The painted cup (Castilleia), the wild morning-glory, the
wood balm (Sphacele calycina), Hosackia glabra, yerba santa ( Erio-
dyction ghdinosum), somewhat woody perennials, also spring again
from the old roots. The latter certainly also becomes conspicu-
ous as a seedling, and probably many seeds of most of the peren-
nials begin to grow, but do not become large enough in one season
to be noticed. Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana) grows again
from its old roots, but I saw none of its near relative, the California
lilac (Ceanothus), excepting hosts of seedlings two or three inches
high. Zygademis Fremonii is so abundant and rank that, as it is
not an annual, the question arises:  where was it before the fire ?
The most interesting part of the vegetation is the annual growth.
The Mayweed (Anthemis cotula), Claytonia perfoliaia, Sisymbrium
rejlexum, Silene Gallica and .S". antirrhina, Barbarea vulgaris,
Hosackia, etc., are common and large. Some others, such as the milk
thistle (Silybum Mariannum), abounding in the State, are not present,
and the native Composite, considering the facility for distribution
that their seeds afford them, are poorly represented. Campamda
exigtia is a small plant discovered by Mr. Rattan on the summit of
Mt. Diablo, and since then a few specimens have been collected on
Mt. Hamilton, Mt. St. Helena, and along the wagon-road near the
T
vol. ii.]                The  Vegetation of Burns.                        121
top of Mt. Tamalpais; and now, amongst other annuals, it is fre-
quently found in the loose soil of the "burn," and grow to a much
greater size than usual.
Another most interesting and somewhat rare plant which makes
its appearance here is the Californian poppy (Papaver Califor-
nicum)>* and it grows abundantly in two or three localities. It
was discovered only a few years ago upon the Santa Inez mount-
ains, near Santa Barbara, and I have since seen it growing in quantity
there on mountain slopes recently burned over and on the soft earth
along trails. It has been rarely collected since its discovery, and
why this year it should appear in this region in several dif-
ferent places is difficult to explain. One locality in which it has
been found, is along the new trails on the side of Mt. Tamalpais,
near Mill Valley, a dozen miles from the " burn " on Bolinas Ridge,
where it is most abundant.
Nearly as much interest is attached to the presence of Calandrinia
Breweri, a rare plant of the southern portion of the State. Upon
Bolinas Ridge and on the sides of the new trails of Tamalpais, this
year,   apparently for the  first time, magnificent plants appeared                             ;
spreading over the ground and forming mats three feet in diam-                             ' r?|;
eter.                     •   '                              ¦                                                                        .\ ;|j:
Silene multinervia is a plant especially abundant on Santa Cruz                             'ii'||.
Island, and has also been found in several localities of the southern                             J;
parts of the State and as far north as Monterey.    It was described                             H r
as a new species by Dr. Watson a few years ago, and it is not yet                               i ;»}::
a  common  plant  although  it must  be spreading throughout the                              i;;j!j!
State.    This year it appears in great abundance upon the Bolinas                            ' ¦)
" burn" of the seaward slope of Mt. Tamalpais.                                                           }\x\
The simultaneous unexpected appearance of these three recently                              i fei
discovered southern plants under such circumstances gives rise to                               \\f>]
many interesting questions.    Mt. Tamalpais, only a few miles dis-                               !;']}
tant from San Francisco, is a region that has been frequently visited                                j|-:
by botanical collectors  during many years, and is as well known                                ;|j
botanically as any other part of California, and yet  no one has                               '(ji
before this recorded the presence of these plants, so it seems prob-                                ; j'
---------------:----      I
*Since these notes have been in type an interesting article by C. R. Orcutt, re-                                  Jj
cording similar instances of the appearance of this and other plants in burned over                                 f p.
districts of Southern California, has appeared in Garden and Forest.                                                          j' ?;:
122
The Vegetation of Burns.
able that their first appearance has been made at a recent date.
These plants produce numerous small black seeds that are not
furnished with appendages of any sort, and cannot be carried
by the wind or attached to the coats ofanimals and thus distributed
far and wide. Of course these plants spring from seed, but was
the seed deposited upon the soil recently, or had it remained
there many years and sprouted when the conditions were favor-
able ? If the seeds were dormant in the soil at the time of the
fire, which burned to the ground all dead leaves and branches, they
must have been covered by earth so as to have had their vitality
preserved from the heat. It seems most probable that they were
brought in after the fire, but in what manner, it is difficult to say.
These three plants, the poppy, the Calandrinia and Silene, in the
southern part of California, are especially fond of recently burned
or cleared localities. A burned region of the Santa Inez mountains
soon produces innumerable specimens of Papaver Californicum,
and the hillsides of Santa Cruz Island, from which the Manzanita
and Ceanothus have been cut, are immediately covered by large
specimens of Silene multinervia.
Another unexpected plant is Krynitzkia micromeres, which
abounds in this burn, as it has been found to do in similar situa-
tions in Lake County and near lone in Amador County.
The young Ceanothus, the hosts of Gilias, Krynitzkias, Phace-
lias, Hosackias, etc., common in the region, may have come from
seed dormant in the soil, fallen into cracks, or may have been in-
troduced in various ways from the surrounding neighborhood.
The remarkable luxuriance of the vegetation succeeding fires
may be due in part to the admixture of wood ashes it receives, but
the loosening of the soil probably has much more to do with it.
Every botanical collector in California has observed a similar lux-
uriance in the growth of certain species of plants on recent enbank-
ments or in deserted fields that had at some time been plowed.
Note.—Dr. Sereno Watson writes me that Astragalus coccinetis,
published in the May number of this journal, is probably the same
as his A. grandiflorus, the description of which I had in some man-
ner overlooked. In this he is probably correct, although one is
described as having " 7 to 9 leaflets," and "peduncles shorter than
the leaves"; the other, " 12-15 leaflets," and "peduncles consider-
ably surpassing the leaves." Vegetative characteristics are, how-
ever, of minor importance.                                                T. s. B.
* r,
NESTING HABITS OF THICK-BILLED SPARROWS.
BY  HARRY  R. TAYLOR.
At Blue Canon, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, early in June,
1891, I found the thick-billed sparrow (Passerella iliaca unalasch-
ce?isis) quite common. They were especially numerous on a low,
brushy slope grown with young fir and pine trees, just above the
railroad station.
The weather in the mountains had been very variable, marked at
this place by late rains, which seemed to me to account for a striking
diversity in the time of nesting of many pairs of different species—
numerous nests containing far advanced young, while others of the
same kind were in process of building.
The thick-bills were found to be very tame, some of them occa-
sionally alighting on the veranda of the hotel. They were constant
in song during the nesting season, and their pleasing notes seemed to
be the most characteristic ones of that mountain region. I have
listened to them singing cheerily at dusk, during a shower of rain.
On June 12 I saw a young bird trying to fly, and two days later I
discovered a nest containing three young; it was about two and a
half feet above ground in a low pine tree, compactly built of shreds
of bark and lined with dry grass stems. Another nest found
June 18 also contained three young. It was built on a horizontal
limb in a low growth of willows, somewhat over two feet from the
ground, and was compactly constructed of dry twigs, with small
shreds of bark, the innermost layer being of fine grass stems. The
parent bird flew excitedly about near me, and then trailed in the
grass to entice me from her nest.
The thick-billed sparrow has a habit of frequenting some favorite
spot, as the top of a bush or a telegraph wire, where it sings its
cheerful song untiringly, doubtless near where its mate broods
patiently on the nest.
On the 1st of July I found three fresh eggs in a nest built near                             |!|[
the ground on a mass of thorny vines beneath a clump of fir trees.                               f
I took another nest of this species with two eggs, which was all                               j
that would have been laid as I waited several days for the full com-                                *]!
plement.    This particular bird must have had its own peculiar no-                            • i||j
tions of the hygienic necessities of a household, for it built its nest                              ¦'%
among some low weeds and vines in a pretty spot right over the                                ''ill
edge of a rippling stream.                                                                                                       j[ ^
i ; >i ! '
NOTES ON INTRODUCED PLANTS OF SANTA CLARA.
BY  B. FRANK  LEEDS.
Rumex acetosella is a lively plant at Santa Cruz, both in irrigated
lawns and in fields that are quite beyond the reach of water in sum-
mer. Single plants of it seen by me in 1883 on the narrow-gauge
railroad, a third or half a mile from the town station, were as much
as 30 inches across and half as high, exhibiting hundreds of branches
and thousands of leaves, all of which came from one central stem
and root, and not from a number of radiating underground stems.
Such plants I never met with elsewhere, and supposed them to
show the results of two or three years' continuous growth, free
from disturbance by track-cleaning employees, the passing boy and
the tramp, who seem, for some unguessable reason, to have avoided
them. Here in Santa Clara I have knowledge of but one specimen
of this species, and that is—or was until my last attempt to destroy
it—between planks of the broad - gauge station platform. For two
or three years I have kept it from maturing seed, but the inaccess-
ible root doubtless still remains alive.
At San Jose I saw this Rumex once in lawn grass, and several
days since noticed it near the station at Los Gatos—only one plant,
which should have been lifted and destroyed, but the thought to do
so did not come to me until too late.
Franseria Unuifolia is, according to the Brewer, Watson and Gray
Bot. of Cal., a native of the southeastern corner of the State, ex-
tending thence beyond the State line southwardly and eastwardly.
This species has, somehow, reached Santa Clara. About three
years ago I observed it covering thirty or more lengthwise feet of
surface along the fence of a cultivated lot and a parallel line of it in
the adjoining street gutter, where it had evidently been for some
time.
Bits of root were transferred to my yard, where they have thriven
finely, and still continue, but need frequent pruning, both above
and below ground, to keep within bounds. This is another spreader
by underground stems. Its usual hight is, perhaps, not over three
or four feet, but in the frequently moistened soil about my house its
panicle-terminated, rough and grayish stem has reached quite eight
feet.
Eighteen months ago the same species appeared at the Santa
Plants of Santa Clara.
125
Clara broad-gauge station, amongst cinders, by the side of tracks
passing in front of the freight house. Seed in quantity I at once
suspected, and still believe, had been swept from two roofless and
sideless freight cars, or had fallen from lumber or other goods taken
therefrom upon this coarse and fine locomotive furnace refuse, as
the plants were growing along the rails for just the length that two
such cars would measure, and nowhere else. I advised the exter-
mination of this visitor to save a neighboring seed farm from inva-
sion, but, though several attempts have been made to do so, that
desirable end has not yet been accomplished.
Another species approaching the above in shape of leaf and gen-
eral aspect, though reaching a height of not over 30 or 36 inches,
and apparently F. Hookeriana, has also come into this valley. This
is an annual plant, gray-leaved and rough-stemmed like F. tenuifo-
lia, and a bearer of fruit furnished with flat, thin and broad spines.
It seems to belong principally along the eastern border and
southern section of the State. Hereabout, I know of it at but one
point, which is three miles east on the Berryessa road and opposite
brick-making and cattle-yards. The latter enclosures I especially
mention, as they seem to furnish an answer as to how this station
for the species was established, though it is possible that birds,
rather than the soiled hairy coats of horned stock, were the convey-
ors of the seed. The two seaside growers of this genus, though
never wandering away from the petty hillocks of the beach or the
higher dunes immediately at their rear, succeed as well on the up-
lands, in irrigated soil, as in their own respective homes. Sheep
and woolly dogs must frequently pass over these'plants, and, catch-
ing the spiny fruit in their clothing, carry it miles back to heavier
soil and higher ground. Why should not such naturally sown seed
occasionally germinate, and, in favorable situations by perennial
streams, for instance, or in continuously moist meadowy ground,
thrive and spread into noticeable plantations?
One of these species, the very variable F. bipinnatifida, grew for
two years at least, in the yard of a house I occupied at Santa Cruz;
and here at Santa Clara the other species, F. Chamissonis, has for
three years spread itself attractively over a border's edge, and, scat-
tering its fruit, has become the center, each spring, of a gay and
gray group of its kind.
During the same visit to the oceanward border of the Golden
126
Plants of Santa Clara.
[zoe
Gate Park that yielded me the seeds of F. C/iamissonis, I procured
fruit also of the Huron tansy ( Tanacetum Htironense), and that, too,
I find is quite as well pleased with the soil and treatment I have given
it at Santa Clara as it could have been with the sands, winds and
fogs of its native seaside. It is a rapid grower, beneath the ground
as well as above it, has large, handsome, silvery leaves, always
looks trim because never exposing its faded foliage to sight, and is.
altogether, as bright as anything I can think of in civilized gardens
Why should it not have a place within garden fence or park paling,
where, in either case, the area is large and trees and shrubbery are
features ?
Single specimens of purple salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius, are
to be seen at a number of points along roadsides, in this vicinity
evidencing recent establishment. Its occurrence, however, is rare
enough compared with its near but very dissimilar and unattractive
relative, the ox-tongue helminth, Picris echioides, of Central and
Southern Europe, England and Ireland. It would be interesting
to know when this latter came and how far it already extends. It
is a conspicuous object on the main roads from Alviso to Santa
Clara and San Jose, and spreads laterally some distance from these
toward the east and west sides of the valley. Two other composites
of this same tribe, very prevalent here and well established per-
haps all over the State, Sonchus asper and .S". oleraceus, though
not greatly better looking, are liked by horses and rabbits and,
doubtless, cattle and sheep, but not a single good word that I know
of can be said for the thoroughly rough, coarse and crabbed new-
comer, the helminth. Blue-flowered chicory (Cichorium intybus)
last year appeared upon the footways of the Alameda, which is the
broad drive connecting Santa Clara and San Jose, and this summer
I find a group of it just beyond the northwest corner of Santa Clara,
on the San Francisco road. This plant is likely, before very long,
to give the roadways of the State what they now so conspicuously
lack—a touch of cool, clear blue to lessen, to the driver's fancy at
least, the soaring temperature so frequently experienced during our
summer, and a something to contrast with the continuous marginal
bands of yellow, the dead and faded grasses and the ash-gray road
itself.
My garden borders have Euphorbia peplus and Veronica Bux-
bauviii as occupants.    The former came to them, by intention, from
vol. ii.]               Plants of Santa Clara.                        127
Fox's Nursery to which it had certainly been introduced with seed
or plants from the Eastern States or Europe. For the latter my
borders are indebted to a dooryard at Watsonville, in which town
this speedwell is quite a fixture. I have also seen it at Santa Cruz.
E. peplus is not uncommon at Rochester, N. Y., where it is to be
seen occasionally on the inner edge of footways, oftener in yards
and still more frequently in the nurseries and seed-growing grounds
of several well-known firms. Of course, it is from these last that
it has ventured beyond upon streets and private grounds. It is not,
however, a wanderer, for its seed is too heavy to travel far except
by aid possibly of our feathered friends, or our own wet or muddy
shoes.
Though it is all over my yard I have never seen it upon the
abutting streets, nor is it in Rochester anywhere away from the gar-
den fence sides, so that I am disposed to think the birds have little
if any liking for it. The plant is a bright little thing and matures
its fruit so quickly that it is sure to leave one crop behind though
the wet season that prompted its quittance of the seed state be but
a short one. Bauxbaum's speedwell is quite as smart as the spurge
at lengthening its stems, which  are prostrate, at flowering and at                             j,'1
seed sowing and is like it too, in its stay at home habit.                                               f<
Both these plants are doubtless in California to stay. The seed
of thyme-leaved spurge, Euphorbia serpyllifolia, came to my yard
in loam, with many other plants, from the river-side. This is so
neat a thing, asks so few favors, and covers the earth at edges
of beds so attractively that I have encouraged it to stay though
I will say but few hints in that direction were necessary.
Another speedwell, sent me from Massachusetts ( V. qfficinale),
does well on the north side of my house where it gets a part of the
afternoon's sun.    The one plant I possess is two years old and                              \
covers two feet by three of surface, has recently flowered and at
this writing, after three or four days of unusually >warm weather, is                              tj
apparently in as good a condition as anything within my palings.                               ;
V. Americana is visible in spring in a roadside ditch two miles                              |
away, where later appear Boisduvallia densiflora, Eryngium pe-                              '
tiolatum and Mimuluses cardinalis and luteus.                                                                \\
A half mile beyond, upon this same road—the Kifer—there is a                              if
station of the Philadelphia fleabane, (Erigeron Philadelphicus), and                                  ,'^i
upon the Homestead road, and again as we near Saratoga village,                                 1('1
128
Certain  Calif or nian Birds.
there are groups in season of Erodium botrys, the former group, as
it is the smaller of the two, presumably the more recently estab-
lished. Between Saratoga village and the Springs Hotel Sidalcea
diploscypha and Ranunculus muricatus are at home. The latter,
if one may indulge in a guess with its very rough and hook-
terminated achenia in view, is likely to plant stations rapidly, and
may in a few years be as numerously represented in our less fertile
fields as some of the native species are in those surfaced with richer
soil.
Within a fortnight I have discovered the presence near by of a
tall grass with 9 to 12 inch long panicles the divisions of which are
pale green and closely appressed.
This is Beckmannia eruc&formis, which is credited to the northern
part of the State, and a.vast region beyond.
NOTICES OF CERTAIN CALIFORNIAN BIRDS.
BY WALTER  E.   BRYANT.
The black swift (Cypseloides niger) has been noted by but few
observers in California. Most of the information has been obtained
by Mr. Belding, but usually from the interior of the State; he, how-
ever, saw a flock of about twenty near San Diego on May 21, 1881,
and Mr. Emerson saw thirteen of these birds at Haywards on April
19, 1885. Dr. Cooper saw a bird which he supposed to be this
species at Santa Barbara in May, 1863. In the first week of July,
1889, I saw several black swifts flying above the bluff, along the
coast, ten miles southward from Monterey, and this year Mr. F. H.
Holmes secured several specimens in the same locality and reports
having seen them near Santa Clara, in both of which localities he
believes they were breeding. No nests have actually been found in
this State, but the eggs have been taken near the coast northward
(Seattle).
Notes upon the occurrence of the blue-winged teal (Anas discors)
in California are given by Mr. Belding in the present volume. An-
other specimen (male) was taken near Napa this year and presented
to the California Academy of Sciences.
i
THE   FERNS   OF  TAMALPAIS.
BY MARY  ELIZABETH  PARSONS.
Marin County, California, has been said to consist of '' Mount
Tamalpais and its skirts." Although less than three thousand feet
in height, constantly visited by naturalists, and within a few miles
of a great city, Tamalpais is still very imperfectly explored. This
is largely owing to its wild and rugged character and to the dense
growth of chapparal which covers a large part of it, making ex-
ploration away from the roads and trails, slow and difficult. In its
fastnesses, not only the wild deer, but bear still linger, though the
latter are seldom seen.
It may be that future and fuller knowledge of the region will add
one or two ferns to the following list, but they are all that have been
noticed so far, and nearly all that are to be expected in Central
California, near the coast.    Our State is not rich in ferns.
1.    Polypodium vulgare. " Common Polypody." This species
needs but a passing mention, as it is so well and widely known.
2.    Polypodium falcatum, which is peculiar to this Coast, is
given as a variety of P. vulgare in Synopsis Filicum.    I have found
it in canons about Tamalpais Station.    It differs in its somewhat
larger size,  and  in having pinnae tapering to  a long and slen-
der point.    Both   vulgare  and falcatum   are   found   in wooded
spots, though the former often nestles in the crevices of exposed
rocks, while the latter may be seen hanging in great masses over
rocks bordering a shaded stream, having a very elegant appearance.
3.    Polypodium Scouleri may be readily distinguished from
our other species by its thick leathery fronds, broad blunt pinnae
and magnificent fruit.    It is peculiar to the Western Coast.    Ac-
cording to the Botany of California, it is found '' on trees and
stumps, more rarely on rocks or on the ground."    These remarks
must apply to more northern districts, for in this region it is found
only on rocks exposed to the sea winds and fogs.    I have found it
at Point Reyes, near the light-house, and it grows in crevices of
the rocks which crown the hills behind Sausalito.
4.    Asplenium Filix-fcemina,  " Lady-Fern," occurs in both
broad and narrow forms.    It is of a tender and beautiful green, and of
I
130
Ferns of Tamalpais.
[zok
graceful form, and there seems an exquisite propriety in its common
name, as one sees it fringing the cool streams, and mirroring itself in
their brown depths.                        •                                      ,
5.    Woodwardia radicans, popularly known as " Chain-Fern "
from the interrupted chain-like appearance of its sori, is our largest
fern, attaining a hight of seven or eight feet in this region.    It re-
quires a great deal of water, and usually sends up its great crown ot
leaves along the water-courses; or, if found upon a hillside, it is a
certain indication of subterranean springs.    It is one of our most
valuable ferns for decorative purposes.
6.    Lomaria spicant, "Deer-Fern," also loves the water.    It
haunts springy, marshy spots, and may be easily known by its two
kinds of fronds—the barren and the fertile—the pinnae of the latter
narrowly contracted arid thickly covered with its dark-brown spor-
angia.    It has been found in Wildwood Glen, near Sausalito, in a
marshy spot high up on the hillside;   in Tennessee Valley and in
Bear Valley, near Olema.    It is the only one of the species here
enumerated which has not been reported from Tamalpais proper.
7.    Aspidium aculeatum, which is a very cosmopolitan species,
grows here, in its normal form, though very sparsely.    I have found
it but once, in a wooded canon on the north slope of Tamalpais.
Variety Californicum, with its long narrow fronds, and pinnae
cut but slightly above the middle, is more plentiful, growing along
shaded streams at very low elevations. The gradations from this
form to the next species, A. munitum, are often very puzzling.
8.    Aspidium munitum is a wonderfully variable fern, changing
its form and size with every change of habitat.    Perhaps its most
typical  form is that  from which it  takes its popular name,  the
" Sword Fern," long,slender and plume-like. It grows in our wooded
canons luxuriantly, its great plumes giving an almost tropical air
to the scene.
9.    Aspidium rigidum var. argutum is one of our most com-
mon species, growing everywhere in dry woods.    It varies a good
deal in size, but not so much in aspect, and its fronds have a strange
fashion of bifurcating at times, which is rather interesting.
10.    Cystopteris   fragilis, " Bladder - Fern," the most deli-
cate and fragile of our species, is of filmy texture and small size,
VOL.  II.]
J^erns of Tamalfais.
a shy grower, and may be found sparsely, in moist places in La-
gunitas Canon, the canons at Larkspur, Mill Valley, etc.
11.    Adiantum emarginatum "Maiden Hair," our more com-
mon species, grows everywhere in shady woods and on the banks
bordering- old wood roads at small elevations, sending up its beau-
tiful black polished stems  and tender fronds abundantly in tufts
from its fibrous, thread-like roots.
12.    Adiantum pedatum, " Five-fingered Fern," seeks its home
here at usually a greater altitude, and in very secluded nooks.   This
is the common species of Adiantum in the Atlantic and Western
States, and it may be that it finds a more closely corresponding
climate here at an elevation.    Nothing could be more beautiful than
a mossy bank covered with this fern, with the cool water trickling
through the moss, as it may be seen in the higher mountain gulches
on Tamalpais.    It is found in many places: Wildwood Glen at Sau-
salito, the canons facing oceanward on Bolinas Ridge, the Laguni-
tas branch canons, Redwood Canon; no doubt too, in Bear Valley.
13.    Cheilanthes  Californica  has  herbaceous fronds of a
bright green, smooth and most delicately cut, and the usual dark-
brown polished stalks.    It has recently been found in the upper
part of Redwood Canon, growing in rather dry soil, on cliff-like
rocks—shaded, however, and not far from the stream.
14.    Cheilanthes gracillima is found near both summits of
Tamalpais, in crevices of the rocks-    Its fronds are slender, and
covered on the under surface with rusty, matted wool.
15.     Cheilanthes  myriophylla  grows at somewhat lower
altitudes.    The fronds are covered beneath with ovate scales.    I
found, in 1883, a small, dwarfed variety of myriophylla growing
upon rocks on Mr.. Liberty's ranch, and sent them to Professor
Eaton, who wrote me that he had received similar specimens from
Mount Diabolo,   Yosemite,  Bartlett Springs  and   Pacheco   Pass.
Several years after I found the large form growing with the small
one in the same place.
The last two species are commonly called " Lace Ferns." They
are of the same grayish color, and the ultimate segments of the
fronds are minute and bead-like, but are readily distinguished by
the covering of the under surface. They are found only about
dry rocks— never near water.
Ml
132
Ferns of Tamalfais.
[zoe
16.    Pell^ea dens a, with its finely-divided segments, is found
on rocks near Mr. Liberty's house, so near the road that they may
be plucked in passing.    It is found in similar dry, rocky localities
on that side of Tamalpais, especially below the higher summit.
17.    Pell^ea andromed^efolia, with its  reddish stems and
small pinules, has been popularly, but erroneously, called '' Red
Maiden Hair.''    It usually seeks its home under the partial shade of
some shrub or tree, which affords iis brittle fronds protection as well.
It is to be found at low elevations, while P. densa and P. ornithopus
seek height; the former usually growing a thousand feet or more
above sea level.
18.    PelljEA Ornithopus, with its finely-divided, stiff, grayish
and erect fronds, seeks the dryest and most barren rocky places,
fully exposed to the sun.    It is found at various places on the rocky
ridge leading from  Tamalpais  to Bolinas   Ridge,  and   is an ex-
tremely variable fern.   One can find forms of widely differing widths
according to habitat, but the very long and narrow forms have been
placed in a separate species and called P. brachyptera, which, how-
ever, in its typical form, is not, to my knowledge, found in the
county.
The Pellaeas are all rock lovers, with coriaceous leaves, and are
commonly called "Cliff" or "Rock Brakes."
19.    Pteris aquilina, known as " Brake," " Bracken," or " Ea-
gle Fern,'' may be found everywhere—on open hillside, in field or
meadow.   It usually seeks good soil, and luxuriates in it.    In some
other counties it attains a great height, spreading in a manner most
alarming to the farmer, who is unable to get rid of it in any way.
This must be the  black  sheep  of this  charming order of plants,
whose characteristics are to be described by only the most agreea-
ble adjectives in most other cases.
20.     Gymnogramme triangularis   I  have left to the last.
This little plant is distinctively Pacific, and dear to  the heart of
every lover of ferns.    Everyone knows  the '' golden-back,'' and
knows where on shaded banks to seek it.    Its beautiful little tri-
angular fronds of glossy green, with their powdered under surfaces
and elegantly polished black stipes, are familiar to most of us.
A second form of it is found in Yosemite and in the southern part
VOL. II.]
Cactus  Wren.
of the State. This form has silver-white powder, or farina, and the
lobes of the frond are blunter, giving the fern a coarser aspect
than the golden-back. The difference in appearance of the two
forms seems to me quite as great as that in many another instance
where it has formed the basis for elevating a new variety, at least.
NOTES ON THE CACTUS WREN.
BY A.  W.   ANTHONY.
I first made the acquaintance of the cactus wren (Campylorhyn-
chus brunneicapillus), in southwestern New Mexico, where they
were abundant in all suitable localities, their large covered nests
forming quite a conspicuous feature of the landscape wherever cac-
tus or other thorny growth offered suitable nesting advantages.
As these nests were usually seen in groups of from four or five to
a dozen, frequently six or seven being seen in one mesquite bush,
the first impression obtained was that the birds nested in colonies.
As the season advanced, however, and the collections of nests were
found to be used by but a single or at most two pairs of birds, a
question of what the rest of the nests were for, frequently presented
itself. It was very evident from even a casual examination that
nearly or all of the nests had been built at about the same time, and
from their uniform fresh and unbroken appearance I concluded that
they could not have been subjected to the driving storms and win-
try winds that sweep that country from October until April.
It was not until the winter of 1889, however, that a possible ex-
planation presented itself. On October 24 of that year, while hunt-
ing antelope near the Mexican boundary, I availed myself of the
protection of a small thicket of mesquite scrub to observe the move-
ments of a herd of game in the plain beyond. I had scarcely con-
cealed myself when I saw flying toward me a cactus wren, with its
mouth full of dry grass. Alighting in a bush near by it immediate-
ly entered a nest within thirty feet of me, and after a moment reap-
peared without the grass and started for another load. An exam-
ination showed that the grass had been used as a lining and to fur-
ther thicken the walls. The long horizontal tunnel-like opening
also gave evidence of having been lengthened. Five or six other
nests within a radius of fifty feet all showed equal evidence of hav-
ing been refitted and strengthened.    Here at last was a possible
It
i';
'!¦:
I34
Edible Mollusks.
[zoe
clew to the many empty nests seen during the summer, and, hoping
to gather further information, the locality was frequently visited
until December 16. The work of rebuilding the old nests continued
during pleasant weather until about the first of December. By this
time all of the nests of the vicinity were so thoroughly repaired that
they had every appearance of new nests. At no time was there
more than one bird to be seen. I think, however, that a pair were
interested in the improvements, as the notes of a second wren were
heard at no great distance. During storms or cold windy weather
I frequently found cactus wrens in the very near vicinity of these
and other nests, and while I never succeeded in catching them in
the nests I am confident that they were made use of at such times
as shelters from the storm and probably also as roosting places. It
would also appear that several of the nests were repaired and used
during the winter by the same pair of wrens.
Upon coming to the Pacific Coast I was immediately impressed
with the difference in the nesting habits of the species as seen in
Southern and Lower California, and in the higher regions of New
Mexico and Arizona. I am unfortunately without a series' of meas-
urements of the nests of the two regions, but am safe in saying the
bird of the coast region builds a smaller nest, especially noticeable
in its much shorter covered opening, which in fine specimens from
the interior (New Mexico and Arizona) frequently measures from
twelve to fourteen inches in length and is supported by being built
:ilong a horizontal branch of cholla cactus or thorny bush. Califor-
nia nests are seldom or never, as far as my experience goes, found
in colonies. Two or more nests are sometimes seen in the same
thicket of cactus, but in such case each nest is used by a pair of
birds, there being no supplementary nests to be used as lodging-
houses, as would appear to be the case in the interior, nor have I
any evidence of the nests in mild coast region being rebuilt for use
in winter.
EDIBLE MOLLUSKS  OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.
BY  HENRY  HEMPHILL.
In the January number of the Nautilus, Professor Josiah Keep,
of Mills College, published an article on the " Edible Mollusks ot
San Francisco Markets"; and in the July number of the same
journal, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, of the U. S. National Museum, adds
VOL.  II.]
Edible Mo Husks.
135
some notes on other West Coast "Edible Shells"—and as food
supply is always a question of great importance to the people of
every country, I have made out and offer the following list of West
Coast mollusks that I have eaten, or know to have been" eaten by
others. Besides those listed there are, undoubtedly, many others
on our coast that are edible. I believe a large majority may be
used as food, but care should be taken in collecting and preparing
them. All univalves (periwinkles, etc.) found adhering to rocks
containing copper, and all mollusks adhering to the bottoms of ves-
sels, should be rejected as articles of food, for they are more or less
poisonous. It should be remembered that the bottoms of all ves-
sels not sheathed with copper plate are coated every few months
with copper paint.
In preparing mollusks for food the indigestible parts — such as
the byssus of the mussels and the opercula or trap-doors of*the
periwinkle, and other univalves — should be removed or rejected.
To all I would say, eat lightly of mollusks at all times, for some are
supposed to contain a large amount of phosphorus, which may oc-
casion nausea, or sometimes serious sickness.
Ostrea lurida Cpr. "California Oyster." — From Puget
Sound to San Diego and southward" Abundant on the mud-
flats, between tides, adhering to everything. It is small and of a
moderately fair flavor. Those offered in the San Francisco mar-
kets are brought from Shoalwater Bay, Washington, where they
grow larger, and perhaps are better flavored than elsewhere on our
coast. Morgan & Co. was the first and principal firm to enter into
the trade, and for several years employed a number of schooners
in transporting them to market; but since the introduction of young
Eastern oysters into the Bay of San Francisco the trade in our
West Coast bivalve has greatly diminished.
Pecten .equisulcatus Cpr. "Scallop."—From San Pedro to
San Diego, and southward into Lower California; inhabiting mud-
flats, between tides, where it is found in abundance. The scal-
lop is well known and highly prized as a delicate morsel by many
people along the Eastern Coast. Its fame has extended to San
Diego, where it is offered in the markets and largely eaten.
Mytilus edulis L. " Black Mussel."—From Puget Sound to
San Diego.    Usually found inside bays and where more or less fresh
136
Edible Mollusks.
[zoe
water mixes with the salt. Generally attached to the piling along
wharfs, where it exists in abundance. Highly prized along all sea
coasts where it is found as an article of food. It is offered in San
Francisco and Oakland markets.
Mytilus Californicus Conr. "Large Mussel."—This, which
is the largest mussel known, is found all along the California
coast, attached to points of rocks subjected to the full force of the
surf. It is eaten by many persons, and said to be excellent boiled
and pickled in salt and vinegar and served cold. It is found in
great quantities in the Indian mounds.
Cardium elatum Sby. "Cockle."—San Diego and south to
the Gulf of California, on mud-flats at low tide. The largest known
cockle.    Excellent for chowder, soup and pies.
Cardium corbis Martyn.—Puget Sound to San Francisco Bay.
On mud-flats between tides. Occasionally offered in San Francis-
co and Oakland markets with other clams.
Tapes staminea Conr. Small Hard-shell Clam.—Abundant at
many places along the coast of California. The common clam of
San Francisco market.
Tapes staminea var. laciniata Cpr.—San Diego, on the mud-
flats; rare.    Excellent cooked in any manner.
Tapes tenerrima Cpr. "Hard-shell Clam."—Puget Sound
to Lower California. Outside sandy beaches, below extreme low
tide, and on mud-flats in Puget Sound. Of a rather strong flavor,
and not as desirable for eating as the other members of the genus.
Amiantis callosa Conr. "Large White Clam."—San Pedro
to Lower California. Sand beaches at extreme low tide. Very nice
cooked in any manner.
Tivela crassatelloides Conr.—From San Luis Obispo Coun-
ty to Lower California, and very abundant on sand beaches at ex-
treme low tide. This is the common large edible clam of our south-
ern coast. It is highly flavored, but tough when cooked, and good
only to flavor soups and chowder. It is used largely at San Diego
for fish bait.
Chione succincta Val.—San Diego and south,
mud-flats near low tide.
Abundant on
VOL. II.]
Edible Mollusks.
137
Chione simillima Sby.—San Diego and south,
the mud-flats between tides.
Abundant on
Chione fluctifraga Sby.—San Diego and south into Lower
California.    Abundant on sandy beaches between tides.
All three of these Chiones, commonly known as hard-shell clams,
are occasionally offered in the market of San Diego, and are highly
esteemed for their flavor and tenderness.
Saxidomus Nuttalli Conr. Intermediate between the hard
and soft shells.
Puget Sound to Lower California. In gravel-beds, between
tides, where it is found quite plentiful. Sold in the markets of
Portland, Oregon, and the towns on Puget Sound. At San Diego
it sometimes figures conspicuously at clam-bakes, and is highly es-
teemed by the clam-bakers.
Saxidomus aratus Gld.— San Diego. Mud-flats, between
tides.    Very nice for chowders, soup and pies.
Macoma nasuta Conr.— From Puget Sound to Lower Cali-
fornia. Inhabiting mud-flats, at low tide; not rare, but difficult to
find. Excellent eating when made into any kind of clam fixings.
Abounding in the shell mounds about San Francisco Bay.
Macoma secta Conr.—From Bolinas Bay to Lower California;
sandy mud-flats, between high and low tides; not rare, but, like the
preceding, hard to find living. Excellent cooked in any manner.
The shells of the Macomas being thin, they are often called soft-shell
clams.
Gari rubroradiata Nutt.—Monterey to San Diego. In gravel
beds; rare. Very nice eating. Occasionally found with the follow-
ing.
Semele decisa Conr.—San Diego, south into Lower Califor-
nia. Gravel beds. It is said to be a very superior clam for cook-
ing.
Schizoth^erus Nuttalli Conr.—Bolinas to Lower California.
In gravel beds at low tide.
" Beats any clam yet discovered for chowder, soup and pies."
"The mere memory of the soup and chowders I have eaten at
various times, where Schizothserus was the grand staple, is like a
i38
Edible Mollusks.
[zoe
gleam of sunshine through a London fog."—R. E. C. Stearns, in
Nautilus for July.
This fully establishes the reputation of my friend Stearns as a
man of great taste, as well as a poet. I can confirm all he says in
regard to the edible qualities of this noble clam.
Mya arenaria L. " Soft-Shell Clam.'3— From Puget Sound to
Santa Cruz, California. The spawn of this well-known shell-fish was
introduced into San Francisco Bay with the young Eastern oysters,
but, unlike the oysters, it took kindly to its new home, and now
has full possession of almost every foot of the mud-flats along the
bay. I was the first one to detect its presence in the bay, and
young specimens were named Mya Hemphilli Newcomb.
Mya truncata L.—Puget Sound. Occasionally offered in the
markets, with other clams, at Port Townsend, Washington.
Platyodon cancellatus Conr.—Bolinas to San Diego. Abund-
ant between tides, burrowing in hard clay and soft sandstone rock.
Said to be excellent eating.
Panop^EA GENEROSA Gld.— Widely distributed, from Puget
Sound to Lower California; three feet deep on the mud-flats at
extreme low tide. If Schizothserus beats all other clams for chow-
der, soup and pies, this queen of all edible clams beats all
others, not excepting the choicest Eastern oysters, for delicious
flavor and fries. Some years ago, while collecting shell on Puget
Sound, I found the boys at Olympia collecting this clam for the
Portland restaurants, where it was justly esteemed for its delicious
flavor and tenderness. From the Indians near by, whom I found
drying and smoking clams for future use, I learned that they called
them Geoducks, and valued them highly—probably more for the
quantity of food they furnished than for their flavor or tenderness.
I called the attention of the late Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian
Institute and Fish Commission, to the edible quality of this mol-
lusk, and he determined to introduce it on the Eastern Coast. Mr.
Stearns was entrusted with collecting and carrying out the experi-
ment, but I have not learned what success attended his efforts.
Siliqua patula Dixon. " Razor Shell."—Astoria, Oregon,
to Santa Cruz, Cal. Found on sandy beaches at low tide, and sold
in the markets of Astoria and Portland, Oregon.    Equal, in every
vol. ii.]                     Edible Mollusks.                                139
respect, to Mya arenaria, for any kind of clam pies, chowder or
soup.    Burrowing in sand at extremely low tide.
Haltotis rufescens Swains.—Mendocino County to Lower
California.    Among rocks at extreme low tide.
Haliotis corrugata Gray.—Santa Catalina Island to Lower
California.    Among rocks at extreme low tide.    Somewhat rare.
Haliotis splendens Rve.—Santa Barbara Islands to Lower
California.    Among rocks at low tide.
Haliotis Cracherodii Leach.— Monterey to Lower Califor-
nia.    Among rocks between tides.
All four of these abalones are edible, and their fine flavor has
long been known to the sailors, fishermen and ranchers along the
coast of California, notwithstanding a recent writer in Forest and
Stream asserts—on the authority of, perhaps, some San Francisco
market huckster—that: "Americans do not understand the art of
preparing them, while the Mexicans make of them a dish that is
admirable."
My experience among American sailors and ranchers, while col-
lecting shells along the coast of California, satisfies me that they are
experts in preparing fresh abalone chowder and fries.
The Haliotis, or Abalone, as it is commonly called, is largely
collected on the southern coast of California and along the coast of
Lower California. The animal is dried and sent to China for food,
while tons of the shells are yearly sent East and to Europe, where
they are manufactured into ornamental and useful articles.
Octopus punctatus Gabb.— Almost everywhere along the
coast of California this mollusk is collected and dried for food
by the Chinese. I am informed the Italian fishermen eat the arms,
or tentacles. The flesh is white and delicate looking, but I am
satisfied to allow the Chinese and Italians to eat all of them.
There is a report that one of the land shells, Helix arrosa,
has been offered for sale in the San Francisco markets.
I have also been informed that Ariolimax Cohimbianus Gould,
the large slug which is such a pest about San Francisco, has been
eaten by various persons, after removing the slimy outer covering.
The gardeners would probably be pleased if such a taste were more
widely spread.
t\
CHIA.
BY  EDWARD  PALMER.
The family of Labiates furnishes few food plants to mankind.
Some few, like sage, thyme, sweet marjoram, etc., are used for flavor-
ing, and several others as aromatic teas with more or less reputed
medicinal virtues, but I believe among civilized people,-only the
Mexicans use them to any extent as regular articles of diet.
Chia, a name associated both with food and drink, occurs in the
¦early histories of Mexico, but no clue is there given to the plants
which furnish it. I have given some time in my botanical travels in
Mexico to the investigation of the matter and find that several
species of the genus Sal via are commonly used, both by Indians
and Mexicans, in the preparation of various forms of food and drink.
That the use of Chia is of much antiquity is proved by finding
large quantities of it with ancient Indian remains; the custom of
burying food with the dead evidently prevailing as it does to-day.
Among the aborigines it is known by names in their own tongue—
the Pimo Indians call Salvia Columbaria "Dak"—but in inter-
course with Mexicans or Americans, only the Spanish " Chia " is
heard.
As a food both nutritious and palatable it deserves to be better
known. The white races are, perhaps, too apt to look with con-
tempt upon the contents of the Indian granary, and though Chia is
never likely to take rank as one of the great staples, it may come
to be as universally esteemed among civilized as it is among the
aborigines of the region where it grows.
In preparing Chia for use the seeds are roasted and ground, and
the addition of water makes a mucilaginous mass several times the
original bulk, sugar to the taste is added, and the result is the
much prized semi-fluid '' pinole" of Indians and others—to me
one of the best relished and most nutritive foods while traveling
over the deserts; the ground meal mixed with sugar being very
portable and easy to prepare while journeying. The taste and ap-
pearance is somewhat that of flaxseed meal. One readily acquires
a liking for it, and learns to eat it rather as a luxury than on account
of its exceedingly nutritious properties.
Salvia Columbaria, a very common plant both in California and
Mexico, grows so abundantly in some localities that it can be cut,
Chia.
141

threshed and cleaned like grain, finds purchasers in the markets
and drug stores of Southern California, Southern Arizona, Sonora,
Sinaloa, Lower California and the gulf side of Mexico. In these lo-
calities it is the basis of one of the most popular drinks used, not
only by the Mexicans and Indians, but by many Americans.
Salvia carduacea, of more limited range than the preceding,
extending from Central California to the northern part of the pen-
insula, is used in the same manner and under the same name.
Salvia Hispanica grows about Guadalajara, in the State of Jalisco,
and in the neighborhood of the City of San Luis Potosi.
Salvia tilicefolia grows about the settlement known as Noroga-
chic, inhabited by the Tarahumares, in the Sierra Madre.
Salvia Chian, inhabiting the central table-lands of Mexico, has a
wide distribution.
Each of these plants is prized by the inhabitants of their locali-
ties for the uses which can be made of them. .S*. Columbaria and
?S". Chian are the best adapted to cultivation, large crops of these
species being grown and harvested with profit, the seeds being a
staple article and in constant demand.
One of the most refreshing drinks known is prepared by infusing
the seed-like nutlets in water. The mucilagious drink resulting
retains the aromatic properties, which are lost in the roast-
ing, which is the preliminary step in preparing it for food; and
when sweetened and flavored with lemon juice, is especially grate-
ful in the hot days of summer, even to the sick, as it is easily borne
by the most delicate stomach, and at the same time affords consid-
erable nutrition.
Chia meal is often mixed with the meal of roasted corn, or other
grains. If used without further cooking, it is called as above,
" pinole." If cooked in water as gruel or porridge, it is " atole."
It is a very agreeable food, particularly if sugar or flavoring is
added. The Pima Indians are especially fond of Chia "atole,"
and consume large quantities of it.
The seeds of Salvia are useful in gastro-intestinal disorders, and
it is often used in the manner of flax-seed as an emollient, or for
cataplasms.
Chia grande is Hyptis suaveolens, a very common plant in the
State of Colima. The seeds are gathered in large quantities from
wild plants as well as from those cultivated as a crop by the Indians,
142
Reed Birds of the Markets.
[ZOE
and they are used in the same manner as the seeds of Salvia, devel-
oping apparently even a greater quantity of mucilage when wetted.
Among" the Indians it is called " Chan," and to the attolle or gruel
made by mixing it with corn they apply the name "Bate." Its ar-
omatic properties are destroyed by cooking, but the mucilaginous
property is largely developed. It makes a rather tasteless dish un-
less a little salt is added, or, as the Indians remedy the defect, a
syrup made from sugar is sprinkled over it.
Both the drink and the attolle prepared from Chian grande, are
sold in the markets, the Indian women keeping it in large gourds,
covered over the top with banana leaves for cleanliness. In sup-
plying customers a small gourd is used as a dipper, and water is
added whenever the attolle becomes too thick.
Tea made from the roots of Hyplis suaveoleus is used to purify
the blood, and it is also used as a remedy for the diseases of women.
THE "REED BIRDS" OF THE SAN FRANCISCO
MARKETS.
BY  WALTER  E.   BRYANT.
For an indefinite number of years there have been exposed for
sale in the markets of San Francisco, particularly during the sum-
mer, small Californian birds, picked, and six of them ranged side by
side with a skewer running through them. The entire bird, al-
though picked and drawn, requires more than a passing glance to
determine to what one of several species it belongs, for the "reed
bird" of San Francisco, it is almost needless to say, is not the true
reed bird or rice bird of the Atlantic Coast which is presumably the
bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), although occasionally other spe-
cies may be substituted. I have made it a practice never to pass a
stall where so-called "reed birds" are offered for sale without stop-
ping and noting the species, or at least the genus to which they be-
longed, and have been surprised to find to what extent harmless if
not positively beneficial birds are slaughtered that the scant morsel
of flesh on either side of the keel of the breast - bone may be served
as an entree in the better class of San Francisco restaurants.
First it will be interesting to know what is a San Francisco "reed
bird?" Generally speaking, it is a horned lark (Otocoris), known
to the market men and pot-hunters who furnish them, as "bean
ft
VOL.  II.]
Reed Birds of the Markets.
birds," the flesh of which is rather light-colored, tender, and the
birds often fat. They may be known from others by the long claw-
to the hind toe. Fifteen years or more ago this bird was almost
the only species killed for this purpose, but the long-continued, per-
sistent slaying of this species, together with the increase of settle-
ment, making it necessery to journey farther after them, has result-
ed in the substitution of most any other species of about the same
size in place of them, and as the birds are always dressed before
being brought to the dealers, who cannot distinguish between Oto-
coris, Zonotrichia and others, they answer the contemptible purpose
for which they were killed — a fashionable dish in a cosmopolitan
restaurant, or on a foreign family's table.
It is directly due to foreign taste that this slaughter of small birds
has existed and to the game and fish commission of California that
it continues, for surely no one who has often visited the markets
can have failed to notice one to ten dozen small birds upon the
marble counters of game and poultry stalls.
Among the species which are destroyed by pot-hunters are horn-
ed larks (Otocoris), several species of sparrows belonging to the
genera Zonotrichia (two species), and more rarely Melospiza and
Ammodramus; house finches ( Carpodacus) are notable victims, and
occasionally goldfinches (Spimis) belonging to two or three species
have been seen in one lot with birds as large as blackbirds (Agelaius
and Scolecophagus), which represent the maximum size of a " reed
bird," while goldfinches are .as small as any that have yet been
sold.
It is somewhat surprising that the detested house sparrows from
Europe have not shared the same fate with native birds, but the so-
called English sparrow is a wary bird (when his destruction is de-
sired) and is confined more to the limits of cities and towns, and
moreover his flesh is not considered as dainty and delicate as the
others, while a knowledge of his feeding habits may prejudice some.
More rarely sandpipers (Tringa minutilla and Eretmetes occi-
dentalis) are resorted to in order to supply the markets with "reed
birds," but the dealers say that the "sandpeeps" are "too strong"
and do not give satisfaction to their patrons.
The prices at which these birds sell are from twenty-five to fifty
cents a " stick " in the markets, being at the rate of fifty cents to a
dollar a dozen, although I have known them as low as thirty-five
cents a dozen and they rarely exceed one dollar.
Jl
Reed Birds of the Markets.
[zoe
The demand for them is not very great, yet at this time of year
the daily sales in San Francisco probably range from one or two
dozen a day to ten dozen or more.
About two or three are served to one person, sometimes more,
according to the supply and price and the standing of the restau-
rant. The annual destruction must amount to many thousands and
has only the extenuation on its side of being carried on most ex-
tensively when the birds are not breeding but congregated in more
or less mixed flocks in open fields, or along roadsides and patches
of chaparral. The hunting is almost exclusively done by French-
men well advanced in years, and may be considered under two
heads: First, the solitary individual, afoot, who keeps just without
the jurisdiction of city police, and with a muzzle-loader of small or
medium bore, fires murderous charges of fine shot with small loads
of powder into the mixed flocks of linnets, canaries, etc., feeding in
the grass and weeds, or rakes them from the top-rail of a fence or
telegraph wire. If in a field he marks closely the spot, and depos-
iting his hat or something else for a mark, circles about the fatal
area, picking up the dead and wounded. Hints or threats from
suburban citizens are always and promptly acted upon, and he will
be seen no more for several days if at all in that locality. It is not
his policy to question his right or privilege to shoot in any particu-
lar neighborhood, and in this respect he differs markedly from the
average sportsman. The particular delight of this individual is to
follow up flocks of horned larks, for they are usually many and
command the best price. Secondly, there is the old Frenchman in
a cart or light wagon drawn by a wreck of a horse. His method is
to keep moving along country roads and do most of his killing from
the fences and telegraph wires on either side of the road. He is
invariably accompanied by a small boy, probably an apprentice,
who does the retrieving. His policy also distinguishes him from
the average sportsman, inasmuch as he will not fire when another
team is near, not so much from a dislike to risk frightening the
horse of another but rather to prevent attracting attention to his ne-
farious occupation.
Formerly the man on foot was accompanied by an ill-trained dog,
but now he usually travels alone;  probably the dog was found of
little use in retrieving and a great deal of a nuisance when traveling
on cars and ferry-boats.
vol. ii.]            Plants of Baja California.                    145
The very light reports made by the guns used by these bird en-
emies, suggests that white powder may be in use by them; it cer-
tainly has the merit of little smoke and light report, two important
considerations for semi-illegal gunners.
The principal collecting grounds are the suburbs of San Fran-
cisco, along the line of the railroad into San Mateo County,, and in
the vicinity of Berkeley, Alameda County. One party informed
me that many of the birds were taken by netting.
The tendency of this phase of bird destruction is to steadily in-
crease in severity, and it has long since arrived at that stage of im-
portance which should bring it to the notice of the authorities inter-
ested in bird protection.
There has already been some talk upon the subject of introducing
European song birds into California, and some day it may be de-
sirable to do so, but the first step should be protection to those we
now have, and this protection may be begun by legislating in favor
of the persecuted "reed birds," and the extermination, if possible,
of the English sparrow.
FIELD NOTES ON THE PLANTS OF BAJA CALIFORNIA.
BY T. S. BRANDEGEE.
Lyrocarpa Xanti grows a much larger plant in the south, than at
its northern limit about San Gregorio. This increase in size, going
southward is common and was especially observable in such species as
Aplopappus spinulosus, Aster spinosus, Bebbia juncea, etc. In other
species, however, the reverse obtains, the species depauperating as
they go southward, as in the case of Atamisqtiea emarginata, Schosp-
fia Californica and Maytenus phyllanthoides.
The apple tree as it grows about San Jos6 del Cabo affords a fine
example of a different habitat upon a species. At first I failed to
recognize a familiar friend, its habit being so very unlike that to
which I was accustomed. It grew about ten feet in height, the
small and slender branches erect and closely surrounding the stem,
giving it somewhat the appearance of a compressed Lombardy pop-
lar.    I was told that the fruit was always worthless.
Thysanocarpus erectus, Watson.—This name should replace
in  part   T. lacinatus, PI.   Baja Cal.   128.    This  species  was orig-
J
146
Plants of Baja California
[zoe
inally collected by Dr. Palmer on Guadaloupe Island, and he has
since found it on Cerros Island.
Fouquieria columnaris is certainly a queer looking- tree. It is
often hollow within and becomes a convenient hive for wild bees.
The honey bee is slowly traveling southward in Lower California
and is now more than half way down toward Cape St. Lucas.
Sida Xanti opens its flowers in the afternoon and so also does
Abtitilon Californicum and some other Malvaceae; they are very com-
mon in the Cape region and their numerous blossoms add much to
the beauty of the afternoon flora, compensating for the Ipomaeas
closed by the hot sun.
Prosopis juliflora '' mesquit'' affords much food for horses
and cattle in the middle latitudes of the Peninsula. On our long
overland journey in 1889 two mules that had acquired a bad habit
of straying away even when "' hobbled," were usually tied at night
to a mesquit tree so that they could eat the leaves and tender twigs
from the lower branches, or sometimes the boughs were cut for
them; and although they lived at times entirely upon this, at the end
of a long journey of two or three months, they appeared as fat and
strong as the well behaved animals that were allowed more liberty
and consequently had a greater choice of food. The mesquit trees
are highly valued by the cattle men for the food they furnish their
stock.
Cesalpinia pulcherrima, "tabachin," is found only as a cul-
tivated plant. It is very handsome and showy, especially when in
bloom, its mass of color visible at a great distance. • Its large
leaves made up of many leaflets are graceful and its red and
yellow flowers are magnificent; it grows tall enough to overtop the
fences and hedges and is certainly an ornament to the gardens of
San Jose* del Cabo.
Crescentia alata, a queer looking garden tree is planted for
the gourd-like fruit which is credited with medicinal properties.
This fruit is about four inches in diameter and when used, is filled
with "mescal" through a hole made at one end, then persons im-
agining themselves affected with chest diseases drink out the liquor
from time to time expecting to become cured.
Another cultivated tree about the Cape is the cocoanut palm.
The palms are the tallest trees in San Jose" and the leaves of the
cocoanut palm growing out more nearly horizontal than those of
 ii.]            Plants of Baja California.                      147
the Washingtonia furnish a prominent perch for some birds. The
turkey buzzards of San Jos^ when not busy, either sit securely upon
the roof of the church or unsteadily swing on the waving leaf of a
•cocoanut palm.
Cyclanthera testudinea. This species is peculiar to the sum-
mits of the mountains of the Cape Region. In its description the
manner of disseminating the seeds was not fully described. While
gathering specimens, I noticed that as soon as the plant was
moved, the ripe fruit would burst and shoot the seeds into my face
and about in all directions. Other species of the genus are said to
have " explosive " fruits.
Arracacia Brandegei was described from specimens collected
upon Magdalena Island, where the main stem of the plant is very
short. In some locations of the high mountains of the Cape Re-
gion, this stem or stalk is often four or five feet high and leaf-bear-
ing only at the top or near it.
Castela tortuosa abounds, especially within a mile of the
ocean, from Magdalena Bay along the shore to Cape St. Lucas and
around to La Paz. At San Jos6 del Cabo, it began to bloom in
August, but although the numerous bushes were continually and
carefully examined only staminate flowers could be found during
September and October. Finally early in November pistillate flow-
ers were found at La Paz. The bright scarlet fruit is rather hand-
some and when ripe the whole bush somewhat resembles a thorny
Lycium, but children easily distinguish them and avoid the bitter
tasting fruit of Castela and eat the berries of Lycium.
Cyrtocarpa procera is described in Engler's Anacardiaceae as
a very large tree growing in the warm regions of Southern Mexico.
The tree referred to this species in the Flora of the Cape Region is
much smaller, but otherwise seems to be the same. Since the notes
concerning it have been printed, flowering specimens have been re-
ceived from the Cape Region and the flowers agree with those of
Cyrtocarpa. Possibly comparison with specimens of Cyrtocarpa
from Southern Mexico might prove it to be a distinct species. The
ripe fruit is usually very pleasant to the taste, although on some
trees it is always bitter; the difference in taste is caused by some in-
dividual peculiarity and such peculiarities are not uncommon
amongst wild fruits of various genera. On a hot afternoon, far
from water, it is always delightful to find the shade of one of these
148                     Plants of Baja California.                    [zoe
trees  and eat the juicy, ripe fruit with which the ground   under
them, in September, is in most cases plentifully sprinkled.
Franseria is a genus composed mostly of low shrubs or herba-
ceous plants, sometimes prostrate, like those which help to stay the
sands of our dunes, and to find a species becoming tree-like, was
quite unexpected. Between Triumfo and La Paz, one of the species
grows so tall, that it was with difficulty I could secure specimens
from the lowest branches, although I was on horseback. The small
trees are fifteen, or more feet high with ascending branches, and
probably belong to F. flexuosa. The same plant was seen north of
Comondu growing four or five feet tall, in large clumps.
Ipom^ea is exceedingly well represented in the southern part of
the Peninsula; there are red, scarlet, purple and white ones, but the
large yellow flowers of I. aurea are the handsomest of all. Its
woody stems climb over the bushes and hedges, blooming profusely,
and the flowers remain open most of the day in the bright sunlight..
I. bradeata bears small flowers, and the plant is more conspicuous
when the large bracts become red, as they do on the Sierra de la
Laguna, after their flowers have fallen. The well known cypress
vine (I. Quamoclit) is common, and it is pleasing to see this com-
mon garden flower growing wild. For producing quantity of color,.
Jacquemontia abutiloides far excels any of its near relatives, the-
Ipomaeas. It is usually low but sometimes spreads out over bushes
a length of ten feet, and when in full bloom seems to bear more-
flowers than leaves; it is then a mass of blue.
Mirabilis triflora is not a common plant and is one that could!
not be overlooked. I saw it in but two localities, once in a deep-
canon on the Sierra de la Laguna and once on a steep bank by the-
side of a road near the mines of Triumfo. The plant repeatedly
branches, has weak stems, and grows into a large, prostrate, en-
tangled mass. It bears numberless bright scarlet flowers and becomes:
a blaze of color, and would be an ornament to any garden. A Mi-
,rabilis from the high mountains is also a handsome species but can*
not compare in beauty with M. triflora. This mountain "four-
o'-clock " grows erect two or three feet high, has large leaves and
nearly white blossoms that are two or three inches long with exserted1
stamens twice that length.     It loves a rocky habitat.
Tecoma stAns grows in the Comondu region only in gardens
where it has been planted, but in the Cape Region it is abundant in.
vol. ii.]           Plants of Baja California.                     149
all canons along the base of the mountains and its large yellow flowers
are very handsome and conspicuous.
Beloperone Californica and B. Hians as well as Justicia
Palmeri look very much alike in the field, and it requires some
botanical skill to collect them intelligently. Their red blossoms
are seen in most localities south of Magdalena Bay.
Himantostemma Pringlei is fond of the sandy soil near the
ocean at the Cape, and grows in great abundance amongst the
dwarfed bushes. At this place it is associated with some plants that
.are known from no other locality and some that, although they have
an extensive distribution, were seen in the Cape Region only close
to the ocean. Euphorbia leucophylla, the handsomest of the pros-
trate " golondrinas," grows in clean sand between the bushes and
high tide line, and so does also the showy Aplopappus arenarhis,
Scaevola, Martynia and others. Phaulothamnus is one of the dwarfed
bushes, that in the south seems to grow only on wind swept shores.
Jatropha canescens is known by the name " lomboi." Some-
times the leaves are glabrous. It is one of the most common bushes
-of the southern region and large specimens reach a height of ten or
twelve feet. The flowers are either ochroleucous or dull red in color.
Its presence is soon missed when one begins to ascend the high
mountains; it is then replaced by another species, J. cordata, of
similar habit, but having sticky leaves, that glisten in the sunlight as
if varnished.
Ficus Palmeri is found from San Ignacio to the Cape, especially
among rocks and upon the face of cliffs. The trunk is very white,
^ind on the perpendicular rocks flattens out at the base and assumes
various fantastic forms, some of them even when the trees are small,
becoming four feet wide while only two or three inches thick, and
finally branching out in all directions seeking crevices for a foothold.
In good soil, in the bottom of canons or about springs, it is a fine,
well-shaped, large tree and affords an agreeable shade from the hot
sun. The small figs are edible, but I think no one eats many of
them, and certainly would not eat any without a good appetite. The
trunk never grows tall enough to be made into boats or canoes and
all the " dug outs " so common about Magdalena Bay, San Jose and
La Paz are fashioned from the fig trees of Mazatlan on the main-
land. When the small figs are ripe the tree is full of animal life ;
numerous insects are buzzing around, attracted by the sweet exuda-
Plants of Baja California.
[zoe
tions of the fruit, and humming-birds are continually flying through
the branches. Sometimes in canons this fig bears numerous aerial
rootlets, but generally the trunk is smooth and light-colored. Along
trails and thoroughfares the trunks are marked with crosses, intitials,.
etc., following a custom too common for the beauty of our madronos,
alders, etc., in Alta California.
Euphorbia Magdalene is not the only species which has its-
involucres distorted into galls, though they appear to have been
seldom noticed. They occur in nearly the same form in plants from
Todos Santos, referred by C. F. Millspaugh to E. versicolor, and in
two other species from the Cape; in these latter, however, the galls
are oblong or ovoid and sometimes of considerable size.
Zephyranthes arenicola is common on the mainland opposite
Santa Margarita Island, and grows much larger than the cultivated
specimen from which the description was drawn. A yellow flowered
species also grows with it, and both render the barren sandy soil
they inhabit more attractive.
Behria tenuiflora is a liliaceous plant resembling very much in
general appearance the "fire cracker" (Brevoortia coccinea) of our
northern coast counties. Its scarlet flowers can be found from Todos
Santos and San Jose1 to the top of the mountains, and are well worthy
of introduction into our gardens.
Phcenix dactylifera, the date palm, is planted in damp alka-
line soil and does well. Whether it grows better in such situations
or is planted there because the soil will grow no other useful plant, I
do not know, but it certainly thrives and bears quantities of fruit.
Washingtonia Sonor^e is a common palm about San Jose" and
other settlements. The large leaves are used for roofing the houses
of the poorer classes and then afford a lodging place for snakes,
lizards and mice. On the eastern slopes of the high mountains both
Washingtonia and Erythea are abundant along the streams, growing
to be forty or fifty feet in height. On the western slope, I saw very
few, but at Todos Santos and other places Washingtonia is cultiva-
ted.
The Cape Region, although the number of its ferns is small,
produces more than would be expected. Cheilanthes Pringlei
comes down nearer to the Cape than any of them, and can be found
on shaded banks within two miles of San Jos6 del Cabo. The
presence of Gymnogramme trifoliata about the gardens of Todos-
vol. ii.]            Plants of Baja California.                        151
Santos and its absence from those of San Jose" and other places,
creates a suspicion that it may be an introduced species. The
Notholcencs are of course handsome ferns, but the most graceful of
all is Adiantum concinnum, which grows with its long fronds pendent
from rocks and overhanging the streams of the Sierra de la Laguna.
The inhabitants of the Cape Region are dependent on the vegeta-
tion in many ways and the native plants are put to all possible uses.
Very many of them are credited with medicinal properties and every
disease is treated by some plant which is supposed to at least allevi-
ate the sufferings of the person affected. Bark of the different
" copal " trees tan the hides ; small sticks cut from bushes are tied
together with rawhide into crates for holding '' pinoche'' and even
complete dwellings are constructed wholly from native bushes. Va-
rious wild fruits, such as Solanum nigrum, Malphigia, Vallesia, etc.,
not as desirable as those of Cactacece and Cyrtocarpa (ciruela) are often
eaten. The intimate association of the vegetation with their existence
has brought a certain knowledge of the plants to the people, greater
than is usually found in more civilized communities. Nearly all the
plants have local names, sometimes of Indian origin, often undoubt-
edly very old and many times evidently applied at a more recent date.
The old women are the best authorities in native nomenclature,
probably on account of their habit of collecting and preparing the
medicines for family use. In common with many people holding
much higher rank they do not like to admit ignorance and when-
ever a plant is shown to them are sure to name it something, and
although nearly all the plants really do possess distinct names, some
of these names include several species and genera. Such a one is
" yerba del venado " (deer brush), which is applied to Porophylhim
and is sometimes used in the same sense that "grease wood" is
in Alta California,—that is for a mixture of small bushes of many
sorts. Pega-pega is usually applied to the different members of the
Loasa family but may mean any plant whose leaves and twigs stick
to the clothing in the same way. Plumieria is known as '' Caca-
loxochitl," a corruption of an old Aztec word and the same term is
applied to this showy bush or tree in Central America. Many
names of Lower Californian plants are given to species and genera
very different from those having the same name on the mainland of
Mexico.
152
Tiger Beetles of California.
[zoe
All species of the prostrate Euphorbias are known as " golon-
drina" and are all supposed to be specifics for snake bites.
The shape of the leaves suggests undoubtedly the names of many
plants; for instance some small abutilons with heart-shaped leaves
are called " corazon de Jesus " and a leguminous plant having sim-
ilar shaped leaves is "corazon de Maria " (heart of Mary); " una
de gato " (cat's claw) belongs to several species of different genera
of Leguminosse and '' una de gavilan'' (hawk's claw) is a name for
Panicum crus-galli. Some have received names in honor of the
saints, as "palo de San Juan" (St. John's tree); "flor de San
Miguel" (St. Michael's flower); "palo verde" (green tree) is the
name of a tree with green bark (Parkinsonia); "palo amarillo "
(yellow tree) is the name of the yellow-wooded Esenbeckia. Some
trees and plants are known by names that seem to be wholly inap-
propriate; why Cassia occidentalism called " palo dezorillo " (skunk
tree) when it possesses nothing to suggest such a name, I have never
been able to discover and the origin of the name "palo de Adam "
(the tree of Adam), a name for Fouquieria, seems equally vague
unless its habit of clothing itself with leaves after every rainfall may
suggest it.
THE TIGER BEETLES OF CALIFORNIA.
BY  GEORGE  W.   DUNN.
The ocean beach is a favorite place for a collector of coleopterous
insects; the shallow pools sheltered from the high winds, the sloping
banks left moist from the receding tide, the numerous sand dunes
piled up by constant winds along the shore, are always rich in
animal life.
Among the many forms found, especially in such localities, there
are none more conspicuous than the species belonging to the genus
Cicindela, popularly called the tiger beetle, perhaps because they
bear, with their large heads, prominent eyes, scissor-like jaws, their
light bodies of elegant form and brilliant color, their quick move-
ments and ferocious habits, the same relation to other insects, that
the tiger does to other mammals. They may be seen on any bright
sunny day, running rapidly along on the damp or sandy ground,
seeking small insects, which they readily capture and devour; in
damp, or cloudy weather, they will be sought in vain.    They fly a
vol. ii.]             Tiger Beetles of California.                   153
short distance upon the least sign of danger, always alighting with
their heads toward any approaching object. They are rather dif-
ficult of capture, and a net is necessary in collecting them. Ex-
perience has taught me that it is much easier to get them, if the
collector goes down upon his knees. They seem to have less fear
of him in that position.
As soon as they find themselves in the net they seize hold of it
with their sharp mandibles, and cling with such force that these or-
gans are often broken in loosening them. Before I learned better I
several times lost valuable insects by dropping a tiger beetle into
the bottle occupied by them. The fumes of cyanide act more slowly
than their ferocious jaws.
The larva of the tiger beetle is a curious object. It is a white
grub with a grotesque protuberance on its back, a large shining
head with long black jaws, and occupies nearly perpendicular holes
in the ground, of no great depth, and entirely free from waste dirt,
such as is found about the dwelling places of ants and worms.
Within its hole it waits, with head just even with the surface, till
there comes within reach some unsuspecting insect, which it quickly
seizes and drops to the bottom to devour.
The following species are found in California, though probably
few are peculiar to the State. The time of appearance is approx-
imately indicated, but is, of course, affected by early or late seasons:
1.    Cicindela longilabris var. perviridis Schaupp.—North-
ern California.    June—September.
2.    Cicindela purpurea var. graminea Schaupp.—Siskiyou
County, in grass.    June—September.
3.    Cicindela purpurea var. decem-notata Say.—Northern
part of California, along dry roads.    June—September.                                             '¦
4.    Cicindela   latesignata   Lee.—San  Diego on  the  sea-
beach feeding on small Crustacea.    The whole year.
5.    Cicindela latesignata var.    With,  and confluent with
the type.
6.    Cicindela fulgida Say.—On banks of rivers amongst the
grass.   June—September.                                                                                           i\
7.    Cicindela  senilis  Horn. — About San Diego in  damp                             ']
places away from the seashore.    May—September.                                                    \l
8.    Cicindela   vulgaris Say. — San  Luis  Rey about fresh                           I
154
Tiger Beetles of California.
water, and almost everywhere in the United States.   Nearly all the
year.
9.    Cicindela vulgaris var.  vibex Horn.—San Bernardino,
in damp soil and on the plain.    May—September.
10.    Cicindela vulgaris   var. obliquata.— San   Luis Rey
with the type.    All the year.
11.    Cicindela   hirticollis   Say.— Sand dunes about San
Francisco, and in damp places.    Widely distributed.    May—Octo-
ber.
12.    Cicindela cinctipennis Lee.—Interior of the northern
part of the State.    June—September.
13.    Cicindela cinctipennis var. imperfecta Lee.—North-
ern  part  of the  State  and  particularly abundant at the Dalles,
Oregon.    June.
14.    Cicindela  sigmoidea  Lee. — Sea-beach at San  Diego.
May.
15.    Cicindela Gabbii Horn.—Wilmington and San Diego, on
the mud of the salt marshes.    August—September.
16.    Cicindela   elemorrhagica  Lee.—San Diego and San
Bernardino along freshwater streams.    May.    Alameda Salt Marsh.
August.
17.    Cicindela h^emorrhagica var. pacifica Schaupp.—San
Bernardino with the type.
18.    Cicindela  repanda   var.   guttifera  Lee. — San Ber-
nardino and Julian—at the latter place not appearing before October.
19.    Cicindela repanda var.  Oregona Lee.—About Lake
Merced and at Alameda.    May—October.
20.    Cicindela repanda var. duodecim-guttata Dej.—Gen-
erally distributed.    Sand dunes at San  Diego, and found at the
Market Street cut, San Francisco.    May—October.
21.    Cicindela Sommeri* Mann.—San Diego.   June.
*On a recent trip to Hermosillo, Mexico, I found at that place in wet sand along
small streams Cicindela flavogiittata and the beautiful Cicindela Sommeri in abun-
dance. At Benson, Arizona, I found Cicindela tenuisignata Lee. C. lemniscata
and C. flavogicttata on damp banks along the San Pedro River, where I had not
before found them. The river had recently overflowed its banks, and seemed to
have washed everything away, and I found no water beetles where I expected
them in abundance, but only Cicindelas, which probably had been brought by the
high water from some distance up the river.
THE FLORA OF YO SEMITE.
BY KATHERINE BRANDEGEE.
Several members of the California Botanical Club have this year
made large and important collections in and about Yo Semite, and
these collections having been submitted to me form, with copious
notes from Mr. J. M. Hutchings, the well-known pioneer of the val-
ley, the basis of the following notes upon some of the more import-
ant plants of the region. The collection made by Mrs. Willie C. Dodd
was much the larger. Those of Miss Ernestine Arnold and Mr.
Hutchings while of less extent contained many interesting plants.*
Neither of them is strictly confined to the valley proper but in-
cludes the surrounding heights, and the region extending from
Wawona on the south to Cloud's Rest on the north.
TREES AND SHRUBS.
The trees and shrubs of the region are quite diverse as might be
expected from the great differences in altitude, the floor of the val-
ley being only about 4,000 feet, while its precipitous walls are 7,000
to 8,000, and Cloud's Rest, only a short distance above the valley,
is 11,000 feet.
The California lilacs while not so abundant as in the coast moun-
tains are fairly well represented. Ceanothiis integerrimus, with its
fsathery, usually white, but sometimes blue plumes, grows at the
lower elevations as does the closely related C. parvifolius; C. decum-
bens, slender and trailing with small heads of pale blue flowers, and
C. prostratus covering its '' squaw mats'' with a profusion of pur-
ple flowers, are found at higher altitudes, as is also the "snow
bush" (C. cordulaius), which is white-flowered, glaucous, "low,
flat-topped, and much spreading." Of this bush, which on the
high slopes grows two to four feet high often in extensive semi-
thorny thickets, not dense enough to walk upon and both too dense
and too low to get through, the exploring botanist is likely to have
lively recollections. It forms one of the most exasperating kinds ot
"chapparal" known to Californians.
C. cuneatus, one of the common chapparals of the western part oi
*I have not been able for lack of time to examine the collection of Miss Emily
Edmunds.
Flora of 2~o Semite.
[zoe
of the State, bearing a profusion of white, overpoweringly fragrant
flowers early in spring, grows along the north side of Indian Valley
near the trail to Indian Canon. This is about the limit of altitude to
which the species attains in the central Sierra Nevada.
Rhamnus Californica, which has been reduced for what seems to
be good and sufficient reasons to R. Purshicuia, is abundant in the
valley and usually known as '' coffee berry''—much more commonly
so than as " cascara sagrada." The other species found in the re-
gion, R. crocea, has very heavy close-grained wood; the bright red
berries are said in the Botany of California to tinge the veins of the
Indians red—the Indians of the valley are now so few and so much
addicted to a more civilized diet that it is to be feared visitors will
be unable to verify the statement.
The large-leaved maple (Acer macrophyllum) which belongs to the
coast as well as to the middle elevations of the Sierra Nevada, is
found in the valley and on the talus two thousand feet above its
floor.
The bush maple (Acer glabrum) grows on the slopes of the Yo
Semite walls in various places, especially near the trail to the Nevada
Fall. Its beauty is much enhanced by a bright red fungus-like
growth (Erineum rubescens Hark.) which often nearly covers the
upper surface of the leaves.
The '' poison oak'' (Rhus diversiloba) is not found in the valley.
It cannot be expected above four thousand feet and is rare above
three thousand. Mr. Hutchings reports that there was formerly a
single clump peering into the valley from below, but he extermi-
nated it root and branch.
Chamtzbatia foliolosa grows so abundantly on the way to the val-
ley as to attract attention. Though usually much lower it some-
times attains a height of two feet, and away from the road is often,
with its strawberry-like blossoms and broad minutely dissected
leaves, a very beautiful plant. Its resinous exudation is, however,
not very agreeable to the smell and is apt to retain all the dust
which comes in contact with it. The nut-like fruit is said to have
an agreeable flavor, but it is scarcely as large as a pea. Various
not very flattering names have been applied to it by dwellers in the
mountains. It is often called "tarweed," and in Amador county I
have heard it called "mountain misery." Along the line of the
railroad in Placer county it is often called "bear clover," perhaps
vol. ii.]                Flora of To Semite.                          157
in accordance with our felicitous custom of giving names, because
it bears not the least resemblance to clover, and the bear will have
nothing to do with it.
The mountain ash (Pyrus sambucifolia) is not very common but
may be found up the Tenieya creek. Its bunches of berries are-
larger and brighter in color than those of our " Christmas berry "
(Heteromeles arbutifolia) so commonly used to brighten the ever-
greens in decorating rooms at the winter holidays.
The wild plum (Primus subcordata) grows about the valley in
small and scraggy form. It is much infested by a well-known fungus
which blasts the fair promise of its flowers by turning its fruit into-
"plum pockets."
The " choke cherry " (Prunus demissa) is usually found about
the banks of the streams, its stems and branches distorted and un-
sightly from the ravages of the " black knot,'' which in California
seems to be confined to this species as it has not yet been reported
from either of the remaining wild species, nor from cultivated ones.
Prunus emarginata, the bitter cherry of the higher elevations,,
seems to be entirely free from pests. Its small red fruit is intensely
bitter.
The "mountain mahogany'3 (Cercocarpus parvifolius) grows on
all the roads and trails about, but not in the valley. When in fruit
its feathery whitish "tails" make a handsome appearance against
the background of foliage.
The only rose of the valley is our familiar Rosa Californica.
The large-flowered raspberry (Rubus Nutkanus) is abundant
about wet places in the canons.
Spircsa Douglasii is abundant about the foot of the lower Yo
Semite fall.
The western spice-bush ( Calycanthus occidentalis) abounds on the
way to the Cascades just below the valley.
Of the wild currants two species belong to the region, Ribes
sanguineum to lower elevations and Ribes viscosissimum to the
higher and particularly abundant between Grizzly Peak and Senti-
nel Dome.
The silk-tassel tree ( Garry a Fremontii) is found occasionally at low
elevations. The roots left in the ground become marbled with
green and are used in inlaying woodwork.
The flowering dogwood (Cornus Nuttallii) with involucres of
Flora of Yo Semite.
[zoe
shining white five inches in diameter followed by dense heads of
scarlet fruit is a conspicuous object in the lower mountain canons,
and the less conspicuous C. pubescens abounds along Yo Semite
Creek and below.
The twin-berry (Lonicera involucrata) and the dwarl twin-berry
(L. conjugialis) are both to be found near the upper spring on the
new trail to Cloud's Rest—the latter also at Glacier Point on the
way to Sentinel Dome.
The snowberry ( Symphoricarpus racemosus) and the two species
of mountain elder Sambucus glauca (of which the cooked fruit is
delicious) at lower, and 6". melanocarpa with peculiarly stinking foli-
age, at higher elevations, are frequently seen.
The heath family furnishes a considerable part of the scrubby
contingent of the valley and much of its beauty. Some of them, as
Kahnia glauca about Cloud's Rest and Cassiope Mertensiana, are
very small shrubs indeed, only a few inches in height, and Vaccinium
occidentale in wet meadows above Indian Canon bears its abundance
of blue agreeably acid berries at no great height.
The mountain heath (Bryanthus Breweri) lifts its rosy blooms
about the meadows of Cloud's Rest. It is well worthy of cultiva-
tion but our species of the heath family are many of them notori-
ously impatient of culture.
The western azalea (Rhododendron occidentale) is abundant and
as fragrant though not so tall as in the ravines of the coast range.
Ledum glandulosum grows in the higher meadows above the
valley. It is dreaded by the sheep men who say that it poisons
their flocks. If such is the case it might be well for the Park Com-
missioners to spread it more generally about the meadows as one
means of keeping the lawless and rapacious crew in bounds.
Yerba santa (Eriodictyon glutinosum) is found below the valley
and at Indian Canon and other places within it. It hardly reaches
a higher altitude than the floor of the valley.
Nama Lobbii is found at various places on the higher points.
Dutchman's-pipe (Aristolochia Californica) grows near Tissaack
bridge. The flowers are seldom collected because they appear be-
fore the leaves and are nearly the color of and half hidden by the
stems of the bushes around which the vine twines itself. The large
pendent fruit are, however, sufficiently conspicuous objects and so are
the black, marked with red, caterpillars of Papilio Philenor which in

