SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 [Whole Volume] CO 44 -a: o3 T3 o> p-l ID 5 H -a 73 © c -a CO a3 ►» o o CO © £>JD aJ O o c o Seneca Morphology and Dictionary Wallace L. Chafe %pW&"'*i'fye% '"'-■ „•. ■:....^,..-~ - SMITHSONIAN PRESS Washington: 1967 A Publication of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION United States National Museum LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CARD 65-62172 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1967 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - $2.25 I Y.H- I9G7 MMT CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 SYMBOLS 4 ABBREVIATIONS 4 MORPHOLOGY 5 1. Phonemes 5 2. Method 6 3. Automatic alternations 8 4. Prosodic variants 10 5. The irreducible verb stem 11 6. The singular subjective prefix 13 7. The irreducible noun 14 8. The modal verb 15 9. The nonsingular subjective prefix 16 10. The objective prefix 17 11. The transitive prefix 19 12. The nominalizer 22 13. The root suffixes 23 14. The incorporated noun root 25 15. The reflexive/reciprocal base 26 16. The eventuative and facilitative 27 17. The progressive 27 18. The continuative 28 19. The past 28 20. The attributive suffixes 29 21. The primary prefixes 29 22. The duplicative 30 23. The negative 31 24. The translocative 31 25. The secondary prefixes 31 26. Irregularities 32 27. Colloquial style 33 28. Idiolect variants 34 29. Charts 34 Index of terms in the morphology 35 DICTIONARY 37 ENGLISH INDEX TO THE DICTIONARY 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 126 Seneca Morphology and Dictionary Introduction This work is an extended description of the structure of words in the Seneca language. A description of the grammar of Seneca words has already been published in the International Journal of American Linguistics (Chafe, 1960, 1961 a). A major omission from that work, however, was a comprehensive list of the verb roots, noun roots, and particles of the language, with specification of their grammatical peculiarities and examples of their use. The present work is designed to fill that gap. Its chief purpose is to make available a Seneca dictionary, or lexicon. Since, however, the dictionary contains many references to paragraphs in the Seneca Morphology mentioned above, it was thought useful to republish that work as part of this volume. Republication seems all the more useful in view of the fact that the original Seneca Morphology is scattered through eight numbers of two different volumes of the journal. Minor revisions and corrections have been made, but extensive changes, however desirable they might have been, were out of the question because the references in the dictionary were already keyed to paragraph numbers in the original version, as were the references given in the Grammatical Commentary of Seneca Thanksgiving Rituals (Chafe, 1961 b). Seneca is at present the native language of a few thousand persons, most of whom live on the Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda Reservations in western New York State and on the Grand River Reserve in Ontario, Canada. There are few if any speakers now under 30 years of age. Seneca is historically important as the language of the Five (now Six) Nations of the Iroquois and as the language of Handsome Lake, the Iroquois prophet (Parker, 1913; for a history of the Seneca see Parker, 1926). Within the Iroquoian language family, Seneca is a member of the Northern Iroquoian subgroup, which includes also Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora among the languages still spoken. Seneca is most closely related to Cayuga, but the two are different enough to be considered separate languages. The dialect differenti- ation within Seneca itself is minor. Earlier works on 229-257—67 2 Seneca include several brief grammatical sketches (Voegelin and Preston, 1949, and Holmer, 1952, 1953, 1954) and texts (Hewitt, 1903, 1918). A list of still earlier sources is available in Pilling (1888). The material on which this work is based was ob- tained during four summers of fieldwork, 1956-59, on the three New York reservations. It consists of an extensive corpus of Seneca words and texts, including formal speeches, legends, historical accounts, and con- versations. I am deeply grateful for the assistance provided by numerous speakers of Seneca, above all by Solon Jones and Leroy Button of the Cattaraugus Reservation, Lena P. Snow, Tessie Snow, and Edward Curry of the Allegany Reservation, and Corbett Sun- down and Betsy Carpenter of the Tonawanda Reserva- tion. Appreciation is also due to William N. Fenton, Floyd G. Lounsbury, the Smithsonian Institution, Yale University, and especially to the New York State Museum and Science Service, under whose auspices the fieldwork was conducted. Both the Smithsonian In- stitution and the University of California provided support for the completion of the manuscript, and thanks are due to Karlena Glemser, Myra Rothenberg, and Aura Cuevas for their help in this regard. The lexicon of a language is a vast terrain which no one could hope to explore fully during a few scattered field trips. Although grammatical analysis can per- haps lead to a point of diminishing returns after a reasonable period of investigation, I doubt that such a point has even been approached for the vocabularies of any languages except those few which have a long tradition of lexicography. Certainly the experience which I and others have had with American Indian languages refutes the ethnocentric myth that such languages are poor in their means of expression. What is given in the dictionary of this work is simply what I was able to obtain in a period that was totally inade- quate for the purpose. In making this lexical material available, I have had several possible uses of it in mind. I should say first that I have not intended that anyone should use it for l SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 learning to speak the Seneca language, although I would be very happy if someone were to find it helpful for that purpose. Above all I have wanted to provide data that can be used in comparative Iroquoian studies. Such work is stymied, as it is in most American Indian lan- guage families, by the absence of detailed lexical ma- terial. This is the first modern dictionary of any Iroquoian language, and I fervently hope that other and better ones will follow. Reconstruction, subgrouping, and the possible establishment of relationships outside the family cannot proceed without them. Second, the listing of roots with examples of their use will serve to elucidate the morphological patterns of the language beyond the few examples provided in the morphology, and to show something of the scope and frequency of constructions mentioned there. I regret the absence of syntactic examples; this compilation is a byproduct of a preoccupation with morphology. Examples of syntactic patterns as well as further morphological examples may be culled from my "Seneca Thanksgiving Rituals" and from Hewitt's texts. Finally, this ma- terial may prove useful in "language and culture" studies of various kinds. The dictionary is for the most part a list of the verb roots and noun roots which I have recorded within Seneca words, with typical examples of their occurrence. Such entries are written with initial and final hyphens and with the appropriate abbreviation ("vb. rt." or "nn. rt.") immediately following the main entry. A few items are not clearly analyzable into root and suffix, but do occur with recognizable prefixes. They are entered with only an initial hyphen, and identified with the word "stem." Items neither preceded nor followed by hyphens are whole words not analyzable as verbs or nouns; elsewhere I have called them "particles" [5.1]. I have also included all of the affix allomorphs previ- ously fisted in [30.2]. They can be identified by the presence of initial and/or final hyphens and the lack of any identification as either root or stem. The initial entry is followed by any possible variant shapes, with indications as to their conditioning, and then by any other pertinent morphophonemic informa- tion. Most importantly, a verb root is followed in parentheses by the allomorphs of three of its aspect suffixes, in the order (1) descriptive, (2) iterative, (3) imperative. The punctual allomorph, which is not listed, is identical with the imperative except that wherever the imperative has h, the punctual has ? [8.2]. A blank indicates that no aspect suffix of that kind has been recorded. Thus (-'?, -'?s, —) indicates that the descriptive allomorph is -'?, the iterative allomorph -'?s, and the imperative (and punctual) allomorphs unknown or nonoccurrent. Following the morphophonemic in- formation is the English gloss or glosses. A verb root or noun root is then followed by examples of its occur- rence in words. Illustrations of various affixes and of incorporated forms are given when available. After the Seneca lexicon, an index to the English glosses is provided as an English-Seneca reference. Only the main Seneca entries are cited, but they will lead to whatever pertinent material on the gloss in included. The alphabetical order followed in the listing of Seneca items is a, as, e, e, h, i, j, k, n, o, o, s, t, u, w, y, ?. Symbols other than these are ignored in the alphabetizing, but affixes beginning with (C), :, and 0 are listed in that order at the end of the dictionary. There follows a synopsis of the description contained in the morphology, which should be consulted for further details. Seneca verbs normally contain as a minimum a verb root (e.g., -ke- see) followed by one of 4 aspect suffixes (-ke:h DESCRIPTIVE, -keh ITERATIVE, -keh IMPERATIVE, -ke? PUNCTUAL) , and preceded by one of 64 pronominal prefixes which indicate the subject, the object, or a combination of both (ke: keh / see it, ?ake: keh it sees me, korkeh / see you, shakotiikeh they (masc.) see her, etc.), although a few elliptical forms occur without a pronominal prefix (thowi:sas, name of a dance ritual performed by women). The verb root may be expanded by the addition of a root suffix, of which there are 15, although a particular root may occur with only a few or with none of them. Root suffixes include the DIRECTIVE (he:enos he goes there), two OPPOSITIVES (sehoto:koh open the door!; tewake:hsoweriso:h I've uncovered my feet), three CAUSATIVES (kahto^tha? / make it disappear, ?akta:toh I've put it in place, ?akeothweh I've poured it), three INCHOATIVES (wiyo?he?s it becomes good, ?akye:?oh I've gotten hurt, ?o?wahto? it disappeared), an INSTRU- MENTAL (yeniyotahkwa? used for hanging, hanger), a CAUSATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL (?6e?hestha? used for stop- ping, station), a DISTRIBUTIVE (haihsakhoh he's looking