vol. ii.]                 Flora of To Semite.                          159
California feed only on this plant—though I have somewhere gath-
ered an unverified idea that they have been induced, perhaps starved
into, eating Thalictrum.
The laurel or bay-tree ( Umbellularia Californica) abounds in the
canons usually in the form of bushes, though one tree of consider-
able size may be seen near the foot of the lower Yo Semite Fall.
It, however, never reaches in the Sierra Nevada such dimensions as
we find in the Coast Range.
Myrica Hartwegi, a rather rare wax-myrtle, though not found in
the valley grows on the Merced below it.
The green alder (Alnus viridis) is extremely common as a shrub,
about the borders of wet meadows both in the valley and on the
heights.
The hazel (Corylus roslrata) and the chinquapin (Castanopsis
chrysophylla) abound as they do on our Tamalpais.
The oaks of Yo Semite number three or four species. The de-
ciduous one is Quercus Kelloggii—a black oak; the evergreen is
Q. chrysolepis, both abundant in the valley about its margin and on
the lower declivities. The variety vaccinifolia of the latter species
reaches eight or nine thousand feet, gradually losing as it as'cends
the golden pubescence of the lower surface of its leaves. At the
higher altitudes it is from two to five feet high and looks very un-
like the type. Two other scrub oaks, Q. Breweri and Q. dztmosa,
are reported from the region but specimens are wanting.
Of the poplars, Populus trichocarpa, known locally as " Balm of
Gilead," is common in the valley; a second species P. tremtdoides,
"quaking aspen," grows on the heights. The seeds sometimes
come down with floods and establish themselves in the valley, but
they finally die out.
The willows of the region are not very well known. They are
mostly past flowering when botanists reach the valley and require
special care in collecting as the male and female flowers (appearing
before the leaves) are on different trees.
The conifers of the valley are those common to corresponding
elevations nearly everywhere in the central Sierra Nevada.
Sequoia giganiea makes its nearest approach to the valley in the
Tuolumne Grove seventeen miles away.   -
The white cedar Libocedrus decurrens abounds on the floor of the
valley.
T
160                       Flora of To Semite.                       [zoe
Of the three firs Abies concolor grows on the steep walls and at
their summits. A. nobilis, although not frequent occurs in some
places, as near the foot of Yo Semite fall. A. magnified is found along
the whole line of the south side of the valley and in great abundance
near Glacier Point.
The Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) is very abundant
and the most valuable timber of the valley for bridging and similar
purposes, being tough and strong.
The graceful Tsuga Pattoniana hardly comes lower than eight
thousand five hundred feet. It is found on benches and mountain
sides at Cathedral Peak.
The yew ( Taxus brevifolia) grows near the water in the canon of
the Merced.
The "nutmeg-tree" (Torreya Californica) grows also in the
canon of the Merced but farther from the water. Neither this tree
nor the last quite reaches the valley.
Juniperus occidenialis grows more and more stunted and short-
ened from the high summits of the walls nearly to the limit of vege-
tation. There are two trees on the Cap of Liberty which are ten
feet in diameter.
The sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana) and the yellow pine (P.
ponderosa) are abundant in the valley.
Pinus vionticola grows nearly everywhere on the heights—Sen-
tinel Dome, Cloud's Rest, etc.
Pinus feffreyi grows about the summits of the walls, and so also
does the " tamarack" (Pinus co?itorta) which is most usually found
near water-courses or the borders of wet meadows. The common
name of P. contorta is like too many others very misleading, as the
tree is very different from the Eastern one called by the same name.
ANNUALS AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
Of these there are of course a very much greater number than of
the trees and shrubs, so that anything like a complete list cannot be
given in the limits of the present paper.
Rammculus hystriculus Gray. This white-flowered Ranunculus
is seldom collected but it has been brought from the crevices of wet
rocks about Mirror Lake and in similar places at Vernal Fall and
Yo Semite Fall.
The "marsh marigold" (Caltha biflora) is abundant in the
marshy meadows on the trail to the summit of Cloud's Rest.
VOL.  II.]
Flora of JTo Semite.
161
The columbine (Aguilegia truncata) is nearly as common as in
our coast region, the flowers rather larger. The meadow rue ( Thal-
ictruni polycarpum) is the same as the one found about San Fran-
cisco, but the monk's hood (Aconitum Columbianum) does not in
our latitude approach the coast.
The yellow water-lily ('Nuphar polysepalum) is found in Hutchings
Meadow, Eagle Meadow, etc.
Dicentra formosa, DC, which is also found in the immediate
vicinity of San Francisco, makes a much better showing than with
us. D. uniflora Kell. the second species of Yo Semite is peculiar
to mountainous regions.
Among the cruciferae Arabis repanda with its rather broad falcate
pods; Streptanthus toriuosus Kell. with rounded clasping leaves and
purplish flowers; Cheiranthus asper Ch. & Sch. with its showy head
of deep yellow or orange, sweet-scented flowers, and the delicate
" lace-pod " Thysanocarpus curvipes are found in all collections.
The violets are Viola blanda, V. cani?ia var. oxyceras, V. nuttallii,
V. glabella and V. lobata.
Of the Caryophyllaceae Silene antirrhina, S. Californica, S.
Bridgesii and .S". Douglasii; Stellaria nitens, S. longipes, and .S.
Jamesii; Arenaria congesta, and A. pungens are all that are con-
tained in the collections.
The widely distributed Claytonia perfoliata is usually found in
smaller forms with the cauline leaves not so completely united as in
the coast form. C. exigua forms low and dense glaucous tufts with
linear leaves, C. Chamissonis and C. parvifolia occur in wet places,
often clinging to the crevices of dripping rocks about the falls. C.
iriphylla is found usually at considerable altitudes above the valley.
Spraguea umbellata known as " pussy paws " is abundant on the
floor of the valley towards the lower end. Its flowers, which vary
from nearly white to deep pink, are showy and handsome, and as it
loves the sand, its deep biennial root might be a somewhat useful,
and its flowers most surely a welcome addition to the flora of our
dunes.
Linum micranthtim and the rare L. digynum are the species of our
native flaxes found near Yo Semite.
Geranium incisum is found in all collections.
The Lupines of the region are not many but among them is found
the handsomest of all the species, which was named Lupinus Stiveri,
162                           Flora of Yo Semite.                          [zoe
a misprint for Siiversii, by Dr. Kellogg in honor of Dr. Stivers of this
city. It is an annual with yellow standard and rose-colored wings.
Hosackia crassifolia grows to a very large size about the borders
of meadows—especially so near Mr. Hutchings' cabin, and H.
Torreyi with its yellow and white flowers is not uncommon.
Astragalus is notably absent from the region, but its space is well
supplied by species of Lathyrus and Vicia.
Ivesia santalinoides grows on Sentinel Dome and other high
points about the valley.
Potentilla gracilis is common about the valley meadows.
Potentilla tridenta is found in dry places about the walls and
summits.
Bolandra Californica, a small saxifragaceous plant named in
honor of Henry N. Bolander, abounds in some localities at middle
elevations, notably about the Nevada Fall.
Heuchera rubescens is found in similar localities, as also the deli-
cate Mitella Breweri, and several small species of saxifrage.
The " umbrella plant," Saxifraga peltata, is found in the borders
of Cascade Creek and other streams flowing into the Merced.
Among the fleshy rock-plants Sedum spathulifoliumy S. obtusa-
him and the purple 6". Rhodiola are the most prominent. The last
is found about Clouds Rest.
The evening primrose (CEnothera biennis) is frequent in the
meadows about the valley.
Godetia purpurea, a near relative, grows all about the valley in
dry places.
Clarkia rhomboidea is often met with about the valley and the
diffuse and slender Gayophyium ramosissimum is common on the
declivities.
The very showy willow-herb (Epilobium angustifolium), also
known as " fire-weed'' on account of its predilection for burns, grows
near the borders of streams.
Zauschneria Californica, sometimes called the '' California fuch-
sia," makes spots of brilliant red at the foot of the upper Yo Semite
Fall.
Eiicharidium concinnum, the most beautiful onagraceous plant
in California, displays its deeply lobed, rose-colored flowers on the
way to the Cascades.
The enchanter's nightshade ( CircceaPacifica), with its inconspicu-
VOL.  II.]
 of Yo Semite.
163
•ous flowers and small bur-like capsules, occurs in deeply shaded
places at the upper end of the-valley.
Among the conspicuous umbelliferous plants of the region are
Angelica Breweri, Peucedanum utriculatuvi and Selinum capitella-
tum, the latter with its ball-like secondary umbels, near the river
borders. The Umbelliferse of the region are seldom collected in a
sufficiently mature state.
Valeriana capitala may be found at various places, notably above
Glacier Point, on the heights above the valley.
The Compositae form, as everywhere with us, a considerable pro-
portion of the flowering plants. The silvery Antennarias, A. ar-
gentea and A. luzuloides, spread their tufts over rocky and barren
spots on the declivities. Eriophyllum confertiflomm, common on
our coast, has in the valley a variety—trifidtim—which brightens
many a gravelly slope with a blaze of gold. E. nubigenum, first
described from plants collected on the slope of Clouds Rest, was
brought this year by Mrs. Dodd from the Little Yo Semite. Ar-
nica mollis, with its rather large, rayless and nodding heads, is
common in niches about the cliffs.
The purple-flowered Lessingia lepioclada is abundant at the lower
end of the valley. The showy Madia elegans, either with or with-
out a brown eye, brightens the early morning with its showy flow-
ers. M. Yosemiiana, which bears a considerable resemblance to
the much more abundant Hemizonia Durandi, may be found some
distance above the Nevada Fall on the way to Clouds Rest. Chcz-
nactis Dotiglasii, with its dissected leaves and brush-like head of
flesh-colored flowers, is particularly abundant towards the lower
end of the valley. Ifulsea heterochroma, tall and branching, with
large heads of yellow and purple, grows a short distance up the
valley walls at Indian Canon and several other places.
One of the species of "sneeze-weed," Helenium Bigelovii,
grows in wet places about the valley. Various forms of Senecio
aureus are found about the heights. 6". lugens grows on the de-
clivities and 6". triangularis in wet places, both in the valley and on
the heights. Phalacroseris Bolanderi, described from this region,
grows in wet meadows near Sentinel Dome; Troximon Nutialliiand
Microceris nuians are found at moderate elevations about the valley,
and Hieracium Breweri, with its long-hairy leaves and yellow flow-
ers, inhabits little clefts in the valley walls.
164                      Flora of To Semite.                      [zoe
' The asters, erigerons and golden rods scarcely occur in the various-
collections, on account of the early dates at which they were made.
Of the non-shrubby Ericaceae, the white Pleuricospora fimbrio-
lata is found at Wawona; "pine-drops" (Pterospora andromedea)
and the snow-plant (Sarcodes sanguinea) at many localities on the
heights. That this latter plant is not parasitic in the manner of the
Aphyllons, which are attached to slender rootlets of the host, or of
Boschniakia, springing directly from tuber-like swellings on roots of
Manzanita, any one may satisfy himself by careful digging. The
plant ends in a coralloid mass, very much as do the Corallorhizasv
and though a recent ingenious attempt has been made to explain
their growth by means of a contributory mycelium, we fear the au-
thor would be puzzled to find the "fungoid odor" of which he-
speaks on a fresh-dug specimen. The snow-plant is quite as hand-
some an object when its flowers are dead and dried as in June and
July, the season of bloom. In an old and vigorous plant there
may be found in autumn, well below the surface, surmounting the-
coralloid mass of roots, from one to six cones 2—3 inches in dia-
meter and of the same bright color as the plant appears above
ground. These condensed spikes are the shoots of the next year,
and within them fully formed their flowers may seen, on making
section. The plant, which is evidently a perennial of long life, bears
besides these large buds of the ensuing year any number of smaller
ones decreasing in size until barely visible.
The shooting-star (Dodecatkeon Meadia) grows in its most ro-
bust form (var. Jaffrayi) in Hutchings Meadow. Specimens from,
this locality have scapes two feet long and leaves often fully eight-
een inches. The capsule opens not through the base of the style,
but by incomplete circumscission, the style usually remaining at-
tached to one of the teeth.
• The Sierra primrose (Primula suffrutescens) grows near Echo
Lake and in certain localities near the South Dome. Its shining
tufted leaves and heads of beautiful flowers inspire the wish to
transplant it to a less inaccessible home, but as it grows often with
the dwarf but large-flowered Epilobium obcordatum, in the very
margins of perpetual snow, its acclimatization is a matter ot serious
doubt. The flowers are usually pink or rose-colored, but Mr. C.
F. Sonne, of Truckee, has collected a form with pure white flowers.
Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) is found in the valley, but
vol. ii.]                Flora of Yo Semite.                          165
is not nearly so abundant as its dwarf congener A. androstzmifolium
of the valley borders and walls.
Of the milkweeds, Asclepias speciosa and  Gomphocarptis cordi-
folius are abundant, especially the latter.
The most beautiful of our species of Canchalagua, Erythrcea
venusta, has been brought from the lower end of the valley.
Two blue gentians, Gentiana Newberryi and G. calycosa, are
found in high meadows—the latter especially, near the Anderson
trail to the South Dome.
The spreading Polemonium (P. humile) grows about the heights
¦on shady and moist hillsides, the more showy P. ccertdeum is less
frequent.
Phlox Douglasii abounds in tufts of white, lavender and various
shades of pink, on nearly all the heights, particularly about Sentinel
Dome.
Gilia abounds in and about the valley, as nearly everywhere in
•California. The yellow-flowered G. grandiflora grows at the lower
end of the valley. G. tenella, G. ciliata and G. heterophylla, are
•common. The diffuse and slender G. capillaris grows near the
upper end of Indian Canon and G. aggregata and G. pungens, the
latter of as many hues as Phlox Douglasii, are found on the heights.
Draperia systyla grows at moderate elevations on the walls of the
lower end of the valley ; yerba santa (Eriodictyon glutinosum) at
lower elevations, and Nama Lobbii on the heights. The low Hes-
perochiron Californicus grows above Glacier Point. Phacelia nam-
atoides grows near the summit at the lower end of the valley. P.
hydrophylloides about the heights and Nemophila parviflora is com-
mon in the valley.
Mertensia Sibrica grows on the heights and Echinospermum
diffusum and Plagiobothrys Torreyi, which stains a bright blue, are
frequent.
The paint-brush (Castilleia linariosfolia) grows in red-tipped
clumps about the heights ; Collinsia Torreyi is found on the higher
slopes at the foot of the valley, and the pale C. tinctoria frequents
shady banks.
Mimulus luleus is found about the borders of springs and small
streams; M. primuloides sends its slender scape-like stems from the
borders of the damp meadows ; M. Fremonii and M. Torreyi grow
on rocky slopes near the foot of the valley; M. Lewisii, from the
166                           Flora of Yo Semite.                          [zoe
grass borders, reflects its pink blossoms in the cold clear rivulets ot
the heights, and the yellowrflowered M. mephiticus on the gravelly-
side of Clouds Rest requites the pressure of a rude foot with an
odor as unwelcome as unexpected.
' The low " lousewort,'' Pedicularis semibarbata, is found on the
heights on the north side of the valley. Penlstemon breviflorusy
which is almost woody, grows near the foot of the valley, its pale
flowers are often overlooked ; P. Bridgesii, with. rather long and
scattered scarlet flowers, grows in shaded places near streams at
rather high altitudes ; the purple-flowered form of P. confertus dots
the low meadows; P. azureus and P. l&tus, with showy blue or vio-
let flowers, are found on dry knolls and along rocky ridges; the low
tufted Menziesii var. Newberryi, with red or purplish flowers, the
mouth of the showy corolla almost closed by the woolly anthers, is
found along the trail between the Vernal and Nevada falls.
The labiates are represented along the water-courses by the
" mountain mint" (Pycnantkemum Californicum), and the rosy-
flowered Lophanthus urticifolhcs, and in drier places about the walls
by the fragrant ' pennyroyal" (Monardella odoratissima), and by
the '' skullcap " (Scutellaria Californica).
The "wild ginger" (Asarum Hartwegi),hides its dull purplish,
flowers beneath large mottled leaves in moist and shaded places.
The orchids of the valley are not very abundant, two species of
Corallorhiza are frequently found. Epipaclis gigantea is common
in cold spring marshes, and the showy and fragrant Habenaria
leucostachys lifts its white spike two to four feet in the lower wet
meadows. The mountain lady' s-slipper ( Cypripedium montanum)
is occasionally collected, and Spiranth.es Romanzoffiana and the
rattlesnake plantain are not uncommon—neither, by the way, is the
rattlesnake himself.
The Liliaceae here, as elsewhere in California, furnish some of the
most attractive flowers. Brodicea multiflora, the yellow-flowered
B. ixioides and the "soaproot" (Chlorogalum pomeridiamim),
which opens its white starry flowers late in the afternoon, are fre-
quent about the valley. The purple d6g-tooth violet (Erythronium
purpurascens) is found on the south side of the valley, from the
upper iron bridge to Tooloolaweack Canon. The small orange
lily, Lilitim parvum, is common about the meadows and streams,
but the fragrant  white L.   Waskingionianum must be sought on
vol. ii.]              Nesting Time of Birds.                       167
the roads leading- out of the valley or on the heights above. The
small-flowered Fritillaria (F. parviflora) is not uncommon, and
Tofieldia glutinosa is occasionally found in the high wet meadows.
Calochortus has four species, the small white C. nudus of the
heights ; C. Maweanus, usually pale lilac and very hairy within, not
often collected; C. Nutiallii, the common yellowish species of the
valley proper, and various forms of C. vemistus, from yellow to
purple, which approach closely if they do not enter the valley.
The last two species are called " Mariposa lilies." Mariposameans
butterfly and the abundance of these flowers gave their name to the
county.
A list of the ferns and fern allies of Yo Semite, prepared by Mr.
and Mrs. Lemmon, is given in Mr. Hutchings' " Heart of the
Sierras." It is, however, probably rather a list of what might be
expected than a record of plants actually observed. The limits
would have to be somewhat elastic to include all of them.
THE NESTING TIME OF BIRDS ABOUT SAN FRAN-
CISCO BAY.
BY  CHAS.   A.    KEELER.
The present paper is based principally upon the data derived
from the collection of eggs made by Mr. Walter E. Bryant between
the years 1876 and 1882, mostly in the vicinity of Oakland, Cal.,
together with what material my own collecting during the past few
years in the vicinity of Berkeley has furnished.
Strangely enough the hummingbirds are among the first to
breed, and often begin nest building before even the hawks and owls.
The rufous.hummingbird ( Trochilus rufus) arrives about Oakland
and Berkeley somewhere near the middle of February, generally
contemporaneous with the blossoming of the wild currant (Ribes
sanguineitm), which bush it frequents for at least a month, or as
long as the profusion of blossoms lasts, after which the task of
nest building is undertaken. The earliest set of eggs is recorded
by Mr. Bryant, March 16, 1881. The rainfall during that month
was exceptionally light, only .88 inches having fallen, while the
average for the month was 3.409 inches. We find also that the
temperature was higher than the average during the spring of
1881, and these  favorable  circumstances may have hastened the
i68                    Nesting Time of Birds.                   [zoe
nesting time. The species apparently does not commence to breed
regularly until early in April, from which time on until the latter
part of the month fresh eggs may be looked for. I am uncertain
whether or not the bird lays a second set, as data on this point
is lacking, but fresh eggs of the closely allied Allen's humming-
bird (Trochilus alleni) are recorded as late as May 25, 1880, from
which it seems not improbable that both species may raise a sec-
ond brood. This record, however, may be an exceptional one,
accounted for by the phenomenally heavy rainfall in the spring
of that year, 8.46 inches having fallen, against an average of 2.478,
while the average temperature was much lower than usual.
Anna's hummingbird (Trochilus anna), which is a resident
species, is another early breeder, having been recorded nesting
even in January* and Feburary. Our earliest records from this
vicinity, however, are about the middle of March. From this
time on fresh eggs may be found until the early part of June, a
second brood being raised during that or the preceding month.
The latest date on which fresh eggs have been found is June 7,
1888, but Mr. Bryant records a set containing large embryos on
June 10, 1881.
Another tiny breeder of March is the California bush-tit (Psaltri-
parus minimus californicus), which begins the construction of its
elaborate pendulous nest early in the month. The earliest set oi
eggs recorded was taken March 16, 1881, which month, as pre-
 viously noted, was especially favorable for early records. From
 the twentieth of the month, however, to early in April, the breed-
 ing season of this species is at its height, from which time it rap-
 idly declines and by the middle of the month nearly all have young.
 In the latter part of May a second brood is sometimes.raised, the
 latest date being May 28, 1880, but in this case as in the one noted
 above, the weather very probably retarded the period of nidifica-
 tion.
 The plain titmouse (Parus inornatus), like the preceding, a resi-
 dent species, also commences nidification in March, the earliest
 date being March 27, 1879. The data in hand shows no evidence
of a second brood being raised, the latest date on which fresh eggs
were taken being April 19, 1879.
*Mr. A. M. Ingersoll found a nest at Oakland, January 14, with eggs about to
hatch.
vol. ii.]              Nesting Time^ of Birds.                       169
We come next to the larger birds of prey. Incubation appar-
ently commences with tolerable regularity among them during the
latter half of March. By far the commonest of these birds is the
western red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis calurus) which nests either
in rain-washed holes or scoops in the faces of rocky cliffs or in the
tops of live oak, or occasionally in a pine. The earliest record of
fresh eggs is March 18, 1876, from which time on they may be
found until nearly the middle of the following month. A second
set may sometimes be laid in May. About the same time that the
red-tail begins to breed the western great-horned owl (Bubo virgin-
ianus subarcticus) commences nidification. Mr. Bryant has found
their eggs among the rocks in the retired canons back of Berkeley in
years past, and they still breed in this region, though probably in
diminished numbers. Only one brood is raised; the latest date on
which eggs are recorded being April 10, 1880. The breeding range
of the prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus) is now very much more re-
stricted than it was in 1877, when Mr. Bryant collected its eggs near
Berkeley. At present it apparently breeds in no locality about
here except in the rocks of Mt. Diablo, where we observed the
birds feeding their young as late as the last of July this year. As
the first eggs are laid as early as March 22, they apparently have
two broods a year. There are but two other raptorial birds which
breed about here in March, the turkey buzzard (Catkartes atira)
and the American barn owl (Strix pratincola). Both species nest
during the latter part of this month and the beginning of the suc-
ceeding one, while neither, so far as the data at hand shows, raise
but one brood a year.
We have now noted the species breeding in March in the region
in question and traced their periods of nesting through the remain-
der of the season. Let us now take a brief survey of the field at
the opening of April. Besides the species above mentioned, all of
which are by this time well under way with their domestic duties'
two new birds have now begun to breed, the California shrike
(Lanius ludovicianus gambeli) and the California jay ('Aphelocoma
californica). With the exception of one set of four eggs taken by
Mr. Bryant on March 26, 1881, we have no record of the breeding
of the latter species before April, while the shrike seldom lays its
first egg much before the beginning of this month. A little later
the smaller raptorial birds commence  breeding—first the western
Nesting Time of Birds.
[ZOE
screech owl (Megascops asio bendirei) and shortly after the burrow-
ing owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypogcea) and sparrow hawk (Falco
sparverius).
The eighth or tenth of the month has now been reached and the
green-backed goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) and Samuels's song spar-
row (Melospiza fasciata samuelis) have begun nest building, or
even, if the season be favorable, laid an egg or two. During the
first half of April no other species are added, so that we have at
this time breeding, all the hawks and owls (the smaller ones just
commencing, the larger, for the most part, well along), the bush-tit
and plain titmouse, the three species of hummingbirds, California
jay, shrike, song sparrow and goldfinch. The two last named, how-
ever, are hardly fully under way as yet.
By the middle of the month, or shortly after this time, our list is
extended by several new species. Brewer's blackbird, which has
been holding meetings in the top of some convenient cypress tree,
and bowing and bobbing and scraping before the object of his ad-
miration, has settled down to house-keeping. The California
brown towhee (Pipilo fuscus crissalis) and bicolored blackbird
(Agelaius gtibernator)i follow soon after. The towhee breeds all
through the month of May, but the sets recorded during the latter
part of this month and early in June are probably the second brood
of the season. Parkmann's wren (Troglodytes aedo?i parkmanii)
and the red-shafted flicker ( Colaptes cafer) come next on the list,
followed closely by Gambel's sparrow (Zonoirichia gambeli). Thus
far we have not gone beyond the twentieth of April, but already the
summer migrants have begun nesting. The western lark finch
(Chondestes grammacus strigatus), which arrives from the south
about the fifteenth or twentieth of March, will have laid its full com-
plement of eggs a month later. The house finch (Carpodacus
mexicanus fronialis), too, which has been carrying on an animated
courtship for some time past begins to breed at about the same
time. It is strange, too, that a bird which generally passes the
winter with us in greater or less numbers, should not nest earlier,
but they "evidently plan to finish the family cares just when the
fruit ripens, so that the young can be initiated into the mysteries of
robbing orchards.
By the twenty-fifth of the month the warbling vireo ( Vireo gilvus)
which arrived about the last of March, and the western chipping
VOL. II.]
Nesting Time of Birds.
171
sparrow (Spizella socialis arizoncs), which probably came during
the first week of April, have begun nest building, but it is not until
the next month that we are to look for the climax of their breeding
period. Bullock's oriole (Icterzis bullocki) western flycatcher, (Em-
pidonax difficilis), black pewee (Sayornis nigricans), and California
partridge (Callipepla californica), are the only remaining species
that commence to breed at the close of April.
During the month of May the height of the breeding season is
reached. The month begins with a miscellaneous assortment of
early and late breeders. The list includes, besides those species
just mentioned as commencing to nest during the latter half of
April, such species as the western screech owl, Anna's hummer,
California jay, California bush-tit, sparrow hawk and burrowing
owl. In early May the western meadow lark (Sturnella magna
neglecta) is breeding, although I suspect that it is the second set,
now first discovered in cutting the grain. The lazuli bunting (Pas-
serina amaena), which arrives from the first to the middle of April,
has often laid its complement of eggs by the first of May. The
western wood pewee ( Contopus richardsonii) is not very common as
a summer resident,-but Mr. Bryant records a set containing large
embryos taken on May 6, 1881, indicating that the bird probably
begins to breed during the latter part of April.
Another uncommon breeder of early May is Lawrence's gold-
finch (Spinus lawrencei), the earliest record of its breeding having
been made by Mr. Bryant, who took a set of eggs May 8, 1877.
About this same time the swallows (Petrochelidon lunifrons and
Chelidon erythrogaster) begin to breed; fresh eggs being first found
about the fifth or sixth of the month, and from that time on until
the middle of June. These later records doubtless belong to the
second brood, although I am not certain that either species in-
variably raises two broods a year in this locality. The summer
warbler (Dendroica <zsiiva), russet-backed thrush ( Turdus ustn-
latus) and black-headed grosbeak (Habia melanocephala), three of
the typical summer breeders (in distinction from spring breeders)
of this locality, also lay their earlier sets during the first half of
May. During the same period an occasional set of American gold-
finch's eggs is recorded, the earliest date being May 11, 1877.
Although the earliest record of the nesting of Bryant's sparrow
(Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanii) is May 12, 1878, it is highly

172
Recent Literature.
[zoe
probable that this is the second brood, as the species is in song in
the latter part of February and early in March.
The list of loiterers who do not begin to breed until during the
latter half of May is small, including the mourning dove (Zenaidura
macroura), the western kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis), Oregon
towhee (Pipilo maculatus oregonus), and probably the ash-
throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens), although the earliest
set of eggs taken was June 9, 1880. From this time on, we find
no new species introduced, the eggs found in June being, for the
most part, second sets. In July fresh eggs are very rare, although
they are recorded from the following species: western lark finch,
western fly catcher, lazuli bunting, California partridge and mourn-
ing dove.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The Atlatle or Spear- Thrower. Zelia Nuttall, the well-known
archaeologist, gives us in vi,' No. 3, of the Ethnological papers ol
the Peabody Museum, a most interesting account of the atlatle or
spear-thrower. This instrument, the value and. character of which
was until now unknown, or misunderstood, consists of a peculiar
shaped "handle" for throwing spears and arrows. It was used
by the Aztecs at the time of the conquest, and is found pic-
tured in all codices as well as upon the sculptured tablets of Yucatan,
Mexico and Central America. Mrs. Nuttall is the first one to as-
certain the true character and use of this instrument, with which
the Aztecs not only killed their foes and enemies in warfare, but
which in their trained hands became the principal weapon of the
chase. Before going to war, the young men practiced with it on
flying ducks as well as on the fishes of the lakes. Mrs. Nuttall
discerns three distinct forms of the atlatle. The one used in the
chase and warfare, the one used as an emblem for the gods, heroes
and kings; the third form was highly ornamented and used as an
emblem in religious ceremonies by the priests. It would have
greatly added to the value of the memoir if detailed drawings of
the three yet remaining atlatles had been given, as the correct use
of the weapon is difficult to understand.                                g. e.
Description of a New Subspecies of the Eastern Chipmunk, from
the Upper Mississippi Region,  West of the Great Lakes.    By Ed-
T
vol. ii.]                     Recent Literature.                              173
gar A. Mearns, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., iii, 2, Art. xvi. The new race recognized is named
Tamias striatus griseus.
Description of a New Species of Weazel, and a New Szibspecies
of the Gray Fox, from Arizona. By Edgar A. Mearns., Assist-
ant Surgeon, U. S. A. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,iii, 2, Art. xvii.
The new forms named are Putorius arizonensis (Arizona Weazel),
inhabiting the "mountains and high plateau region of Arizona,
down to the lower limit of the forest zone of Pinus ponderosay
The species is similar in color to P. longicauda, and is one of the
smallest weazel. The new variety of fox is named Urocyon virgin-
ianus scottii (Scott's Fox), inhabiting Southern California, Arizona
and western New Mexico, and has been found as far north as Ni-
casio, Marin County, Cal. Judging from the lucid description it is
a very distinct variety of the eastern red fox.                    w. e. b.
Observations on the North American Badgers, with Especial Ref-
erence to the Forms found in Arizona, with Descripiio?i of a New
Subspecies from Northern California. By Edgar A. Mearns, As-
sistant Surgeon, U. S. A. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii., 2, Art.
xviii. The comparative external and cranial characters of the hith-
erto recognized North American badgers, Taxidea americana and
T. americana berlandieri, are given with considerable fullness, and
an intimation of a belief that T. a. berlandieri is specifically distinct
from T. america?ia. Both of these badgers were found at Fort
Verde, Arizona, but were always satisfactorily referable to one or
the other of the two forms, although the vertebral stripe was not
always continuous in T. a. berla?idieri. The material at the author's
disposal was greater than has been previously examined by other
writers; the two southern badgers are left as at present known while
¦a third one is described from northern California (Fort Crook) and
probably its range extends into Oregon. The subspecies charac-
terized is Taxidea america?ia neglecta.                            w. E. B.
Notes on the Otter (Lutra canadensis) and Skunks (Genera Spi-
logale a?id Mephitis) of Arizona. By Edgar A. Mearns, Assist-
ant Surgeon, U. S. A. Bull.- Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 2, Art. xix.
A study of 34 crania of otters from various localities, with three
obtained in Arizona by the author, who refrains from naming any
new subspecies in the absence of additional material, particularly
T
174
Recent Literature.
[zoe
skins. Lzitra califor?iica (page 254) was named by Dr. Gray in
1837, although redescribed by Prof. Baird in vol. viii, P. R.R, Rep.,
from a specimen from the Cascade Mountains. The subject ends
with a description and measurements taken from a freshly-killed
specimen from Beaver Creek, Arizona.
A second paper in the same article describes the new subspecies
Spilogale phenax arizonee (Arizona Striped Skunk), of which
thirteen specimens were examined from the vicinity of Fort Verde,
Arizona. Dr. Merriam's type of 6". phe?iax came from Nicasio,
Cal. The article ends with "A Study of the Arizona Skunks of
the Genus Mephitis."                                                      w. e. b.
Notes o?i New or Little-known North American Mammals, based
o?i recent additions to the Collection of Mammals in the American
Museum of Natural History. By J. A. Allen. Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., iii, 2, Art. xx, pp. 263-310. The present paper is
based upon a critical examination of several thousand skins, mostly
with crania, of mammals received by the American Museum of
Natural History during the last four years. The introductory
briefly notices some changes in mammalogy since the publication in
1857 °f Prof. Baird's great work on North Ammerican Mammals,
when less than 3,000 specimens were available for study, a smaller
amount than has been collected annually during the past few years.
The MS. name Heleromys alleni Coues is revived for a pouched
rat ranging from southern Mexico northward to the mouth of the
Rio Grande, and distinct from. H. longicaudatus of Central America.
An excellent study of the genera Dipodomys and Dipodops is
given. Since 1886 the number of species of Dipotomys has in-
creased from two to twelve and been divided into two genera with
six species to each. To these Dr. Allen adds Dipodops ordii pal-
vieri subsp. nov. from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, and Dipodops
richardsoni sp. nov. from Indian Territory, and probably extending
" over the Plains from northern Texas to southern Wyoming and
westward to the Rocky Mountains." Perognathus (Chtztodipus)
femoralis Allen is a new species from Dulzura, San Diego County,
Cal.
The long lost species Neotoma micropus Baird (Texan Wood Rat)
is revived upon the basis of eleven specimens from Brownsville,
Texas, which, with those from other localities, made a series of
vol. ii.]                     Recent Literature.                              175
thirty specimens. The restoration of this species after having
escaped the notice of zoologists for thirty-five years is particularly
interesting, in the light.of what has been written about it as a valid
species, and has a deep significance.
Neotoma micropus canescens Allen (Pallid Wood Rat) is a new
subspecies from Indian Territory.
The Northwest Coast form of the bushy-tailed wood rat is sepa-
rated from N. cinerea with the name Neotoma cijierea occidentalis
(Baird).
The Texan Cotton Rat is assigned to Sigmodon hispidus texianus
(Aud. & Bach). Oryzomys aquaticus Allen is a new species from
Brownsville, Texas.
The type specimen of Hesperomys indianus Wied. was found on
examination to be simply a common house mouse (Mus muscuhis
Linn).
The white footed mouse is treated of at some length with the
result that the generic name Hesperomys is no longer available and
the specific name leucopus is found to be antedated by americanus
Kerr. The species now stands as Vesperimus americanus (Kerr).
Three new species are described under this genus, viz: V. difficilis,
(Mexico),  V. nasatus (Colorado), and V. mearnsii (Texas).
Observations and critical remarks are given on Vesperimus amer-
icamis sonoriensis (Leconte), V. a. nebracensis (Mearns), V. a.
texanus (Woodhouse), and V. a. rufinus (Merriam), also Sciurus
hudsonius californicus Allen, Lepus cinerascens Allen and Spilogale
indianola Merriam.
Felis eyra Desm. is recorded from Texas for the first time.
w. e. b.
Nouvelle Correspondan.ee Botanique.—Liste des Botanistes de tous
les Pays, et des Etablissements, Sociith et Joumeaux de Botanique:
W. Engelman, Leipzig; Librarie Internationale, Paris, 1891.—
The American editor, if there was one, of this publication, has
reason to think it a remarkable production. The list of botanists
of the eastern United States includes many names which have the
charm of novelty to most of us, and by way of compensation
leaves out a host of others, with which we are more or less familiar.
The errors and misstatements in regard to botanical names ad-
mitted are also numerous and occasionally amusing. We are glad
glad to hear that Dr. A. W. Chapman is " Florist of the Southern
176                          Recent Literature.                          [zoe
U. St.," and that the late Dr. Parry is at St. Louis as " Keeper of
the Engelmann Herbarium, Shaw Botanic Garden;" but we fear the
well-known botanical artist of Jamaica Plain will hardly recognize
himself as " C. E. Jaxon;" and as an ostensible English address
'' Iowa City, Ja., will have a tendency to make the average postal
clerk tear his hair and turn with relief to "Snider, Dayton, Ohio,"
or even attempt to hunt up " Dr. J. G. Cooper, Hay wood, N. C,
(North CarolinaJ."
The list of Pacific Coast botanists is a mine of new facts, and
many of those whose names are inserted will probably see them-
selves so-styled for the first time. Dr. J. (?) Le Conte is set down
as a " Florist;" Prof. Kleeberger is stationed at Marysville; Mr.
and Mrs. Brandegee are relegated to Canon City, Colorado; the
State Mining Bureau, a singular botanist by the way, to Sacra-
mento; while Dr. H. H. Behr, Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, Carl Purdy,
C. F. Sonne, W. F. Lyon, H. N. Bolander, L. F. Henderson,
Elmer R. Drew, B. F. Leedes and numerous others with far better
claims than many in the list are omitted altogether. A good botan-
ical '' Address-book " is evidently still to be written.
Notes from a Garden Herbarium—VI. L. H. Bailey, Amer-
ican Garden, August, 1891. In this paper the author writing of
the wild crab-apples of America names two new species, Pirns
Soulardi and P. loensis. The first of these was introduced into
cultivation as a hybrid, and if hybrids can be produced by accident,
they can be also by intention; a means of settling such matters
which would naturally commend itself to the possessor of a " Garden
Herbarium." The author seems to be distinctly doubtful of the
validity of his own species, and mere garden names would prob-
ably have been better suited to them until a more careful examina-
tion of their claims to a specific rank could have been made.
Contributions to the Life-Histories of Plants, No. VI. By
Thomas Meehan, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1891, 269-283. Of these
notes entitled: On the Causes Affecting Variations in Linaria vul-
garis; Oh the Self-fertilizing Character of Compositae; On the
Structure of the Flowers in Dipieracanthus macra?ithus; Aerial
Roots in Vilis vulpina; Additional Note on the Order of Flower-
ing in the Catkins of Willows; Self-Fertilizing Flowers; the second
and the last are of especial interest.    The author claims, and we
VOL. II.]
Hcccut Literature.
177
fully agree with him, that the self-fertilization of flowers has been
too much neglected in hunting for possible fertilization by means of
insects. Among the species in which he considers that fertilization
without the aid of insects is the rule, he mentions Lepachys pinnata,
Bidens frondosa, Poriulaca pilosa, Cuphea Zimpani and Lopezia
coronata.
A comparative Study of the Styles of Composites, with four plates.
By J. S. Chamberlain. Bull. Torr. Club, xviii, No. 7. The
styles of fifty-five species, representing nearly as many genera and
the principal tribes of our Compositae, are here studied and figured
with the hope of inducing teachers to use more generally the char-
acters they furnish, in separating tribes. The work seems to be
carefully done, but only one species, as a rule, being studied in each
genus, the author fails to notice the often great variation in this re-
spect among the species of many genera.
Contributions from the U^S. National Herbarium, vol. ii, No. 1.
Manual of the Phanerogams and Pteridophytes of Western Texas.
Part 1, Polypetala. By John M. Coulter. This is the first
part of a manual intended to include all Texan plants west of the
ninety-seventh meridian. It is based mainly on the collections and
investigations of Mr. G. C. Nealley of Houston, Texas. The com-
pleted work will be a great convenience to anyone wishing to know
something of the distribution of plants in that region.
Contributions from U. S. Natioiial Museum, vol. i, No. iv. List
of Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer i?i i8go in Western
Mexico and Arizona—1, Alamos, 2, Arizona. By J. N. Rose. The
collection to which this paper relates includes Nos. 276-751, with
ten plates, greatly enhancing the value of the work, which con-
tains many new species, as well as the usual field notes made by
the indefatigable collector.
Botanical Gazette, May, 1891. On Raised Peatbogs in New
Brunswick: W. F. Ganong. Notes on the Flora of the St. Croix
Region (concluded): E. J. Hill. A visit to the West Indies: A. S.
Hitchcock. Notes on the Apical Growth of Liverworts (with plate
xiii): David M^ Mottier. New Grasses, (Orcuttia Greenii, Era-
grostis spicata, Muhlenbergia Alamosce, Calamagrostis denszts, Cal-
amagrostis kcelerioides): George Vasey.
June, 1891.    Abnormal Phyllotactic Conditions as shown by the
178
Recent Literature.
[zoe
Leaves or Flowers of Certain Plants (with plate xiv): Aug. E.
Foerste. A Study of some Anatomical Characters of North Amer-
ican Gramineae (with plate xv): Theo. Holm. On the Organization
of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures: David White. On the
Relation between Insects and the Forms and Characters of Flowers:
Thomas Meehan.    Coursetia axillaris, n. sp.: John M. Coulter.
July, 1891. Undescribed Plants from Guatemala, IX (with plates
xvi—xviii): John Donnell Smith. On certain new or peculiar North
American Hyphomycetes, II (with plates xix-xx): Roland Thax-
ter.    Notes on North American'Mosses: Charles Reid Barnes.
Bull. Torrey Club, May, 1881. Common and Conspicuous Algae
of Montana: F. W. Anderson and F. D. Kelsey. Myriophyllum
Farwellii n. sp.: Thomas Morong. A new Liatris from North
Carolina: T. C. Porter. Central Michigan Cyperaceae: C. F.
Wheeler.    Two letters on Pinus Banksiana.    Botanical Notes.
June, 1891. Notes on the Flora of High Altitude in Custer
County, Colorado: T. D. A. Cockerell. A Comparative Study of
the Styles of Compositae: J. S. Chamberlain (plates cxvii and cxviii).
Notes on the Flora of North Carolina: A. A. Heller.
Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California. By T. S. Brande-
GEE, Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, iii, 108-182. This is a list of plants
known to grow in that part of the Lower Californian peninsula
south from La Paz and Todos Santos, and is based upon two col-
lecting trips made into that part of the peninsula during the year
1890. The region was botanically unknown excepting what knowl-
edge had been gained from the collections of Xantus, Mr. Hinds
of H. M. S. Sulphur, and Dr. Palmer, made near the coast at Cape
St. Lucas and La Paz. No collection had previously been made of
plants from the mountains and the interior. Nearly seven hundred
species are enumerated, including some collected by Dr. Palmer at
La Paz, and by Xantus at Cape St. Lucas, that were not found by
Mr. Brandegee. The grasses were determined by Dr. George Vasey,
the ferns by D. C. Eaton and the mosses by Prof. L. M. Under-
wood. Many new species are described and others are accompanied
by field or structural notes.                                              F. h. v.
A Provisional Host-Index of the Fungi of the United States,
Part III. By W. G. Farlow and A. B. Seymour, Cambridge,
June,  1891.     This   part, pp.   135-219,   embracing   Endogenous,
VOL.  II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
179
Gymnospermous and Cryptogamic host-plants; animal hosts, and
addenda, etc., with Generic index, concludes this work, the value of
which to systematic mycologists is in no danger of being overes-
timated,                                                                   h. w. h.
Journal of Mycology, vol. vi, No. 4, Washington, 1891. This
number completes the volume. It contains Treatment of Pear
Leaf-blight and Scab in the Orchard by B. T. Galloway and D. G.
Fairchild; The Peach Rosette, with plates viii-xiii, by Erwin F.
Smith; Tuberculosis of the Olive, with plates xiv, xv, by Newton
B. Pierce; Recent Investigations of Smut Fungi and Smut Diseases
by Dr. Oskar Brefeld, translated by Erwin F. Smith; Ripe Rot of
Grapes and Apples (with plate xvi), by Effie A. South worth;
Anthracnose of Cotton (with plates xvii, xviii), by George F. At?-
kinson; Mycological Notes, II, by George Massee; Index to North
American Mycological Literature, by David G. Fairchild.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
California Academy of Sciences. May 4, i8qi. President
Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from Frank H. Vaslit,
B. C. Winston, Walter E. Bryant, J. A. Barr, G. P. Rixford, H.
H. Behr, Robert Moses, H. S. Nichols, William A: Robbins and
L. Belding.
The Librarian reported 373 additions to the library.
Mr. G. P. Rixford read a paper on Indian carvings at Swansea,
Inyo County, and presented a series of photographs of the carvings.
Mr. E. J. Molera announced the recent death of General Carlos
Ibanez, Count of Mulhacen, President of the International Geodet-
ical and Statistical Societies, and President of the International
Board of Weights and Measures, and read a notice of his life and
works.
Professor Carl Lumholtz read a paper on his recent explorations
in Mexico, giving his experience and discoveries in the hitherto un-
explored Sierra Madre country.
A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Lumholtz for his interest-
ing paper.
The President made a few remarks concerning the death of Pro-
i8o                     Proceedings of Societies.                    [zoe
essorjohn LeConte, and Mr. T. H. Hittell and Gen. J. F. Hough-
ton were appointed a committee to draft resolutions of respect and
condolence.
June i, 1891.    President Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from William Ryan,
Walter E. Bryant, Mrs. J. Lawley, Adolph T. W. Erzgraber, Dr.
J. G. Cooper, J. R. Chalker, Miss Alice Eastwood, Dr. E. S. Clark
and Mrs. R. A. A. Wright.
The Librarian reported 443 additions to the library, calling par-
ticular attention to the donation by Dr. Gustav Eisen, of 279 books
and pamphlets on geology, zoology, anatomy and botany.
A vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Eisen for his valuable
donation.
• Lieutenant John P. Finley read a paper on the Hot Winds of
California, illustrated with numerous maps and charts.
Specimens of opals in the matrix from Mexico, Australia and
Hungary, presented by Melville Atwood, were exhibited and a
short paper on opals by Mr. Atwood was read.
Mr. T. H. Hittell read the following memorial of the late Professor
John Le Conte:
A great man and an honored member of this Academy has passed
away from amongst us—a man loved by all who knew him for the
kindness and geniality of his disposition, revered for the elevation
and purity of his character and eminent for the breadth and depth
of his scientific and scholarly attainments. Professor John Le
Conte, of the University of California, closed his long and honor-
able career at Berkeley on April 29, 1891. He was born in Liberty
County, Georgia, on December 4, 1818, and was consequently
seventy-two years and a few months old at the time of his death.
He received a preparatory training under the tuition of the celebrated
Alexander H. Stephens, and in 1835 entered Franklyn College,
afterwards known as the University of Georgia, where he graduated
with high honors in 1838.
From an early age he manifested a remarkable taste for scientific
subjects, and in college exhibited a decided preference for those
branches of study which were connected with nature and physics.
Almost immediately after graduation he proceeded northward, en-
tered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of
New York, and received from that institution the degree of M. D. in
VOL. II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
181
March, 1841. He then returned to his native State and married a
lady of beauty and refinement who survives him as his widow. He
commenced the practice of medicine at Savannah, where he re-
mained until August, 1846, when he was elected to the chair of
natural philosophy and chemistry in Franklyn College, his alma
mater. From that time he abandoned the practice of medicine and
devoted himself to the study of the physical sciences. In 1855 ne
became lecturer on chemistry, in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons in the University of New York—thus reaching a chair in
his second alma mater, as he had previously reached a chair in his
first.
In 1856 he accepted a call to fill the professorship of natural and
mechanical philosophy in the University of South Carolina and
remained there until the spring of 1869, when he was called to the
chair of physics in our own University of California. He was al-
most immediately upon his arrival in this State appointed acting
president of the University, and as such initiated the first exercises
of that institution. In 1870, after the election of Dr. Durant as
president, and for several years thereafter, Dr. Le Conte gave him-
self up exclusively to the duties connected with his professorship;
but in 1875, after"the resignation of Dr. Gilman, he was again ap-
pointed to act as president, and in 1876 was elected to the office of
president. He continued to fill the office of president for a year
and a half, since which time, and to the time of his death, he oc-
cupied the chair of physics.
Professor Le Conte became a member of this Academy on August
3, 1870, and a life member on January 3, 1888. He was also a
member of the National Academy of Sciences and of many other
scientific societies in this country and Europe. He wrote many
valuable and important papers on scientific subjects, and particularly
on subjects connected with the phenomena of the vibrations of
sound, on the astronomy of Mars and its satellites, on the famous
nobular hypothesis, on the evolutions of worlds, and on various
other matters whereby glimpses are gained into that world of truth
called nature, the knowledge of which is destined to emancipate
humanity from the shackles of ignorance and superstition, and all
the innumerable ills connected with and involved in those immeasur-
able evils.
About the end of the last century, the great German philosopher
182
Proceedings of Societies.
[ZOE
Fichte wrote a treatise on the subject of The Scholar, in which he
represented the avocation of the genuine student of truth as the
grandest and sublimest occupation of the human mind. In perus-
ing his book, the reader by degrees becomes almost as enthusiastic
as the writer was, and feels in every part of his sensitive system the
verity of what the philosopher set forth. The glories of conquest
and empire, the pride of kings, presidents and politicians, the
glamor of family and wealth, all pass away. They are vanities.
They are nothing. But what the scholar accomplishes endures and
advances the race in the path of civilization and culture. In these
days, quite as certainly as a hundred years ago, there is no greater
man than the scholar, and among the scholars of California no one,
perhaps, made a nearer approach to the character contemplated by
the philosopher than our late honored member, Professor John Le
Conte.                                                  Theodore H. Hittell.
James F. Houghton.
July 6, i8pi.    President Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from the following: L.
Belding, W. S. Bliss, W. E. Bryant, Miss Alice Eastwood, W. J.
Golcher, R. C. McGregor.
The Librarian reported 129 additions to the library.
The President announced the death of the following members:
Henry Edwards, Charles Stephens, E. J. de Santa Marina.
Dr. David Wooster read a paper on Stone Heaps in Arizona.
Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on a New Remedy for Snake Bites.
California Botanical Club. May 21, i8pi. The President
in the chair.
Dr. Behr read a paper on the benefits to be derived from a
botanic garden. He called attention to' the fact that countries of
much more recent settlement than ours were far in advance of us
in such respects, citing particularly the Australian colonies. The
great value of such gardens in the study of botany and the intro-
duction and acclimatization of beautiful and valuable plants was
pointed out.
The speaker enlarged upon the use of such a garden, where
nearly related plants might be cultivated under similar conditions,
and the degree of their relationship determined, and related some
amusing anecdotes of certain botanists of the last generation who
isidm
VOL.  II.]
Notes.
183
were much given to species-making till convinced of error by cul-
tivation of their plants.
Mr. H. T. Bickel read a short paper on the " Pronunciation of
Scientific Names " and gave instances of peculiar pronunciation.
Mr. T. S. Brandegee read an account of his recent botanizing
trip in the Tehachapi Mountains.
Dr. H. W. Harkness exhibited specimens of galls and described
their formation and the extraordinary deformities sometimes caused
by them.
July 16, 1891. Vice President Mrs. Mary W. Kincaid in the
chair.
The following were elected to membership: Dr. C. L. Anderson,
J. J. B. Argenti, Lyman Belding, Walter D. Bliss, J. W. Congdon,
W. C. Cusick, Miss Clara G. Dolliver, Mrs Emma Douglas, Miss
Emily Edmunds, Mrs. W. B. Ewer, Miss Mary Grant, Miss Isabel
L- Grant, Dr. V. Havard, Prof. T. L. Heaton, Miss Catherine H.
Hittell, Thomas Howell, J. M. Hutchings, F. O. Johnson, Hon. W.
W. Morrow, Mrs. W. W. Morrow, Miss Maud Morrow, Rev. J. C.
Nevin, Dr. Edward Palmer, Mrs. Mary O. Stanton, Charles H.
Townsend, Mrs. J. Renshaw Wilson.
Mr. T. S. Brandegee read a paper on " The Cactus Family,"
their peculiar forms, distribution and mode of dissemination and
the uses to which they are put by the inhabitants of the treeless re-
gions of Lower California. The fruit of Cereus Thurberi known
as "pitahaya dulce" was highly praised. Attention was directed to
their leaves and a Lower Californian species on which they are
very conspicuous was described. The spreading of certain Opun-
tias by means of sterile fruits, brittle joints, barbed spines, etc., was
explained.
NOTES.
Charles V. Piper in Garden and Forest, iv, 181, writes concern-
ing the Conifers of Mount Rainer—now usually called Mt. Tacoma
—and in an appended note the editor remarks: "Our correspond-
ent's discovery of Abies nobilis on Mount Ranier extends the north-
ern range of the species, not known before north of the Columbia
River, very considerably." This is an oversight, as Abies nobilis
was collected by the botanists of the Northern Transcontinental
184
Notes.
Survey in the same region, and Frank Tweedy published the fact in
" Notes on the Coniferse of Washington Territory " in Bull. Torr.
Club, April, 1883.
Populus monticola, a new species of Poplar from the mount-
ains of Lower California, forms fig. 56 (vol. iv, 329) of Garden and
Forest.
Fig. 59 of Garden and Forest is a portrait of Pinus cembroides
in the form in which it occurs on the mountains of the Cape Region
of Lower California.
The careful study of mammals and other vertebrates'when kept
in captivity has always been interesting and instructive, as well as
productive of important facts, when the investigations were intelli-
gently conducted. The Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, has al-
ready the nucleus of a fine zoological garden, and a "buffalo" farm
has been established near Monterey; both of these places, however,
are mainly devoted to the larger ungulates, which few, as individ-
uals, can undertake to care for. Probably Judge Caton has profited
more from the study of captive deer than any one else; at least his
work upon the American deer is without a rival.
We are pleased to note the establishment of a zoological exper-
iment station by Messrs. Chas. A. Keeler and Walter E. Bryant, to
be located at Berkeley, for the purpose of ascertaining new facts in
the life histories of animals, especially mammals, and for the study
of the phylogenetic relationship of certain varieties. The living
specimens with which to carry on this work are much desired.
ZOB
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Vol. II.                         OCTOBER, 1891.                          No. 3.
THE CAPE REGION OF BAJA CALIFORNIA.
BY  WALTER  E.   BRYANT.
I.     SAN  JOSE   DEL  CABO  AND  VICINITY.
The following discursive account of the so called " Cape Region "
of Baja California, Mexico, is based mainly upon the writer's ex-
perience while collecting in 1890, for the California Academy of
Sciences. This was my fifth visit to that interesting strip of Mexi-
can territory and the third of the expeditions sent out annually by
the Academy. All of the previous trips had been either to islands
of the western coast or the mainland of the peninsula from the vi-
cinity of Magdalena Bay (bet. lat. 230 and 240 N.) and northward.
The object of the expedition of 1890 was the collecting of the ter-
restrial vertebrates of the cape region. These were much needed
to supplement the collections obtained farther north in previous
years. Still there were other objects of interest not to be neglected,
and in so far as it was possible to do so in connection with the other
branches, collections were to be made of the insects, particularly
coleoptera, and of the land and fresh water shells and fresh water
fishes which were met with. I was accompanied by the genial and
accomplished botanist, Mr. T. S. Brandegee, to whose explorations
and publications of the flora of the peninsula, are due the greater
part of the existing knowledge concerning Lower Californian bo-
tany; as well as having at all times the assistance of one or more
of the native population.
The cape region treated of in this paper may be described as
that terminal portion of the peninsula southward from the northern
base of the mountains between La Paz on the Gulf shore and the
town of Todos Santos on the Pacific Coast. The term cape region
is derived from Cabo San Lucas, the extreme southernmost part of
the peninsula, but when used faunally includes a much greater ex-
i86               Ca-pe Region of Baja California.            [zoe
tent of country than that immediately at the Cape, in fact there is
almost nothing, which is found solely at the Cape proper, which
does not occur elsewhere in the cape region, excepting perhaps that
bronze anchor which has so many traditions connected with it and
which has itself never been found, "but that is another story."
There is no more sharply defined faunal and floral area, that oc-
curs to me now, excepting that of islands, than is embraced in the
region above defined. Part of it lies within the Tropic of Cancer,
and the balance along the Gulf shore and having mainly a Gulf
drainage. The climate as influenced by its peculiar sea-bound
tropical situation and rainy seasons is distinctively different from
anything existing to the northward, but the climatic peculiarities
will be noticed beyond. Mainly a mountainous section, some of
the peaks being 6,000 feet high, it is separated for an hundred miles
or more from the peninsula northward by a long expanse of low,
level or rolling country. Such isolation combined with other causes
makes it a region of peculiar scientific interest to both zoologist and
botanists.
It is more densely populated than any other part of the peninsula
and more English speaking people are met with than elsewhere,
excepting the northern part where Americans have interests in
mining and ranching. The trails are more traveled and distinct,
water more abundant and of better quality. The food supply is
more generous and fruit of some kind nearly always to be had.
The beef of the cape region is mentioned but to be condemned, in
two months residence there we did not have a piece of meat that was
suitable for mastication, quite in contrast to the sweet, tender and
juicy beef obtained farther north in the region at and around Co-
mondu (lat. about 260 N.). The steamship people said that the
only meat which they had received at La Paz was not fit to serve,
being coarse, dry and tough.
The country was early occupied by the Jesuit missionaries, and is
still under the sway of the Catholic Church. The name, Los Mar-
tires, is given to the place where two padres were massacred in early
days by the Indian population.
In the sultry afternoon of August 31, 1890, Mr. Brandegee and
myself landed from the steamer " Newbern," after a six days' voyage
from San Francisco, upon a sandy beach known as La Palmia. Our
objective point was about two leagues beyond at San Jose del Cabo.
vol. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.               187
Two saddle mules and two pack mules conveyed ourselves and bag-
gage there by the time the sun had gone down. The landing at the
beach, two miles from the town of San Jos6, is unsafe during a few
months of the summer when the surf breaks heavily upon a long,
abrupt sandy beach, hence the partially sheltered La Palmia landing
becomes for a few days, at steamer time, a scene of great activity.
Crowds of men were loading and launching dug-out canoes heavily
laden with bales of cotton to be shipped to the mainland, others
bringing merchandise and empty orange boxes from the steamer
anchored half a mile off shore. Women and children were gathered
under shelter of palm and brush-covered awnings where food and
drink were for sale. A dirty and ragged but good-natured people
to whom Americans, particularly if naturalists, are never failing
objects of curiosity while they remain in the country.
We had no difficulty in finding excellent quarters with abundance
of room and good board with a Mexican family across the street,
all of which were required, for we purposed to stay several weeks in
the region, with San Jos6 as the base of exploration for zoological
and botanical specimens. Our baggage was taken directly from the
landing to the Custom House, where it underwent an inspection of
not a very thorough nature, which was as surprising as it was grati-
fying, for the Collector has the opportunity to make a great deal of
annoyance and some expense to naturalists if he is so disposed. I
have always received courteous treatment at the different ports of
entry in Lower California, and also at San Francisco and San Diego
when returning with collections which would have been liable to
injury if thoroughly ransacked in the manner in which I have seen
the outfit belonging to others handled. At San Diego, in 1886, my
reception and release of baggage was courteous in the extreme. I
have known of others having a great deal of trouble in clearing and
the payment of duty even on white arsenic, which is placed on the
free list. No sooner was our baggage removed from the Custom
House to our quarters, than the small boys of the town began to
congregate at the door; they were orderly and unobtrusive gamins
brimming with good nature and curiosity. One of the boys was
engaged for three bits (37^ cents) a day as a general assistant; his
duties were many, and so entirely new to him that we were surprised
to find how very useful, almost indispensable he soon became.
Honest, reliable, always good-natured and willing, he formed a third
188               Cafe Region of Baja California.             [zoe
party and remained with us for two months. My only regret now
is that I did not double Manuel's wages and teach him to skin birds,
for he seemed to take a greater interest in field work than any of his
people whom I have met. One excessively hot day I found him in
the shade of the house, attempting to prepare a cardinal grosbeak
that was in moulting plumage, one that had been rejected from the
morning's collection for the reason that the species was common
there and the specimen lacked six tail-feathers. A more difficult
subject would be hard to find, yet with a little assistance he carried
the work to completion.
On the first of September the field work began along the Rio San
Jose" and in the cultivated gardens with their trees of guava, orange
and lime. The birds showed a decided preference for guava trees,,
and many good specimens were obtained by sitting quietly beneath
the shade of these trees and between shots eating the delicious fruit.
The people made no objection to my shooting anywhere about their
homes, and I have never seen a "No Shooting" notice posted in
the peninsula; in fact, the men would leave their plough-team of
oxen standing in the furrow while they came to see the '' Gringo''
place cotton in the mouth of a dead bird and drop it into a paper
cornucopia. The nesting time of the birds was over and nearly all
were in moulting plumage, some of them being in very ragged con-
dition during the month of September and part of October.
The first bird that I heard on that morning was the ever-present
St. Lucas cactus wren (Campylorhynchus affinis), a very character-
istic species of Lower California; one of them was always about the
garden in the rear of our house, as were also turkey buzzards ( Cath-
artes aura), the latter were very tame, being well fed with the refuse
from the dissecting table.
Passing along a lane between gardens just being planted with corn,
I found in the branches of the trees bordering the way to the San
Jose" river and in the growing hedge-fences, numerous specimens of
the pileolated warbler (Sylvania pusilla pileolata), St. Lucas car-
dinal (Cardinalis cardinalis igneus) and Arizona hooded oriole
(Icterus ciicullaius nelsoni).
The sandy, weeded flats on either side of the river were fre-
quented by the Mexican ground dove ( Columbigallina passerina
pallescens) feeding upon small seeds; they are almost invariably
seen in pairs and the Mexicans say never singly, but they could not
vol.. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.              189
tell what became of one while the other was sitting. Several dead
ones were picked up in the streets of San Jos6 del Cabo, having
been killed by flying against the white walls of the houses. A few
late nests of this little dove were found with eggs, and one nest con-
tained two large squabs; they always built in trees. The two other
species of doves, the mourning and the white-winged, were com-
mon, especially the latter species in the arroyos a few miles from
town, they sat upon the tops of giant cactuses ( Cereus) and would
allow one to approach near enough to shoot them with an auxiliary
barrel of .32 calibre. Their flesh was fairly good, at least we en-
joyed the change from tough beef and occasionally sent them to
the kitchen, as well as other birds belonging to the waders. The
white-faced glossy ibis ( Plegadisgaurana) was found in flocks along
the river and on one occasion eleven were obtained from two shots;
their flesh although dark was juicy and palatable. The services of
my Mexican boy were well needed the day I shot the eleven ibis,
for they were some weight to carry and the wounded birds fell all
around the vicinity, even in gardens, across the lagoon and in deep
water, but he secured them all, being ably seconded by half a dozen
of his companions who accompanied us for the pastime it was to
them. On some days I have had upwards of a dozen small boys
following me on my excursions towards the mouth of the river, but
that was during the first days of my stay, and finding that there was
no pay but only thanks to be had for their services they gradually
dwindled in numbers from day to day until I was left alone with
Manuel. I can not think of that boy without praising him for his
faithful service. The only time he failed was late one Sunday afternoon
when thinking we would not be starting out at that hour he disap-
peared from the door-way and Mr. Brandegee and myself went for a
short stroll to a good bathing place in the river, after which, as the
twilight drew nearer, we continued towards the mouth of the river,
where, shut out from the ocean at low stages of water, the river
broadens into a lagoon of varying depth as I ascertained that even-
ing; a small flock of ibis came past at some distance and two were
shot, one fell dead in a few inches of water and the other which was
only wounded farther out; removing my moccasins and rolling up
my pantaloons I secured the dead one, but the broken-winged bird
had good swimming powers and kept just out of my reach and
finally crossed to the opposite bank.   By this time I was getting pretty
190               Cape Region of Baja California.            [zoe
wet, and after moving my knife, watch, etc., into the upper pockets of
my hunting coat I crossed over and secured the bird, but the water
at that place was just a little more than waist deep. Fortunately
the weather was warm and a brisk walk of two miles back to the
house prevented any unpleasant results. Manuel was waiting for
us and he noticed at once that his services had been missed that
day, but I could not scold him for his first and, as it afterwards
proved, his only failure. The next morning we breakfasted on
ibis, Spanish style, and started at seven o' clock to follow up one
of the long arroyos tributary to the river, but even at that time
quite dry, notwithstanding the daily rains. I may say here that at
the time of our arrival (September) the rainy season was at hand,
and during the first twenty-one days of our stay at San Jos6 del
Cabo rain fell on every day excepting five, sometime only a passing
thunder storm, again a continuous rain for hours in the day or
night. The sun was very warm, at least it seemed so for the at-
mosphere was so damp from evaporated moisture. It was like
being in a mild Turkish bath night and day, and consequently as
little clothing as possible was worn by day, and at night we slept,
nude, upon canvas cots with never a thought of having even a
sheet for covering towards morning. The first three weeks were
the most telling ones on us, unaccustomed as we were to such a
climate we lost in weight rapidly. After a few days experience we
found that more could be accomplished in such weather by energetic
work in the morning and returning to the house by ten or eleven
o'clock, by which time the heat became oppressive, unless it was a
cloudy day when longer excursions could be made until noon or
later. Specimens of birds and mammals killed in the morning had
sometimes to be eviscerated in the field otherwise they would spoil
before the work of preparing them could be commenced. Evening
 killed birds would not keep until morning unless temporary pre-
 servatives were used. Alcoholic specimens, reptiles, etc., were
 eviscerated in some cases, or if small, simply opened on the ab-
domen and after cataloguing plunged at once into about 40 per cent,
alcohol on arriving at headquarters; a day or two after they were
wrapped in cheese cloth and transferred to a stronger solution in
which they were shipped to the Academy. The system worked
admirably and the alcoholic collection arrived in San Francisco in
perfect condition.