for things), a DATIVE (hakhni:no?seh he buys it for me), an AMBULATIVE (hat5:ne? he says it while walking), and a TRANSIENT (hoihsakho:h he's gone looking for it). The last is sometimes followed by a special aspect morpheme, the PURPOSIVE (haihsakhe? he came to look for it). The verb root may also be expanded by the occurrence before it of an incorporated noun root (hanohsakeh he sees the house), or by the REFLEXIVE (satye:h sit yourself down!) or RECIPROCAL (?o?ka- tathe: ? / cut myself) morphemes. The aspect suffix may be expanded in several ways. Before the descriptive morpheme may occur the EVEN- TUATIVE (?on6nos?oh it's finally warm) or FACILITATIVE (?ono?nowesko :h it melts easily). After the descriptive may occur the PROGRESSIVE morpheme followed by any of the four major aspect suffixes (hoetke?6:tye? he's getting progressively uglier). Either the descriptive or WHOLE VOLUME INTRODUCTION the iterative morpheme may be followed by either the CONTINUATIVE or PAST (?ekayas6:ok it will continue to be called; hanoe^skwa? he used to like it). The pronominal prefix of a verb may be preceded by one or more of several other prefixes. Of very frequent occurrence are the modal prefixes, of which there are three: the INDICATIVE (?o?ke:ke? I saw it, or see it just at this instant), the FUTURE (?eke:ke? I will see it), and the OPTATIVE (?a:ke:ke? i" ought to or might see it). The punctual aspect suffix and the continuative suffix are always preceded by one of these modal prefixes, and the latter are nearly always accompanied by either the punctual or continuative, although occasionally a modal prefix occurs with the imperative suffix. Other prefixes include the CISLOCATIVE (tyoti:yo:h they (nonmasc. nonsg.) have come in), the REPETITIVE (shataikhe? he's running again), the DUPLICATIVE (teyohsohkwa:ke:h two colors), the NEGATIVE (te?- watiye:thwas they (nonmasc. pi.) don't plant), the TRANSLOCATIVE (heyakawe:no:h she has gone there), the PARTITIVE (niwenoti:h how many of them (nonmasc. pi.) there are), the COINCIDENT (tsikeksa?a:h when I was a small child), and the CONTRASTIVE (thiyokwe?ta:te? it's a different person). Various combinations of these prefixes may occur. The cislocative and repetitive are mutually exclusive, and the cislocative and transloca- tive, which are semantically incompatible, also do not co-occur. The partitive, coincident, and contrastive are mutually exclusive as well, and none of these three seems to co-occur with either the negative or translocative. Seneca nouns contain as a minimum a noun root (-ahsi?ta- foot) followed by one of three noun suffixes (-ahsi?ta? SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX, -ahsi?ta?keh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE, -ahsi?tako:h INTERNAL LOCATIVE) and pre- ceded by a pronominal prefix (kahsi?ta?keh on my foot, ?akwahsi'>t&?keh on our feet). In place of the noun root there may be a verb root followed by the nominalizer morpheme (ka^hasteshae? power, with -?haste- be powerful). Such a nominalized verb root may also occur in place of the incorporated noun root in a verb (hoti?hast6shseye? they (masc.) have power). Either a verb or a noun, although evidently not a verb containing a modal prefix, may be followed by an attributive suffix, including the AUGMENTATIVE (?ost6wse?ko:wa:h Great Feather Dance), the DIMINU- TIVE (kake:t?ah it's whitish), the CHARACTERIZER (kaehtako:kha:? the swamp variety), the POPULATIVE (Wsoaekoiono? person or people from Pinewoods), the DECESSIVE (haks6tke:o? my deceased grandfather), and the PLURALIZER (howesho?oh his belongings). Verb roots denoting kinship relationships are in some instances unique in the grammar of their pronominal prefixes. A discussion of their peculiarities may be found on pp. 20-21 of Chafe, 1963. Variation in the phonemic shapes of Seneca mor- phemes is conditioned by a wide variety of interacting factors, both phonological and morphological. It is described in the morphology in Sections [3] and [4] and in the subsequent discussions of specific morphemes and morpheme classes. All forms listed in the dictionary, unless they are complete words (identifiable by the absence of preceding or following hyphens), are cited in the basic prosodic shape [4.1] of their basic allomorphs [3.2]. A summary of the automatic alternations is given in [3.24]. Section [4] discusses prosodic variants (those which exhibit variations in stress and vowel length), and may be summarized as follows. One conditioning factor is the status of a vowel as even or odd, reckoned according to basic allomorphs rather than the actually occurring shapes. Another factor is a vowel's status as final (the last vowel in a word) or prefinal, again with respect to basic allomorphs. A third factor is a vowel's status as basically strong or basically weak. Basically strong vowels are indicated in morpheme citations with an accent mark, a morphophonemic symbol which should not be taken to imply that the vowel is always or even ever stressed when it occurs in a full word. When there has been no evidence one way or the other for their status in this regard, vowels are arbitrarily fisted here as basically weak; that is, without accent. Every complete word contains at the most only one strong stress that is morphologically conditioned, although syntactic factors may add another stress when the word occurs in a complete utterance. A vowel is morphologically stressed if it is even, prefinal, and basically strong. If the prefinal vowel of a word is odd or basically weak, stress will occur on the nearest preceding even vowel that is either basically strong itself or has somewhere between it and any even pre- final vowel, if there is one, either (a) a basically strong vowel, (b) h or ?, (c) a cluster of two consonants not including n, w, or y, or (d) sn, sw, or, if resulting from [3.8] (cf. [14.4]), sy. Many words have no morpho- logical strong stress. Vowel length is in a sense complementary to stress, occurring with basically weak vowels under certain complex conditions. Any basically weak vowel is long if it is final, and also if it is prefinal and even. It is also long if it is prefinal and odd, so long as (a) the following phoneme is a single consonant other than h or ?, and (b) the vowel is not a, as, or o. In some morphemes, however, o will also be long under such circumstances; if so, it is listed as o(:). Restriction (b) above also does not apply if the a, as, or o is the first vowel in a word—that is, they will then be long—unless the word ends in the imperative morpheme. Occa- sionally restriction (a) above does not apply to a single consonant, which acts in this respect as if it were a cluster; such consonants are listed with a following (C); for example, t(C). Length, furthermore, never occurs between two basically weak vowels unless they are the prefinal and final vowels of a word. Vowel length has two sources besides that just described. One, the result of two identical vowels in sequence, is provided for in [3.19]. The other results from the replacement of h by length between a vowel and n, w, or y; this alternation is symbolized by (h/:) [6.3]. SYMBOLS In addition to the accent mark, which is used to indicate basically strong vowels as noted above, the following morphophonemic symbols are used in this work: ase is represented by a:a if length is conditioned between the vowels, but by se: «seae by [3.19]) otherwise [5.4]. se see aae above; but see also [14.4] for the replacement of ae by n or y, and of a preceding a by e or e. (C) initial in a morpheme indicates that the preceding allomorph is that which regularly occurs before a consonant, although here it occurs before a vowel [6.3]. (C) after a consonant indicates that the consonant does not condition length in a preceding basically weak prefinal odd vowel [4.6]. See also y(C) below. (e) is replaced by the objective allomorph -o- when the objective morpheme precedes [10.8]. (h) is represented by h after a consonant, but by no phoneme after a vowel [6.3]. (h)ae initial in a morpheme is replaced by : « a by [3.19]) after any allomorph ending in a [6.9]. (hy) is represented by hy after a consonant, but by no phonemes after a vowel [6.3]. (h/:) is represented by h after a consonant, but by : after a vowel [6.3]. o(:) indicates that the o will be followed by : when odd and pre- final and followed by a single consonant other than h or ? [4.6]. y (superscript) initial in a morpheme indicates that the y is lacking after the first person allomorph k- [6.10]. y(C) initial in a morpheme indicates that the y conditions pre- ceding allomorphs that regularly occur before consonant clusters [6.10]. (y) is represented by y after a consonant, but by no phoneme after a vowel [6.3]. ( ) parentheses surrounding the final vowel of a morpheme indi- cate that it is the combining vowel [7.4, 14.4]. £) is zero, no overt phoneme. A number of the examples in the dictionary are given in the colloquial style, for which reference must be made to [26.6] and [27.1-10]. ABBREVIATIONS Numerals in square brackets, here and throughout this volume, refer to paragraphs in the morphology. All. Allegany Reservation ambul. ambulative [13.13] asp. aspect attr. attributive [20.1-7] 3NS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 augment. augmentative [20.2] Cat. Cattaraugus Reservation caus. causative [13.5, 5, 7] caus.-inst. causative-instrumental [13.7] charact. characterizer [20.4] cisloc. cislocative [21] coin. coincident [25.3] comb. combining (allomorph) [7.4, 14.3-4] cont. continuative [18] contr. contrastive [25.4] dat. dative [13.12] desc. descriptive [5.6-7] dimin. diminutive [20.3] direct. directive [13.2] dist. distributive [13.10] du. dual dupl. duplicative [22.1] even. eventuative [16] excl. exclusive ext. external [7.5] fern. feminine [6.1, 7] fut. future [8.5] HSL Chafe, 1963 impv. imperative [5.10-11] inch. inchoative [13.5, 8-9] incl. inclusive incorp. incorporated, incorporating [14.3] indie. indicative [8.6] inst. instrumental [13.11] intens. intensifier [13.16] intr. intransitive iter. iterative [5.8-9] lit. literally loc. locative masc. masculine [6.1, 6] neg. negative [23] neut. neuter [6.1, 8] nn. noun nom. nominalizer [12] nonmasc. nonmasculine nonsg. nonsingular obj. objective oppos. oppositive [13.4, 6] opt. optative [8.4] part. partitive [25.2] pi. plural plur. pluralizer [20.7] popul. populative [20.5] pref. prefix prog. progressive [17] punc. punctual [8.2] purp. purposive [13.15] recip. reciprocal [15] ref. reference, referring refl. reflexive [15] repet. repetitive [21] rt. root spl. simple [7.5] suff. suffix Ton. Tonawanda Reservation tr. transitive trans. transient [13.14] transloc. translocative [241 var. variant (local or stylistic) vb. verb vow. vowel Morphology 1. PHONEMES 1.1. The following paragraphs do not constitute a complete description of Seneca phonology, but are simply an outline of the phonemes that are contained in morphological constructions.1 On the basis of their distributional characteristics these phonemes can be assigned to one or the other of three major classes: VOWELS, CONSONANTS, and PROSODIC PHONEMES. The vowels can be subclassified into the ORAL VOWELS i, e, ae, a, and o, and the NASALIZED VOWELS e and o. The consonants include the RESONANTS y, w, and n, and the OBSTRUENTS t, k, s, j, h, and ?. Of the latter, t, k, s, and j will be referred to as ORAL OBSTRUENTS, h and f as LARYNGEAL OBSTRUENTS. The prosodic phonemes relevant to the morphology include two STRESSES and VOWEL LENGTH. The stresses will be called STRONG, marked with an acute accent mark, and WEAK, unmarked. Vowel length is marked with a colon. Another prosodic phoneme, OPEN JUNCTURE, which is contained only in syntactic constructions, will be mentioned in this section with regard to the condition- ing of allophones and in [3] with regard to the con- ditioning of allomorphs. It is marked by word space. Three additional phonemes, u, b, and m, which occur in the morphology with extremely limited distribution, are discussed in [1.20-2]. 1.2. i is a high front vowel [i]: nikai6?te:h the way it is, hotihikwae: oh he has put his hat on. 1.3. e is a high-mid front vowel. Its high allophone [i] occurs in postconsonantal position before i or an oral obstruent: hoyei?oh it's right for him, fits him, ?o:nekanos water. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments: niyo:we? how far it is, waskwe:s long bridge, teyotya?tatenye'i>s she changes her form. 1.4. ae is a low front vowel [as]: hoaehtoh he has passed by, o?kawisa3nowe? the ice melted. 1.5. a is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [A] occurs in postconsonantal position before i, y, w, or an oral obstruent: waiwasteris he noticed it, hayasoino? it was his name, ?eyawi: sat it will glance off of it. Its low allophone [a] occurs in all other environments: niakohsd?a:h he's got a small face, ha:ya:s he calls it. Before e or 5 it is nasalized [aj: waenoteVa:? they prepared, hehsaoto:h ask him! 1.6. o is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [u] occurs in postconsonantal position before i or an oral obstruent: niyoiwa:ke:h how many different customs there are, the final o in ?o:nekanos 1 In a treatment of the syntax It would be necessary to add Intonational and phrase final features. water. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environ- ments: ?o?eno:we? nothing but pole, kon6no?to:tso:h she has peeled the potatoes. 1.7. e is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized [e]: ?oye?kwa?o:weh native tobacco, ha?tekakehoeh mid- summer. 1.8. o is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized [?]: taowoyo? they handed it to him, yot6?skotha? she bakes it.2 1.9. y is a palatal semivowel. After s it is voiceless and spirantized [Y] (distinguished from palatalized allophones of s by being a slit spirant): hosyo:ni:h he has made it. After h it is voiceless and optionally spirantized, [Y] in free variation with [Y]: hothyo:wi:h he has told about it, wa:khyo:wi? he told me. After t or k it is voiced and optionally spirantized, [y] in free variation with [y]: tyoty^ehtoh it's first, Wkya?k / broke it off. Otherwise it is voiced and not spiran- tized [y]: yeya:soh she is called, hayanote:nye?s he changes a tire. 1.10. w is a velar semivowel. It is weakly rounded [w]: ?6iwawe: so? there are a lot of things, ?okwenowi: sat / mentioned it. 1.11. n is a released3 apico-alveolar nasal [n]: niyoniya:ye? the way the snow is, ?o?khn5?kwa:ni:no'i> / bought milk. 1.12. t is an apico-alveolar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated [t'] before an obstruent or open juncture: hotka?weh he has provided it, hotha:? he's talking, hakso:t my grandfather. Between a nasalized vowel and open juncture, however, its aspiration is frequently so weak as to be inaudible: ?o?kyet / hit it, ?isno:t give it food! It is voiced and released4 [d] before a vowel or resonant: no?tetwate? it's between us (incl. pi.), satye:h sit down! 1.13. k is a dorso-velar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated [k'] before an obstruent or open juncture: ktakhe? I'm running, he:awak he's my son. As with t, the aspiration is often very weak between a nasalized vowel and open juncture: hato: k he used to say it. It is voiced and released [g] before a vowel or resonant: ?o?k6ka?tsi? I took it apart, ?akye:thoh I've planted it. 1.14. s is a spirant with blade-alveolar groove artic- ulation [s]. It is always voiceless, and is fortis every- where except between vowels: hoshe? he, it is chasing him, keswaes / dislike it. Before y it is palatalized [§]: hosyo: ni: h he has made it. Between t and i it is option- ally palatalized ([s] in free variation with [§]): we:nitsi:- » Neither of the nasalized vowels is identical in position with any oral vowel. 3 An unreleased [n] occurs nondlstinctively between a nasalized vowel and t. 1 An unreleased [d] is part of the phoneme ]. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 yo: h the day is good. It is lenis intervocalically: wa: se: ? it's new. 1.15. j is a voiced alveolar affricate [dz]: kejoh fish, je:no:h grab it! Before i it is optionally palatalized ([dz] in free variation with [dz]): wa:ji:h it's dark, black.5 1.16. h is a voiceless segment [h] colored by an immediately preceding and/or following vowel and/or resonant: hotho:te? he's hearing it, hakatehweh he's corrupted me, ?akhnohso: ni: h I've built a house. 1.17. ? is a glottal stop [?]: ho?haste?oh he's gotten strong, ?ey6?kae:h it will become night. 1.18. Strong stress is distinguished from weak stress by a relatively greater volume and higher pitch oc- curring simultaneously with a vowel: hoterisa'toh he's ready, ?ao?ksetes it gets high, hato: k he used to say it. 1.19. Vowel length is realized as a doubling of the duration of the preceding vowel, so long as there is not another vowel following: hota: ?tha? he shakes it, syato :h write! If it occurs between two vowels, the total lengthening is equivalent to the duration of a single vowel, but with half the quality of the preceding vowel and half that of the following vowel: hoka:ot he's telling stories, in which the a: o is equivalent in duration to a sequence of three vowels and the a and o qualities are of equal duration, i.e., one and one half times a single vowel. 1.20. The phoneme u, a high back vowel which is weakly rounded [u], occurs only in and adjacent to the morpheme -li?u:-/-u?t!i:- be tiny, niwu?u:h how tiny it is, niyuku?u:h how tiny she is. 1.21. The voiced labial phonemes b and m occur only in a few nicknames: k6?bit, takam, jitatm. 2. METHOD 2.1. A preliminary discussion of the method of analy- sis followed in this work is unavoidable. At the outset, given a body of phonemically transcribed utterances, analysis into morphs is accomplished on the basis of contrasts in form and meaning found to exist between partially identical utterances. Overlapping morphs are recognized when the assignment of a particular phoneme is ambiguous. Zero morphs are recognized when com- parison with other forms clearly indicates the presence of a meaning that cannot be assigned to any overt morph. All these morphs are then assigned to mor- phemes according to principles in Chafe, 1959 b. 2.2. With utterances reduced to sequences of mor- phemes, the procedure traditionally followed in the analysis of polysynthetic languages has been to assign the morphemes to position classes.6 In this work the «j differs from the sequence ts only in its voicing. It contrasts with ts, however, and thus Is party to the only voiced-voiceless distinction in the language. Its analysis as a single phoneme seems preferable to the introduction of a phoneme d or z. i Lounsbury's analysis of Oneida (1953) is largely along these lines. morpheme sequences are instead organized into imme- diate constituents (ICs). Analysis of this sort has in the past been applied to utterances of sentence or phrase length, but seldom in a systematic fashion to those generally shorter utterances and utterance segments which may be called words. I believe there is much to be said for the assumption made here that all grammar "from morpheme to utterance" is describable in terms of ICs. The alternative, so far as morphology is concerned, is to assume that each word is nothing more than a string of morphemes, each of which has the same affinity to every other morpheme in the word. If such words occasionally appear in some languages, they can, even within the framework suggested here, be viewed as special cases of multiple constituency. It is assumed here that most polymorphemic words, in fact all those discussed in this work, contain a hierarchical arrange- ment of morphemes. In some respects morphology provides a better testing ground for IC theory than does syntax: The number of basic elements and their combi- nations is incomparably smaller, and order is not a variable. 2.3. It is further assumed that ICs are distinguished from other morpheme sequences by their relatively greater freedom of occurrence. A general definition is possible: The ICs of an utterance, as well as of other ICs, are the smallest number of jointly exhaustive seg- ments into which the utterance or IC can be divided in order to yield segments that have maximum freedom of occurrence with adjacent morphemes and morpheme sequences. Any sequence composed of ICs will be called a CONSTITUTE. 2.4. In the actual procedure of determining morpho- logical ICs I have found it more satisfactory to "work up" rather than to "work down," principally because the number of choices to be made at any one point is thereby reduced. I start with what can be termed IRREDUCIBLE utterances: those from which no mor- pheme can be deleted and an occurrent utterance retained. An irreducible Seneca utterance is, for ex- ample, kihsa:s I'm looking for it, containing an into- nation contour (not symbolized here), and the morphemes k- first person, -ihsa:- look for, and -s iterative. 2.5. The IC structure of these irreducible utterances must next be determined. The intonation contour has by far the greatest freedom of occurrence of any tenta- tive segment of kihsa:s, and the first division is made between it and the remaining morphemes. The pos- sible divisions of what is left, the three-morpheme sequence k-ihsa:-s, are into (a) k- and -ihsa:s, (b) kihsa:- and -s, (c) k-, -ihsa:-, and -s, and (d) k—s and -ihsa:-. The possibility (d) of a discontinuous IC is considered only if the same sequence occurs elsewhere continuously, and this is not true of k—s. The pos- sibility (c) of multiple ICs is considered only if a choice 2.3. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY between tentative dichotomous ICs, here between (a) and (b), cannot be made, since ICs are defined as the smallest number of segments fulfilling the other con- ditions. If the various freedoms of occurrence of the tentative ICs in (a) and (b) are examined, k- is found to exceed kihsa:- by approximately the same amount that -s exceeds -hsa:s, the one comparison cancelling the other, kihsa:- has a slight but not convincing edge over -ihsa:s. The decisive fact is that k- occurs followed by a large number of sequences consisting of many morphemes later classified as noun roots which are in turn followed by several other morphemes later classified as noun suffixes: kahsi^ta? my foot. No com- parable sequences occur before -s. Thus, k- is clearly freer in occurrence than -s, and the ICs of kihsa: s are determined to be k- and -ihsa:s. The ICs of the remaining sequence, -ihsa:s, can only be -ihsa:- and -s. 2.6. With the IC structure of the irreducible utter- ances determined in this way, those utterances are next considered which are identical with irreducible utter- ances except for the presence of one additional mor- pheme, e.g., kihsa: skwa? / used to look for it, and the IC structure of these new utterances is determined in the same fashion. The procedure is continued by progressively considering new utterances that contain one additional morpheme beyond the content of the utterances already analyzed. 2.7. Implicit in the above is the requirement that an IC once established is always an IC. This requirement will be given further significance below, but here it can be seen as an aid in the limitation of possible alternative analyses. Within the utterance kihsa: skwa?, for example, the possible ICs are only (a) kihsa :s- and -kwa? and (b) k- and -ihsa: skwa?. A division into kihsa:- and -skwa? is not considered as a possibility because it is already known that in the sequence k-ihsa:-s the first division is between k- and -ihsa:s. In this case freedoms of occurrence dictate the choice of k- and -ihsa:skwa? from the two possibilities men- tioned, and the division of the second IC of this pair into -ihsa: - and -skwa?, which last can only be divided into -s- and -kwa?. 2.8. Some utterances which are not analyzable by the procedure so far given are identical with analyzable utterances except for the occurrence of some one mor- pheme in place of another. These parallel utterances are then analyzed in a parallel fashion. The ICs of wati:hsa:s they (nonmasc.) are looking for it, for example, are determined to be wati- and -:hsa:s,7 since preceding analysis has established the ICs of hatl:hsa:s they (masc.) are looking for it, differing from the other by one morpheme, as hati- and -:hsa-s.8 ' -:hsa:-, -ihsa:-, and -ihsa:- (below) are allomorphs of the same morpheme. For morphonemic alternations involving the prosodic phonemes, see [3.19-23], and [4], « The nonmasculine morpheme never occurs without the dual or plural morpheme, but the masculine morpheme does. 2.9. To summarize, ICs are established by applica- tion of the criterion of relative freedoms of occurrence within the framework of "working up" from irreducible utterances by the addition of one morpheme at a time. Added restrictions and extensions are: (a) the exclusion of discontinuous ICs that are never continuous, (b) the respect for IC divisions once established, and (c) the parallel analysis of parallel utterances. 2.10. A point is reached in this procedure where it is no longer possible to adhere to the restriction listed as (b) above and arrive at a unique analysis; where a morpheme sequence established as an IC in one utter- ance and a different sequence established as an IC in another utterance both occur in some third utterance in which they cannot both be ICs. For example the ICs of kyethwasnaeh / do plant and of ?i:?kyethwas I'm the one who plants are, in each case, the intonation contour and the remainder. But these two remainders cannot both be ICs with the intonation contour in ?i:?kyethwasnaeh I'm the one who does plant. Consti- tutes whose ICs are always unambiguously analyzable as ICs are MORPHOLOGICAL CONSTITUTES, while those whose ICs cannot always be so analyzed are SYNTACTIC CONSTITUTES. The ICs of syntactic constitutes are SYNTACTIC ICs. Morphological constitutes which occur as syntactic ICs are WORDS; e.g. kyethwas / plant,9 naeh emphatically, ?i:? /. 2.11. ICs and constitutes are particular morphemes and morpheme sequences. Their description would be endlessly tedious, and in fact incomplete, if they were not assigned to classes. I find it simpler to arrive at a classification procedure by considering first the classifi- cation of constitutes. It is assumed as a basis for this classification that every constitute has a GRAMMATICAL MEANING over and above the meanings of its ICs, and that it is possible to determine whether two constitutes have the same or different grammatical meanings (just as in the establishment of morphemes it is assumed possible to determine whether two morphs have the same or different meanings). The assumption of this kind of meaning has been made in the past in order to account for the ambiguity of such phrases as " old men and women," but it has seldom or never been employed in the analysis of words. 2.12. Constitutes WHICH HAVE ONE IC IN COMMON and either (a) have the same grammatical meaning, or (b) occur as ICs in exactly the same range of larger constitutes, are members of the same CONSTITUTE CLASS. k|ihsa:s I'm looking for it and k|ya?tihsa:s I'm looking for the body belong to the same constitute class by criterion (a), since they both have a grammati- cal meaning which can be glossed as "actor-action." • The stress pattern of this word will be found to differ from that described in this work. It can be regarded as conditioned by syntactic factors in the utterances cited. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 On the other hand k|ihsa:s and ?ak|ihsa:s it's looking for me belong to the same constitute class by criterion (b), since they are mutually substitutable as ICs in the same range of larger constitutes; e.g. te?|kihsa:s I'm not looking for it, te?|wakihsa:s it's not looking for me. 2.13. Constitute classes with partially identical memberships are said to OVERLAP. Thus the two constitute classes referred to directly above overlap, since each contains k|ihsa: s. Constitutes which belong to the same or overlapping constitute classes are mem- bers of the same CONSTRUCTION.10 Thus k|ihsa:s, k|ya?tihsa:s, and ?ak|ihsa:s all belong to one con- struction. The classification of constitutes into con- structions is basic to the organization of this work. 2.14. ICs which are substitutable for each other in a particular construction will be referred to as members of a CONSTITUENT of that construction. The term "constituent," then, is used here to denote a class of ICs. Both k- and ?ak- belong to one constituent of the construction described above, while -ihsa:s and -ya^tihsa^ belong to the other. 2.15. Certain subclassifications of constructions and constituents are also useful. The members of a par- ticular construction which belong to the same constit- uent of some larger construction belong to the same CONSTRUCTION SUBCLASS. Thus k|ihsa:s and ?ak|ihsa:s belong to the same construction subclass by virtue of occurring as the same constituent in a larger, in fact several larger constructions; e.g., the negative con- struction with te?- [2.12]. The members of a partic- ular constituent which belong to the same construction or which are single morphemes belong to the same CONSTITUENT SUBCLASS; e.g., ?ak- me and ho- him (h6ihsa:s it's looking for him), which both belong to the objective construction consisting of a pronominal mor- pheme plus the objective morpheme ?a-/-o-. The mem- bers of a constituent which contain the smallest number of morphemes form the IRREDUCIBLE CONSTITUENT; e.g., -ihsa:|s be looking for, -noe?|s like (khnoe?s / like it). An irreducible constituent that consists of single morphemes is a MORPHEME CLASS; e.g., the class con- taining k- first person and ha- masculine (haihsa:s he's looking for it). The members of a constituent which do not belong to the irreducible constituent belong to an EXPANDED CONSTITUENT, which is said to be an EXPANSION of the irreducible constituent; e.g., -ya?t| ihsa:- look for the body belongs to an expansion of the morpheme class represented by -ihsa:- look for. 3. AUTOMATIC ALTERNATIONS 3.1. Words are described in this work in the phonemic shapes that they have as isolated declarative utterances, preceded and followed by open juncture. Additional 10 The vertical line is used to mark an IC division. allomorphs of some morphemes occur in syntactic constructions. Such variants are predictable from the shapes described here and their description will be left to a study of the syntax. 3.2. Allomorphs are conditioned either by phono- logical features, grammatical features, or a combination of both; i.e., by phonological features occurring within a specific grammatical environment. This section discusses alternations which are subject to purely phonological conditioning. Except for the prosodic variants discussed in [4], all other alternations will be described in the body of the grammar in connection with the particular morpheme sequences to which they are relevant. The allomorphs of a morpheme from which the alternations described in this section can be inferred will be called its BASIC ALLOMORPHS. Only the basic allomorphs of a morpheme will subsequently be listed in the grammar. The phonologically conditioned variants implied by a basic allomorph will be called its AUTOMATIC VARIANTS. The paragraphs which follow are summarized in [3.24]. 3.3. A basic allomorph containing t or k occurs in an automatic variant without this phoneme whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by an s that is in turn followed by another obstruent or open juncture: -the?t- pound com has the automatic variant -the?- in ''othe^shae? flour; -ato:wae:t- hunt has the automatic variant -ato:wse:- in hato:wae:s he hunts; -ya?k- break has the automatic variant -ya?- in ha:ya?s he breaks it. 3.4. A basic allomorph containing t or k occurs in an automatic variant without this phoneme whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by t, k, or s and followed by open juncture: -o?kt- come to the end has the automatic variant-o?k in ?o:to?k it's at the end; -st- CAUSATIVE has the automatic variant -s in sakto:kes/ straightened again. It will be seen below that resonants never occur before open juncture, and the statement made above applies equally to basic allomorphs con- taining t or k plus a resonant: -a:tkw- dance has the automatic variant -a:t in tehnya:t let's dance! 