vol.. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.                191
The morning that we started up the long, broad arroyo was cloudy
and favorable for a longer excursion than usual, so that it was one
or two o'clock before we reached the house, where I found two red-
dish-colored gophers (Thomomys) hanging by strings from the
door, a donation from some cultivator who was glad to rid his
garden of such troublesome pests, and interested enough to save
them for me; he afterwards came with his entire family to witness
the operation of making them into cabinet skins. Towards the
upper end of the dry arroyo we found large wild fig trees in fruit, to
which several species of birds resorted for shade and to eat the small
figs "which were just ripening. The woodpeckers (Dryobates and
Melanerpes) were conspicuous, and I saw several ravens there also.
But two species of hummingbirds were met with: Costa's (Trochi-
lus costce) and Xantus's (Basilinna xaniusi), the latter much rarer
at the lower elevations, but numbers were afterwards seen in the
mountains where water was abundant; this handsome and distinct
species is found only in the southern part of Lower California, espe-
cially in the cape region. A Mexican who accompanied us into the
San Francisquito mountains told me that he had on several occa-
sions seen in those mountains a very large hummingbird having a
blue back, and that Xantus obtained one specimen which was pre-
sented to some one, name unknown, in San Francisco; he described
the bird clearly enough, but I think he may have had two stories
mixed. San Jose* del Cabo is a nearly perfect ornithological col-
lecting locality, in fact it is the best place I have ever visited; first,
the tropical situation makes it a desirable change to the collector
accustomed to a cooler climate. Then the long stretch of sandy
beach along the ocean must be suited to many shore birds, although
during the weeks that I was there but few birds were found upon
the shore, large and small ones alike preferring the brackish water
of the lagoon or the sandy or grassy banks of the running stream
just above. On the lagoon the ducks were arriving from the north,
and cormorants were fattening upon the many small fishes, especially
Mugil curema and Dormitator latifroris; farther up the stream white
herons were catching the larger fish (Agonostoma nasutum) called
"trucha" by the Mexicans. In the canebrakes bordering the
lagoon the strange, noisy notes of the grooved-bill ani (Croiophaga
sulcirostris) were heard, and a number of specimens were collected
of this peculiar black bird, which is related to the road-runner (Geo-
192
Cafe Region of Baja California.
[zoe
coccyx californiums). A man at San Jose had two anis caged which
he brought to me to have named, saying that the species had only-
appeared at San Jose during the last two or three years, by which I
understood that it was only two or three years since he had noticed
the birds, for eight years before Mr. Belding saw four individuals
and secured a nest with eight eggs. Being black birds they of course
call them by the same name as they give to several other species of
birds which are black, although belonging in different families.
The road-runners were more common in the cape region than at
any place upon the peninsula where I have been; probably the cli-
mate suits them and the country is certainly swarming with lizards,
which constitute the principal article of their food. They were
remarkably tame, too, and on more than one occasion permitted me
to approach near enough to use the deadly auxiliary barrel, instead
of a heavy charge from a twelve-gauge gun. I have heard of people
eating road-runners and declaring that the flesh was excellent; it
might taste well to a hungry man, and there is no reason why it
should not be as good to eat as many articles that have been con-,
sumed without question, as for instance that wildcat and the big
cormorant which I once served to a hungry camping party of which
I was a member and cook pro tern. If any of them chance to read
this confession I hope they will recall the extenuating circumstances
and the gusto with which they partook of those base dishes, and
accordingly overlook the imposition.
The genus Geothlypis was represented by three species which
were found only close to running water. These were Belding's yel-
low-throat (G. beldingi), western yellow-throat (G. trichas occiden-
talis) and Macgillivray's warbler (G. macgillivrayi), the first-named
being the most common, while the last was not as rare as I have
found it to be in California. Probably the limited area where they
were found in the cape region made it easier to detect them.
A favorite trip for both of us was to follow the broad, sandy bed
of the river for a few miles and then cross over a low range of hills
to a dry arroyo, where mesquite trees were large and numerous,
and where the sour, wild, yellow plums called " ciruelas" were
ripe. As soon as we were out of town our moccasin shoes were re-
moved and given to Manuel to carry for an hour or two, while we
walked barefooted over the hot sand or waded the shallow crossings
of the river, keeping meanwhile a keen lookout for rattlesnakes, but
vol. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.               193
none were met with on the sand. The two rattlers that Mr. Bran-
degee stepped over, as they laid close together in the trail, were in
the dry arroyo 'where the cow-path was partially overgrown, but
they were both collected and no one bitten. The Mexican boys
used to catch snakes and lizards alive for me by slipping a running
noose of thread or horse-hair (which was attached to the end of a
switch) over the reptile's head.
There were other interesting things in the large arroyo besides                             |i|
botanical specimens and birds, for we had located a patch of cac-
tuses ( Cereus gummosus), called by the Mexicans "pitahaya," bear-
ing one of the fruits of the gods. This delicious red fruit was, when
the skin was taken off, in size from a walnut to a goose egg, usually
rounded and from one and a half to two inches in diameter. The
smooth, thick skin is studded with sharp spines which may be eas-
ily knocked off with a stick from the ripe fruit. The pulp is firmer
than that of a watermelon, which it resembles, but the flavor is like
nothing else known to me, having a slightly acid taste. The "pita-
hayas" are eaten by many of the birds, especially by the house
finches, which pick out the pulp and small black seeds from the hole
they have made through the skin and leave only a scarlet shell
hanging to the thorny arms of the cactus.
Small mammal traps were set nightly and several species of small
rodents were caught, but unfortunately some of them were mutilated
about the eyes and ears by ants. This could be obviated only by
repeatedly visiting the traps throughout the night, for no matter
how early they were taken up in the morning the ants had already
found them. The most common and conspicuous mammal of the
region is the white-tailed or antelope chipmunk (Tamias leucurzis).
Nothing was learned of the black - capped ground squirrel, which
probably does not extend nearly as far south. Stories were heard
regarding the rabies of the little striped skunk (Spilogale lucasana),
which the people call the "zorrillo" and are so much in dread of,
but no. specimens could be secured. In the more mountainous
parts of the cape region we often listened to stories of mad skunks
and wildcats until it was enough to make a nervous man keep his
head covered at night. The subject of rabid skunks was published
in Zoe (vol. i, 9, 272), and need not be repeated here.
The largest series obtained of any single species of mammal was
of the pocket gopher ( Thomomys), the reddish variety of which was
common in the sandy gardens and easily trapped.
Cafe Region of Baja California.
[zoe
Soon after we had settled at San Jose—in fact, before we left the
steamer—we were told of some caves, near the town, in which hu-
man skeletons had been discovered, and by inquiry found a young
man who thought he could pilot us to one of the caves. A day was
set for the trip, which was made on horseback, part of the way over
rolling hills, then a few miles along the beach, which was left behind
as we turned our course inland for about a mile to where the sand-
stone rocks were partially hidden by trees. Tying our animals to
trees at the foot of the slope we were soon beneath the overhanging
cliff where the' burial place had been, but the cave had been cleared
by some one evidently many months or years before. By careful
searching, enough bones were found to show that at least three per-
sons had been placed in the cave, which the guide said had once
been blocked at the entrance with a large rock. The bones of one
skeleton had been painted red with some kind of pigment easily
washed off, and consequently not, as the guide believed, stained red
by the individual having eaten freely of "pitahayas!" Small frag-
ments of some fibrous cloth, dry grass and a few small shells strung
on fibre were the only relics found with the disarticulated bones.
Many of the bones had been carried a distance by the woodrats, to
be added to the brush used in constructing their houses. I forgot
to mention that the burial cave was three or four feet above the
ground floor and extended horizontally into the side of the over-
hanging ledge for a distance of four to six feet. Another cave with
an entrance shaped something like an inverted U, four feet in height,
was on the level with the ground and gave out a strong bat - like
odor. Candles had been brought for just such a place, and after
lighting one I crawled into the cave, leaving two Mexican boys at
the entrance with green branches with which they were to strike at
any bats that might fly out. It was very hot at the back of the
cave, forty feet from the entrance, but that was to be expected. The
place was found to be fairly alive with bats, some of which were
picked from the walls and crevices and dropped into a bag, and a
number of others were secured by the. boys outside. They proved
to belong to two species, a large and a small kind, and as they flew
about in the cave they repeatedly extinguished the light, leaving me
in darkness. About four dozen were collected before it was time to
return to town. During the few hours that we remained at the
caves a heavy thunder storm had been in progress, but we were
vol. ii.]         Cape Region ofBaja California.              195
well sheltered from the rain, but not so with the horses, however,
for they were out in all the downpour, and our saddles too were
completely soaked; then, as we returned, the wet trees and bushes
showered large drops on those who rode at the head of the line.
At such times a botanist, who is always the rear one of the party,
has the driest traveling; at other times he has to contend with the
hornets aroused by those ahead of him.
The principal industries of San Jose del Cabo are the cultivation
of cotton, the making of brown sugar, "panoche," from sugar-cane,
and raising rather poor oranges for the San Francisco market. The
orange crop of the cape region ripens from September to Novem-
ber, when oranges are scarce in California, and if careful attention
was given to planting better kinds, it might be made profitable to
the people, if they could resist the temptation of shipping small
green fruit with the rest. Bananas do well at San Jose, but apples
and potatoes they cannot raise, although the latter are grown suc-
cessfully at Agua Caliente, more in the interior, where they produce
tubers and do not run all to tops.
Most of the insects of the expedition were collected in the vicinity
of San Jose, where all kinds were swarming, from little gnats to
heavy bodied beetles two inches or more in length.
At evening for a week or two I witnessed a remarkable flight of
swallows, as they followed the course of the river, pursuing small in-
sects. The birds were principally bank swallows ( Clivicola riparia),
with some rough-winged swallows ('Stelgidopteryxserripennis) among
them, and occasionally the large western purple martins (Progne
subis hesperia) were associated with the thousands of swallows;:
about sundown the air seemed filled with swallows where during
the day they were not abundant.
Towards the middle of October the rainy season began to close,
and we accordingly made preparations for an overland trip to La
Paz, intending to arrive there in time for the steamer, due about
November 7. Four riding animals and two pack mules were en-
gaged, and after some inquiry and discussion, we decided to travel
with the pack animals as far as the mining district of El Triumfo,
from where we could ride by wagon to La Paz. This route would
take us through Mirafiores, Agua Caliente, Santiago and the won-
derful San Bartolome canon, and probably afford an opportunity to
make a side trip into the higher mountains.    The programme was
196
Cape Region of Baja California.
[zoe
successfully carried out. We had the choice of two other routes to
La Paz. One which we had first intended to travel was from San
Jose" to Todos Santos on the Pacific Coast, and from there into the
Sierra de la Laguna, returning' to Todos Santos and skirting the
northern base of the mountains to La Paz. Another but more diffi-
cult way was to follow the mountains, which could be ascended from
Miraflores or Agua Caliente, but daily thunder storms were seen in
the mountains, and our time was limited.
II.     SAN JOSE  DEL  CABO  TO  LA PAZ.
A contract, at very reasonable prices, was made with Sr. Marcial
Amador, a brother of Mr. Belding's trusted guide, Francisco, for
six mules and a packer, to be ready at seven o' clock on a certain
morning. There is nothing more uncertain in Lower California than
the hour at which one may start on a journey, and the news that a
party of Custom House officials was going to have a good time and
feast at Cape St. Lucas, made it extremely doubtful if our animals
could be had on the day appointed, but not only were they ready on
sharp time, but Don Marcial, foregoing the pleasure of the picnic—
which must have been a great disappointment—came personally to
superintend the start. There was one horse in the lot which was
assigned to me, with the assurance that he was a fine animal for
such a trip. His buckskin-covered bones did not look much like it,
but he proved to be remarkably sure-footed and with endurance sur-
passing any of the five mules.
The first day's ride was to Miraflores, where we arrived after dark,
but knowing1 beforehand where to camp, we were soon comfortable
for the night. The next day was spent in collecting about beautiful
Miraflores, where vegetation was growing in tropical luxuriance.
The garden birds were not different from those obtained at San Jose.
In the oaks I had expected to find the narrow-fronted woodpecker
( Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons), but they were not seen until
we went into the mountains. A peculiar, green arboreal lizard was
taken at Miraflores, and a large "iguana" shot from the portals of
the mission. There is a saddle manufactory in the town, where the
best saddles of the cape region are made, but they cannot produce
leather equal to that used in making American saddles.
The ride from Miraflores to Agua Caliente was but a few hours;
the way was a broad vista cleared through a perfect jungle of trees,
vol. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.
197
tropical plants and vines. We stopped at the house of Sr. Flaminio
Montana, where everything was done for our comfort; the host
spoke good English and directed us to the most favorable collecting
places about his estate, even going with us on short walks, although
he must have weighed more than two hundred pounds. The settle-
ment of a few houses is not far from the more important town of
Santiago; the name is given from the hot springs found there. The
place seemed to be a perfect paradise, just far enough from the
coast, nearly surrounded by hills and high mountains, abundance of
good water and fertile soil, fairly good trails leading in every direc-
tion, and weekly mail communications from San Jose" and La Paz.
Nearly everything will grow there, and tobacco of a superior quality
is raised in limited quantity.
After an inspection of the vicinity, we learned that a trail lead
from there into the mountains and was in passable condition,
although but little used for two years; formerly it was travel-worn
by cattle driven into the mountains for feed during a season of
drought in the lower country. Don Flaminio undertook to guide
our party, which numbered six; all unnecessary baggage was left
behind, and being told that deer were abundant, we took but little
else besides beans, rice, cheese and coffee in the line of provisions..
The usual delays occurred, so that it was past noon before we left
the ranch, and at night-time we were only on the lower slopes, where
we camped at a deserted cattle ranch. At this place the two large
dogs which had been brought to protect us against rabid skunks,
engaged in a fierce fight and during the night the vanquished one
took the back track and was seen no more until our return. Through-
out the night we six fought mosquitoes and told stories. The next
day was a rough one, over narrow, rocky trails, through heavy un-
dergrowth, which had to be cleared with a large knife, and up steep
hillsides that tried the footing of man and beast; one horse belong-
ing to our friends fell and rolled down the hill until stopped by the
bushes—he lived through it all and was again placed on the trail.
Our packer had had his leg jammed against a rock and was unable
to walk; the next morning he felt pretty bad and concluded he was
going to die and wanted to return home, but this could not be al-
lowed when we were within half a day's travel of our objective place,
and his injury was nothing serious, but served him for a pretext.
After considerable talking matters were arranged to the satisfaction
198
Cape Region of Baja California.
[zoe
of all, and Manuel did double work that trip. Almost no birds were
seen on the highest part of the trail where the pines began to be
common, but after we had travelled farther into the mountains and
begun the descent towards el rancho San Francisquito, a ruby-
crowned wren (Regulus calendula) was taken, also two other varie-
ties, which have been recently described by Mr. Brewster, St. Lucas
nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis lagunes) and mountain towhee (Pipilo
maculatus magniroslris). A number of other Californian birds were
taken or noted. We arrived at the deserted ranch about noon,
and immediately started to circuit the region adjoining. As it was
very certain that not more than one day could be had for collecting, I
did not attempt to prepare specimens in camp, but secured as many
as possible during that afternoon; these were evicerated and treated
with dry arsenic, by which they were preserved until we returned
to Agua Caliente. The night proved to be the turning-point of that
interesting side trip. No one slept that night and all fought mos-
quitoes, provisions were low and the deer had been hunted by some
party who had left a day or two before our arrival, as the undistrubed
ashes of their camp-fire, the remnants of roasted palm heads and the
feet of several deer gave evidence. An afternoon and one forenoon
was all the time that could be had for collecting, yet in that short
interval I met with such desiderata as Viosca's pigeon ( Columba
fasciata viosctz), a pair of the ashy titmouse (Parzis inornatus cin-
erasceus), and a flock of Grinda's bush-tit (Psaliriparus minimus
grindce), from which seven specimens were preserved. Only one
Baird'sjunco (Jmico bairdi) was met with and collected, and the
single specimen of cape robin (Merula conjinis) which was seen was
shot and lost; this species was heard several times, and the Mexi-
cans said it was very common at certain seasons in these mountains.
Narrow-fronted woodpeckers (M. f. angustifrons) were here met
with and easily obtained; I afterwards found them in the oaks at the
foot of the mountains when returning to Agua Caliente. This sec-
tion of country was the home for Xantus's hummingbird, and where-
ever flowers were in bloom several individuals could always be seen.
The return trip was made in better time, but one night being
passed on the trail, making four nights of sleeplessness and torment
from mosquitoes. With regrets we left Agua Caliente, passed
through Santiago and travelled towards the coast at Buena Vista;
from this vicinity is shipped on schooners many tons of the bark of
vol. ii.]         Cape Region of Baja California.
199
Bursera microphylla, called '' tor6te '' by the natives. This red-
dish bark is cut in small pieces from the trunks and larger limbs of
the tree and spread on the ground to dry, and is afterwards sacked
and exported for dyeing purposes.
Our route from Buena Vista lay for a few miles along the beach
and then turned inland till we entered the San Bartolome arroyo,
the canon narrowed, the hills became steeper and we approached
the beautiful hanging gardens of San Bartolo, as the place is usually
called. Above on either side could be seen bananas growing close
to the edges of nearly perpendicular bluffs, and orange trees loaded
with ripe fruit. Two nights were passed in this delightful region,
and during the day excursions up and down the arroyo brought to
light only such birds as were to be expected in so well watered a
locality. The antelope chipmunk and the jackass rabbit were of
course there, as they are found pretty nearly over the entire penin-
sula. Large lizards, " iguanas," were unusually common among
the bowlders of the arroyo, but butterflies and beetles were not as
numerous at San Bartolome", or any where else along the route, as
they were at San Jos6, and even there they became less common as
the rainy season drew towards its close.
A start late in the day obliged us to pass one night on the way to
El Triumfo, or else arrive in a strange mining settlement in the dark;
we chose the former and finished the pack train trip by noon. The
men and animals were fed and dismissed; we hated to part with
such a native treasure as Manuel, but he had a position waiting for
him at San Jose" to which he returned.
After waiting for two days in the cosmopolitan settlement of El
Triumfo, which is located on the lower range of mountains and
denuded for miles of all wood that could be burned at the mines,
we secured transportation in a springless freight wagon to La Paz.
I would not have missed that experience for anything, but nothing
could induce me to go through with it again. The route is nearly
all down grade, in places sandy, but mainly a road that could be
trotted over. There were six mules attached, with lines to control
only the leaders and wheelers; when the spirits of the team seemed
to lag an energetic boy, who travelled either with the driver or on
the tail-board, would jump to the ground and run beside the team,
plying his short whip and shouting maledictions to the slow ones
till he had aroused the mules and forced them into a run which
2OO
Cape Region of Baja California.
[zoe
might last a few hundred yards before a repetition was needed. A
thunder storm passed over towards evening and all hands crowded
under a temporary awning of canvass till the rain was over, all except
the imp with the whip who took the driver's place, where, bare-
headed, barefooted and drenched he yelled to the team and forced
them along. When the shower had passed I began to find living land
shells in the grass by the way, and secured quite a number. These
have been identified by Dr. Cooper with others taken upon the
same expedition (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iii, pt. I, 99). We put up
for one night at a ranch on the road to La Paz, and were delayed
for half a day while repairs were made to the harness; it was no use
chafing over the lost time which we so much desired to employ about
La Paz. It was dark when we arrived at the picturesque capital
and until daylight we did not realize that our quarters were on the
beach and overlooking the placid Pichalinque Bay, which is part of
La Paz Bay. It was yet too early in the season for the water birds
to be common, and I doubt if they ever congregate there in such
numbers as they do at Magdalena Bay on the west coast.
Every time that I have been in the peninsula some one has told
me about a black hare, "liebre," which was found only on islands
of the gulf, and this trip the stories were repeated and had the
effect of hastening me on to La Paz, as the reports designated Es-
piritu Santo Island as the place where they could be found. This
island, situated off the entrance to La Paz Bay, could be discerned
from the town. A small center-board sloop and two Mexicans were
hired for a trip to the island. We left anchorage about ten in the
morning and did not arrive at the island until midnight, owing to
light winds part of the time, unfavorable tide, and most provoking
of all I discovered, when too far out to return, that the center-
board was removed! Yatchmen will understand the rest. Part of
the night we were becalmed in the track of vessels, and not a lan-
tern on board. It was a great relief to lie down and sleep for a
few hours after anchoring in a cove close to the shore. Coffee,
cheese and bread were eaten at daylight the next morning, and
then I was carried twenty yards to the shore on the shoulders of
one of the men who waded in half a fathom of clear water. As I
expected to return to the boat by noon I did not burden myself
with a canteen, and even neglected to take a lunch. Jack rabbit
signs were found upon the sands  immediately after leaving the
VOL. II.]
Marijjosa Lilies of Colorado.
201
beach, and less than a quarter of a mile inland the first one was seen,
as he made his way among- the bare rocks. There was no doubt
but that I was on the right track of a new species, the appearance
and action of the hare was that of the common jack rabbit, but he
appeared to be entirely coal black. The habits of the black hare
(Lepiis insularis) were found to be somewhat different from the
allied species. On Espiritu Santo they live on hillsides amongst
the dark volcanic rocks with which they harmonized almost per-
fectly in color, an excellent example of " protective mimicry." At
evening- and in the morning they descended to a level, sandy plain
to feed. During the day I crossed the island, walking most of the
way through sand of varying firmness, and succeeded in shooting
four specimens which became very heavy by night time. It was
one of the most satisfactory and fatiguing days I have ever had.
I was out for ten hours under a tropical sun, without food or water
and walked nearly fifteen miles over sand. The rabbits were evic-
erated that night and skinned the next day. It was a fitting- close
to the expedition of 1890.
THE MARIPOSA LILIES OF COLORADO.
BY ALICE   EASTWOOD.
Though there are but two species of Calochortus in Colorado, the
varieties are infinite, as numerous as the flowers. So distinct, so
individual are these blossoms that they seem to have souls, and they
speak a wonderfully enticing language to draw the wandering in-
sects into their honeyed depths.
In color, the perianth ranges from white to light purple or lilac,
different shades of blue and pink being not uncommon. The anthers
are white or, more frequently, various shades of pink, blue, yellow
or lilac. The bands of color found on both divisions of the perianth
are bewildering, impossible to describe; but, more than aught else,
cause each flower to proudly say, with uplifted head, " I am my-
self; there is no other like me." Even the mossy glands at the
base of the lily cups seem never twice the same.
This variation is more especially the case with Calochortus Gtm-
nisoni, which is distributed through the foothills and lower mount-
ains of the state. Calochortus Nuttallii seems to be confined to the
western slope of the Rockies, and is generally found growing in
202                  Marij>osa Lilies of Colorado.                  [zoe
adobe soil. At one time, puzzled by the maze of forms, I thought
the two species were identical. Further observation, howeverj re-
vealed the absence of intermediate forms and tfre constancy of two
important distinctions. Though Calochortus Gunnisoni has anthers
from acute to acuminate, they are never obtuse as always in Calo-
chortus Nuttallii, and in spite of the difference in the size of the
glands, in the shape, each species is distinct and invariable.
To see the different kinds of insects hovering over these plants,
alighting on the flowers and crawling slowly through the viscid
hairs of the honey glands is to understand how this race of lovely
hybrids came to be. Not in vain do these flowers set off their
beauty and store their sweets.
I believe that fertilization is produced only through the agency
of insects and that cross fertilization prevails. It would be most
interesting to experiment with these, as Darwin did with so many,
and positively determine whether they are self sterile or self fertile.
In the absence of actual proof, some facts that I observed may be
suggestive:
At the base of each anther is a small aperture which loosely fits
over the pointed apex of the filament, so that the anther is on a
pivot and can be easily turned. In the bud the flat surfaces of the
anthers face the pistil; but, when the anthers open, the walls of the
opposite cells cohere and the anthers are at right angles to their
former position, the edges being opposite the pistil and the pollen
covered surfaces facing each other. Buds that opened in the house
maintained this position, but those observed in the field nearly al-
ways had the pollen surfaces facing the pistil. Evidently, they did
not turn when they opened; so they must have been acted upon
by some external force. Watch a patch of these flowers for a short
time and the insects can be seen turning the anthers as they alight
and crawl through the flower. At the same time they become
smeared with the sticky grains, and, of course, carry them from
flower to flower. In certain localities the flowers are numerous, al-
most in masses.    I remember a field where once,
" Ten thousand, saw I, at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance."
This great abundance would insure pollen of Calochortus being
carried to pistils of Calochortus only. I feel convinced, too, that the
pollen has to be  carried, whether to the pistil of its own flower or
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
203
some other.    It is sticky, not powdery, and seems to adhere to the
cell walls unless artificially removed.
This paper aims to be suggestive rather than convincing, and
especially to show how much more remains to be learned than has
yet been discovered.
NOTES ON THE COLORS OF WEST COAST MAMMALS.
BY  CHARLES  A.  KEELER.
In considering problems in the domain of evolution, it is neces-
sary to recognize the frequently slighted fact that natural selection
is never creative, but simply selective in its workings. Every modi-
fication in an organism must have some more fundamental factor to,
originate it, upon which natural selection may subsequently act.
Whether we recognize with Spencer the Lamarckian factors of use
and disuse, or follow Weismann and Wallace in excluding the in-
heritance of acquired characters, we must agree in positing individ-
ual, and what, for lack of a more significant name, has been called
fortuitous variation, as propensities of organic beings, without which
natural selection would be impossible. But it still remains to be
accounted for why the tendency to vary is directed along definite
lines, and the answers commonly given to this question seem insuf-
ficient to explain it.
Taking a concrete example of this from west coast mammals, the
black-headed ground squirrel of Lower California (Spermophilus
grammurus atricapillus) belongs to the same group as S. grammti-
rus beecheyi, of central California, into which variety it shades by
insensible gradations. It is distinguished from the latter roughly
by the darker color of the back, especially of the anterior parts,
which in typical specimens are black. From characteristic lo-
calities the black is very constant, and so strongly marked as to
make a strikingly distinct species were there no intergradations
in other regions. Now some shade of brown or gray was in all
probability the original color of this species, judging both from
the fact that these colors are naturally more primitive than black,
that the black races are more local than the lighter ones, and that
the young are much paler than the adult. It then becomes proper
to ask how this black color has been derived.
Mr. Walter E. Bryant, who discovered the race, says that it is
204                 Colors of West Coast Mammals.              [zoe
usually found in a region of black volcanic rock, so that its colors
have been assumed for protective reasons, in order to conform with
the general color of its environment. The explanation seems per-
fectly simple—individual variation upon which natural selection has
worked; or rather, as Lloyd Morgan has well shown,* natural elim-
ination. But it must again be asked: what has directed the va-
riation along a certain line? This question has been well dis-
cussed in a recent book by Schurman, entitled the "Ethical Import
of Darwinism," and I think that any who may peruse its pages will
admit its force. Suppose we have a mixture of light and dark
ground squirrels, and the light ones, being more conspicuous by
contrast with a dark background, are killed off. Why, then, should
even a part of the descendants of those remaining be darker than
the darkest of their parents ? I am not referring to fortuitous varia-
tion which produces " sports," the characters of which may be inheri-
ted and produce a new species, but to that comparatively slight
individual variation which is always present. We can well under-
stand how a particular kind of food might possibly influence a color,
but this color would not, except by the merest accident, bear any
relation to the color of the environment, and consequently could not
result in a protectively marked race. The whole subject reduces
itself to this: Is it possible for any character, however slight it may
be, not produced by use and disuse or the direct action of environ-
ment, and which was not present in some ancestor, either near or
remote, to appear in an offspring ?
In the case of our Lower Californian ground squirrel, it may be
¦assumed, what there is every reason to believe is the case, that its
ancestors from remote times have been some shade of brown or
gray, but never black. Use and disuse is, of course, entirely out
of the question in regard to color, while it is evident that no pos-
sible direct action of the environment, either food or climate,
could produce black. Where then did the black .come from? In
an article on the Factors of Evolution f Prof. Jos. Le Conte makes
a suggestion, which we may find of use in answering this question.
He says: "In sexual generation, on the contrary, the characters
of two diverse individuals are funded in a common offspring; and
* Animal Life and Intelligence, p. 79.
tMonist, i, p. 323.
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
205
the same continuing through successive generations, it is evident
that the inheritance in each individual offspring is infinitely mul-
tiple. Now the tendency to variation in offspring is in proportion
to the multiplicity of the inheritance; for among the infinite num-
ber of slightly different characters, as it were offered for inheritance
in every generation, some individuals will inherit more of one and
some more of another character. In a word, sexual generation,
by multiple inheritance, tends to variation of offspring and thus
furnishes material for natural selection." This passage might seem
to have a slight teleological flavor, as if this difference in sex were
instituted in order that we might have a greater amount of vari-
ability, whereas the author simply means to imply, it seems to me,
that a greater amount of variability is incident to this difference
between the sexes. However, this suggestion of Prof. Le Conte's
merely shows us how a difference in the sexes may increase the ma-
terial upon which natural selection may work, but does not show how
new material may be created. Just here it is of importance to take
note of two of the laws of heredity as stated by Haeckel :* "A
third law of conservative transmission may be called the law of
sexual transmission, according to which each sex transmits to the
descendants of the same sex peculiarities which are not inherited
by the descendants of the other sex. * * * A fourth law of
transmission, which has here to be mentioned, in a certain sense
contradicts the last, and limits it, viz: the law of mixed or mutual
(amphigonous) transmission. This law tells us that every organic
individual produced in a sexual way receives qualities from both
parents, from the father as well as from the mother."
In examining the series of Spermophilus grammurus atricapillus
it is found that there is quite a well marked average difference be-
tween the sexes in regard to color, the males being so much darker
than the females that I was enabled to separate the specimens of the
two sexes, making but one error, when a very dark female was
placed in the series with the males. It is now necessary, before
continuing, to call attention to one more fact, stated by Geddes &
Thomson/j* that: "A review of the animal kingdom, or a perusal
of Darwin's pages will amply confirm the conclusion that on an
* History of Creation, i, pp. 209-210.
tEvolution of Sex, p. 15.
2O6
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
[zoe
average the females incline to passivity, the males to activity."
This katabolic condition of the male in contradistiction to the
anabolic state of the female, has been used by Wallace to explain
the bright colors of male birds, and while it does not seem to me
that we are justified in following him to the extent of excluding
sexual selection, a fair consideration of his arguments seems to show
that this excess of vitality in the male has at least furnished the
material upon which sexual selection may act.
And now to return to our spermophiles once more. It has been
seen that according to one of the laws of heredity there is always
more or less difference between the sexes. In the case in point
this difference manifests itself, among other ways, in the tendency
on the part of the male to be slightly darker than the female, which
may be explained by the katabolic state of the male inducing a sur-
plus of energy which is expended in a darker pigment. Accor-
dingly, however dark the female may average, we may expect the
male to maintain a tolerably constant ratio of shade to the female.
In order to facilitate the explanation, suppose that a certain amount
of black has been introduced and see if it can be understood how
it could be added to. Owing to the katabolism of the male the
ratio between the shades of the two sexes will maintain an average
constancy. Suppose, in the evolution of the race, it has reached a
point where the color is brindled, a mixture of black, brown and
white, but in which the dark colors are in the ascendant. Some-
thing like the following proportions of color would then exist in a
fairly typical pair:
MALE. .              FEMALE.
Brown........................................10                          20
Black.........................................60                      40
White.........................................30                      40
According to Haeckel's law of mixed or mutual transmission, and
more important still, according to many observed cases, a combina-
tion of all the characters of the two sexes may produce an average
between them. And it is perfectly reasonable to suppose in the
case in point, that out of a large number of pairs possessing the
average proportion of colors given in the table above, a few of the
female offspring would be found to possess a medium between the
colors of the two sexes of their parents. In these females the pro-
portion of colors would be about as follows: Brown 15, black 50,
and white 35.    These darker females being more in harmony with
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
207
their environment would escape destruction, while those in whom the
lighter colors preponderated would naturally be eliminated. More-
over these darker females would naturally pair with the darker
males, there being many facts to indicate that, other things being
equal, like mates with like. The paler males also would be elim-
inated so that there would be more dark males to choose from.
It is at any rate not unreasonable to suppose that these darker
females would pair with mates at least not paler than the average
shade of the male. This would give us a generation in which the
proportions would be something like the following:
MALES.                FEMALES.
Brown........................................10                       15
Black.............:..........................60                       50
White.........................................30                       35
In other words, the tendency of natural selection would be, if no
other factor were at work, to make the female approach the color
of the male, for the females which did come the nearest to the shade
of the male would be the best protected and consequently survive.
But the fact must not be lost sight of that the katabolism of the
male in this species induces it to expend its surplus energy in an
excess of pigment over that of the female. There would thus be
a tendency to maintain the average proportion between the two
sexes. Therefore, other things being equal, the average color of
the males of the third generation would be shown as follows:
1ST GENERATION.
MALE.      FEMALE.
Brown...........10      :        20
Black.....,......60      :       40
White...........30      :       40
In which case the average male of the third generation would have
colors in the proportion of brown 7.5, black 75, and white 26.25,
which shows a great increase in the proportion of black. Of course,
owing to the great number and complexity of the limiting and modi-
fying'conditions in a state of nature no such rapid change in color
would be possible, but on the contrary the change would be in-
finitely gradual. All I have attempted to show is that when the
male takes the lead in a variation, if it be a modification which is
of equal use to both sexes, there will be a tendency for the female to
follow the male, but, in following its >mate, owing to the difference
in metabolism between the two sexes, to keep pushing it in advance
MALE  OF	FEMALE  OF
3D  GENERATION	2D   GENERATION.
X	
X	:                     50
X	35
2O8
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
[zoe
along the line of greatest advantage to the species. This tendency
might be termed the Law of Sexual Intensification. It can by no
means be considered a universal law, but it might be found useful
in explaining more fully many cases of bright or dark colors in
birds and mammals. And the cases to which it would apply would
not be simply those in which the male was more intensely colored
than the female. There must be a limit to the development of every
color—a point at which it reaches its maximum of intensity. When
the male has reached this goal, if the color be of general utility to
the species, the tendency of the characters of one sex to cross over
to the other will in time cause the female to assume a color identical
with that of her mate.
The black hare (Lepus insularis) found by Mr. Bryant on Es-
piritu Santo Island, in the Gulf of California, is a case very similar
to the one above considered. Mr. Bryant says that it also is found
in a region of black volcanic rock where its colors are completely
protective, and that the only time when specimens could be secured
was when they came down on the light sand of the shore where
they were very conspicuous. In this animal, however, the evolu-
tion is very complete. Being an insular form it has been com-
pletely isolated, and the black has extended over the entire upper
parts of the body. In the small series available for examination
there is no appreciable difference between the sexes, and it is prob-
able that the female has overtaken the male as previously explained.
On the sandy mainland and adjacent sandy islands, a very pale
form of Lepus occurs, which may in the light of more ample material
be found to be a separate variety. This suggests the question of
how to account for the paler forms of the genus, for a law of in-
tensification could be of no service in such a case. The direct
action of the environmentseems to be the most reasonable hypothesis,
although of course it would be no longer tenable if the non-inherit-
ance of acquired characters should be proved. Examples of the
remarkable bleaching power of sunlight are common. Animals
living in a sandy or desert region constantly exposed to the sun's
rays would become somewhat bleached. Those individuals which
were the most affected, or were affected so that their colors were
most in harmony with their environment, would have the greatest
chances of survival, and, granting that acquired characters can be
inherited, would be the parents of a paler colored race.    Thus in
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
209
this case, also, natural selection would be the secondary cause, the
variations being directed in a certain channel by the immediate
action of environment.
'Dr. Harrison Allen has published a paper on the " Distribution
of Color Marks of the Mammalia,"* in which he attributes many of
the markings, of mammals to excess of nourishment near the surface
in particular areas, and attempts to correlate them with the presence
of nerve terminals, masses of muscle, etc. This is an interesting and
important line of investigation, and his theory appears to have much
plausibility in it, but I am unable to find a single fact in regard to
the markings of west coast mammals which lends any particular
support to the theory, and it would seem that its applicability should
be a very general one if it had any force whatever. That there are
some deep-seated mechanical causes at work, however, in the pro-
duction of many of the characteristic patterns or regions of color
marks seems highly probable, to say the least.
There are few groups in the animal kingdom in which brilliant
color is so conspicuously absent as among mammals. This fact
can be accounted for in two ways: by the greater need for protec-
tion incident to a terrestrial life, and by the fact that the majority of
mammals are more or less nocturnal in their habits. Brilliant colors
would therefore be of no use, but on the contrary would be posi-
tively harmful. There is another class of colors to which Wallace
has called particular attention, and which are very frequently present
among mammals, viz: recognition markings. Mr. J. E. Todd.f ap-
parently without having consulted Wallace on the subject, arrived
at about the same theory in regard to this class of colors. He calls
them directive colors, and by their aid attempts to account for nearly
all the special markings of mammals and birds. It appears to
me that both he an'd Wallace attribute too much to this factor,
although it is doubtless of great importance and of wide application.
Supposing that natural selection has been the means of producing
these recognition marks, it must not be forgotten that here, as in the
example first considered, there must be some creative and directive
force behind it. But could natural selection have had a hand in bring-
ing about these recognition markings ?    Wallace,! in discussing the
*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1888.
t American Naturalist, xxii, 1888, pp. 201-207..
^Darwinism, p. 218.
2IO
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
[zoe
subject, calls attention to the white upturned tail of a rabbit, so con-
spicuous when the animal is retreating from an enemy.    He says:
" For the rabbit is usually a crepuscular animal, feeding soon after
sunset or on moonlight nights. When disturbed or alarmed it makes
for its burrow, and the white upturned tails of those in front serve as
guides and signals to those more remote from home, to the young
and the feeble; and thus each following the one or two before it, all
are able with the least possible delay to regain a place of compara-
tive safety. The apparent danger, therefore, becomes a most im-
portant means of security."
It will be well to inquire right here whether natural selection can
ever be socialistic or communistic in its operation. It seems inevitable
that only from a teleological point of view can it be conceived as
such. If some overlooking power can be imagined doing the select-
ing, it might be supposed that it would direct matters so that the
strong might aid the weak, but this is in direct opposition to the
doctrine of the survival of the fittest, which has for its motto: " Each
one for himself," etc. The rabbit having the most conspicuous
white upturned tail would be individually at a great disadvantage in
the struggle for existence, for, while he might be of very material
assistance in Leading his less conspicuously marked associates out of
danger, he would himself be at a positive disadvantage, and the
variation, it would seem, could hardly be favored by natural selec-
tion. Having no theory to offer in the place of the pre-existing
one. I am loath to call attention to this difficulty, but the wonder is
that if has so long escaped notice.
There is every reason to suppose that these markings were origin-
ated to facilitate the recognition of individuals, but if such is the
case it seems to require a new explanation. There are two quite
distinct classes of recognition markings, which neither Wallace nor
Todd have differentiated. The first class includes those markings
which enable individuals of the same species to recognize their fel-
lows and thus escape from a common danger or combine against a
common enemy. For these markings we may borrow the name
given by Todd for recognition markings in general, viz: directive
coloration. The other class includes all markings which enable one
species to distinguish its own kind from allied species. These
markings might be appropriately called discriminative markings.
The validity of this second class is in a large measure dependent
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
211
upon the tenability of the theory of physiological selection, about
which scientists have not yet reached any unanimity, fascinating
and plausible as it certainly appears. If incipient species are sterile
when crossed, then any markings whicK would enable the individuals
readily to distinguish their own kind from the allied form would be
an advantage, and it would seem that natural selection would en-
courage it. We are here stopped again by the question: What if
the two incipient species did cross and the result prove to be infer-
tile? Would this be a disadvantage to the individuals concerned,
or to the race in general? Clearly to the race and not to the partic-
ular individuals. But if this be the case, how could natural selection
favor these markings any more than it could the ones previously
considered ?
There are some interesting examples of recognition markings
among west coast mammals, one of the most striking being the an-
telope squirrel (Taniias leucunts), to which Dr. C. Hart Merriam
has already called attention.* Following are his words: "The
antelope squirrel and its geographical races afford striking illustra-
tions of the exhibition of two principles of color adaptations com-
bined in the same individual. When at rest the animal is seldom
seen, its color and markings being in complete harmony with its
surroundings, in obedience to the law of protective coloration. But
the instant it starts to run, the tail is elevated and its conspicuous
white under-side is turned towards the observer, forcing itself upon
the eye whether on the lookout for it or not." This is clearly a
case of directive coloration, and I am at a loss to consider in what
other manner this marking could be construed. Any one who has
seen a party of these little chipmunks skurrying away across the
desert with their white tails elevated must admit that so conspicuous
a marking can only be explained as a means for enabling the lag-
gards and stragglers to travel with the main body of the party
away from danger. Harris' chipmunk ( Tamias harrisi) resembles
the preceding species very closely, the only conspicuous difference
being that it has the under surface of the tail black instead of white.
Having never seen this species alive, it is impossible for me to say
how conspicuous this black under tail would be in a state of nature,
but it certainly cannot be as conspicuous as the white tail.    This
* North American Fauna, No. 3, p. 52.
212
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
[zob
may well be considered as an example of discriminative mark-
ing. The two species are found in neighboring; districts and with-
out doubt had a common ancestor. If some of the individuals at
any time became sexually isolated from the remainder, the differenti-
tion in the color of the under side of the tail, becoming light in one
species and dark in the other, would have materially increased the
prosperity of both races. Directive coloration might have been
brought to bear upon them at a later stage and accentuated the two
shades in order to facilitate recognition by their own kind. It must
be borne in mind, however, that natural selection seems incapable of
having effected these changes, assuming the validity of the theory
that they are recognition markings.
Prof. Todd has called attention to other uses to which recogni-
tion markings might be put. Most important of these are such
markings as enable individuals to recognize one another in the dark-
ness of their dens or by night. Such markings as these would be
of practical use in the domestic intercourse between families and in
the care of the young. These markings would be in no way of use
in escaping from danger or in distinguishing one species from an
allied form; and indeed differ so much in their use from those which
have been previously considered as to warrant their being made a sep-
erate class, which might appropriately be called socialistic markings.
Prof. Todd mentions a number of examples of this class, including
among others the skunk, which properly belongs in another division
which will be considered later. Themarkings on the head of the
yellow-bellied marmot (Arctomys flaviventer) consisting of a white
ring around the muzzle, in distinct contrast to the ground color,
would serve to indicate in the dark the position of the head, which
would be a great advantage in the social life of the animal in its
burrow. The black and white patches on the head and the rings on
the tail of the racoon (Procyon lotor) would serve the same purpose
of recognition in the dark, as would also the conspicuous white
spot above the eye and the long, ringed tail of the civet cat (Bassaris
astuta). Whether or not the lateral and dorsal streaks of Tamias
and Sciurus can be accounted for in the same manner cannot be
answered with as much confidence.
It seems difficult to account for the conspicuous black lateral streak
of Sciurus hudsonius douglassi in any way except as a recognition
marking, possibly to mark the position of the body, but why it should
VOL. II.]
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
213
be of more use in this species than in Sciurus fossor, for instance, is
not easy to understand. There is another and more serious difficulty
in the way of thus explaining it. Mr. J. A. Allen has shown in his
article "Seasonal Variations in Color in Sciurus fmdsonius,"* that
the black stripe in this species becomes indistinct or obliterated in
winter pelage, and the same is in all probability the case with the
variety in question. Whether the black streak were of use as a
recognition marking or as a sexual mark it would be of greatest im-
portance during the breeding season at which time it is wanting.
There are many markings in this group which are difficult to ex-
plain. Thus, Sciums fossor, of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and
S. fossor nigripes, of the Coast Range, are not strikingly different,
except that in the latter the hind feet are darker than the back (ap-
parently at all seasons either black or dark brownish), while in the
former the feet are lighter than the back (silvery or whitish gray).
What influence could have produced this modification is not easily
seen, for it could hardly have any utility as a recognition mark, nor
could it have been produced by the direct action of the environment.
In the genus Tamias we have, as Mr. Allen has observed,f a strik-
ing example of a plastic group which has spread from a common
center in comparatively recent times, and rapidly differentiated.
There can be little doubt that the streaks so characteristic of the
group are of some utility, for otherwise natural selection would have
a tendency to obliterate them. In a few forms this has been done,
possibly for protection in open districts. The most obvious use of
these markings, it would seem, would be for recognition in the
darkness of the burrow, in which situation they would greatly facili-
tate in locating the position of the body of one individual to its mate.
In forms in which the streaking has attained the maximum of inten-
sity a broad white line on each side is bordered by black, which
relieves it so well that in the dark all that is visible of the animal is
the white stripe down each side of the back. The white patch on the
back of the ear might also facilitate recognition in the dark, and
be classed with the socialistic markings. In accounting for the
great number of variations in the group, Dr. Allen says:J "From
*Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, No. 1, pp. 41-44.
tBull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, No. 1, pp. 45-116.
\\. c, p. 53.
214
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
[zoe
the extreme susceptibility of this plastic group to the influences of
environment, it is one of the most instructive and fascinating groups
among North American mammals. * * * ¦ * Probably a more
striking illustration of evolution by environment cannot be cited."
Certain it is, that in the Eastern States, where the physiographic
conditions are tolerably uniform, the species remains constant, while
in the west (particularly in California) where there is much physio-
graphic diversity, we find an extraordinary number of forms. It is
very doubtful, however, that the direct action of the environment
has produced all, or even a large part of these changes. As long as
a correlation can be established between light varieties with dry dis-
tricts and dark varieties with rainy districts, it seems perfectly rea-
sonable to suppose that the changes have been effected directly by
the environment; but in a large number of cases such a correlation
does not appear to exist; in which event the change must be attrib-
uted to the indirect effect of environment. When the species first
began to migrate from its primitive home it would find itself placed
in many different situations. Wherever the character of the country
was materially different from its previous abode, a change in food
and to some extent in habits, occurred. This would have a tendency
to modify the color in various ways. For example: if the animal
lived in a cold or rainy climate it would be confined to its burrow a
comparatively large portion of the time, and any intensification of
the socialistic markings would be of great advantage. If, on the
contrary, it lived in a warm, sunny region, it would be in the open
air a large portion of the time, and protective coloration would be
of greatest utility to the species, in which event the streaks would
tend to become obscure or obliterated. This is merely an instance
of the many ways in which environment might act indirectly. Hav-
ing thus produced two races in adjacent regions, let us suppose that
from some reason (persistence of bad weather, for example) one form
migrates into the territory of the other. Difference in food, etc.,
granting the truth of the theory of physiological selection, have
made the two races sterile when crossed, so that any accentuation
of the slight differences already produced would favor the prosperity
of both races. Accordingly, the markings originally of use as so-
cialistic marks would become discriminative. Thus it is seen how
complex the factors may be which operate in the production of even
trivial changes.    Simple explanations, in which a single factor is
vol. ii.]         Colors of West Coast Mammals.
215
made to explain all, are very alluring, but are apt to be superficial
from their very simplicity.
The skunks were excluded from the class of animals having colors
for purposes of recognition. True the marked contrast of black
and white is decidedly conspicuous. In the dark, particularly,
they are the most conspicuous colors which could be devised; but
note the very radical difference in their use from any recognition
markings. Recognition markings are of use, not to the ones possess-
ing them, but to their fellows; the markings of the skunk are of use
to the individual as a warning for other animals to avoid it.
A large number of our mammals have colors probably not very
different from their primitive hue. Wallace has shown that color
is a normal product of organization. He says:* "If we consider
that in order to produce white all the rays which fall upon an object
must be reflected in nearly the same proportions as they exist in
solar light—whereas, if rays of any one or more kinds are absorbed
or neutralized, the resultant reflected light will be colored; and
that this color may be infinitely varied according to the proportions
in which different rays are reflected or absorbed—we should expect
that white would be, as it really is, comparatively rare and excep-
tional in nature." "Now the various brown, earthy, ashy, and
other neutral tints are those which would be most easily produced,
because they are due to an irregular mixture of many kinds of
rays."f It is these neutral tints which are predominant among
mammals, and in many cases they would seem to require no further
explanation. Color does not seem to enter into the life of our
smaller rodents, or of bats, for instance. Being nocturnal in their
habits their sense of sight has probably but little capacity to dis-
tinguish between different colors, and their habits are such that no
very accurate protective shades are required, other than some dull
neutral tint. Certain species which may sometimes move about on
the desert by day, as Dipodomys, assume a color on the back
almost identical with the sand, and with a white superciliary stripe
for a recognition mark, but such forms are the exception rather than
the rule. It seems highly probable that the absence of conspicuous
colors among mammals as a class is to be explained by the lack of
"Natural Selection, new ed., p. 359.
tl. c, pp. 360-361.
2l6
Colors of West Coast Mammals.
development in them of the color sense. Sexual selection would
then be directed in other channels, while the colors Avould be left
either neutral or of some practical utility—either for protection, rec-
ognition or warning—but would seldom have any aesthetic signifi-
cance as among birds.
The following classification of the colors of mammals follows
mainly that of Poulton,* which has the merit of being natural and
simple, grouping them according to their uses:
I.    Aptetic colors (deceitful).
i.    Cryptic colors—Protective and aggressive resemblance.
a.    General protective resemblance.
b.    General aggressive resemblance.
II.    Sematic colors—Warning and signalling.
1.    Aposematic colors—Warning colors.
2.    Episematic colors—Recognition marks.
a.  Directive.
b.  Discriminative.
c.  Socialistic.
The mammals of the Pacific Coast may be roughly classified un-
der the above headings, as follows:
General protective resemblance. By far the largest class
including all the neutral colored species, as the bats, most rodents,
etc., and such as harmonize with unusual surroundings, as Lepus
insularis and Spermophihcs gramvmrus airicapillus.
General aggressive resemblance. The Felidcz, Canis latransy
etc.
Warning colors.    Mephitis and Spilogale.
Directive recognition marks. Tamias leucums, Leptis
sylvaticus, Antilocapra americana.
Discriminative recognition marks. Many species of Tamias
probably; black wedge of Spermophiltis grammums doziglassii, pos-
sibly, and many other related species inhabiting adjacent territory.
Socialistic recognition marks. Arctomys flaviventer, Ta-
mias, Sciurus ?, Procyon lotor, Bassaris aslnta.
*The Colors of Animals, 338.
LIST OF CALIFORNIA MARINE ALGJE, WITH  NOTES.
BY  C.   L.   ANDERSON.
A careful exploration of the California coasts would doubtless re-
veal many novelties in the marine flora. This is especially true of
our southern coasts. Hence the following list is not offered as com-
plete, but rather as a means to arrive at a better classification and a
fuller knowledge.
A manual with illustrations, lists of localities and a more careful
classification is comtemplated at an early day; and any further in-
formation from botanists into whose hands this list may fall will be
duly acknowledged and gratefully appreciated by the author.
For aid in preparing this list I am mainly under obligations to W.
G. Farlovv, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, in Harvard
University, and Prof. D. C. Eaton, and W. A. Setchell, of Yale
University, to all of whom I have the pleasure of proffering my
sincere thanks.
I have also received grateful favors and assistance from botanists
on our own coast, among whom I wish kindly to mention Mr. D. C.
Cleveland of San Diego; Mrs. El wood Cooper and the late Dr.
Dimmock of Santa Barbara; Miss Lennebacker of Santa Cruz;
Miss M. E. B. Norton and Mrs. A. E. Bush of San Jose State
Normal School, and Miss M. J. Westfall of Pacific Grove.
The following abbreviations are used throughout the list:
n.    Northern coasts, north ot San Francisco,
m.    Middle coasts, ioo miles north and south of Monterey Bay.
s.    Southern coasts, from Point Conception to San Diego,
c.    Common or occasional to all the California coasts.
Class I.     CYANOPHYCEyE.     (Blue Alg£e.)
Order CHROOCOCCACE^E.
Chrooccocus  turgidus Naeg.    m. n.    On slimy rocks and cliffs
at high water.
Glceocapsa   crepidinum Thuret.    m. n.    On  wharves  at high
water.
Order NOSTOCHINE^E.
Oscillaria nigra Vauch.    c.    On moist cliffs above high tide.
218                    California Marine Algce.                 [zoe
Calothrix confervicola Ag.    c.
C. Crustacea Bond & Thuret.    c.    On rocks, wharves and other
algae.
Rivularia atra Roth.    c.    On stones, algae, and other material.
Lyngbya majuscula Harv.   s.     On Zostera and probably other
plants.
The Cyanophyceae are not, strictly speaking, blue; but rather a
dark green, or bluish green. They however contain a coloring
matter that under certain conditions becomes blue. The number
that grow in marine water are few comparatively, yet a close ex-
amination would doubtless add many to our list.
Class II.    CHLOROPHYCE^E.    (Green Alga.)
Order SIPHONED.
Bryopsis plumosa Lmx.    c.    In clusters on rocks at low tide.
Codium adh^erens Ag.    m.
C. tomentosum Stack,   c.    "Miru."
Order CONFERVACE^.    ULVACE^.
Monostroma quarternarium Desm.    m.    About estuaries.
Ulva clathrata Ag.    c.    On rocks.
U. compressa Le Jolis.    c.    On rocks.
U, enteromorpha Le Jolis.    c.    Estuaries.
U. intestinalis Le Jolis.    c.    Estuaries.
U. fasciata Delile?   c.
U. lactuca L.    c.    Estuaries.
U. latissima L.    c.   " Sea Lettuce."    On rocks and other algae.
U. Linza Grev.    c.    With latissima.
The genera Ulva and Enteromorpha have been united by Le
Jolis. There seems to be a somewhat perplexing mixture of
species and varieties. Perhaps it would be as well to treat each
of the above as species and thus avoid confusion, notwithstanding
the existence of many intermediate forms.
Ulothrix flacca ? Thuret    c.    On wood and soft rocks at low
tide.
CH^ETOMORPHA yEREA Dillw.     m.   11.
C. clavata var. torta Farl.    s.
VOL.   II.]
California Marine Alga.
219
C. sutoria Berk.   m.
C. Dubyana Harv.    m.
C.  TORTUOSA.Dillw.     m.
These are usually found on shelving, sand-covered rocks, at low
tide.
Cladophora cartilaginea Rupr.    m.    Sandy rocks.
C. fracta Fl. Dan.    c.    Brackish water.
C. l^etevirens Dillw.    m. s.    Rocks.
C. scop^EFORMis Rupr.    m. n.    Rocks.
C.  uncialis ? Fl. Dan.    m.    In tide pools.
Order CHROOLEPIDE^!.
Chroolepus aureum (L.) Ktz.    c.
This alga is seldom classed with the marine. But a favorite
habitat is on the spray-moistened cliffs and the branches of trees
and shrubs that overhang the sea, forming patches of a striking
crimson yellow. It is one of the few algae found growing out of
water, and yet not quite independent of that element, as it requires
a moist air.
Order DIATOMACE^.
[This order, usually classed with the Green Algae, being so numer-
ous and diverse in character, and forming a class of special study
with the miscroscope, is here omitted.]
Class III.    MELANOPHYCE^E.    (Brown Algse.)
1.    Order PH^OSPORE^.    ZOOSPORE^.
Phyllitis fascia Kutz.    c.    On rocks.
Scytosiphon lomentarius Ag.    c.    On rocks.
Desmerestia ligulata Lrax.    c.    Rocks.
D.  latifrons Grev.    m.    Rocks.
Ectocarpus granulosus Ag.., m.    On other algae.
E.  littoralis Harv.   c.   (E. firmus Ag.J   On wharves and other
wood work.
Sphaceolaria fusca Ag.    s.    On Amphiroa.
Leathesia tuberiformis Gray.    c.    On other algae.
Leibmannia Leveillei Ag.    s.
22O
California Marine Alga.
[zoe
Chordaria abietina Rupr.    m. n.    Rocks.
Mesogloia Andersonii Farlovv.    c.    Rocks, and stones in shal-
low coves.
Ralfsia verrucosa Aresch.    m. n.    Shallow exposed pools at
all seasons.
Asperococcus  sinuosus  Bory.    c.    On  tips  of  Halidrys,  and
some other sea weeds.
Thalassiophyllum Clathrus Post.  &  Rupr.    n.  west coast,
probably in California.
Eisenia arborea Aresch.    m. n.    Shelving rocks at low water.
Agarum Turneri Post.  & Rupr.    n.     "Sea Colander."    Stray
plants have been found at Santa Barbara.
Laminaria Farlowii Setchell, MS. m.    Abundant near Pacific
Grove.
L. Sinclairii Farlow & Eaton,    c.
L. Andersonii Farlow, MS. c.
Dictyoneuron Californicum Rupr.    c.    With Laminaria.
Costaria Turneri Grev.    m. n.    At Monterey, on rocks.
Alaria   esculenta   Grev.     c.     " Badderlocks."    On  exposed
rocky points.
A. fistulosa Post. & Rupr.    n.
A. marginata Post. & Rupr.    n.
Ptergophora Californica Rupr.    c.    With Laminaria.
Postelsia   palm^eformis  Rupr.    c.    "Sea  palm."     Exposed
rocky points.
Lessonia NiGRESCENS.Bory.    m. n. At Cypress Point, near Mon-
terey.
Macrocystis pyrifera Ag.    " Great Kelp."   c.
Nereocystis gigantea Aresch.    m. s.
N. Lutkeana Rupr.    m. n.
These two plants are the " Great Bladder weeds," or " Sea Ot-
ter's Cabbage" of the Pacific coast.
2.    Order FUCACE^!.    OOSPORE^!.
Vaucheria sp.?   c.
Fucus vesiculosus L.    " Rock weed."    c.
VOL.  II.]
California Marine Algce.
221
F. Harveyanus Decn.    m. s.    Pacific Grove.
F.   FASTIGIATUS  Ag.     C.
F.  FURCATUS  Ag.?
Sargassum Agardianum Farlow.    " Gulf weed."    Islands south
of Santa Barbara.
S. piluliferum Arg.    Guadaloupe Island.
Halidrys osmundacea Harv.    c.    'Sea Oak."
Egregia (Phyllospora) Menziesii (Ag.) Aresch.   Both rough
and smooth varieties,    c.
3.    Order DICTYOTE.E.
DlCTYOTA  KUNTHII Ag.     S.
Zonaria Tournefortii Ag.    Santa Cruz.
Z.   INTERRUPTA Ag.     S.
Z.   LOBATA  Ag.     S.
Padina Durvill^ei Bory.
Taonia LennebackerjE Farlow.    s.
T.   SCHRCEDERI Ag.     S.
Class IV.   RHODOPHYCE^. (Floridece.)   (Red Alga;.)
1.    Order PORPHYRE^.
Porphyra vulgaris Ag.    c.    On rocks and weeds, " Laver."
P. nereocystis n. sp., MS.    On Nereocystis.
Bangia vermicularis Harv. c.
2.    Order SOUAMARIE^.
Peyssonnelia Dubyi Crn.   c.   On shells and stones, deep water.
Petrocelis cruenta Ag.    m.    Covering rocks at low water.
Hildenbrandtia rosea Ktz.    m.    On stones, low water.
Crouoria purpurea Crn.   s.
Crouoriella amorica Crn.   s.
3.    Order NEMALIE^.
Nemalion Andersonii Farlow.    m. s.    On rocks at low tide.
N. virens J. Ag.    s.    Sta. Barbara.
SCINAIA  FURCELLATA  Bivon.      C.
4.    Order CERAMLE^.
Ceramium diaphanum Roth.    c.
C.   RUBRUM   Ag.      C.                       ¦¦-'¦¦"
222
California Marine Alga.
[zoe
On Nereocystis and other
Centroceras clavulatum Ag.    c.
C. Eatonianum Farlow.    m.
Microcladia Coulteri Harv.    c.    Numerous forms.
M. Californica Farlow.    c.    Numerous forms.
M. borealis Rupr.    c.
Ptilota asplenoides Ag.   m. n.
P. hypnoides Harv.    c.
P. filicina Ag-.    m. n.
P.   SERRATA  Ag.     S.
T^enioma Clevelandii Farl.    s.
Griffithsia opuntioides Ag.    m.
Callithamnion floccosum Ag.   c.
algae.
C.   DASYOIDES J. Ag.     m. S.
C.   HETEROMORPHUM J. Ag.     111.
C. arbuscula var. Pacificum Harv.    c.
C. Lejolisea Farl.    s.    On Amphiroa.
C.  Rothii Lyng.    m.    Overhead in caverns.
Pikea Californica Harv.    c.   Many forms.
5.    Order CRYPTONEMIE.E.    DUMONTE^.
Nemastoma Californica Farl.   m. s.
Grateloupia Cutleri^e Ktz.   c.
G. CuTLERiyE vars. simplex and pinnata.
SCHIZYMENIA EDULIS  Ag.     C.
Sarcophyllis Californica J. Ag.   c. ?
Chrysymenia pseudodichotoma Farl.   m. s.    Pacific Grove.
C. obovata J. Ag.    m.
CONSTANTINEA  SlTCHENSIS  Post. & Rupr.      m. n.
Kallymenia Californica Farl.   c.
Fauchea laciniata Ag. ?   s.    Sta. Barbara.
Cryptosiphonia Woodii J. Ag.    m.
Farlowia compressa J. Ag.    m.
F. crassa J. Ag.   m.
Prionitis lanceolata Harv. c.
P. Andersonii Eaton,    c.
P. Clevelandii Farl.    c.
VOL. II.]
California Marine Algce.
223
On rocks, high water,
m. s.    " Irish moss."
Halosaccion Hydrophora Ag.    c.    " Sea sacks."
H. fuciola Post. & Rupr.    n.
Ricardia Montagnei Derbes & Sol.    m. s.    On tips of a Lau-
rencia, at Pacific Grove.
6.    Order   GIGARTINEiE.
Gigartina radula Ag.   c.    "Aprons."
G. microphylla Harv.    c.
G. horrida Farl.    c.
G. spinosa Ktz.    m.
G.   PAPILLATA  Ag.      C.
G. Jardini Ag.   n. ?
G. volans Ag.   m. s.
G. canaliculata Harv.    c.
G. mollis Bail & Harv.    n.
Endocladia muricata Ag.   c.
Chondrus canaliculatus Ag.
C. affinis Harv.    m.    "Irish moss."
Iridea laminariotdes Bory.    c.    "Rainbows."
I. punicea Post & Rupr.   n.
I.  dichotoma Bory m.
Callophyllis variegata Ktz.    c.
C.  LACINIATA  KtZ.     C.
C. furcata Farl.    m.
C.   GRACILLARIOIDES  Farl.     S.
C.   OBTUSIFOLIA  Ag.     S.
Phyllophora Brodl/ei Ag.   s.
P. Clevelandii Farl.    s.
Gymnogongrus leptophyllus Ag.    c.
G.   LINEARIS  Ag.      C.
G.  TENUIS Ag.
Ahnfeldtia gigartinoides Ag.    c.
A. plicata Fr.    n. ?
7.    Order RHODYMENIE^.
Rhodymenia palmata Grev.    "Dulse."    c.
R. palmetta Grev.    s.
R. corallina Grev.   m. s.
Stenogramma interrupta Mont.    c.
224
California Marine Algce.
[zoe
Rhabdonia Coulteri Harv.    c.
CORDYLECLADIA  CONFERTA   Ag.      C.
Plocamium coccineum Lyngb.' c.
P. violaceum Farl.    m.
Gracilaria confervoides Grev.    s.
8.    Order DELESSERIE.E.
Delesseria decipiens Ag.    m.
D. Woodii Ag.   n.
D. alata Lmx.    c.
D.   quercifolia Bory.    m. s.
NlTOPHYLLUM  (NEUROGLOSSUM)  ANDKRSONII  Ag.
N.   MULTILOBUM J. Ag.      m. S.
N. Fryeanum Harv.    c.
N.   LATISSIMUM   Ag.      C.
N.   RUPRECHTIANUM  Ag.     C.
N. spectabile Eaton,    m.
N.   VIOLACEUM J. Ag.      m.
Erythrophyllum delesserioides Ag.   m.
E.  Gunningii n. sp., MS.    m.
9.    Order. GELIDIE/E.    HYPNE^.
Gelidium corneum Lmx.   c.
G. cartilagineum Grev.    c.
G. Coulteri Harv.   c.
G. crinale Farlow, MS.    m. s.
Hypnea musciformis Lmx.   s.
H. ? crinalis Harv.    m. s.
H.  CORNUTA Ag.     S.
10.    Order RHODOMELE^E.
Rhodomela Larix Ag.    c.
R. floccosa Ag.    m. n.
Odonthalia dentata Lyng.    n.
O. Lyallii Harv.    n.
O. Aleutica Ag.    n.
Polysiphonia senticulosa Harv.    m. n.
P. Californica Harv.    m. n.
P. parasitica Grev.    s.
P.   PARASITICA Var. DENDROIDES Ag.     m. S.

VOL. II.]
California Marine Algce.
225
P.   PENNATA  Ag.     S.
P.   BAILEYI   Ag.     C.
P. fastigiata Grev.    n.
P.   DICTYURUS J. Ag.     S.
P.   COLLABENS  Ag.     S.
P. Clevelandii Farlow, MS.   s.
P.  BIPINNATA   Post & Rupi".
P. Woodii Harv.    c.
P. urceolata Grev. var. patens,    m.
P.  VILLUM J.   Ag.     S.
P. verticillata Harv.    m. s.
P. nigrescens Grev.    m.
P.   FERULACEA   Ag.     S.
Bostrychia rivularis Harv.    s.
B. Tuomyi Harv.    s.
B.   CALAMISTRATA  Mont.     S.
Laukencia obtusa Lmx.    s.
L.   PINNATIFIDA   Lmx.      C.
L. papillosa Grev.    s.
L.   VIRGATA   Ag.     m.   S.
L. spectabilis Post. & Rupr.    n.
Chylocladia ovalis Hook.   var. Coulteri Harv.     c.
Chondriopsis (Chondria) atropurpurea (Harv.) J. Ag.   c.
C.   nidifica Harv.    s.
Dasya Helena Farl.   s.
D.   plumosa Harv.    m.
D. subsecunda Suhr.    s.
n.    Order CORALLINES.
Corallina officinalis L.    c.    On rocks.
C.   SQUAMATA  ElllS & Sol.     m.
C. pistillaris Mont.   m.
Amphiroa Orbigniana Harv.    (A. Californica.)   c.
A. vertebralis Dene.    n.
A. Aspergillum J. E. Gray (Lithothrix).    c.
Jania rubens Lmx.    s.
Melobesia   amplexifrons   Harv.   c.   On sea grasses, Zostera
and Phyllospadix.
LlTHOTHAMNION  POLYMORPHUM  Aresch.     S.
']¦¦
ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF COLORADO.    I.
BY ALICE  EASTWOOD.
In making out this list, Coulter's " Manual of Rocky Mountain
Botany " has been taken as a basis. The additions include a con-
siderable number found in that book, but not credited to Colorado.
Others which I supposed I had first discovered had been previously
reported by Mr. Brandegee in his '' Flora of Southwestern Colo-
rado," and are included in this list by his permission.
I was at Grand Junction, near the Utah boundary, for a week in
the middle of May, and again for three days in August. It proved
to be a field rich in new forms. The latter part of May and the first
half of June was spent in Southwestern Colorado at Durango and
Mancos, and some very interesting Umbelliferae were obtained there.
The entire month of July was spent in Routt County, at Egeria Park
and Steamboat Springs, and at these places about three hundred
and fifty species were recorded—not including Gramineae, Juncaceae
and Cyperaceae, the many species of these three orders being yet
undetermined. The final collections of the season were made dur-
ing a few days in the month of August, at Crested Butte, in the Elk
Mountains.
It will be plain from the foregoing, that the many additions made to
our flora were secured in consequence of collecting in little visited lo-
calities, or at earlier seasons than the visits made by other botanists.
I wish to acknowledge my debt to Mr. J. N. Rose for determina-
tions of Umbelliferae, to Dr. Sereno Watson for valuable assistance,
and to Mr. T. S. Brandegee for needed advice and help.
1.    Clematis verticillaris DC. In fruit at Steamboat Springs.
2.     Myosurus aristatus Benth.    Under sage brush, Mancos.
3.    Ranunculus occidentalis  Nutt,   var.   tenellus Gray.
In a grove of Pinus contoria, bordering a stream, Steamboat Springs.
4.    Aquilegia ecalcarata.    Perennial, a foot or two high;
pubescent, with soft spreading hairs: leaves triternate on long slen-
der petioles andpetiolules; segments 10-15 mm- long-, thin, cuneate,
usually somewhat 3-lobed: flowers apparently white;   petals  and
sepals lanceolate, about the same length (15 mm.) and hardly dis-
tinguishable, the sepals with a stout basal midvein, and somewhat
thickened at tip, the petals barely saccate at base: sterile filaments
Flora of Colorado.
227
united into a tube, anthers short, oblong: styles elongated; capsule
reticulated, 12-15 mm. long; seeds brown, smooth with ventral
angle: embryo very minute at the base of the copious albumen.
This remarkable species was collected in southwestern Colorado
by Mr. Alfred Wetherill. He writes that it grew in damp alkaline
localities under shady cliffs and that the flowers were very fragrant.
5.    Delphinium scaposum Greene.    Found blooming at Man-
cos in June; appearing about the time the common D. bicolor was
going to seed.
6.    Argemone hispida Gray.    This has apparently been con-
fused with Argemoneplatyceras Link & Otto.    It is very different,
and both are found in the same localities, Pueblo and Morrison.   At
Denver A. hispida is not found while A. platyceras is common.
7.     Draba  Fladnizensis  Wulf.    Parlins,   Gunnison  Connty,
June, 1889.
8.    Draba Caroliniana Walt. var.  micrantha Gray.    The
specimens have purplish sepals and no petals.    Grand Junction and
Mancos.
9.    Arabis longirostris Watson.    On the mesa, across the
Gunnison River, near Grand Junction.
10.    Arabis Holbcellii Hornem.   With the preceding.
11.    Thelypodium ambiguum Watson. Grand Junction.   Com-
mon.
12.    Thelypodium aureum.    Biennial, j4-i m. high, branch-
ing diffusely from the base, the lower part of the stem sparsely
retrorse, hairy; whole plant glaucous, leafy to the raceme: radical
leaves oblanceolate, dentate, on margined petioles; cauline sessile
ovate,  auriculate,   clasping,   acuminate  entire:   sepals  and  petals
bright yellow; petals  J/z  longer than  the sepals,  cuneate-oblong
above  the  broad claw: pods (immature)  very slender, 4-5   cm.
long, with a stipe 4-6 mm. long, numerous on the 8-15 cm. long
raceme: seeds oval, cotyledons,apparently incumbent.—Durango.
This differs from Thelypodium in the color of its flowers, but in
all else seems to agree.
13.    Stanleya albescens Jones.   My specimens differ from the
type as described, in the leaves being all lyrate except those from
the root, which are pinnately parted into 10 to 14 broad oval entire
228
Flora of Colorado.
[zoe
divisions; the dense raceme often nearly a foot long' and peduncu-
late, the claws of the petals and the filaments too are quite woolly.
These are unimportant differences and are due to locality probably.
It grew on the vertical banks of the Grand River, opposite Grand
Junction.
14.    Brassica campestris L.    Morrison, introduced.
15.    Thlaspi  arvense   L.    At Silverton in   the   San Juan
Mountains, along the railroad; introduced evidently.
16.    Lepidium draba L.    Introduced at Grand Junction.
17.    Viola striata Ait.    Durango, along the banks of an al-
kaline stream.
18.    Viola blanda, Willd.    In damp, shady spots, Steamboat
Springs.
19.    Polygala subspinosa Watson.    On the Gunnison Mesa,
near Grand Junction.
20.    Portulaca pilosa L.    Summit  of the Grand  Canon of
the Arkansas, a few miles above Canon City.
21.    Malvastrum Munroanum Gray.    Orchard Mesa, Grand
Junction.
22.    Flcerkea proserpinacoides Gray.    Steamboat Springs.
Mr. Brandegee also found this in Gunnison County.
23.    Glossopetalon   spinescens Gray.     On the   Gunnison
mesa, near  Grand Junction; found  also  by Mr.  Brandegee near
Hovenweep Castle in southwestern Colorado.
24.    Lupinus Burkei Watson.    Durango and Crested Butte.
25.    Trifolium Plummer^e  Watson.    In  flower and fruit at
Mancos in May, and at Egeria Park in July with only leaves.   ~
26.    Trifolium dasyphyllum T. & G.    A variety without in-
volucre from the La Plata mountains.
27.    Astragalus flavus  Gray.    Mancos  and  Durango.    It
has the odor of carrion common also to A. Paltcrsoni, A. Hay-
denianus and A. Grayi.
28.    Astragalus Grayi Parry.    A single plant near Steam-
boat Springs.
29     Hedysarum boreale Nutt    This is not uncommon in the
La Plata and San Juan mountains of southwestern Colorado.
-VOL.  II.]
Flora of Colorado.
30.    Apios tuberosa  Moench.    Denver, along the Platte.    It
may be introduced.
31.    Crat^egus coccinea L.    This was recorded also by Mr.
Brandegee from southwestern Colorado.
32.    Cratvegus Douglasii  Lindl.    At Morrison, in the foot-
hills west of Denver.
33.    Ammania latifolia L.    Along the Platte near Denver.
34.    CEnothera heteranthera  Nutt.    Steamboat Springs.
35.    QEnothera triloba Nutt. ?    Bear Creek, near Denver.
36.    QEnothera scapoidea Nutt.    A form with entire leaves,
from Grand Junction.
37.     Orogenia linearifolia Watson.    At Mancos and Steanv
boat Springs; named " turkey peas," from the roots.
38.    Carum ---------.    Called " Yampa" by the Utes.    Its great
abundance along the valley of the Yampa, or Bear River, gave the
name to the stream.    Fruit not ripe enough for determination.
39.    Oreoxis  humilis  Raf.    In dense mats on sandstone hills
bare of all other vegetation,     Egeria Park.
40.    Osmorrhiza   occidentalis   Torr.     Common   in   Routt
County.
41.     Ligusticum tencjifolium Watson.    Rare along Walton
Creek, Routt County.
42.^ Angelica Wheeleri Watson. Mr. Rose says that it
differs slightly from the typical form found by Lieutenant Wheeler
in Utah.    This grew at Crested Butte.
43.    Cymopterus Fendleri Gray.    Mancos and Grand Junc-
tion.
44.     Cymopterus montanus F. & G. var.    A tall form found
at Durango and Grand Junction; possibly a new species.
45.     Cymopterus purpure.us Watson.    Durango and Mancos,
generally under Pimis edidis.
46.     Cymopterus   glaucus  Nutt?    Growing on  rocky hill-
sides at Egeria Park and Steamboat Springs.
47.     Peucedanum Grayi C. & R.    Common at Durango.and
Mancos, in adobe soil.
230
Flora of Colorado.
[zoe
48.    Peucedanum Parryi Watson ?    One very poor specimen
from the Gunnison mesa near Grand Junction.
49.    Peucedanum macrocarpum  Nutt.     Egeria Park.   Not
common.
50.    Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. var. Considered a distinct
species by Mr. Rose.    Common at Steamboat Springs.
51.    Leptot;enia   multifida    Gray.     Durango,   Steamboat
Springs and Crested Butte.
52.    Galium   Brandegei   Gray.    Banks of the Rio  Grande,
above Wagon Wheel Gap.    This locality is in Colorado, and not
in New Mexico, as stated in the Synoptical Flora.
53.    Brickellia linifolia Eaton, southwestern Colorado, by
Mr. Brandegee.    My specimen came from the Gunnison mesa near
Grand Junction.
54.    Aplopappus   racemosus  Torr.    A  form  with prostrate
branching stems, growing at Steamboat Springs.
55.    Aplopappus   armerioides  Gray.    Also   found   by Mr.
Brandegee.    Common in southwestern Colorado.
56.    Aplopappus gracilis Gray.     In southwestern Colorado,
where Mr. Brandegee also found it.
57.    Townsendia strigosa Nutt.    Mancos and Durango.
58.    Aster Wrightii Gray, var.    Grand Junction.
59.    Erigeron argentatus  Gray.    Near  Grand Junction on
the Gunnison mesa.
60.    Lepachys tagetes Gray.    Denver.
61.   Encelia nutans.   Heads solitary, eradiate; involucral scales
in 2-3 series, the inner much longer, all tapering from a broad base,
densely hispid on the outer surface, the midnerve prominent on the
inner face; scales of the receptacle conduplicate, thin, scarious be-
low, 3-nerved on each side, abruptly contracted into a green hispid
tip; receptacle convex, alveolate: flowers scarcely exceeding the in-
volucre; corollas pale yellow, cylindrical, abruptly contracted into
the proper tube: akenes 8 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, as long as
the corolla, notched at apex, villous on both surfaces and villous-
ciliate on the narrow margin; pappus none.
Perennial, a foot or less in height, from an erect, woody rootstock,
showing the scars of former stems, sub-acaulescent with two to four
very short branches at base; whole plant hispid-scabrous.    Leaves
VOL. II.]
Flora of Colorado.
231
clustered, oval or obovate, entire, 3-5 nerved, 2-4 cm. long, on
margined petioles exceeding their own length. Scapose peduncles
12-20 cm. long.    Heads deflexed in fruit.
Collected May 17, 1891, on Orchard Mesa, Grand Junction, Colo-
rado, in gravelly soil, which was being continually washed down from
the ridges above.
62.    Thelesperma subnudum Gray.    Pueblo and Grand Junc-
tion.
63.    Bahia nudicaulis Gray.    Grand Junction, on the Gunni-
son mesa.
64.    Ch^nactis stevioides Hook. & Arn.    Grand Junction.
65.    Ch/enactis  scaposa.     Csespitose,   stem 6-8  cm.   high,
branching underground from a perennial, woody root; whole plant
hirsute-canescent; leaves all radical, simple, from oblong to orbicu-
lar, 8-12 mm. long on petioles equaling them or twice as long; blade
coriaceous, acute or obtuse, entire or crenate; margins revolute;
lower surface densely covered with appressed white hairs; upper
surface impressed-punctate and sparingly hirsute:   heads  15 mm.
high and broad: involucral scales linear-oblong, obtuse, about 12
arranged in two series, densely pubescent externally, glabrous and
marked by prominent nerves within; the inner series longer with
reddish scarious margined tips: lobes of flesh-colored corolla equal:
stamens included: style tips broad: akenes clavate, densely villous;
pappus of eight nearly equal, hyaline scales one-half the length of
the akene, with prominent midrib and erose tips.
This was found May 17, 1891, growing on the mesa across the
Gunnison River, near Grand Junction, Colorado. It grew in sandy,
washed places, and seemed disposed to form mats. It differs from
typical Chaenactis chiefly in the simple leaves, prominent midvein
of the palae, and scapose inflorescence. It might perhaps repre-
sent a new genus, but it seems better to regard it as an aberrant
species of Chaenactis. The punctate leaves separate it clearly from
any form of Bahia.
66.    Tetradymia spinosa Hook. & Arn.    Grand Junction and
Mancos.
67.    Malacothrix Torreyi Gray.    Grand Junction.
68.    Lygodesmia   grandiflora   T.   &  G.     Mancos, Grand
Junction, Glenwood Springs.
232
Flora of Colorado.
[zoe
69.    Troximon   gracilens   Gray.      Walton   Creek,    Routt
County.
70.     Lactuca Canadensis L.    Palmer Lake.    Mr. Brandegee
reported it from near Canon City.    Introduced.
71.    Lactuca leucoph/ea Gray.    Steamboat Springs.
72.    Heterocodon   rariflorum  Nutt.    Steamboat Springs,
rare.
73.    Bryanthus  empetriformis  Gray.    Grizzly Gulch near
Gray's Peak, July, 1888.
74.     Pyrola picta Smith.    Palmer Lake, rare.
75.    Chimaphila umbellata Nutt.     Steamboat Springs.
76.    Fraxinus anomala  Torr.    At  Grand Junction  and  on
Mesa Verde.    Mr. Brandegee reported it also  from southwestern
Colorado.
77.    Asclepias cryptoceras Watson.    Grand Junction on the
Gunnison mesa.
78.    Eustoma Russelianum Griseb.    This may have been in-
troduced at Denver.    The low moist ground where it grew is now
filled up.
79.    Frasera albomarginata Watson.    Mesa Verde;  found
also by Mr. Brandegee.              j                             .
80.    Gilia polycladon Torr.    Grand Junction.
81.    Gilia Harknessii   Curran.    Steamboat  Springs.     Com-
mon under sage brush.
82.    Gilia Gunnisoni T. & G.    Near the Mancos River.
83.     Gilia leptomeria Gray.    Grand Junction.
84.    Gilia grandiflora Gray.    Mesa Verde.
85.    Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl.    Common at Steam-
boat Springs, where it is used as greens; called " bear's cabbage."
86.    Nemophila breyiflora Gray.    Steamboat Springs.
87.     Phacelia Ivesiana Torr.    Grand Junction.
88.    Echinospermum deflexum Lehm.    Mesa Verde.
89.    Krynitzkia leucoph^ea A. DC.    On the Gunnison mesa,
near Grand Junction.
90.    Cuscuta californica Choisy.   Steamboat Springs.
91.    Datura meteloides DC.    Abundant in southwest Col-
VOL. II.]
Flora of Colorado.
233
orado, growing in the loose soil about the base of cliffs far distant
from any present habitation.
92.    Verbascum Thapsus L.    Introduced by freighters into
the Animas Canon not far from Durango.
93.    Mimulus moschatus Dougl.   Steamboat Springs.    Odor
of musk quite strong.
94.    Orthocarpus purpureo-albus Gray.    Common through
southwest Colorado, where Mr. Brandegee also found it.
95.    Pedicularis   centranthera   Gray.     Under Juniperus
occide?italis.   Mr. Brandegee recorded it, but was unable to obtain
either flowering or fruiting specimens.
96.    Calamintha clinopodium  Benth.    Steamboat Springs,
near a hot sulphur spring.
97.    Marrubium vulgare L.   Introduced near Durango.
98.    Abronia  turbinata  Watson.     Orchard   Mesa.   Grand
Junction.
99.    Atriplex truncata Watson.   Grand Junction, in August.
100.    Atriplex corrugata Watson, n. sp.   ined.
101.    Salsola Kali L.    Recently introduced along U. P. R. R.
track near Denver.
102.    Grayia polygaloides Hook. & Arn.    Grand Junction.
103.    Arceuthobium Douglasii Engelm.   This.species is not
uncommon on Pseudotsuga in western Colorado.
104.    Allium tribracteatum Torr.    Steamboat Springs.
105.    Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt.    Mancos.
106.    Sparganium minimum Bauhin.    Steamboat Springs.
107.    Lemna trisulca L.    In a meadow near Walton Creek,
Routt County.
108.    Lemna polyrrhiza L.    Same locality as above.
109.    Aspidium lonchitis Swartz.    Elk Mountains.
110.    Cystopteris Montana Bernh.    On Mt. Princeton of the
Sawatch Range.
in.    Botrychium ternatum Swartz.    Steamboat Springs.
112.    Equisetum hiemale L.    Steamboat Springs.
113.    Marsilia vestita H. & G.    In a meadow near Walton
Creek.
MARIPOSA COUNTY AS A BOTANICAL DISTRICT.
BY J.   W.   CONGDON.
The botanical importance of Mariposa County depends upon two
circumstances: ist, that it is a fair representative of the mining and
foothill counties west of the main chain of the Sierras, holding what
may be considered an average position between the perpetual snows
and heavy forest growths of Shasta in the north and the hot and
comparatively low summits of the extreme south; 2dly, that con-
taining, as it does, the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of
Big Trees, this county, or rather the mountain portion of it, has
been largely visited and explored by botanists from all parts of the
world. For that reason, I do not propose here to refer with any
great particularity of detail to a region that has been so fully de-
scribed. I shall, therefore, devote more space and attention to the
less familiar portions of the county.
The County of Mariposa, according to its general topographical
features, may be considered as divided into about five zones or
belts, each having its peculiar physical character and special vegeta-
tion, the differences depending principally upon the altitude and
distance from the main chain. The " Plains," such as we see them
in the central portions of Merced and other counties of the San
Joaquin Valley, barely touch us on the western border and are not
here recognized as forming a separate district, as they would have
to be in such counties as Merced and Fresno.
Omitting, then, all separate reference to such scanty portions of
the plain-land as we possess, the five zones above mentioned are:
the lower or unwooded foothills, the wooded foothills, the coniferous
or evergreen belt, the subalpine region and the alpine summits.
To these the valleys and canons formed by the streams in their
descent from the high, mountains to the plains below, of which the
most noteworthy examples are the great Yosemite Valley, on the
main Merced river, and the smaller Valley of the South Fork, at
Wawona, and Hite's Cove, may be added as a sixth region, com-
bining at least in their upper portions the floras of the different
zones through which they pass.
The unwooded foothills form the first outwork of the great chain
of the Sierras, here nearly eighty miles wide on its western side.
These foothills consist of irregularly grouped masses of more or
Botany of Mariposa.
235
less rounded hills, which rise at times almost to mountains and are
covered principally with thin grass. The intervening valleys and
the more gentle slopes form the principal agricultural portion of the
county, but the natural vegetation of the district is very limited in
species and consists mostly of common Californian forms. The only
trees are a few scattered post oaks (Quercus Dozcglasii) or an occa-
sional water oak (Q. lobata). This tract extends from the county
line to beyond Hornitos on the east.
Then the hills begin to grow steeper and higher, the valleys nar-
rower, the canons and ravines more precipitous, and we enter the
second zone or the wooded foothills. Here the hills are or would
be almost anywhere else mountains, some of them, like Mt. Bullion,
rising to over 5,000 feet. For the most part they are densely cov-
ered with "chaparral" or "brush," as the Eastern people call itr
though the north sides of the hills and the banks of the streams
originally at least displayed a good growth of large timber. The
scattered post oaks become larger and more abundant. The live
oak (Q. Wislizeni) becomes conspicuous on the dry hill-sides while
the black oak (Q. Kelloggii) is frequent and attains a good size in
favorable spots; but it is the chaparral which principally covers the
mountain sides of this region, and which gives character to hundreds
of square miles. Nothing can be more rough, more repulsive, more
inhospitable than these mountains, mere huge, dry masses of chap-
arral-covered rocks and clay slopes, through which the Merced and
its branches force their way in the lower part of their course within
our limits. This chapparal consists of a few kinds of gregarious,
mostly evergreen shrubs, such as the chemisal (Ade?iostoma)
which alone covers many thousand acres. With this are associated
the manzanitas (Arctostaphylos tomentosa, ptmgens and glaztca)
and the buckthorn ( Ceanothus cuneatus) the latter perhaps the most
troublesome obstacle to the clearing of agricultural land that we
have. Scrubby forms of the live, post and black oaks form in
many places a portion of the tangled mass. Frequently the buck-
eye (sEsculus Californica) appears, the deerbrush (Ceayiothus di-
varicahis), the flowering ash (Fraxinus dipetala), the small mount-
ain mahogany ( Cercocarpzis parvifolius) are not rare. Along the
streams the Syringa (Philadelphus Lewisii) and the California
strawberry tree ( Calycantlms occidentalis) are especially noticeable.
In this zone the coniferous trees first appear.    The yellow pines
236                              Utah Plants.                             [zoe
(Pi?ws po7iderosa) were once abundant, but now for the most part
only young trees survive, the larger wood of all the accessible country
having been cut off during the mining period. At present the bull
pine or nut pine (P. Sabiniana) has largely taken the place of the
yellow pines and of the oaks cut down by the miners, and is in
many localities the prevailing tree.
Occasionally, in sheltered spots (in this country sheltered means
sheltered from the sun), the golden cup or mountain live oak (Q.
chrysophylla) attains considerable size, but is always inferior to its
splendid growth in the next zone above. Beside the streams, great
alders (Almis rhombifolia), often 60 feet high and a foot in di-
ameter, surprise the Eastern men, who have been accustomed to
think of alders as only large enough for bean poles. With them
grow the tree willows (Salix Icsvigaia) and occasionally (S. nigra).
The varied and often interesting herbaceous vegetation of this
zone I must reserve for another occasion.
NEW SPECIES AND NOTES OF UTAH PLANTS.
BY  MARCUS   E.  JONES.
Stanleya elata Jones, has been reported by F. V. Coville as
far west as the Inyo Mountains in California.
Lepidium alyssoides differs from L. montanum only in being
perennial, and as the southern forms are perennial and the northern
ones are not, I see no reason to keep up the species.
Cleome lutea Hooker. In my specimens from the Moencop-
pa, Northern Arizona, the stipe is 3-16 inch long and the pedicel
7-16 inch long; the stipe is glutinous-hairy, seeds very warty on
the back, and pod an inch long.
Cleomella Palmerana. Annual, erect and widely branching
from the base, 2 to 10 inches high, glabrous throughout; leaflets 3,
oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronate, petiole one inch or less long;
bracts of earlier spikes often leaflike, simple, as large as the leaves
and like them, and as long petioled. Flowers axillary and single, as
well as spicate; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, reflexed in fruit; spicate
flowers subtended by minute subulate bracts, which are attenuated
into hairs, these bracts are also surrounded at base by 2 to 4 hair-
VOL.  II.]
Utah Plants.
237
like scales; sepals ovate or lanceolate, about yi the length of the
petals; petals 2 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, veiny, orange-
yellow, tipped with deep red in the bud, fading to light yellow with
a white border; stipe one line long; fruit nearly truncate at top,
with a triangular base, 4 to 5 lines wide and 2 to 2^ lines high,
partition obovate, style y% line long, seeds ovate, spotted, smooth,
several in each cell; stamens slightly exceeding the petals.
Green River, Utah, May 9, 1890. Dedicated to General Wm.
J. Palmer, than whom there is no one more interested in the scien-
tific researches in Utah, or who has shown his interest in a more
substantial way.
Cerastium alpinum, L., var. Behringianum, Regel. My speci-
mens of this plant from the Uinta Mountains, in Utah, are glandular
and not "silky hirsute." These specimens were collected on La
Motte Peak, August 11, 1888.
Petalostemon Searlsi^e Gray. I suppose this is the name of
the plant which I collected in Southern Utah and Arizona in 1890.
It is perennial with shrubby lower stems, obovate to oblong-
lanceolate leaflets, branched like Hosackia Wrightii, petals oblance-
olale.
I have seen what seems to be Adolphia infesta Meisner, from
Northern Arizona, at Lee's Ferry. It has leaves 4 to 8 lines long,
linear-oblanceolate, not at all mucronate, proper petiole absent
or not over y^. a line long, stems densely pubescent with hairs
which stand straight out from the stems, leaves with some pubes-
cence though less dense, branches opposite only by accident.
Astragalus Coltoni. This belongs to the section Homolobi
Watson, and is allied to filipes and lancearius. 1 to 2 feet high,
many-stemmed from a thick woody root, branching at the base, erect
or ascending; lower stipules scarious and connate, upper ones tri-
angular, small and green, more or less united; leaves 2 to 4 inches
long, petiole an inch long; leaflets about 3 pairs, distant, broadly
linear, sometimes linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, uppermost leaves often
reduced to the long, almost filiform rachis, which is generally broad-
ened at the tip into the lanceolate terminal leaflet, and is therefore
not articulated with the rachis; stems, and particularly the very long
(6 to 12 inches) peduncle sulcate; young leaves ashy, otherwise the
238
Utah Plants.
[zoe
whole plant is almost glabrous up to the flowers; raceme 2 to 6
inches long; flowers scattered, spreading, reflexed in fruit; pedicels
Yo, line long, black-hairy, 1 line long in fruit; calyx gibbous, black
at base and nigrescent above with short black hairs, 3 lines long,
cylindric-campanulate, teeth minute, subulate, 4 to 5 times shorter
than the tube; flowers red-purple, about the color of Hedysarum
Mackenzii; banner ^ longer than the keel; wings 1 to 2 lines longer
than the keel; pods linear-oblanceolate, reticulated, chartaceous,
very smooth and flat, very acute at both ends, nearly straight, i~$4
to 2 lines wide, reflexed but seldom pendent, neither suture thick-
ened ; stipe twice to thrice the length of the calyx.
This plant differs from A. lancearitis Gray, in the stipitate and
narrow pods, minute calyx teeth, flowers, stipules, etc. It differs
from A.filipes Torrey, in the red-purple flowers, very short pedicels,
calyx tube, and shorter teeth.
This grows in the canons of the Coal range at Castle Gate, on the
eastern side, on talus. Collected June 22, 1889, in fruit, and May
ii, 1890, in flower. Named for W. F. Colton, long identified
with that region.
Astragalus asclepiadoides. Stems stout, single or clustered
from a woody root, 1^ to 2 feet high, erect or ascending, generally
simple, glabrous and glaucous throughout except the minute scattered
black hairs on the calyx; stipules very broadly-triangular, thin;
petiole none, or only 1 line long and very flat; leaflet one, orbicular-
ovate, cordate^ obtuse or retuse, entire, veiny, thick and almost leath-
ery, resembling those of Asdepias cryptoceras^ 2^ by 2 inches, the
internodes are shorter than the leaves so that the latter overlap,
leaves scarcely reduced upwards; spikes very short (1 inch long),
6 to 8-flowered, arising from the axils of most of the leaves and
equaling or slightly surpassing them; bracts ovate, acute, a line
long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, stout; calyx slightly gibbous, cyl-
indric, hyaline, white or ochroleucous, with a few black hairs, 5 lines
long; teeth triangular, less than a line long, black-hairy; upper side
of calyx cleft deeper than the lower, and- the teeth also somewhat
unequal; corolla ochroleucous with a purple spot at tip of keel,
about twice as long as the calyx, wings barely exceeding the keel,
and the banner a line or two longer; flowers erect; pods one-celled,
elliptical or oblong-ovate, barely acute, coriaceous, nearly round in
cross-section, both sutures slightly thickened internally, the dorsal
vol.. ii.]                          Utah Plants.                                    239
suture impressed sufficiently to make the pod narrowly sulcate,
many-seeded, hardly an inch long- and 6 lines wide; stipe 6 to 10
lines long. This is an anomaly in the genus so far as American
plants are concerned, but I cannot convince myself that it is a new
genus or anything but an Astragalus. The leaves and general ap-
pearance of the plant resemble the glaucous round leaved species of
Asclepias; the flowers resemble those of Hosackia Torreyi collect-
ively, and individually those of A. Drzimmondi. I propose a new
section, Packyphylla, for this plant, characterized by thick unifoliate
leaves and one-celled, stipitate pods.
This grows on sand-bars along the Price River, in Eastern Utah,
elevation 5,000 feet. It was first collected by me in flower and fruit
in September, 1888, and also at Green River, Utah, along the river,
in flower, on June 21, 1889.
Astragalus sabulosus. Many stemmed from a thick woody
root, less than a foot high, stout, ashy pubescent throughout; young
leaves silvery, older ones glabrate; stems and peduncles nearly
smooth, sulcate; stipules large, broadly triangular, lower barely
free; lower leaves very small, 1 ^ to 2^ inches long, the petiole an
inch long, sulcate, the leaflets 2 to 3 lines long, obovate or rounded,
obtuse, 3 to 4 pairs; upper leaves 3 to 4 inches long, leaflets obovate-
cuneate to almost diamond shaped; the broader ones obtuse and
apiculate and the others acute, not exceeding an inch long by 5 lines
wide; peduncles 3 to 4 inches long, loosely 4 to 8 flowered; bracts a
line or two long, equaling the black-villous stout pedicels, calyx
nigrescent with black hairs, hyaline, cylindric-campanulate, 6 lines
by 3 lines, teeth subulate and % the length of the calyx; corolla
ochroleucous, twice as long as the calyx, keel and wings equal, the
banner x/i longer, keel darker tipped, flowers reflexed; pod barely
stipitate, nearly 2 inches long by 6 lines wide, straight one-celled,
very abruptly acute, contracted at base, thick, coriaceous, minutely
pubescent and hoary when young, neither suture impressed nor
conspicuously thickened. Allied to A. Pattersoni and A.procerus;
differing from the former in the blunt, large, almost sessile, pubes-
cent pods, short calyx-teeth, few and broad leaflets, large stipules,
and low habit; and from the latter in its low habit, large stipules,
few leaflets, few flowers, shorter and narrower calyx-teeth, and
larger pod.
I
T
240                               Utah Plants.                             [zoe
Collected May 2, 1890, at Cisco, Utah, on gravelly soil near
Grand River.
Astragalus bisulcatus and Haydenianus are two species
that I have studied much, and have come to the conclusion that
they are hardly distinct. The only characters that hold still are the
light colored flowers and the slender habit as distinguishing Hay-
denianus from bisulcatus. I doubt not that these will disappear
with further study, or rather search; until that time comes, however,
it will be best to keep up the species. The two varieties given be-
low will be useful till the species is superseded.
Characters common to both bisulcatus and Haydenianus. Plants
perennial from a woody root, many stemmed, 2 to 3 feet high,
branching toward the top; lower stipules connate and scarious, up-
per broadly triangular and acute; stems, petioles and peduncles
grooved; leaflets when fully developed nearly or quite an inch long;
pedicels hairy, 2 lines long; calyx saccate, cleft on the upper side,
hyaline, ochroleucous, lobes subulate, unequal; flowers with a very
strong snake-like odor, horizontal, reflexed or pendent in fruit; keel
purple tipped; banner veined below; pods semi-circular in cross-
section, deeply bisulcate on the ventral side, ventral suture prom-
inent, pod more or less rugulose-veiny; stipe as long as the calyx;
proper peduncles equaling the leaves; spikes elongating in fruit.
Astragalus bisulcatus Gray. Stout, nearly erect; leaflets
broadly to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, often apiculate, less than an
inch long, 8 to 13 pairs; plant minutely pubescent even to the
pods, but stipe glabrous and pedicels strigose; bracts 2 lines long,
ovate-acuminate; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; calyx 2 lines long and
wide exclusive of the lobes, lobes 1 to 1% lines long; flowers
purple, 6 lines long; wings y2 line longer than the keel; banner 1 line
longer than the keel and erect; pod narrowly oblong, quite acute at
tip and obtuse at base, straight, 6 by 2 lines long and wide; spikes
dense in flower; peduncles longer than the leaves.
Astragalus Haydenianus Gray. (This will become A. bisul-
catus var. Haydenianus when merged into that species). Typical
form. Slender stems erect; pubescence ashy; calyx-teeth much
shorter than the tube; flowers 3 to 4 lines long, white, pods rugu-
lose-veiny transversely; spikes elongated, virgate; pods oval, very
obtuse at both ends, 2 to 4 seeded.    This abounds in southwestern
VOL. II.]
Utah Plants.
241
Colorado and northward to the Grand River, and doubtless occurs
in eastern Utah south of the Uinta mountains.
Astragalus Haydenianus Gray var. major. Subdecumbent
or nearly erect; leaflets 7 to 9 pairs, narrowly elliptical to linear-
lanceolate, very obtuse, apiculate; whole plant nearly glabrous, but
pods more pubescent and pedicels villous; bracts narrowly lance-
olate, acuminate, longer than the pedicels; calyx deeply cleft, i}4
lines wide and long, exclusive of the lobes, with scattered black
hairs and black-ciliate throat; lobes with a deltoid base and 1J/2
lines long or less; flowers 6lines long, cream-white; banner ascend-
ing; claws of wings conspicuous; flowers twice as narrow as A.
bisulcatus; pods spreading but seldom pendent, narrowly oblong-
elliptical, rugulose-veiny, straight, or generally curved, 5 lines long
by i]4 lines wide, shortly acute at both ends, ventral groove not so
deep and the dorsal also a little impressed.
Collected June 20, 1890, in flower and fruit at Johnson, south-
ern Utah, on alkaline flats, or meadows.
Astragalus Haydenianus Gray, var. Nevadensis. Tall, 2
to 3 feet high; leaflets 8 to 10 pairs, obovate to ovate-oblong, very
obtuse or retuse; whole plant nearly glabrous, but calyx and young
pods pubescent with white hairs; bracts rather broadly lanceolate
and scarcely acute, shorter than the shortly-white-villous 2-line-long
pedicels; calyx a little over a line long and wide exclusive of the
lobes; lobes nearly equal in length and shorter than the tube; flowers
4 lines long and 1 line wide, nearly white, subverticillate and very
numerous, soon reflexed; banner reflexed, shorter; wings scarcely
equaling the keel; pod not evidently rugulose, short-pubescent,
about 5-seeded, papery, nearly or wholly pendent, barely acute at
each end, elliptical, 4 lines long and 2 lines wide, or smaller; proper
peduncles barely as long as the leaves; spikes very long and slen-
der, often 8 inches long.
Collected June 14, 1882, at Palisade, Nevada, in Meadows. I
distributed this as " Astralagus n. sp.?" in my sets of 1882.
Astragalus argillosus. Allied toA.flavus. Csespitose; root
short-lived, perennial or biennial; stems 1 to 8 inches long, ascend-
ing; whole plant 6 to 12 inches high, hoary throughout with close-
pressed, rather long hairs; stipules connate, large, with long subu-
late tips; peduncles subscapiform, as long as the leaves; leaves 2 to
242
Utah Plants.
[zoe
4 inches long, petiole grooved, 1 to 2 inches long; leaflets 4 to 6
pairs, narrowly to oblong-linear, acute or apiculate, greener than
the rest of the plant, r to 1^ lines long; spikes short and very-
dense, 1 to 2 inches long, erect; flowers almost sessile; bracts as
long as the calyx and lobes, subulate lanceolate, green but with a
few scattered, long, spreading hairs on the back, and with many on
the edge; calyx short-campanulate, less than 2 lines long; lobes 4
lines long, subulate from a broad base, calyx white with very long
appressed hairs, which toward the top and on the lobes are widely
spreading, flat and twisted, and with a pustulate base, making the
calyx lobes resemble the sepals of some shaggy species of Krynitz-
kia—the hairs are, however, soft; corolla short; keel purple-tipped,
about equaling the calyx lobes; wings a line longer ; the banner 2
lines longer, purple, broad, dark-striate toward the top ; pod strictly
sessile, white with long appressed hairs, ovate or oval, scarcely
equaling the calyx lobes, blunt but apiculate, obcompressed till the
cross-section at base is almost linear, dorsal suture being deeply im-
pressed at base, and very prominent toward the tip, pod flat on the
bottom and ventral suture inconspicuous, pod i-celled. The spikes
resemble some species of Oxytropis, but the keel is very blunt and
short. This plant differs from A.flavtcs in the shaggy calyx, purple
flowers, short sessile pods, and long calyx lobes.
May 9, 1890, at Green River, Utah, on clayey soil.
Astragalus confertiforus Gray, was improperly raised to
specific rank by Dr. Gray. It should remain as the var. candicans
Gray of A.flavus, for I have abundant specimens with the light yel-
low flowers of A. flavus and a varying pod connecting it with A.
fiavus.    June 2, 1890, at Cisco, Eastern Utah.
Astragalus Wardi Gray, is a good species, and is perennial
and not annual. I collected it near where Ward found it, at Pan-
guitch, Utah, on June 24, 1890.    It grows on gravelly soil.
Astragalus Sileranus. Perennial; stems many, 2 to 3 feet
high, weak, straggling upward among the bushes like Vicia Amer-
icana; whole plant whitened with hairs standing straight out from
the surface of the leaves, etc.; nodes long; leaves 3 to 4 inches long,
with a very short (^ inch) petiole; leaflets about 9 pairs, about 8
lines long, oblanceolate or oblong, with a contracted base and a
generally deeply notched apex, sometimes truncate; stipules trian-
VOL.  Il]
Utah Plants.
243
gular, rather large, connate only at base; peduncles 3 inches long,
slender, spreading at right angles to the stem, or nearly so; flowers
subcapitate, 10 to 15, sessi.le, light yellow, small, less than 4 lines
long; calyx 2 lines long, campanulate, equaling the subulate lobes
which come within 2 lines of the length of the flowers; flowers with
keel nearly straight and dark tipped; banner and wings but little
longer than keel; pods not reflexed, sessile, purple-spotted, short-
pubescent, apiculate, oval, 8 lines long, inflated, chartaceous, cross-
section nearly round, dorsal suture inflexed nearly a line deep,
ventral scarcely any, neither suture thickened, pod i-celled, straight,
generally only one or two maturing on a peduncle.
This plant has the habit of A. humislratus, and is very readily
mistaken for it. The pods resemble those of A. Jilifolhcs, var.
pictus. It belongs near to the Lotiflori. Collected by me on June
23, 1890, in Sink Valley, southern Utah, at about 7,000 feet alti-
tude, among the underbrush along the road. I take pleasure in
dedicating it to my friend, A. L. Siler, who has labored under the
greatest difficulties in collecting the flora of that inhospitable region,
and who, though he has never seen this plant, has collected many
rare and some new species, and has never had due recognition.
Astragalus desperatus. Qespitose from a woody root,
strigose-pubescent throughout; stipules large, free, ovate to orbi-
cular, scarious, densely imbricated on the very short stems which
afterwards elongate somewhat, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, petioles
about an inch long, earliest leaves generally small and leaflets 1 to
4 lines long, oval to orbicular, later leaflets from obovate and obtuse
to narrowly lanceolate and very acute at both ends, seldom exceed-
ing 6 lines long, often much less, about 7 pairs: peduncles exceed-
ing the leaves, occasionally 6 inches long, scapose, many flowered;
flowers subcapitate at first, later they are racemose, nearly sessile
(pedicel much shorter than the ovate bract which is 2 lines long),
soon reflexed, purple, 6 lines long; wings slightly exceeding the
very blunt, straight keel; banner broad, a line longer than the keel,
deep-purple as well as the keel and wings, erect, conspicuously
veined at the top; pod sessile, reflexed, thin-chartaceous, falcate,
acute, about 6 lines long, triangular in cross-section, base cordate
by the intrusion of the ventral suture, 4 lines broad, long-hairy.
Allied to the Inflati. The flowers and general appearance suggest
forcibly Oxylropis Lamberti.
244
Utah Plants.
[zoe
This grows in the sand along" or near Grand River, in eastern
Utah. Collected May 2, 1890. The name indicates the state of
mind a person is in who tries to invent a. name for a new species of
this immense genus without getting one already occupied.
Psoralea castorea Watson and C. mephitica Watson, are
identical, I think, as the characters given for mephitica all appear on
plants with the same root as P. castorea. These plants seem to grow
in large patches and the thickened roots go straight down several
feet and then branch off horizontally and appear to be all con-
nected.    I will add more about this Psoralea at another time.
Cercocarpus ledifolius Nuttall. Since I became convinced
that the C. intricatus of Watson was only a form of this species,
some ten years ago, I have been specially interested in this genus,
and last year I erected a new species in it. This year I have
. had the best of opportunities for an extensive study of the genus
in western Utah and eastern Nevada, and have collected multitudes
of forms which I think will clear up this very unsatisfactory genus.
C. ledifolius comes down to an altitude of 7,000 feet in the
Wasatch mountains and runs up to over 8,000 feet altitude. It is a
densely branched and scrawny shrub on rocky places, and where
the moisture is greater and the soil better it straightens up and is
20 feet high and tree-like. In eastern Nevada where the moisture
is far less it grows at 8,oco to 9,000 feet altitude, and is generally
shrubby. Near the East Humboldt mountains it occasionally comes
a little lower toward the edges of the lower foothills, but never in
the valleys which are here seldom less than 6,000 feet above the sea.
I have seen the trees 40 feet high there; with a trunk 1% feet in
diameter and so well formed as to make good posts. The leaves
and flowers do not vary much except at the lowest altitudes.
Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. var. intricatus Jones ( C. intri-
catus Watson), was first found at about 6,ooo feet altitude in the Wa-
satch mountains in American Fork Canon, by Watson, on the face of
precipitous cliffs where it still abounds. I botanized there in 1880
and by going up the canon to where C. ledifolius occurs at 8,000
feet altitude I found a complete transition to C. ledifolius, and there-
fore reduced the species to ledifolius. The plant at the lower al-
titudes was a tangled shrub 2 to 3 feet high, with revolute, linear,
smooth and shining leaves on the  upper side, small  flowers and
VOL. II.]
Utah Plants.
245
fruit. It was at first taken for C. breviflorus, Gray PI. Wright, by
Watson. The characters relied upon as specific were the pubes-
cence, size of flowers and fruit, and the shape of the leaves. Since
I have never seen C. breviflorus, and since Prof. Watson had not at
that time yielded his C. inlricahis I was induced to lay too much
stress upon those characters in the new species, which I called C.
Arizonicus last year, which is a better species than C. breviflorus or
C. iniricatus. My observations this year show that no one of those
characters is of any value whatever. At higher altitudes in all the
mountains at the lower edge of the field of C. ledifolhis there is
always a transition to C. ledifolhis, and at the lowest altitudes where
the var. intricatus ceases (5,000 feet above the sea), every con-
ceivable connecting form is found that by itself might be taken for
C. Arizonicus and C. breviflorus, so far as my field of observations
goes. Should there be any valid character left to keep up these
species I will announce them hereafter, but I see none now. This
will clear up the genus by reducing Arizonicus, breviflorus, and
iniricatus to the var. intricatus of ledifolius, and leave only the
two species C. ledifolius and C. parvifolius in the United States,
as recognized species. It will extend the range of C. ledifolius from
Idaho and California to southern Nevada and eastward to the
borders of Colorado and southward to northern Arizona and New
Mexico, where it is represented exclusively by the var. intricatus.
The range of the variety is from New Mexico .to southwestern
Nevada and north to Idaho, in dry and low situations among rocks.
Since writing the above I have received from Mr. Colville, of the
Department of Agriculture, a leaf from the type specimen of Cerco-
carpus breviflorus Gray, and wonder how it could ever have been
confounded with C. ledifolius var. intricatus by any one who had
ever seen it. The description of C. breviflorus as given in Plantae
Wrightianae is not accurate as is shown by this specimen. C. brevi-
florus is clearly only a variety of C. parvifolhis\ a starved form ex-
actly analogous to the var. intricatus of C. ledifolhis. I should
not hesitate to reduce it as a variety of C. parvifolitts and call it
C. parvifolius var. breviflortis Colville, but I do not feel at liberty
to publish it as such, but simply mention it so as to show to
whom the credit is due—to Mr. Colville—for placing it where it
really belongs. What I have said above needs little change except
to take C. breviflorus out of the synonymy of C. ledifolhis and put
it into that of C. parvifolius.
246                              Utah Plants.        '                     [zoe
Peucedanum lapidosum. Loosely caespitose from long branch-
ing- roots which spread several feet under ground, the tops of whose
branches bear the stems; top of root covered with the remains of
old leaves; stems 1 to 4 inches long, sheathed with one to two stri-
ate-veined, scarious, inch-long bracts; on the top of these stems is
a cluster of glabrous leaves, 2 to 4 inches long and an inch wide,
which are bipinnate; lower pinnae stalked; lower pinnules ovate and
incised, upper ones entire, oblong to ovate, acute, 1 to 2 lines long;
petioles 1 inch long, lowest ones greatly enlarged at base and stri-
ate-veined; peduncles arising from amongst the leaves; there is
often a very short node like the lower part of the stem above the
first tuft of leaves from which the longest (6 to 8 inches) peduncles
arise; flowers white, very small; petals nearly round, involucre
none; involucels of several linear, not scarious, rather long bracts;
rays nearly equal, j£ inch long, several; pedicels 2 lines long; fruit
oblong-oval, emarginate or retuse at both ends, 3 to 4 lines long
and 2 to 2^ lines wide; wings rather thick, J^ as broad as the body;
intermediate ribs winged at base and tip but not in the middle of the
fruit; oil-tube one in each interval, large, 8 to 10 on the commis-
sure, these latter tubes sinuous, often interrupted and clustered next
the margin, small; inner face of the seed concave; stylopodium de-
pressed; whole plant glabrous throughout, 4 inches to a foot high,
a delicate, heavy-scented plant, growing under rocks like ferns,
spreading flat on the ground, or erect in more exposed situations.
Allied to Pseudocymopterus, C. & R., but I doubt the validity of
that genus.
Cymopterus decipiens. Near to C. glomeratus; flowers golden-
yellow; leaves similarly divided, but the segments are less divided,
blunt or barely acute and oblong, while those of glomeratus are
narrow and acute; involucres none or of several long linear bracts;
involucels similar, but the larger central ones entire or with a single
tooth very rarely, those of glomeratus are olten palmately lobed;
rays often an inch long, but pedicels very short; carpels similar to
glomeratus, but the wings very thick and spongy in the middle, with
an abruptly contracted thin edge and also very thin next the seed,,
while those of glomeratus are thick next the seed and very thin on
the broad edge. This ranks close to C. glomeratus, but differs in
the rays, spongy wings of the fruit, blunt-lobed leaves and yellow
flowers.    The oil tubes are the same as in C. glomeraius.    It grows-
VOL.    II.]
Utah Plants.
247
flat on the ground in sand, at 5,000 feet altitude.    May 2, 1890, at
Cisco, in Eastern Utah.
Bigelovia glareosa. Many-stemmed, from a shrubby base,
about a foot high; leaves linear, not involute, larger at tip, reduced
to oblong bracts on the flowering branches; flowers corymbiform,
5 in each head, yellow; involucral scales 5-ranked and 4 in each
rank, lowest very small, upper ones successively longer, all very
obtuse, somewhat keeled, the upper ones with a conspicuous, thick-
ened, yellow tip, upper scales linear, lower ones ovate, all sparsely
lacerate on the edge and covered with a white scurf; akenes gla-
brous, about equaling the longest scales; corolla lobes linear-lanceo-
late, tips glabrous, anther-appendages lanceolate.
This is allied to B. leiosperma, but differing from it in its rather
broadly linear not revolute leaves and narrow corolla lobes. The
plant is probably woolly when young. It is conspicuous for its
flowers {yi\ inch long), involucral scales, and for growing in dense
clumps.
Marysvale, Southern Utah, but north of the rim of the Great
Basin at least one hundred miles. October, 1890. It grows on
the gravelly mesas of the Sevier River at 6,000 feet altitude.
Aster venustus. Allied to A. Wrightii. Shortly floccose-
tomentose up to the ashy-canescent involucre, the hairs on the in-
volucral bracts short, flat and broad, and jointed so as to resemble
rattlesnake rattles; leaves all entire, oblanceolate or lowest spatu-
late sometimes, scarcely petioled, 3 inches or less long, generally
apiculate, larger ones indistinctly 3-nerved, scarcely reduced up-
wards; stems many, erect, stout, simple, shrubby at base; pedun-
cles 1 to 2 feet long, monocephalous, leafy for the first 6 to 8 inches,
then naked; involucral scales oblong-ovate and abruptly long-acu-
minate above the middle, not scarious, in about three series ; rays
white or light purple, linear-oblanceolate, 2 lines broad and an inch
long, scarcely acute; pappus of unequal, stiff bristles; akene silky,
with very slender, long, straight hairs.
This plant differs from A. Wrightii in not being in the least vis-
cous pubescent, the bracts are not viscous nor scarious margined,
the tips barely surpassing the disk. It grows in the deserts and near
dry rocks.    It is one of .the most showy plants of the genus.
May 2, 1890, at Cisco, Eastern Utah, and also in 1884, at or near
Grand Junction, Colorado.
248                             Utah Plants.    "                       [zoe
Erigeron Eatoni Gray, is a very variable plant, and occurs in
varied situations from 6,000 feet to 8,000 feet altitude. It was dis-
tributed by me years ago as E. tener.
Erigeron flagellaris Gray, I have with truly ^perennial
roots.    May 26, 1890, on the Pinal Mountains, Arizona.
Townsendia Arizonica X incana. Bracts lanceolate, very
acute, heads y^ inch long; pappus of ray scarcely shorter than that
of the disk, heads sessile or pedunculate; leaves 1 to 1^ inches
long. I doubt that this is a hybrid, but it destroys one of the two
species. I do not recall which is the older. Collected on the Lit-
tle Colorado, in northern Arizona, June 9, 1890.
Greenella Arizonica Gray, I have with all the upper part of
the plant glutinous, as well as the heads. It is not branched at base;
stems striate; leaves all linear (root leaves gone).
Antennaria dioica Gaertn. var. congesta, DC, seems to be
a good species; the supposed rosulate leaves are outer bracts closely
united. It grows in mats an inch or two high; the inner scales
have a tendency to livid in color; they are toothed or lanceolate at
tip; outer bracts nearly as long as the innermost, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acutish, passing into leaves. June 4, 1890, on the San
Francisco Mountains, northern Arizona.
Encelia frutescens Gray, I have with glandular heads and
peduncles June 10, 1890, on the Little Colorado River, northern
Arizona.
Verbesina scaposa. Anther appendages ovate-lanceolate; style
branches conical, hispid; corolla tube narrow at base and there a
line long, then abruptly enlarged to nearly a line wide, and cylin-
dric-campanulate; lobes ovate, short, yellow; anthers with a dark
line running down the center; heads 24-inch high and 1 to 1^
broad; proper scales imbricated in about two series, lanceolate, outer
ones wider, ^-inch long, all appressed, green, stiff; chaff subtending,
the outer flowers green on the back and tip and short-hispid, with
hyaline, conduplicate margins, inner ones all hyaline except the
green hispid tip, all the chaff longer than the flowers; akenes obo-
vate-oblong, exterior triquetrous, inner flattish, long-villous; margin
narrow on the body of the akene but nearly a line high on the top,
and white, deeply notched; pappus none; rays none; heads mono-
VOL. II.
Utah Plants.
249
cephalous or sometimes geminate; peduncles a foot or less long,
striate, naked; leaves clustered at the top of the root which arises
from a large tuber 3 to 5 inches beneath the ground; leaves broadly-
ovate, with a cuneate base, resembling those of Lappa minor, de-
current into the margined, striate-veined, 1 to 4 inch long petiole,
veins of the leaves 3 to 5; pubescence hispid-strigose throughout
most abundant on the petioles and bracts.
Though this curious plant differs widely from any known species of
Verbesina, I am inclined to place it there rather than erect a new
genus upon it. It is a conspicuous plant on the sandy deserts
near Grand River, in Eastern Utah.    May 2, 1890, Cisco.
Bahia desertorum. Many-stemmed from a rather lignescent,
branching root which is covered with old leaf-petioles. Leaves all
lanceolate with a contracted base which is decurrent into the 1- to
4-inch long, margined petiole. Leaves plantain-like 3 to 5-nerved,
petiole about equaling the blade, leaves mostly clustered at the
base and lower part of the stem; stems branching above and
branches 1 to 3-cephalous; upper leaves reduced to nearly sessile,
very acute, lanceolate, or narrower bracts. Whole plant scabrous,
glandular above. Heads when single long pedunculate, 6 lines
wide and 7 lines high, exclusive of the golden-yellow, cuneate,
3-toothed, inch-long rays. Scales ovate-oblongf, abruptly acuminate,
in two series equal, 4 lines long. Tip of style branches short-tri-
angular and barely acute. Akenes linear, sparsely hairy; pappus
% the length of the akene, of broad erose, and lacerate, truncate
scales, with a decided midrib which stops considerably short of the
tip; pappus of the ray inclined to be shorter and with an occasional
lanceolate scale twice as long as the others. Tube of the corollas
glandular, that of the disk abruptly enlarged above the pappus and
campanulate-cylindric.
This plant belongs near to the section Platyschkurria, Gray, but
is really intermediate between that and the preceding section, though
it is hardly a true Bahia in habit. Collected May 2, 1890, at Cisco,
Utah, on the sunny sides of rocky hillsides on the desert.
Actinella Cooperi Gray, is biennial, June 19, 1890, Buck-
skin Mountains, on the edge of southern Utah.
Asclepias brachystephana Eng., really comes in near A.
stenophylla, the wings of the anthers fit there, and the pollinia are
arcuate-lanceolate from a rounded base.
250                              Utah Plants.     ,                       [zoe
Gilia Howardi. Many stemmed from a perennial root, very-
leafy to the top; lower leaves obovate with a cuneate base and de-
current into the petiole, leaves longer than the internodes; upper
leaves 3 to 5-lobed with broad ovate lobes, not acerose; uppermost
leaves bractlike, entire, ovate or lanceolate, contracted at base,
nearly equaling the flowers; whole plant sparsely pubescent. with
glandular, woolly hairs; flowers loosely clustered; calyx nearly ses-
sile, campanulate, 3 lines long, lobes subulate-lanceolate, longer
than the tube; corolla purple, an inch long, tube very slender, but
rather abruptly enlarged at the campanulate mouth, lobes 2 lines
long, rounded, obtuse, erect; stamens much exserted.
This plant has the habit of Gilia depressa, Jones, as to the leaves
and heads. Collected by Prof. Orson Howard on the mountains of
southern Montana, at rather high altitudes, in 1884. The plant
seems to be decumbent.
Gilia longiflora Don., has the pods y2 an inch long far sur-
passing the calyx.
Gilia minima Gray, I have from Mormon Lake, near Flagstaff,
Arizona, with the corolla 2 lines long; calyx 3 to 4 lines long, tips
acerose and very unequal.   June 4, 1890.
Phacelia integrifolia Torrey var. Palmeri Gray, I have
with leaves not subcordate. June 16, 1890, at Lee's Ferry, north-
ern Arizona.
Krynitzkia glomerata, var. acuta. Nutlets raised into
sharp, wing-like, toothed ridges, and intervening spaces muriculate.
Collected May 2, 1890, at Cisco, Utah.
Eriogonum Thomasii Torrey ? Leaves tomentose on both sides,
less so on the upper, orbicular-cordate, blade 3^ an inch long;
plant dichotomous just above the base, glabrous above the leaves;
sepals oblong, obtuse, reddish or yellow with a reddish midrib.
June 10, 1890, on the Moencoppa, northern Arizona.
Eriogonum Thurberi Torrey. I have this with leaves gener-
ally ovate with a cuneate base; plant glandular at the nodes; in-
volucres angled and center of the outside sepals scarcely at all
hairy. The leaves are white-woolly below, more glabrous above,
blade ^ an inch or less long, petioles shorter; plant 3 to 6 inches
high.    May 24, 1890.    Mescal Mountains, central Arizona.
VOL. II.]
Utah Plants.
251
Hesperanthes albomarginata. Six inches to a foot high;
roots slender, many, long-, root stock at base of stem thickly covered
with long" coarse fibers, inside of these are several 1 to 3-inch long,
scarious sheaths; leaves all at the root, as long as the stem, very
narrow and onion-like; lower part of stems and leaves occasionally
roughened, otherwise smooth; stem 6 to 12 inches long and erect;
flowers racemose-spicate, 1 to 3 under each ovate, acuminate, scari-
ous bract which is 6 lines long; flowers on 6-line-long, erect, stout
pedicels, and pedicels jointed above the base; flowers white and
scarious with three very prominent green nerves, which give the
flowers a greenish tinge; segments of flowers lanceolate to oval and
obtuse, 3 to 6 lines long, yi longer than the curved, smooth and
sparingly hairy filaments; anthers sparingly hairy; slender style
elongated, enlarged and capitate at tip; capsule oblong and bluntly
lobed; lowest bract sometimes flowerless and an inch or more
long.
Collected May 9, 1890, at Green River, eastern Utah. This is
one of the most evanescent of the flora there, and very attractive.
It grows on the most desert places, generally in sandy clay.
Calochortus flexuosus Watson, is described as having no
bulbiferous stems while the opposite is the case. It abounds from
the base of the Book Cliffs southward, and southwestward into
Arizona and California. The stems are remarkable for their sinuous
character.
Pinus monophylla Torrey & Fremont, var. edulis. Leaves
2 to 3, entire margined, more slender than the typical form; stami-
nate involucre 4-leaved; cones about one-half smaller than type.
There is no reason why this plant should continue to rank as a
species, as it is but a 2- to 3-leaved variety of P. monophytta.
Whether this species shall be reduced to P. cembroides I leave for
the future to decide. As long as ten years ago I found plants with
both single and double leaves on the same branches. About the
same time I met Prof. J. S. Newberry who told me he had seen the
same thing. At odd times I found similar leaves without any par-
ticular hunting, at various places. Last year while at Tintic, Utah,
I made a careful examination of a large number of trees and
found many trees with the two- and one-leaved forms about equally
distributed on the same plant.   I collected many specimens of them
252                           A New Phacelia.
and now have them for exchange with those interested in the
Coniferae who have plants which I desire. The two-leaved form
grows in more moist places than the typical plant, and so far as
my observation goes does not occur at all to the wesst or south in
dry situations. I have never seen it in the Wasatch; it is doubtless
too moist for it there. The var. edulis does not grow in Utah so
far as I know, but I have collected it in various places in Colorado.
Astragalus confertiflorus Gray, I have with calyx teeth
longer than calyx and yellow or cream-colored flowers, which tends
also to show that it should be called a variety of A. flavus, as given
above. These specimens are from House Rock, northern Arizona,
on the edge of Utah, 1890.
A NEW PHACELIA.
BY  T.  S.  BRANDEGEE.
Phacelia (Euphacelia) Eisenii. Annual, short-hirsute, low
and branching from the base: leaves alternate, 10-15 mm- l°n§f> on
petioles of the same length, elliptic oblong, simple or occasionally
with a few lobes near the base: inflorescence open, hardly scorpioid,
flowers on slender spreading pedicels once or twice their length;
calyx 2-3 mm. long, the lobes narrowly spatulate, hispid and
moderately unequal: corolla blue, about twice the length of the calyx;
lobes nearly parallel, 3-nerved, surpassing the anthers; appendages
short, attached their whole length, united at base in front of the fila-
ment: styles distinct to the base; capsule ovate, hirsute at apex,
nearly one half shorter than, and exposed by the narrow calyx-
lobes; seeds scrobiculate. Collected by Dr. Gustav Eisen in Fresno
County, 1880, also collected near Yo Semite, and by the writer in
moss on wet rocks at Frazer's Mill, in the mountains above Por-
terville. The plants are only 3-5 inches in height. The species is
probably nearest P. humilis, though in the form of the inflorescence
it resembles P. racemosa* (Kell.) and P. Pringlei Gray. The dis-
tinct styles make an approach to Nama, but by its other characters
it belongs to Euphacelia.
*This name published in April, 1873, has priority over Dr. Gray's P. namatoides'
Dr. Gray quotes Kellogg's name in his description, but gives the species a new
name without remark—probably considering it inappropriate in the genus to which
it was transferred.
THE FLORA OF THE OLYMPICS.
Report of the Botanist of the O'Neil Expedition, from Observations taken during
Six Weeks' Stay with the Party and Incidents of General Interest.
BY  L.   F.   HENDERSON.
" Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus." Shall I be able
to blame the reader, if after the perusal of this very meager report,
but extravagant heading, Horace's caustic remark occurs to him ?
I have been laboring hard with this heading, trying to reconcile my
desire to give a very brief announcement with a greater desire to
impress upon my readers the fact that it is a very incomplete re-
port, partly due to my necessarily short stay with the party, partly
to the rather surprising similarity of the flora of this region to that
of the Coast and Cascade Ranges. In this latter fact I was much
surprised, perhaps without reason. I had thought that a pile of
mountains so isolated, so nearly surrounded by water, must have a
remarkable endemic, or peculiar flora. But in my wild expectations
that new forms, if not new species, or even new genera, would be
peeping out from the crevices of every succeeding mass of rocks,
smiling down upon me from every cliff, or being crushed by every
other step upon those green, sunny banks, which always border the
perpetual snows, I forgot, or perhaps would not remember, that the
Olympic Mountains are but the gigantic and chaotic ending of the
Black Hills and Coast Range; that they are but sixty miles distant
from the Cascade Range; that birds have flown, that waters have
carried, that winds have blown for ages past, as they are doing to-
day, all assisting in the constant dissemination of seeds; that,
lastly, the same glacial age acted upon the Olympic Mountains that
did upon the Cascade Range, scattering and leaving a largely
similar flora on both ranges as it disappeared toward the north. I
might have found many treasures could I have stayed the whole
summer with the party, which the limited time at my disposal for-
bade my finding. I might have found, had not a large collection
made after my return by one of the soldiers been lost by some un-
accountable means, that the flora is much more varied than I think
it at present. Furthermore, it may be found that I am greatly mis-
taken in my statements, when more careful research shall have dis-
closed all that continuous pile of rocks holds within its inhospitable
recesses, when several as energetic young explorers as Charles V.
254                      Flora of the Olympics.                     [zoe
Piper of Seattle shall have gone over the ground as carefully as he
did after my return this summer. I had hoped to excite envy in
the breasts of many of my botanical friends by my rare " finds."
I see on the table before me, as the result of my six weeks' " cruise,"
two or three possibly new species. I had hoped to write a paper
which should attract the notice of many scientific men to this
flowery El Dorado; I find that I must content myself with the
description of a flora trite in the extreme to those who are ac-
quainted with the plants of the northwest. If, however, I shall have
established an acquaintance between some of our pretty, modest
flowers, or grand trees, and any lovers of Nature technically unac-
quainted with them; if I shall have brought home to any heart
those beautiful lines of Bryant's Thanatopsis:
" To him, who in the love of Nature,
Holds communion with her visible forms,
She speaks a various language.    For his gayer hours
She has a voice of gladness, and a smile
And eloquence of beauty; and she glides
Into Jlis darker musings, with a mild
And gentle sympathy, that steals away
Their sharpness e'er he is aware,"
I shall take pleasure in thinking that these six weeks were not lost
time.
After a vexatious, unavoidable, but none the less aggravating de-
lay, to the writer, who had but a limited time at his disposal, the
little steamer Louise landed us, men, mules and merchandise, on
the beach at Lilliwaup, then a mere landing place, now a " flourish-
ing townsite " (God save the mark!), on the beautiful and romantic
Hood's Canal, and about eight miles from Union City. Here
was "the best and nearest trail to Lake Cushman/' as we were
told by the veracious officers of the boat, who, we were after-
wards informed, had quite an " interest" in the townsite, and who
were, naturally, we may imagine, entirely opposed to our landing
at Hoodsport, four miles further down the canal, and from which
"rival town," as we afterwards found out, there was a beautiful and
well cleared trail to Lake Cushman. May the officers of that boat
and the " townsmen " of that first " site " be forgiven for the vexa-
tion, exasperation, delay, disappointment, and, to our animals, suf-
fering, that first eight or ten miles caused us and them, coming as
vol. ii.]               Flora of the Olympics.                        255
they did from the fresh pastures and " dolce far niente " life of un-
bridled license enjoyed at the Post at Vancouver.
While the packs were being sorted, the different parties assigned
their duties by the Lieutenant, and the animals fed and packed, I
amused myself by seeing how many plants I could collect in a radius
of one hundred yards. I first collected those which had " escaped
from cultivation," as our dear and common teacher Dr. Gray would
have quaintly remarked; then those camp followers of the cultivated
army, following' as they do wherever man tills the ground, and,
lastly, the indigenous or native plants. Amongst the first were the
two clovers, white clover ( Trifolium repens), and red clover ( T.
pratense), timothy (Phleumpratense), June grass (Poa pratense),
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), soft grass (Holchus lanatus),
and foxglove (Digitalis ptirpurea), with its various colors, white,
blue, pink and purple. It is remarkable how this plant takes pos-
session when once well started. Indigenous, I certainly cannot
think it as some do, for I have never found it save along road
sides, paths, or running wild about old homesteads. I have, how-
ever, been frequently and pleasantly informed that I was approach-
ing a home a mile or so before I reached it by meeting these
handsome flowers waiting for me, as it were, by the road or by-
path. Amongst the second class, the introduced "weeds," I col-
lected the common little yellow clover (Trifolium procuvibens),
sow thistle (Sonchus asper), mouse-ear chickweed (cerastium vul-
gat?wt),   "little" cranesbill  (Geranium pusillum),   curled   dock                            ]
(Riimex crispus), ribwort or rib-grass (Plantago lanceolata), plan-                            |
tain (P. major), cheat or chess  (Bromus secalinus) (how often                            ]
have I heard the  remark by the more ignorant of the farmers of                           ]
the Willamette Valley, '' I planted  that field in first class winter                           I
wheat, and it came up all cheat!"), Yarrow (Achillaa Millefolium),                            ]
false blue-grass (Poa compressa), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium offi-                            \
cinale), pigweed ( Chenopodium alfoini) sheep sorrel ( Rimiex Aceto-                            j
sella), door-weed (Polygonum aviculare), self-heal (Brunella vul-                            \
garis),  chickweed (Stellaria  media),   cup-weed (cohtla coronopi-                            \
folia), a ballast-waif from South Africa, which has made itself "at                            |
home" along the salt marshes everywhere in the Sound  country,                            |
goose-grass (Poa annua), shepherd's purse (Capsella Bursa-Pas-                            |
toris), common vetch ( Vicia sati-va), nettle ( Urtica gracilis), thyme-                            ¦{
leaved  speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia), and "Mother  Carey"                            11
(Matricaria discoidea).                                                                                                 .;;
256
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
The third set, the native plants, yielded me in trees first, Pseudo-
tstiga Dougiasii ("red or yellow fir" vernacularly, but more prop-
erly Douglas Spruce).    This tree is not a true fir as may be known
from its pendant cones which fall from the tree in one piece, like the
cones of the pines.    In the true firs, the cones stand erect, or nearly
so, and the outer pieces (scales and bracts) fall off from the central
column, which remains perpendicular upon the branch for years,
the  erect   "spikes,"   presenting a  most peculiar appearance to
any daring climber who will mount to the top of one of our white
or balsam firs in the late fall, after the cones have—what shall we
call it—moulted?    Next I found the hemlock ( Tsuga Mertensiana),
with its soft delicate leaves and handsome, symmetrical trunk.   This
tree is one of our grandest evergreens.    Some of the trees of this
species whose girth would not be far outdistanced by our large Doug-
las Spruces, were found in the rich, alluvial forests about Lake Cush-
man.     Near by and   always   present,   except   upon   the rocky
slopes, was  the  western  arbor-vitae,   called  commonly   " cedar,"
(T/mjagigantea.)    These  trees  about  Lake  Cushman,  together
with the Douglas Spruce, are of gigantic proportions, rivalling the
famed redwoods of the Californian forests.    The size of some of the
fallen monsters of these two species can best be realized when you
have to saw one after another out of the trail to make a way for
your pack animals, or when occasionally one has to be felled over
some chasm as a bridge for yourselves, or, possibly, for your ani-
mals!    '' Hie labor hoc opus," you sigh with /Eneas of old!    I have
before me at this instant the photograph of a cedar stump which
attracts widespread attention near the town of Snohomish, Upper
Sound.    It is nearly eighteen feet in diameter at the ground, is
planked over and easily accommodates a quadrille set with their ac-
companying musicians.    A fir tree near Olympia was cut this year
which, as I am informed by truthful parties,  "scaled"   12,460 feet
of lumber.    Add to this, according to the lumberman's measure,
one-quarter for waste, and this single stick contained 15,575 feet of
wood.    It was fifty-two  inches  in  diameter  at the smaller end,
seventy-four at the larger, and  was   102 feet long without a vis-
ible knot.    I myself have seen much larger trees of this last species,
but it is rare to find any of quite such regular proportions, or so
nearly columnar.    Near by was found the yew.    To one acquainted
with the way this plant appears in the Eastern States it might seem

vol. ii.]              Flora of the Olympics.                      257
a misnomer to call this a tree. It is hardly ever more than a bush
in the East, but our species ( Taxus brevifolia), reaches a diameter
of three or even four feet in moist, dark ravines. Its wood is ex-
tremely tenacious and almost as heavy as mahogany, at least when
green. On the shady, moist slopes of the Olympics it forms, at
times, such dense thickets that it is almost impossible to force or
even cut a way through, especially when bent down to almost a
trailing condition by the weight of winter snows or the violence of
spring avalanches. Near by and always to be found in moist ground
along the shores of the Sound, was the white fir (Abies gra?idis).
This is a beautiful tree, with its long leaves, regularly two-ranked,
glossy and dark above, light gray or white beneath—its trunk white
and regular till well advanced in years—its cones clustered at the
summit of the tree, looking like bunches of erect red bananas, at
times gemmed with drops of balsam which glisten like diamonds in
the sunlight. To the lumberman, however, it stands the tree to be
avoided, for its wood is probably the most worthless, foot for foot,
of any of our western trees. Near by, and always present along
the Sound banks, just above high-water mark, was found a white
alder (Alnus rubra). The specific name is a misnomer, for the only
time it ever looks red at all is when the reddish catkins are swinging
on the trees in early spring. White is more proper on account of
its white bark; possibly it may have derived its name from the wood,
which assumes a reddish tinge when cut and exposed. Near at
hand was the large-leaved maple (Acer macrophylhim), common all
over our hills, and yet always a favorite from its generous foliage
during the hotter months. Its wood is handsome and is highly
esteemed by furniture dealers on this coast. The '' burls,'' formed
on these trees by various causes, furnish some of the most beauti-
fully marked wood and capable of the finest polish of any found on
the coast. Near at hand, and almost always in the company of the
latter, was to be seen the vine maple (Acer circinatum). This
plant in moist, rich bottoms well merits its name of 'c vine,'' for if
any plant pretending to be a tree, ever simulated more the "viny "
nature, I should like to know what it is. Furthermore, does the
mountaineer know a more exasperating tree to deal with when en-
gaged in cutting trail? Here is a clump of them bordering upon or
overhanging this soft, miry-looking spot in your path. They are
growing thickly together and offer a complete barrier to your fur-
258
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
ther progress, unless hewn away, sprawling out as they do in every
direction, but generally down hill. With your keen axe or brush-
hook you strike the first one a strong, sharp blow, just where it
commences to bend, and your tool goes through it as if you were
cutting a piece of cheese. " Very well;" you mutter, "if it is all
accomplished like that, this little job will not last long." Ah, little
do you know this Machiavelli among trees! You attempt to lift it
out of your path, and you find that its top, some thirty feet away,
has taken root and is firmly fixed in the ground. A half dozen
blows are now required to cut in two the limber, lively, snake-like
remnant. You throw it out of the trail and strike another; you find
that its elasticity has been by no means lost on account of its appar-
ently lifeless posture, and the severed end thwacks you over the
shins or in the face. You slash another, and succeed in cutting it
through just far enough to have the remaining whip-like portion
split down to or below the surface of the ground, where a dozen
blows among the stones or rotten logs finally severs it. You think
they are all out of the way now, and lead over the first mule, which,
in plowing through the quagmire, loosens a before unseen stem. It
rises, like the typical Banquo's ghost, just under the legs of your
mule. Mule becomes entangled in its folds, and rolls over, burying
your pack deeply in the soft mud.
Everywhere common along the clay banks of the Sound grows
a small tree (which I there found abundant), the white elder (Sam-
bucusglauca). This plant is called "white" because of its fruit.
This is, when ripe, really black, but so covered with a " bloom " is
it that it appears always whitish, at times nearly snpw-white. A
pretty tree it is with its flat cluster of cream-white flowers in late
spring, or in fall its handsome fruits, which remain on the stems till
late in the winter, if not taken by the birds. The berries are held
in good repute among our housewives, on account of its pie- and
wine-producing virtues. Close at hand was its blood relative, the
red-berried elder (Sambuctis racemosa). This hardly ever ap-
proaches the proportions of a tree, but rather a large shrub, while
the former attains an occasional diameter of two feet. The red-
berried elder is not a particularly pretty plant, except when covered
with its pyramids of scarlet fruit. This latter is intensely disagree-
able to the taste, but seems to be greatly relished by wild pigeons,
for their diet is almost entirely confined to this fruit where it grows
plentifully.
vol. ii.]             Flora of the Olympics.                      259
Next I found a not very common tree, Pursh's buckthorn (Rham-
nus Purshiana). This seldom grows larger than a large bush,
though I have occasionally seen it a foot and a half in diameter in
the salt water marshes back of Long Beach, Ilwaco. Its large,
handsome leaves, its smooth, mottled trunk, and its medicinal prop-
erties save it from the charge of insignificance.
Hard by I came upon one of the commonest of our small trees,
the early willow (Salix flavescens). If the law of contraries holds
good, if the most delicious odors are compounded from the most
disagreeable substances in the famed city of Cologne, as is said to
be the case, there should be some virtue in this tree, sanitary or
odoriferous; for a more fetid, horrid smell can hardly be imagined
than that from the broken twigs of this tree in early spring.
In strong contrast with this Mephistopheles among trees, stood
near the Ithuriel of our northern woods, the western flowering-dog-
wood ( Cornus Nuttallii). This tree is never commonplace, whether
putting forth its green buds in the early spring, whether lighting
up the forests with its captivating contrasts of light green leaves and
milk-white flowers, or whether in fall it dyes the woods with the pur-
ple, saffron, or crimson of its leaves, and the scarlet of its fruit clus-
ters. I have traveled through miles of woods, between Portland
and Eagle Creek in Clackamas County, which have been rendered
entrancing from the beautiful effects of its flowers and the intoxica-
tion of their delicious odor. I know of no scent so far reaching and
yet so delicate, unless it be that of the wild grape or the yellow jas-
mine of the Southern woods. The wood is very fine-grained and
would "work up" well into smaller articles of utility under the
turner's lathe.
The last tree found here was the red-berried cherry (Prumis
emarginata var. mollis), noticeable from its small, smooth, slender
trunks, its medicinal properties and wood fine for the turner.
The salt marsh near by, and the shores of the canal, yielded me
quite a number of plants, very few of which, however, are in any
.degree attractive, save to the enthusiast. These were sand spurrey
(Lepigonum medizim), cud-weed ( Gnaphalhmi purpureum), Frci7i-
seria bipinnatifida (a kind of trailing burdock, common along the
beach from Fort Canby to the recesses of the Sound), salt marsh
plantain (Planlago maritima), silver-weed (Potentilla Anserina), a
pretty plant with its large, yellow flowers, large, compound leaves
I
260
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
of a bright green above and silvery below, Chenopodium rubrum,
Glyceria distans, Orthocarpus castilleioides\ (a little plant which
saves itself from being overlooked by the pretty white tips to its
bracts), Ranunculus Cymbalaria, a delicate little trailing buttercup,
common in salt marshes as well as along the borders of pools in
Eastern Washington and Oregon, and Sagina occidentalis (?); This
plant I mark with a question mark, for though returned me as this
species by an eminent authority, I cannot but question it. Sagina
occidentalis away from the coast, that is, as we know it commonly
about Portland and throughout the Willamette Valley, is a very del-
icate, upright thing—so delicate as only to be seen when the head
is bent toward the ground, for it seldom grows over an inch in
height. The sea coast form, if form it be, grows flat upon the
ground, and forms a mat two or three inches broad, when exposed
to the salt spray along the rocky points that extend into the ocean.
I am even inclined to believe that it is a biennial, if not of longer dura-
tion. Near at hand, rising two or more feet out of the soft mud
was the arrow-grass ( Triglochin maritimum), and mingling with it
arose the. graceful and beautiful hair-grass (Deschampsia cesspitosa),
its plumes waving with every breath of wind, and sending out a
sheen of gold, bronze, purple or green from its ever varying tassels.
It is a commoner below, but from the middle to the tip of its plume,
I know of no more aristocratic grass. When you stand in some
hollow or in a boat at low tide in a locality where this plant covers
hundreds of acres, as it does at Tillamook Bay—when the sun is
shining brightly and the sky is of a deep blue—when the wind is
coming in strongly from the ocean and acre after acre billows under
the passing breeze—when each clump sends forth its own peculiar
color, but all equally glistening—I know of nothing more peacefully
beautiful nor more like fairy-land. The only other marsh plants
here seen were a beautiful wild clover ( Trifolium i?ivolucratum), the
most beautiful with which I am acquainted in this country of wild clov-
ers, a delicate little umbelliferous plant ( Crantzia lineata), sheep fes-
cue (Fesiuca rubra, var.), and the omnipresent skunk's cabbage (Lys-
ichiton Kamtschatcensis). This plant is not to be despised, for
its yellow chalices light up the otherwise ugly swamps in early
spring, its green and generous leaves are as handsome, if not so
large, as those of the banana, its fruit and leaves are eagerly eaten
by horses, hogs, deer or bear, while its odor is not nearly so over-
VOL. II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
261
powering as its name, whether English or Latin.    The last marsh
plant was the peculiar burr-reed (Sparganium simplex).
The hill-side plants were very numerous and kept me busy for
an hour or more. First came the gorgeous Turk-cap lily (Liliurn
Cohimbia?ium), with its inverted and turban-like flowers, yellowish
red and mottled with brown; Psoraleaphysodes, an inconspicuous
plant, nearly a foot high, bending over or reclining, and covered
with an abundance of small, cream-colored flowers of the ordinary
pea type; Nuttallia cerasiformis, the representative of the almond
sub-genus on this coast, was just ripening its fruit near by. This is
a pretty bush, with its bright, elliptical leaves, racemes of drooping
white flowers, and later its handsome clusters of indigo-colored
fruit, which contrast prettily with their scarlet stems. The fruit is
eaten with avidity by birds, bears, Indians, and occasionally by
white .people. Then I collected our commonest western lyme-
grass (Elyvius Americanus), growing too isolated ever to become
valuable as a forage-plant. The more noticeable among the other
plants were red-flowering currant (Ribes Sanguineum), black-
berried gooseberry (Ribes divaricahim), monkey flower (Mimulus
luteus), a handsome plant, with its large, irregular, funnel-shaped
flowers, bright yellow and mottled with brown within; musk plant
(Mimulus mosckatus), prized as a potting plant on account of its
remarkably strong, musky odor; "tall" thistle ( Cnicus edulis), a very
variable plant—sometimes nearly destitute of prickles and tall,
reaching ten or twelve feet along the streams tributary to Yaq-
uina Bay; at others low and very prickly as usually found
along the sea-shore, the young shoots said to be eaten with a relish
by the western Indians; the three brambles, red-cap (Rubus Nut-
kanus), a handsome bush, with its wide, soft leaves, snow-white
flowers and red fruit; black-cap (R. leucodermis), and dew-berry,
or, as it is commonly called, wild blackberry (R. ursinus); the
delicate and sweet-scented yerba buena of the Californian Spaniards
(Micromeria Douglasii), its dried leaves used by many as a tea
plant; the delicate little enchanters' nightshade (drccea Pacifica);
the red berried and evergreen huckleberries ( Vaccinium parvi-
folium, and V. ovatuvi), the fruit of the former tart and pleasant,
and a splendid substitute in uninhabited districts for puddings and
pies; the second yielding a delicate and delicious berry, found in
great quantities along the ocean or Sound country, and a staple
T
262
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
article of food and sale among the Indians, the fruit lasting fresh
and good until December or January, and quantities being con-
sumed in the cities of the Sound; the snowy everlasting (Anapkalis
margaritacea), four fine ferns—deer-fern (Lo?naria Spicant), its
fertile fronds towering above the sterile like the protecting antlers of
the buck over the lesser herd of fawns and does; the beautiful
maiden's \&Sx (Adiantum pedatiun), with its smooth stems, glossy-
black or bluish, and its delicate drooping fingers or divisions to the
frond; the armed shield-fern (Aspidium munitum), a graceful plant
especially from a distance; its dense cluster of bending fronds look-
ing like some inviting foot-stool; the lady-fern (Asplenium Filix-
fcemina), always of graceful form, whether rising but a few inches
along some mossy rill-bank, or towering up from some rich swamp
to a height of six or seven feet, when it remarkably resembles
Aspidium Felix-mas. Next flamed up the tall stalks of the giant
fire-weed (Epilobium spicatum), always at hand the year after a fire
in the forests, though how it gets there so quickly is a mystery to
the scientific world, its pink-purple flowers making a mass of color
where it occurs abundantly; the modest little western blue-bell
( Campamda Scozderi), though "bell-flower" would perhaps be
more appropriate to this species, since but a delicate and varying
shade of blue dyes its otherwise white flowers, as if you had by
chance mixed a little bluing in a bowl of milk or white paint, and
taking thence a spoonful had made a flower; the dark trailing vines
of the kinnikinick (Arctostaphylos Uva- Ursi), its berries, a beauti-
ful red, contrasting strongly with the dark green of its leaves, the
leaves themselves being dried and smoked by, the Indians, and
(shall I confess " sub rosa"), no less eagerly by many of our party
as their store of tobacco decreased; our two wild roses ( Rosa Nut-
kana, and R. gym?wcarpa), the first the anologue of the Eastern
Rosa blanda or thornless rose, except that it will not do to imagine
ours "thornless," for with this idea in one's mind, one might get
into a bad " scrape " if he came in contact with its terrible, hooked
thorns; the second a delicate, little rose, much smaller and gen-
erally lighter in color than the last, its branches.sometimes perfectly
smooth, but generally thickly beset with straight, harmless prickles;
the wild pea (Lathyrus polyphylhis), a fine forage plant in open
woods where better ones are lacking; close at hand and scrambling
over bushes,  ground,   old logs  or fences,   the black-pea (Vicia
vol. ii.]                Flora of the Olympics.                        263
gigantea), so called on account of the coal-black color of its pods
when ripe; American vetch ( Vicict Americana)[, was found near by;
the low strawberry (Fragaria Chilensis), grew upon the open clay-
banks; in the fields and open ground, the tar-weed (Madia sativa,
var. racemosa), was everywhere; too common for easy locomotion
along the trail was the salal ( Gaultheria Shallon), the fruit of which
forms a staple article of diet among the Coast Indians, occurring as
it does in great profusion, and being not at all unpalatable (though
with a tinge of the Indian or Chinese in its flavor !); lastly, the peer
of any of them, though modest withal, the twin-flower (Linncea
borealis). Many think our great master, Linnaeus, should have had
his name identified with a grander member of the plant-world. To
me it is peculiarly appropriate, representing the purity of his life in
the beautiful mossy banks where it is found, his unassuming man-
ner in its bowed heads, and the sweetness of his disposition in the
delicious fragrance it exhales. I know of nothing more refreshing
than, when tired with the long trail and heavy pack, to throw one
self full length upon a bank covered thickly by this little vine, and
with head pillowed in its soft embrace, drink in the '' honeyed nec-
tar " of its scent, and view the blue sky or masses of snowy clouds
through the overarching branches of the firs. Along the shaded
rills were several other plants more or less remarkable. These were
the spring beauty (Claytonia sibirica); bishop's cap (Tiarella tri-
foliata), its ripened pods looking remarkably like the caps worn by
the popes and bishops of old; the silver leaf (Ade?wcazdon bicolor),
the dark, smooth, green upper surface being wonderfully different
from its satiny under surface; avens (Geum macrophyllum)—per-
haps we should call it the " little bayonet plant,3' since the ends of
the styles are so bent to one side as remarkably to resemble a mass
of fixed bayonets; the magnificent goat's-bear d(SprirtzaAruncus),
its tall tassel of minute white flowers lighting up the dark dells or
shady banks; near by the hazel (Corylus rostrata), its green fruit
clusters covering the ends of the branches and containing their
nearly ripe nuts.
These were the more conspicuous plants; the inconspicuous were
many and need only be mentioned—three bed-straws ( Galium tri-
florumy G- trifidum, and G. aparine; tall chickweed (Stellaria
borealis), two Epilobiums (E. coloratum, and E. minuitim), Troxi-
mon lacinattim,   the two  wood-rushes (Luzula spadicea, and L.
264                      Flora of the Olympics.                    [zoe
parviflora); speedwell ( Veronica America?ia), GLna7ithe Californica,
Ranunculus tenellus, R. occidentalism var. ienellus, the smallest
flowered butter-cup; white-flowered hawk-weed (Hieracium albiflo-
runi), sweet Cicely ( Osmorrhiza nudak), western tall dock (Rumex
occidentalis), five bog rushes (Junciis tenuis, J. effusus, and var.
bmnneus, J. xiphioides, var. triandrus, J. bufonius); several
grasses, the graceful Trisetum cernuum, Festuca /onesii, Agroslis
microphylla, A. exarata; wild barley (Hordeum ?iodosum), a hand-
some nodding brome-grass (Bromzts ciliatus), Fesiuca subulata, and
Cinna pendula; a bull-rush (Scirpus sylvaticus, var. digynus); one
sedge ( Carex stipata); two mosses (Polytrichum juniperinum, and
Bryuvi sp.J/ and a lichen ( Cladonia furcata).
Certainly no one can say from this showing that our flora is poor.
It would look so to one not intimately acquainted with it, on account
of the lack of color or size in the flowers of Western Washington
and Oregon. Everything in the plant kingdom seems to be over-
powered by the unending, majestic but gloomy fir forests that cover
plain, valley and mountains to far up their slopes. Even the birds
lack the merriment of the songsters of Eastern woods, and a certain
plaintiveness or harshness pervades their notes. Far different is it
with the flowers of eastern Oregon and Washington, or with those
that bloom above the timber line on our higher mountains. Life is
short with them, whether from the dry, hot climate of the country
east of the Cascade Range, or from the short summer natural to the
high altitudes in the neighborhood of perpetual snows. Nature is
prodigal, especially in the latter regions, with her paint-pot, and
gorgeous colors meet the traveler at every step.
Leaving the larger number of the expedition with the '' mule-
train," and preceded by another party composed of axe-men and
hunters, I started along the " fine trail" to the lake, which I antic-
ipated reaching in about three hours, as it was described to be about
five or six miles distant, and a botanist doesn't travel fast when there
is anything to be collected. I started at half-past eight o'clock,
alone and with no lunch in my pocket, and reached the lake after a
slow but continuous march often hours and a half! The mule-train
reached it in installments at the end of the second day! After the
first half mile the trail commenced to ascend the hills very abruptly,
and a mere half hour's travel brought a great change in the flora.
As I toiled up the steep, sunny path, the first plant not previously
vol. ii.]               Flora of the Olympics.                       265
met with was the manzanita (Arctostaphylos iomentosa) of the
northern slopes and plains, now collected in the unsatisfactory state
of green fruit Next the common prince's pine (Chimaphila uni-
bellata), was very abundant, its waxy, whitish flowers always appear-
ing rather out of place in the midst of the dark, leathery leaves.
Scattered here and there were the bright, handsome stems of the
madrone (Arbutus Menziesii). This tree well merits the praise be-
stowed upon it by Bret Harte, for though it does not grow as large
as in Middle California, it occasionally reaches a diameter of two
feet, and when the outer loose bark has fallen off, as it often does,
exposing the smooth, bright cinnamon color of its inner bark, when
the deluge of pearly flowers lights up the glistening large leaves, or
the ripened fruit causes the whole tree to look like a great tongue
of flame, it is a picture in itself. Next I was surprised to find a
bush generally found high up in the mountains and along creeks,
Pachystima Myrsinites. Its growing in such a location convinced
me more firmly than ever that this plant is destined sometime to be
largely used, and to become a favorite when used, as a border to
walks in handsome grounds. As the firs grew thicker, the beauti-
ful and fragrant false Solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa), raised its
white clusters of flowers, and near at hand was the western winter-
green, Pyrola rotundifolia var. bracteata, a very unmeaning name
but the only one it has. Then a stil\ greater surprise was in store
for me, for here was the elk-grass (Xerophyllum tenax), in great
profusion. This striking Liliaceous plant had never before been
found by me at such low altitudes. It is most frequent upon our
snow mountains just as one is emerging from the timber and near-
ing the snow line. It is a wonderfully handsome plant with its mass
of long, gray, recurved leaves, which are as tough as leather and
cut like a knife—its long stalk shooting upwards as the flowers grad-
ually expand to a height of three or four feet, and surmounted till
late in the season by a tuft of snow-white flowers, which are con-
stantly renewed by fresh ones higher up as those below wither away
into the fruiting stage. Never on the whole trip did I so miss the
camera, which should have been with us (and arrived after I had
left the party!) as when I came upon whole fields of these plants
several weeks later, near the snow-line and just in their prime. It
is hard, when looking upon a whole " park" of these plants to re-
alize that they have not been planted by the hand of man and tended
266
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
by his care.    Next I found the service-berry (Amelanchier alni-
folia) and the star-flower ( Trie?italis Europcea var. latifolia).
Passing from the hill into a ravine I was again surrprised by find-
ing at so low an altitude the western white pine (Pinus monli-
cola). This is a handsome tree, with its moderately long leaves
and narrow worm-shaped cones. Its wood is soft and of a fine
quality, but the scarcity of the trees forbids its ever becoming mar-
ketable, or in any way rivaling its prototype, the white pine of the
Michigan and Maine forests. Near at hand was the "sweet-herb."
(Achlys triphylla), as good a thing to put in a " clothes press " or
bureau to scent linen as anything that I know.
In a dried lakelet, where I threw off my pack to rest, and the floor
of which was thickly carpeted with the handsome moss Fontinalis
Neo-Mexicana, I found the marsh violet ( Viola pahcstris), in profu-
sion, though now in fruit, the sweet two-leaved Solomon's seal
( Maicmthemum bifolium var. dilitaium), and then a fern I had never
seen growing in this country before, though common near Seattle—
the moonwort (Botrychium ternatum), the hard-hack (Spircea
Do7iglasii), and one of the handsomest, when not too' old, of our
sedges, Carex Sitchensis. Then came the pride of Hood's Canal,
as it is of many other places, the beautiful pink-flowered Rhodo-
dendron (R. Californicum), still in flower though past its glorious
prime. The firs then grew denser and higher, though the quality
was still poor and the trees small. Here began to appear in great
profusion mosses and lichens, only the most remarkable of which I
shall mention here, or elsewhere in my narrative, as the description
of them would but tire the general reader. They will be found,
where known, at the end in a general recapitulation. One of the
most noticeable mosses of our country, and here abundant and un-
usually well-fruited, is Hypnum sple?ide?is, its frond-like sections
fern-like and reproducing themselves from near the top, year after
year. Here also was another Pyrola (P. picta var. de?itata), and
high goat's-beard, or arrowwood (Spircea discolor var. ari&folia), a.
beautiful bush when in flower, its cream-white small flowers hanging
in clusters like the grape, while its straight, tough shoots form shafts
for the arrows of the Indian, or tips for the rods of Isaac Walton's
disciples. Then appeared the peculiar "barber's pole" (Allotropa
virgata), an Ericaceous plant, its white stems regularly striped with
winding bars of red up to and among its white or pinkish flowers,
vol. ii.]         .       Flora of the Olympics.                       267
with which latter the red-brown anthers form a striking contrast.
Sparingly appearing was the other prince's pine ( Chimaphila Men-
ziesii), a much more delicate and pretty plant than C. zimbellata.
Soon on every hand occurred an orchid, the rattlesnake plantain
( Goody era, Menziesii), from the mottled leaves of which the name
was probably derived, though some ¦say the Indians use the plant
as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. Then the common
wood-rush (Luzula comosa), put in an appearance, and next, one
of our most beautiful ferns, the spiny shield-fern (Aspidium spinu-
losum). The common wake-robin (Trillium ovatum), was just
coming into fruit, while the two mosses ('Hypnum loreum, and H.
triqtietum), covered the ground as with a carpet. On the borders
of a swamp occurred the Liliaceous plant (Prosartes Or eg ana) y and
in the swamp itself were the nine-bark (Neillia opulifolia), the
beautiful trailing pine (Lycopodium clavatum), whose stems are
such a favorite in the New England States for decorating during
Christmas, the twist-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolhis), and the
dreaded " Devil's walking-club" (Fatsia horrida). This plant,
about five or six feet high ordinarily, is covered on stem, leaves and
flower-clusters with long, fragile prickles. When one carelessly
presses through a clump of these plants, the prickles enter the flesh
and break off, and, being of a poisonous nature, cause swellings
which are painful, if not at times dangerous. On returning to camp
late one evening, being unable to tell one kind of bush from an-
other in the darkness, we passed through quantities of this bush.
Our knees were filled with the troublesome prickles, though we
were quite thickly dressed, and for a week or more to kneel or sit
was torture.
As the woods grew deeper and the ground richer, an occasional
bunch of the strange, ghostly Indian pipe (Monotropa zmiflora),
was just appearing above the ground. On my return, six weeks
later, it was in its prime and most abundant. With it, and earlier
by a month, was the brown Indian pipe (MoJiotropa Hypopiiys),
and with it grew a single specimen of the strange Orobanchaceous
plant (Boschniakia strobilacea), the specific name of which is very
good, for nothing more like an open pine cone ever existed, unless
it were another pine cone. Then appeared another of this strange
set, the leafless Pyrola (P. aphylla), and then another, Merten's
coral-root  (Corallorhiza Mertensiana), sending up  its numerous
268                      Flora of the Olympics.                      [zoe
shoots to the height of a foot and varying in color from pure white
to rose-pink or purplish-brown. A strange crew they are, these
sun-despising, fungous-looking plants! Plainly do they show us
that the forests, dark and shadowy even in the midst of a sunny
day, render it necessary for them to live differently from the ma-
jority of plants. The lack of sunlight and consequent absence of
green coloring matter, or chlorophyll, show them to be, in char-
acter, the "tramps" of the vegetable kingdom. They must either
steal the elaborated juices of other live plants, or depend upon the
decaying matter of others which are dead. Then came two other
delicate little orchids, the two tway-blades, almost always found the
one in the company of the other. These are the greater tway-
blade (Listera convallarioid.es), and the lesser (L. cordata).
Suddenly the firs gave place to a rich maple-bottom and more
open hillside, and there appeared the wild ginger (Asarum caiida-
lum); the strange Saxifragaceous plant ( Tohniea Menziesii), one
of those peculiar plants that disclose their seeds through the opened
pod long before they are ripe; another of the same family whose
fringed petals are as delicate as, and similar to, the crossed lines in
a spider's web, namely the leafy mitre-wort (Miiella caulescens);
the beautiful palm-tree moss (Mnium Menziesii), one of the finest
on the coast, and more like a delicate little tree than a moss. Upon
the moist bank grew the Virginia vialexXeaS ( Hydrophyllum Virgi-
nicum), its flowers sometimes a pale lavender, sometimes a whit-
ish-green; and with it the pretty squirrel-corn (Dicentra formosa),
whose flowers closely resemble both in form and color the " bleed-
ing-heart," to which it is related.
Plunging immediately into the densest timber I had yet met
on this trip, the ground of the fairly gloomy forest, which would
have been dark and dismal in the extreme, was suddenly lit up as
if I had come out into the open sunlight, or like stars in an other-
wise black heavens, by acre upon acre of the snowy Canada dog-wood
(Cornus Canadensis), and the fairest flower of the higher forests
( Clintonia uniflora). This pure, Liliaceous plant, with its snowy or
creamy flowers, delicate scent, glossy soft leaves in twos or threes
from the root, and later its dark blue fruit is a favorite with every
one, and I have yet to find the person, no matter how much or how
little he valued botany as a science, who has not asked me the
name of this pretty, and in English, nameless flower.
vol. ii.]                Flora of the Olympics.                         269
At six o'clock I rounded a point in the woods and came suddenly in
sight of the lake and of the party of pioneers who had preceded me.
There was not a morsel of food in the camp and no chance of seeing
the remainder of the party that night, as we well knew from the quality
of the trail we had left behind us. Two had been sent out to for-
age, and soon returned with a small piece of bacon and a large loaf
of bread. By careful division we had about finished our frugal
fare, when a whoop was heard and soon the Lieutenant appeared
with a full haversack slung over his shoulders. More help was
needed for those with the pack animals, and all returned save the
Lieutenant and myself. We went down to the lake, and after firing
two shots, the approved method of letting those on the other side
know that a " fare " was in waiting, we were ferried across and
made arrangements with one of the farmers for bringing over the
animals'on a raft when they should appear. When! It was six
o'clock the next day before three of them arrived, and later before
all came in. What a sight! They had been relieved of half of
their packs, half of the whole " out-fit" had been left at our land-
ing place, and with the burdens they bore they looked tired enough,
and the men looked no' better. Three of the mules had rolled
down hill, so steep were the hills and so untried were their muscles,
and one had so wedged itself under a large log that the log had to
be cut off and the mule cut out! On account of this miserable
trail it was four days before baggage enough had been collected to
allow us to proceed, and weeks passed before the whole of the
baggage was in camp with us. Poor trail, the never-ending delay
caused by enforced ferriage across the lake on a miserable raft, and
lack of almost all wild forage-plants for the mules, actually threw
a damper over the spirits of the party which only vanished as we
left all traces of man and extravagant tolls behind us. The next
day no "driers " being on hand, or likely to be for a day or two,
I determined to do no more collecting till they arrived, but spent
part of my time in exposing those already collected to the sun to
keep them from "burning," and the rest in trout-fishing. I was
always very successful, especially towards evening, for fish are
abundant in the lake, both brook-trout and "bull-trout." The
latter take the spoon greedily, even after a hearty meal. • I caught
one about two feet long, and on preparing it for the cook, I found
in its stomach a whole trout eight inches long.
270                      Flora of the Olympics.                     [zoe
Lake Cushman is a body of water well worth visiting. It is
about one and a-half miles long by one-half or three-quarters of a
mile broad. It is very deep, and has probably been formed by a
grand land slide in long past ages, or possibly a dyke from some
fiery overflow. The mountains rise abruptly on two sides, and the
one on the northeast was covered with snow on our arrival, but
when I returned was bare. They are densely covered with firs to
the very top, and magnificent timber most of it is. The Sko-
homish, a rapid, dashing stream, flows into it from the north-west,
and goes out a sluggish but icy cold stream, at its south-east ex-
tremity. Could the obstructions at the Falls be removed by blast-
ing, thus giving an open " roadway" down the river for logs, the
timber interests of this country would be very considerable. More-
over the land is generally good, and would be of no secondary
value when the timber was removed. The bottom land to the west
of the lake, though only about one mile wide and five or six long,
is of wonderful fertility, owing to the almost yearly overflow of
the upper Skohomish, and the '' backing-up " of the lake. Vege-
tables grow here most luxuriantly, and a better stand of timothy I
never saw in my life than on one of the lake ranches.
The afternoon of the 5th of July I spent in botanizing, for though
my presses and driers had not yet put in an appearance, I felt cer-
tain they would be at hand on the 6th. I went first to the rich allu-
vial bottoms and along a small creek that flows into the lake. Along
. the sandy banks of the latter I found the turtle-head ( Che lone ne-
morosa). In the mud grew the common cress (Nasturtium offici-
nale, probably introduced) and the tall culm of a drooping grass
(Cinna pendtda). Next were found Mertensia Sibirica, with its
beautiful, drooping lapis-lazuli flowers, and close by, the bitter-cress
(Cardaniine hirsuta var. sylvatica). In the mud and water flour-
ished the manna-grass ( Glyceria pauciflora), and on the bank, the
handsome flesh-colored flowers of the tall flea-bane (Erigeron Phil-
adelphicus)., lit up the dark green of the surrounding foliage. Close
at hand shot aloft the tall shoots of a wild lettuce, not yet in flower
but on my return found to be, Lactuca leucophcsa. While looking
down intently to see where I was putting my foot—for the lesser rills
are often deep and muddy and covered over by the thick but none
the less treacherous growth of the salmon-berry (Rubus spectabilis)
the fruit of which was even then ripe and varying in color from corn-
vol. ii.]                Flora of the  Olympics.                        271
color to a black-brown—I was, pleased to find for the first time in
my life a magnificent specimen of the Virginia moonwort (Botry-
chium Virginicum), which measured over two feet from the tip of
its elongated fertile frond to the ground. In vain I searched for
more; it was a "solitaire" as far as my observation led me. On
the sunny banks of the rill were the large mitre-wort (Tellima
grandiflora), and the prickly gooseberry (Ribes laaisire var. par-
vuhim), one of the handsomest of the genus, with its glossy green
leaves and its black fruit. Close at hand rose the gigantic umbel
known as the cow-parsnip (/feracleu?n la?iahim), then just in flower,
while cowering at its feet were the delicate plants Carda?nine oligo-
sperma, and Stellaria crispa. The St. John's-wort (Hypericum
Scouleri) was just preparing to open its yellow clusters. The alum-
root (Heicchera micrantha) and the snow-berry (Symphoricarpos
racemosus), were in full flower everywhere, while many mosses,
such as Hypnum, Dicranum, Neckera, Mnium, Dichelyma, Raco-
mitrium and Grimmia, covered trees and ground. I soon came out
of the dense, rich forests on to a gravel-bar of one of the arms of
the river, and here an entirely different flora awaited me. First was
the delicate, red-stemmed Polygonum (P. minimum), the four-
leaved Galium (G. Kamtscha(icum), and the gorgeous plumes of
the painted-cup or Indian pink (Castilleia parviflora). The two
rock-cresses (A?-abis hirsuta) and (A. perfofoliata) were abundant,
as were the winter-cress (Barbarea vulgaris), the various-leaved
Gilia (G. helerophylla) and the graceful GWiafG. gracilis). The
beautiful Penstemon (P. diffitsus) fairly covered the bar with its
royal purple, while, as if to vie with royalty, flamed out the red
flowers of the columbine (Aquilegia for?nosa). Mingling with
these their more modest coloring were the fruit and flowers of the
wild strawberry ( Fragaria Virginiana var. Illinoensis), the pink
blossoms of the delicate creeping spring beauty (Claytonia parvi-
folia), the golden yellow flowers and white stems of the "gold and
silver" ( Eriophylhcm. ccespitosum), probably the most variable plant
on this coast, the greenish-white flowers of Phacelia ci?xinata, and
the minute blue flowers of the little " innocence" (Collinsia parvi-
flora). On the deciduous trees near by, and in fact along the whole
trail so far, though nowhere else in such profusion, were festoons
composed of the two pretty mosses Neckera Douglasii and N.
Menziesii.    Some of these draperies were three or four feet long,
272                      Flora of the Olympics.                     [zoe
and resemble in all save color the Tillandsia or long-moss of the
south, when seen at a distance. This moss, commonly collected
for " stuffing," grows in such abundance there that were it nearer a
market it would give quite an income to its gatherers. In these rich,
warm bottoms, amongst the gigantic firs and cedars, the greenness
of the plants and the size of the more perishable species are remark-
able. The size of the rnoon-wort has recently been mentioned.
The enchanter's nightshade here grew two and one-half feet high,
while the leaves of Tolmiea were found over six inches in diameter.
On my return to camp, I found the delicate Saxifragaceous plant
(Boykinia occidenialis), a sedge (Carex festiva), the hedge nettle
(Stachys ciliata), and the beautiful pink monkey-flower (Miviuliis
Lewisii), evidently a " waif" from the regions of the moraine and
glacier.
The following day, armed with a rake, I proceeded to the lake. I
paddled about for some time looking for aquatic plants, but met with
poor success. A Potamogeton (P. Robbinsii), covered the bottom
of the lake in places where a depth of water from two to six feet
obtained. In the 'shallower parts of the lake were growing abun-
dantly mare's-tail (Hippuris vulgaris), mud-rush (Eqirisetum li?no-
s?tm)t two sedges (Car ex ub'iculata, and C. aquatilis?), the latter
two young for accurate determination, and the long, ribbon-like
leaves of the bur-reed (Sparganhnn simplex, var. augiistifolmm),
floated upon the waters. The shores were lined with the trees pre-
vailing on the lake-borders of this country. These were the cotton-
wood (Populus irichocarpa), marsh willow (Salix lasia?idra), long-
leaved willow (S. longifolia), Oregon crab (Pints rivzdaris), tall
bush-honeysuckle (Lo)iicera involncrata), besides the firs, hemlock,
arbor-vitae, maples, buckthorn and alder, which here grow right
down to the water's edge. Seeing an abrupt dyke of basalt rising
almost directly out of the lake to the south ? I rowed to it, landed
and climbed up its steep face. Besides many mosses and lichens, I
found the smooth maple ('Acerglabntm), Merten's saxifrage (Sax-
ifraga Mertensiana), and the gray fescue-grass (Festiica rubra).
On the morning of July 7th, the necessary part of the baggage
having arrived, we struck camp, and taking to the trail, soon left
behind us the last vestiges of civilization. I found but few plants
along the trail not previously discovered. In moist, sandy places
under the willows and poplars, appeared the little grove-lover (Ne-
vol. ii.]              Flora of the Olympics.                      273
mophila parviflora), and an Epilobium, probably (E. alpinum),
though approaching (E. origanifolium). Here also grew the
valerian (Valeriana sylvatica), filling the woods with its peculiar
odor, while along the bottoms grew the bee-willow (Salix Sz/cken-
sis), a tree or shrub whose flowers are much frequented by the
honey-bee in early spring. The female catkins were just disappear-
ing, while the next plant found, the meadow-rue (Thalictrum occi-
dentale), had dropped its ripened fruit. Here also was a delicate
grass (Agrostis Scouleri). Soon succeeded an old gravel-bar, and
there was the beautiful blue-bell (Campanula rotundifolia), in full
bloom, while covering whole patches of ground were the green
cushions of the alpine phlox (Phlox Douglassi, var. diffusa), a
plant likewise away from home, for never before have I seen it at
any other place than on banks at or above the' timber line and even
above the glaciers. About noon we reached the end of the trail,
and the goal for which the trail was cut out—the copper mines, as
they are called. Claim marks were abundant, but if there is not a
greater showing of copper than was generally found in the speci-
mens examined by our mineralogist, Colonel Linsley, there will be
no fear of their claims being "jumped." A few specimens were
tolerably rich in copper, but the majority showed much more of
iron than the other metal. The various camping places were num-
bered consecutively and marked very distinctly " 1," "2," "3,"
etc. From our present camp, No. "2," to " 3," there intervened
only about three miles, and yet so great was the labor in making
trail and occasional bridges for the mules; in cutting or sawing
gigantic fallen trees and in looking for suitable fords (for the river
was at this time deep and swift), that six days were consumed be-
fore we reached the next camp. My attention was entirely diverted
from botany to the uncongenial but none the less necessary hand-
ling of axe, saw, shovel and pick, for shirks were not in favor in
the camp, and all worked with a will.
The only plants collected during this period were the pretty little
birds-foot bramble Rubuspedatus ; several mosses, notable among
which was the handsome black-moss (Scouleria aquatica); the
western blue-berry ( Vaccinhim ovalifolium), whose berries are too
sour to gratify the taste, but "make up well" into puddings and
pies. One of the high-altitude firs first put in an appearance here,
and though the cones were too young for accurate diagnosis, it bore
274                     Flora of the  Olympics,                    [zoe
resemblance to one found in abundance two weeks later, namely,
the " lovely fir " Abies amabilis, one of the many reminders that we
were reaching a higher altitude. The other reminders were: Rubus
spedabitis, with fruit half-grown, Ribes lacustre var. parvulum,
in blossom, and the female cones or "catkins" of Alnus rubra.
hardly at all awakened from their winter's sleep. That evening
after the work of the day, and supper were over, I wandered along
the gravelly and beautiful banks of the river and collected a few
strangers to my trip so far. These were the large-leaved sand-wort
(Arenaria macrophylla), the large leaves of the western colt's-foot
(Petasitespalmata), the fruit of the tall yellow violet ( Violaglabella),
strangely enough now seen for the first time on the trip, and lastly,
the mountain bush-alder (Alnus viridis), the delicious odor oi
whose leaves always' prepares me for its presence before I see it.
This bush or small tree, common enough in most of the mountains,
is even more abundant in the Olympics, and sometimes for a mile
or more offers an almost impenetrable barrier to the traveler, unless
he is armed with an axe. Nearly always inclining strongly down
hill, owing to their six or eight months weight of snow, sometimes
partly covered by humus or moss, they are the cause of more seri-
ous falls than any other tree, unless it be the vine-maple.
The next day a halt was ordered for mending clothes, resting and
bringing up the remaining baggage from the last camp. Accom-
panied by one of the soldiers, Mr. Fisher, I started soon after nine
o'clock to ascend a high peak which began just across the river and
ended—no one knew where. A light breakfast with several good
strong cups of coffee, a cool morning and beautiful sky, all con-
spired to put us in excellent spirits, and we went up mile after mile
with very little sense of fatigue. The slope was most of the way at
an angle of fully forty-five degrees and some of the time at that of
sixty-five or seventy, while near the top it was not far from eighty.
Nearly the whole of the route lay through a tolerably thick growth
of conifers, thus diversifying the way, deceiving us as to its length,
and giving us many a soft resting place. It was a continued scene
of beauty, for so steep was the slope that at any time we could look
down upon the tops of high trees not a hundred yards distant, thus
allowing us to examine at will every variation of leaf, branch or
cone. The forest was made up of a jumble of Douglas spruce,
arbor-vitse, white pine, white fir, balsam or lovely fir, yew, Merten's

vol.. ii.]               Flora of the Olympics.                         275
hemlock, and, far up the slopes, alpine fir and alpine hemlock. We
had not proceeded a half mile from the camp before we came upon
a large snow bank protected from the warm rays of the sun by the
thick forest at this place. Then came one of those surprises, not
infrequent in the mountains but seen nowhere else that I am aware
of—an entire change in the flora. From this snow bank and thick
woods, we passed almost immediately to an exposed dyke of basalt,
upon whose scant patches of earth the sun was now throwing its
slanting but mid-day rays. The earth, such as there was, was
almost as dry as an Eastern Oregon slope in summer time, and here
were the very plants common on the sunny banks of the Willamette
River, though some of them I had not seen since leaving Oregon,
and many not since I had joined the expedition. Nearly the entire
surface of the rock for a hundred yards or more was thickly car-
peted with the bowlder moss (Racomitrium canescens Brid.), while
the poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba), was just coming into fruit. The
mock-orange (Philadelphus Letvisii) was just budding, while the
plains-grass (Danthonia Californica) y mouse-ear chickweed (Cer-
astmm arvense), stone-crop (Sedum spathulifolhim, "moss" in the
vernacular throughout Oregon and Washington), five-finger ( Po-
tenlilla glandulosa), Hosackia parviflora, small-headed clover (Tri-
folium microcephalum), few-flowered clover (T. pauciflorum), and
rock club-moss (Selaginella rupestris), not only all plants new to
the trip, but the only plants here growing. How did they find this,
to them, little oasis in the desert of forest? Certainly it supports
the theor}'- advanced by some, if theory it can be called, that the va-
rious methods in which seeds may be scattered cannot be measured,
that where you find the suitable habitat and environment, there you
will be sure to find the plant. Here also were a few plants seen at our
landing on Hood's canal, and not seen since, namely, the cherry
(Prunus emarginata var. mollis), and the yellow Composite
(Troximon laciniatum). Near the dyke was our common early
violet (Viola sarmeniosa) and strange companion for this little
friend found only about Portland, the snow-loving bramble (Rufais
nivalis), a pretty thing with its glossy, evergreen leaves and lurid-
red flowers. Rare mosses, lichens, and fungi now began to appear
on every hand, the most noticeable of the first class being- the cat-
erpillar moss (Hypnum robustum), so named on account of the yel-
lowish-green and exceedingly worm-like branches; while the " bar-
276
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
ber's poles" (Allotropa virgata) and coral-root (Corallorhiza Mer-
iensiana) were sticking up everywhere. Here first appeared the myr-
tle-leaved huckleberry ( Vaccinium myrtilloides), the fruit of which
is a luscious berry equally prized by white or Indian, though the
bush was now hardly past the flowering stage. As we mounted
higher and higher, the trees grew more scanty and stunted, with
glades here and there. Presently were found occasional shoots of
the small-leaved huckleberry ( Vaccinium Myrtillus var. microphyl-
lum), the modest little mountain wintergreen or salal (Gaidtheria
ovatifolia) and the downy bramble (Rubus lassiococcus). In the
more open, loose soil were growing a pretty sedge (Carex deflexa
var. media), and one of the showiest and most common Lupines
near the snow line, L. rivularis. Steeper and more arduous grew the
ascent, for a fire had killed the now scattered trees, thus taking from
us all shelter from the intense rays of the sun, and making the soil
so loose that our feet sank ankle deep at every step. The fire had
gone through this place the previous year, and though it had de-
stroyed nearly all vegetation, the deep roots of the elk-grass had
not been injured, and it was out in thick magnificence. The beauty
of this plant I have previously described. Veritable snow-balls
they appear perched upon the summits of their green and purple
stems. Soon vast banks of snow were reached, as the slope went
down toward the north, and immediately a new set of flowers ap-
peared. On a little sunny bank, peering out of the snow like an
islet from the sea, was the pretty alpine buttercup (Ranunculus
Eschscholtzii). Then began one of the most singular mixtures of
mountain and valley flowers that I had ever witnessed; common
yellow violet ( Viola glabella), white adder's tongue (Erythronium
revoluium), yew (Taxus brevifolia) in flower, a lily (Prosartes
Oregana) just flowering, baneberry (Actea spicata var. arguta),
meadow-rue, just flowering, sweet-herb, western barberry or Oregon
grape (Berberis nervosa), all low altitude plants, common all about
Portland or Olympia, there grew in strange incongruity with the
gooseberry (Ribes lacustre var. parvulum), an alpine currant (Ribes
iaxiflorum), alpine valerian (Valeriana Sitckmsis), alpine wood-
rush (Luzula parviflora, an alpine form), and the two alpine mitre-
worts (Mitella trifida and M. Breweri). The two next found,
smooth maple (Acer glabrum), and an umbelliferous plant, Glycosma
ambiguum, seem equally at home at the snow line or along our rivers
at low altitudes.