3.5. A basic allomorph containing t occurs in an automatic variant with h in place of the t between a vowel and n: -at- reflexive has the automatic variant -ah- in sahnono?to:tsih peel your potatoes! 3.6. A basic allomorph containing h occurs in an automatic variant without the h whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by two obstruents or by one obstruent plus open juncture: -hewaht- punish has the automatic variant -ewat- (the absence of the first h is nonautomatically determined) in shakoewatha? he punishes people, the devil, shetwaewat let's punish him! As in [3.4], this statement also applies when there is in the basic allomorph an additional resonant phoneme, which is then also lacking before open juncture: -hkw- instrumental has the automatic variant 3.2. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY -k in ?o?ko?ktak / used it to end up with. 3.7. Automatic variants without h also occur when this phoneme, if it did occur, would be (a) between two obstruents, (b) before sn, or (c) between open juncture and y. As an example of (a), -hso:t- be grandparent to has the automatic variant -so:t in hakso:t he's my grandfather. An example of (b) is the occurrence of -hs- you in the automatic variant -s- in hesnoe?s you like him. An example of (c) is the occurrence of h- masculine in an automatic zero allomorph at the beginning of yaktos they (masc. du.) return (colloquial). 3.8. A basic allomorph containing either h or ? occurs in an automatic variant without the laryngeal obstruent whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by s and followed by a resonant: -?nikoe- mind has the automatic variant -nikoe- in snikoe? your mind; -hyato:- write has the automatic variant -yato:- in syato:h write! 3.9. An epenthetic h, which may be considered an empty morph, occurs automatically between k and n; e.g., between k- / and -noe?- like in khnoe?s I like it. A basic allomorph containing f occurs in an automatic variant without the ? (but with the epenthetic h) between k and n: -?nikoe- mind has the automatic variant -nikoe- in ?akhnikoe? my mind. 3.10. A basic allomorph containing a resonant occurs in an automatic variant without the resonant whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by an obstruent or open juncture. Examples of such variants before open juncture were included in [3.4] and [3.6]. Examples before obstruents are the occurrence of -ahsa:w- begin in the automatic variant-ahsa: - in wahsa^a? it begins; and of -iey- die as -ie- in wa?aie? she died. 3.11. A basic allomorph containing y occurs in an automatic variant without the y whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by a consonant and followed by i: -ahte:ty- travel has the automatic variant -:hte:t- [3.19] in wa:hte:ti? he traveled. 3.12. Analogously, a basic allomorph containing w occurs in an automatic variant without the w whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by an obstruent and followed by o and o: -ye?kw- tobacco has the automatic variant -ye?k- in kaye?ko:t standing tobacco, haye?- kothwas he burns tobacco. 3.13. A basic allomorph containing w occurs in an automatic variant with y in place of the w between a vowel and o or o: -skaw- bush has the automatic variant -skay- in ?oskayowa:neh the bush is big, ?oteskayo: ni: h the bush is growing. 3.14. A basic allomorph containing a occurs in an automatic variant with o in place of the a after n, a nasalized vowel, or a nasalized vowel plus w, sw, ?w, or a laryngeal obstruent: -a:w belong to has the auto- matic variant -o:w- in hono:weh it belongs to them; -ati- be on the other side of has the automatic variant -oti- in jaw£otih on the other side of the flower; -ase- be new has the automatic variant -ose- in hoowose: ? his boat is new; -ate:ono- be shady has the automatic variant -5te:ono- in ?eswote:onos it will make shade again; -a:ti- be on the other side of has the automatic variant -o:ti- in no?wo:tih on which side it is; -a:w- objective has the automatic variant -o:w- in no?o:weh how it happened; -ha?- hire has the automatic variant -ho?- in ?akateho?oh I've hired it. 3.15. The above alternation does not, however, occur before o, ?o, ?a, :yo, or :ya. Examples are naotiya?taweh how it happened to them, na?6skasthe?t it was the only way, na?ahte?eh which things, na:yo?ha:- ste:k how strong it might be, na:yake? she might say. In some idiolects it does not occur before :a. An example is na:aye:? how he did it alongside no:oye:?. 3.16. A basic allomorph containing e occurs in an automatic variant with e in place of the e before o: -e- flower has the automatic variant -6- in ?aweowa:neh big flower. In addition, a basic allomorph containing e occurs in an automatic variant with e in place of the e before e, and with i in place of the e before i. In both cases vowel length occurs in place of the second vowel [3.19]: ?e- future has the automatic variant ?e- in ?6:hse:ke? you will see him, the automatic variant ?i- in ?i: nohkwa?syo: ni? the two of them will fix the medicine. In some idiolects these alternations do not occur before :e or :i; cf. [3.18]. 3.17. A basic allomorph containing o occurs in an automatic variant with o in place of the o before o. As an example, -o- you has the automatic variant -o- in Wk6:owi? / told you. 3.18. The alternation described at the beginning of [3.16] does not occur before :o, and this is true in some idiolects of the alternation described in [3.17]: kaje:ot blazing fire, ?o?ko:owi? alongside ?o?k6:owi?. 3.19. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel not followed by vowel length occurs in an automatic variant with vowel length in place of the vowel whenever an identical vowel precedes: -a- he has the automatic variant -:- after wa- in wa:yake?t he went out. 3.20. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel followed by vowel length occurs in an automatic variant with the length preceding the vowel whenever any SINGLE vowel directly precedes it: -a:tye- progressive has the automatic variant -:atye- in hothy6wi:atye? he was talking along about it (but -e: s- be long occurs in its basic allomorph after TWO immediately adjacent vowels in ?6ae:s long road). 3.21. A basic allomorph containing vowel length occurs in an automatic variant without the length in any vowel cluster (sequence of two or more vowels, with or without vowel length, but with no intervening consonant), if the cluster is followed by more than one vowel in the same word: -i:w- thing, matter, etc. has the automatic variant -iw- in wa?eiwaste: is she noticed it. 3.15. 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 3.22. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel plus vowel length occurs in an automatic variant with- out the length whenever another vowel length precedes in the same vowel cluster: -a:- take has the automatic variant -a- after -:- (itself an automatic variant of -a- [3.19]) in hwa:a? he took it. The result of this alter- nation is that no vowel cluster contains more than one vowel length. 3.23. A basic allomorph containing a strongly stressed vowel occurs with strong stress on the preceding vowel instead whenever a single vowel (but not a sequence of two vowels) immediately precedes: -oshae- box has the automatic variant -oshae-, with strong stress on the preceding vowel, in kaoshae? a box. 3.24. The following is a summary of the automatic alternations described in this section: t, k alternate with zero before s plus another obstruent or open juncture [3.3], and between t, k, s and open juncture [3.4]. t alternates with h between a vowel and n [3.5]. h alternates with zero before two obstruents or one obstruent plus open juncture [3.6], between two obstruents, before SD, and between open juncture and y [3.7]. h, f alternate with zero between s and a resonant [3.8}. Zero alternates with h between k and n [3.9]. ' alternates with zero between k and n [3.9]. A resonant alternates with zero before an obstruent or open juncture [3.10]. y alternates with zero between a consonant and i [3.11]. w alternates with zero between an obstruent and o, o [3.12]. w alternates with y between a vowel and o, o [3.13]. a alternates with o after n, a nasalized vowel, or a nasalized vowel plus w, sw, or a laryngeal obstruent [3.14-5]. 8 alternates with e before o, e; with i before i [3.16, 18]. 0 alternates with o before o [3.17-18]. A vowel alternates with vowel length after an identical vowel [3.19]. Vowel plus vowel length alternates with vowel length plus vowel after any vowel [3.20]. Vowel length alternates with zero in a vowel cluster followed by more than one additional vowel [3.21], and after a vowel preceded by another vowel length in the same vowel cluster [3.22]. Strong stress is displaced to an immediately preceding single vowel [3.23]. 4. PROSODIC VARIANTS 4.1. Section [3] discussed the automatic variants of basic allomorphs, and in particular [3.19-23] described automatic alternations that involve the prosodic phonemes (vowel length and strong and weak stress). Certain other alternations involving these phonemes are predictable on the basis of a combination of phono- logical and grammatical features, and are thus not automatic in the sense of the alternations of [3]. They are nevertheless predictable in general terms if, in addition to the shape of basic allomorphs, only word boundaries and the status of vowels as basically strong or basically weak (see below) are given. With reference to the occurrence and position within them of the prosodic phonemes, we shall say that basic allomorphs have a BASIC PROSODIC SHAPE, which then occurs in PROSODIC VARIANTS that are conditioned in the manner described in this section. Subsequent to this section only the basic prosodic shape of basic allomorphs will be listed. It should be kept in mind that the prosodic variants discussed here are still basic allomorphs, and as such are subject to the automatic alternations of [3.19-23]. The automatic alternations apply to the prosodic variants discussed below, rather than to the corresponding basic prosodic shapes. The alternations of this section, in other words, should be considered as applying before those of [3]. 4.2. Reference will be made below to EVEN and ODD vowels. The status of a vowel in this regard is deter- mined by its count from the beginning of the word, but with the count made as if the automatic variants described in [3.19-22] were replaced by their basic allomorphs. For example the strongly stressed vowel in waiwaste:is he noticed it is an even vowel, since the basic allomorphs involved are wa-a-i: w-astei-st, occur- ring in the variants described in [3.4, 3.19-22] and below. The additional terms FINAL and PREFINAL refer respec- tively to the last and next to the last vowel in a word, again with reference to the basic allomorphs involved: The strongly stressed vowel in hakoeje:o? he coaxes them is not prefinal, the basic allomorphs being ha-k- o-ejeo-o?. 4.3. Certain vowels will be called BASICALLY STRONG, and will be marked with the acute accent in the listing of the basic prosodic shape of the allomorph in which they are contained; e.g., the vowel in -yeht- hit. All other vowels are BASICALLY WEAK. Some basic allo- morphs have the effect of causing an immediately pre- ceding vowel to be basically strong, and they are indicated by a preceding accent mark in the listing of allomorphs: -'st- causative. The characteristics which distinguish basically strong from basically weak vowels will appear below. This use of the accent mark in morph citations to indicate basically strong vowels is simply for the purpose of aiding morphophonemic description, and should not be confused with the use of the same symbol in complete words to indicate strong stress [1.1, 1.18]. A basically strong vowel does not always, or necessarily ever occur with strong stress. 4.4. With the above features and terminology es- tablished, it is now possible to describe the occurrence of strong stress within a word. A basically strong vowel occurs with strong stress if it is both even and prefinal: ?akyehtoh I've hit it. If the prefinal vowel of a word is either odd or basically weak, and thus occurs with weak stress, strong stress occurs on the nearest preceding even vowel that either is basically strong itself (hoyehto:otye?s he keeps hitting it), or has some- where following it (but before any even prefinal vowel 4.2. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 11 if there is one) (a) a basically strong vowel, (b) a laryngeal obstruent, (c) a cluster of any two obstruents, or (d) s plus n or w.11 An example of (a) is hotiyehtoh he has hit it; of (b), waowokota?e:k they struck him on the nose; of (c), totawaskwe:k it closed its mouth again; and of (d), ?akasnowae:toh I'm going fast, ?ot£swate: - nyo? Changing Ribs Dance. No word has more than one strong stress, and many words have none; e.g., hatiwenotatye?s the thunderers, hoyetota:?toh he's shaking the wood. Note in the last example that ? follows an even prefinal vowel and does not, therefore, condition a strong stress. 4.5. The remainder of this chapter is concerned with the occurrence of vowel length in prosodic variants. Any BASICALLY WEAK vowel is automatically followed by vowel length in certain positions within a word. One such position is when the vowel is either final or both prefinal and even: -es- be long has the prosodic variant -e:s- in ?onalhte:s long leaf, tewaohte:sos it has long ears, donkey. 4.6. This length also occurs after a basically weak ODD prefinal vowel, but only if the following phoneme is a single resonant or ORAL obstruent: -en- song has the prosodic variant -e:n- in ?akate:no:t I'm singing; and note the -e:s- in ?onashte:sos long leaves. It does not occur even then if the vowel is a, ae, or o: heayake?s he goes out, we:nishaete? today, ?eko:wote? I'll set the time. There are, nevertheless, some basic allomorphs in which o is followed by length under the conditions described at the beginning of this paragraph: honohso:ni:h he has made a house. Such allomorphs will be listed with the length given in parentheses: -o(:)ni- make. As a further exception, the length does occur also after a, ae, or o if this phoneme is the first vowel in a word that does not end in the imperative morpheme: ha:toh he says it, wa:ji:h it's dark, but syato:h write Finally, there are a few allomorphs in which a single oral obstruent does not condition the length described in this paragraph. Such an obstruent behaves in this respect as if it were part of a consonant cluster, and will be indicated in allomorph listing by a following (C): -t(C)e- be benefited by a ceremony (kotes there's a ceremony on her behalf). 4.7. There is one further general limitation on the occurrence of the vowel length described in [4.5-6]: It does not occur within a cluster of only basically weak vowels unless it is directly between the prefinal and final vowels of a word; -en- song does not contain the length in ?oeno? its song, but -kaa- story does have the prosodic variant -ka:a- in kaka:a? a story. 4.8. Besides the occurrences of vowel length ac- counted for in [3.19] and [4.5-6], there are many basic allomorphs whose basic prosodic shapes contain vowel " Or occasionally y : ?akoksyoe:t my pocket. length to begin with (subject always to the automatic alternations described in [3.20-2]): -f:wa- custom (ki:wayete:ih / know the customs). Length of this type, however, is subject to a special restriction; it is always absent after any sequence of two or more directly preceding vowels: ?6iwa? custom. 4.9. There are, finally, still other basic prosodic shapes which will be listed with GEMINATE vowels. This device is used because of and to indicate the effect of these allomorphs on the determination of even and odd vowels ([4.2], but ultimately subject to [3.19]): -takii?- ta- fry (?aktaki:?ta:h I've fried it). 5. THE IRREDUCIBLE VERB STEM 5.1. Any word that contains an aspect suffix will be called a VERB, while any word that contains a noun suffix will be called a NOUN. All other words are PARTICLES. These three morphologically defined word classes coincide approximately, but not exactly, with word classes defined syntactically. The structure of particles will not be described in this work; most of them consist of only one or two morphemes. [5] and [6] deal with the structure of the irreducible [2.15] verb, [7] with that of the irreducible noun. 5.2. The constituents of the irreducible verb are a SINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX and an irreducible VERB STEM, the latter consisting in turn of a VERB ROOT followed by an ASPECT SUFFIX. Singular subjective prefix, verb root, and aspect suffix are morpheme classes. The structure can be diagramed as follows: Irreducible Verb Singular Subjective Prefix Irreducible Verb Stem Verb Root Aspect Suffix An example from [2] is kihsa :s I'm looking for it, with the singular subjective prefix k- first person and the verb stem -ihsa:s, the latter composed of -ihsa:- look for and -s iterative [2.4 ff.]. The structure of the irreducible verb stem will be taken up in this section. The construction which combines the stem with a singular subjective prefix is dealt with in [6]. 5.3. Verb roots form a large, vaguely defined mor- pheme class whose limits vary considerably from idiolect to idiolect. Many verb roots have only one basic prosodic shape, which then occurs in the alternates described in [3] and [4]. Others have several basic prosodic shapes, a complete description of which will be found in the dictionary. Simply as examples of alternations conditioned by the aspect suffix, the follow- ing may be noted: (a) verb roots which end in -kt_ 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 before the descriptive and iterative morphemes, but -ket- before the imperative: -hsa?kt-/-hsa?ket- bend; (b) verb roots which end in -?w- before the descriptive and iterative, but lack these two phonemes before the imperative: -ita?w-/-ita- sleep; (c) verb roots which end in -'?- before the descriptive morpheme, but -'h- before the iterative and imperative: -swae?-/-swaeh- dislike. There are still other alternations conditioned in similar ways, some of them types that recur with several roots and others unique. 5.4. One type of alternation calls for special comment. Certain root morphemes will be listed as containing the vowel sequence aae, a sequence that never actually occurs. This is a device to indicate that the morpheme occurs with a:a if vowel length is conditioned between the two vowels as described in [4], and that it occurs with aeae (i.e., ae:, according to [3.19]) otherwise. Note the alternative forms of -kwetaae?- become lonely in hakwetae:?s he becomes lonely, hatikweta:a?s they be- come lonely}2 Other morphophonemic alternations in- dicated by this device are of little relevance here. 5.5. The aspect suffix restricts the meaning of the verb root which it follows in various ways, described below. There are four aspect suffixes of widespread occurrence: the DESCRIPTIVE, ITERATIVE, IMPERATIVE, and PUNCTUAL.13 The first three are described in this chapter. The punctual, because it occurs only within a modal verb, is introduced with the latter in [8]. Two additional aspect suffixes, the PURPOSIVE and the NEGATIVE PAST, are taken up in still later chapters. A verb stem containing the descriptive morpheme is referred to as being IN THE DESCRIPTIVE ASPECT, and similarly with the other aspect suffixes. The allo- morphs of the aspect suffix morphemes are conditioned by the preceding morpheme in an unpredictable fashion, and must be listed for each verb root. Except for a correlation between the shapes of the imperative and punctual morphemes [8], moreover, the aspect allo- morphs are also largely independent of each other. 5.6. The descriptive morpheme (-'?/-?/-'h/-h/-6h/ -6h/-oh/-0)14 restricts the meaning of the verb root to a continuous action or state without defined temporal limits: -'? in ha?ha:ste? he's strong (-?haste-),15 -oh in haya:soh he's called, his name is (-yas-), -0 in kani:yo:t it's hanging, it's been hung (-niyot-). With a verb root that does not have a directly adjectival translation in English, no very satisfactory English equivalent is usually available: ho:koh (-k- eat) may be translated 12 hati- they is an expanded prefix to be described in a later section. 13 Lounsbury calls the cognate suffixes in Oneida PERFECTIVE, SERIAL, IMPERATIVE, and PUNCTUAL. " 0 indicates a zero allomorph. 18 In examples, a verb root which appears for the first time or whose form is for some other reason of particular interest will be given in parentheses iu its basic prosodic shape. he is eating it, he has eaten it, or he ate it.16 I shall use the convention of translating such descriptive forms with the English perfect, e.g., he has eaten it, but the arbitrariness of this convention should be clearly realized. In narration the descriptive is used in a special way: to indicate action in the past. Thus in translating a narrative he ate it would be the most appropriate English equivalent for the above example. 5.7. Examples of the descriptive allomorphs are: -'? in ha:etke? he's ugly (-etke-), -? in wa:se:? it's new (-ase-), -'h in haji: non he's a male (-jino-), -h in wa: ke: h it's different separate things (-ake-), -eh in hokweh he's picked it (-kw-), -oh in kano:hoh it's full (-noh-), -oh in hoka?tso:h he's taken it apart (-ka?ts-), -0 in ?i:yo:s it's long (-os-). 5.8. The iterative morpheme (-ha?/-'a?/-a?/-'6?/-'ty -'s/-s/-as/-/?s/-e^s/-es/-os/-o/?s/-s6?