VOL. II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
277
The mountain slope now grew rocky and far more steep. Where
a scant covering of earth overlaid the otherwise bare rock were
great patches of the sweet mountain pink (Phlox Douglasii, var.
diffusa), the soft cushions of whose intermingled leaves and branches,
seconded by the delicious scent of its white or pink flowers, offer as
luxurious a pillow to the warm head and panting frame as any
Sybarite could choose. Then, as with body stretched out its full
length at an angle of 20 or 30 degrees, bathed in the warm rays
of the afternoon sun, with eyes looking upward and outward and
meeting nothing but the blue sky, except it be a majestic white
cloud - pile moving across the field of view not far overhead,
or a butterfly flitting just above; hearing nothing but the plaintive
whistle of the mountain marmot, or the roar of some Alpine cat-
aract far below, all cares of the world vanish for the instant; one
seems to be upon some vast, quiet sea, and instinctively some
such soothing couplet as that of Buchanan Reid's occurs to the
mind:
'' My soul to-day is far away,
Sailing the Vesuvian Bay."
But with a start I realize that I am getting" cold, that the even-
ing is advancing, and that the top has not yet been gained. Near
at hand, my senses steeped in the incense from its leaves, was the
bush-alder (Alnus viridis), just in flower, and right under it the
yellow adder's - tongue (Erythronhwi grandiflorum, var.?); next
the pretty mountain - ash (Pints samhicifolia). Just here a bear
started up and went plunging down the steep slope at a fearful gait,
and altogether too quickly for the expert pistol of my companion.
Up a little ravine, at an angle of fully 80 degrees, ran the trail,
well marked and even scored by the feet of deer. How do they
possibly ascend such slopes ? Had it not been for the almost con-
tinuous assistance given us by bushes, plants or jutting rocks, we
would have been compelled to beat a retreat a number of times.
The whistle or cry of the marmot grew more frequent; where a
combination of soil and crevices of rock would admit of it, were
numerous holes of the mountain beaver. Jutting out from the cliff-
faces was a plant belonging to a class much sought after by the In-
dians for its food-producing roots, called "cous," and botanically
Peucedamun. This species (P. Hallii), we found no exception to
the rule, and we ate or rather chewed several of its fibrous, parsnip-
278                      Flora of the Olympics.                      [zoe
like roots with a relish. Then appeared the peculiar Menziesia
glabella, and the undeveloped buds of the white azalea (Rhododen-
dron albiflorum). Next, in strange contrast, the common blue
violet ( Viola cani?ia, var. adunca), and low strawberry (Fragaria
Chilensis), put me in mind of home. The young shoots of Pedic-
idaris bradeosa, were just appearing from the ground; while from a
rich handful of earth was growing a clump of the pretty alpine
form of our waterleaf (Hydrophyllum Virginicum). Soon a de-
lightful surprise was in waiting for me. As we scaled the now al-
most vertical wall, slowly and with the utmost care, for a misstep
would send us rolling hundreds of feet down the steep and rocky
defile, my face, almost in contact with the rock, came suddenly
upon a dash of color almost as vivid as if some one had overturned
a pot of crimson or carmine, and covering an area of a foot or
more. It was the beautiful alpineDoiiglasia (D. nivalis, var. de?itata),
probably, though at the time I thought I had found an unknown
treasure. Soon this plant occurred in great abundance, and as these
brilliant patches of red fell upon the eye from a distance, one could
hardly dissuade oneself from thinking this some Lookout Mount-
tain up which an attacking force had been clambering, and though the
bodies had been removed the stains bore witness of the bloody fray.
Clinging to the overhanging rocks was the handsome Penstemon
Menziesi, while Ante?inaria plantaginifolia, Saxifraga occide?italis,
(early Saxifrage) Saxifraga punctata, Alliwn Tolmiei, Arabis hir-
suta, Pachysiima myrsinites, in full bloom, and the beautiful west-
ern heather (Bryanthus empetriformis) yet in bud, took hold wher-
ever a handful of earth was to be found on the otherwise bare rocks.
Bordering the snow-banks, near the summit, were thick beds of
another plant closely related to the last Cassiope Mertensiana, the
beautiful white bells of the latter forming a pretty contrast to the
pink buds of the former. Next came a violet, handsome both in
leaf and in flower, the name of which is totally unknown to me.
There was but one bunch of it, and though I scanned the cliffs far
and near not another did I find. (This plant is called V. Howellii,
by Mr. Watson.) Near the summit appeared Calandrinia Leana,
where sufficient disintegrated rock had given it a bed, while nearby
was Saxifraga stellaris in bud.
After  traversing a  few more  snow-fields and rounding several
cliffs, we came to the extreme summit, and, in order to rest, sat
VOL. II.]
Flora of the Oly?nj)ics.
279

down upon a three-foot mountain hemlock ( Tsuga Pattoniana),
which supported me like a spring bed, and from whose top, as I
drank in the splendor of the scene, I cut the flowers both male and
female! Then I bent over toward me a six-foot alpine fir (Abies
subalpina), and cut from its top the female flowers and half devel-
oped cones. What was the age of these dwarfs would be difficult
to calculate, as the rings are so near as to be amost unrecognizable
without the aid of a microscope; but from the cut end of one
about the same size on Mt. Hood I made out fifty rings and possi-
bly more! This dwarfish nature is only natural to them when in-
habiting the extreme tops of the lower mountains, or above the snow
line on the higher. On the slopes near the end of the main timber
belt, they reach generous proportions and are both objects of beauty.
The fir is sometimes nearly one hundred feet high and is almost
cylindrical from the bottom to the top, so short and thick are the
branches. The hemlock is the exact opposite, and when half-grown
is a perfect cone and the most beautiful conifer with which I am
acquainted. It seems at times as if the tree must have been sub-
jected to the pruner's shears, so perfectly regular is its form. Add
to this its very dense, pretty clusters of leaves giving it the appear-
ance of being thickly covered with green rosettes, and it is a de-
lightful object to gaze upon. Even when age has given it a diameter
of three feet, it does not lose its beauty, for a pleasing majesty
takes the place of its charming regularity, like a beautiful girl
ripened into regal womanhood. No room was given me at this
time for these reflections, for while my companion had kindled a fire
in a little clump of dead hemlock, and the bacon was sizzling there-
on, preparatory to being sandwiched between slices of bread, our
frugal, but after such labors, appetizing meal, I was busy making a
rough map. I spread out a sheet of clean paper upon a flat bowl-
der, and, placing upon it my compass to get the cardinal points, I
traced thereon the main trend of rivers and chains, and located the
highest peaks. This was all done to enable our friends below to
judge somewhat of the unexplored country beyond us, and where
it was most probable a trail could be run, for this purpose alone, for
had the time been altogether at my disposal, I should have done
nothing but gaze, gaze. A more magnificent scene had never pre-
sented itself to my eyes, and I doubt whether anything in the
higher Alps or the grand ice-mountains of Alaska could outrival
280                      Flora of the Olympics.                      [zoe
that view. To the south and east, and apparently right at my feet
was the narrow, blue ribbon of Hood's Canal, and at the heel of
this watery boot stood out like a large flake of snow in the distance,
the village of Union City. Then came a narrow neck of land, and
then succeeded one another like fingers to a gigantic hand North
Bay, Eld Inlet, Totten Inlet and Budd's Inlet. The hand became an
arm and lost itself in the hazy distance towards Tacoma. Mt. Rai-
nier was visible from top to bottom, and never before was I so struck
with its magnificence as when looking upon it from this height and
being able to compare it with every intervening object. But it was
the opposite view which captivated me most. Canon mingled with
canon, peak rose above peak, ridge succeeded ridge, until they cul-
minated in old Olympus far to the northwest; snow, west, north and
south; the fast descending sun bringing out the gorgeous colorings
of pale-blue, lavender, purple, ash, pink and gold. Add to this the
delightful warmth of a summer sun in these altitudes—the awful
stillness broken every now and then by the no less awful thunder
of some distant avalanche—a fearful precipice just before us down
which a single step in advance would hurl us hundreds of feet—and
one can form some slight idea of the reasons that compelled us to
gaze and be silent.
But it was now after four o'clock, and a long, steep journey lay
between us and camp. Regretfully we turned our eyes away from
this scene and swiftly passing back to the east slope of the moun-
tain, we were surprised to find that evening had already set in there.
Slipping, sliding, running, jumping where the trail was easier—
crawling backwards and holding tightly by every bush or bunch of
grass, where the way was dangerous, we finally reached the timber
line. Then running, jumping, slipping again, the miles flew swiftly
behind us until at half-past nine, and afteral several shots had been
given by our friends in camp who were uneasy at our prolonged
stay, and answered by us—dripping with perspiration and trembling
like aspens, our legs almost giving way under us at every step
owing to the fearful strain upon muscles unaccustomed to such a
descent—foot-sore and happy with the success of the trip, we en-
tered camp and there detailed the circumstances of the day to a
group of listeners, while beside the blazing camp-fire we refreshed
ourselves with a good supper and pints of hot coffee.
The next day, owing to the mass of material I had collected the-
VOL.  II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
281
previous day (for I aimed to gather at least one specimen of every
species I saw on the whole trip, that the Alpine Club might have as
complete a collection as possible), I spent the whole of the time in
sorting and drying the plants, and arranging with some of the men
to attend to my '' pack,'' for the following three or four days were
to be given up to " scouting " for trails. At 8 o'clock, July 15th,
we again broke camp and moved up the river two or three miles,
the mules making good use of the shallow fords on this part of the
river as well as the long stretches of gravel bar. At 9 o'clock
'' Camp 4 " was reached, where vertical walls, a swift and deep river,
and numerous falls revealed to us the fact that the serious work
would now begin. Three scouting parties were quickly formed,
and orders given by the Lieutenant as to the ground we were to
"cover." Our party consisted of Colonel Linsley, our mineral-
ologist,. Sergeant Yates and myself, to be increased shortly after
our departure, and much to our disgust, by our mastiff-hound
' 'Jumbo.'' We went very'' light weight," owing to the severe climb-
ing we knew was in store for us, our stock of supplies and equip-
ments being one haversack of hard tack, tea and coffee, a pound or
two of bacon, a hand axe, a rifle and a small press. For this reason
was Jumbo's society not only undesired, but the dog came to be
actually abhorred, till famine, toil and heroism proved his staying
qualities and changed our antipathy into admiration. As we toiled
up a mossy cliff, the flowers of Rubtis spedabilis were just opening
from bud; the fruit had vanished months ago around the Sound.
Further on, the ground was carpetted with the green leaves and
bright with the snowy flowers of the little bramble ( Rubuspedatus),
while quantities of the pink twist-stalk (Streptopus roseus), were on
every hand. We were soon driven by the steep bluff to the river-
bed of the South Branch, more of a creek than a river, and rush-
ing and roaring a constant succession of rapids, pools and occa-
sional falls. Here I came upon a little friend I had not seen since
leaving the Columbia River at Rooster Rock, the delicate Ro7na?i-
zoffia Sitckensis, while a little further up the stream, and growing
from the snow Vaccinium ovalifolium, was just blossoming. On a
bank in the woods, but recently abandoned.by the snow, was grow-
ing Lycopodium hiciduhon, its leafy spikes just ripening their spores.
The trail was followed with the utmost difficulty. The severe win-
ter that had just passed, with its accompanying and unheard of
t !
282
Flora of the  Olympics.
[zoe
mass  of snow, followed by severe storms and  avalanches in the
spring, had  protrasted trees  in   every direction, piling the giant
cedars and firs sometimes four or five deep.    It was probably due
to the unusual depth  of snow and quantities of "wind-falls" that
game had been so scarce  during the whole  trip so far, for its ab-
sence puzzled the "oldest inhabitant."    If it had not been for the
fallen timber, the way would have been comparatively easy, for a
deeply cut elk-trail led along the river, which would have been as
plain as a cattle-path had the successions of fallen trees, dislodged
stones, land slides and at times deep snow allowed any trail to be
followed for more than a hundred yards.    Soon we abandoned all
thought of trail and took boldly to the timber, keeping the stream
always in sound if not in sight, and skirting, while ascending, the
steep slope to the north of the creek.    After several miles of wind-
falls, snow-banks, vine - maple, huckleberry brush and alpine alder
we came suddenly upon one of those dykes often found on mount-
ain sides, and there my delight was  great in finding a pea whose
whole aspect was new to me, even to its generic characters.    From
one slightly formed pod, I judged it  might be a Desmodium, but
have discovered since that it is the eastern Hedysarum boreale.   On
taking again to the forest, as my eyes were fixed upon the ground
noting the various mosses and lichens, my attention was suddenly
arrested by a little cone about the size of a very large pea or small
cherry.    I glanced up and there over my head were the  pretty,
pendant branches and white trunk of the  Sitka or yellow cedar
(ChavKzeyparis  Nutkcsnsis).    This  valuable  tree,  valuable  alike
from its strong scent, light yellow wood, close grain—so close that
the mere blow of a sharp axe leaves a surface as highly polished as
if it had been planed and oiled— is here found in great abundance,
and at times reaches a diameter of eight or nine feet.    The most of
these large  trees, however, are  more or less  wrecks, the heavy
snows, land slides, old age, or what not, having laid no gentle hands
upon  them, but leaving them  gnarled and dead  at the  top or
broken off half way up.    On a slope facing the south, reached on
a succeeding day, we found the wood much more perfect and the
trees smaller, but very numerous.    In  fact, nearly one-half of the
timber was of this species.    The remaining timber was composed
mainly of white pine and "lovely fir," the trees of both kinds being
very large and fine.    The company which  first invents some way
VOL.  II.]
Flora of the  Olympics.
283
to get these trees to market (now it seems almost an impossibility)
will make a fortune here, for I am told the logs of the Sitka cedar
fetch a very high price at Victoria, in such high repute is the lumber
in Europe. On the same slope where I first found the Chamaecy-
paris, Silene Douglassi was growing in great clumps, and out of the
rocks near by quantities of lace-fern (Cheilanthes gracillima).
Higher came the little Saxifrage (S. bronchialis, var. cherlerioides),
and the handsome shield-fern (Aspidnim Lonckitis).
Here night threatened to overtake us and we were forced to camp,
though there was no water, and nowhere could we find a slope
which could afford us a couch at a less angle than 30 degrees. Right
against a huge bowlder, however, we built our fire, and as we had
no blankets and some of us no coats, we collected wood for an " all
night's session." Fortunately this was abundant, as it is every-
where in these mountains, and soon a roaring fire was blazing up-
wards. We collected great cakes of snow, and putting into our
quart cup handful after handful of this substance, in lieu of water,
we soon had tea. As we sat around our camp-fire, partaking of our
delicious repast of hard-tack, bacon and tea, the pleasure of the
moment was rather clouded by thoughts of the coming night to be
gone through, and I for one involuntarily repeated the words from
a well-known selection, slightly amended:
" Few and short were the prayers we said,
And we spake not a word of sorrow,
But we steadfastly gazed " on the snow all around
"And we bitterly thought of the morrow."
By constantly replenishing the fire all night, and by constantly
changing our freezing and our roasting sides, we managed to keep
moderately comfortable, and five o'clock the next morning saw us
up, and shortly after, continuing our upward course. As we neared
the top of this particular peak, I came upon a very interesting
plant, new to me, and I had hoped, new to science, the Alaskan
Spiraea (Eriogynia ccespitosa), springing out from the top of vertical
walls, in this respect very unlike its relative, E. pectinata, which or-
dinarily grows in loose moraine material. I hear that Prof. Eaton
thinks it a new species. In slopes on the summit was the dwarf
huckleberry ( Vaccinium ccBspitosum), then in flower. Next came
the yellow Arnica Chamissonis, and a grass (Trisetum s?ibspicahim
var. rnolle), with a sedge  (Carex leporina).    In thickets nearby

284                      Flora of the Olympics.                     [zoe
were the delicate little flowers of the wood wind-flower (Anemone
nemorosa), a remarkably small form with flowers varying from white
to blue. This little plant seems worthy of a varietal name; but I
have been told by eminent authorities that intermediate forms are
found. However this may be, I never have found them, neither have
I ever found the small form in the neighborhood of the larger. The
only times I ever found this form were in its present situation and in
an "oak-prairie" five miles southeast of Portland. On a moist,
sunny bank near by was Epilobium alpinum, and further on I col-
lected a solitary specimen of Drummond's wind-flower (Anemo?ie
Drummondii), the alpine meadow-sweet (Spircea betulcsfolia),
Drummond's rush ( Juncus Drummondii), and Saxifraga stellaris
now in blossom. The only other plant found by me not previously*
described was the pretty grass, Deschampsia latifolia. The trave
of this day was the most provoking I ever experienced, the most
dangerous, and very fatiguing. It was one constant succession of
climbing up one wall, down another; up one snow-bank, down an-
other; creeping along a precipice, or walking along a sharp "back-
bone '' upon the tops of eight-foot trees. Some idea can be had of
the nature of our advance when I state that we left the former camp at
6 o'clock a. M., stopped one hour at noon, and at six o'clock in the
evening camped on a flat ledge of sandstone rocks not two miles from
our'"covert" of the night before. At six the next morning, after
having blazed a tree and written thereon the object of our search,
we were again on the way, my botanical pack swelling visibly hour
by hour, but the contents of the haversack reduced to a slice of
bacon, a handful of sugar and about a quart of cracker crumbs.
We had accomplished the object of our mission, however, which
was to satisfy ourselves that a trail up this south fork vyould be not
only difficult and long, but hazardous, as the other side of the ridge
seemed most forbidding for pack animals. We were convinced
that the trail should go farther to the north, and this view being
fixed in our minds, the next thing was to get back to camp as
quickly as possible since our store of provisions was reduced to a
minimum. Passing down the north side of this ridge, crossing the
creek at the bottom, and ascending the opposite ridge to the north,
we found no small undertaking, and six hours were consumed in
making, on a straight line, not over one mile and a half. On the
cold, wet bottoms of the north slope I found growing abundantly
VOL. II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
28s
Jeffrey's mosquito-bills (Dodecatheon Jeffreyi), and the white mari-
gold (Caltha biflora), the latter blossoming right out of the snow,
so late was the season and so deep had been the snow. Along the
rills lower down, the delicate corymbs of Trauivetteria grandis,
were abundant. After arduous toil we reached a point well up the
opposite ridge, and took there a very hasty and meager meal, the last
one in the haversack. Camp was about eight or ten miles away,
but we had luckily struck a fine elk-trail and an open hillside. This
trail we kept for several miles, till the fallen timber of the bottom
compelled up to seek the creek-bank. Here I collected the only
other plant not yet seen, the graceful rein-orchid (Habenaria gra-
cilis), though one other plant was seen, not yet fit for collection.
The tall stalks of the " stagger-weed " (Delphinnim troiliifolium)
were in their prime stage for being cropped by animals, and acted
as another motive to cause us to abandon this route, as I have too
frequently seen the deadly effect of this plant upon cattle and horses.
At nine o'clock wearied, hungry, and our lower limbs filled with the
poisonous prickles of Faisia horrida, we caught the gleam of the
camp fire and were welcomed by a chorus of shots, yells and the
baying of hounds. All of the other parties had returned, and one
of them with a fine, young deer. I will not tax the reader's credu-
lity by enumerating the number of slices of fried venison, cups of
coffee or slices of bread we severally devoured that night. Passing
this immaterial part of the record, suffice it to state that nothing of
great value had been discovered as to the most feasible trail, but it
was determined to reach the Upper Falls, about six miles distant,
before sending out more parties.
This trip consumed the 15th, 16th and 17th of July. From the
18th to the 27th we were engaged in making trail, and on the morning
of this last day were encamped at a beautiful spot above the Falls,
" Camp 6." Here another scouting party, consisting of Colonel
Linsley and Private Fischer, was sent out. During their absence
the remainder of the party were engaged in continuing the trail up
a steep but more open slope, and " Camp 7 " was reached the even-
ing of the 28th. Here a tree had been blazed by the exploring
party sent out on the previous morning, and we were surprised to
find the reading of the Colonel's barometer registered only 2,300
feet. How different from the Cascade Mountains! Here we were
camped by a great snow-bank the last of July, and our altitude only
286
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
2,300 feet above the sea.    These same surroundings in the Cascade
Range would have given us an altitude of not less than 6,000 feet.
Here, after a three weeks handling of saw, axe, pick and shovel,
and not having received a scratch or bruise the whole time, I in-
flicted a severe cut upon my wrist while cutting fir boughs for the
beds, and was rendered immediately a "useless member" for days
to come. To add to my disgust, and that of our '' advance work-
ing gang," word was brought us from Camp 6 that the explorers
had returned and announced the fact that farther progress along our
present line was not only impracticable but even impossible, and
that we must return to the lower camp and explore for a northerly
trail. The evening of the 30th saw us all reassembled in Camp 6,
not however, before I had collected at the former camp a few more
plants. These consisted almost entirely of mosses, lichens and
fungi; but the berries of the several huckleberries were just ripe
enough for good collecting, and the sweet flowers of the white
azalea were here seen for the first time this season, in full bloom. A
forced rest for the next two days was a necessity for the party, as
the Lieutenant had been compelled to go to Hoodsport for sup-
plies and to learn of our photographer, who had not yet put in his
appearance, though this had been promised for several weeks. This
rest would have been appreciated by me in my present useless con-
dition, if I had not been constantly annoyed by the thought that the
time at my disposal was oozing rapidly away. The Lieutenant re-
turned on the evening of the 31st, and plans were immediately
formed to send out three more parties on the succeeding day.
From "Camp 4" a party consisting of our naturalist, Mr. Brether-
ton, and our engineer, Mr. Church, had been sent out by the Lieu-
tenant over the divide to the south, with instructions to explore
and carefully to map out the South Fork of the Skohomish River,
the longer and possibly the larger fork of the main river, and which
joins the one that flows out of Lake Cushman a few miles west of
Union City and the Canal. They had now been gone since the 18th,
and as they had taken only five days' rations, we began to feel un-
easy about them. I was to learn the cause of their long absence a
few days later.
The morning of the first of August broke dark and gloomy. The
scouts were divided into three parties, and were told not to return
till they severally found the route taken by them either utterly im-
VOL.  II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
287
practicable, or absolutely safe. They were provisioned for a five to
seven days trip. My hand having- healed sufficiently to cause me
less inconvenience, I was anxious to accompany one of the parties,
since at the utmost I had but a few weeks at my disposal before I
should be compelled to return. Both the Lieutenant and the Col-
onel however spoke strongly against my proposal, and unwillingly
I gave it up. At ten o'clock, three hours after their departure, it
commenced to pour, and glad enough I was then that I had not ac-
companied them in my disabled condition. Before the party started
I intimated to the Lieutenant that I should return to the Canal be-
fore he got back, explaining the position fully to him. So " good
bys " were given and returned, and August 3d saw me on my re-
turn, accompanied by one of the soldiers, Higgins, while my col-
lection and few belongings were tightly strapped to the back of the
faithful little mule, "Frenchy." As it was about twenty miles to
Hoodsport, and as we wished to reach that point the evening- of
this day, we took one other mule to help us on our journey, and by
riding in turns, render it less tedious.
I found nothing to collect till I reached Lake Cushman. There
a three weeks' absence and the lowering of the waters of the lake
had brought a few more flowers into view. These were CEnanihe
Californica, an Angelica (A. Lyallii?) in flower, the creeping butter-
cup (Ranunculus FlammulavTar. reptans) a sedge (Car ex stipaia), a
pretty aster (A.'foliaceous var. frondeus), the blue-flowered lettuce
( Lachica leucophcea), now in full bloom, and the tall, drooping grass
(' Cinna pendula). In the dark fir forests bordering the lake, and
for the ensuing two or three miles, the woods were thick with the
ghostly stalks of the Indian pipe (Monotropa viniflora). Nothing
else was seen to collect till we reached a gravelly, burnt plain,
almost entirely devoid of underbrush, and with but few firs and other
trees. The ground was thickly covered with salal, and kinnikinick;
while clumps of the Lupine (L. rivularis), Psoralea physodes, and
Hosackia crassifolia, occurred at intervals. Then came quantities
of the black pine (Pimcs contorta), which differs here, as it does in
the high mountains, from the ordinary seacoast form, possibly
enough to merit the specific name that some give it of P. Murray ana.
It struck me, as I looked at this tree, that it took just the interme-
diate ground between the coast and high mountain forms, and made
even the var. Murrayana of Engelmann unnecessary.    The coast
288
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
tree is a low, bunchy tree, thickly covered with very enduring cones;
the mountain tree is a very tall tree for its size, at times more re-
sembling gigantic bamboos than trees. This form occupied the
middle ground. It is never very bunchy, but bears cones, as does
the coast form, when quite low. As I rode along, the cones on the
tops of some of these trees or bushes did not reach my shoulder.
Here it is always symmetrical, and at times reaches goodly propor-
tions. As I rode in the stage between Union City and Shelton, I
observed many over two feet in diameter, and one old decrepit hero,
broken off half way up, measured nearly three feet. As we dropped
off from this bench the firs and hemlocks again took the place of
the pines. Along the hillsides near Hoodsport I found the small-
headed cud-weed (Gnaphalium microcephalum) abundant, and as I
came down upon the beach I collected several specimens of the last
plant gathered on this trip, Grlndelia Henderso7ii. I was rather
doubtful about this name when it was sent me, or about this being a
new species, but from the specimens collected this year, both flower
and fruit, I am convinced that it is neither G cuneifolia, nor G.
glutinosa.
When I reached Hoodsport, I found Mr. Brotherton and Dr.
Church looking rather pulled down. On my inquiring what the
matter was, they told me as follows: Relying upon what false state-
ments they had heard from miners and Indians, they had crossed
the divide with only three days' rations, since they had been assured
that a good trail and a short day's trip down the south fork of the
Skohomish would bring them into the Indian reservation, and thence
an easy trip into Union City. They were out seven or eight days,
and for the last three days with hardly a morsel to eat. Had it not
been for timely succor given them by a party of hunters from Olym-
pia, it is doubtful whether they would ever have been enabled to
reach their journey's end to tell the tale of their hardships. They
were to follow after the party the next day, and wishing them good-
bye and a successful termination to the whole expedition, I hired a
sail-boat and was soon over at the little but beautifully situated vil-
lage of Union City. There I took stage the next morning for Shel-
ton, and after a four hours drive over a fine road, and picturesque
but rather poor country, I reached the latter place, whence I took
the steamer for Olympia.
As one of the young soldiers, Mr. Fisher, seemed much interested

VOL.  II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
289
in my work, I left him my press, driers and plenty of paper, ask-
ing him to finish what I had barely begun. This he agreed to do,
and from what I was told by the Lieutenant and by other members
of the party, he kept his word well, and had gathered for me many
plants which he knew I had not. By some untoward accident this
bundle, carried with so much difficulty all through the mountains,
miscarried somewhere on the way to Gray's Harbor, to which place
they went when taken upon the western coast. This is greatly to
be regretted, for it must be that the most interesting flora and time
of collecting came after I left the party, both on account of the
mountains growing higher, the distance as they advanced being
farther removed from salt water, .and the snow disappearing from
the slopes and leaving more of the ground uncovered. This un-
fortunate circumstance may have been largely mended by the good
collections made by Mr. Chas. V. Piper, who followed some weeks
later along the route taken by the party, and reached a point much
further inland than did I. If reports from his collections sent,
when unknown, to the different authorities for identification, come
back at about the same time that mine do, I shall incorporate the
additional plants collected by him in this report.
As yet a great deal is to be learned about the flora of these mount-
ains, and when several such fine trails as were cut by our party are
made into their hearts they will not long be a terra incognita.
LIST  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE   CANAL   TO  THE  SNOW  LINE.
Those seen by Charles V. Piper and not by me are followed by
his name. I am indebted to Messrs. Sereno Watson, George Vasey,
L. H. Bailey, J. Cardot, O. F. Cook, H. Willey and Charles H.
Peck forthe identification of many species. Some were too frag-
mentary, some of the grasses were too old, and some of the caricrs
too young for exact identification, and all such are unnamed in
whole or in part, or given with a question mark. The list enumer-
ates nearly five hundred species:
Thalictrum occidentale Gray.
Anemone neniorosa L.
Drunimondii Wats.
occidentalis Wats.    (Piper.)
Trautvetteria grandis Nutt.
Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl.
Eanunculus tenellus Nutt.
Cymbalaria Pursh.
Caltha biflora DC.
Trollius laxus Salisb.    (Piper.)
Aquilegia forniosa Fiseh.
Actsea spicata L., var. arguta Torr.
Plammula L., var. reptans Mey.    Berberis nervosa Pursh.
290
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
Achlys triphylla DC.
Dicentra formosa DC.
Barbarea vulgaris E. Br.
Erysimum arenicola Wats.nsp(Piper
Arabis hirsuta Scop.
perfoliata Lam.
Cardamine oligospernia Nutt.
liirsuta L., var. sylvatica Gray.
pratensis L.
Lepidiuin Virginicum L.
Viola palustris L.
Howellii Gray (?).
canina L., var. adunca Gray.
glabella Nutt.
sarmentosa Dougl.
Silene Douglasii Hook.
Cerastiuin arvense L.
Stellaria borealis Bigel.
crispa Ch. & Schl.
Arenaria lateriflora L.    (Piper.)
macrophylla Hook.
Sagina occidentalis Wats. (?).
Lepigomiin medium Fries.
Calandrinia Colunibiana Howell.
Claytonia triphylla Wats.
cordifolia Wats.
Sibirica L.
parvifolia Moc.
Hypericum anagalloides Ch. & Schl.
Scotxleri Hook.
Pachystima Myrsinites Kaf.
Bhamnus Purshiana DC.
Acer macrophyllum Pursh.
glabrum Torr.
circinatum Pursh.
Ehus diversiloba Torr. & Gray.
Lupinus rivularis Dougl.
Trifolium involucratum Willd.
pauciflorum Nutt.
microcephalum Pursh.
Hosackia crassifolia Benth.
parviflora Benth.
Psoralea physodes Dougl.
Hedysarum boreale Nutt.
Vicia gigantea Hook.
Prunuseniarginata,var. mollis Brewer
Nuttallia cerasiformis Torr. & Gray.
Eriogynia pectinata Hook.
.)         ctBspitosa Wats.    (An sp. nova?)
Spiraea Douglasii Hook.
betulasfolia Pall.
discolor Pursh. var aria-folia Wats.
Aruncus L.
Neillia opulifolia B. & H.
Eubus nivalis Dougl.
spectabilis Pursh.
leucodermis Dougl.
Nutkanus Moc.
. pedatus Smith.
ursinus Ch. & Schl.
lasiococcus Gray.
Geum macrophyllum Willd.
Fragaria Chilensis Ehrh.
Virginiana var. Illinoensis Gray.
Potentilla Anserina L.
gelida Mey.    (Piper.)
glandulosa Lindl.
Sibbaldia j>rocumbens L.    (Piper.)
Kosa gymnocarpa Nutt.
Nutkana Presl.
Pirus rivularis Dougl.
sambucifolia Ch. & Sch.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.
Saxifraga bronchialis L.
bronchialis var. cherleroides Eng.
Mertensiana Bong.
occidentalis.    Wats.
stellaris L.
Leptarrhena pyi^olifolia E. Br.
Boykinia occidentalis T. & G.
Tiarella trifoliaha Hook.
Tellima grandiflora E. Br.
Mitella caulescens Nutt.
Breweri Gray.
trifida Graham.
Heuchera glabra Willd.    (Piper.)
micrantha Dougl.
racemosa Wats.    (Piper.)
Tolmiea Menziesii T. & G.
Parnassia fimbriata Koenig.  . (Piper.)
VOL.  II.]
jFlora of the Olympics.
291
Philadelphus Lewisii Pursh.
Eibes divaricatum Dougl.
laxiflorum Pursh.
sanguineuin Pursh.
bracteosum Dougl.
lacustre Poir var. parvuluni Gray.
Sedurn spathulifoliuni Hook.
divergens Wats.
Hippuris montana Ledeb.    (Piper.)
vulgaris L.
Epilobium origanifolium Lam.
spicatum Lam.
luteum Pursh.   (Piper.)
minutum Lindl.
coloratum Muhl.
Circasa Pacifica Asch. & Mag.
Glycosma ambiguum Gray.
Osmorrhiza nuda Torr.
(Enanthe Californica C. & K.
Crantzia lineata Nutt.
Selirmm Hookeri.
Angelica arguta (?) Nutt.
genuflexa Nutt.    (Piper.)
Peucedanum Hallii Wats.
Martindalei C. & K.   (Piper.)
Coelopleurum Gmelini Ledeb.
Heracleum lanatum Mx.
Fatsia horrida B. & H.
Cornus Canadeusis L.
pubescens Nutt.
Nuttallii Aud.
Sambucus glauca Nutt.
racemosa L.
Linnasa borealis Gronov.
Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt.
Lonicera involucrata Banks.
Galium trifidum L.
Aparine L.
Kamtschaticum St.
triflorum Mx.
Valeriana sylvatica Banks.
Sitchensis Bong.
Chrysopsis Oregana Gray.
Grindelia Hendersoni Greene.
Aster foliaceus var frondeus Gray.
Engelmanni Gray var. paucicap-
itatus B.L. Eobinson n. var.
(Piper.)
modestus Lindl.    (Piper.)
Erigeron salsuginosus Gray.
Philadelphicus L.
compositus Pursh.   (Piper.)
Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook.
Anaphalis margarilacea B. & H.
Gnaphalium microcephalum Nntt.
purpureum L.
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook.
Pranseria bipinnatifida Nutt.
Madia sativa, var. racemosa Gray.
Eriophylluni cnespitosuni Dougl.
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Petasites palmata Gray.
nivalis Greene.    (Piper.)
Luina hypoleuca Benth.
Arnica Charnissonis Less.
latifolia Bong.    (Piper.)
Senecio Bolanderi Gray.
triangularis Hook.    (Piper.)
Saussurea Americana Eaton.
Cnicus edulis Gray.
Hieracium albinoruni Hook.
Preuanthes alata Gray.    (Piper.)
Troximon laciniatum Gray.
Lactuca leucophsea Gray.
Campanula aurita Greene.    (Piper.)
rotundifolia L.
Scouleri Hook.
Vaccinium ctespitosum Mx.
Myrtilloides Hook.
ovalifolium Sm.
Myrtillus var. microphyllum Hk.
parvifolium Sm.
ovatum Pursh.
uliginosuni Gray.    (Piper.)
ArbiTtus Menziesii Pursh.
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Spreng.
tomentosa Dougl.
Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray.
292
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
Gaultheria Sliallou Pursli.
Myrsinites Hook.    (Piper.)
Cassiope Mertensiana Don.
Bryanthus eini^etriforrnis Gray.
Menziesia glabella Gray. (?)
Rhododendron albifloruin Hook.
Californicuin Hook.
Chinaapliila Menziesii Spreng.
unibellata Nutt.
PjTola aphyla Smith.
picta Sni. var. dentata Sni.
rotundifolia var. bracteata Gray.
secunda L.
Pterospora androniedea Nutt. (Piper.)
. Allotropa virgata T. & G.
Monotropa Hypopitys L.
uniflora L.
Newberrya spicata Gray.
Dodecatheou Jeffreyi Moore.
Douglasia nivalis var. dentata Gray.
Trientalis Europaaa var. latifolia Torr.
Fraxinus Oregana Nutt.    (Piper.)
Phlox Douglasii var. diffusa Gray.
Gilia heterophylla Gray.
gracilis Hook.
Poleinonium humile var. pulchellum
Willd.  (Piper.)
Hydrophylluni Virginicuru L.
Nemophila parviflora Dougl.
Phacelia sericea Gray.
circinata Jacq.
Eomanzoffia Sitchensis Bong.
Mertensia Sibirica Don.
Collinsia parviflora Dougl.
Chelone neniorosa Dougl.
Penstemon Menziesii Hook.
diffusus Dougl.
Miniulus lnoschatus Dougl.
luteus L.
Lewisii Pursh.
Veronica alpina L.
Americana Schw.
Castilleia miniata Dougl.    (Piper.)
parviflora Bong.
Orthocarpus castilleioides Benth.
Pedicularis bracteosa Benth.
contorta Benth.    (Piper.)
Boschniakia strobilacea Gray.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.    (Piper.)
Micromeria Douglasii Benth.
Stachys ciliata Dougl.
pubens Gray.    (Piper.)
Plantago maritima L.
Asarum caudatum Lindl.
Chenopodium rubrum L.
Oxyria digyna Hill.   (Piper.)
Eumex occidentalis Wats.
Polygonum Douglasii Greene.
Bistorta L.
minimum Wats.
Callitriche autumnalis L.
Urtica gracilis Ait.
Coiylus rostrata Ait.
Alnus viridis DC.
rubra Bong.
Salix Barclayi And.    (Piper.)
flavescens Nutt.
Sitchensis Sanson.
lasiandra Benth.
Populus trichocarpa T. & G.
tremuloides Michx.    (Piper.)
Taxus brevifolia Nutt.
Juniperus communis var. alpina Gray.
Chaniaecyparis Nutkaensis Spach.
Thuja gigantea Nutt.
Abies grandis Lindl.
amabilis Dougl.
subalpina Eng.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii Carr.
Tsuga Pattoniana Eng.
Mertensiana Garr.-
Pinus contorta Dougl.
monticola Dougl.
Lysichiton Kamtschatcensis Sch.
Sparganium simplex Huds.
simplex var. angustifolium Gray.
Potamogeton Eobbinsii Oakes.
Triglochin maritimum L.
Habenaria gracilis Wats.
Goodyera Menziesii Lindl.
VOL.  II.]
Flora of the Olympics.
293
Listera convallarioides Nutt.
cor data R. Br.
Corallorhiza Mertensiana Bong.
Allium Tolmiei Baker.
Smilacina raceniosa Desf.
sessilifolia Nutt.
Maianthemum bifoliumDC. var. dila-
tatuni.
Lilium Columbianum Hanson.
Erythroniurn   grandiflorum  Pursh.
var. (?)
revolutum Smith.
Streptopus amplexifolius DC.
roseus Mx.
Prosartes Oregana Wats.
Clintonia uniflora Kunth.
Trillium ovatuni Pursh.
Veratrum viride Ait.
Stenanthium occidentale Gray.
Tofieldia occidentalis Wats.
Xerophyllum tenax Nutt.
Luzula parviflora Desv.
comosa var. macrantha Wats.
parviflora Desv.    (Alpine form.)
spadicea DC.
Juncus Mertensianus Meyer.
tenuis Willd.
Parryi Eng.
xiphioides, var. triandrus. Englm.
effusus L.
effusus var. brunneus Engelm.
Scirpus sylvaticus var. digynus Boeck
Carex (too young).
stipata Muhl.
festiva Dewey.
Deweyana Sch.
Dewe3'ana var. Bolanderi Boott.
deflexa var. media Bailey.
leporina var. Americana Olney.
utriculata Boott.
Sitchensis Prescott.
Mertensii Prescott.
Phleum alpinum L.    (Piper.)
Agrostis scabra Willd.
Scouleri Trin. (?)
Agrostis exarata Trin.
exarata Trin. var. pallens.
microphylla Steud.
canina L.
Agrostis vulgaris With.
Cinna pendula Trin.
Deyeuxia Canadensis Beauv. var. (?)
Howellii Vasey. (?)
Deschampsia crespitosa Beauv.
latifolia.
elongata Monro.
Trisetuni canescens Buckley.
subspicatum var. molle Gray.
Danthonia Californica Bolander.
intermedia Vasey, "form."
Melica bromoides Gray.
Harfordii Bolander.
Pleuropogon refractum Benth.
Poa alpina, var. purpurascens Vasejr.
Cusickii var.
graoillima Vasey.   (Piper.)
Glyceria pauciflora Presl.
distans Whl.
Festuca Jonesii Vasey.
stibulata Haeck. (?)
rubra L. var.
ovina L., var. brevifolia Wats,
ovina L., var.
occidentalis Hook.
Bromus ciliatus L.
Hordeum nodosum Hudson.
. Elymus Americanus V. & S.
Sitanion Schultz.    (Piper.)
Equisetum robustum Braun.
Telmateia Ehrh.
limosum L.
Botrychium Virginicum Schw.
simplex Hitch.    (Piper.)
ternatum Schw.
Poly]podium falcatum  Kell.   (Piper.)
vulgare L. var. occidentale.
Adiantnm pedatum L.
Pteris  aquilina, L. var. lanuginosa
Bong.
Cheilanthes gracillima Eaton.
294
Flora of the Olympics.
[zoe
Cryptogranime acrostiehoides E. Br.
Loniaria Spicant Desv.
Aspleniuni Filix-foeinina Bernli.
Pliegopteris alpestris Mett.    (Piper.)
Dryopteris Fee.
Aspidinm niunituni Kaulf.
Lonchitis Schw.
spinulosuni Soli.
Cystopteris fragilis Bernli.    (Piper.)
Lycopodiuni luciduluin Mx.
Selago L.
clavatnin L.
Selaginella rupestris Spring.
Jungermannia cordifolia Hook.
Scapania Bolanderi Atist.
Finibriaria pilosa (Wahl.)
Conocephalus conicus.    (Dum.)
Porella navicularis.    (L. & C.)
Frullania   Asagrayana.   var.   Califor-
nica Aust.
Kantia trichonianis L., var. tenuis.
Ptilidium Californicum.   (Aust.)
Metzgeria pubescens.    (Schrank.)
Dichodontiuni   Olynipicum Ken. &
Card. sp. nov.
Dicranuni Howellii Ren. & Card.
fuscescens Turn.
Ceratodon purpureus Brid.
Disticliiuni capillaceuni B. & S.
Barbula cylindrica B. & S.
Grinimia apocarpa var. rivnlaris B.& S.
apocarpa Hedw.,  var. rivularis
B. & S. "forms."
Sconleria aqnatica Hook.
Raconritriuru varium Mitt.    (R. Ore-
gamim Ben. & Card.)
varium Mitt. " formafoliis squar-
rosis " R. & C.
aciculare Brid.
canescens var. ericoides Brid.
heterosticliuin Brid.
Orthotriclium leiocarpum B. & S.
Encalypta ciliata Hedw.
Tetraphis geniculata Girg.
Bartramia pomiformis Hedv*-.
Bartramia (Ederiana Schwartz.
Webera nutans Sch.
Bryum capillare L.
pseudotriquetrum Schw., var. gra-
cilescens Sch.
Mnium venustum Mitt.
punetatum Hedw.
Menziesii Muell.
Aulacomnium androgynum Seh.
Oligotrichum aligerum Mitt.
Pogonatum alpinum Roehl.
urnigerum Roehl.
Polytrichum junperinum Willd.
Fontinalis Neo-Mexicana Sul. & Lesq.
chrysophylla Card. sp. nova.
Dichelyma cylindricarpum Aust.
uncinatum Mitt.
Neckera Douglasii Hook.
Menziesii Drum.
Antitrichia curtipendula Brid.
Climacium dendroides W. & M.
Heterocladium heteropterum B. & S.
"forma an sp. nova? "
Clayopodium crispifolium Hk.
Camptothecium lutescens B. & S.
megaptilum Sulliv.
Amesii Ren. & Card, "forma?"
Scleropodium obtusifolium R. & C.
Isothecium stoloniferum Brid.
myosuroides Brid.
Eurynchium Stokesii B. & S.
Oreganum Sulliv.
Plagiothecium denticulatum B. & S.
undulatum B. & S.
Harpidium uncinatum Hedw.
Hypnum robustum Hook.
circinale Hook.
Dickii Ren. & Card.
plumifer Mitt.
ochraceum Turner.
Schreberi Willd.
Hjdocomium splendens B. & S.
triquetrum B. & S.
loreum B. & S.
Sticta Ore«ana Tiick.

VOL.  II.]
Recent Literature.
295
Sticta pulmonaria L.
anthraspis Ach.
Alectoria jubata (L).
jubata var. sarmeutosa.
Sphaarophorus globiferns L.
Peltigera aphthosa Hffm.
venosa Hffm.
polydactjTla Hffm.
Cladonia furcata Huds.
pyxidata L.
gracilis L.
gracilis var. elongata Fr.
gracilis var. hybrida Schrer.
rangiferina L.
bellidiflora (Ach.)
Stereocaulon tomentosum Lanr.
Umbilicaria Muhlenbergii (Ach.)
Cetraria glauca (L.)
glauca, var. Polydactyla.
Parmelia physodes (L.)
Physcia pulverulenta Schreb.
Thelotrema lepadiimm Ach.
Heterothecium sanguinarivim.
Lecanora pallescens L.
subfusca L.
Place-drum ferrugineum Huds.
Graphis scripta Ach.
Buellia geographica (L.) ?
Lecidea tessellata Flk.
Pilophorus cereolus, var. Hallii Tnck.
Exobasidium Cassiopes Peck. 11. sp.
Nidularia Candida Peck, n. sp.
Mycena strobilinoides Peck, n. sp.
Otidella fulgens (Pers.) Sacc.
Polyporus varius Fr.
piccintis Pk.
versieolor Fr.
hirsutus Fr.
Pruteus cervinus.
Mycena galericulata Scop.
Bovista pila B. & C.
Daldinia concentrica Boet.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The American Naturalist, August, 1891. Description of a New
Jumping Mouse from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick: Gerrit S.
Miller, Jr. The new species is named Zapus insignis. Descrip-
tions of Three New Species of Mexican Bats: Henry L. Ward.
The new forms are Vesperugo vercecrucis, Nyctinomus depresses
and Centurio minor.
September, 1891. The Problem of the Soaring Birds: I. Lan-
caster. ^ Fossil Birds from the Equus Beds of Oregon: R. W. Shu-
feldt, M. D. An abstract of a forthcoming work on fossil birds
from the Upper Pliocene of the Silver Lake region, Oregon. Fifty-
one species are enumerated.                                            w. E. b.
Description of a New Species of Capromys, from the Plana Keys,
Bahamas. By J. A. Allen. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, iii, 2,
Art. xxiii, pp. 329-336.     Capromys ingrahami.
The Auk for October, 1891, has a beautiful colored plate by Mr.
Robert Ridgway showing the adult female, one half natural size, of
Megascops vinaceus Brewst. and M. asperszis Brewst., from Chihua-
hua, Mexico.

296
Recent Literature.
[zoe
On the Color-Pattern of the Upper Tail- Coverts in Colaptes au-
raius. By Frank M. Chapman. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii,
No. 2, pp. 311-314. Mr. Chapman has discovered an interesting
variation in the marking of the upper (and to some extent of the
lower) tail-coverts of Colaptes dependent upon age. In young
birds the feathers are barred, while the adults are inclined to have
black feathers with white edges. This latter phase, Mr. Chapman
finds, may be acquired by a moult directly from the barred feathers,
or through successive moults. The various modifications of pat-
tern are shown in a plate which accompanies the article.
C. a. k.
On the Birds observed near Corpus Chrisli, Texas, duri?ig parts
of March and April, i8pi. By Frank M. Chapman. Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., ill, No. 2, pp. 315-328. "This paper is designed
to supplement that portion of Mr. Beckham's which relates to the
birds of the vicinity of Corpus Christi." Annotations are made
on species of interest. The explanation of the curved bill of the
avocet is worthy of especial note. One new subspecies, Cardinalis
cardi?ialis canicaudus, is described.                                   c. a. k.
Morphology of the Avian Brain. By C. H. Turner. Journ.
Comp. Neurology, i, No. 1, No. 2, pp. 107-132. A very important
contribution to a hitherto much neglected subject is made in this
paper. The author has done careful work on a comparatively large
amount of material, and has formed the basis for future work in this
department. In his general scheme of classification based on the
study of the avian brain, he coincides with that proposed by Dr.
Shufeldt some time since in the Journal of Morphology. According
to this scheme Corvus heads the list of passerine birds,     c. a. k.
Note on the Evolution of the Upright Tail in the Domestic Dog.
By Dr. Joseph L. Hancock. American Naturalist, Sept., 1891,
p. 845. The upright tail of the dog is supposed to have been ac-
quired partpassu with the evolving intelligence of the animal under
the influence of domestication, as a means of expressing emotions.
C.  a. k.
The Ibis, October, 1891. In " Ornithological Notes," by Frank
E. Beddard, M. A., a description is given of the curiously modified
tongue of Zosterops with a figure of Z. simplex.    Also a detailed
VOL. II.]
Recent Literature.
297
description, with figure, of the convoluted trachea of Manucodia
comrii.
By far the most important contribution to this number is the
article by the editor "On Recent Advances in our Knowledge of
the Geographical Distribution of Birds," which was originally de-
livered as an address to the Second International Ornithological
Congress at Budapest. The paper opens with an account of the
six great geographical regions which Mr. Sclater originally pro-
posed, and which were subsequently adopted by Wallace. Mr.
Sclater says: " After more than thirty-five years close attention to
the subject and a constant study of all that has been written upon
it by my brother workers, I am still convinced that, for the study
of vertebrate animals at least, this six-fold division of the earth's
surface will be found more natural and more convenient than any
other arrangement that has yet been suggested." The body of the
article is devoted to a special consideration of each region, with its
subregions, giving in each case a summary of the progress which
has been made. Mr. Sclater contends for the retention of the
Nearctic Region as a distinct division. In regard to its subregions
he says: " There is still much uncertainty as to the best mode of
dividing up the Nearctic Region into smaller areas. * * * Dr.
Merriam * * * who has recently studied the subject (1888),
claims to be able to show that there are but two primary life-areas
in the Nearctic Region. * * * It remains still to be seen
whether Dr. Merriam's proposed reform will be accepted by his
brother workers in the United States." The article concludes with
a suggestion of the most important pieces of detailed work to be
done in ^connection with the subject. A bibliography of a hundred
and twenty-five works consulted forms an appendix.         c. a. k.
Journal of Morphology, V, No. 2- Four articles of the usual
high standard are contained in the present number. The one " On
the Habits and Embryology of the American Alligator," by Samuel
Fessenden Clarke, is of special interest, as the embryology of our
large Saurians has been hitherto neglected. The paper opens with
a full and interesting account of the habits of the alligator in
Florida. The danger of interfering with the balance of power in
nature is here forced upon us.    The alligators, we  are told, are
L
298
Recent Literature.
[zoe
rapidly diminishing in numbers in consequence of which the moc-
casin snakes are increasing in Florida, and in Louisiana the musk-
rats are multiplying " and are doing much damage by burrowing
in the levees along the Mississippi." Special paragraphs are de-
voted to egg-laying, nidification, the egg, and, lastly and more im-
portant, the formation of the embryo, the external features alone
being described. The value of the paper is enhanced by a com-
parison of the development of the embryo of the alligator with the
bird, Lacertilia, and Chelonia. A full bibliography of the subject
concludes the account.                                                     c. a. k.
Botanical Gazette, August, 1891.—A study of some anatomical
characters of N. Am. Graminse, ii: Theo. Holm. Notes on Ure-
dineae: J. C. Arthur. Sketch of the flora of Orono, Me.: F. L.
Scribner. Notes on the pollination of Helianthus: Walter H.
Evans. A new grass (Melica ? multinervosa): George Vasey. A
new Eriogynia (E. Heyidersoni): Wm. M. Canby.
September.—The future of Systematic Botany: John M. Coulter.
Botanical papers at the Washington meeting of the A. A. A. S.
Botanical Club of the A. A. A. S. Botanical Section of the Amer-
ican Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations:
G. F. Atkinson. Oligonema (changing the preoccupied name to
Golionema): Sereno Watson.
October.—A study of some anatomical characters of North Am-
erican Graminse, iii (with plates xxiii-xxiv): Theo. Holm. On the
structure and dimorphism of Hypocrea hiberiformis (with plate
xxv): G. F. Atkinson. Notes on the flora of Canada: James M.
Macoun. What the station botanists are doing: Byron D. Halsted.
A neglected Spartina: George Vasey.
Btill. Torrey Chib, July, 1881.—Notes on North American Halo-
ragese (A revision of the North American species of Hippuris;
Callitricha, with one new species, C. longipedunculata, from San
Diego; Proserpinaca and Myriophyllum): Thomas Morong. In-
tra-carpellary Pistils and other Floral Derangements: Byron D.
Halsted. Notes upon Epigaea repens: Byron D. Halsted. A Bo-
tanical Excursion to Asateague Bay: H. H. Rusby. A Trip to
Montauk Point, Long Island: Arthur Hollick. A Lichen (Alec-
toria cetrariza Nyl.) discovered by Thomas Howell at Tillamook,
Oregon, new to the United States: John W. Eckfeldt.

vol. ii.]                     Recent Literature.                              299
September.—Enumeration of the Plants collected by Dr. H. H.
Rusby in South America, 1885-1886, xvii: N. L. Britton. New or
Noteworthy North American Phanerogams, iv: N. L. Britton.
Proceedings of the Botanical Club of the A. A. A. S., Washington
meeting, August 20, 1891.
October.—Concerning some Names for Cucurbitse: E. L. Sturte-
vant. Sphcsrella gossypina n. sp. (with plate cxxii): George F. At-
kinson. Plants introduced at Sellsville (winter quarters of the
Menagerie), near Columbus, Ohio: W. R. Lazenby. A New Egg-
plant Disease: Byron D. Halstead. Notes on some Curious Fungi:
Effie A. Southworth.
Pittonia, No. 10. In this number Professor Greene in his usual
happy vein reviews that recent work Tournefort's Institutiones Rei
Herbariae, taking it for granted apparently that the rest of the
botanical world is in need of information about it; attempts a
lame defense of the peculiar nomenclature of his " Flora Fran-
ciscana," and attacks the zoological practice of permitting identical
generic and specific names, while making use of their rule "once
a synonym always a synonym," to change a large number of our
generic names, with the usual result of getting his name after nearly
all the species.. Indeed, in two cases, Tumion Raf., instead of Tor-
reya Arnott, and Agoseris Raf., which he would have supersede
our familiar Troximon, he gets all the species, Rafinesque merely
writing in his loose way about divisions of genera, without indi-
cating any type species. Prof. Greene fails to reproduce the
generic definitions of Rafinesque, though they can of course read-
ily be obtained. Possibly it may have dawned upon him that a
statement of the facts might weaken the case. Agoseris, for in-
stance, originates in the concluding sentence of Rafinesque's de-
scription of the fictitious Troximon odorahim Raf, founded on
Robin's " Chicoracee fenouillette'," and is as follows: " This species,
together with Tr. virginicum, Tr. pallidum, and Tr. bulbosum, will
form the genus Troximon, the other species which are acaules and
with an embricated [ ! ] calyx, must form a peculiar genus which I
shall call Agoseris."
There are of course the never failing " fine new species " described
from forms, which most other botanists are content to regard as
mere variations of species already often too nearly allied to their
neighbors.    Some of them are particularly "noteworthy."    Rho-
3°°
Recent Literature.
[zoe
dode?idron Sonomense, for example, where the author is apparently-
unaware of what is a familiar fact to every other botanical explorer
of the region—that rose-colored forms of R. occidentale are found
in nearly every district mixed with the white ones. In regard to
their odors it has become painfully evident that his olfactory organs
are in a highly pathological state. Pe?itstemo?i Sonomense—Sonoma
appears to be an ominous name in botany—which the author de-
scribes as a foot high and with white woolly anthers, yet compares
with P. cordifolius having glabrous anthers and sarmentose
branches often 8-10 feet long, is well known from Mount St. Helena
and other elevations of the inner Coast Range. It had no pressing
need of a name having already been called Gerardia fruticosa,
Pentstemon Lewisii, Pentstemon Meiiziesii, P. Neivberryi, and var.
Robinsoni, and figured under three of these names.
Tellima midicaulis was stillborn. Mr. Canby on seeing the ad-
vance sheets made note in ihe Botanical Gazette,* that the plant
was the same one he had distributed as T. pentandra, and Prof.
Eaton had described as Hetcchera Williamsonii. The species of
Eriogonum show that the author has begun work among the nu-
merous forms of E. vimineiim and E. virgatum, and one can hardly
anticipate without a shudder the crop that is to follow.
It is usually considered proper in describing new species to in-
dicate as nearly as possible the time of flowering and the locality
from which the plant was obtained. It is so much the rule indeed
that a failure in these respects may leave an author open to the sus-
picion of intentionally withholding a species from scrutiny. In the
case of " Biolettia, a New Genus of Compositae," all reference to
the season of flowering is omitted, and the habitat is said to be the
the " banks of the lower San Joaquin." As the San Joaquin
drains the southern half of the great valley of California, and tide
water must extend about seventy miles, the phrase would apply to
a great distance in the center of the principal agricultural region of
the State, where it is not difficult to give nearly exact localities.
The station known to the writer, which is probably not precisely
the original one, is within the fence on the northern side of the
county road running from Lathrop to Banta, between the west bank
of the San Joaquin River and Paradise Cut, but nearer the latter.
*Bot. Gaz., xvi, 237.
vol. ii.]                    Rece7it Literature.                          301
The plants grew in abundance about late-dried depressions in the
clay, in company with Bergia Texana, Cypselea humifusa, Ltid-
wigia palustris, Ammannia latifolia, Marsilia vestita, etc.—none
were seen near the river. As this locality at least is entirely sub-
merged during the June freshets caused by the melting snows of the
Sierras, Biolettia riparia probably begins to bloom early in July,
continuing to November, or even December, its habit of rooting at
the joints making a kind of continuous growth.
It is greatly to be regretted that Dr. Gray with that high-handed
disregard of subsequent names, of which he was often guilty, should
have ignored "Biolettia" nearly forty years ago, and called the
plant Trichocorojiis Wrightii, perhaps also T. Greggz'z, as inter-
mediates between these not very distant species have been collected,
but if Dr. Gray had spared the genus it would not have escaped
the snare of Buckley's " Margacola."* Perhaps according to Prof.
Greene's theories concerning the precedence of subgenera and sub-
species over later genera and species, even Dr. Gray's earliest
name " Micrageratum " f might have sufficed for the undoing of
"Biolettia," and besides this Bentham and Hooker imply that
Trichocoronis is too near Alomia, and Baillon places it along with
Alomia and several others in Adenostemma.
Prof. Greene's "Biolettia" may however escape the fate
which his views about ''once a synonym always a synonym"
would apparently necessitate. It is possible for further research in
a line for which the author is becoming famous to show that Ra-
finesque may have used these various names for other plants, and
recorded them perhaps on the fly leaf of some rural maiden's auto-
graph album—in which case, of course, their "tenure would be
rendered too precarious " and " Biolettia" would be in order.
The place given to this little plant in classification is another il-
lustration of how " great minds disagree." Prof. Greene gets on
three sides of the fence at once in his description—he says: " This
remarkable plant wearing decidedly the aspect of a small Erigerou
[Asterbideae], but with fruit characters of the Helenioidese * * sug-
gests at once Eclipta and Spilanthes [Helianthoide£e.]" Buckley
appears to have been similarly troubled, but then Buckley's bo-
*Proc. Philad. Acad., 1861, 457.
tProc. Am. Acad., i, 46 (1846).
3O2
Proceedings of Societies.
[zoe
tanical standing was never very remarkable. The remaining bo-
tanists of the world appear to find no difficulty in locating it near
Ageratum in the Eupatoriacese.                                            k. b.
PROCEEDINGS  OF SOCIETIES.
California Academy of Sciences. August j, i8gi. Mr.
T. H. Hittell in the chair.
Specimens of coal and coke from the Tacoma Colliery, Wilkeson
Coal field, Washington, were presented by Mr. Melville Atwood,
and a paper by him on the subject was read.
Dr. Gustav Eisen read a paper on the introduction of Blasto-
phaga psenes into California, giving a complete description of the
caprification of the fig.
September j, i8pi.    President Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from: B. Macdonald,
W. M. Willey, C. W. Knox, Dr. G. Eisen, J. B. McChesney, Mrs.
S. E. Vaslit, M. Braverman, Frank H. Vaslit, Ramon E. Wilson,
Dr. W. Allen, H. H. Ellis, Charles Fuchs, Geo. B. Badger, Hon.
Leland Stanford, Mrs. H. B. Wilson, N. Ahrens, W. A. Bissell, D.
C. Stone, Walter E. Bryant, R. C. McGregor, E. D. Flint, W. H.
Shockley, California Fish Commission.
The Librarian reported 559 additions to the Library.
The President announced the death of the Second Vice President,
Dr. George Hewston, and T. H. Hittell, Dr. Behr and J. R. Scup-
ham were appointed a committee to draft resolutions of respect and
condolence.
October 5, 1891.    President Harkness in the chair.
Charles H. Gilbert, Douglas H. Campbell, Edward Ehrhorn,
David S. Jordan and Joseph Swain were elected to resident mem-
bership.
Donations to the museum were reported from: C. H. Lewis, C.
W. Knox, Carlos Troyer, F. W. Bancroft, L. Belding, C. A.
Keeler, F. O. Johnson, A. V. La Motte, Walter D. Bliss, Charles
H. Townsend, Stewart McClure, Mrs. Dan Patten, J. T. Hill.
The Librarian reported 198 additions to the Library.
.
VOL. II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
3O3
Mr. T. H. Hittell read the following report:
Mr. President:—Your Committee, appointed at the last meet-
ing, to prepare a paper expressive of the sense of the Academy
upon the death of Dr. George Hewston, late life member and Vice-
President, beg leave to submit the following:
"Dr. George Hewston, an honored member of this Academy, who
for nearly thirty years was actively engaged in encouraging its ob-
jects and promoting its interests, has passed away. He was born
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1826; and it was
there, too, that he was reared and received his early education.
Naturally studious and interested in scientific subjects, he turned his
attention to medicine, and after a regular course of study, was
graduated an M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. After
practicing a few years in his native city, during a part of which time
he was Professor of Anatomy in the Philadelphia College of Medi-
cine, he in i860 came to California; and being pleased with the
country and climate, he in 1861 brought out his family, and open-
ing an office for the practice of his profession, took up his per-
manent residence in San Francisco.
His main leaning, outside of his profession, was towards zoology,
and particularly the study of zoophytes; but he also from time to
time manifested a lively interest in politics, and in 1873 was elected
to the Board of Supervisors, and in 1875, upon the death of James
Otis, Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco, was chosen
to fill his unexpired term, which he did with credit to himself and
satisfaction to the public. He also for a number of years occupied
the position of Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine
in the Toland Medical College and afterwards in the Medical De-
partment of the University of California.
He became a member of this Academy on March 17, 1862, and
on March 1, 1869, a life member; and was at the time of his death
on September 4, 1891, and had been for several years previously,
Vice President. He was a fluent speaker and a ready writer of
elegant English. Besides numerous written lectures on scientific
and literary subjects, he gave frequent oral addresses before this
Academy on matters of general interest, and was always listened to
with attention, appreciation and applause. He was a man of pleas-
ing and attractive presence; and the work he did and the impres-
3<M
Proceedings of Societies.
[zoe
sion he produced upon his contemporaries were those of an earnest
student and scholar, a good citizen, an honor to his profession and
a devoted friend to science.
In view of the death of so prominent a man and member of this
Academy, and as a fitting taken of respect to his memory—
Resolved, That the foregoing sketch of the late Vice-President
Hewston be spread upon the minutes, and that the Secretary be re-
quested to forward a copy of the same, and of this resolution, to the
family of our departed friend.
Respectfully,
Theodore H. Hittell,
H. H. Behr,
Committee.''
October 19, i8gr.    President Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from: C. S. Capp, W.
S. Bliss, W. O. Cullen, F. O. Johnson, Charles A. Keeler, Walter
E. Bryant, Charles H. Townsend.
The Librarian reported 400 additions to the Library, including a
valuable donation of 26 volumes from Mr. B. Frank Leeds, to
whom a vote of thanks was tendered.
Specimens of various mineral substances from the Yellowstone
National Park were presented by G. P. Rixford.
Professor Charles H. Gilbert read a paper on " Deep Sea Work
of the Albatross."
California Botanical Club. August 29, 1891. The Presi-
dent in the chair.
The following were elected to membership: Mrs. W. E. Loy,
Miss S. F. Donnelly, Miss Jennie J. Houston, Mrs. F. Grayson
Crane, Mrs. Maggie Bowers, Mrs. Edward Hunt, Emory E. Smith.
Dr. H. W. Harkness read a paper on the "Vegetable Cell,"
illustrated under the microscope.
September 26, 1891. An informal meeting was held in the Library
of the California Academy of Sciences.
Dr. H. W. Harkness delivered a lecture on the "Lower Forms
of Vegetable Life," with illustration by means of the microscope.
ZOB
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Vol. II.                      JANUARY, 1892.                        No. 4.
SOME BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE PHYL-
LOXERA AND A METHOD OF UTILIZING THEM
FOR THE PROTECTION OF VINEYARDS.
BY  H.   H.  BEHR.
Almost every investigator of the biological phenomena in Phyl-
loxera, and its different forms of existence, has been struck by the
comparatively and unexpected ease with which the winged gen-
eration of the insect pest may be developed.
This experience has left an impression that under ordinary cir-
cumstances, that is in our vineyards, the winged generation of the
insect develops as regularly and frequently as in the glass jars, where,
together with some grape roots, the wingless insects are kept pris-
oners by the entomologist. The scarcity of the winged insect— in
fact I do not know any case of its being observed except in the
glass jar—has always been imputed to its minuteness, nocturnal
habits, shortness of existence, etc. Still if the insect would develop
as regularly out of the glass jar as it does within it, it would not so
successfully have escaped notice.
As to its nocturnal habits, I am not so certain that they are ex-
clusivelyyso. At least, in the glass jar, they seem lively enough
during day time. But, even supposing that they are exclusively
nocturnal, there is not much probability that they would escape our
notice if they kept regular seasons. Water tanks that reflect the
sun in day time and either the moon or artificial lights at night, and
which especially to the minute insect world prove such an attractive
trap, would have yielded at least some Phylloxera amongst the many
winged Aphidians, Coccides, Tipulides, Microptera, Noctuides, and
even Sphinges, which become victims to the deceptive reflection,
or if wise enough to escape that illusion are wafted into the water
by some untimely breeze, whose power their weak wings cannot
counteract.    There is just a trace of volition in the flight of Aphid-
306
Phylloxera.
[zoe
ians and Coccides; they are wafted on the breeze in a style but
little superior to that of the Medusa palpitating in the currents of
the ocean. Why should then the Phylloxera not share the fate of
analogous organisms?
I do not refer here to the crowd of minute insects found in aban-
doned spider webs, because the minuteness of the Phylloxera would
prevent to a considerable degree its detection in the dust and
variety of debris collected at such a locality, but the smooth, clear
surface of the water cannot conceal any object minute as it may be,
provided it be not transparent.
I do not deny the possibility of these minute things being carried
in the plumage of birds, the clothing of vintners, or by the evening
breeze from spot to spot, from vineyard to vineyard. On the con-
trary, I am certain that all the isolated centers from which irradiates
destruction are originated by winged individuals carried thither.
The only point in which experiments have taught me to differ,
is the idea of a regular development of the winged generation ac-
cording to a law analogous to the one that rules the development
of the winged generation in the rest of the known Aphidians and
Coccides. In these insects the development to the winged and to the
sexual generations runs through a well defined cycle, corresponding
more or less, but always in some way with the cycle of the seasons
of the year.
Now my own experience has convinced me that the development
of the winged generation is entirely independent of the seasons, or
any regular cycle. The law that rules its dimorphism is analogous
to the law that rules the dimorphism of the Lepidopterous genera
CEceticus, Solenobia, Talaeporia, and perhaps other sack-bearers.
Here a parthenogenesis of wingless individuals is going on ad in-
finilum, and the collector who expects specimens of the winged
male is constantly disappointed till suddenly winged males are
produced, which, mating with the wingless females, reproduce an-
other series of parthenogenetic generations.
The circumstance that in Phylloxera the winged generation serves
only as an introduction to the sexual generation, and is not the
sexual itself, forms a difference immaterial to the present discussion,
although it is highly interesting as an instance of the power of
adaptation in itself.
In regard to OEceticus, the exceptional circumstances which cause
vol.. ii.]                           Phylloxera.                                     307
a generation of winged males are not known. In Solenobia I
found in one locality the same species regularly producing the
winged male, in another locality the larvae without exception de-
veloped into parthenogenetic females. In the first locality the fences
on which the larvae fed had a covering of Palmella, variegated with
isolated patches of Parmelia, and similar lichens. In the second
locality, fences and trunks of trees were covered by a luxuriant
vegetation of Evernia, Usnea, Cladonia, etc. The sack-bearing larvae
collected in the locality produced only females, never yielded any
male.
We know but few instances of this form of dimorphism amongst
animals, but in the vegetable kingdom the thallophyjes abound in
analogous cases. Penicillium develops its sexual generation only
when deprived of the regular supply of oxygen of the atmosphere.
A majority of Confervae form the product of sexual combination,
the teleutospore only when by the evaporation of water their ex-
istence become questionable. Nature does most for the preserva-
tion of the species when the existence of the individual becomes
questionable.
We do not know the exact circumstances which in one locality
produces in Solenobia and analogous cases an endless series of wing-
less females propagating like Aphidians by parthenogenis, when
in another locality the regular development of the winged male
takes place. But it is very probable that the abundant food in one
case is not favorable to sexual reproduction, the scarcity of food
and perhaps its inferior quality in the other locality are, it may be,
the cause of the more energetic form of propagation.
In the .case of Phylloxera the inferior kind of food, the dying
grape roots in the glass jar, or in the infested vineyard, evidently
have a great deal to do with the development of the winged genera-
tion. There is a second factor in the case of the Phylloxera that
favors the development of wings, i. e., the necessity of preserving
the species by the formation of a new colony on sound grape
roots.
This is perhaps the cause of the winged generation having been
developed by the Phylloxera, not sexual itself, but carrying eggs
of two different sizes, analagous to the macrospores and miscros-
pores of the Selaginella. The small eggs analogous to the micros-
pore produce males, the larger eggs analogous to the macrospore
produce the one-ovuled female.
3o8
Phylloxera.
[zoe
Thus the problem of preserving the species is divided between
locomotion and propagation. The first generation removes the
ovules containing the parents of the colony from the exhausted
locality, the second plants that colony.
Now it is highly probable, in fact it is almost certain, that sur-
rounded by an abundance of food the Phylloxera develops no
winged generation. This peculiarity of the. insect explains a great
many otherwise inexplicable phenomena in its distribution, and by
pointing out where in the fight against the enemy our tactics have
been wrong,. offers to us a method by which we may establish our
lines of defense.
This problem resolves itself into two indications:
First, preventing the spread of the subterranean pest.
Second, preventing the spread of the winged aerial pest.
The first indication we reach in surrounding the infested spot by
an area that contains no food. This result may be obtained by
destroying the sound vines without displacing them. The exceed-
ingly imperfect organs of locomotion prevent the insect from travel-
ing a distance of, let us say, a foot. As on this way the Phylloxera
has to follow the more or less serpentine direction of a root, the
distance to be traveled to a new pasture increases. Now it is true
the fasting ability of this animal is considerable, but with its defect-
ive facilities of locomotion it would take a year to cross a girdle of-
two feet wide, even if the insect could live so long in another than
an asphyctic state and would move in one direction during all that
time.
The second indication, viz: to prevent the escape of the winged
form, we reach by covering the infested spot by some substance im-
penetrable by the insect. As individuals of the winged generation
do not possess the faculty of prolonging existence through an as-
phyctic state analogous to hibernation it is much easier to be dealt
with than with the ordinary wingless generations, which possess un-
der certain circumstances not yet perfectly understood a consider-
able power of preserving vitality.
Of course a vineyard of which the Phylloxera once has taken a
perfect hold cannot be saved by all the chemicals of the world.
The sooner the vines are destroyed the better it is for the neighbor-
ing cultivations. On the other hand, it is easy enough to stop by
proper  methods an invasion of the pest, but this is exactly the
vol. ii.]                          Phylloxera.                                     309
point where an imperfect knowledge of the biology of the insect
has injured the farmer and helped the pest.
There was a time when it was considered sound policy to pull out
the infested roots and drag them through the vineyard to a spot
where, when a sufficient number had been accumulated, and when
they all appeared sufficiently dry ,to take and hold fire, the torch
was applied to what was supposed to be the funeral pyre of the
Phylloxera. But this supposed funeral pyre was in fact the breed-
ing place of new colonies of the insect pest. The starving Phyl-
loxera had produced the winged generation before the pile of roots
was dry enough to take fire, and had been wafted away by currents
of air to infest the region with new colonies. Even the rootlets,
shaken off in carrying the infested vines to the pile, formed new
centers for the production of winged generations, and thus it can
easily be explained that this sanitary measure proved quite the re-
verse of what it was intended for. Experience has fully demon-
strated that the pulling out of the infested vines aggravated the
calamity. This danger may be avoided to a great extent by de-
stroying the vines on the spot, or making them unfit to serve as
food for the pest.                                        ,
It may be permitted here to suggest a method of fighting the
pest. I would advise the owners of vineyards in which the infested
spots are not yet confluent to surround them and cover them with
a layer of the substance called gas lime, which recommends itself
by its cheapness as well as by its efficacy. It is, so far as I know,
of no commercial value and can easily be obtained at gasworks,
perhaps for the mere expense of removal. At the same time it
does not, like petroleum and similar substances, entail permanent
sterility on the localities where it is used; but on the contrary, being
washed into the soil by the rains will serve as a fertilizer.
My experiments have convinced me, that a layer of an inch
thickness is more than sufficient to prevent the escape of the winged
generation. A thicker layer, of course, is necessary to destroy
speedily and effectually the vines of the healthy area.
The method recommended here, will require perhaps an addi-
tional quantity of gas lime, or some modification of it, to destroy the
gall-forming variety of the Phylloxera. This variation must be very
local in California or is generally rare, because during all my ex-
periments and investigations from the year 1869 to 1880, I have not
3io
Coleoptera of the Beach.
[zoe
met with it, and I only once received a quantity of leaves affected in
that way from a vineyard in Fresno, otherwise injured by too pro-
fuse irrigation. This happened in the year 1883. My efforts to
obtain another supply of infested leaves were not successful, and it is
a queer circumstance, that neither before that time nor after, have I
heard that the vineyards of Fresno were infested by Phylloxera of
the form feeding on roots. I, therefore, consider the occurrence of
the gall-forming Phylloxera in California as an isolated fact.
The object of this communication is only to lay down a princi-
ple derived from biological facts. The successful adaptation of this
principle to season and locality must be left to the viticulturist.
COLEOPTERA AND MOLLUSCA OF THE OCEAN BEACH
AT SAN FRANCISCO.
BY  GEORGE  W.  DUNN.
Probably most of those who visit the Cliff House and vicinity,
look upon the expanse of sand as a waste, with no sign of animal
life, and only here and there a few low plants, Abronia, Franseria,
etc., with some stunted willows in depressions; but notwithstanding
its very desolate and unpromising appearance it is rich in insect
life, many species hidden in the sand being exposed by pulling away
brush or debris from the top of a hillock and starting the rolling
sand.
The following is a list of the Coleopterous insects found along the
ocean beach and adjacent dunes. The species inhabiting the sand
at a greater distance from the sea will be given in a future list:
Cicindela hirticollis. On damp sand feeding on any small
animals.
Cicindela 12-gutata. On damp sand feeding on any small
animals.
Cicindela h^emorrhagica. On damp.sand feeding on any
small animals.
Thinopinus pictus. Under kelp and sticks, feeding on small
crustaceans below high water mark.
Cafius canescens. Under decomposing kelp and animal sub-
stance.
Dyschirius obesus.    On damp sand below high water mark.

vol. ii.]              Coleo-ptera of the Beach.                      311
Eulabis obscurus.    Under decomposing kelp.
Phaleria rotundata.   Under decomposing kelp.
Phaleria limbalis.    Under decomposing kelp.
Phyconomus marinus.   In decomposing kelp.
Cercyon fimbriatum.    In decomposing kelp.
Cercyon posticatum.    In wet sand.
Tachycellus nitidus.    Under sticks in damp sand.
Saprinus lugens.    In decomposing animal 9ubstance.
Saprinus sulcifrons.    Under decomposing animal substance
in sand.
Saprinus   scissus.    Under decomposing   animal substance in
sand.
Saprinus fimbriatus.    Under decomposing animal substance
in sand.
Saprinus ^eneipunctatus.    Under decomposing animals.
Omophron dentatum.    In holes in wet sand.
Hister sellatus.    In dry sand.
Cremastochilus pilosicollis.    On dry sand.
Copidita quadrimaculata.   Under sticks and cocoanut husks.
Philonthus Californicus.     Under kelp  and sticks in wet
sand.
Amara insignis.    Under sticks.
Eleodes clavicornis.    In sand dunes.
.   Ccelus ciliatus.    In dry sand.
Trigonoscuta pilosa.    In dry sand.
Creophilus villosus.    On dead animals.
Silpha ramosa.    On dead animals
Silpha lapponica.    On dead animals.
Necrobia rufipes.    On dead animals.
Necrophorus nigritus.    On dead animals.
Aleochara brachypterus.   Under decaying kelp.
Aleochara sulcicollis.    Under decaying kelp.
Omosita discoidea.    On decaying animals.
Anthicus maritimus.    On decaying animals.
Ellasoptes marinus.    Under sticks in damp sand.
Calathus ruficollis.    In sand dunes.
Coccinella Californica.   On kelp.
HlPPODAMIA  CONVERGENS.     On kelp.
Agonoderus lineola.    In wet sand.
I
312
Studies Among Mollusks.
[zoe
Bembidium bifossulatum.    In wet sand.
Bembidium crurale.    In wet sand.
Bembidium approximatum.    In wet sand.
Bembidium ephippiger.    In wet sand.
Bembidium erasum.   In holes in wet sand.
The ocean beach at this place is poor in Mollusca, but we find
occasionally Siliqua patula, Cardium corbis, Mytihis Californicus,
Schizotharus Nuttalli, usually old and broken valves.
STUDIES  AMONG MOLLUSKS—INSTINCT AND
GENERA.
BY  HENRY  HEMPHILL.
Helix (Glyptostoma) Newberryana W. G. Binney.
The study of this mollusk, its shell and habits, supplies us with
some puzzling and interesting facts that are worthy of close and
careful investigation.
We are told by Mr. W. G. Binney, the highest authority on our
American land shells, that the animal inhabiting this shell is a " true
Helix," while I might add the shell it moulds and forms is the shell
of a true Zonites. Mr. Binney at first, 1859, described the shell as
a Helix, subsequently, 1869, he removed it to the genus Zonites,
but later, after the study of the soft part from specimens I sent him
from San Diego, California, he removed it again, putting it back
into the Helicidae, making for its reception the genus Glyptostoma.
The late G. W. Tryon placed this shell in the genus Macrocyclis.
Now we have been taught and led to believe that animals per-
form all their functions of life by instinct, and instinct is supposed
to be unerring in its action, being directed and governed by laws
over which the animal has no control. If our division of these
animals into genera is based on true and natural principles, and if
genera really exist in nature, then good logic would lead to the
conclusion that, as each genus is separate and distinct from the
others, then equally as distinct must be the generic instinctive im-
pulses, for they partially serve to define genera, as well as modifica-
tions in the structure of the animals. If this is true, it would be
reasonable to suppose that all the members of a genus would be
equally stimulated or animated by this generic impulse, and hence
VOL.  II.]
Studies Among Mollusks.
3*3
we would expect to find great uniformity among the shells of each
genus, so that we could very readily assign them to the genus at
least to which they belonged in a natural system of classification.
But when we find two different genera moulding and forming shells
so nearly alike that we cannot separate them, or determine the
genus to which they belong without referring to some peculiarity of
the soft parts, we begin to wonder if we have not made some mis-
take in our interpretation of nature and her laws in this respect.
We have a class of not very wise philosophers, who tell us about
free will in man, perhaps in our studies we have found a class of
animals which act independently of this generic impulse. Free in-
stinct in animals is about as consistent as free will in man, but I
must confess that I cannot conceive of any impulse, faculty or
function, in either man or animal, that exists or acts in any par-
ticular independently of law. Now if a strawberry plant should
bear blackberries, or a currant bush produce cherries, we would
look on with astonishment. If we are correct in our divisions of
these animals into genera, then, in principle, this is just what Helix
Newberryana is doing by constructing its shell identical in every
particular with the shells of the genus Zonites, instead of forming
them like the shells of the genus Helix, to which the animal is said
to belong.
Besides these puzzling facts, Helix Newberryana shows some
other peculiarities worth noting. So far as we know at present its
geographical range extends from Los Angeles south about two
hundred miles, and from the coast inland about forty miles, thus it
ranges over an area of about eight hundred square miles.
Within this area at certain localities favorable to its existence
and development it is found quite abundant, and it is not considered
a rare shell. Notwithstanding its wide geographical range and its
abundance, it adheres with rigid tenacity to one unvarying form,
and its sculpturing or smooth surface is unbroken by a single inno-
vation of any kind.
In our philosophy of climatic effects upon land shells, we had
always supposed that in a warm, dry and treeless region, where al-
most perpetual sunshine prevailed, such as prevails over the en-
tire area in which this shell is found, that we must look for
white, bleached and colorless land shells, and so nearly have the
land shells of other regions  been supposed  to  conform  to  this
Studies Among Mollusks.
[zots,
theory that some of our more philosophical writers upon conch-
ology have suggested that shells might be arranged geographically
to represent the peculiar climatic conditions of the areas which they
inhabit. But our Helix, true to its paradoxical instincts, persists in
covering its shell with an epidermis as dark almost as the cuticle
of a Congo negro, and in shells of the same size and age, so far as
I have observed, scarcely a shade of difference in coloring can be
detected. In its dark coloring, as well as by the form of the shell.
Helix Newberryana agrees fairly well with the larger forms of our
American Zonites found south of the Ohio River. (Compare it
with Z. capnodes, Z.fodiginosus and Z. szibpla?ius). Those Zonites,
however, inhabit a densely wooded region, with a moist, hot and
variable summer, and a moderately cold and wet winter climate.
On the coast of California its nearest allies, by the color of their
shells Helixfidelis, and its varieties infumata, subcarinata and mor-
irumurn, occupy the region north of San Francisco Bay. This
region in the localities where these shells are found, is also dense-
ly wooded and has a cool, foggy and moist climate the greater part
part of the year, the opposite conditions in almost every respect to
those prevailing in the region over which our southern snail-ranges.
It will be seen by this that the color of Helix Newberryana cannot
be taken as an index of the climatic conditions of the area which
it inhabits.
When we consider the variable nature of all our other west coast
land shells in form, size, color and sculpturing, the persistency
with which Helix Newberryana adheres to one unchanging form,
and its constancy in color and sculpturing, it is remarkable and a
puzzle indeed.
Zonites (Mesomphix) Elliotti Redfield.
This small shell is found quite plentifully in the mountains of
North Carolina and adjacent States. It is constant in color, but
very variable in size. The late G. W. Tryon placed it at one time
in the genus Macrocyclis, which at that time included the forms we
now know as Selenites.
In this mollusk and its shell we have another example in which
two genera are represented, one by the structure of the animal that
agrees with the genus Zonites, in having a caudal mucus pore
and a smooth or ribless jaw, and the other by the form and char-
acter of the shell, which agrees in every particular with the shells of
VOL. II.]
Studies Among Mollusks.
3*5
the genus Selenites, as we understand those genera at the present
time.
In the Manual of American Land Shells, Mr. Binney describes
the animal of the family Selenites '' Without a caudal mucus pore,
jaw of Limacidae." In the family Limacidae he includes Limax,
Vitrina, Zonites and Vitrozonites. The animal of this family is de-
scribed, "With or without a caudal mucus pore, jaw arched with-
out ribs." In the family Helicidae he includes twenty-seven
genera. The animal of this family is described, " With or with-
out a caudal mucus pore, jaw of many patterns."
Now it will be seen by this that the caudal mucus pore is not an
invariable character, for it is both present and absent in the two
families of Limacidae and Helicidae, therefore we cannot use it as a
generic character.
The smooth or ribless jaw is found in the three families of Sele-
nitidae, Limacidae and Pupidae, while the jaw of the animal com-
prising the family Philomycidae is described, "With or without
anterior ribs.'' The ribbed jaw of the Helicidae is known to be so
variable, even in the same species, that it is hardly worth referring
to for this purpose. The jaw then offers us no characters, lines or
limits, that can be relied upon to distinguish or determine genera.
Some students attach great importance to the form of the lingual
membrane, and the arrangement of the teeth, and think they have
found the keystone to the systematic arrangement of mollusks in
these useful organs, which are used in the economy of the animal
simply to chop or grind up the food, for its reception in the stomach
preparatory to the process of digestion. Now I do not underes-
timate they value of the knowledge of the structure, form and the
uses, as well as of the varied and beautiful arrangement of those
organs, but it seems to me a system based on the dentition alone
would represent the carnivorous and herbivorous habits of the
animal and nothing more.
For the purpose of determining genera the lingual membrane
rather adds to the confusion than otherwise, as will be seen by the
following list of families that have similar lingual membranes, which
I have selected from Mr. Binney's Manual of American Land
Shells:
Family Selenitidae membrane of Testacellidae.
Family Philomycidae membrane of Helicidae.
316
Studies Among- Mollusks.
[zoe
Family Bulimulidas membrane of Helix.
Family Pupidae membrane of Helix.
From all of these facts it will be seen that there are no invariable
characters or arrangements of these organs on which genera can be
based. They seem to be scattered throughout the class without
reference to divisions of any kind, and from these and other facts I
cannot resist the thought that genera, as we understand them at
present, do not exist in nature, and the sooner we abandon them for
some more natural divisions of these animals, the better it will be
for science and for the student.
As the shell of a mollusk is extravascular, and moulded by the
mechanical action of the animal's mantle, and not by the pro-
cesses of secretion as bones and other parts of an animal's body
are formed, it (shell) does not constitute any portion of the an-
imal's body, but is simply an outside covering constructed by the
animal for the protection of its body. No animal can form or mould
part of its own natural body. Its form, size and growth are
determined by a principle inherent in the germ of all organic
bodies. Nor is any part of an animal's body extravascular, but
on the contrary all parts are closely connected with the ve-
nous system, and whenever this connection is interrupted, sev-
ered or broken, the body withers, decays and disappears. The
shell bears the same relation (mechanically) to the animal that
moulds and forms it that the web does to the spider, that spins
and sets it to catch insects for food. In both instances the mate-
rial is secreted by these creatures, and afterwards constructed into
the shell and web by mechanical action directed by the instinct
of these curious and skillful little mechanics.
The shell of a mollusk then represents the instinctive impulses of
the animal, and nothing more.
Besides the instinct common to all animals, viz: the reproduction
of their own kind, mollusks display in their shells instincts that are
regarded by man as evidence of a higher intelligence, and to the
philosophical student adds an importance and a charm to their
study not found, perhaps, in the study of some other branches of
natural history.
For the purpose of study I separate these higher instinctive im-
pulses, as follows:

VOL.  II.]
Studies Among Mollusks.
1.    The mechanical impulse to construct a shell as an outer cov-
ering- for the protection of the animal's body.
2.    The artistic impulse to decorate the external surface of the
shell.
This second or artistic impulse I divide as follows:
a.    The impulse to ornament the external surface of the shell by-
varied designs of sculpturing.
b.    The impulse to ornament the external surface of the shell by-
regular artistic colored designs.
On account of their brilliant colors and the dazzling external
polish of many shells they have been truly called the '' Butterflies
of the Sea," and have always occupied a conspicuous place in the
homes of the rich and poor alike, in the cabinets of the mere
curio collector, and in the great collections of natural history in all
the civilized countries.
The animals of the oyster, mussel, and many kinds of clams, as
well as the animals of many univalves, have supplied both civilized
and savage people with an abundance of wholesome and nutritious-
food for ages, while their shells have been utilized in various ways
for ornamental and useful purposes. From a geological point of view
the work of mollusks in past ages is recognized as having effected
great changes in the earth's strata, and they might be called the
great lime gatherers of the world, for their shells form the basis of
the vast limestone, marble and chalk formations that constitute so
large a proportion of many mountain ranges that "rib" the sur-
face of the globe.
Notwithstanding these facts and the conspicuous manner in which
mollusks have displayed their instincts, no collection, nor a part of
any collection, so far as I know, except my own, has been especially
arranged to display the mechanical instincts of the mollusk, or the
progressive development of the shell, from the rude beginning, an
aggregation of the few particles of limy matter such as we find un-
der the mantle of some of the slugs and ending with the most com-
plicated and perfect shells. Neither have especial efforts been made
to exhibit the progressive development of what I have called the
artistic impulse by arranging a series, first, to represent the de-
velopment of the sculpturing by commencing with the plain smooth
forms and ending with those ornamented externally with elaborate-
spines and fringes; and second, by arranging a series to represent
3*8
Californian Turret-Building Spider.
[zoe
the development of the impulse to-ornament the external surface of
the shell with colored patterns and designs, by commencing with
those stained with a few irregular blotches or daubs and ending
with those shells painted with regular artistic designs and patterns.
An arrangement of this kind would represent the mollusk and
his work, and would form one of the most interesting, instructive
and important features of a collection for the scientific investiga-
tion of these curious and wonderful little animals that could be de-
vised.
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEST OF THE CALIFORNIAN
TURRET BUILDING SPIDER, WITH SOME REFER-
ENCE TO ALLIED SPECIES.
BY J.   J.   RIVERS.
The Californian turret builder mines into the ground more or less
perpendicularly to the depth of from 8-10 inches, and from a ^ to
% inch in diameter, according to sex and maturity. The burrow is
lined with silk throughout, and the nest of a'full-grown female will
have a turret 3 inches high covering the surface opening to her
burrow or tube. The material of which the turret is formed de-
pends largely upon what may be found in the neighborhood; it is
constructed of vegetable debris, such as crisp pieces of leaves, or
of small leaves, pine leaves or needles and grasses, the whole being
woven together with silk, and at times it is closed horizontally at top
with similar materials, of which the other part of the turret is made.
The spider has a wide range in California, occurring in wooded
districts from Monterey County to Mendocino County, and turrets
gathered from the various habitats show a pleasing variation on ac-
count of the different foliage, of which the structure is necessarily
built. A turret erected in a pine groove is an interesting object as
well as a pretty one, and reminds one of the leading shoot of a
spruce that has been sun scorched. In these situations it is sur-
rounded by a protecting carpet of pine needles of the same tone of
color, its presence being known only by its rising perpendicularly
from the ground. The turrets made of a mixture of leaves form a
regular figure under the manipulation of this industrious spider,
and a remarkable turret is made occasionally by half-grown males,
vol.ii.]     Calif or nian  Turret-Building Slider.

which during the rainy season dig out and enlarge their tubes. At
this age and time the young do not carry off or scatter the earth
brought out of the tube, but utilize it by building an earthen turret,
and in wet weather the earth becomes a regularly formed and com-
pact figure with the rim thickened, reminding one of a miniature
vase in terra cotta without lid or cover of any kind.
The sexes when mature occupy different nests, but the newly
hatched young are found with the mother at the bottom of her bur-
row, which is more roomy at the base than at the opening. There
is a period of aestivation, but the cause is not yet investigated.
The Californian turret building spider is closely allied to the trap-
door spider, the former however being smaller, more elongate and
possessing at the base of the mandibules of the male a club-like
projection covered with black bristles at the upper part of the tip,
while the female has but a shallow tubercle in the same region. The
other Californian species of notable spiders belonging to the The-
raphosidae are: The great tarantula of Southern California, Ari-
zona, and Texas, and the lesser tarantula belonging to the middle
of California. The use of the word '' tarantula'' is rather wide
and dubious in application. While the tarantula of the Southern
States is of the same family as the true tarantula of Spain—Lyco-
sidae—the Californian tarantula is of the Theraphosidae fMygalidae).
In 'fact the name carries with it no meaning of value because in
each locality the name is bestowed upon the largest hairy spider of
the region, irrespective of its classification or habits. The Cali-
fornian trap-door spider and the Californian tarantula are also con-
founded, and visitors to our coast who take home with them a
spider souvenir, purchased at one of our so-called Natural History
Stores, are unaware they are cherishing a mis-matched memento
of some one's cupidity, and, in some instances, of their own as well.
The large spider called "Californian tarantula" does not fabricate
a nest with a trap-door, but commercial enterprise supplies the de-
mand by annexing a specimen of Mygale Hentzii to the trap-door
nest of Cteniza Californica. Some years ago I made an ineffectual
effort to persuade one of the dealers to sell the real spider, but the
man of business replied that he knew all about the matter, but
the public would not be satisfied with the smaller spider, and that
he could not trade without the larger animal.
32O
Notes on Californian Plants.
[zoe
Species mentioned in this paper:
Theraphosid^e.
Californian turret builder = Atypoides Riversii.*
Californian tarantula = Eurypelma (Mygale) Hentzii.
Californian trap-door spider = Cteniza Californica.
LycosiDiE.
Southern tarantula = Lycosa Carolinensis.
Spanish tarantula = Lycosa tarantella.
NOTES  ON  CALIFORNIAN PLANTS.
BY  S.   B.  PARISH.
II.      AN ABNORMAL  PHACELIA.
Phacelia Whitlavia Gray is a well-known species common in the
hills and lower mountains of southern California. It is an annual,
with ovate or cordate leaves coarsly serrate, and the flower has an
ample blue corolla of typically campanulate form, somewhat spread-
ing at the mouth, and with a narrow 5-parted limb.
To it I must refer a plant quite different in many respects, and of
sufficient interest to deserve brief record. The basal leaves of the
specimen are wanting, but all the cauline are narrowly oblong and
entire. The corollas are somewhat reduced, and are divided to the
base into six very narrow lobes, the tips dilated. So deep is the
division that the flower appears polypetalous. The calyx-lobes are
normally linear but are six in number, and the stamens are also
six. On the other hand the gyncecium is regular, the pistil being
2-cleft and the ovary 2-celled and many-ovuled.
A consideration of the position of this plant illustrates the arti-
ficiality of systematic distinctions, and even of some morphological
definitions. Supposing it to be an abnormal Phacelia, the pubes-
ence and the characters of the ovary bring it into the section Whit-
lavia. Here are two species with which it agrees in habit of growth
and in the possession of a campanulate corolla, but from which
it differs entirely in the very important characters of the shape and
*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon., June 5, 1883.
VOL. II.]
Notes on'Californian Plants.
321
serration of the leaves and the size and form of the corolla lobes.
To one of these species, P. Whiilavia, our plant must be referred,
not from any characters of its own, but purely for the geograph-
ical reason that it was found in the territory of that species, for it
might with equal propriety be placed with the other, P. campanu-
laria, had it come from the desert region to which the latter species
is confined.
But even this disposition would be unsatisfactory if, instead of
dealing with a stray plant or two, the variation had become fixed
and was abundantly propagated, and diffused, so that they might
be collected by the thousand. There could be no hesitation in
considering it a valid species, and a new section would be required
for its reception, and the generic character must be modified; or
with a less conservative view, it might be made the type of a
new genus. Should the increased number of some of the floral
organs remain constant, even the ordinal definition would need
changing. And thus fitted into a regular place in systematic clas-
sification, it would cease to be an example of the antholysis of a
corolla normally entire and must be described as a plant with a
corolla normally deeply lobed. And all these apparent changes
would be due not to any characters inherent in the plant itself,
but solely to a difference in numerical abundance.
My specimen is from the mountains near San Bernardino, where
it was found by Mr. E. D. Palmer. Similar flowers, without leaves
or other parts of the plant, are in the Gray herbarium, collected
by Rev. J. C. Nevin, near Lang Station, on the Southern Pacific
Railway. In this plant, Mr. Nevin informs me, the floral branches
were fascia'ted, showing that the force of variation, which in Mr.
Palmer's plant was manifest only in the leaves and flowers, had here
modified other parts of the structure.
in.    PSEUDO-CAUDEX of Carex Barbara dewey.
This sedge is found along stream banks in the lower foothills of
the San Bernardino Mountains, and also in open swampy ground
in the adjoining valley. In the former situations it forms robust
tussocks, but in the latter the bases of these are often elongated in
such a way as to present the appearance of trunks. These are
from four to six feet high, so that in collecting specimens one fre-
quently has to reach up to gather the flower stems.    They are
322
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Al^pestris.         [zoe
erect, cylindrical in shape, about eighteen inches in diameter, and
quite bare, either from the natural decadence of the leaves, or pos-
sibly from their removal by fires. They consist ot an interlaced
mass of coarse fibers, similar to the roots, of which they are prop-
erly a part. There is, of course, no exterior covering. Seen from
a little distance one of these short stout shafts, topped with its crown
of long leaves, might be easily mistaken for some aborescent yucca.
As the places in which these tree-like sedges grow are not sub-
ject to overflows which might induce such a growth by changes of
water-level, their upward prolongation must be a natural growth,
added to as each successive crop of foliage surmounts the previous
one.
ANATOMICAL NOTES ON SUTROA ALPESTRIS, A NEW
LUMBRICULIDE OLIGOCH^TE FROM SIERRA NE-
VADA, CALIFORNIA.
BY GUSTAV  EISEN.
During a visit to Donner Lake, in the Sierra Nevada, I found a
new Lumbriculide worm greatly resembling Rhynchelmis and Sutroa,
as regards external characteristics. An anatomical study of the
worm proved it to belong to the genus Sutroa, but in many import-
ant points differing from the only species, Sutroa rostrata, hitherto
described.*
This new species is in many respects interesting, proving, as it
does, the genus Sutroa to be well defined from Rhynchelmis. It
further gives us a new insight into the generic and specific char-
acteristics, which necessarily must remain more or less obscure, as
long as only one single species is known.
A study of this new species has enabled me to decide several
obscure anatomical points, such as the position of the testes and
the ovaries, and the nature of those organic masses which have been
formerly mistaken for these reproductive organs.
The genus Sutroa appears to take the place on this coast of the
old world genus Rhynchelmis, which it resembles  in general ap-
*On the anatomy of Sictroa rostrata, a new annelid of the family Lumbriculina,
by Gustav Eisen. Memoirs California Academy of Sciences, Vol. ii, No. I, San
Francisco, Jan. 1888.
vol.ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alfestris.           323
pearance. The discovery of a new one is the more interesting, as
only one well defined species of Rhynchelmis* has been described,
although it is probable that a closer examination of this annelid will
increase the number.
Sutroa Eisen.
Prostomium filiform. The spermathecce consist 01 several pairs
or lobes all opening into a central receptacle or atrium situated in
somite VII.    One or more pairs of albumen glands.
Rhynchelmis Hoffin.
Prostomium filiform. One pair of spermathecae, each receptacle
opening separately in somite VIII.    One central albumen gland.
' From the above description of the two genera it will be seen that
the .principal characteristic of Sutroa is the absence of a central
albumen gland, and the centralization of the seminal receptacles or
spermathecae which open into a common and central atrium or
receptacle.
Of the genus there are now known two species.
Sutroa rostrata Eisen. The ventral vessel is forked in
somite VIII. The two forks being connected by a secondary vessel
in each somite. The ventral vessel is only connected with the dorsal
vessel in the cephalic lobe. The spermathecal atrium opens in somite
VIII; albumen glands in somites IX andX; spermiducal pores be-
tween somites X and XI; oviduct between XI and XII. Sperm-sacs
begin in XV and extend towards XXIV or further. Testes in X,
ovary probably in somite XXXII or in its vicinity. Egg capsule
oblong, lnot pointed. Habitat: Mountain Lake, at Marine Hos-
pital, San Francisco; elevation 40 or 50 feet above the ocean.
Sutroa alpestris n. sp. Ventral vessel forked in somite V,
each fork being connected with the dorsal vessel by one perigastric
secondary vessel in each somite. The ventral vessel is connected
with the dorsal vessel in the majority of the somites by two pairs
of feathered secondary vessels. The spermathecal atrium opens
in somite VII; albumen glands in VIII and IX; spermiducal
pores open in somite IX;  oviduct between somites X and XI;
* Vejdovsky: Anatomische Studien, Rhynchelmis, Zeitschrift f. w. Zool. Bd.. xxvii,
Taf. xxi-xxiv.
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.         [zoe
sperm-sacs begin in XIII and extend to somite XX or further.
Ovary in somite XXXII. Egg capsule globular and pointed.
Testes in somite IX.
Habitat: In springs on the north and east side of Donner Lake
in the Sierra Nevada, California, at an altitude of about 6,000 feet.
Adult in the end of July.
This species lives in the mud close to the surface of the water, and
is often found crawling on the underside of pieces of wood among:
the roots of moss or smaller plants, or even attached to stones
partly submerged in the water. The color of this species is much
less vivid and iridescent than that of Sutroa rostrata, which latter
must be considered as one of the most beautiful of all fresh water
Oligochaetae.
As to size, Sutroa rostrata is by far the larger, being thicker,
but not as long as Sutroa alpestris. In shape the body of Sufroa
rostrata is more quadrilateral than that of our new species, in this
respect very much resembling Rhynchelmis.
I will now enter more fully into a description of the anatomical
characteristics of the new species.
Vascular System—consists of two main vessels: the ventral
vessel and the dorsal vessel. (Figures 24 to 29.) The ventral ves-
sel is not pulsating; the dorsal vessel is strongly pulsating; the blood
is reddish as in the other species of this family. The ventral vessel
is forked in somite V, and differs in this respect from the ventral
vessel in 61 rostrata, which is forked in somite VIII.
The two forks of the ventral vessel are connected with the dorsal
vessel in every somite by one pair of secondary vessels (as seen in
Figs. 24 and 25). In this respect the species resembles Rhynchelmis
limosella, but differs from 6*. rostrata, in which there are no such
secondary vessels connecting the ventral and dorsal vessels, but
only secondary vessels connecting the two forks of the ventral vesseL
In Sutroa alpestris the two forks of the ventral vessel are not con-
nected.
The dorsal pulsating vessel connects in every somite except in
the extreme caudal somite with the ventral vessel through secondary
perigastric vessels. In the six anterior somites there are but one
pair, or two perigastric vessels in each somite—one vessel on each
side of the dorsal vessel. In the posterior somites, beginning-
with  somite VII,   are two pairs of perigastrie vessels, one  post-
:
vol. ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.           325
septal or anterior pair, and one preseptal or posterior pair, each
secondary vessel connecting with the ventral vessel. The perigas-
tric vessel in somite VI connects directly the ventral and dorsal
vessels (Fig. 26), while in the anterior somites the perigastric vessel
connects the forks of the ventral vessel. Thus somite VI differs
from all other somites, which contain the two primary vessels, in
that there is only one pair of perigastric vessels, all posterior
somites having two pairs: A similar arrangement is seen in Rhyn-
chelmis limosella,* where the six and seven somites have only one
pair of perigastric vessels, but in Sutroa rostrata only the 6 ante-
rior somites are characterized by the existence of a single pair of
perigastric vessels, f The perigastric vessels in the posterior somites
in Szitroa alpestris connect with the ventral vessel. The dorsal parts
of these perigastric vessels are feathered or ramified, and the ventral
part of the postseptal or anterior pair is similarly but somewhat less
extensively ramified (Figs. 24, 27, 28). Of the posterior pair the
ventral part is simple, not ramified (Figs. 27 and 28.) The peri-
gastric vessel in somite VI is not ramified.
Thus, as regards the perigastric vessels, Sutroa differs from Rhyn-
chelmis in having both the postseptal and preseptal pairs ramified,
Rhynchelmis having only the preseptal pair ramified. In Rhyn-
chelmis limosella only the anterior perigastric pair connects with the
ventral vessel. In Sutroa rostrata neither pair connects with the
ventral vessel, while in Sutroa alpestris both pairs connect with it.
It will thus be seen that generic characteristics cannot always be
derived from the branching or from the connections of the vessels.
As specific characteristics, however, they are of the greatest impor-
tance. x
The branches of the posterior pair of perigastric vessels are less
numerous but rather more prominent than those of the anterior pain
the latter being by far the strongest vessels. There are in every
somite, beginning with XII, two or three pairs of gastric vessels
attached to the intestine. There are also tertiary perigastric vessels
along the reproductive and conductive organs, but none surround-
ing the nephridia or segmental organs.
Recapitulating, it may be said that in Sutroa alpestris the vascu-
*Vejdovsky, Anatom. Stud. loc. cit. page 344.
tEisen On Sutroa, loc. cit. fig. 4.
1.
11.
326
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Atyestris.        [zoe
lar system consists of primary and secondary vessels, the former
being the ventral and dorsal vessels. The ventral vessel branches
in somite V, the branches being connected with the dorsal vessel
through one pair of secondary vessels in each somite. Of the pos-
terior perigastric vessels, both pairs in each somite connect the
dorsal and ventral primary vessels. The anterior pair is ramified,
of the posterior pair only the dorsal part is ramified.
In Suiroa rostrata the ventral vessel branches in somite VIII,
the branches connecting with each other through one secondary
vessel in each somite, but do not connect with the dorsal vessel.
The perigastric branches of the dorsal vessel are ramified, but do
not connect with the ventral vessel.
In Rhynchebnis limosella (according to Vejdovsky) the ventral
vessel branches in somite V, each branch connecting with the dor-
sal vessel through one pair of simple secondary vessels. In the
eight anterior somites the perigastric vessels consist of only one
pair, while in the posterior somites there are two pairs in each,
the anterior pair which is not ramified connecting with the ventral
vessel, the posterior ramified pair being entirely free. The dorsal
vessel is covered with opaque cells. The ventral vessel is trans-
parent and entirely devoid of cells.
The alimentary canal is very simple. In the anterior somites it
consists of a simple tubular duct or intestine. In somite XII
this duct changes to a sacculated intestine covered with gastric ves-
sels (Fig. 27). In Sutroa rostrata this sacculated intestine com-
mences in somite XIII.
Nervous System—resembles that of Sutroa rostrata, but the
cephalic ganglion is more compact and exhibits two large ' anterior
lobes, which emit a number of nerve threads towards the cephalic
lobe (Fig. 9), or filiform part ol the prostomium.
Reproductive System. The sexual organs are, as elsewhere
in this family, generative and conductive. The generative organs
are sperm-sacs and testes, ovaries, albumen glands, and prostata.
The conductive organs are oviducts, efferent ducts and sperm-
athecse. As some confusion yet exists as regards the true inter-
pretation of these various organs a more detailed description is
necessary.
The sperm-sacs consist of one pair of large elongated bodies
situated in somites 13-20.    They are the largest and most conspic-

vol. ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.
327

uous organs in the body, filling the largest part of the somite
(Fig. 1). There can be no doubt as to the true nature of these
bodies, as they are full of spermatophores and spermatozoa in
all stages of development. These bodies were described by
Vejdovsky as testes.*
But at a later date this learned investigator supposed that he had
made an error in ascribing to these bodies the nature of testes, and
suggested that their 'nature is only that of a seminal vesicle, and
that the true testes, as well as the ovaries, are to be found in some
of the somites anterior to the efferent ducts and the spermaducal
pores.f
I shared this opinion when I described Eclipidrilus frigidus. A
larger material of this worm as well as of Sutroa enables me to take
a different view of these organs. Thus in Sutroa rostraia the
spermathecal porus is found in VIII. In somite IX we find two
large bodies similar to the albumen glands in Sjitroa rosirata, while
in somite X are found the two testes proper. Undoubtedly the
ovaries must be looked for in the somites posterior to the sperm-
sacs, possibly in XXXII. In both species ot Sutroa the sperm-
sacs cover the atrium and prostate to such an extent that it is diffi-
cult to separate them and clearly define one from the other. But
the sperm-sacs are not really connected with the prostate, as can be
seen in the anterior segments of this organ where the prostate lies
free and is not covered by the sperm-sacs. The real testes in Sutroa
rostraia are smaller and not lobed, whereas in Sutroa alpestris the
testes are large and deeply and repeatedly lobed.   (Figs. 1 and 15.)
The sperm-sacs or testes in Rhynchelmis, as well as in Sutroa,
extend thus through several (6) somites, occupying more or less
segments, as the worm is older or younger.
These sperm-sacs contain spermatophores in all stages of develop-
ment. In the posterior part of the sperm-sac, which also is the
largest (Fig. 1), the spermatophores are the most advanced in de-
velopment. Thus it is important to notice that the spermatophores
develop directly in the sperm-sacs, and that they are not formed
afterwards by an aggregation of spermatozoa. I cannot agree with
Vejdovsky, that the formation of the spermatophore is quite as simple
*Vejdovsky on Rhynchelmis, loc. cit. Taf. xxii, fig. 6.
tVejdovsky, System and Morphologie der Oligochaeten, Prague, 1884, pag. 57.
328
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestrts.        [zoe
as he supposes.* As the spermatophore is already formed in the
sperm-sacs, it is evident that neither the prostata or the spermathecae
contribute to its formation. It is far more likely that the glandular
part of the spermatheca produces a secretion which dissolves the
spermatophore and separates the spermatozoa. The cell-wall in the
spermatophore is the primary part, the spermatozoa forming in the
interior of the cell. At a later stage of development the tails of the
spermatozoa protrude through this cell-sac, their free ends forming
a ciliated appendix on one side of the spermatophore (Fig. 18).
These protruding parts of the spermatozoa are at this stage beauti-
fully wavy or screw-like and very stiff. At a later stage these screw-
like ciliae elongate themselves, or rather their extreme free ends
grow out, forming the tails of the spermatozoa. This later devel-
oped part of the tail is not screw-like, and the division between the
two parts is so very distinct that at a superficial examination it
appears as if it constituted two distinct and separate bodies (Figs.. 19
and 20). In the full grown spermatozoon this screw-like part is
about one-eighth or one-tenth part of the whole (Fig. 23).
The ovaries or ovisacs are situated far behind the sperm-sacs in
somite XXXII, one on each side of the ventral nerve ganglion. As
regards their structure, they do not materially differ from the ovaries
in Rhynchelmis as described by Vejdovsky (1. c, page 353). In
one specimen I found the ovary in segment XXXII, but I am
inclined to think that their position sometimes varies with the size of
the worm. Ripe ova surrounded by numerous fatty agglomera-
tions are frequently seen moving freely in the anterior somites in
the vicinity of the oviduct, which is situated in somite X.
Spermiducal organs. These consist of one pair opening
into a common atrium (Fig. 1). The atrium is furnished with
a large prostate gland extending through at least seven somites,
commencing in somite XII and ending in XVIII, thus leaving
three segments of the atrium free (IX, X and XI). The atrium
opens into a copulatory papilla, which latter opens externally in the
center of segment IX behind the ventral setae. The atrium ex-
tends through ten somites, from IX to XVIII. The exact place
where the efferent ducts enter the atrium I have not been able
to ascertain, but most probably this takes place in the extreme pos-
* Vejdovsky, Syst. des Oligochseten, 1. c, page 153.