/-0) restricts the meaning of the verb root to repeated or periodic events, or to an episodic event in progress but incapable of indefinite prolongation: -ha? in haniyotha? he hangs it, is hanging it, -'h in ha:keh he sees it (-ke-), -s in ha?ya: s he shoots it, is shooting it (-'?yak-; [3.3]). The meaning is comparable to that of the German present tense; cf. er hdngt es, etc. With a verb root denoting some kind of linear motion, the iterative is often translated with the word around (or about): -'?s in hata:khe?s he's running around (-takhe-; cf. the descriptive -'? in hata:khe? he's running). With a verb root normally translated into English as an adjective, a plural meaning is given by the iterative: -'?s in wi:yo?s it's good repeatedly, several things are good (-iyo-). 5.9. Examples of the iterative allomorphs are: -ha? in wahsa:ha? it begins (-ahsaw-; [3.10]), -'a? in hata:nyoa? he fishes (-ata:nyo-), -a? in hoisyohkwa? he persists (-oisyohkw-), -'5? in khyato:? / write (-hyato-; [3.19]), -'h in hanehkwih he hauls it away (-nehkwi-), -'s in kano?nowes it melts (-no?nowe-), -s in hahso:s he paints (-ahso-), -as in kekwas, I pick it, -'?s in ka:etke?s ugly things, -e?s in kakwe:nye?s it's able to (-kweny-), -es in teye":nya?khes 17 she puts it together (-:nya?kh-), -os in yekehsos she's rinsing it (-kehs-), -6?s in kake:to?s white things (-keet-), -s6? in teka?nowehae:?se? it post- pones it (-?nowehaae?-), -0 in ha:ya:s he calls it. 5.10. The imperative morpheme (-'h/-h/-ah/-a§h/-eh/ -ih/-6h/-t/-k/-0), as the name implies, restricts the meaning of the verb root to an exhortation: -'h in ha:keh let him see it!, -eh in sniyo:teh hang it up!, -0 in ?i:se:k eat it! 5.11. Examples of the imperative allomorphs are: -'h in snehkwih haul it away!, -h in ses?a:h eat it up! (-s?a-), -ah in haske:hah let him fight over it! (-askeh-), '« As well as helit is eating him, etc., meanings which depend on peculiarities asso- ciated with the prefix and will be discussed in that connection. The prefix ho- in ho.koh is an expansion. » With the duplicative prefix te-, described in a later section. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 13 -aehinsneke*aeh drink! (-hnek6-; [3.8]), -ehin wahsa:weh let it begin!, -ih in sekehsih rinse it!, -6h in se:koh pick it! (-kw-; [3.12]), -t in ka:ke?t let it dissolve! (-ke?-), -k in howa?hi?k let him stutter! (-wa?hi?-), -0 in so?ne:k move it out of the way! (-o?nek-). 6. THE SINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX 6.1. The stem of the irreducible verb may be pre- ceded by one of five singular subjective prefix mor- phemes: the FIRST PERSON, SECOND PERSON, MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER. The first person (k-/ke-) and second person (s-/se-/j-/ji-) morphemes denote respec- tively the speaker and the hearer. The masculine morpheme (ha-/hae-/he-/h-) denotes a male human being. The feminine morpheme (ye-/y[e]-/y[o]-/y-/yak- /ya-) 18 either denotes a female human being or is an indefinite reference to people in general, translatable as people, they, one. The neuter morpheme (ka-/kae-/ke-/w- y-/k-) denotes either an animal or something inanimate. 6.2. The grammatical meaning of this construction varies somewhat depending on the aspect of the verb stem. If a singular subjective prefix occurs with a descriptive stem, the meaning of the stem is always intransitive and describes the person or thing denoted by the prefix: ki?tyo? I'm set, settled, seated; I dwell (-i?tyo-), haya:soh he's called, his name is, kani:yo:t it's hanging. If a singular subjective prefix occurs with an iterative or imperative stem, it indicates the performer or instigator of whatever is denoted by the stem—if the meaning of the stem is transitive, a neuter goal is understood: he:eyos he's dying (-ley-), yeniy- otha? she's hanging it, ?i:se:k (you) eat it! (with initial ?i by [6.11]). 6.3. The allomorph of the singular subjective prefix morpheme is largely determined by the initial phoneme or phonemes of the basic allomorph of the following morpheme. There are, however, a few verb roots whose conditioning of prefix allomorphs must be indi- vidually described. Some verb roots also have alter- nate shapes which are conditioned by the preceding morpheme. Of these root alternations, some are fre- quent enough to warrant special symbolization in the listing of roots. An (h) at the beginning of a root indicates that the basic allomorph begins with h after a consonant, but has no corresponding phoneme after a vowel. A (y) indicates y after a consonant and no corresponding phoneme after a vowel, (hy) indicates hy after a consonant and no corresponding phonemes after a vowel, (h/:) indicates that the basic allomorph begins with h after a consonant, but : after a vowel. (C) represents no phoneme, but indicates that the pre- ceding allomorph is that which regularly occurs before 18 Square brackets are used to Indicate the portion of an allomorph which overlaps the following morph. a consonant, although here it occurs before a vowel. When a prefix allomorph is said to occur before a root morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a con- sonant, basic allomorphs listed as beginning with the above symbols are understood to be included, unless specifically excepted. Examples of roots with these beginnings are: -'(h)etke- be bad, ugly, -(y)okw- take for one's own., -'(h/:)yato- write, -(C)seethe- climb. 6.4. The first person morpheme has the following allomorphs: k- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a single resonant, t not final in a word, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3]: kohe? I'm alive (-ohe-), kye:no:s i" grab it (-yeno-), ktakhe? I'm running, khetke? I'm ugly, khyato:? / write, kae?thes / climb; ke- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with k, s, ?, word-final t, or any cluster of two consonants that does not consist of h followed by a resonant: ke: keh / see it, kesae?ta:s / eat beans (-sae?ta-k-),19 ke'i'e'otha? I'm setting traps (-?6-ot-), ?i:ke:t I'm standing (-t-; [6.11]), keth6?tha? /pound (-th6?t-). 6.5. The second person morpheme has the following allomorphs in word-initial position.20 s- occurs in the same environments as the first person allomorph k-, but not before i, (C)i, or y: sohe? you're alive, stakhe? you're running, shetke? you're ugly, syato:h write! [3.8], sae^theh climb!; se- occurs in the same environments as the first person allomorph ke-: se :keh you see it, sethe?t pound it!; j- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with i, (C)i, or y, and in the case of y the y is replaced by (C): ji?tyo:h set it! ?ijet hit it! (-yeht- [6.11, 4.6 end]); ji- occurs before the verb root -jako- do one's best: jija:ko:h do your best! 6.6. The masculine morpheme has the following allomorphs in word-initial position: ha- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a conso- nant, but not before (C)ae or (y)o: hay etna? he hits it (-yeht- [3.6]), haihsa:s he's looking for it; hae- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)ae: ha3:?thes he climbs [3.19]; he- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y) o or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: heokwas he takes it for his own, he?tyo? he dwells (-i?tyo-); h- occurs be- fore a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than i: hosae:s he's sprinkling it (-os(C)ae-), hohe? he's alive, ha:toh he says it (-ato-), hen6yo:? he tells fortunes (- eneyo-) .21 18 Only expansions of the verb root, to be described later, were available as examples of ke- before s and ">. 2o Additional allomorphs of this and some of the following morphemes, occurring in noninitial position, are described in [8]. In [6.6-8] the term "basic allomorph" means, strictly speaking, the most frequent basic allomorph, since more restricted alternative forms are indicated. " Morphs are described as overlapping only if neither of them occurs elsewhere with the ambiguous phoneme (cf. [6.7]). Otherwise the phoneme is assigned to the root (as in the last two examples here), or to the morph closest to the root. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 6.7. The feminine morpheme has, the following allomorphs in word-initial position: ye- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a conso- nant or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: yeyetha? she hits it, people hit it, yeihsa:s she's looking for it, ye?tyo? she dwells; y[e]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with e, [e] occurring in place of the e: ?i:ye? she's walking (-e- [6.11]); y[o]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, [o] occurring in place of the a: yo:toh she says it; y- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with e: yene*yo:? she tells fortunes; yak- occurs before a mor- pheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or o, as well as before the morphemes -a- be of a certain size and -a?aa- be small: yako.'o? she mends (-oo-), yako:he? she's alive, niya:ka? how big she is, niyaka?a:h she's small;22 ya- occurs before the morpheme -ley- die: yaie:yos she's dying. 6.8. The neuter morpheme has the following allo- morphs: ka- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, but not before (C) ae or (y)o: kayetha? it hits it, kaihsa:s it's looking for it; kae- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)ae: kae:?thes it climbs; ke- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)o or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: keokwas it takes it for its own, ke?tyo? it dwells; w- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or e, and before the verb root -iyo- be good, beautiful: wa: toh it says, weto:s it waves (-eto-), wi:yo:h it's good; y- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or 0: yokhas it's dripping (-okh-), yohe? it's alive; k- occurs before a very small number of roots beginning with o: kowa:neh it's big (-owane-). 6.9. A few morphophonemic items require further comment. First of all, any root whose basic allomorph begins with (h)ae occurs in an allomorph with a in place of the ae after any allomorph that ends in a (i.e., of the above, masculine ha- and neuter ka-): -'(h)aeht- pass by occurs as -aht- (and -':t- by automatic alternations [3.6, 19,23]) inha:tha? he passes by, k&: th.^ it passes by. 6.10. There are also certain categories of roots beginning with ye that require special mention. One group behaves, in the conditioning of preceding allo- morphs, as if the roots began with a consonant cluster. These roots will be fisted with an initial y (C) .23 -y (C) e- know how in keyeoh / know how. Another group lacks the initial y after the first person allomorph k-. These roots will be listed with an initial superscript y: -yehse- be at home in kehse? I'm at home. A third group « The initial ni- belongs to the partitive morpheme, which regularly occurs with these roots. 