vol. ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alfestris.           329
terior part, possibly in somite XVIII. The prostata is attached
to the posterior part of the atrium, extending through seven somites.
It must be considered as one continuous gland, although it is con-
tracted at every dissepiment and similarly enlarged in the center of
each somite (Fig. I, pros.; Figs. 12 and 13); thus forming a num-
ber of sacculated pockets. These contain glandular agglomera-
tions of pear-shaped cells (Figs. 12 and 13). The posterior part of
the prostata is completely covered by the sperm-sacs, to such an
extent that it is extremely difficult to observe and dissect them. In
the XII somite the prostrata is generally free, and it is here easy to
observe the difference in structure between this organ and the
sperm-sac.
The funnel-shaped openings of the efferent ducts (Fig. 1, eff.),
are seen immediately behind the copulatory papilla and are gen-
erally found full of protruding spermatophores. The copulatory
papilla opens in the center of segment IX (Fig. 1). It is here
surrounded by from two to four or more glands (Fig. 2), which
open through the body wall at the base of the papilla (also Fig. 3).
These glands vary in size and number, but are often equal to the
diameter of the papilla. In the interior of this papilla is seen the
extreme end of the atrium, which projects from the wall of the
papilla and forms a distinct copulatory organ (Fig. 2, p.). At
copulation the whole papilla becomes inverted and projected out-
side of the body (Fig. 3, p.), thus forming a distinct exterior copu-
latory organ.
Spermatheca. The receptacula seminis or spermatheca* are
somewhat similar to those of Sictroa rostraia. While in Rhynchel-
mis there exist one pair of spermatheca in somite IX, opening
behind the vertral setae, Sutroa possesses only one solitary sperma-
thecal atrium opening in the center of somite VII.
The spermathecal-porus opens immediately under the ventral
ganglion which is, in order to give room, slightly pushed towards
the left (Figs. 1 and 7). In my description of Sutroa rostrata I
ascribed to this spermathecal atrium the properties of an albumen
gland, but a further consideration of this organ  in our present
*In this paper I have to a great extent adopted for the organs the nomenclature
proposed by Benham. See " An Attempt to Classify Earthworms" by W. B. Ben-
ham, Quatr. Journal of Microscop. Science, xxxi, p. ii, page 201.
33O
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.         [zoe
species satisfies me that it must be considered only as a centralized
spermatheca analogous to the spermathecae in Rhy?ichelmis limosella.
It is true that the walls of the spermothecal atrium are glandular,
but the secretions of the cells must serve a different purpose than
the albumen glands in Rhynchelmis and Lumbriculus. On each
side of the spermathecal atrium are seen the true receptacula
seminis or spermathecae, slender, branched ducts (Fig. 7), opening
interiorly close together, but not separately (Fig. 8). The branched
spermathecae generally contained spermatozoa, but I have never
observed in them any spermatophores.
In the undeveloped spermathecal atrium no branched sperma-
theca are seen; these develop later, only at the full maturity of the
worm. In one instance I found an interior porus in the free end of
the spermatheca similar to the one described by Vejdovsky in the
receptacula seminis of Rhynchelmis limosella. The object of such
an opening is not at present understood.
Considering this central spermatheca in Sutroa in connection with
the two spermathecas in Rhynchelmis, two theories are admissible.
One is that in Sutroa one of the spermatheca has failed to develop,
and that the remaining one has become central by being moved
towards the central ganglion, which latter it considerably displaces.
The other theory is, that in Sutroa the two spermathecae are repre-
sented by or homologous with the pairs of branched spermathecal
sacs opening into the spermathecal atrium. The latter, then, is
only an infolding of the body-wall, deep enough to cause the sper-
mathecae to become merely appendices to the central spermathecal
sac or atrium.    I believe this latter theory to be the correct one.
Somewhat similar spermathecal branches or pockets are found in
Anachaeta as well as in Tygmaeodrilos, but here the forma-
tion is a different one, the appendix being simply a pocket
and not a separate organ. As regards the morphological structure
of the spermathecal branches, it is quite similar to that of the same
organs in Szttroa rosiraia, and described by me elsewhere.
Albumen Glands. In Rhynchelmis limosella as well as in Lum-
briculus, we meet with a central albumen gland in one of the
somites between the spermatheca and the spermiducal pores. In
Sutroa rostrata I ascribed glandulous properties to the spermathe-
cal atrium, considering it homologous with the albumen gland in
Rhynchelmis.
vol. ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.
33^
I now discard this view, as I have found one or more pairs oi
albumen glands in Sutroa alpestris, situated in somite VIII. In
this somite we find two comparatively large glands engaged in the
dissepiment between somites VII and VIII, with distinct ducts,
opening between the somites (Figs. 6, i, 16).
Glands of somewhat similar construction are found in somite
IX in the same relative position as the former, but I have not been
able to clearly define their ducts, and cannot judge as to whether
they open outwardly or not. 'In Sutroa rostrata we find ex-
actly similar glands, one pair in somite IX. There can be no
doubt but that their nature is identical with that of the glands
now described in Sutroa alpestris. That neither of these glands
can be identified as testes or ovaries may be considered conclu-
sive, as I have found both spermatozoa and egg-cells in various
stages' of development in different organs, as I have previously
stated.
Oviducts. The two goblet-shaped oviducts are found in somite
X, opening outwardly through a duct and porus in the line between
somites X and XL The oviducts are covered with glandulous epi-
thelium and the interior funnel-shaped opening is furnished with
vibrating cilise (Fig. 10). These organs are situated in the ventral
side of the somite quite close to the spermiducal atrium, almost
touching the efferent ducts.
Nephridia. The excretory system (formerly so-called segmental
organs) or nephridia, are found in somities V, VI, VII, and in XII
and following. The interior head is large, brown and glandular,
furnished with a small projection, protruding through the dissepi-
ment of tHe anterior somite, and forming the interior opening of
the organ.
Set/E. The setae are quite similar to those of Sutroa rostrata as
well as to those of Rhynchelmis limosella. There are four couples
in every somite. In each couple are found two fully developed
setae and two smaller, partly developed (Fig. 5). The central swell-
ing is situated at the anterior third of the spine.
The egg capsules of Sutroa alpestris resemble those of Rhynchel-
mis more than they do those of Sutroa rostrata. Their shape is
almost globular with the free end pointed and bent (Fig. 14). The
central figure shows the egg capsule in natural size.
332
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alfiestris.         [zob
Note.—I have been asked to describe the manner of collecting
and temporarily preserving the fresh-water Oligochsetae. Use a
small sieve for separating the worms from the mud. For preserving
most of the species alive for any longer time, use small tin boxes,
say two inches broad by three-quarter inch deep. In each box
place two or three pieces of sponge, which first must have been
thoroughly washed out with strong alkali. The sponge is saturated
with fresh water and the worms, freed from all mud, placed in the
Tdox. To begin with, change the water in the sponge every day.
Later, when the excrements of the worms have been all ejected, one
change a month is enough in hardier species. There must be no
free water in the box, and not more than six worms in each. In
this way I have preserved worms alive for four months, and carried
them with me in my valise across the continent to be studied at
leisure at home. For instance: I have to-day before me alive a
•Criodrilus, or a related genus, which I caught in Mississippi River the
latter part of September, 1891, to-day being January 12, 1892. The
worm is yet as active as at first, but greatly emaciated from want of
food.    The " sponge box " is indispensable to the helminthologist.
EXPLANATION  OF THE  FIGURES.
Plate 1.
Fig. 1.—Ventral part of the body wall, showing the arrangement of
the various organs.
R. s.—Receptacula seminis or spermatheca, opening into a central.
Sp. at.—Spermathecal atrium.
Ex. por.—Exterior pore of the spermathecal atrium.
Alb. gl.—Albumen gland.
Sep. gl.—Testes.
C. p.—Copulatory glands surrounding the copulatory papilla, c. p.
Eff—Efferent funnels or ciliated rosette, the interior free opening of
the efferent duct.                                                ?
Atr—Atrium of the spermiducal ducts.
Ovd.—Oviducts.
Ovd. p.—Exterior pore or opening of the oviduct.
V. d.—Efferent ducts.
Pros.—Prostata.
Test—Sperm-sacs.
•Ovary—Ovary or .ovisac.
vol. ii.]   Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris.
333
Observe  that  the  somites between  XIX and XXXII are not
shown.
Fig. 2.—Copulatory papilla, showing the interior copulatory or-
gan—p.; the muscular wall—c. p.; the copulatory gland—gl.;
and the atrium—atr.
Fig. 3.—The projected ,or inverted copulatory papilla extending
outside of the body.
p.—External copulatory organ.
gl.—Copulatory glands.
set.—Setae.
Fig. 4.—Anterior part of the worm showing the filiform part of
the cephalic lobe or prostomium.
Fig. 3.—A couple of setae, showing two fully developed and two
reserve setae.
Fig. 6:—Albumen gland from somite VIII.
Fig. 7.—Spermathecal atrium with the branched spermathecae or
seminal receptacles.
Fig. 8.—Interior opening of the spermatheca into the sperm-
athecal sac.
Plate 2.
Fig. 9.—Cephalic and ventral ganglions.
Fig. 10.—Oviduct from somite X.
Fig. 11.—Ovisac or ovary, with two fully developed ova.
Fig. 12.—A part of the prostata.
Fig. 13.—One of the cell agglomerations from the above.
Fig. 14.—Egg capsule.    The interior figure shows its natural size.
Fig. 13.—One of the testes from somite IX.
Fig. 16.—A part of the albumen gland from somite VIII.
Fig. 17.—One of the nephridia.
E. p.—Exterior pore.
gl. h.—Interior glandular head attached to the dissepiment of the
anterior somite.
i. p.—Interior opening of the nephridium.
Figs. 18 to 21.—Spermatophores in various stages of development.
In 18 the tails are only partly grown, their lower screw-like
parts alone projecting from the sac. Fig. 21 shows a full
grown spermatophore.
Fig. 22.—A bundle of spermatozoa, being part of a spermatophore.
Fig. 23.—A full grown and separated spermatozoon.
Fig. 23 b.—A partly grown spermatozoon.
334
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
Plate 3.
Fig. 24..—Vascular system in the anterior part of the worm.
In this and the following figures, the letters indicate as follows:
v. v.—Ventral primary vessel, which is not pulsating;
d. v.—Dorsal primary pulsating vessel, covered with glandulous
cells and pigment spots;
p. g. v. a.—Anterior perigastric vessel;
p. g. v. p.—Posterior perigastric vessel;
g. a.—Gastric vessel.
Fig. 25.—Vascular system in somite IV, showing the branches of
the ventral vessel and their connection with the dorsal vessel.
Fig. 26.—Vascular system in somite VI, showing the ventral and
dorsal vessels and their connection by only one perigastric
vessel.
Fig. 2j.—Vascular system in one of the central somites, show-
ing the connection of the ventral and dorsal vessels through
two pair of perigastric vessels in each somite; also the gastric
vessels, two pairs in each somite and one pair between two
somites.
Fig. 28.—Vascular system in somite VII, showing the connecting
perigastric vessels, two pairs in each somite.
Fig. 29.—Posterior part of the vascular system, showing the un-
developed perigastric vessels.
Fig. 30.—Stdroa alpestris—natural size of the worm.
CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
GROWING SPONTANEOUSLY IN THE CITY OF SAN
FRANCISCO.
BY KATHARINE BRANDEGEE.
The collections on which this list is founded were made by the
members of the California Botanical Clubf during the year 1891,
and although probably not complete must be very nearly so. As
a record of the rapidly changing flora of the principal seaport of the
west coast of America its interest will be greater in the future than
at the present time.
The city of San Francisco is co-extensive with the county, and
t A few plants collected by others are duly credited where mentioned.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
335
excluding the islands* embraces the terminal end of a narrow-
peninsula. Its average length and breadth is a little more than six,
and its total area a little more than forty-two square miles. That
the number of plants is not greater is due not only to the de-
struction of native species, caused by the cutting down of hills, fill-
ing swamps and burying streams incident to the growth of a
large city, but even more to the lack of variety in climate and con-
ditions, the city being surrounded on three sides by water, and
swept by the ocean winds, and the flora of the dry interior of the
state being in consequence very sparingly represented.
The climate of San Francisco is not subject to great variations of
temperature. In most seasons there is very little frost, but the
summers are cool and often foggy. The plants in consequence
have a much longer season of floweringf than in localities farther
removed from the sea, and many perennials, especially herbaceous
*Yerba Buena (Goat Island), Alcatraz, Farallones, Red Rock.
t The following plants have been brought to me in bloom from our limits during
the first fortnight of this month (January):
Ranunculus Californicus, Berberis aquifolium, Eschscholtzia Californica, Alys-
sum maritimum, Cardamine paucisecta, C. oligosperma, Arab is blepharophylla,
Cheiranthus asper, Nasturtium officinale, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium niti-
dum, Raphanus sativus, Viola aduhca, Cerastium nutans, C. arvense, Stellaria
media, Lepigonum macrothecum, L. rubrum, Spergularia arvensis, Claytonia per-
foliata, Lavatera assurgentiflora, Malva parviflora, Sidalcea malvceflora, Erodium
cicutarium, E. moschatum, Oxalis corniculata, Rhamnus Californica, Trifolium
repens,' Medicago marginata, Vicia Americana, Rubus vitifolius, Fragaria Chilensis,
Ribes sanguineum, R. Menziesii, Echinocystis fabacea, Mesembryanthemum sequi-
laterale, Sanicula arctopoides, CEnanthe sarmentosa, Peucedanum dasycarpum, P.
fceniculaceum,v Heracleum lanatum, Garrya elliptica, Galium Nuttallii, Aplopappus
ericoides, Corethrogyne Californica, Solidago Californica, Aster Chamissonis, Eri-
geron glaucus, E. Canadensis, Anaphalis Margaritacea, Gnaphalium purpureum,
G. decurrens, G. Sprengelii, Layia gaillardioides, Eriophyllum stsechadifolium, E.
confertiflorum, Heleniucn puberulum, Achillea millefolium, Anthemis cotula, Ma-
tricaria discoidea, Tanacetum Huronense, Artemisia pycnocephala, Cotula austra-
lis, C. coronopifolia, Senecio vulgaris, Cnicus occidentalis, Silybum Marianum,
Troximon humile, Taraxacum dens-leonis, Sonchus oleraceus, Gaultheria Shallon,
Armeria vulgaris, Anagallis arvensis, Gilia achillsefolia, Phacelia circinata, So-
lanum nigrum, S. umbelliforum, Scrophularia Californica, Mimulus luteus, M.
glutinosus, Castilleia latifolia, C. foliolosa, Monardella villosa, Stachys bullata,
Plantago major, P. lanceolata, P. hirtella, P. maritima, Abronia umbellata, Ru-
mex acetosella, R. crispus, Polygonum paronychia, Eriogonum fasciculatum, E.
latifolium, Chenopodium album, C. ambrosioides, C. Californicum, Euphorbia
leptoceras, Salix lasiolepis, Corylus rostrata, Iris longipetala, Muilla maritima.
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
ones, are more or less in bloom during the whole year, the more
hardy annuals becoming perennial as is the case with Sonchus ole-
raceus, Graphalium purpureum, Chenopodiuvi ambrosioides, etc.
Dr. Behr records* that there were some small conifers on
Lone Mountain as late as 1854. None are now to be found, and
very few trees of any kind worthy to be so called now exist. In
shaded places in the cemeteries and parks, Quercus agrifolia reaches
a diameter of two feet. Salix lasiolepis makes trees of considerable
size near the old Russ Gardens. Heteromeles arbidifolia, Myrica
Californica and Sambucusglanca may possibly be included, for they
occasionally reach moderate dimensions.
The Mediterranean and Chilian plants form in our flora a well
marked and often disputed element. Many of them are considered
indigenous plants, upon what seem to the writer very slender
grounds. San Francisco was a Spanish town for fifty years before
California was acquired by the United States. Its cattle, horses,
sheep, goats, came from Spain directly, or by the way of Mexico
and Chili. So did the seeds they planted in the ground. The
ships that brought supplies lay long in the harbor, which was then
at North Beach, and we find accordingly that if there is one spot on
the peninsula more blessed with Mediterranean weeds than any
other it is the vicinity of Black Point and the Presidio. There are
so many cases known where plants and insects brought by accident
or intent into a new region have overrun it with great rapidity, that
there is no special reason for astonishment at finding these plants
already well established. In their spread they were greatly aided
by the pastoral habits of the people, with their numerous flocks of
sheep and herds of cattle, which covered the plains, and in seasons
of scarcity penetrated the mountains during the Spanish occupancy.
The direct comparison of our species with their nearest congeness
in other regions is but just begun and promises in its progress to
make important changes in our lists.
The agency of sheep in disseminating plants is well known to
every one. A case of the introduction of plants resulting directly
from the importation of wool may be seen just outside the gate of
the Reservation at Black Point. Immediately adjoining this en-
closure is the now disused Pioneer Woollen Mill.    There grow in
*Zoe, ii, 3.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
337
this place, near to each other, Artemisia draciincidoides, Bigelovia
veneta Hemizonia fasciculata, Eriogonum fasciculatum and Airiplex
Nuttallii? The first belongs farther inland, and the remainder to
places more or less considerably removed.
Plants which are distributed along the maritime borders of widely
separated countries, such as Pentaccena ramosissima, Mesembry-
anthemum csquilaterale, Dichondra repens, etc., may perhaps always
have their birthplace disputed. In such cases it seems more in ac-
cordance with philosophical methods, to look for their origin in the
places where their congeners or nearest relatives abound than in
regions in which they are systematically aliens, even though the
date and means of introduction remain always unknown.
In the list of introduced plants, only such are included as are
spontaneous in considerable numbers or at various points. It would
be absurd to consider the apple, peach or plum which sometimes
springs from an accidentally buried seed, or potatoes and corn
which grow on waste heaps, as naturalized plants. Eucalyptus,
though widely planted in jthe state, very rarely springs from self-
sown seed, but the common Acacia does so m great numbers. On
the nearly vertical cliffs of Telegraph Hill small fig-trees find a pre-
carious lodgment, but cannot reproduce themselves for the varieties
of fig in California do not produce perfect seeds. Many other
plants, such as Brugmansia, Scarlet Sage, Roses, etc., persist for a
considerable time, marking the places where houses formerly stood
on the outskirts of the city, and if not interfered with would perhaps
extend themselves.
The nomenclature and systematic arrangement of this list is for
obvious reasons essentially that of the " Botany of California" of
the Geological Survey, but the species are usually credited to the
original describer whenever rectification would not involve a new
combination.
RANUNCULACE^E.
1.    Thalictrum Fendleri Eng-elm. var. platycarpum Torr.
Pac. R.. Rep. iv. 6, in part; Trel. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xxiii.
394, fig. 13.   Mission Hills, and according to Dr. Behr,* formerly
on Telegraph Hill.    April—June.    "Meadow Rue."
2.    Myosurus minimus L. spec. 407.    A very small form col-
lected in Laurel Hill Cemetery by Dr. Kellogg.    March.    " Mouse-
tail."
I?   .1
338
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
3.    Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus Chaix. in
Vill. Dauph. I, 335.    Mountain Lake, Lake Merced.    April—Sep-
tember.
4.    Ranunculus Californicus Benth. PI. Hartw. 295.    Com-
mon.    February—May.    "Buttercup."
5.    Ranunculus hebecarpus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 316.
Hills south of Golden Gate Park.    April—May.
6.    Ranunculus muricaius L. spec. 780.    A native of the Medi-
terranean region.     Common in wet places in  the western and
southern parts of the city, particularly about Lake Merced, Mount-
ain Lake and near the Presidio.
7.    Aquilegia  Formosa   Fisch. in DC. Prodromus i, 50.    A
truncata of Bot. Cal. March—May.  " Columbine."   The length of
the petals varies considerably, and all our forms are very close to
A. Canadensis.
8.    Delphinium Californicum Torr. & Gray. Fl. i, 31.   Straw-
berry Hill in Golden Gate Park, Mission and Potrero Hills. April—
June.    " Tall Larkspur."
9.     Delphinium decorum Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petr. iii, 33.
Mission Hills.    March—May.    "Larkspur."
BERBERIDE^E.
10.    Berberis pinnata Lag. Elench. PI. Matr. 1803, 6.    Sum-
mits of the Mission Hills, growing only a few inches high.    Febru-
ary—April.    "Barberry."
NYMPH^EACE^E.
11.    Nuphar polysepalum Engelm.   Trans. Acad. St. Louis,
ii, 282.    Mountain Lake.    June.    " Yellow Water Lily."
PAPAVERACE^E.
12.     Platystemon   Californicus   Benth.    Trans. Hort. Soc.
2, ser. 1, 405.    Hills in the western and southern parts of the city.
March—May.    "Cream Cups."
13.     Platystigma LiNEAREf Benth 1. c. 407.    Between Golden
Gate Park and Lake Merced.    March—May.
*Zoe, ii, 3.
t The writer's views concerning this and the following species are set forth in
Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i, 240.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
[339
14.    Platystigma Californicum (Torr. in Frem. Rep. 312).
Hills south of Golden Gate Park.    March—April.
Eschscholtzia Californica Cham. Hor. Phys. Berol. 73,
15-
t.   15.    Common in the western part of the city,
whole year.    " California Poppy."
CRUCIFER^E.
Blooming the
16.    Alyssum maritimum L.    Escaped from cultivation in many
places, but not truly naturalized. All the year.   " Sweet Alyssum."
17.    Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 85.
Everywhere in the western part of the city.    March—May.
18.     Cardamine paucisecta Benth. PL Hartw. 297.    Western
and southern parts of the city.    January—April.     '' Bitter Cress.''
19.    Arabis perfoliata Lam.    Hills of South San Francisco;
not common.    March—May.    " Tower Mustard."
20.    Arabis  blepharophylla Hook & Arn.    On rocky hills
at the Presidio, south of Golden Gate Park and at South San Fran-
cisco.    February—May.    "Rock Cress."
21.    Cheiranthus asper Cham. & Schl. inLinnaeai, 14.   Low
hills  and sandy flats near the sea.     February—May.    '' Rough
Wallflower."
22.    Brassica  nigra  (L. spec. 933).     About fields  and waste
places, not common.    March—May.    " Black Mustard."
23.     Brassica campestris L. spec. 931.   About fields in the south-
ern part.    March—May.     "Turnip."
24.    Barbarea vulgaris Brown.    About the Almshouse and the
Ocean House road.   February—April.  " Winter Cress."
25.    Sisymbrium lasiophyllum * (H. & A. Bot. Beechey 321).
26.     Sisymbrium officinale\ Scop. Fl. Car. ed. 2, no. 824.    An
unsightly  weed  common  about  roadsides  and  neglected walks.
March—May.    "Hedge Mustard."
27.    Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nutt.     In sandy places about
the shore of Lake Merced.    April—July.
*S. reflexum of Bot. Cal.
t 5". acittanguliim is mentioned in Bot. Cal. as occurring about San Francisco,
but has not been brought to our notice.
34°
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
28.     Nasturtium  officinale Brown.    Common in streams and
marshy places.    All the year.    " Water Cress."
In the marshy ground about the estuary of Visitacion Valley it
grows supported by bushes and other plants to a height of five feet.
Dr. Behr has recorded* the fact that he did not find it about San
Francisco in the earlier years of his residence.
29.    Capsella  Bursa-pastoris (L. spec. 903).     Common every-
where.   January—April.    " Shepherd's Purse."
30.    Lepidium nitidum Nutt.    T.   &  G.   Fl.  i,   116.     There
seems to be two vernal generations of this plant. The first (in Janu-
ary and February) is strict, nearly simple, not more and usually
much, less than four inches in height.    The succeeding generation
is of very much greater size and more spreading.    Common every-
where.    '' Pepper Grass.''
31.    Lepidium   Menziesii.    DC.  Syst.   ii,   539.   Low,   often
prostrate  and forming round  mats.    South  San Francisco, Mis-
sion  Hills, Islais Creek.    January—May.
32.    Senebiera didyma (L. Mant. 92).    About the base of Tele-
graph Hill, sidewalks in the western part of the city, and hanging
over  the  cliffs  near Sutro Heights.   January—August.     '' Wart
Cress."
33.    Senebiera coronopus (L. spec. 904).   About the base of Tele-
graph Hill, not so common as the last.
34.    Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. Fl. i, 69, t. 18.   Mission
and South San Francisco Hills.    February—May.    " Lace Pod."
35.    Thysanocarpus  pusillus  Hook. Ic.   PI. t. 43.   Sunset
Heights and hills of South San Francisco.   March—ApriL
36.    Raphanus sativus L. spec. 935. Very abundant in old fields,,
often completely filling them with various tints of white, pink and
cream color.    March—May.    " Radish."
37.    Cakile Americana Nutt. Gen. ii, 62.    About the shore spar-
ingly from Black Point to the outlet of Lake Merced, and very
abundant a short distance south of it.   June—September.    '' Sea
Rocket/'
*Zoe, ii. 4.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
34r
VIOLARIE^E.
38.    Viola canina L. var. adunca (Sm. in Rees Cyc. No. 63)
Bluffs above Fort Point and southward, Sunset Heights, Pbtrero
and South San Francisco Hills.    February—April.    " Dog Violet."
39.    Viola pedunculata Torr. &  Gray, Fl. i, 141.    Potrero
and Mission Hills.    March—May.     " Yellow Violet."
FRANKENI ACE^E.
40.     Frankenia   grandifolia  Cham. & Schl. Linnaea i, 35.
Salt marshes, South San Francisco and Presidio.   June—August.
41.
C ARYOPHYLLE^E.
Silene Gallica L. spec. 594.    Common everywhere.    April
—July.    '' French Campion.''
42.    Silene   verecunda Watson  Proc.   Am.   Acad.  x,  344.
Lone  Mountain, cemeteries,  Mission  Hills.    April—June.    " Shy
Campion."
43.    Sdponaria vaccaria L. spec. 585.    Presidio grounds.   June
'¦—July.    '' Soapwort.''
44.    Arenaria Californica Brewer. Bol. Cat. 6; Bot. Cal. 1,69.
Potrero Hills, meadows among the sand dunes south of the Park.
March—May.    '' Sandwort.''
45.    Arenaria palustris (Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, 61).    Dr.
Behr records this plant from what is now the heart of the city.   Mr.
Bolander's specimen in the Harvard herbarium is labeled "Fort
Point 6/5."    Dr. Kellogg notes it as " blooming in July and Au-
gust."         x
46.    Stellaria media (L. spec.  389).     Common.     Jan.—May.
" Chickweed."
47.    Stellaria nitens Nutt. in Torrey   & Gray, Fl. i,  185.
Cemeteries, Mission Hills.    April.    " Shining Chickweed."
48.     Cerastium viscosum L. spec. 627.    Common  everywhere.
March—May.    '' Mouse-Ear Chickweed."
49.     Cerastium arvense L. spec. 628.    Rocky or bushy hills Po-
trero, Sunset Heights, Mission and South San Francisco.    March
—May.    '' Field Chickweed."
50.    Sagina Occidentalis Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x, 345. Com-
mon about the saline marshes.    March—May.    "Pearlwort"
342
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe.
51.    Lepigonum* macrothecum F. & M. including- var. sca-
riosa Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, and T. pallida Greene 1. c.     Com-
mon about the bluffs of the ocean shore.    All the year.
52.    Lepigomim rubrum Fries.    About the summits and slopes
of the Potrero and Presidio Hills.    Although perennial, not to be
distinguished from specimens in the herbarium from Paris, France,
where, if not sometimes perennial, it evidently forms strong indurated
roots.    It is apparently Tissa Clevelandi Greene, Fl. Francis. 127,
although the flowers are not usually " white."    All the year.
53.    Lepigonum medium Fries.    Low lands about the shores of
the bay.    April—July.
54.    Spergula arvensis L. spec. 630.    Common by roadsides and
in sandy places.   January—July.    " Corn-Spurrey."
ILLECEBRACE^E.
55.     Pentaclena ramosissima (Weinm. Bot. Zeit. 608.)   Com-
mon on the sea coast.    April—September.
56.    Paronychia Chilensis DC. Prod. iii. 370. Common near Point
Lobos Creek and the Marine Hospital.   April—September.
* The generic name of these plants is in dispute, both Lepigonum and Spergularia
being antedated by Buda and Tissa, concerning the merits of which a somewhat
acrimonious discussion has recently appeared in botanical publications. Buda
being adopted in the sixth edition of Gray's Manual and by English botanists
generally, while Baillon, Pax, N. L. Britton and E. L. Greene have upheld the
claim of Tissa. Recently, however, Mr. Britton announces in Jour. Bot. xxix, 303,
a still older name, Corion (Mitchell, 1748). In view of these facts the names in
commou use are retained until some agreement among botanists may be reached.
The species are of " difficult definition," a phrase which in botany is apt to mean
that inconstant forms have been raised-to specific rank. No two authors have
been able to agree as to the limits of the species. Dr. N. L. Britton revised the
North American forms in the Bulletin of the Torrey Club (vol. xvi, 125). Prof.
Greene, in Flora Franciscana, agrees with him so little as to make a new species of
the plant which Dr. Britton considered to belong to the South American T. villosa
and to unite T. macrotheca var. scariosa Britt. with the type of his own T. pallida,
which itself bears a suspiciously dose resemblance to Spergularia rupicola Lebel.
Lepigonum tenue Greene Pitt, ii, 63, although occurring immediately opposite
on the Alameda shore, has not been found in San Francisco. It is very near Z.
gracileWatson, and although described as apetalous and diandrous, often has 3, 4.
or 5 stamens, and 1, 2, 3 perhaps more minute included petals.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
343
PORTULACE^E.
57.     Calandrinia caulescens  HBK. nov. gen. vi. 78, t. 526, var.
Menziesii Gray.    Common.    March—June.    Neither this  nor  C.
Breweri have the habit of indigenous plants.
58.    Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Ind. Hort. Cant. 25.   Com-
mon in shaded places everywhere.    February—May.    "Miner's
Lettuce."
59.    Claytonia   spathulata Dougl. var. tenuifolia Gray.
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 282.    Rocky hills in Laurel Hill Cemetery.
March.
60.    Montia fontana L. spec. 129.    Wet springy places in the
western and southern parts of the city.   April.
ELATINE^.
61.    Elatine brachysperma Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xiii, 361.
In late dried pools along the Cliff House Road near First Avenue.
July—September.    "Waterwort."
HYPERICINE^E.
62.    Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schl.  Linnaeaiii, 127.
Wet places in the western and southern parts of the city.    March—
June.
MALVACEAE.
63.    Lavatera assurgentiflora * Kell.   Proc. Cal. Acad. i,
14.    Planted about the city for ornament and as a wind-break for
gardens; persisting and spreading wherever protected from brows-
ing.    It is t;he universal belief of the Spanish population of Cali-
fornia that the seeds of the plant were brought from Spain, but
direct comparison with Mediterranean species  has  not  yet been
made.
64.    Malva Nicteensis All. ped. n. 1416.     Lowlands about the
Potrero.    Flowers larger than in the other species about the city;
bractlets broad and nutlets less reticulated.    It agrees perfectly with
all the specimens so named in the herbarium of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences.    These are from France and from Chili.
65.    Malva parviflora L. Am. iii, 416.    Common but much more
robust and larger-fruited than our examples from France and from
Teneriffe.
*Zoe, ii, 4.
344
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
66.    Malva borealis Wallm. in Liljebl. Sw. Fl. ed. 2, 218.   Com-
mon.
Possibly this species, but bractlets ovate instead of linear-
lanceolate, petals much more than '' lightly emarginate.'' The
carpels are reticulate on the face and readily separate from the
prominent stellate axis.
67.  Sidalcea MALViEFLORA (Moc. & Sesse). DC. Prod, i, 474.
Ic. Mex. ined. pi. 70.    The figure leaves no doubt that the common
species of the Californian Coast is the one intended.    It represents
a weak-stemmed plant with all the leaves 6-8-parted, large flowers
and a copious hirsute pubescence.    It is incompletely dioecious, the
larger-flowered form frequently developing seeds in the later flowers.
The sterile flowers are sometimes deeply fringed.
LINE^E.
68.    Linum tisitatissimtwi L. spec. 397.     Found  occasionally
about low fields and waysides.    April—July.    "Flax."
69.    Linum Californicum Benth. PI. Hartw. 299.    On a bare
and stony hill in Laurel Hill Cemetery a few hundred yards from
Lone Mountain.   It is probably the plant mentioned under L. Brew-
eri Bot. Cal. ii, 448, as having been collected by Dr. Palmer on Lone
Mountain, the species,  when the color of the flowers has faded,
being hard to distinguish.    May.    "California Flax."
GERANIACE^S.
70.    Geranium Carolinianum L. spec. 956. Common.  March
—May.
71.     Geranium dissectiim L. spec. 956. Shady places about Sun-
set Heights.    March—May.
72.    Geranhim molle L. spec. 955.    According to Prof. E.  L.
Greene, this plant occurs about the Marine Hospital.
73.    Erodhmi cicutarium (L. spec. 951).    Common everywhere.
All the year.   ," Pin Clover," " Alfilerilla."
74.    Erodium moschatum Willd. sp. iii, 631.    Common.    Nearly
all the year.    " Musky Alfilerilla.3'
75.    Oxalis corniculata L. spec. 624.   Western part of the
city.    All the year.    "Sorrel."
Our species of the Corniculata section has a strong perennial root,
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
345
but also roots at the joints of the spreading slender stems and thus
forms mats. It may be the same as the Arizonian O. Wrightii,
but appears too near specimens of O. corunia from the West
Indies.
RHAMNE^E.
76.     Rhamnus Californica Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petr. x, 281.
Common.    Flowering and fruiting nearly all the year in sheltered
localities.    " Coffee Bush," " Cascara sagrada."
77.    Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petr. x,
285.    Formerly abundant on the Presidio Hills, but now not fre-
quent.    On the  hill  at Point Lobos, above the signal station, it
forms perfectly flat mats many feet in diameter.    January—June.''
" California Lilac."
SAPINDACE^E.
78.    Acer Negundo L. var. Californicum* (Nutt. T. & G. Fl.
i, 250) "Box Elder."
79.    ^Esculus Californica Nutt. T. & G. FL i, 251.   Bluffs
of the bay shore near South San Francisco.   May.   " Buckeye."
ANACARDIACE^E.
80.    Rhus Toxicodendron L. spec. 381; var. diversiloba (T.
& G. Fl. i, 218).    Common in Golden Gate Park and all bushy hills
about the city.    April.    " Poison Oak," " Poison Ivy."
LEGUMINOS^E.
81.    Lupinus arboreus Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 682.    Common in
the sands oPthe western part of the city.   March—June. " Tall Yel-
low Lupine."
82.    Lupinus  Chamissonis Esch. Mem. Acad. Petr. x.  288.
Usually growing nearer  the sea  than   the   last.     March—June.
" Shrubby Blue Lupine."
83.      Lupinus   polyphyllus   Lindl.   Bot. Reg. xiii, t.  1096.
Southwestern border of Lake Merced.    May—July.    "Swamp Lu-
pine."
84.    Lupinus Douglasii Agardh. Syn. 34.  Near Lake Merced.
April—June.
*Zoe, ii, 4.
346
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
85.    Lupinus littoralis Dou'gl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t. 1198.
About the Presidio Hills, especially near the shores of Mountain
Lake.    March—May.    "Chinook Liquorice.'3
86.    Lupinus affinis Agardh- Syn. Lup. 20 in part.    Bluffs of
the Bay Shore between South San Francisco and Visitacion Valley.
April—May.    " Succulent Lupine."
87.    Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Bot. Reg. xiii, t. 1109.    Hills in
the western and southern parts of the city.    March—May.
88.    Lupinus micranthus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. reg. xv, t. 1251.
Ocean View.   March—May.
89.     Lupinus trifidus* (Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 535.)
Laurel Hill Cemetery and sandy grounds westward. March—April.
90.    Lupinus polycarpus   Greene Pitt, i, 171.    Near Ocean
View.   April-—May.
91.   Trifolium involucratum Willd. Common in wet grounds.
March—May.   "Clover."
92.    Trifolium tridentatum Lindl.    Mission Hills,  South
San Francisco.    April—May.
93.    Trifolium pauciflorum Nutt. Common in moist grounds
about Lake Merced and Ocean View.    March—May.
94.    Trifolium   barbigerum   Torn Pac. R. R. Rep. iv,  79.
Presidio, Potrero, South San Francisco.    March—May.
--------var. Andrewsii Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 335.    Near
Mountain Lake.   May.
95.    Trifolium   microdon  H. & A. Bot. Beech. 330, t. 79.
Presidio, South San Francisco, Laguna, Honda, Mountain View.
96.    Trifolium microcephalum Pursh. Fl. ii, 478.   Visitacion
Valley.   April.
97.    Trifolium  fucatum. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1883.    Potrero,
Mountain Lake, South San Francisco.
98.    Trifolium depauperatum Desv. Journ. Bot. iv, 69, t. 32.
Common.     March—May.
99.    Trifolium bifidum Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 522.  Com-
mon about roads in the western and southern parts.    April.
*The current names of the forms are given here without consideration of their
specific value.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
347
100.    Trifolium gracilentum T. & G. Fl. i, 316.   Along the
road to the Cliff House and the Presidio roads.
101.    Trifolium Macr^ei H. & A. Bot. Misc. iii, 179.    Speci-
mens from Chili differ, in no respect excepting a more spreading
pubescence from the form found about South San Francisco (also on
Tamalpais, at Point Reyes and Santa Catalina Island*).
102.    Trifolium repens L. spec. 1080.    Laurel Hill Cemetery
and becoming frequent in lawns.    March—June.    "White Clover."
103.     Trifolium pratense L. spec. 1082.    About the  borders  of
the Presidio marshes.   April—July.    " Red Clover."
104.    Melilotus parviflora  Desf.    Roadsides  and waste places.
April—June.    " Melilot," "Sweet Clover."'
105.    Medicago sativa L. spec. 1096.    Cliffs of South San Fran-
cisco and Telegraph Hill and in waste places.    All the year.    " Lu-
cerne," "Alfalfa."
106.    Medicago denticulata Willd. Spec, iii, 1414. Common every-
where.    April—July.    "Bur-Clover."
107.    Medicago marginata Willd. Enum. 802.     Already very
common.   South San Francisco, Visitacion Valley, Mountain Lake,
Presidio.    All the year,
108.    Hosackia  glabra  (Vog. Linnaea x,  591).   Laurel  Hill
Cemetery, Mission Hills, Golden Gate Park.    Low and spreading.
March—June.
109.     Hosackia tomentosa H. & A. Bot. Beech. 137. Mount-
ain Lake, Lake Merced, Point Lobos and southward. H. Heermanni
of Bot. Cal.in so far as it relates to this locality is undoubtedly H.
tomentosa.    April—July.
no. Hosackia gracilis Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 365.
A beautiful species, which should be cultivated. Ocean View.
May—June.
in. Hosackia Purshiana Benth. Bot. Reg. under t. 1257-
South San Francisco.    May—June.
112.    Hosackia   subpinnata (Lag. Gen. & sp. 23).     Sandy
stretches in the western part.    May.
113.    Hosackia  brachycarpa Benth. PI. Hartw. 306.    Com-
mon in the western part.    April—June.
*T. Catalina Wats. Am. Acad. xxv,i28.
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
114.    Hosackia   parviflora   Benth.  Bot. Reg. xv, under t.
1257.    Mission Hills, South San Francisco Hills.    April—May.
115.    Astragalus nigrescens Nutt. PI. Gamb. 152.    Potrero
Hills, Ocean View.    May.
116.    Astragalus   Crotalari^e  Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. vi,
216.    Mission Hills, Ocean View, Visitacion Valley, Point Lobos.
April—June.    " Rattleweed,"   "Loco."
117.    Vicia gigantea Hook. Fl. i, 157. Ocean bluffs from Point
Lobos to Fort Point    April—June.    " Great Vetch."
118.    Vicia Americana Muhl. var. linearis (Nutt. in T. & G.
FL i, 276).    Mission Hills, Buena Vista  Park, Visitacion Valley.
April—May.
---------var. truncata (Nutt. T. & G.  Fl. i, 270).     Specimens
in the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences are labeled
" Mission Hills, June 7, 1871, Kellogg."
119.   Vicia sativa L. spec. 1037. Not uncommon about roadsides
and old fields.    May—June.    " Vetch " or " Tare."
120.    Vicia exigua Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. i, 272.    Mission Hills,
Cemeteries.    March—April.
121.    Lathyrus   Bolanderi Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 363.
Shrub-covered slopes near Lake Merced, not common.    May.
122.    Lathyrus littoralis (Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 278).    Near
the seashore south of the outlet of Lake Merced.    June—August.
ROSACES.
123.    Prunus demissa (Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 411).   Collected by
Mr. C. A. Michener on Twin Peaks.    " Choke Cherry."
There seems to be no sufficient reason for keeping this sepa-
rate from the eastern P.  Virginiana.
124.    Prunus ilicifolia Nutt. in Bot. Beech. 340, t. 83.    Mis-
sion Hills, Strawberry Hill, Hunter's Point and bluffs near Visita-
cion Bay.    March—May.    "Holly-leaved Cherry."
125.    Nuttalia cerasiformis  T. & G. in Bot. Beech. 236, t.
82.    Sunset Heights, Mission Hills, Fort  Point.    February—May.
" Oso Berry."
126.    Spiraea   discolor   Pursh. Fl. i, 342.     Sunset Heights,
Mission Hills.    May.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
349
127.    Rubus   Nutkanus Moc. in DC. Prod, ii, 566.   Fl. Mex.
ined t. 291.    Ravine on the N. E. side of Sunset Heights.    May.
" Thimbleberry."
128.    Rubus spectabilis Pursh. Fl. i, 348, t. 16. Same locality.
March—June.     " Salmon Berry."
129.     Rubus vitifolius Ch. &Schl. Linnaea ii, 10. (R. tirsinus
of Bot. Cal.)    Common in the western part of the city.    February
—June.    "Blackberry."
130.    Fragaria   Californica   Ch.   &  Schl. Linnaea ii, 20.
Sunset Heights, Mission Hills.    March—May.    '' California Straw-
berry."
131.    Fragaria  Chilensis  Ehr. Beitrag vii,  26.     Common
near the sea, flowering the greater part of the year.   '' Coast Straw-
berry."
132.    Potentilla anserina L. spec. 710.   Common in marshy
places and about the borders of lakes. April—July.  "Silver-Weed."
133.    Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1583.   Sun-
set Heights, Hills about Lake Merced.    April—May.
134.     Potentilla Californica (Ch. & Schl. Linnaea ii, 26).
Mission Hills, Sunset Heights, South San Francisco.
---------var.   sericea   Gray.  Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 529.     Bluffs
above Lake Merced, Sunset Heights, Point Lobos.
135.    Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Carn. i, 115.    Common on
bare stony places.    March—May.    " Lady's Mantle."
136.    Accsna trifida Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. i, 6-7, t. 104.   Com-
mon on hills^about the city.    March—May.
137.    Rosa Californica Ch. & Schl. Linnaea, ii, 35.    Mission
Hills, Lobos Creek.    " California Wild Rose."
138.     Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait. J. Hort. Kew. iii, 202).
Common on bushy hills.    Flowering June—August, fruiting  De-
cember and much used in decorating at Christmas.     " Tollon or
Toyon," " California Holly," " Christmas Berry."
139.    Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt. Gen. i, 306).    " Sunset
Heights,* dwarf.    April.    " Service Berry," "June Berry."
*" Mission Dolores," Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, (1863).
35°
Plants of San Francisco.
fzoE
SAXIFRAGES.
140.    Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx.    Since the publication
of Bot.  Cal. Dr. Gray has referred this Californian plant to 6".
refiexa Hook.     This   determination is probably erroneous,   but
until the matter is fully investigated it is thought best to retain the
name in common use.    Mission Hills, Laguna Honda.    March—
May.
141.    Tellima  grandiflora (Pursh, Fl. i, 314).    Ravine on
northeastern side of Sunset Heights, Mission Hills.    April—June.
142.    Tellima heterophylla H. & A. Bot. Beech. 346. Mis-
sion Hills, Bluffs of Lake Merced and of Visitacion Bay.    April—
May.
143.    Heuchera pilosissima F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petr.
v, 36.    "Alum Root."    Mission Hills and about Laguna Honda,
often growing upright with a strong stem 6-12 inches long, clothed
with vestiges of former leaves.    The less pubescent and more
spreading forms of this species can hardly, if at all, be distinguished
from H. micrdntha.
144.    Ribes sanguineum Pursh, Fl. i, 164.    Point Lobos, Sun-
set Heights.   January—March.    '' Black Currant.''
145.    Ribes   Menziesii Pursh, Fl. ii, 732.     Sunset Heights,
Laguna Honda, Hills of South San Francisco.    February—March.
" Prickly Gooseberry."
146.    Ribes  divaricatum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii, 575.
Near Laguna Honda.    March.    " Gooseberry."
CRASSULACE^E.
147.    Till^ea minima Miers Trav. Chili, ii3 530.    Very com-
mon on hills.    March—April.
148.    Till^ea Drummondii T. & G. Fl. i, 558.     Borders of
pools along the road near Mountain Lake.    June—September.
¦   The pedicels of this species vary extremely in length, even in
the same specimen.
149.    Cotyledon c^espitosa Haw. Misc. Nat. 180. Rocky cliffs
about the shores.    May—Tune.
150.    Sedum   spathulifolium Hook. Fl. i, 227.     Rocks on
the summits of Mission Hills.    April—June.    " Stonecrop."
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
HALORAGE^S.
151.    Hippuris vulgaris* L. spec. 3.
152.    Myriophyllum spicatum L. spec. 1469.   Mountain Lake.
"Water Milfoil."
153.    Callitriche verna L.    Sides of pools and ditches near
Ocean View.
Ceratophylle^ .
154.    Ceratophyllum   demersum L. spec. 1409.     Mountain
Lake.    " Hornwort."
LYTHRARIE^E.
155.    Lythrtim Hyssopifolia L. spec. 642. L. adsurgens, Greene,
Pitt, ii, 12.    Common in the sides of shallow rivulets and road-
side gutters.    Away from the coast and subjected to greater vicis-
situdes it may be annual.   In the herbarium of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences there are examples from Hyeres, France, which are
stoloniferous from a strong crown.    L.  Sanfordi from Stockton
appears to be identical with the Chilian L. albicaule Bert.
ONOGRARIE^E.*
156.   Epilobium Franciscanum Barbey, Bot. Cal. i, 220. Moun-
tain Lake, Lake Merced, Lobos Creek.   April—August.   " Willow
Herb.5'
157.    Epilobium minutum Lindl. Hook Fl. i, 207. Cemeteries,
Mission Hills.    April—May.
158.   Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. CEsterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
xxix, 119.    Presidio Reservation.    August—September.
159.    CEnothera  biennis  L.    Along the outlet of Lake Mer-
ced.    May—June.    "Evening Primrose."
160.    CEnothera  ovata  Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 507.     Hills in
the western and southern parts of the city.    March—April.
The leaves are sometimes used for salads.
161.    CEnothera. cheiranthifolia Hornemann. Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 1040.    Common all the year.
162.    CEnothera micrantha Hornemann, Hort. Hafn.Suppl.
*Dr. Behr says this plant was formerly found near Lobos Creek.
352
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
Common in the sands of the western part of the city, and about the
cliffs at Point Lobos.    April—July.
163.    (Enothera strigulosa (Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petr.
ii, 25).    Sands in the western part of the city.    April—June.
164.    Godetia lepida Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1849.    Hillsides near
Lake Merced.   April—June.
165.     Godetia   amcena   (Lehm. Nov. Act. Leop. xiv, 811, t
45).    Sunset Heights and Mission Hills.    April—June.
166.    Boisduvalia  densiflora (Lindl., Bot. Reg. t.   1593).
Mission Hills.    May.
167.    Echinocystis   fabacea   Naud. Ann. Sc. Nat. xii, 154.
Megarrhiza Californica of Bot.   Cal.     Common.     " Chilicothe,"
"Big Root"   January—May.
168.    Echinocystis MARAHf Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 138.
Megarrhiza Mar ah of Bot. CaL    "Large-flowered Big Root."
FICOIDE^E.
169.      Mesembryanthemzim tzquilaterale   Haw.   Misc.  Nat.   77.
Cliffs of the sea coast.    Flowering all the year.    " Sea Fig."
170.     Mesembryanthemum cordifolium  L.   f.  suppl. 260.     Es-
caped  into thickets  about the  cemeteries;  perennial and  widely
spreading.   " Dew Plant."
171.     Tetragonia expansa Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 178.    Fort Point,
South San Francisco.    June—September.    " Sea Spinach."
Widely spread on maritime shores, but still infrequent on ours,
though cultivated here for many years.
UMBELLIFER^E.
172.    Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. Supp. 177.  Mount-
ain Lake, Lake Merced, Presidio  Swamp, etc., floating often in
rather deep water.    April—May.    '' Marsh-Pennywort."
173.    Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Diss. ii, 415, t. 3.
Mountain Lake, Lake Merced, pools along the railway which runs
to Sutro Heights.
* Zauschneria Californica though abounding on Angel Island has not been found
within our limits.
t This species was originally, described by Dr. Kellogg (under the preoccupied
name of vmrieatus) from "declivities of the hills back of the Mission Dolores on
Mr. Hutchinson's Ranch."    Proc. Cal. Acad. i, 39.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
353
The common plant with peltate-orbicular leaves found about the
margins of pools and lakes appears to be this species. It is found
in damp ground rather than in water. Dr. Kellogg's H. prolifera
judging from the painting and not very good specimen, is H. um-
bellata.
174.    Bowlesia lobata Ruiz. & Pavon, F.l. Peruv. iii, 28, t.
251.    Lake Merced,  Point Lobos, Mission  Hills, hills of South
San Francisco.    March—May.
175.     Eryngium petiolatum Hook. & Arn. Fl. Bor-Am. i, 259.
In swales at the end of Eighteenth street.    May—June.    " Button
Snakeroot.''
176.    Sanicula arctopoides H. & A. Bot. Beech. 147 and 347.
Hills about San Francisco.    January—April.   " Sanicle."
177.    Sanicula Menziesii H. & A. Bot. ^Beech. 142 and 347.
Common.    April—May.
This plant appears to be absolutely identical with the much older
61 Liberia Cham. & Schl. Linnaea i, 353. As in S. laciniatathe
fruit varies from pedicellate to nearly or quite sessile.
178.    Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i,
258.    Common.    March—May.    "Purple Sanicle."
179.    Sanicula maritima Kell. Watson, Bot. Cal. ii, 451. Re-
cently found by Miss E. Cannon on the Potrero Hills at the end
of Eighteenth street.    March—May.
180.    Sanicula   tuberosa Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 91.     Hills
near Visitacion Bay.     Not common.    April—May.    Closely re-
lated to 6*. macrorrhiza Colla.
181.     Conhmi maculatum L. spec. 349.    Waste places about the
city.    May—July.    " Poison Hemlock."
182.    Apium graveolens L. spec. 379.   Escaped into the marshes
about Mountain Lake and the Presidio, as in most others of the
seaboard.    March—May.    '' Celery."
183.    Fceniculum  vulgare Gaertn. fruct. i, 103.    Naturalized  in
waste places.    "Fennel."
184.    Pimpinella   apiodora Gray. Proc. Am. vii, 345. Rocky
places about the summits of the Mission Hills.    April—June.
185.    Carum Kelloggii Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 344.   Near
Mt. Olympus, hills near Visitacion Valley.    May—August.
354
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
186.    Cicuta   virosa   var.   Californica  (Gray. Proc. Am.
Acad. vii, 344). Coulter & Rose, Rev. Umb. 130.     " Water-Hem-
lock."
187.    CEnanthe sarmentosa var.  Californica* (B. & H.
Bot. Beech. 142). Common in swamps and rivulets, flowering- nearly
all the year.    " Fool's Parsley."
188.     Angelica Hendersoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 80. From
Point Lobos to Fort Point.    May—July.    "Angelica."
189.    Heracleum lanatum Michx. Fl. i-, 166.    Hillsides about
Lake Merced, Sunset Heights, Mission Hills, Lobos Creek.   Janu-
ary—May.    " Cow Parsnip."
190.    Peucedanum dasycarpum T. & G. Fl. i, 628.   Common
on hills, Mission, Potrero, South San Francisco.    March—May.
191.    Peucedanum caruifolium  T. & G. Fl. i, 628.    More
common in the same localities than the preceding-. March—May.
192.    Peucedanum   utriculatum Nutt. T. &' G. Fl. i, 628.
Mission Hills, hills near Visitacion Valley.    April.    Not common.
193.    Daucus pusillus  Michx. Fl i, 164.     Sunset  Heights,
Mission Hills, hills of South San Francisco. March—May. "Little
Carrot."
The Chilian D. hispidifolius Clos. is extremely like the low form
found near Fort Point.
194.    Caucalis microcarpa H. & A. Bot. Beech. 348. Mission
Hills, Point Lobos, etc.    March—May.
This is said in Bot. Cal. to be used by native Californians and
others as a remedy for snakebites, but the plant which is usually
sent for identification with such statement of its curative powers is
Daucus fiusillus.
195.     Caucalis nodosa L. spec. 346.    About Islais Creek.   May.
CORNACE^E.
196.    Cornus   NuTTALLiif Aud.   Nutt.  Sylva, III, 51, t. 97.
" Flowering Dogwood."
197.    Cornus   pubescens  Nutt. Sylva, ill, 34.    Lobos  Creek.
May.    "Dogwood," "Cornel."
* No  other  plant  answering so well to the brief description of Helpsciadium t
Californicnm occurs in this vicinity.
tZoe, ii, 4.
vol. ii.]              Plants of San Francisco.                      355
198.    Garrya elliptica Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1886. Sun-
set Heights.    Mission Hills.   January.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
199.    Sambucus   glauca  Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 13.    Presidio,
Black Point.    May.    "Elder."
200.    Symphoricarpus racemosus 'Michx. Fl. i, 107.   Sunset
Heights.    May—July.    " Snowberry."
201.    Lonicera involucrata  (Rich. App. Frankl. Journ. 6).
Bushy hills in  Golden  Gate Park, Mission Hills,  Point Lobos.
April—June.   '' Twin-Berry.''
202.    Lonicera hispidula (Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1761).
Sunset Heights.    May—July.    "Honeysuckle."
RUBIACE^E.
203.    Galium aparine L. spec. 157.    Moist and shaded places
in the western part of the city.    April—May.    " Cleavers."
204.    Galium Nuttallii Gray. PI. Wright, i, 80.    Common,
climbing in bushes.   March—June.
205.    Galium trifidum L. spec. 153.    Swamp at the head of
Mountain Lake.    May—July.
VALERIANACE^E.
206.    Valerianella olitoria Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. i, 30.   Es-
caped from cultivation in the western part, of the city. " Doucette."
207.    Valerianella macrocera (T. & G. Fl. ii, 56).  Mission
Hills, hillsides near Lake Merced.    March—May.
COMPOSITES.
208.    Grindelia glutinosa* (Cav. Ic. ii. 53, t. 168).     Point
Lobos, Fort Point.    May—August.
209.    Grindelia cuneifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
315.    Marshes of the bay shore at South San Francisco.    June—
October.    The statement that this plant does not flower till Octo-
ber is erroneous.    Like most plants preferring wet grounds it is a
little later coming into bloom and lasts much longer than those
of drier places.
*The  still unknown G. humilis (if really Californian) may possibly be  a  dwarf
and immature specimen of this.
356
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
210.    Grindelia robusta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 314.
Mission Hills, South San Francisco.    May—July.    " Gum Plant."
211.     Pentachjeta  alsinoides  Greene. Bull. Torr. Club, ix,
109.    Mission Hills.    April.
212.    Lessingia Germanorum Cham. Linnaea, iv. 203.   Sandy
stretches near Lobos Creek and Lake Merced.    April—July.
213.    Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh.) var. sessiliflora (Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 317). Mission Hills, Buena Vista Park.
June—August.
214.    Aplopappus ericoides (Less, in Linnaea, vi, 117).   Com-
mon in the western part of the city.    Flowering the greater part of
the year.
215.    Bigelovia veneta HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, iv, 68.    A
few plants near the entrance to the  Military Reservation at Black
Point.    In this location they grow luxuriantly, the largest being
four feet high with a stem five inches in circumference.    August— ¦
November.
216.    Solidago occidentalis (Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
326).    Laurel Hill Cemetery.   July—September.
217.    Solidago Californica Nutt. 1. c. 328. Hills in the western
part of the city.    July—October.    " Golden Rod."
218.    Solidago sempervirens L. Spec. 1232.    Near Laguna
Honda.    August—November.    " Leafy Golden Rod."
219.    Corethrogyne Californica DC. Prodr. v, 215. Potrero
Hills.     April—June.
220.    Aster   Chamissonis Gray.    Common.    July—October.
<( Aster."
221.    Erigeron glaucus (Nees. Ast. 275).   Summits of rocky
hills and cliffs of the seashore, flowering nearly all the year.
222.    Erigeron Philadelphicus L. Spec. 1211. Near Ocean
View, Visitacion Valley.    May—July.
223.    Erigeron Canadensis L. Spec. 1211. |,Waste grounds,
common.    Nearly all the year.    " Horseweed."
224.    Baccharis pilularis DC. Prodr. v, 407. Common every-
where in the western  part of the  city, growing tall and robust in
sheltered spots and depressed-spreading in  bare spots exposed to
the wind.    June—October.
vol. . ii. ]                Plants of San Francisco.                        357
225.     Baccharis Douglasii DC.  Prodr. v. 400.    Laguna Honda
and near Visitacion Valley.    June—August.
226.     Micropus Californicus Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petr.
1835, 42.    Vicinity of Ocean View,   hills  near  Visitacion Valley.
April—May.
227.    Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
340.    April—May.
228.    Evax caulescens (Benth. PL Hartw. 319.)   The slender
diffused form.   Common on the Potrero Hills, usually in adobe soil.
March—May.
229.    Filago Gallica L. spec. 1312.    Mission Hills.    May.
230.    Anaphalis   margaritacea   (L.  Spec.   1198).     Sunset
Heights.    Point Lobos.    May—October.    " Pearly Everlasting."
231.    Gnaphalium decurrens  Ives. Am. Jour. Sci. i, 380, t.
1.    Thickets in cemeteries, parks and the Mission hills.    April—
July.    '"Everlasting."
232.     Gnaphalium Sprengelii H. & A. Bot. Beech. 150.
Phillippi in Cat. PL Vase. Chil. reduces this to G. viravira Mol.
and Dr. Gray in Bot. Cal. i, 341, says: "Very probably G. Sand-
wicensium Gaudichaud is an older name of this species." Some of
the forms appear to match exactly a specimen from Chili labeled G.
Valdivia7ium.
233.    Gnaphalium ramosissimum Nutt. PL Gamb. 172.  Laurel
Hill Cemetery, Golden Gate Park.    May—July.    "Everlasting."
234.     Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
403.    Borders of pools and lakes.    May—September.
. 235.    Gnaphalium purpureum L. spec. 1200.    Mission Hills,
Potrero, South San Francisco, etc.    March—June.
236.    Iva   axillaris  Pursh. Fl. ii, 743.    Bay  shore between
Visitacion Bay and Hunter's Point.    June—August.
237.    Ambrosia.psilostachya* DC. Prodr. v, 526. About the
bay shore near Telegraph Hill.    July—September.    "Ragweed."
238.    Franseria Chamissonis Less, in Linnaea vi, 507.    Com-
mon on the drifting sands of the shore.    May—October.    '' Shore-
Bur."
*The date of flowering given in this list is for San Fraucisco only, and differs
considerably in other parts of the state.
358
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
239.    Franseria   bipinnatifida Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii, 344.    With the preceding and apparently connected by various
forms.
240.    Xanthium Canadense Mill. Diet. Ed. 8.   Waste places
near the Presidio and South San Francisco.    Not common.    June—
September.   " Cockle-Bur."
241.    Xanthium spinosum L. spec. 1400.   A common weed espe-
cially about South San Francisco and Visitacion Valley.    June—
October.    "Spiny Cockle-Bur."
242.    Wyethia angustifolia (DC. Prodr. v, 537).    Mission
Hills.    April—June.
243.    Helianthella   Californica* Gray. Pac. R. Rep. iv,
103.    Mission Hills towards Ocean View.    April—May.
244.    BlDENS CHRYSANTHEMOIDES f  Michx.
245.    Madia   sativa Mol.  Chil. ed.  Germ.   113.     Common.
April—July.    The worst of our " Tarweeds."
246.    Madia dissitiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 387.
Mission Hills.    April—June.
247.    Madia filipes Gray.    Laurel Hill Cemetery.    May.
248.     Hemizonia luzul^efolia DC. Prodr. v, 692.    Potrero,
South San Francisco.    June—September.
249.     Hemizonia angustifolia % DC. Prodr. v, 692.    Mission
Hills, Hills near Visitacion Valley.    June—August.
250.     Hemizonia pungens (H. & A. Bot. Beechey, 357.) North-
ern part of the city about Telegraph Hill.   July.    " Prickly Tar-
weed."
251.     Hemizonia paniculata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix, 17.
Near Telegraph Hill and Black Point.   June—July.
252.    Hemizonia  fasciculata§  DC. Prodr. v, 693.    About
Black Point.   June—August.
*Zoe, ii, 75.
tThis plant formerly grew in a deep swamp at Seventh and Mission Streets.
JThe obscure H. congesta is intermediate between this and the above and may be
a hybrid.
§The three last species do not properly belong to the Coast flora having been in-
troduced in wool, grain, etc.
vol.. ii.]             Plants of San Francisco.                      359
253.    Layia hieracioides (DC. Prodr. v, 694). Sunset Heights,
Mission Hills, hills of the bay shore near Visitacion Valley.     April
—May.
254.    Layia gaillardioides H. & A. Bot. Beech. 148 and 357.
Mission Hills, South San Francisco.    March—May.
255.    Layia platyglossa (Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Pe-
trop. ii, 31).    Common.    April—June.    " Tidy-tips."
256.    Achyrach./ena mollis Schauer. Del. Sem. Hoft. Vratisl,
1837.    Near Visitacion Valley and Ocean View.    April—May.
257.    Jaumea carnosa (Less, in Linnsea vi, 520). Salt marshes
Visitacion  Valley, South  San  Francisco, Islais   Creek,   Presidio.
June—August.
258.    Eriophyllum   st^echadifolium    Lag.  Elench.  Hort.
Madr. 28.   Bahia artemisicefolia of Bot. Cal.    Common. Blooming
most of the year. .
259.    Eriophyllum  confertiflorum (DC. v, 657).    Cliffs of
the bay shore at South San Francisco, flowering nearly the whole
year.
260.    Eriophyllum c^espitosum Dougl.    Mission Hills, Point
Lobos.   June.    Not common in our limits.
261.    Blennosperma Californica (DC. Prodr. v, 531).    Po-
trero, hills  between  Visitacion  Bay   and  South   San  Francisco.
February—April.
Extremely like B. Chilense and hardly to be considered more
than a variety of that species, though perhaps from poor material,
they were described in the Prodromus as two different new genera
belonging even to different sections of Senecionidse.
262.    Lasthenia glabrata  Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.  1780.     Low
grounds in the western part of the city, Islais Creek, South San
Francisco.
263.    BjERIA chrysostoma  Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. ii,
29.    Low grounds near the Park and Ocean View.    March—May.
264.    B^ria GRACiLis (DC. Prodr. v, 664). Islais Creek, South
San Francisco, Visitacion Valley.    March—May.
265.    BiERiA uliginosa  Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 383.
About the borders of marshes, Islais Creek, Visitacion Valley, Presi-
dio, South San Francisco.    April—June.
3<5°
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
B. mariiima from the Farallones is a mere form of this species
not even worthy of varietal rank. Specimens of B. uliginosa from
San Francisco have 2-5 awns and variable paleae; the involucral
scales may be any number from 6—12. The island form has the
same villous—tomentose pubescence and leaves not more entire.
266.    Helenium puberulum DC. Common in wet places about
the cliffs, flowering nearly all the year.    '' Sneezeweed.''
267.    Achillea Millefolium  L.    Common, flowering nearly
all the year.    Flowers often rosy.    "Yarrow."
268.    Anthemis  cotula L. spec. i26i.;     "Mayweed."   This
plant was as common in the interior of California in 1854 and of
much ranker growth than it is now.
269.    Matricaria  discoidea DC.    Common in waste places,
and about little-trodden streets.    March—July.
270.    Matricaria  occidentals Greene Bull. Cal.  Acad. ii,
150.    Waste places in the western part of the city.   April—July.
This species should be compared with M. corymbifera DC. Prodr.
vii, 297.
271.     Chrysanthemum segetum L. spec. 1254.    About abandoned
gardens in the northern part of the city near the Presidio.    " Corn
Marigold."
272.     Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L. spec. 1250).    About the
cliffs of Telegraph Hill.   June—August.    "Feverfew."
273.    Tanacetum camphoratum Less. Linnaea, vi, 521.   Buena
Vista Park, western part of Golden Gate Park and adjacent dunes.
Flowering most of the year.    '' Tansy."
274.    Cotula coronopifolia L. spec. 1257.    Common every-
where in shallow water and muddy margins, flowering all the year.
" Brass-Buttons."
275.    Cotula australis (Sieb. Spreng Syst. iii, 497).   In yards
and borders of sidewalks.    Common.    March—May.
276.    Soliva sessilis Ruiz  & Pavon  Prodr. 113, t. 24.    Mission
Hills, South San Francisco, Presidio.    March—May.
277.    Artemisia Californica Less, in Linnaea, vi, 523.   Bushy
hillsides.   June—August.
278.    Artemisia vulgaris L. var. Californica Besser. Lin-
vol. ii.]                Plants of San Francisco.                        361
nsea xv. 91.    Near Lake Merced, Mission Hills, Presidio.    " Worm-
wood."
279.    Artemisia   pycnocephala   (Less, in Linnaea, vi, 524).
Common in the western part of the city.    March—July.
280.    Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Fl. ii, 742.   Near the
entrance to Black Point.    July—September.
281.    Senecio vulgaris L. spec. 1216.    Common.    March—June.
''Groundsel."
282.   .Senecio aronicoides  DC. vi, 426.     Strawberry Hill.
Mission Hills, South San Francisco.    March—May:
283.    Cnicus quercetorum Gray Proc. Am. Acad. x, 40. Mis-
sion  Hills,  Point  Lobos, South  San   Francisco.     March—May.
" Ground Thistle."
284.    Cnicus occidentalis  (Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
418).    Common, more or less in bloom for the greater part of the
year.    " Western Thistle."
285.    Cnicus   edulis  (Nutt. Trans. Am.  Phil. Soc. vii, 420.)
Common in swampy places.    April—July.
286.    Sylibtim Marianum* (L. spec. 1153).   Common, flowering
most of the year.    " Milk Thistle."
287.     Centaurea Melitensis  L. spec. 1297.    Common.    April—
August.    " Star-Thistle."
288.    Centaurea solstitialis L. spec. 1297.     Less common than
the last.
289.     Centaurea   Cyanus L. spec. 1289.     Occasionally escaped
from cultivation.   May—August.    " Blue-Bottle," " Corn Flower."
290.    Microseris sylvatica (Benth. PI. Hartw. 320). Depres-
sions on the hillside north of Mountain Lake.    May—June.
291.     Microseris LiNEARiFOLiAf (DC. Prodr. vii, 85).   Com-
mon.    April—May.
292.    Microseris  Lindleyi  (DC. Prodr. vii, 85).    Less com-
mon than the preceding.    Near Ocean View.    April—May.
*Dr. Behr remarks (Zoe, ii, 5) that he had not seen this thistle previous to 1854,
but its date of introduction must have been much earlier, as it was at that time
already extremely abundant in the Sacramento Valley.
tZoe, i, 126. M. macrochata described from immature specimens, and'credited
to the vicinity of San Francisco is undoubtedly this species.
362
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
293.    Microseris aphantocarpha (Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi,
552).    Visitacion Valley.    May.
294.    Microseris Bigelovii (Gray. Pac. R. R. Rep. iv, 113,
t. 17).    Common in the southern and western parts  of  the city.
March—May.
295.    Microseris   Douglasii (DC. vii, 85).     Potrero, South
San Francisco, Presidio.    April—June.
296.    Stephanomeria virgata Benth. Bot. Sulph. 32. Golden
Gate Park, South San Francisco, Presidio.   June—August.
297.    Rafinesquia Californica Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii, 429.    Golden Gate Park, Mission Hills, South San Francisco.
May—July.
298.    Hypochceris glabra L. spec. 1141.     Common.     March—
June.
299.    Hypochczris radicata L. spec. 1140.   Presidio by roadsides.
March—August.
300.     Hypochceris-------- apparently  Achyrophorus amvandteri
Ph. Hillsides near the bay shore between Visitacion Bay and South
San Francisco.
301.    Troximon  apargioides* Less. Linnsea, vi, 594.     Near
the sea.    May—July.
302.    Troximon humile (Benth.  PL Hartw. 320).    Common,
flowering most of the year.
303.    Troximon laciniatum (Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
432).    Mission Hills.    April—July.
304.     Troximon Chilense (Less. Syn. Comp. 131).    Not so com-
mon in  our limits as  T. humile.    Various  forms  have received
specific names in Chili as l&vigatus and pterocarpus F. & M.—forms
represented equally in California.    Vars.  cryptopleura and kymo-
pleitra in their extremes appear to have been found only in Cali-
fornia.
305.     Taraxacum officinale Weber Prim. PI. Hoist. 56.    Becom-
ing abundant in city squares and lawns, flowering: the greater part
of the year.    '; Dandelion."
*In separating these species the relative length of beak and pappus is apparently
of no value whatever.
vol. ii.]               Plants of San Francisco.                        363
306.    Sonchus asper Vill.    Waste places, common nearly all the
year.    "Sow-Thistle."
307.     Sonchtis oleraceus L.    Common.    "Sow-Thistle."
ERICACEAE.
308.    Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Fl. i, 290.    Laurel Hill Ceme-
tery, Mission Hills.    March—June.    " Huckleberry."
The berries of this species are common in our markets. The
beautiful, glossy evergreen foliage makes it well worthy of cultiva-
tion.
309.    Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii,
226.    Laurel Hill Cemetery.    February—May.    " Creeping Man-
zanita."    The improvements now going on will soon, destroy this
locality.
310.    Arctostaphylos pungens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, iii,
278, t. 259.    February—April.    " Manzanita."
Dr. Behr says this species formerly grew about the Protestant
Orphan Asylum. Mr. C. A. Michener collected it last year some-
where between Lobos Creek and Fort Point.
311.     Gaultheria Shallon Pursh Fl. i, 284, t. 12. About the
rocky summits of the Mission Hills.    February—May.    " Salal."
PLUMB AGINE^E.
312.     Armeria vulgaris Willd.    Laurel Hill, Ocean View, Point
Lobos, flowering  the greater part of the year.     "Thrift," "Sea
Pink."
313.    Statics Limoniwn var. Californica Boiss  in DC. Prodr.
xii,  463.    Marshes  in  Visitacion  Valley,   South San   Francisco,
Presidio. May—September. "Sea-Lavender," " Marsh-Rosemary.'"
PRIMULACE^E.
314.     Dodecatheon   Meadia  L. var.  macrocarpum  Gray.
South San Francisco, Mission Hills, Point Lobos.   March. " Shoot-
ing Star."
---------var. elliptica (Nutt. PI. Pratt 94). Adobe soil in de-
pressions of the Potrero Hills.
315.     Glaux maritima L. spec. 301.    Above the flume, about
midway  between  Lobos  Creek and Fort Point.     June.     '' Sea-
Milkwort."
i
364
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
316.    Anagallis   cCrvensis L.   spec. 211.     Common,   flowering
nearly all the year.    "Pimpernel."
APOCYNACEJE.
317.     Vinca ?najor L. spec. 304. Flowering all the year.  "Peri-
winkle."
Escaping- from cultivation in many places and difficult to eradi-
cate.
GENTIANE^E.
318.     Microcala   quadrangtdaris Willd.  spec,  i, 636.    Mission
Hills.    April—May.
319.    Erythr^ea   Muhlenbergii Griseb Gent. 146.    Mission
Hills and slopes north of Mountain Lake.   May—June.    " Canchal-
agua."
320.     Menyanthes trifoliata * L. sp. 207.    " Buckbean."
POLEMONIACE^S.
321.    Gilia gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. Sunset Heights,
Mission Hills.    March—May.
322.    Gilia liniflora Benth. Bot. Reg. no.   1622.     Potrero
Hills.    April—June.
323.     Gilia densiflora Benth.    Northern side of Lake Mer-
ced.    June—August.
324.    Gilia androsacea (Benth.) var. rosacea Gray.   Sands
in the western part of the city.    April—July.
325.     Gilia squarrosa (Esch. Mem. Acad. Petr. x, 283). Com-
mon.    May—August.    '' Skunkweed.''
326.    Gilia achille^efolia Benth. Bot. Reg. no. 1622. West-
ern part of the city.    May—July.
327.    Gilia   multicaulis   Benth.     Sunset   Heights, Mission
Hills, South San Francisco..   May—June.
HYDROPHYLLACE^.
328.    Nemophila insignis Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 275.
Point Lobos, Mission Hills.    March—May.    "Baby-Eyes."
329.    Nemophila Menziesii H. & A. Bot. Beech. 152 and 372.
Hills  near Lake  Merced, South  San  Francisco,   Mission   Hills.
March—May.
*Zoe, i, 4.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
[365
---------var. pedunculata  (Benth.   in   Linn.  Trans, xvii, 275).
Point Lobos, Mission Hills.    February.    This plant seems to be
worthy of a varietal name.
330.     Phacelia circinata Jacq. f. Eel. i, 135, t. 91.    Common.
March—July.
331.     Phacelia nemoralis Greene Pitt, i, 141. Sides of canon
northeast of Stanford Heights.    May.
332.     Phacelia malv^efglia Cham. Linnsea, iv, 494.   Mission
Hills, South San Francisco, Golden Gate Park, Laurel Hill Ceme-
tery.    May—July.    "Stinging Phacelia."
333.    Phacelia distans  Benth.  Bot.   Sulph.  37.     Common-
April—June.
334.     Phacelia ciliata Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii, 280. Ocean
House Road and near Laguna Honda.    April—June.
335.    Phacelia   divaricata Benth.  Trans. Linn.  Soc. xvii,
280.    Near Lake Merced.    March—May.
BORAGINE^E.
336.     Heliotropium Curassavicum L. spec. 188.   Fort Point,
Visitacion and South San Francisco marshes.    June—September.
337.    Amsinckia lycopsoides (Lehm. Pug. ii, 28),    Common.
February—June.
338.    Krynitzkia Californica F. & M.     Mission Hills, Lake
Merced.    May.
339.    Krynitzkia   Chorisiana  Ch. &  Schl.    Mission Hills,
South San Francisco.    April—May.
340.    Krynitzkia Scouleri H. &  A.    Near  Lake  Merced.
April—May.
341.     Krynitzkia  oxycarya  Gray.    Western and  southern
parts of the city.    April—May.
342.     Krynitzkia leiocarpa F. & M.    Western part of the
city.
343.    Cynoglossum grande Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 85.    Mission
Hills,   hills  near  Visitacion  Bay.   March.     " Hound's  Tongue."
Formerly abundant but now becoming very rare in our limits.
366
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
CONVOLVULACE^E.
344.    Dichondra repens Forst. Char. Gen. 39, t. 20.   Mission
Hills not far from Ocean View, hills near Mountain Lake, also about
Tamalpais and at Monterey.    April—July.    With us undoubtedly
introduced.
345.     Convolvulus Soldanella L. spec. 226.    Sands near
the shore of the Presidio.    "Shore Morning-Glory."
346.     Convolvulus  Californicus  Choisy.    Low places and
hillsides in the Mission Hills.    April —June.     " Stemless Mbrning-
Glory."
347.    Convolvulus occidentalis Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xi,
89.    Along the  rocky shores, blooming  the  greater part of the
year.    " Western Morning-Glory."
348.     Convolvulus arvensis  L. spec.  218.    About Islais   Creek
and South San Francisco.    May—July.    " Bindweed."
349.    Cuscuta salina Engelm. Bot. Cal. i, 536.    Salt marshes
at Visitacion Bay, South San Francisco, Presidio.    May—August.
"Dodder."
SOLANACE^E.
350.    Solanum nigrum L. spec, i, 266. Common, flowering nearly
the whole year.    " Night Shade."
---------var. Douglasii Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii, 48.   South San
Francisco, flowering nearly the whole year.
351.    Solanum umbelliferum Esch. Mem. Acad. Petr. x, 281.
Common, flowering all the year.
352.    NicoTiANA Bigelovii Watson, Bot. King 276, t. 27, f. 3,
4.    Shores of South San   Francisco, probably introduced from the
interior.   July.    " Wild Tobacco."
SCROPHULARINE^E.
353.    Linaria Canadensis L. spec 853.   Common in the west-
ern and southern parts of the city.    April.    "Toad-Flax."
354.    Scrophularia   Californica   Cham.   Linnaea, ii, 585.
Common, blooming nearly all the year.
This plant has many forms and some of them are with difficulty
discriminated from 6". ?wdosa.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
367
355.     Collinsia bicolor Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. n. s. i, 480.
Mission Hills, South San Francisco.    April.
356.    Collinsia  bartsi^folia   Benth.   DC.   Prodr.  x, 318.
Sands near the shore.    April—June.
A low spreading form which connects with C. corymbosa.
357.    Collinsia sparsiflora  F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. ii, 33.
Ocean View, Lake Merced.    April.
358.    Collinsia parviflora Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1802.
Potrerp, South San Francisco.    April.
359.    Mimulus luteus L. spec. 884.     Common in wet places,
especially from Point Lobos to Fort Point.    Flowering all the year.
" Monkey-Flower."
360.    Mimulus   glutinosus Wendland.   Obs. 51.    Common,
blooming nearly all the year.    " Sticky Monkey-Flower."
361.    Veronica Americana Schw. mss. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
x, 468.    Mountain  Lake, Lake Merced, Lobos Creek, South San
Francisco.    April—September.    "Brooklime."
362.    Veronica serpyllifolia L. spec. 15. Laurel Hill Ceme-
tery.   June.
363.    Veronica peregrina  L. spec.   20.     South  San  Fran-
cisco.    June.
364.     Limosella aquatica L. spec. 881. Pools between Mount-
ain Lake and Point Lobos Railway.    June—September.
These pools are being filled with sand in the process of grading
the tract and the locality will be soon destroyed.
•  365.   Castilleia affinis Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 154, 380.
Golden Gate Park, Mission  Hills, South San Francisco.    May—
August.    " Painted Cup."
366.    Castilleia parviflora Bong. Veg. Sitk. 157.   Western
and southern parts of the city, blooming the greater part of the
year.
367.     Castilleia latifolia H. & A. Bot. Beech. 154.   Bluffs
of the shore, blooming the greater part of the year, and apparently
connecting with the preceding.
368.     Castilleia foliolosa H. & A.  Bot. Beech. 154.    Hills
between Visitacion Bay and South San Francisco, flowering nearly
all the year.    " Woolly Painted-Cup."
¦
368
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
369.     Orthocarpus densiflorus Benth. Scroph. Ind. 13. Mis-
sion Hills, Lake Merced.   April—May.    " Owls'-Clover."
370.    Orthocarpus   purpurascens   Benth. 1. c.     Hills near
Visitacion Valley.    April—June.    " Owls'-Clover."
371.     Orthocarpus   pusillus.   Benth.  1. c.   12.     Common-
March—May.
372.    Orthocarpus floribundus Benth. 1. c.   Presidio Hills,
Potrero.    March—May.
373.    Orthocarpus erianthus Benth. 1. c.    Laguna Honda,
March—May.
---------var. roseus Gray.   About Ocean View and Lake Merced.
Very abundant and fragrant, flowers usually white.    March—May.
374.    Adenostegia maritima (Nutt. in DC. Prodr. x, 598). Salt
marshes, Visitacion Bay, South San Francisco.   June—August.
This is Cordylanthusmaritimus of Bot. Cal.; described also by Dr.
Behr under the name Chloropyron paluslre from '' marshes near
Russ Gardens " in San Francisco.
OROBANCHACE^E.
375.    Aphyllon uniflorum (L. spec. 882). North side of Sun-
set Heights.    April.
376.    Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutt. Gen. ii, 59).   Hills near
Lake Merced.    March.
377.    Aphyllon   comosum (Hook.  Fl. ii, 93, t.  T69).     Point
Lobos near the sea, on roots of Eriophyllum stcechadifolium.   July.
LABIAT^E.
378.     Me?itha Canadejisis L. spec. 806.    Marshes about the city.
June—September.    "Mint."
379.    Mentha viridis L. sp. 804. Cemeteries, and about marshes.
June—September.    "Spearmint."
380.     Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Bot. Car. i, 187. Marshy grounds
at Mountain Lake.    June—September.    " Water-Horehound."
381.    Monardella villosa Benth. Bot. sulph. 42, t. 21.    Mis-
sion   Hills,   South San Francisco,   Point Lobos.     Blooming  the
greater part of the year.
382.    Micromeria Douglasii Benth.    Common under shrubs.
April—July.    " Yerba Buena."
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
369
This plant was described by Bentham in Linnaea, vi, 80, as Thymusf
Chamissonis. The specific name, in placing it in another genus, he
altered to Doziglasii.
383.    Sphacele calycina* Benth. Lab. 568.    "Wood Balm."
384.    Scutellaria   tuberosa  Benth. Lab. 441.     Hills near
Visitacion Bay.    March—May.    "Skullcap."
385.     Brunella vulgaris L. sp. 387.    Mission Hills, Potrero.
April—June.    "Self-heal."
386.    Marrubium vulgare L.  spec.  816.     Islais Creek,  South
San Francisco, Presidio.    April—August.    "Horehound."
A troublesome weed.
387.    Stachys Chamissonis Benth. Linnsea, vi, 80.   Visitacion
Bay in a swamp just within the city limits. May—August. "Hedge-
Nettle."
388.    Stachys ajugoides Benth. Linnaea, vi, 80. Open grounds,
common, flowering the greater part of the year.
389.    Stachys bullata Benth. Lab. 547. ' Common, flowering
nearly all the year.
The last two species are represented about San Francisco by
many forms which closely represent the Chilian 61. Macrcei, S. Gil-
liesiiy S. Bridgesii, S. Chonotica, etc.
PLANTAGINE^E.
390.     Plantago major L. spec. 163.     South San Francisco,
Visitacion Bay, Islais Creek.    April—September.    " Plantain."
391.     Plantago hirtella HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, ii, 229, t.
127.    Common and blooming the greater part of the year.
392.     Plantago maritima L. spec. 165.     About the Ocean
and Bay shores, blooming nearly the whole year. " Sea Plantain.''
393.    Plantago lanceolata L. spec. 164.    Cemeteries, parks, Mis-
sion  Hills, Potrero, South  San  Francisco.    April—July.    " Rib
Grass," " English Plantain."
394.     Plantago Patagonica Jacq. Coll. Sup. 35.     Mission
Hills, Potrero, South San Francisco, Presidio Heights.     March—
May.
*Zoe, ii, 4.
37°
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
NYCTAGINE^E.
395.    Abronia   umbellata Lam. 111. 469, t. 105.     Hunter's
Point, Presidio Beach.    March—September.   " Sea-Verbena."
396.    Abronia   latifolia Eschscholtz, Mem.  Acad.  Petr. x,
281.    Dunes of the sea shore.    March—November.
POLYGONACE^E.
397.     Rw7iexpulcher L. spec, i, 477.    Common.    May—July.
398.    Rumex maritimus L. spec, i, 478.    Low places near Lake
Merced, Mountain Lake and Presidio.    June—September.
399.    Rumex Acetosella L. spec, i, 481.    Common everywhere.
April—August.    "Sheep-Sorrel."
400.    Rtimex crisp?is L. spec, i, 476.    About old fields.    May— •
July.    "Curled Dock."
401.    Rumex  saucifolius Weinm. in Flora, 1821, p. 28.    In
sandy depressions in the western and southern parts of the city.
May—July.
402.    Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Prodr. Fl. Gott. 52.    Marshes
about Mountain Lake and the Presidio.    May—August.
403.     Rumex Berlandieri * Meisner in DC. Prodr. xiv, 45.
404.     Rumex occidentalis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 253.
Lake Merced.    May—August.    " Western Dock."
Prof. Trelease has recently undertaken the study of the American
species of Rumex, and his investigations may perhaps somewhat
alter our nomenclature.
405.    Polygonum  Paronychia  Ch.  & Schl. Linnaea, iii, 54.
Common in the western part of the city and about the dunes of
northern shore, blooming the whole year.
406.    Polygonum aviculare L. spec, i, 519.   Common about way-
sides and dwellings.    May—September.    " Knotweed."
407.    Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pers. Ench. i, 440.   Sides
of ditches and moist places, near the Presidio.    June—September.
408.     Polygonum amphibium L. spec. 1, 517.    Lake Merced.
June—September.
*" Specimens of Kellogg & Harford's collection (n. 862) from Fort Point, seem
to belong to this species."    Hot. Cal. ii, 9.
VOL. II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
371
409.    Polygonum Muhlenbergii Wats.    Margin of Mountain
Lake.    May—October.
410.    Polygonum Persicaria L. spec. ed. i, 364.   Waste places
and ditch sides, between Black Point and the Presidio.    June—
October.     '' Lady's Thumb.''
411.    Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum * L. spec, i, 549.     Low
places in the northern part of the city.    June—September.
412.     Polygomim acre HBK. Nov. Gen. ii, 179.   About the Presi-
dio, Mountain Lake, Lake Merced.    South San Francisco.   June—
September.    " Water Smartweed."
413.     Polygonum Convolvulus L. spec, i, 522.    Becoming com-
mon about the Presidio roads, and in the western part of the city.
June—September.    " Black Bindweed."
414.    Eriogonum latifolium. Sm. in Rees Cyc.    Common in
the western part of the city, blooming the greater part of the year.
A form on the Potrero and South San Francisco hills, connects with
E. nudum.
415.     Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii,
411.     Near the  entrance to  Black Point.     August—December.
" Wild Buckwheat."
416.    Chorizanthe  pungens Benth.  Trans.   Linn. Soc. xvii,
419, t. 19.    Common in the sandy outskirts of the city.    May—
July.
417.     Pterostegia  drymarioides F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort.
Petr. ii, 23.    Common in rocky, and bushy places. .March—June.
AMARANTACE/E.
418.    Amarantus albus L. spec. 1409.    Near the Presidio and
at Islais Creek.    May—August.    " Tumble Weed."
419.    Amarantus retroflexus'L,. spec. 1407.    Common in waste
places.   June—September.    "Pigweed."
CHENOPODIACE^E.
420.     Clienopodium album L. spec.  119.      Common, blooming
the greater part of the year.     " Lamb's-Quarters."
---------var. viride (L.)    Common.
*The greater number of the species of Polygonum here enumerated are, with us,
unquestionably introduced.
372
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
421.    Cheyiopodium murale L.    Common all the year.
422.    Chenopodium Californicum (Wats. Rev. Chenop. 101).
Mission Hills, Point Lobos, South San Francisco.    March—June.
"Soap Plant."
423.    Chenopodium ambrosioides L. spec. 320.   Common, flower-
ing all the year.    " Wormseed."
424.    Roubieva multifida (L. spec. 320).    Abundant about waste
plates, cemeteries and roadsides in the western part of the city.
Especially so between Black Point and the Presidio, forming dense
light green mats often 6-10 feet in diameter.    In Bot. Cal. ii, 49,.
it is credited only to Plumas County from  the collection of Mrs.
Austin.    It has a deep perennial, fleshy root much like that of
Ckenopodium ambrosioides, with which it has perhaps been con-
founded by collectors.
425.    Beta vulgaris L. spec. 222.    Escaped from cultivation near
Mountain Lake, Black Point, etc.    "Beet."
426.    Atriplex   patula L.  var. hastata   (L. spec.  1494.).
Common in the salt marshes of Islais Creek and South San Fran-
cisco.    July—October.         -        •
427.    Atriplex leucophylla (Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii2, 109).
Sands about the Bay shore, South San Francisco, Visitacion Val-
ley.    June—August.
428.    Atriplex   Californica Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii2, 98-
Point Lobos, Fort Point.    June—October.
429.    Salicornia   ambigua   Michx.  Fl.   Bor-Am. i,  5.   Salt
marshes at South San Francisco, Visitacion Bay, Presidio.    June—
October.    " Samphire."
430.    Su^eda   Californica  Wats.  Rev.   Chenop. 89.     Salt
marshes at South San Francisco and Visitacion Bay.   June—Octo-
ber.    "SeaBlite."
LAURINJE^E.
431.    Umbellularia Californica* (Nees, Syst. Laur. 463)-
" California Laurel," " Mountain Laurel."
URTICACE^E.
432.    Urtica   holosericea Nutt. PI. Gamb;. 183.    Mountain.
tZoe, ii, 3.
vol. ii.]              Plants of San Francisco.                      373
Lake, Golden Gate Park, Lobos Creek, Presidio; flowering nearly-
all the year.    '' Silky Nettle.''
433.     Urtica  urens L. spec. 1396.     Common.    Nearly all the
year.    "Nettle."
EUPHORBIACE^S.
434.    Croton Californicus Mull. Arg. DC. Prodr. xv2, 691.
South San Francisco and sandy grounds in the western part of the
city.    March—July.
435.    Euphorbia  leptocera Engelm. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 135.
Common, flowering all the year.
436.    Euphorbia lathyris L. spec. 655.    Rarely met with about
waste places.   Islais Creek.   June—August.
MYRICACE^E.
437.    Myrica Californica  Cham. Linnaea, vi, 535.    Buena
Vista Park, Point Lobos, Golden Gate Park, Swamp at Visitacion
Bay.    March—July.    '' Wax Myrtle.''
SALICINE^E.
438.    Salix lasiolepis Benth. PI. Hartw. 335.    The common
willow of the coast.    February.
439.    Salix lasiandra Benth. PI. Hartw. 336.    Lake Merced,
Presidio, Point Lobos.    February.
CUPULIFER^.
440.    Quercus agrifolia Ne'e, Ann. Cienc. Nat. Ill, 271.    The
common oak of the outskirts of the city, usually low and shrubby,
but  occasionally becoming a tree.    March—April.    "Encina."
" Coast Live-Oak."
441.    Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., in PI. Hartw. 336.    Hills
near Lake Merced; a very low form, only two or three feet in height.
'' Golden Oak."    " Maul Oak.''
CORYLACE^.
442.    Corylus   rostrata Ait, Hort. Kew. iii, 364, var. Cali-
fornica DC. Prodr. xvi2, 133.    Strawberry Hill in Golden  Gate
Park, Mission Hills and hills near Lake Merced.     February—
March.    " Hazel."
374
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.
443 Aristolochia Californica Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 128.
Hills near Lake Merced, southern shore of Laguna de la Puerca,
and Strawberry Hill in Golden Gate Park. March. " Dutchman's
Pipe," "Pipe-Vine."
This plant, though common, is usually overlooked by collectors;
the brownish flowers appearing before the leaves, not being readily
distinguished from the twigs of Corylus, etc., about which it climbs.
Its presence may be detected by the hovering of the common blue-
black butterfly, Papilio Phitoior, whose conspicuous caterpillar
feeds exclusively on it, and is so fond of its fruits as rarely to per-
mit one to ripen.
ORCHIDE^E,*
444.    Corallorhiza Bigelovii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii,
275.    Dr. Behr says this plant grew in the western part of the city,
near Woodward's Gardens.    " Coral Root."
445.    Habenaria elegans (Lindl. Orch. 285).   Mission Hills,
South San Francisco, Golden Gate Park.    "Rein Orchis."
446.     Habenaria leucostachys (Lindl. Orch. 288)/ Swamps
of Visitacion Bay.   June—August.    " Rein Orchis."
447.     Habenaria sp.    Point Lobos to Fort Point, and also at
the " Little Sur " in Monterey County.   June—September.
This is a low stout plant with a dense short spike of whitish fra-
grant flowers, sepals incompletely 3-nerved, column short and al-
most beakless, glands of the pollen masses oblong.
448.    Spiranthes   Romanzoffiana   Cham. Linnsea, iii,   32.
About the hills of the Presidio and Lake Merced.   June—August.
" Ladies'-tresses."
449.    Epipactis gigantea* Dpugl. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 202,
t. 202.
IRIDE^E.
450.    Iris longipetala Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 144.    Common
on grassy slopes about San Francisco.    February—July.    "Iris,"
" Flag," " Flower-de-Luce."
451.     Iris Douglasiana Herbert in Bot. Beech. 395.   Presidio
hills, Mission Hills, Point Lobos.    March—June.
(Zoe, ii, 4.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
375
452.    Sisyrinchium  bellum  Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 277.
Common.    March—June.    " Blue-Eyed Grass."
453.     Sisyrinchium Californicum Ait, f. Hort. Kew. iv, 135.
Wet places at Mountain Lake, Mission Hills, Lake Merced.    April
—June.    "Golden-Eyed Grass."
454.    Allium   serratum   Wats. Bot. King. 487, t. 37, fig. 4.
Summits  of the  Mission  and South  San   Francisco  hills, Laurel
Hill Cemetery, Point Lobos,  Fort  Point.    March—May.    " Wild
Onion."
455.    Muilla   maritima  (Benth.  PI.  Hartvv.   339).   ' Mission
Hills, South San Francisco, meadows near Lake Merced.    Febru-
ary—April.
456.     Brodi^ea terrestris Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 6.    Po-
trerb and Mission Hills.    April—June.
457.    BroditEA laxa Benth.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc. i, 413, t. 15.
Mission and South San Francisco hills.    A very stout  low form is
found near the sea between  Point Lobos and Lobos Creek, and
south of the Ocean Side House.    April—June.
458.     Broditea   lactea  Wats.     Near   Lake Merced  and at
Visitacion Valley; rare in our limits.    April.
459.    Brodi^ea capitata   Benth. PI. Hartw. 339.     Common.
March—May.
460.    Chlorogalum   pomeridianum   (DC.   Cat. Monsp. 143;
Red. Lil. t. 421).   Common.   May—July.   " Soaproot," " Amole."
461.    Smilacina  sessilifolia  Nutt.    Sides  of  ravines  near
Lake Merced, Strawberry Hill  in   Golden   Gate   Park,  and   the
southern shore of Laguna de la Puerca.    March—May.    " False
Solomon's Seal."
462.    Lilium pardalinum* Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 12. " Leo-
pard Lily."
*Dr. Kellogg in Proc. Cal. Acad. vi, 140, describing L. maritimum says: "A small
maritime lily found in the black, peaty, low meadows, exposed to the bleak foggy
climate of the coast of California, in the vicinity of San Francisco," but gives no
localities, and as no specimens appear to have been preserved it is doubtful whether
this or the above species was found in our limits.
i
376
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
" Wet uncultivated spot in a strawberry field beyond St. Mary's
College, in company with a remarkably abundant Platanthera
[Habenaria leucostachys]. Summer of 1868. Mrs. Kingston, Dr.
Kellogg, Georgie and myself.—H. G. Bloomer."
463.    Fritillaria liliacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. xx, t, 1663.   Po-
trero, Twin Peaks.    February—March.    " White Fritillaria."
464.    Fritillaria   lanceolata   Pursh,   Fl. N. Am. i, 230.
Bluffs of the seashore.    Mission and  South San  Francisco  hills.
March—April.    " Rice-Root."
465.    Calochortus luteus Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1567. Potrero,
South San Francisco.   June—July.    "Mariposa." " Butterfly Tu-
lip."
466.    Prosartes Hookeri Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 144.    Sun-
set Heights.    April—May.    " Drops-of-Gold."
467.    Trillium sessile L.  var. giganteum  H. & A. Bot.
Beech. 402.    Sunset Heights, sides of a deep canon near Stanford
Heights, southern  shore of Laguna de la Puerca, and ravine ter-
minating in it.    February—April.    "Wake-Robin."
The San Francisco form seems to have always pure white flowers.
468.     Zygadenus Fremonti (Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 144). Presi-
dio and South San  Francisco  Hills—a low, few-flowered form.
February—April.    '' Zygadene.''
469.
TYPHACE^.
Typha latifolia L. spec. 1377. Mountain Lake, Presidio,
Lake Merced, and low wet places in Golden Gate Park.   " Cat-tail
Flag."
LEMNACE.E.
470.    Lemna trisulca L. spec. 1376.    "Duckweed."
471.    Lemna Valdiviana Phil.  Linnaea, xxxiii, 239.    "Duck-
weed."
472.    Lemna minor L. spec. 1376.    " Duckweed."
473.     Lemna gibba L. spec. 1377.    " Duckweed."
The species of Lemna are given on the authority of Bot. Cal.
Dr. Behr* records the absence of Lemna at the date of his earliest
''Zoe, ii, 4,
vol.ii.]              Plants of San Francisco.                      377
residence.    If it had been nearly as plentiful as at the present time,
it could not possibly have escaped his observation.
NAIAD ACE^E.*
474.    Naias  flexilis Rostk.  & Schm. Flor. Sed. 382.    "In
ponds near San Francisco."   Cham. Linnaea, iv, 502.
475.    Zostera marina L. spec. 1374.    Shoal waters of the bay.
" Eel Grass," " Grass Wrack."
476.    LiLiEA   subulata  HBK. Nov. Gen. i, 222, t. 63.    Wet
places  between  the  arms  of Lake  Merced, and  about Stanford
Heights.    March—June.
477.    Zannichellia palustris L. spec. 1377.  Mountain Lake.
" Horned Pondweed."
478.    Potamogeton lucens L. spec. 183. Mountain Lake, Lake
Merced.    " Pondweed."
479.    Potamogeton pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. i, 121.   San
Francisco.
480.    Potamogeton pusillus L. spec. 184.    Mountain Lake.
'' Slender Pondweed.''
481.    Triglochin maritimum L. spec. 483.    Saline marshes,
Visitacion Bay and South San Francisco. June—August.   " Arrow-
Grass."
JUNCACE^E.
482.    Luzula comosa Mey. var. congesta Wats.    Common.
February—April.   ." Wood-Rush."
483.    Juncus Leseurii Boland., Proc. Cal. Acad. ii, 179.   Salt
marshes at Visitation Bay.    South San Francisco.
484.    Juncus Balticus Deth.f
485.    Juncus effusus L. spec. 464,^ and var. brunneus Engelm-
Salt marshes about the bay shore.
486.    Juncus patens Mey. Luzul. 28.    Lobos Creek.
*Phyllospadix Torreyi, though found above and below San Francisco, has not
been collected in our limits, except as washed up on the beach after storms.
t Many of the specimens of Juncus, Cyperaceae and Graminece, were brought in
without record of exact locality.
JNearly all the species of Juncus are called " Bog-Rush."
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
487.    Juncus bufonius L. spec. 466.    Common.
488.    Juncus  Kelloggii Eng-elm. Trans. St. Louis  Acad. ii,
494.    Not since collected.    Perhaps only a form of J. triformis.
489.    Juncus tenuis Willd. var. congestus Eng-elm. Trans.
St. Louis Soc. ii, 450.    Common about the western part of the city.
490.    Juncus   falcatus  Mey. Syn. Luzul. 34.  Rel. Haenk. ii,
144.    On Lone Mountain and among; the bluffs of the sea shore.
491.    Juncus  xiphoides Mey. Syn. June. 50; Rel. Haenk ii,
413.    Common in the western part of the city.
492.    Juncus ph^eocephalus   Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad.
ii, 484.    Lone Mountain, and various  places in the western and
southern parts of the city.
CYPERACE^E.
493.    Cyperus diandrus Torr. var. castaneus Torr.   Swamp
near Mission Creek, Lake Merced.    " Galingale."
494.    Scirpus  riparius Spreng.    Wet margins of pools  and
lakes about the city, and along the cliffs of the sea shore.
495.    Scirpus carinatus Gray.    With the last, common.
496.    Scirpus Tatora* Nees, ab. Esenb. in Linnaea, ix, 292.
Mountain Lake, Presidio Marsh.    " Tule."    " Bulrush."
497.    Scirpus Olneyi Gra)'-, PI. Lindh. 30.
498.    Scirpus maritimus L. Fl. Suec. 39; spec. 74.   Marshes
at Visitacion Bay and South San Francisco.    " Sea Club-Rush."
499.    Scirpus   sylvaticus L. var. digynus   Boeck.      Deep
canon north of Stanford Heights.
500.    Eriophorum GRACiLEf Koch, in Roth. 2, app.   "Cotton
Grass."
501.     Eleocharis palustris (L. spec, i, 70).    Mountain Lake,
Presidio Swamp.    " Spike Rush."
502.    Fimbristylis miliacea (L. spec, i, 75).    " Collected near San
Francisco ''—Bot. Cal.
503.     Carex muricata L. var. gracilis Boot. 111. 193.
* Scirpus laatstris, the second species of " Tule," may be within  our limits, but
does not occur in the collections,
t Zoe, ii, 4.
vol. ii.]            Plants of San Francisco.                    379
504.    Carex Brongniartia * Kunth, Enum. PI. ii, 380.
---------var. densa Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 137.   C. pani-
culata of Bot. Cal.    Salt marshes.
505.    Carex nudata W. Boott, Bot. Cal. ii, 241.
506.     Carex Sitchensis  Prescott, Mem. Acad. Petr. ser. 6, ii,
168.    Lobos Creek, Lake Merced.
507.    Carex  obrupta Bailey, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, iii, 104.
Fort Point.
508.    Carex globosa Boott, Linn. Trans, xx, 125.
509.     Carex pseudo-cyperus L. var. comosa W. Boott, Bot.
Cal. H, 252.
GRAMINE^E.
510.    Panicum   Crus-galii  L.   spec.   83.    Near the  shore  be-
tween South San  Francisco  and Visitacion Valley.    " Barn-yard
Grass."
511.    Iscluzvium leersioides Munro,  Proc.   Am.   Acad.   iv, 363.
" Collected in San Francisco near a Chinese warehouse, Bolander."
Not again seen.
512.    Phleum alpinum L. spec. 88.    Bluffs above Fort Point.
513.    Phalaris   Canariensis  L.  spec. 79.     Cemeteries, Mission
Hills, South San Francisco.    " Canary-Grass."
514.     Polypogon  Monspeliensis  (L. spec. 89).     Mission  Hills,
South San Francisco.
515.     Polypogon liitoralis (With. Bot. Arr. t. 23),    Wet places,
Mountain Lake, Presidio.
516.    Agrostis verticillata Vill. Delph.  74.     Common in
wet places.
517.     Gastridium anstrale Beauv.    Common.   "Nit-Grass."
The earliest specific name of this plant appears to be lendigerum.
518.     Calamagrostis Aleutica L.—Bot. Cal. ii, 282.
519.    Stipa   eminens  Cav. Ic. v. 42, t. 467.    Mission  Hills.
" Feather Grass."
520.     Spartina   stricta (Ait.   Kew. i,   104).   Salt marsh   at
Visitacion Bay, South San Francisco.    " Cord-Grass."
*The nomenclature of the Carices is that of Bailey's revision.
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
521.     Cynodon dactylon (L. spec. 85).    About the northern part
of the city, Islais Creek and South San Francisco.    '' Bermuda-
Grass."
522.    Danthonia Californica Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. ii,
182.    Common.
523.    Avenafatua L. spec. 118.    Common on the hills.
524.    Trisetum barbatum Steud. Syn. Gram. 229.   Common.
525.    Trisetum canescens Buckl. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 100.
Bot. Cal. .ii, 296.
526.    Deschampsia C/Espitosa (L. spec. 96).
527.    Deschampsia holciformis Presl. Rel. Hsenk. i, 251.
528.     Deschampsia elongata (Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243, t.
228).
529.    Holcus lanatus L. spec. 1485.    "Wet places Willows San
Francisco, Bolander."    " Meadow Soft-Grass."
530.    Lamarckia aurea (L. spec.   107).    Hill   between   South
San Francisco and Visitacion Bay.
531.     Phragmites communis Trin.    San Fancisco — Bot. Cal..
ii, 300.    " Reed."
532.    Dactylis glomerata  L. spec. 404.    Common.    " Orchard
Grass."
533.     Kceleria cristata(L. spec. 94).   Mission Hills, Presidio.
534.    Melica imperfecta Trin. Mem. Acad. Petr. 1840, 59, &
Ic. Gram. t. 355.    Common  in  shaded  places.    "Slender Melic-
•Grass.''
535.    Melica  bromoides   Gray.  Proc.  Am. Acad.  viii, 409.
" Melic-Grass."
536.    Distichlis   maritima   Raf.    Salt marshes  South  San
Francisco, Presidio.    "Spike-Grass."
537.    Glyceria pauciflora Presl. Rel. Haenk. i, 257. Swampy
places.     " Manna-Grass."
538.    Glyceria distans L. Mant. 32.
539.    Glyceria Californica (Munro in Benth. PI. Hartw. 342).
540.    Poa anmia L. spec. 99.
541.    Poapratensis\^. spec. 99. " Kentucky Blue-Grass, "June-
Grass."
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
542.    Poa tenuifolia Nutt. in Buckl. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 96.
543.     Poa Douglasii Nees, Ann. Nat. "Hist. ser. i, i, 284.    Lone
Mountain, bluffs of the sea shore.    " Sand-Grass."
544.    Eragrostis po^eoides Beauv. var. megastachya Gray.
545.     Briza media L. spec. 103.     Mission Hills, Ocean View..
" Quaking-Grass."
546.    Festuca Myurus L. spec, i, 109.
547.    Festuca tenella Willd. spec, i, 419.
548.    Festuca microstachys Nutt. PI. Gamb. 187.
549.    Festuca pauciflora Thunb. Jap. 52.
550.    Bromus maximus Desf. Atl. i. 95, t. 26.
551.    Bromus racemosus L. spec. 114.
552.    Bromus ciliatus L. spec. 113.
553.    Ceratochloa grandiflora Flor. Bor.-Am. ii, 253, t..
235.
554.    Lepturus incurvatus (L. spec.  1490).    Bay shore South,
San Francisco.   June—July. •
555.    Lolium temulentum L. spec. 112.
556.    Lolium pere?ine L. spec. 122.    Abundant about Mountain.
Lake.
 " Couch-Grass," Quitch-
557.     Triiicum repens L.  spec.   128.
Grass."
558.    Hordeum nodosum L.
559.    Hordeum murinum L. spec. 126.
560.    Ammophila arundinacea Host.
Extensively planted to anchor the drifting in the dunes of west-
ern San Francisco.
 Elymus Sibiricus L. spec. 123.
 Elymus condensatus Presl. Rel. Haenk. i, 265.   Mission*
561.
562.
Hills.
Lagurzis ovatus L. was collected last year in waste places about
Calvary Cemetery, but may not be established.
EQUISETACE^E.
563. Equisetum Telmateia Ehrh. Swamp at Visitacion Bay.
Ravine ending at Laguna de la Puerca. February—April. "Horse-
tail."
1
382
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
564.     Equisetum  robustum A. Br.    Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi, 88.
Covering hillsides near Lake Honda and west of the Italian Ceme-
tery.    " Scouring Rush."
OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.
565.  Botrychium ternatum * Thunb. Fl. Jap. 329, t. 23.
FILICES.
566.    Polypodium vulgare L. spec. 1544.   ."" Near San Fran-
cisco," Bot. Cal. ii, 334. We have not seen it in our limits. " Com-
mon Polypody."
467. Polypodium Californicum Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 102. Com-
mon about rocky ledges, and summits in the outskirts of the city.
—Var. Kaulfussii Eaton, with fronds often nearly as thick as those
of P. Sco?ileri, in exposed situations near the sea —Var. interme-
dium H. & A. with larger and thinner fronds in more sheltered
places.
568.    Polypodium  Scouleri   Hook.  & Grev. Ic. Fil.  t.  56.
Rocky summits of the Mission and   South  San Francisco hills.
" Leathery Polypody."
569.     Gymnogramme    triangularis   Kaulf. Enum.  Fil. 73.
Mission Hills, Point Lobos, South San Francisco, Ravines of Lake
Merced.    "Gold Fern."
570.    Pell^ea andromed^efolia F6e, Gen. Fil. 129.    Sunset
Heights.    "Cliff-Brake."
571.    Pell^ea ornithopus Hook. Sp. Fil. ii, 143, t. 116.   Hills
of the bay shore near Visitacion Bay.
572.    Pteris   aquilina L. spec. 1533.    Common.     "Brake,"
"Bracken," "Eagle-Fern."
573.    Adiantum emarginatum Hook. Sp. Fil. ii, t. 75,    Mis-
sion Hills, South San Francisco, ravines near Lake Merced and
Laguna de la Puerca.    February—April.    " Maidenhair."
574.    Woodwardia radicans (L.   Mant. p. 307).    In a saline
marsh at Visitacion Bay, and in a stream running from near Ocean
View to Lake Merced.     " Chain-Fern."
575.    Asplenium   Filix-fcemina * (L. spec. 1551).    Marsh at
the northern end of Lake Merced, and in a stream emptying into
Laguna de la Puerca.    " Lady-Fern."
*Zoe, ii, 4.
VOL.  II.]
Plants of San Francisco.
583
576. Aspidium rigidum Swartz. var. argutum Eaton. Point
Lobos, sides of ravines near Lake Merced/Strawberry Hill. " Cali-
fornian Male-Fern."
577.. Aspidium munitum Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 236. Golden Gate
Park, Point Lobos, Fort Point, Laguna de la Puerca. "Shield-
Fern."
SALVINIACE^E.
578. Azolla Caroliniana. Willd. Sp. PI. v, 541. Lobos
Creek, Mountain Lake, Presidio Marsh.    " Water-Fern."
ADDENDA.
50a. Sagina crassicaulis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 191.
About pools south of Mountain Lake.    June—September.
iO4«. Melilotus alba Lam. Encyc. iv, 63. About Islais Creek.
June—September.    "White Melilot," " Spike- Clover."
123. Prunus demissa grows 6-12 feet high on the northern
slope of a high hill near the bay in South San Francisco.
133a. Potentilla rivalis Nutt. T. & G., Fl. i, 437. Abund-
ant about the margin of Laguna de la Puerca.    March—July.
263a. B^eria macrantha Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii, 231.
This plant is represented at Point Lobos by a form with broad leaves
and 2-5 pappus awns, which connects it rather closely with B.
chrysostoma.    It is here unquestionably annual.
428a. Atriplex Nuttallii ? Perhaps this species, but no fruit
has been obtained. The plant forms a spreading clump several feet
broad within" a fence near the entrance to Black Point Reservation.
Page 355, after No. 207 insert—
DIPSACE^E.
Dipsacus sylvestris. Mill Diet. ii. 2. Behind and above the
Presidio proper. Collected by Miss Faustina Butler. " Wild
Teasel." This is the first time this species has been brought to
our notice, although D. fzillonzim, the " Fuller's Teasel," is
thoroughly naturalized and covers considerable tracts about the
Oakland and Alameda fields and at Tamalpais.
384
Plants of San Francisco.
[zoe
MUSCI.
The following list of mosses credited to San Francisco, is ap-
pended in the hope that more careful search will add to their num-
ber. Almost all the notes here given are due to the researches
of Mr. H. N. Bolander.
1.    Ephemerum serratum (Schreb. Phase. 9, t. 2).    "On the
grounds in fields and meadows, Mission Dolores."
2.    Sph^erangium   muticum (Schreb. Phase, t. 1, fig. 11, 12).
"With the preceding."
3.    Phascum cuspidatum Schreb. Phase. 8, t.  1.    " With the
preceding."
4.    Pleuridium   Bolanderi  Muell. Jaeger Muse. Cleist. 32.
" Near San Francisco."
5.    Gymnostomum calcareum var. perpusillum Sulliv. Pac.
R. Rep. iv, 185.    " On clayey soil near San Francisco."
6.    Weissia  viridula   Brid. Bryol.  Univ.  i, 334.    " At  and
around San Francisco."
7.    Trichostomum anomalum (Bruch. & Schimp. Bryol. Eur.
t. 169).    " Near San Francisco."
8.    Trichostomum flexipes Bryol. Eur. 1.171. "Commonon
shaded ground and decaying trunks from San Francisco to Men-
docino County/'
9.     Desmatodon nervosus B. & S. var. edentulus B. & S.
D. Californiciis Lesq. Cat. Pac. Mos. 10, Barbula atrovire?is of Bot.
Cal.    "Decayed ground and old walls of clay (adobe) San Fran-
cisco."
10.    Barbula   vinealis   Braun.  Brid.   Bryol.   Univ.   i, 830.
" Around San Francisco on rocks and stones ne.ar the bay."
11.    Barbula flexifolia Hampe, Linnaea, xxx, 456.   "Sandy
ground and boulders near the coast."
12.    Barbula virescens Lesq. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii, 4.
13.   Barbula cylindrica Schimp. Syn. (ed. 2), 208. B. Beecheyi
Lesq. Ms. Bot. Cal. ii, 372).
14.    Barbula elata Dur. &  Mont. Fl. Alger.     "Near San
Francisco, mixed with the two preceding species."
vol. ii.]             Plants of San Francisco.                    385
15.     Barbula convoluta Hedw. Muse. Frond, i, 86, t. 32. " In
gardens at San Francisco."
16.    Barbula Bolanderi  Lesq. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii, 5.
" On rocks near the Bay of San Francisco."
17.    Barbula amplexa Sulliv. & Lesq. Mus. Bor.-Am. Exsicc.
(ed. 2), n. 140.     " On stones in springs near San Francisco."
18.    Barbula  subfallax Muell.  Bot. Zeit. xx, 338.     "Near
San Francisco."
19.     Barbula marginata Bruch.& Schimp. Bryol. Eur. 1.158.
" On rocks near San Francisco."
20.     Barbula  brevipes Lesq. Mem. Calif. Acad. i, 12. "Mud
walls, Mission Dolores, in mats an inch broad or more."
21.     FissiDENS   limbatus Sulliv.  Pac.  R. Rep. iv, 185, t.   1.
" Common around San Francisco."
22.    Pottia Starkeana (Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii, 82, t. 34).
" Mission Dolores on clayey ground."
23.     Grimmia Californica Sulliv. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 187, t. 4.
"Around San Francisco, common."
24.    Grimmia Watsoni  Lesq. & James Man. 140.   With the
preceding.
25.    Grimmia Montana Bruch. & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 250.
" On schistose rocks and granite [?] boulders San Francisco."
26.    Entosthodon Bolanderi Lesq. Trans. Amer. Phil.  Soc.
xiii, 10.    " On clayey soil near the bay of San Francisco."
27.    Funaria Mediterranea Lindb.—F. calcarea of Bot. Cal.
" Mission Dolores."
28.     Bartramia stricta Bruch. & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t 316.
" On moist rocks and ground near San Francisco."
29.    Webera Tozeri (Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl. t. 285).    Bryum
Tozeri of Bot. Cal.    " Borders of roads  and ditches about San
Francisco.''
30.    Bryum albicans Brid.    '' A more slender form on rocks
watered by springs, San Francisco."
31.    Bryum   Californicum  Sulliv. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 186, t. 6.
"Common around San Francisco, on the ground in grassy places."
386                   California Botanical Club.                [zoe
32.    Bryum   occidentale  Sulliv.  Pac. R. Rep. iv, 188, t.  7.
" Near San Francisco."
33.     Bryum argenteum L. spec. 1120.   " Near San Francisco.3'
34.    Atrichum undulatum L. spec. 1117.  " Mission Dolores."
35.    Alsia   Californica   (Hook. &  Arn. Bot. Beech. 162).
Common.
36.     Pterygonium gracile  L. Mant. ii, 310.     "On  ground
and rocks.
37.     Hypnum arenarium Lesq. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii, 13.
" Covering the sand among bushes near the shore."
38.    Hpynum illecebrum Schwaeg. Spec. Mu§c ii, 225. " Shady,
sandy ground, San Francisco."
39.    Hypnum myosuroides L. spec. 1130.    "Near San  Fran-
cisco in dry woods."
40.     Hypnum Californicum  Lesq. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii,
13.    " On rocks and dry sand near the Bay of San Francisco."
41.    Hypnum Brewerianum Lesq. 1. c. 12.   " Onmetamorphic
sandstone around San Francisco."
42.    Hypnum aduncum Hedw. Muse. Frond, iv, 62, t. 24.   " In
swamps near San Francisco."
MEMBERS  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  BOTANICAL   CLUB.
William Alvord, 2200 Broadway, San Francisco.
Mrs. Wm. Alvord, 2200 Broadway, San Francisco.
Dr. C. L. Anderson, Santa Cruz, Cal.
Miss Jessie Andrus, 205 Taylor St., San Francisco.
J. J. B. Argenti, cor. 17th and Guerrero Sts., San Francisco.
Miss Ernestine J. Arnold, 514 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco.
Dr. E. R. Ballard, 114 Geary St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Nellie E. Barter, 1062 nth Ave., East Oakland, Cal.
Miss Lotta Bean, 1811 O'Farrell St., San Francisco.
Dr. H. H. Behr, 819 Market St., San Francisco.
Lyman Belding, Gridley, Cal.
H. T. Bickel, 634 Market St., San Francisco.
Dr. C. M. Blake, 1840 Howard St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Sarah E. Blake, 1840 Howard St., San Francisco.
VOL.  II.]
California Botanical Club.
387
Walter D. Bliss, Carson City, Nev.
Miss Josie L. Blum, 2235 Sutter St., San Francisco.
Prof. H. N. Bolander, Portland, Or.
Miss Agnes Bowman, 2640 Pacific Ave., San Francisco.
Mrs. Mary C. Bowman, 2640 Pacific Ave., San Francisco.
Edward N. Brandegee, Helena, Mont.
Mrs. Katharine Brandegee, 819 Market St., San Francisco.
Townshend S. Brandegee, 819 Market St., San Francisco.
Dr. C. B. Brigham, 2202 Broadway, San Francisco.
Mrs. C. P. Brooks, 204 N. State St., Salt Lake City, Utah.
Walter E. Bryant, 819 Market St., San Francisco.
Mrs. W. C. Burnett, 1916 Broadway, San Francisco.
Mrs. S. W. Burtchaell, 575 Market St., San Francisco.
Prof. D. H. Campbell, Palo Alto, Cal.
Mrs. E. C. Campbell, 1120 Central Ave., Oakland, Cal.
Miss Evelina Cannon, 1402 Bush St., San Francisco.
Daniel Cleveland, San Diego, Cal.
Miss K. E. Cole, 572 Twelfth St., Oakland, Cal.
J. W. Congdon, Mariposa, Cal.
Mrs. Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara, Cal.
L. W. Cushman, College City, Cal.
W. C Cusick, Union, Or.
Miss Fanny Davies, 1622 Washington St., San Francisco.
James Denman, 2101 Webster St., San Francisco.
Mrs. S. W. Dennis, Grand and Santa Clara Ave., Alameda, Cal.
Mrs. R. F. Dodd, 2241 Central Ave., Alameda, Cal.
Miss S. F. Donnelly, 608 Fillmore St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Emma Douglas, Mayfield, Cal.
Thomas H. Douglas, Mayfield, Cal.
Miss Emily A. Easton, 109 Fell St., San Francisco.
Miss Jessie S. Easton, 109 Fell St., San Francisco.
Miss Alice Eastwood, 819 Market St., San Francisco.
Miss Emily Edmunds, 2524 California St., San Francisco.
Gustav Eisen, 819Market St., San Francisco.
Miss Kate Elliott, Hotel Mirabeau, San Francisco.
Miss Florence Emerson, 1030 24th St., San Francisco.
Mrs. L. D. Emerson, 1030 24th St., San Francisco.
Mrs. W. B. Ewer, 1513 Clay St., San Francisco.
Miss Edith B. Falkenau, 355 Devisadero St., San Francisco.
388                   Crlifornia Botanical Club.                 [zoe
Miss Isabel L. Grant, Berkeley, Cal.
Miss Mary Grant, Berkeley, Cal.
Jean M. Hahn, Hopkins Academy, Oakland, Cal.
Miss Amanda Hansen, 828 Fulton St., San Francisco.
Mrs. C. E. Hansen, 828 Fulton St., San Francisco.
Dr. H. W. Harkness, Pacific-Union Club, San Francisco..
Frank E. Harris, 31 Post St., San Francisco.
Miss Emily S. Harrison, 26 Haight St., San Francisco.
Dr. H. E. Hasse, Soldiers' Home, Los Angeles Co.,. Cal..
Dr. V. Havard, Fort Russell, Wyo.
Prof. T. L. Heaton, Fresno, Cal.
Prof. L. H. Henderson, Olympia, Wash.
J. W. Hendrie, Sound Beach, Conn.
Miss Jennie Hewston, 926 Pine St., San Francisco.
Miss C. H. Hittell, 808 Turk St., San Francisco.
J. W. Hobson, 1037 Post St., San Francisco.
Miss Frances Hodgkinson, 1513 Pierce St., San Francisco.
Miss Kate Hodgkinson, 1513 Pierce St., San Francisco.
S. W. Holladay, corner Clay and Octavia Sts., San Francisco..
Miss Sarah W. Horton, 964 18th St., Oakland, Cal.
Miss Jennie J. Houston, 1107 Golden Gate Ave., San Franciscbv.
Thomas Howell, Portland, Or.
Miss Caroline L. Hunt, 1520^ Vallejo St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Edward Hunt, P. O. Box 125 Oakland, Cal.
James M. Hutchings, 112 St. Ann's Building, San Francisco.
Miss Fidelia Jewett, 711 Jones St., San Francisco.
F. O. Johnson, Berkeley, Cal.
Marcus E. Jones, 125 W. 3d South, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Miss Vesta L. Jordan, 2519 Washington St.,. San Francisco-
Charles A. Keeler, Berkeley, Cal.
Mrs. Paris Kilburn, 404 Ellis St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Mary W. Kincaid, 2219 Pacific Ave., San Francisco,
B. Frank Leeds, Santa Clara, Cal.
Dr. A. Liliencrantz, 819 Market St., San- Francisco.
Mrs. W. E. Loy, 2207 Scott St.., San Francisco.
John MacLean, 16 Ellis St., San FranciscOi
Miss Agnes M. Manning, 1215 Sutter St., San Francisco..
Mrs. Ella L. Manson, 2010 Gough St., San Francisco.
Miss Lillie J. Martin, 711 Jones-St., San Francisco.

VOL. II.]
California Botanical Clnb.
389
M. J. McDonald, 1701 Gough St., San Francisco.
Mrs. M. J. McDonald, 1701 Gough St., San Francisco.
Miss Effie A. Mclllriach, 1030 24th St., San Francisco.
John McLaren, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
Mrs. Mary F. McRoberts, San Francisco.
Theodor Michaelis, 703 Slitter St., San Francisco.
Miss Mabel M. Miles, Box 1518 Anaheim, Cal.
'George O. Mitchell, 1034 Pine St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Anna J. Monro, 1B16 Baker St., San Francisco.
Miss Mary T. Mooney, 1031 Chester St., Oakland, Cal.
Mrs. D. W. Nesfield, 1503 Pacific Ave, San Francisco.
Miss Margaret C. Nesfield, 1503 Pacific Av., San Francisco.
Rev. J. C. Nevin, 1319 Santee St., Los Angeles, Cal.
Miss Nellie M. Owens, 1111 Pine St., San Francisco.
Dr. Edward Palmer, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
S. B. Parish, San Bernardino, Cal.
Miss Mary Elizabeth Parsons, San Rafael, Cal.
Dr. Joseph Pescia, 1520 Talyor St., San Francisco.
Carl Purdy, Ukiah, Cal.
Prof. Volney Rattan, San Jose, Cal.
C. C. Riedy, 432 Montgomery St., San Francisco.
G. P. Rixford, 1713 Pierce St., San Francisco.
Miss Mary A. Roper, 712 Sutter St., San Francisco.
Miss Sara W. Scruggs, 1036 Valencia St., San Francisco.
Prof. Wm. M. Searby, 859 Market St., San Francisco.
Mrs. L. H. Sharp, 939 Geary St., San Francisco.
W. H. Shockley, Candelaria, Nev.
Edmund C. Shorey, Kohala, Hawaii, H. I.
Emory E. Smith, 1409 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco.
Miss Jessie Smith, 304 Bartlett St., San Francisco.
C. F. Sonne, Truckee, Cal.
George Spaulding, 1109 Clay St., San Francisco.
Mrs. M. O. Stanton, 1426 Washington St., San Francisco.
D.  C. Stone, 1513 Sacramento St., San Francisco.
Miss Bertha E. Stringer, 2007 Taylor St., San Francisco.
W. N. Suksdorf, White Salmon, Wash.
Mrs.- Florence R. Swett, 2116 Sutter St., San Francisco.
Miss Lucy F. Swett, 6 Montgomery Ave., San Francisco.
Miss Bertha Tackle, 743 Minna St., San Francisco.
H. R. Taylor, Alameda, Cal.
1
39°                          Recent Literatui'c.                        [zoe
Carlos Troyer, 538 Turk St., San Francisco.
Frank H. Vaslit, 705 Sutter St., San Francisco.
Mrs. S. E. Vaslit, 705 Sutter St., San Francisco.
Miss Alice C. Vincent, 1511 Sacramento St., San Francisco.
Dr. L. M. F. Wanzer, 205 Taylor St., San Francisco.
Mrs. Wm. Westhoff, 899 Pine St., San Francisco.
Mrs. S. A. P. Wheeler, Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Cal.
Mrs. B. A. Wicker, 1327 Howard St., San Francisco, Cal.
Mrs. J. R. Wilson, 3042 16th St., San Francisco.
.   RECENT LITERATURE.
Co?itribuiions to American Botany, XVIII. By Sereno Wat-
son. I. Descriptions of some new North American species, chiefly
of the United States, with a revision of the American species of the
genus Erythronium. II. Descriptions of new Mexican species,
collected chiefly by Mr. C. G. Pringle, in 1889 and 1890. III.
Upon a wild species of Zea. IV. Notes upon a collection of plants
from the Island of Ascension.
The species described in the first paper—Arabis Macounii, Ery-
shmim arenicola, Silene Macounii, Mimulus filicaulis, Cladothrix
cryptantha, Eriogonum mimitiflorum, E. deserticola, Zostera Ore-
gana and C. Pacifica—are all but one from the Pacific coast.
The revision of Erythronium more than doubles the number
given in the author's Revision of the Liliacese. One new species,
E. montanum, and two varieties, E. grandiflorum var. parviflorum,
and E. revolutum var. Bolanderi, are described.
The second paper contains descriptions of eighty-four new species.
Of the two genera proposed, Oligonema* belongs to the Asteriod
Composite, and Neopringlea replaces the old genus Llavea of Lieb-
man. Mr. Pringle deserves a more stable genus than this is likely
to prove, for both the nearly related monotypic fern genera Llavea
and Cryptogramme are with difficulty kept separate from Pellsea.
The third paper of the series is devoted to the description of a
new species of Zea, Z. cani?ia from Mexico, where it was believed
to be the origin of the cultivated species. Its further cultivation
will be looked for with  interest.    It  undoubtedly  differs  greatly
* Since changed by the author to Golionema, Bot. Gaz. xvi, 267.
VOL. II.]
Recent Literature.
391
from any of the cultivated varieties, but these, as is well known,
differ very much from each other, although supposed to have a
common origin.
The collection of plants from the island of Ascension was made by
Mr. E. J. Loomis, of the Nautical Almanac Bureau, Washington.
Three new species, Rubus nanus, Asplenium Ascensionis,. Nephro-
dium (?) viscidum, are described.                                         k. b.
Descriptions of New Plants, chiefly Gamopetal<z, collected in Mex-
ico by C. G. Pringle in 1889 and 1890. By B. L. Robinson. In
this paper twenty-two species and several varieties of Mexican plants
are described. The careful descriptions, full notes and good judg-
ment displayed by the author show that he is likely to prove an
acquisition to the ranks of American systematic botanists. The last
two pages of the paper are devoted to the characterization of three
new plants, Mimulus Congdoni, M. gracilipes and Aster Engel-
manni var. paucicapitatus from the Pacific coast.                   K. b.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
Caifornia Academy of Sciences. November 2, 1891. Presi-
dent Harkness in the chair.
The Librarian reported 226 additions to the library, including
donations from the State Mining Bureau, Dr. Harkness, T. S.
Brandegee and the Zoe Publishing Co.
Professor O. P. Jenkins delivered a lecture on the ultimate struct-
ure of muscle and nerve, and modern appliances used in their inves-
tigation.
The  following memorial notice was presented:
HENRY  EDWARDS.
At a previous meeting of this Society there was announced the
loss, by death, of a member who had in former years held important
offices and taken an active interest in the affairs of the Academy;
one who was well and favorably known to the public in general as well
as in scientific circles. That member was Henry Edwards, the tra-
gedian and entomologist.
Mr. Edwards was born in Herefordshire, England, August 27,
1830. His early life was devoted to the study of law, and later he
took to the stage as a profession. In 1853 he sailed to Australia
and thence to Peru, Panama and California, and from these coun-
392
Proceedings of Societies.
[zoe
tries he obtained the charming' sketches for his book entitled
" Mingled Yarns."
Mr. Edwards possessed one of the largest private collections of
butterflies in the world, and his courtesy in identifying species for
others was well known and appreciated by his correspondents.
In 1867 he was elected a member of the California Academy 01
Sciences, and on January 2, 1877, ne became a life member. In
1874 he held office as a trustee of this Society. For three consecu-
tive years (1875-77) he was the first vice-president of the Academy.
In 1877 he moved to the east, continuing to the time of his death
his interest in entomology and the augmentation of his collection. '
Mr. Edwards published a number of valuable entomological
papers, notably his "Descriptions of Pacific Coast Lepidoptera,"
and "Bibliographical Catalogue of the Described Transformations
of N orth American Lepidoptera.''
December 7, i8pi.    President Harkness in the chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from L. Belding, E. H.
Fiske, F. O. Johnson, S. Giannetoni, A. V. La Motte, W. E. Bry-
ant, H. W. Harkness, Mrs. A Van S. Sumner, Charles Fuchs.
The Librarian reported 205 additions to the library.
Specimens of slate from El Dorado County, California, prepared
to show the toughness, cleavage and flexibility, were exhibited and
a paper was read, prepared by Melville Attwood, on its chemical
analysis.
Dr. David S.Jordan delivered a lecture on the "Salmon and
Trout of the Pacific Coast." He first called attention to the fact
that the ancient Greeks and Latins knew nothing of these fish, and
that the earliest mention of them is to be found in a poem on the
River Moselle, written in the middle ages. He then explained the
derivation of the different names applied to them. Taking up the
salmon of the Pacific coast the lecturer, after giving the details of
their life history, stated that they were first described by Steller, the
naturalist of Bering's expedition, who recognized five species, to
which he gave the names tschawyischa, ketd, kisutch, nerka and
gorbuscha, respectively the king, dog, silver, blue-back and hump-
back salmon. Since Stellers time thirty-five different species of
Pacific coast salmon have been described by various writers, but
subsequent thorough study has determined the fact that Steller's
VOL.  II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
393
five species are correct, and his names have become the scientific
specific names.
There should be no difficulty, he said, in readily distinguishing a
trout from a salmon, the former having only nine or ten rays in the
anal fin, while the latter has fifteen or sixteen.
As regards the trout, he said that four species have thus far been
found in California. The Dolly Varden trout, Salvelinus mabna,
found in the headwaters of the Sacramento and its tributaries, has
-smaller scales than the others, and the body is covered with round
red spots.
The other three species are black-spotted and resemble each
other so closely as not to be distinguishable without some attention.
The steelhead, Sahno gairdneri, commonly called the salmon trout,
is better deserving that name than any other trout on the coast, as
it approaches most nearly in appearance to the salmon trout, Sahno
trutta, of Europe. Its distinctive character is the stout but not
plump body, the comparatively square-cut tail, and especially the
large scales, there being 135 in the lateral line.
Very closely resembling this is the rainbow trout, Sahno irideus,
which differs in the plumper body, the smaller mouth and the more
distinctly forked tail. The scales are about as large as in the steel-
head, and the average is 135 in the lateral line. The question of
the difference between these two species is open to a great deal of
debate. The latest judgment is, that the two are distinct species,
although closely resembling each other in all technical characters.
The remaining trout is the red-throated trout, Sahno fnykiss, of
which two varieties occur, the Lake Tahoe trout, Salvio mykiss hen-
shawi, and the true Sahno mykiss, which is found coastwise in
northern California. These differ from each other mainly in the
color.
December 21, 1891.    President Harkness in the chair.
One hundred and seven additions to the library were reported.
The Nominating Committee made their report, presenting a ticket
to be voted for at the annual election.
January 4, i8q2. Annual meeting. President Harkness in the
chair.
Donations to the museum were reported from William F. Nolte.
Otto Stoll, Sereno Watson, W. H. Brewer, George L. Goodale,
VOL. II.]
Proceedings of Societies.
394
J. A. Allen and Herman Graf zu Solms-Laubach were elected hon-
orary members.
William E. Ritter was elected a resident member.
The annual reports of the Board of Trustees, officers and curators
were read and filed.
The report of the officers of election was read, and the following
declared elected for the ensuing term:
President—H. W. Harkness.
First Vice-President—H. H. Behr.
Second Vice-President—J. G. Cooper.
Corresponding Secretary—F. Gutzkow.
Recording Secretary—J. R. Scupham.
Treasurer—L. H. Foote.
Librarian—Carlos Troyer.
Director of Museum—J. Z. Davis.
Trustees—W. C. Burnett, C. F. Crocker, D. E. Hayes, E. J. Mo-
lera, George C. Perkins, Adolph Sutro, John Taylor.
California Botanical Club. November ip, 1891. President
Behr in the chair.
The following were elected to membership: W. N. Suksdorf. F.
V. Kelsey, Jean M. Hahn, Miss Louise A. Littleton, L. M. Under-
wood, Edward N. Brandegee, Geo. O. Mitchell, Dr. E. R.
Ballard, Douglas H. Campbell, Dr. Liliencrantz, M. W. Gor-
man, L. F. Henderson.
Professor Douglas H. Campbell read a paper on "Recent
Methods in Botanical Research."
In introducing the subject, the writer first called attention to some
misapprehensions of the real extent and aims of botanical science,
arising from a two exclusive attention of the majority of students to
the collection and classification of phaendgams. While this is a
necessary and important phase of the science, it is only one phase, a
fact which is too often overlooked. This state of things is largely
a survival of the old school of natural history that regarded each
species as a separate creation, and consequently considered the col-
lection and classification of these as the first task of the student.
As the methods improved, however, and it was possible to study
the life-histories of plants, especially the lower ones, it became evi-
dent that a much closer union existed between different groups of
plants than was formerly supposed, and gradually the theory of evo-
395
Proceedings of Societies.
[zoe
lution assumed greater and greater importance as a factor in explain-
ing the origin of different forms. Thus arose the modern school of
morphologists, whose aim is to establish a classification which shall
represent as nearly as may be the phylogeny of the plant kingdom.
Among the earlier of these men were mentioned Hofmeister, De
Bary, Tulasne, Thuret, Bornet, Pringsheim, and others.
The subject of vegetable physiology was next briefly touched
upon, and some of the methods in use in various departments of the
subject referred to. The chemistry of plants, with some brief notice
of the methods used in determining the chemical constituents of
plants was the first topic. This included some account of micro-
chemical tests, and an explanation of water-cultures. In this con-
nection attention was called to the experiments of Pfeffer and others
with reference to the attractive force of certain chemical substances
upon motile cells, such as certain bacteria and spermatozoids, as well
as experiments dealing with the absorption of certain solutions
by the living cell. The subjects of nutrition, assimilation, etc., were
passed over, and only a brief reference was made to the important
topic of bacteriology. The subject of physiology was finally dis-
missed with a hasty reference to one or two of the most important
of the mechanical contrivances used in experiments in growth—the
auxonometer and klinostat.
The rest of the paper was concerned with a somewhat detailed
account of the progress that has been made in histological methods.
After recalling the methods in vogue among the earlier botanists,
the gradual advance in technique was followed with some reference
to some of the most important discoveries resulting from these
improved methods.
Owing to the necessities of the situation, zoologists were forced to
adopt methods of fixing and hardening tissues for histological
study almost from the first, and their methods were well perfected
before botanists awoke to the necessity of improving their methods.
Under such men as Strasburger, however, the methods have been
so improved that to-day the botanist employs the same careful
methods of preparation that the student of animal histology does.
The paper closed with an account of the methods used in pre-
paring specimens for microscopical examination. This included
fixing, hardening and staining, dehydrating, imbedding in paraffin,
serial microtome sectioning, and mounting.
VOL. II.]
Notes.
396
January 21, 1892.    President Behr in the chair.
Dr. Behr read a paper on Insectivorous Plants, discussing Dro-
sera. Utricularia, Darlingtonia and Dionaea, and made extended
remarks about the pepsin contained in the leaves of Carica Papaya.
NOTES.
Mr. S. D. Dill, of the American Museum of Natural History, New
York, has on his recent visit to this coast succeeded in completing
the great series of woods of the United States, known as the Jessup
Collection. This collection fills a great room, the sections being
taken from perfect trees of good size, and are all of the same length,
four feet eight inches when leveled and polished. They are so cut
in the upper third as to show the surfaces in horizontal, vertical and
tangential section. The trees of which examples were secured on
this trip are Amela?ichier alnifolia, Yehm Prairie, Washington, seven
inches in diameter; Primus emarginata, shores of Lake Washing-
ton; Primus subcordata, Oregon, six inches; Manzanita, King's
River Canon, nine inches; Pvptdus angustifolia, Colorado; Ouerczis
Palmeri, Southern California; Quercus agrifolia, Newhall; Ouercus
Jacobi, Yehm Prairie; Quercus More/ius, Newcastle, sixteen inches;
Ouercus Macdonaldi, Santa Catalina Island; Qiiercus £ngelma?ini,
Fall Brook; Pinus latifolia, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona: Se-
quoia sempervirens, Santa Cruz Mountains, twelve feet; Sequoia
gigantea, King's River, twenty feet. Nearly all the species of
Quercus mentioned above are mere variations of other species al-
ready in the collection, but their value is not lessened by that fact.
The difficulty of getting together this great collection has been
immensely increased by the care taken to secure perfect trunks
without branches, and with the bark uninjured; but its value as an
exponent of the timber resources of our country cannot be too highly
estimated.
Prof. L. M. Underwood, of De Pauw University, Greencastle, In-
diana, desires series of the violets, the orchids, and the liliaceous
plants (especially Allium, Brodisea and Calochortus) of California.

INDEX
[Simple lists not indexed.]
Page
Abalone.............. .   139
Abies concolor............160
magninca...........160
nobilis...........160, 183
subalpina..........279
Abronia...............370
turbinata..........370
Abutilon Californicuiu........146
Acsena trifida............3, 349
Accipiter cooperi.........54, 249
Acer.................344
circinatum...........257
glabram.............156
macrophylluni.......156, 257
Achillea...............260
Achlys triphylla...........266
Achyrachsena...........359
Achyroplionts amvandteri.......362
Aconitum Columbianum......161
Adenostegia maritima........368
Adenostoma fasciculatum......119
Adiantum concinnuni........151
emarginatum   .... 131, 382
pedatuni.........131
Adolphia infesta...........237
.fljsculus...............344
Agave Margarita;.........12
Agelaius gubernator.........170
Agonostoma nasutum........191
Agrostis...............379
Alauda arvensis...........      7
Alchemilla.............349
Alder..............159, 257
Alectoria cetrariza..........298
Alfalfa................347
Alfilerilla...............344
Algse, list of.............217
Allium...........i  . .  .   375
tribracteatum........233
Allotropa virgata..........266
Alnus rhombifolia..........236
rubra.............257
viridis.........7, 159, 274
Alsine palustris...........      3
Alyssum...............339
Amarantus..............371
Ambrosia...............357
Amelanchier alnifolia......102, 349
Amiantis callosa...........136
Ammannia latifolia.........229
Page
AmmodramusSandwichensis bryanti 171
Amole................375
Ammophila.............381
Amphispiza belli.   »........23, 24
nevadensis.  .  . . 22, 24.
Amsinckia.............365
Anagallis...............364
Anaphalis..............357
Anas cyanoptera...........    97
discors............97, 128
Angelica Breweri..........163,
Hendersoni.........354
Wheeleri.........229.
Anhinga anhinga..........    49>
Ani, grooved-bill...........191
Antennaria argentea.........163
dioica var. congesta. .  .   248
luzuloides........163
Anthemis cotula.......76, 120, 360
Antilocapra americana.......216
Aphelocoma californica......169.
Aphyllon...............368
Apios tuberosa............229.
Apium................353
Aplopappus armerioides.......230
ericoides........356
gracilis.........230
racemosa........230
Apocynum..............16^
Apple.................145
Aquilegia formosa..........338
truncata........161, 338
Arabis................339-
Holbcellii...........227
longirostris   . • ........227
repanda...........161
Arbor Vite.............256-
Arbutus Menziesii..........256
Arctomys flaviventer......212, 216-
Arctostaphylos............363
myrtifolia......     77
nummularia   ....     77
pumila........      4
Arceuthobium Douglasii......233.
Arenaria eongesta..........161
palustris..........341
pungens..........161
Argemone hispida..........227
platyceras........227
Ariolimax Columbianus.......139,
398
Index.
[zoe
Page
Aristolochia Californica.....158, 374
Armeria...............363
Arnica inollis............163
Arracacia Bfandegei.........147
Arrow-grass . ............377
Artemisia. .•..........360, 361
dracunculoides .... 337, 361
tridentata.........102
Arundo donax............    26
Asarum Hartwegi..........166
Asclepias brachystephana.....      249
cryptoceras........232
speciosa..........165
stenophylla........249
Ascomyces..............100
Ash, mountain............157,
Aspidium...............383
aculeatum........ .   130
var. Californicum .     .   130
lonchitis..........233
munitum.........130
rigidum var. argutum   . .   130
Asplenium Filix-foemiua).  . 4, 5, 129, 383
Aster Chamissonis..........359
venustus..........247
Wrightii ..........230, 247
Astragalus..............348
argillosus.......241
asclepiadoides- ...  238
bisulcatus........240
coccineus........72, 122
Coltoni.........  237
confertiflorus.....242, 252
desperatus......243
flavus......228, 242, 252
grandiflorus.......122
Grayi...........228
Haydenianus.......240
var. major.  241
Moencoppensis...    12
sabulosus1.......239
Sileranus.......242
sophoroides.....    12
Wardi..........242
Atalapha teliotis...........113
Atole.................141
Atriplex...............   372
canescens.........102
corrugata........233
Nuttallii.......337, 383
truncata..........233
Atypoides Riversii.........320
Avena................380
Azalea................158
Azolla................383
Baby-eyes..............364
Page
Baccharisi.............356, 357
Badderlocks.............220
Bseria...........359, 360, 383
macrantha...........383
maritina............360
Bahia desertorum........249
nudicaulis...........231
Barbarea vulgaris........120, 339
Barberry..............338
Basilinna Xantusi..........191
Bassaris astuta..........212, 216
Bay-tree...............159
Beckmannia erucseformis......128
Beet.................372
Beetles of San Francisco beach .  .  .   310
Behria tenuiflora..........T50
Beloperone California........149
hians..........149
Berberis Fendleri..........103
pinnata...........338
repeus......'.....104
Beta.................372
Bidens................358
Bigeloviaglareosa........247
graveolens.........102
veneta.........337, 356
Big-root..............352
Bindweed..............366
black..........-37i
Biohttia- rijiaria.............300
Blackberry..............349
Blackbird...............143
bicolored.........170
Brewer's.........170
Black-knot..............   157
Bladderweeds...........220
Blastophaga psenes.........114
Blennosperma Californica......359
Chilense.......359
Blite, sea..............372
Bluebottle..............361
Blue-eyed-grass...........375
Bobolink.      .............142
Bog-rush..............377
Boisduvalia.............352
Bolandra Californica.........162
Boschniakia strobilacea.......    78
Botrychium ternatum.......4, 233
Virginicum.......271
Bowlesia...............353
Bracken.............132, 382
Brake.................382
cliff............132, 382
rock..............132
Brassica  .  . .............339
alba.............     27

VOL.  II.]
Index.
399

Page
Brass-buttons...........360
Brickellia hastata.........     12
linifolia..........230
Briza..................381
Brodisea...............375
ixioides...........166
multiflora......... .   166
Bromus..............255, 381
Brooklime.............367
Brunella..............158
Bryanthus Breweri..........158
empetrifornis.......232
Bubo virginianus subarcticus ....   167
Buck-bean..............364
Buckeye...............345
Buckwheat..............371
Buffalo-berry.............103
Bulimus dormani  var. subfasci-
atus..............18
Bulrush................378
Bunting, lazuli..........171, 172
Bursera microphylla.........199
3ush-tit.............168, 171
Gnnda's...........199
Buteo borealis calurus........169
Buttercup...............338
Buzzard, turkey...........169
Csesalpinia pulcherrima.......146
Cakile................340
Calamagrostis............379
Calamintha clinopodium......233
Calandrinia.............343
Breweri.........121
Callipepla californica........171
Callitriche longipedunculata ....   298
verna...........351
Calochortus.............376
albus...........    78
amaenus.........     78
flexuosus........251
Gunnisoni......201, 232
Maweanus.......167
nudus.........   167
Nuttallii.......167, 201
venustus........167
Calothrix...............219
Caltha biflora............160
Calycanthus occidentalis......157
Camelina sativa...........    75
Campanula exigua..........120
Campion, French.........  .   341
shy...........341
Canipylorhynchus affinis......188
brunneicapillus .   133
Canchalagua...........165, 364
Canislatrans.............216
Page
Capsella...............340
Cardamine..............339
Cardinal, St. Lucas........      :88
Cardinalis cardinalis igneus.....188
Cardiospermum tortiiosmn.......     74
Cardium corbis.............136
elatuni...........136
Carduelis carduelis.........      7
Carex...............378, 379
barbane............321
pseudocyperusvar.americanus   29
Cariacus macrotis.........113
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis   . .   170
Carrot................354
Carum..............229, 353
Cascara sagrada.......120, 156, 245
Cassiope Mertensiana........158
Castanopsis chrysophylla .... 120, 159
Castela tortuosa...........147
Castilleia.............120, 367
linarisefolia.........165
Cathartes aurea.........169, 188
Ceanothus..............120
cordulatus........155
cuneatus.........155
decumbens........155
Fendleri.........104
incanusx papillosus  83
integerriinus.....155
ovatus..........104
parvifolius........155
prostratus........155
prostratus x veluti-
nus..........    83
rugosns.........75,   83
thyrsiflorus.....3, 5, 344
velutinus X cordu-
latus .........    83
Cedar, Sitka.............282
¦white.............159
Celery................353
Cenchrus tribuloides. .  .......    34
Centaurea..............361
Ceramise...............221
Cerastium  alpinum var. Behringia-
nuni.........237
arvense.........341
viscosum.......29, 341
Ceratochloa.............381
Ceratophyllum............351
Cercocarpus Arizonicus.......245
breviflorus......14, 245
intricatus......14, 244
ledifolius......14, 244
parvifolius .  . . 102, 157, 245
Cereus F,ruca.............    20
Index.
[zoe
Page
Cereus gummosus........20, 193
pecten-aboriginum......    19
Pringlei...........     19
Schottii............     20
striatus...........    19
Thurberi..........20, 183
Chaenactis Douglasii.........163
scaposa........231
stevioides.........231
Chamtebatia foliolosa........136
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis......282
Chamis...............      120
Chapparal............120, 155
Cheat.................255
Cheilanthes Californica.......131
gracillima.......131
niyriophylla......131
Pringlei.........150
Cheiranthus asper........161, 339
Chelidon erythrogaster.......171
Chenopodium........336, 371, 372
Cherry, bitter   ............157
choke........103, 157, 348
holly-leaved.........348
Chia.................140
Chickweed..............341
Chicory................126
Chilicothe............352
Chimaphila umbellata........232
Chinquapin............120, 159
Chione fluctifraga.........137
simillima..........137
succincta...........136
Chipmunk Harris'..........211
¦white-tailed.....193, 211
Cichorium intybus..........126
Cicindela.........      . . 152—154
Cicuta.................354
Circsea Pacifica............162
Citrullus colocynthis.........101
Civet-cat...............212
Chlorogalum pomeridianum .    . 166, 375
Chlorophyceaa............218
Chondestes grammacus strigatus . .   170
Chordeiles texensis.........    99
Chorizanthe.............371
Christmas berry...........349
Chroococcaceae............217
Chroolepidese............219
Chrysanthemum...........360
Chrysomitris spinus.........'   7
Chrysotis levaillanti.........    85
Clam, hard shell...........136
razor shell..........138
soft shell...........138
white.........'. .  . .   136
Page
Clarkia rhomboidea .  ........     16
Claytonia Chamissouis.......161
exigua..........161
parvifolia.........161
perfoliata.......120, 161
triphylla.........161
Cleavers...............355
Clematis verticillaris........226
Cleome lutea.............236
Cleomella Palmerana......236
Clintonia uniflora...........268.
Clivicola riparia...........195
Clover................346
bur..............347
pin..............344
spike.............383
sweet.............347
Club-rush...............378
Cnicus................361
Coccothraustes vespertinus.....      S
montauus iot>
Cockle . .  . . r...........136
bur..............35S
Coffee-bush............156, 345
Colander, sea.............210
Colaptes cafer............170
Coleoptera of San Francisco beach .   310
Collinsia..............367
tinctoria..........165
Torreyi...........165
Columbigallina passerina pallescens 188
Columbine............161, 338
Columba fasciata vioscae.......198;
Confervaceas.............218
Conium maculatum........353
Contopus Richardsonii.......171
Convolvulus.............366
arvensis........    27
pentapetaloides ....    27
Corallinese...............224
Corallorhiza.............374
Coral-root..............374
Cordylantkns.............368.
Corethrogyne............356
Cornel...............354
Corn-flower..............361
Cornus Nuttallii  ..... 4, 157, 354, 259.
pubescens.........158, 354
Corylus rostratus.........159, 373
Cotula australis...........360
coronopifolia....... . 4, 360
Coturnix coturnix..........      7
Cotyledon..............350
Crane, whooping...........    99.
Crantzia lineata...........260
Crattegus coccinea........229, 260
VOL.  II.]
Index.
401

Page
Cratsegus Douglasii.........229
Cream-cups.............      338
Creeper, great Mexican .......    67
Crescentia alata...........146
Cress, bitter.............339
rock..............339
winter............ .   339
wart..............340
water............-  340
Croton................373
Crotopbaga sulcirostris.......191
Cryplonemife.............222
Cucurbita palmata..........101
perennis........      101
Currant................350
Cuscuta Californica.........232
salina...........366
Cteniza Californica.......      .   320
Cyanophycese...........217, 218
Cyclanthera testudinea.......147
Cymopterus decipiens......246
P'endleri........229
glaucus.........229
glomeratus.......246
megacephalus...    14
montanus. . .  . .  .  . .   229
purpureus.......    22
Cypseloides niger..........128
Cypripediuni montanum......166
Cyrtocarpa procera . . .'.......147
Cystopteris fragilis.........130
montana........233
Cynodon...............380
Cynoglossum.............365
Cyperus................378
Dactylis...............380
Dandelion..............   362
Danthonia..............380
Datura meteloides..........232
Daucus carota............     27
pusillus...........354
Delesserise..............224
Delphinium.............338
scaposum........227
trolliifolium......285
Dendroica sestiva...........171
Dendromecon rigidum........120
Dendrornis mentalis........        67
Dew-plant..............   352
Dicentra formosa..........161
uniflora...........161
Dichondra repens........337, 366
Dictyoteae...............221
Didelphys virginianus californica   .   113
Digitalis purpurea .  .     .......253
Diplamis stellatits............82
Pagk
Dipodomys phillipsi.........113
Dipsacus sylvestris.........383
Disticblis...............3S0
Dock................370
Dodder.........         .....366
Dodecatheon Meadia.........363
var. Jeffreyi.....164
Dogwood...............354
flowering.....157, 259, 354
Dolychonix oryzivorus.......142
Dormitator latifrons.........191
Doucette...............355
Dove, Inca..............    51
Mexican ground........188
mourning............172
solitary..............    48
Draba Caroliniana var. micrantha   .   227
Fladnizensis.........227
Draperia systyla...........165
Drops-of-gold.............376
Drymaria arenarioides........    68
carinata........    70
crassifolia.......68,   69
cordifolia.........    69
debilis. .........68
Fendleri..........     69
glandulosa.........    69
holosteoides.......68,   69
polycarpioides......68
polystachya......    69
Duck, Harlequin...........    q-j
Duckweed..............376
Dulse.................223
Dumontea?..............222
Dutchman's-pipe......... 158, 374
Echinocereus.............    21
Echinocystis.............352
Echinospermum deflexum......232
diffusum.....165
Eclipidrilus frigidus.........327
Eel-grass...............377
Elk-grass.............265, 276
Elatine brachysperma........343
Elder.............155, 258, 355
tox...............   345
Eleocharis..............378
Elymus..............381
Empidonax dimcilis.......105, 171
hammondi.....104, 107
pusillus.........106
Encelia frutescens..........248
nutans...........230
Enchanter's nightshade........162
Encina................373
Epilobium..............351
angustifolium .......   162
402
Index.
[zoe
Page
Epipactis gigantea.......4, 166, 374
Equisetum............381, 382
hiemale..........233
Eragrostis..............381
Erigeron...............356
. argentatus.........230
Eatoni...........248
flagellaris.........248
Philadelphicus.......127
Eriodictyon glutinosum.....120, 158
Eriogouum fasciculatum   .... 337, 371
flexum........    15
latifolium........' 371
salsuginosum......     16
Thomasii........250
Thurberi..........250
Eriogynia csespitosa.........283
Eriophorum gracile........4, 378
Eriophyllum caespitosum .    .....   276
confertiflorum . .      . .   359
nubigenum......163
stsechadifolium . .      .   359
Erodium...............344
botrys...........128
Eryngium petiolatum........353
Erythraea Muhlenbergii.......364
veuusta..........165
Erythronium purpurascens.....166
Eschscholtzia Californica......339
Eucharidium concinnum......162
Euphorbia............. .  373
leucophylla.........149
Magdalense........150
peplus...........126
serpyllifolia.......127
Eurypelnia Hentzii..........320
Eustoma Russelianum........232
Evax .  . ...............357
Everlasting.............357
Falco mexicanus..........169
sparverius.........100, 170
Falcon, prairie............169
Fantail, rose-breasted........    61
Fatsia horrida............267
Fendlera rupicola..........102
Fennel................353
Fern, bladder............130
chain............130, 382
deer...............130
eagle............132, 382
. five-finger............131
gold............. 132, 382
lace...............131
lady.............129, 383
maiden-hair......... .   131
male...........'.  . .  383
Pagk
Fern, shield..............   383
sword..............   130
water..............   383
Festuca................   381
Feverfew...............   360
Ficus carica.............   114
Palmeri.............   149
Fig, Capri...............   114
sea.:...............   352
Smyrna .      ..........      114
Filago............... .   357
Fimbristylis...........'. .   378
Finch, house...........143,  170
western lark ....... 170,  172
Fir..................   160
Douglas..............   118
Fireweed...............   162
Flag.................   374
cat-tail............   376
Flax.................   344
Flicker, red-shafted.........   170
Flcerkea proserpinacoides......   228
Flower-de-luce...........   374
Flycatcher, ash-throated.......   172
Hammond's.......   105
little. . •.........   105
western.......171,  172
yellow-bellied......   105
Fceniculum..............   353
Fouquieria..............   152
columnaris.......   146
Fox, eastern red..........."  173
Fragaria...............   349
Frankenia..............   341
Franseria..........148, 357,  358
bipinnatifida.......   125
Chamissonis.......   125
Hookeriana........   125
tenuifolia.........   125
Frasera albomarginata.......   232
Utahensis.........   13
Fraxinus anomala..........   232
Fringilla caunabina.........      7
coelebs...........      7
Fritillaria atropurpurea.......   233
lanceolata........   376
liliacea..........   376
parviflora........   167
Fucacese...............   220
Fuchsia, California........   162
Galingale.'..............   378
Galium................   355
Brandegei..........   230
Gari rubroradiata.........   137
Garrya elliptica...........   355
.  . Fremonti...........   157

VOL.  II.]
Index.
4°3
Page
Gastridiura............. .   379
Gaultheria shallon........263, 363
Gayophitum raniosissimum.....162
Gelidiete...............224
Gentian.............. .   165
Gentiana calycosa.........165
Newberryi.........165
Geococcyx californianus.....61,191
mexicanus........    57
Geoducks.............'.  .   138
Geranium..............344
CEESpitosum........112
Fremontii.........112
incisum..........161
Richardsonii.......112
Geothlypis Beldingi.........192
macgillivrayi......192
trichas occidentalis .  .  .   192
Gigartinese..............223
Gilia.................364
aggregata............165
capillaris............165
ciliata..............165
depressa............250
grandiflora.........165, 232
Harknessii...........232
heterophylla..........165
Howardi...........250
leptomeria...........232
liniflora...........95, 364
longiflora.....      ......250
minima.............250
Parryae.............    77
polycladon...........232
pungens...........165
tenella.............165
Ginger, wild.............166
Glaux maritima...........363
Glceocapsa..............217
Glossopetalon spinescens......228
Glyceria...............380
Gnaphalium.............357
purpureum.....336, 357
Spi-engelii.......357
Goat, mountain...........113
Godetia...............352
purpurea..........162
Golden-rod............         356
Goldfinch.............143
green-backed......170
Lawrence's.......171
Goloudrina    ...........149. 152
Gomphocarpus cordifolius.....165
Gongylocarpus  fruticulosus   ....    12
Gopher, pocket...........   193
Gooseberry-.............  350
Page
Granatillus francescae........    61
Grape, flaming tokay........no
malaga............in
muscatel..........no
sultana............no
zinfandel...........111
Grass, barnyard...........379
Bermuda...........3S0
blue..............380
Canary.............379
cord........      .....379
couch............3S1
meadow............3S0
nielic...........        380
nit...............379
quaking. .........   381
quitch............381
manna.............380
sand..............381
spike.............381
Grass-wrack.............347
Grayia polygaloides.........233
Greasewood.............102
Greenella Arizonica.........   248
Grindella............. 355, 356
Hendersonii.  .......288
Grosbeak, black-headed.....: .   171
evening..........100
Groundsel..............361
Gulfweed...............221
Gymnogramme triangularis. . . 132, 382
trifoliata......150
Habia melanocephala........171
Habenaria..............374
leucostachys .  .  . . 4, 166, 374
Haliotis corrugata..........139
rufescens..........139
splendens..........139
Hare, black . ..........200
Hawk, Cooper's............    54
sparrow........100, 170, 171
western red-tail........169
Hazel'.............120, 159, 373
Heath, mountain..........15S
Hedysarum boreale.......228, 282
Helenium Bigelovii.........     16
puberulum........360
Helianthella Californica.....75, 358
Helianthemum      ..........120
Helix arrosa.............139
Newberryana.........312
fidelis.............314
Heliotropium...........      365
Heraizonia...............358
fasciculata......337, 358
Hemizonella Durandi ....:.•:.   163
4°4
Index.
[zoe
Page
Hemlock.............118, 256
poison..........353
water............354
Hemp, Indian............164
Heracleum lanatum........354
Hesperanthes albomarginata ....   251
Hesperochiron Californicus.....165
Hesperomys Aztecus.........113
Heterocodon rariflorum.......232
Heteromeles arbutifolia .  . . 120, 336, 349
Heuchera pilosissima.......75, 350
rubescens........-.   162
Hieracium Breweri.........163
Himantostemma Pringlei......149
Hippuris vulgaris..........351
Histiotus niaculatus.........113
Histrionicus histrionicus ......    97
Holcuslanatus............380
Holly, California...........349
Honeysuckle............355
Horehound..............369
water..........368
Hordeuin...............381
Hornwort.............351
Horsetail...............382
Horseweed..............356
Hosackia..........120, 347, 34S
crassifolia.........162
glabra...........120
Heermanni........347
Torreyi..........162
Hound's-tongue...........365
Huckleberry.......120, 261, 276, 363
Hulsea heterochroma........163
Humming-bird, Allen's.......168
Anna's.......168
rufous........167
Costa's.......191
Xantus'.....191, 198
Hydrocotyle.............352
Americana.......116
umbellata.......116
prolifera........116
verticillata.......352
Hydrophyllum capitatum......232
Hypericum..............343
Hypnea?...............224
Hypochseris.............362
Hyptis suaveolens..........141
Ibis, white-faced, glossy.......189
Icterus bullocki...........171
cucullatus Nelsoni......188
Ipomsea aurea............148
bracteata...........148
Quamoclit........      148
Ins..................374
Page
Ischsemum leersioides........379
Iva axillaris.............357
Ivesia santolinoides.........162
Jacquemontia abutiloides......148
Jatropha canescens.........149
cordata...........149
Jaumea carnosa .  . :........359
Jay, California..........169, 171
Junco, Bairdi.............198
Juncus..............377, 37S
Kelloggif...........378
June-berry..............349
Juniperusoccidentalis.......160
Justicia, Palmeri...........149
Kalmia glauca    ...........158
Kelp................220
Kingbird, western..........172
Knotweed..............370
Koeleria cristata...........380
Krynitzkia..............365
glomerata var. acuta. .      250
leucopha;a........232
micromeres........   122
Lace-pod...............340
Lactuca canadensis.........232
leucophsea..........232
scariola...........    77
Lady's-mantle............349
slipper............166
thumb............371
tresses............374
Lagurus ovatus...........381
Lamb's-quarters...........371
Lamarckia aurea...........380
Lanius ludovicianus gambeli ....   169
Laphamia Gilensis........    15
Lark, horned.............142
Larkspur..............338
Lasthenia   .'.............359
Lathyrus...............348
Laurel..............159, 372.
Lavatera............4, 5, 6, 343
assurgentiflora.......343
Thuringiaca........      6
acerifolia......... .      6
Lavender, sea............363
Layia................359
Ledum glandulosum........158
Lemna..............233, 376
Lepachys^tagetes..........230
Lepidium..............340
alyssoides........236
Draba............228
montanum.........236
Lepigonum macrothecum......342
rubrum.........342
VOL.  II.]
Index.
4°5
Page
Lepigonum tenue..........342
Leptotsenia multifida.......230
Lepturus iucurvatus........381
Lepus insularis.......201, 208, 216
sylvaticus...........216
Lessingia germanoruin......356
leptoclada........163
Lettuce, miner's...........343
sea.............218
Libocedrus decurrens.......159
I,igusticum tenuifolium.......229
Lilac, California".......120, 155, 345
Lilsea subulata ...........377
Liliuin maritimum.........375
pardalinum.........375
parvum............166
Washingtonianum.....      166
Lily, leopard.............375
Limosella aquatica.........367
Liuaria................366
Iyinum Breweri...........344
Californicum........334
digynum...........161
micranthum.........161
Loco.................348
Lolium.........«......381
Lomaria spicant...........130
Loniceraconjugialis.........158
hispudula.........355
involucrata.......158, 355
Lophanthus urticifolius.......166
Lousewort.............166
Loxia curvirostris..........      7
Lucerne............'.  . .   347
Lupine..............161, 345
Lupinus.........161, 276, 345, 346
Burkei...........      228
polyphyllus.........345
Stiveri...........161
Luscinia philoinela.........7, 9
Luzula...............      377
Lycosa Carolinensis.........320^
tarantella..........320
Lycopus...............368
Lygodesmia grandiflora.......231
Lyngbya..............218
Lynx baileyi.............113
fasciatus............113
Lyrocarpa Xanti...........145
Lysichiton..............260
Lythrum adsurgens..........351
albicaule..........351
hyssopifolia........351
Sanfordi.........351
Macoma nasuta      ..........137
secta.............137
Page
Madia elegans.........     . .   163
Yosemitana........358, 163
Madrona............120, 265
Mahogany, mountain........157
Maiden's Hair     .......131, 132, 382
Malacothrix Torreyi........231
Malva borealis...........344
Nicseensis...........343
parviflora.........29, 343
Malvastrum Munroanum......22S
Mamillaria Goodridgii.......     19
Halei......... 12,   19
Roseana........    19
Manzanita..............363
Maple       ...............257
Marigold, corn ............360
marsh ...........160
Mariposa............     167, 376
Marmot, yellow-bellied.......212
Marrubium vulgare.......233, 369
Marsilia vestita   . ..........232
Martin, western, purple.......195
Matricaria corymbosa........360
discoidea.......76, 360
inodora var. eligulata .  .    76
occidentalis......76, 360
Mayweed.............76, 360
Mazama montana..........113
Meadow-lark, western........171
Medicago..............347
maculata.........    75
tnarginata.......75, 347
Megarrhiza.............352
Megascops asio bendirei......170
Melanerpes   formicivorus    angusti-
•   frons..............196, 198
Melanophycete............219
Melanotis cserulescens........    62
Melica................380
Melilotus alba............383
parvi folia.........347
Melilot................383
Melospiza fasciata samuelis.....170
lincolni..........100
Mentha..............28, 368
Menyanthes trifoliata.......4, 364
Mertensia Sibirica..........165
Merula confinis...........198
Mesembryanthemum......337, 352
Mesquit...............146
Microcala quadrangularis......364
Micromeria Douglasii........368
Micropus...............357
Microseris............361, 362
nutans..........163
Milfoil...............351
406
Index.
[zoe
Page
Milk-thistle............76, 261
Milkweed..............165
Milkwort, sea............   363
Mimuius angustatus.........    80
deflexus..........    Si
Fremonti.........165
glutinosus......81, 83, 367
I^ewisii..........165
luteus.........165, 367
mephiticus........166
tnoschatus.......83, 233
primuloides.......'".   165
pulchellus.........    81
rubellus..........    81
Torreyi..........165
Mirabilis triflora .     .........148
Mitella Breweri...........162
Mocking-bird, blue.......        62
Monardella..............368
odoratissima......166
Monk's hood.............161
Monkey-flower............367
Montia................343
Morning-glory.........120, 366
Moss, Irish..............223
Mosses of the Yakima region ....   107
Mosses of San Francisco.......384
Mousetail..............337
Mugil curema............191
Muilla maritima...........375
Mussel, black............135
large............136
Mustard, black............339
hedge...........339
tower............339
Mya arenaria............138
My a Hemphilli...........   138
Mya truncata............138
Myiarchus cinerascens.......172
Myosurus............221, 337
Myrica Californica..........336
Hartwegi..........159
Myriophyllum spicatum......351
Myrtle, wax............      373
Mytilus Californicus.........136
edulis............135
Naias.................377
Nama I.obbii...........158, 165
Nassa Californiana.........        70
Nasturtium............339, 340
Nemaliese..............221
Nemophila..............364
breviflora........232
parviflora........165
Nettle...............  .  373
hedge............     369
Page
Neurotrichus Gibbsii      .......113
Nicotiana..............366
Nighthawk, Texan.........    99
Nightshade.............366
Nostochinece.............217
Nuphar polysepalum......161, 338
Nutmeg-tree.............160
Nuthatch, pigmy..........100
St. I/ucas..  ........198
Nuttallia cerasiformis........260
Oak, live...............373
golden.............373
maul...............373
sea...............221
Octopus punctatus.........139
CEnanthe...............354
CEnothera............351, 352
biennis ........162, 352
heteranthera.......229
scapoidea.........229
triloba..........229
Onion, wild.............375
Oosporeas........."*.....220
Opuntia...............    21
prolifera..........     21
rotundifolia.......    21
Orange, Mandarin.........10S
Orchis, rein.............374
Oreoxis humilis...........229
Oriole, Arizona hooded .      ....   188
Bullock's...........171
Orogenia linearifolia........229
Orthocarpus...........233, 368
Oscillaria...............217
Osmorrhiza occidentalis.......229
Oso berry..............348
Ostrea lurida............135
Owl, barn.............22, 169
burrowing.........170, 171
screech..............170
western great-horned.....169
••Owl's-clover............36S
Oxalis................344
Oyster, California..........135
Oyster-plant.............    77
Pachystyma myrsinites.....104, 265
Painted-cup...........120, 267
Paint-brush.............165
Palm, cocoanut...........146
date.............150
Sonora.............150
sea...............220
Palo amarillo............152
de Adam............152
San Jose ....         ......152
Verde...............152
VOL.  II.]
Index.
407
Page
Palo Zorrillo :..............152
Panicutn..............379
Panoche...............195
Panopseagenerosa..........138
Papaver Californicum......121, 122
Papilio Philenor...........158
Paronychia Chilensis.......75, 342
Parrot, Tres Marias.........    55
Parsley, fool's............354
Parsnip, cow.............354
Partridge, California.......171, 172
Parus iuornatus..........168,
cinerascens..........198
Passerina amcena..........171
Passerella iliaca unalaschensis .  . .   123
Paullinia tortuosa ,.........    74
Pearlwort..............341
Pecten sequisulcatus........135
Pediculariscentranthera.....      233
semibarbata.......166
Pellffia andromedEefolia.....132, 382
densa.............132
ornithopus........132, 382
Pennyroyal............      166
Penny wort, marsh..........352
Pentacsena rainosissima.......337
Pentachseta alsinoides........356
Pentstemon azureus.........166
breviflorus.......166
Bridgesii ......      .   166
confertus........166
Grayi..........229
laetus..........166
.    macrocarpum.....230
Menziesii     var.     New-
berryi........166
nudicaule........230
Parryi.........   230
Sonomense........300
Pepper-grass.............340
Peraphyllum ramosissimum  ....   102
Periwinkle..............364
Perognathus femoralis......113
Petalostemon Searlsise.......237
Petrochelidon lunifrons.......171
Petunia parviflora ,.........    34
Peucedanum..............354
. graveolens.......    28
lapidosum.....246
utriculatum   .... 163, 354
Pewee, black.............171
.    western wood........171
Piacelia...............215
Eisenii . ......... 252
. humilis.........252, 354
.  .    hydrophylloides......165
Page
Phacelia integrifolia........ .   250
¦ Ivesiana   .  .   ........232
namatoides   ....... 252, 165
racemosa..........252
Pringlei..........252
Whitlavia.........320
Phseosporeae.............219
Phalacroseris Bolanderi.......163
Phalaris...............379
¦ Philadelphia niicrophyllus.....102
Phleum...............   379
Phlox Douglasii .  ..........163
Phoenix dactylifera.........150
Phragmites   ...      .........380
Phyllospadix.............377
Phylloxera vastatrix........305
Phytolacca decandra.........    27
Picris echioides   .......... .   126
Pigeon, Viosca's...........198
Pigweed   . .  .............371
Pimpernel.............   364
Pimpinella..............353
Pine-drops..............164
sugar..............160
• yellow...........118, 160
Pink, sea.  . .............363
Pinole................   141
Pinus cembroides........184, 251
contorta..........160, 287
Jeffreyi............160
Lambertiana.........   160
monticola     ........160, 266
Murrayana..  ..........287
monophylla. .   . .......251
var. edulis........251
ponderosa ;........    160, 236
Sabiniana.......... .   236
Pipevine...............374
Pipilo crissalis............170
maculata magnirostris ....   198
oregonus...........   172
Pitahaya.............. .  193
dulce.............183
Plagiobothrys Torreyi........165
Plantago...............369
Plantain...............369
rattlesnake........166
Platyodon cancellatus ;.......138
Platystemon .............338
Platystigma.............338
Plegadis gaurana   .  .........189
Pleuricospora fimbriolata......164
Plum-pockets...........157
wild..............157
Poa .....:.;........380, 381
Poison Oak;............   156
408
Index.
[zoe
Page
Polemonium casruleum.......165
humile. .  .'......165
Polygala subspinosa........228
Polygonum.............370
Polypody.............129, 382
Polypodium Californicum .... 129, 382
falcatum........129
vulgare........129
Scouleri. .  . .. .  . .129, 382
Polypogon..............379
Pondweed............, . .  377
Poplar .  ..............159
Poppy, California..........120
tree..............121
Populus monticola..........1S4
tremuloides........159
trichocarpa.........159
Porphyries..............221
Portulaca pilosa...........228
Potamogeton.............377
Potentilla...........162, 349
rivalis   .      ........383
Primrose, evening........162, 351
Sierra...........164
Primula suffrutescens........164
Procyon lotor.......... 212, 216
Progne subis hesperia....... .   195
Prosartes Hookeri..........376
Prosopis juliflora...........146
Prunus demissa.....103, 151, 348, 383
emarginata.........157
ilicifolia...........348
subcordata..........157
Psaltriparus minimus califoruiensis. 168
grindse ....   198
Pseudogryphus californianus ....    52
Pseudotsuga Bouglasi......160, 256
Psilocarphus tenellus........357
Psoralea castorea..........244
mephitica.........244
Pteris aquilina..........132, 382
Pterospora andromedea.......163
Pupa arizonensis.var. saxicola . .    18
Pupa ovata forma antiquorum  .    18
Purshia tridentata..........102
Pussy-paws..............161
Pycnanthemum Californicum ....   166
Pyrola picta.............  282
Pyrrhula rubicilla..........      7
Pyrus sambucifolia.........157
Quercus agrifolia   . ..........373
Quercus, Breweri..........159
chrysolepis.......159, 373
dumosa.......... .   159
Kclloggii......... .   159
undulata..........102
Page
Rabbit-brush.......*......102
Raccoon...............212
Radish................340
Rafinesquia Californica.......362
Ranunculus aquatilis      .......338
Californicus......338
hebecarpus......338
hystriculus......160
muricatus  .... 3, 128, 338
occidentalis var.tenellus 226
Raphanus sativus..........340
. Rattleweed..............348
Redwood...............118
Reed.................380
Reed-birds.............142
Regulus calendula..........19S
Rhamnus Californica .... 103, 256, 344
crocea.........156, 344
Purshiana.......120, 259
Rhodinocichla rosea.........    64
Rhododendron Californicum ....    77
occidentale.....158
Sonomense.....300
Rhodomelete.............224
Rhodomeneae...........   223
Rhodophycese............221
Rhus...............156, 344
aromatica...........103 •
Rhynchelmis limosella      ......323
Ribes aureum.............103
divaricatum.........3=0
Menziesii...........350
sanguineum    .....157,167, 350
Rice-root...............376
Rivularia...............218
Road-runner............57, 191
Robin, cape.............198
Rocket, sea..............340
Rosa Californica.........157, 349
Rose.................349
Rosemary, marsh..........363
Roubieva multtfida.........372
Rubus Nutkanus.........157, 349
spectabilis........270, 349
ursinus............349
vitifolius...........349
Rue, meadow...........161, 337
Rumex..............124, 370
Rush, scouring...........  . .  382
spike..............378
Sage, salty..............102
Sagina crassicaulis   . .   .......383
.    occidentalis.......260, 341
Salal........ .......95, 263, 363
Salicornia ambigua.........372
Salix cordata var. Mackenziana . . .   103
VOL. II.]
Index.
409

Page
Salix flavescens   . . • •.......259
lasiandra............103
lassolepis.........336, 373
longifolia............103
Salmon-berry...........270, 349
SalsolaKali  ...."'.........233
Salvia carduacea..........   141
Chian............ .   141
Columbarise..........140
Hispanica...........141
tilisefolia...........141
Sambucus glauca   .      . . 158, 258, 336, 355
melanocarpa.......   158
racemosa.......158, 258
Samphire...............372
Sandpipers..............143
Sandwort..............341
Sanicula arctopoides........353
bipinnatifida........353
liberta...........353
maritima........95. 353
Menziesii......  . .  . .   353
tuberosa..........353
Saponaria vaccaria.........341
Sarcobatus vermiculatus......102
Sarcodes sanguinea.........163
Sarcoramphus pupa.........    53
Saxidomus aratus..........137
Nuttalli.........137
Saxifraga peltata..........162
reflexa..........350
virginiensis........350
Sayornis nigricans..........171
Scabiosa atropurpurea.......    27
Scallop................135
Scandix pecten-veneris.....• .    75
Scardafella inca...........    51
Schizothserus Nuttalli.......137
Scirpus................378
Sciurus fossor............213
nigripes........213
hudsonius..........213
Douglasii.....212
fremonti......113
Scoliopus Bigelovii.........    79
Hallii.........' . .    80
Scrophularia Californica.......366
Scutellaria Californica........166
tuberosa.........369
Sea-sacks...............223
Seaweeds, list of...........217
Sedum spathulifolium.....162, 350
obtusatum..........162
Rhodiola...........162
Self-heal...............369
Seliuum capitellatum.......      163
Page
Semele decisa...........137
Senebiera coronopus........340
didyma..........340
Senecio aronicoides.........361
aureus............163
lugens............163
sylvaticus..........    27
triangularis.........163
vulgaris...........361
Service-berry...........102, 349
Shepherdia argentea........103
Shepherd's-purse..........340
Shooting-star...........164, 363
Shore-bur..............357
Shrike, California      .........169
Sida Xanti..............146
Sidalcea diploscypha........128
malvasflora.........344
Silene antirrhina.........120, 161
Bridgesii...........161
Californica..........161
Douglasii..........161
Galliea...........120, 341
multinervia........121, 122
verecunda...........341
Siliqua patula...........138
Silk-tassel tree...........157
Silver-weed..............349
Silybum marianuin .... 5, 76, 120, 361
Siphoneae..............218
Sisymbrium.........' . 28, 120, 339
Sisyrinchium.............375
Sitta carolinensis lagunse......198
Sitta pygmsea............100
Skullcap .  . .  . ¦......... 166, 369
Skunkweed.............364
Skunk, little striped.........193
Smartweed, water..........371
Smilacina sessilifolia........375
Snake-bird..............    49
Snakeroot, button    .........353
Sneezeweed............163, 360
Snowberry............158, 355
Snow-plant..............160
Soaproot.............166, 375
Soapwort...............341
Solanum.............151, 366
Solidago...............356
Soliva sessilis............360
Solomon's-seal, false.........375
Sonchus asper..........126, 363
oleraceus......126, 336, 363
Song-sparrow, Samuel's......170
Sophora sericea...........    13
Sorex pacificus........, .  . .   113
Sorrel.................344
410
Index.
[zoe
Page
Sorrel, sheep.............370
Sparganium minimum   .....      .   233
Sparrow, Bell's............    22
Bryant's..........171
F.nglish..........143
Ganibel's.........170
Lincoln's.........100
thick-billed........123
sage............    22
¦western chipping.....170
white-crowned   ......   100
Spartina stricta...........379
Spearmint..........? .  .   .   368
Speotyto cunicularia hypogsea   .  . .   170
Spergula arvensis..........342
Spermophilus graniruurus atricapil-
lus     ............203, 205, 216
beecheyi 203
Sphacele calycina.......4, 120, 369
Spice-bush..............157
Spider, trap-door..........319
turret-building......318
Spilogale lucasana..........193
Spinach, sea      ............352
Spinus lawrencei.............171
psaltria............170
Spiraea discolor var. arisefolia ....   348
Douglasii...........157
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana .... 166, 374
Spizella socialis arizoua;.......170
Spraguea uinbellata.........161
Spruce, Douglas.........160, 256
Spurrey, corn............342
Squamarias.............221
Squaw-apples   .  .   .¦.........102
Squaw-mats.............155
Stachys................369
Staggerweed.............285
Stanleya albescens.......17, 227
elata..........16, 236
plnnatifida.........     17
Statice Limouium..........363
Stelgidopteryx serripennis.....195
Stellaria Jamesii...........161
longipes..........t6i
media...........341
uitens.........161, 341
Stephanomeria............362
Stipa.................379
Stouecrop..............350
Strawberry..............349
Streptanthus tortuosus.......161
Strix pratincola..........22, 169
Sturnella magna neglecta......171
Sturnus vnlgaris...........      7
Suaeda................   372
Page
Sutroa alpestris..........322
rostrata...........322
Swallow, bank...........195
rough-winged.......195
Swift, black.............128
Sylvania pusilla pilfeolata......188
Sylvia melanocephala........      7
Symphoricarpus racemosus .  . . 158, 355
Tabachiu...............146
Tamarack..............160
Tannas leucurus.......193, 211, 266
Harrisi............211
Tanacetum............126, 360
Tansy................360
Tarantula..............319
Tapes stamiuea...........136
var. laciniata.....136
tenerrima..........136
Taraxacum..............362
Tare................      348
Tarweed...............358
Taxidea americana   . "*........173
Taxus brevifolia.........160, 257
Teal, blue-wiuged.........97, 128
cinnamon...........    97
Teasel...............383
Tecoma stans............148
Tellima heterophylla........350
midicaulis..........300
Tetradymia spiuosa.........231
Tetragonia expansa.........352
Thalictrum............161, 237
Thelesperma subuudum.......230
Thelypodium ambiguum......227
aureum.......227
Thimbleberry............349
Thistle..........120, 360, 361, 363
Thlaspi arvense...........228
Thrift   .   . .,.............363
Thrush, big-tree...........    99
dwarf............     99
rose-breasted........    64
russet-backed.......171
Thuja gigautea...........256
Thysanocarpus curvipes.......161
erectus.......145
Tidy-tips...............359
Tiger-beetles.............152
Tillsea...............350
Tissa Clevelandi...........342
Titmouse, ashy...........198
plain...........168
Tivela crassatelloides........136
Toad-flax...............366
Tobacco...............366
Tofieldia gliitinosa..........167
VOL.  II.]
Index.
411

Page
Tolmiea Menziesii..........349
Torote...............199
Torreya Californica.......120, 160
Townsendiaarizonica x incana 248
strigosa.........230
Towhee, California brown   .....   170
mountain.........198
Tragopon porrifolius.......77, 126
Trichocoronis Wrightii.......301
Trifolium........228, 255, 346, 347
Triglochin niaritimum.......377
Trillium...............376
Trisetum...............380
Triticum...............   381
Trochilus alleni...........168
anna............168
costse...........191
rufus...........167
Troglodytes aedon parkmanni .  . .   170
insularis........    66
Troximon...........163, 232, 362
Trucha................191
Tsuga Mertensiana.........256
Pattoniaua........160, 279
Turdus merula............      7
Turdus musicus...........      7
sequoiensis.........    99
ustulatus........9, 171
Turnip................339
Twin-berry...........158, 355
dwarf.............158
Typha latifolia............376
Tyranuus verticalis.........172
Ulvaceae..............218
Umbellularia Californica   .... 159, 372
Umbrella-plant...........162
TJSa de gavilan............152
gato.............152
Urocyon virginianus scottii.....173
Urtica...............372, 373
Vacciuium......120, 261, 273, 276, 363
Valerianella.............355
olitoria.......75, 355
Verbascum Thapsus.........233
Verbena, sea.............370
Verbesiua scaposa.........248
Veronica.........28, 126,127, 367
Vesperimus americanus.......114
Vetch.................348
Vicia.................348
Viguiera subiucisa.........     12
Vinca major.............364
Page
Viola.............161, 228, 341
Violet...............161, 341
dogtooth............166
Vireo, flavo-viridis..........    61
gilvus.............170
yellow-green.........    61
warbling..........170
Vitis, Californica...........no
Vulture, California..........52
king.............53
Wake-robbin.............376
Wallflower, rough..........339
Warbler, pileolated........188
Macgillivray's.....192
summer.........171
Washingtonia Sonorse........150
Water-lily, yellow........161, 338
Waterwort..............343
Wax-myrtle.............159
Willow..............159, 373
Willow-herb...........162, 351
Wood-balm............120, 369
Woodpecker, narrow-fronted   . . 196, 198
Wood-rush..............377
Woodwardia radicans........130
Wormseed..............372
Wormwood.............361
Wren, cactus.............133
Parkman's..........170
ruby-crowned.........198
Socorro............    66
Wyethia angustifolia........358
Xanthium..............358
Xerophyllum tenax.....". .  . .   265
Yarrow................360
Yell ow-eyed-gr ass..........375
Yellow-throat, Belding's......192
western.......192
Yerba buena.............368
Yerba santa...........120, 158
Yew................160, 256
Zannichellia............."377
Zauschneria Californica.....162, 352
Zenaidura Graysoni........48
macroura.........172
Zephyranthes arenicola.......150
Zonites Elliott!...........3H
Zonotrichia gambeli.........170
leucophrys.......100
Zoosporeee..............219
Zostera marina...........    37
Zygadenus Fremonti........120


PLATE XIY.
. Br.S.

Sp.aP
ex.poT.
ctlbcfL
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SUTROA   ALPESTRIS

PLATE XV
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SUTROA   ALPESTRIS
PLATE XYI.

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SUTROA ALPESTRIS
PLATE XVII.
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN  FRANCISCO.
mnr



The following- names of members were .in some unaccountable
manner omitted from the list of the California Botanical Club:
Mrs.- Maggie Bowers, Ventura, Cal.
Mrs. F. Grayson-Crane, St. Helena, Cal.
M. W. Gorman, 75 N. 13th St., Portland, Oregon.
Rev. F. V. Kelsey, Helena, Montana.
Miss Louise A. Littleton, Zebra, Cal.
H. S. Nichols, Healdsburg, Cal.
Prof. Lucien M. Underwood, De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind.
Z 0 E
A    BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly..
Vol. II.
APRIL,   1891.
No. 1.
Fj-r ¦¦7J-        CONTENTS:
H. W. Harkness, Biographical Notice and Portrait   .....
Botanical Reminiscences: H. H. Behr.......
Oregon's Imported Songsters: A. W. Anthony.....
Plants peculiar to Magdalena and Santa Margarita4lslands:
T.S.Brandegee     .       .       .       .       .
New Plants from Arizona, Utah and Nevada: Marcus E. Jones
Cactacese of the Cape Region of Baja California: T. S. Brandegee
Strange Nesting Place of the Barn Owl: W. Otto Emekson     .       .       .
Relationship of Bell's and Sage Sparrow: F. O. Johnson         ...
Naturalized Plants of Southern California, VIII: S. B. Parish
Andrew Jackson Grayson: Walter E. Bryant       .       .       .       .
Drymaria in Baja California: T. S. Brandegee.....
A Miocene Shell in the Living State: J. J. Rivers.....
A New Astragalus: T. S. Brandegee       .       ...       .       .   '    .
Use of Broken Pottery Among Indians: Edward Palmer
Paullinia tortuosa (Benth.):  T. S. Brandegee       .             ' .
Contributions to West American Botany: Katharine Brandegee   .
Recent Literature        .       .       .        ........
Some of the Causes and Results of Polygamy among the Pinnipedia.
Pass
I-
2
6
II
12
• 18
22
22
26
34
.   68
70
72
73
74
75
84
De-
scription of two new species of Rodents from Mexico. Collection of
Mammals from Costa Rica. ' Collection of Mammals from Southern Texas
and Southeastern Mexico. Marine Reservation. Periods occupied by
Birds in the Incubation of their Eggs. Plates of January and April Ibis.
Notes on the Classification of the Pigens. Doves Nesting in Trees.
Notes, on North American Kites. Descriptions of seven supposed new
North American Birds. Observations on the Farallon Rail. Flora Fran-
ciscana. Revision of North American Species of Epilobium. American
Garden.     Botanical   Gazette.     Germination  of  some  North American
Report of the California Board of For-
Plants.   Torrey Club Bulletin,
estry.   Journal of Mycology,
Proceedings of Societies.
California Academy of Sciences
California Botanical  Club
92
93
San   Francisco:
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,
P. O. Box 2114.
Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as
Second-Class matter, May 20,1890.
Yearly Subscription, $2.00
Single Copy, 75 cts.
2OE
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly by the
ZOH>    PUBMSHINQ    OOMPA.TSIY,     San   Franoisoo,    Oal
Subscriptions, $2.OO Per Year;   Single Numbers, 75 Cents.
EDITOR :   .
TOWNSHEND S.  BRANDEGEE-
ASSOCIATE EDITORS :
H. H. Behr,         Katharine Brandegee,         Walter E. Bryant,         Frank H. Vaslit,
Charles A. Keeler.
Volume I, pps. vi, 389, plate i-xii, price $2.00, may be obtained from the publishers.
A New American Quarterly of Philosophy, Science, Eeligion and Sociology.
THB   MONIST.
Published by the Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago.
Ooatenta of the First Number—Now Beadys
I.   MR. A. R. WALLACE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTION,
By GEO.J. ROMANES, LL. £>., F. R. S.
3.   THE IMMORTALITY OF INFUSORIA,
By ALFRED BINET.
$.   ON THB MATERIAL RELATIONS OF SEX IN HUMAN SOCIETY,
By PROF. E. D. COPE.
4.   THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSATIONS,
By PROF. ERNST MACH.
5.   THE ORIGIN OF MIND,
By DR. PA UL CAR US.
6.   THE MAGIC MIRROR,
By MAX DESSOIR.
7.   THF PSYCHOLOGY OF HARALD HOEFFDING,
By W. M. SALTER.
SINGLE NUMBERS,   -   50 CENTS.
* Terms of Subscription:   $2.00 a year, postpaid, to any part of the United States, Canada
or Mexico; to foreign countries in the Postal.Union, $2.25.
For $1.00 a year extra, the publishers offer to send the separate copies of the Maga-
zine tastefully bound in cloth with gold lettering.
The Monist is intended to continue a portion of the work done by The Open Court.
The Open Court will continue to be published weekly, but it will be reduced in size; viz:
to eight quarto* pages. (Annual subscription price $2.00, as before; single numbers 5 cts.,
instead 0110 cts.) The Open Court will be made more popular than it was before; it will
be relieved of the more abstract and specifically scientific productions, which will find a
fitter place for publication in the new Quarterly.   -
The Open Court will continue to publish short ethical sermons, popular expositions of
scientific subjects, timely notes on current topics, book reviews, etc. Holding that the
monistic solution is the only tenable position, it will in the future, as before, remain
open to the discussion of the principal problems.of philosophy, religion, ethics and
sociology. '
THE   OPEN   COURT  PUBLISHING   COMPANY,
169-175 La Salle St., Chicago, 111.
T
ZOE
A    BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly.
Vol. II.                JULY,   1891.                No. 2.
CONTENTS:
Page
Notices of Some California Birds: L. Belding......         97
Influence of Pollen upon the Quality of Fruit: G. Eisen     ....       101
The Common Shrubs of Southwest Colorado: Alice Eastwood       .       .       102
Unusual Nesting Place of Empidonax hammondi: J. C. Cooper        .       .       104
List of Mosses Collected by T. S. Brandegee in the Yakima Region of Wash-
ington, 1882-3      .       .       . ¦......        .       .       107
The Reciprocal Influence of Stock and Scion: Gustav Eisen    .       .       .       108
The Fertilization of Geraniums: Alice Eastwood.....       112
Notes on the Land Mammals of California: Walter E. Bryant      .       .       112
The Introduction of Blastophaga psenes into California: Gustav Eisen     .       114
Notes on California Plants: S. B. Parish.......        116
The Vegetation of "Burns": T. S. Brandegee.....       118
Nesting Habits of Thick-Billed Sparrows: H. R. Taylor .        .        .        .       123
Notes on Introduced Plants of Santa Clara: B. Frank Leeds    .       .       .       124
Notices of Certain Californian Birds: Walter E. Bryant        .       .       .       128
The Ferns of Tamalpais: Mary Elizabeth Parsons         .       .       .       .       129
Notes on the Cactus Wren: A. W. Anthony.....,       133
Edible Mollusks of Western North America: Henry Hemphill       .       .       134
Chia: Edward Palmer..........       140
The "Reed Birds" of the San Francisco Markets: Walter E. Bryant    .       142
Field Notes on the Plants of Baja California: T. S. Brandegee        .       .       145
The Tiger Beetles of California: George W. Dunn.....       152
The Flora of Yo Semite: Katharine Brandegee     .   t   .       .       .       .       155
The Nesting Time of Birds about San Francisco Bay: Chas. A. Keeler   .       167
Recent Literature...........       172
Proceedings of Societies.
California Academy of Sciences       .       .       .       .                .       .       179
California Botanical   Club........       182
Notes .       .       .       .       .       ..........       183
San   Francisco :
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,
P. O. Box 2114.
Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as                                     Yearly Subscription, $2.00
Second-Class matter, May 20,1890.      .                                           Single Copy, 75 cts.
ZO
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly by the
ZOE>    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,     San    Francisco,    Cal
Subscriptions, $2.OO Per Year;   Single Numbers, 75 Cents.
EDITOR :
TOWNSHEND S.  BRANDEGEE.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS :
H. H. Behr,         Katharine Brandegee,         Walter E. Bryant,         Frank H.Vaslit,
Charles A. Keeler.
"Volume I, pps. vi, 389, plate i-xii, price $2.00, may be obtained from the publishers.
6':
A New American Quarterly of Philosophy, Science, Eeligioa and Sociology.
THE   MO N I ST.
Published by the Open Court Publishing Co. , Chicago.
Contents of the First Number—liFow Eoady:
1.   mr. a. r. wallace on physiological selection,
by geo.j. romanes, ll.d., f. r. s.
2.   thu immortality of infusoria,
By ALFRED BINET.
3.   ON THE MATERIAL RELATIONS OF SEX IN HUMAN SOCIETY,
By PROF. E. D. COPE.
4.   THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSATIONS,
By PROF. ERNST MACH.
5.   THE ORIGIN OF MIND,
By DR. PAUL CARUS.
6.   THE MAGIC MIRROR,
By MAX DESSOIR.
7.   THF PSYCHOLOGY OF HARALB HOEFFDING,
By VS. M. SALTER.
SINGLE NUMBERS,   -   50 CENTS.
Terms of Subscription'. $2.00 a year, postpaid, to any part of the United States, Canada
or Mexico; to foreign countries in the Postal Union, £2.25.
¦   For $1.00 a year extra, the publishers offer to send the separate copies of the Maga-
zine tastefully bound in cloth with gold lettering.   ..
The Monistic intended to continue a portion of the work done by The Open Court.
The Open Court will continue to be published weekly, but it will be reduced in size; viz:
to eight quarto pages. (Annual subscription price $2.00, as before; single numbers 5 cts.,
instead of 10 cts.) Tlte Open Court will be made more popular than it was before; it will
be relieved of the more abstract and specifically scientific productions, which will find a
fitter place for publication in the new Quarterly.
The Open Court will" continue to publish short ethical sermons, popular expositions of
scientific subjects, timely notes on current topics, book reviews, etc. Holding that the
monistic solution is the only tenable position, it will in the future, as before, remain
open to the discussion of the principal problems of philosophy, religion, ethics and
sociology.
THE   OPEN   COURT   PUBLISHING   COMPANY,
169-175 I,a Salle St., Chicago, 111.
6':

ZOE
A    BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly.
Vol. II.           OCTOBER,   1891.           No. 3.
CONTENTS:
Page
The Cape Region of Baja California: Walter E. Bryant       .        .       .        185
The Mariposa Lilies of Colorado: Alice Eastwood .       .       .                .       201
Notes on the Colors of West Coast Mammals: Charles A. Keeler         .       203
List of California Marine Algse, with Notes: C. L. Anderson   .        .       .       217
Additions to the Flora of Colorado, I: Alice Eastwood  .       .       .        .       226
Mariposa County as a Botanical District: J. W. Congdon         .        .        .       234
New Species and Notes of Utah Plants: Marcus E. Jones        .       .        .       236
A New Phacelia: T. S. Brandegee.........       252
The Flora of the Olympics: L. F. Henderson .       .       .       .                .       253
Recent Literature.......        .        .               .       295
American Naturalist, August and September, 1891. New Species of Capromys,
from the Plana Keys, Bahamas. Auk for October, 1891. The Color-Pat-
tern of the Upper Tail-Coverts in Colaptes atiratus. Birds observed near
Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and April, 1891. Morphology
of the Avian Brain. Evolution of the upright tail in the Dog. Ibis, Octo-
ber, 1891. Journal of Morphology, V, No. 2. Botanical Gazette, August,
September, October, 1891. Bull. Torrey Club, July, September, October,
1891.    Pittonia, No. 10, July-September, 1891.
Proceedings of Societies:
California Academy of Sciences.......302
California Botanical Club.......        .       304
San   Francisco:
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,
P. O. Box 2114.
Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as                                     Yearly Subscription, $2.00
Second-Class matter.                                                          Single Copy, 75 cts.
ZO'E
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly by the
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,     San    Franolsoo,    Oal
Subscriptions, $2.OO Per Year;   Single Numbers, 75 Cents.
editor:  '
TOWNSHEND S. BRANDEGEE-
ASSOCIATE EDITORS :
H. H. Behk,      Katharine Brandegee,      Walter E. Bryant,       Douglas H. Campbell,
Charles A. Keeler.      Frank H. Vaslit.
Volume I, pps. vi, 389, plate i-xii, price $2.00, may be obtained from the publishers.
FOR EXCHANGE.
Fragments  of petrified bone  of the Mastodon and Saurian,
plainly showing tissue, in exchange for bird's eggs.    The remains
were recently discovered in one of the caverns of the Grand.
Address,             PAUL E. KENNEDY,
Grand Junction, Colorado.
Member Western Colo. Academy of Science.
5LL,
ZOE
A    BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly.
Vol. II.
JANUARY,   1892.
No. 4.
CONTENTS:
Page
Biological Peculiarities of Phyloxera: H. H. Behr.....       305
Coleoptera and Mollusca of the San Francisco Beach: George W. Dunn       310
Studies Among Mollusks:—Instinct  and Genera: Henry Hemphiix       .       312
Description of the Nest of the California Turret-Building Spider, with Some
References to Allied Species: J. J. Rivers.....       318
Anatomical Notes on Sutroa alpe$tris; Gustav Eisen      .        .        .              322
Flowering Plants and Ferns of San Francisco: Katharine Brandegee .       334
Appendix—List of the Mosses of San Francisco:     .       .       .       .       384
Members of Botanical Club   .       .       .                *       .       386
Recent Literature...........       390
Contributions to American Botany XVIII.   Descriptions of New Plants, chief-
ly Gamopetalse, Collected by C. G. Pringle in 1889-1890.
Proceedings of Societies:
California Academy of Sciences        .       .       .       . • ¦    .       .       .       391
California Botanical Club         .       .       .       . ¦     .       .   •   .       .    •   396
Notes-         .       .       .       .       .........       396
San   Francisco :
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,
P. O. Box 2114.
Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as
Second-Class matter.
Yearly Subscription, $2.00
Single Copy, 75 cts.
ZOE
A   BIOLOGICAL   JOURNAL.
Published Quarterly by the
ZOE    PUBLISHING    COM! PA. NY,      San    Francisco,    Cal
Subscriptions, $2.OO Per Year;   Single Numbers, 75 Cents.
This price is invariable, no discount being made to dealers or agents.
kditor :
TOWNSHEND S. BRANDEGEE.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS :
H. H. Behr,      Katharine Brandegee,       Walter E. Bryant,       Douglas H. Campbell,
Charles A. Keeler.      Frank H. Vaslit.
Volume I, pps. vi, 389, plate i-xii, and vol. ii, pp.vi, 411, 6 plates, price $2.00 each, may be
obtained from the publishers.
Charles C. Riedy,
Dealer in
Microscopes, Objectives I Accessories,
All kinds of  JVIienoseopieal and Biologieal
Supplies on  hand   of fupnisned to   opdei*.
432 MONTGOMERY ST.       San Francisco, Cal.
FOR EXCHANGE.
Fragments  of petrified bone  of the Mastodon and  Saurian,
plainly showing tissue, in exchange for bird's eggs.    The remains
were recently discovered in one of the caverns of the Grand.
Address,             PAUL E.. KENNEDY,
Grand Junction, Colorado.
Member Western Colo. Academy of Science.