23 This use of (C) is consistent with and an extension of that described at the end of [4.6]. exhibits neither of these irregularities: -yetei- know in kyete:ih / know it. 6.11. Finally, no verb contains fewer than two vowels. If a verb would otherwise contain only a single vowel, its initial morpheme occurs in an allomorph beginning with ?i. Examples are ?ij- second person in ?ij et hit it!, ?ike- first person in ?i:ke:t I'm standing. With a masculine allomorph, however, the i is basically strong and the following h is lacking (cf. [8.7]): ?ia- masculine in ?i:at he's standing. 7. THE IRREDUCIBLE NOUN 7.1. The structure of the irreducible noun is analo- gous to that of the irreducible verb. There is a singular subjective prefix followed by an irreducible NOUN STEM, the latter consisting of a NOUN ROOT and a NOUN SUFFIX: Irreducible Noun Singular Subjective Prefix Irreducible Noun Stem Noun Root Noun Suffix An example from [2] is kahsi?ta? my foot, with the sub- jective prefix k- first person and the noun stem -ahsi?ta?, the latter composed of -ahsi?ta- foot and -'? simple noun noun suffix. 7.2. Only the noun stem calls for detailed descrip- tion. The singular subjective prefix morphemes were described in [6], and the manner of their morpho- phonemic combination with noun roots is identical with that described for verb roots. With a noun stem the singular subjective prefix denotes, usually, the inalienable possessor of whatever is denoted by the stem, and thus is semantically limited to occurrence with stems indicating something that can be possessed in this way: k- first person in kaohta? my ear (-aoht-), se- second person in sekota?keh on your nose (-kot-), ha- masculine in ha:waji:yae? his family (-'[h/:]wajiy- [ffi]-)> JQ-feminine in yewe:no? her, one's voice (-wen-), ka- neuter in kaka: ? its eye (-ka-). Most noun stems denoting body parts regularly occur with subjective prefixes. The neuter singular subjective prefix also occurs with many stems denoting things that are not inalienably possessed, in which case not possession, but only general existence is indicated: ka- in kasno? bark (-sn-). There are some noun stems that apparent- ly occur only with the neuter singular subjective prefix: kaji:sta? ember (-jist-). 7.3. What is actually a sixth singular subjective prefix morpheme, the INDEFINITE, occurs only before the noun root -okwe- person and has the indefinite denotation otherwise included in the meaning of the feminine morpheme. It has the word-initial shape ?-, 7.2. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 15 and anomalously conditions length after the following vowel when that vowel is both prefinal and the first in the word: ?o:kweh person (cf. yako:kweh female person, woman). 7.4. The irreducible noun stem, as has been noted, consists of a noun root followed by a noun suffix. In certain environments both noun and verb roots occur in what will be called then COMBINING ALLOMORPHS, and it is the combining allomorph of a noun root that occurs before a noun suffix. The combining allomorph is identical with the basic allomorph except for a supplementary final vowel most often a, but in some morphemes ae or e. There is no supplementary vowel if the root already ends in a vowel, or if it ends in ? . In fisting noun and verb roots, if the combining allo- morph ends in ae or e this vowel will be given at the end of the root in parentheses: -'(h)osh(ae)- box. If no such vowel is indicated, and the root ends in a consonant other than ?, the supplementary vowel of the combining allomorph is a (or 6 by [3.14]). 7.5. There are three noun suffix morphemes: the SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX, INTERNAL LOCATIVE, and EX- TERNAL LOCATIVE. The simple noun suffix (-'?/-'h) indicates nothing more than that the stem is a noun stem: -'? in kaoshae? box, ka?wasta? stick (-?wast-). The internal locative (-koh) indicates that reference is made to a location inside, or sometimes under, what- ever is denoted by the noun root: kaoshaeko:h in the box, kanohsako:h under the house (-nohs-).24 The ex- ternal locative (-'?keh/-':neh) indicates that reference is made to a location on or at whatever is denoted by the stem: -'?keh in kaoshae?keh on the box, yoeja?keh on the earth (-oej-). 7.6. The simple noun suffix allomorph is -'? after all but a very few noun roots which take -'h: ?o:kweh person, kejoh^sA- (-ij[C]o-). The internal locative has only the basic prosodic shape -koh. The external locative allomorph is -'?keri after all but a very few noun roots which occur with -':neri (some, but not all, being the same morphemes that take the simple noun suffix allomorph -'h): ?okw6:neh where people are, koshe": neh in the winter (-oshe-). 8. THE MODAL VERB 8.1. There is one expansion of the entire verb struc- ture described in [5] and [6] which is of such frequent occurrence that it seems advisable to introduce it at this point, even before expansions of the internal constituents of the irreducible verb are discussed. This is the MODAL expansion, and a verb containing it will be termed a MODAL VERB. It consists simply in the addition of a MODAL PREFIX to the structure already 2* Seneca speakers in Canada allegedly use the same word to moan in the house. described, with the restriction that the verb stem must contain either the imperative or punctual aspect morpheme.25 Modal Verb Modal Prefix Nonmodal Verb with Imperative or Punctual Stem 8.2. The imperative morpheme was described in [5.10-11]. The punctual morpheme (-'?/-?/-a?/-ae?/ -e?/-i?/-6?/-t/-k/-0) restricts the meaning of the verb root to one unique event: -'? in ?eke:ke? I'll see it,2Q -e? in ?esniyo:te? you will hang it, -0 in ?e:ye:k she will eat it. Its allomorphs and their conditioning are identical with those of the imperative morpheme except that wherever the latter has the phoneme h the punctual has ? . 8.3. The modal prefix morphemes are three: IN- DICATIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTURE.27 The indicative morpheme (?o?-/wa-) indicates that the second con- stituent's meaning is an incontestable fact, the validity of which is established either at the moment of the utterance or shortly prior to it: ?o?- in ?o?ki? / say it, said it (-i-), referring either to what I am immediately saying or to what I have just recently said; wa- in wa:ayo? he arrives, arrived (-yo-), said either at the moment of his arrival or not long after. I shall use the convention of translating indicative forms with an English past, e.g., I said it, he arrived, but it must be emphasized that a present tense translation is equally possible. The above examples contained the punctual morpheme. The indicative occurs with an imperative verb stem only within a further expansion of the entire verb, discussed in a later chapter. 8.4. The optative morpheme (?aa-) indicates that the second constituent's meaning is of possible or likely validity, and usually that the possibility is a desired one: ?a:ki? / might, should, ought to say it, ?a:ye:yet she might, ought to hit it. The optative occurs with an imperative verb stem only in the presence of the contrastive morpheme, introduced later. 8.5. The future morpheme (?e-) indicates that what- ever is denoted by the second constituent is certain to take place at some time in the future: ?e:ki? I'll say it. It often has a strongly imperative connotation: ?ehse:k you'll eat it!, eat it! When it occurs with an imperative verb stem and the word is preceded by the particle se:noh don't, the resultant meaning is that of a prohi- bition: se:noh ?ehsih don't say it! s» Exceptions to this last are a few words in which the optative prefix occurs with a descriptive stem: ta: yakota^oh she ought to have taken a stand, no: takayeano? the way it should have been done (both words with other constructions not yet described). 29 With the future modal prefix 'e-. 27 The cognate morphemes in Oneida are called by Lounsbury AOEIST, INDEFINITE, and FUTURE. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 8.6. In word-initial position before subjective prefix morphemes the optative and future morphemes have only the basic prosodic shapes ?aa- and ?e- respectively. The indicative allomorph ?o?- occurs before all except the masculine and feminine morphemes, which condi- tion wa-. 8.7. After any modal prefix the initial h of the masculine morpheme is lacking and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong [4.3]: wa:ake? he saw it, ?a:ake? he ought to see it, ?e:oke? he will see it [3.14]. After the indicative morpheme only, ? occurs in place of y in the feminine allomorphs: wa?e:ke? she saw it. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, hs occurs in place of s or j in the second person allomorphs: ?a:hse:ke? you ought to see it, ?ehse:ke? you will see it, nehsye:? how you will do it (-ye-)-28 With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word- initial position: ?o?ke :ke? / saw it, ?o?se :ke? you saw it, ?eye:ke? she'll see it, ?o?ka:ke? it saw it, ?eka:ke? it will see it. 9. THE NONSINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX 9.1. The term PRONOMINAL PREFIX will be used from this point on to include the singular subjective prefix described in [6], which is the irreducible pronominal prefix, and the expansions of it to be described in [9-11]. These include the nonsingular subjective prefix [9], the singular and nonsingular objective prefix [10], and the transitive prefix [11]. 9.2. The singular subjective prefix described in [6] may be expanded by the suffixation to it of a NUMBER MORPHEME to form a NONSINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX. The number morphemes introduced in this section are the DUAL (-ni-/-n-/-ny-) two and the PLURAL (-wa-/-wae-/ -we-/-w-/-y-/-0-/-ti-/-n-) three or more. A third, the NONSINGULAR (two or more), will appear in [10] and [11]. These morphemes are not in all cases simply added to the pronominal morphemes of [6], but condition certain modifications of the pronominal constituent. The following diagram shows in a general way the structure of a verb or noun containing the nonsingular subjective prefix; the modal prefix may or may not be present [8].29 Modal Prefix Verb or Noun Nonsingular Subjective Prefix Verb or Noun Stem Pronominal Constituent Number Morpheme 28 The initial n- belongs to the partitive morpheme, which regularly occurs with this root. 29 As noted in [8], the modal prefix only occurs in a verb, and then only with a punctual or imperative verb stem. An example is ha|ti- masculine plural in hati:hsa:s they're looking for it, hati:waji:yae? their family. 9.3. Instead of being added directly to the first person morpheme the number morpheme occurs with the EXCLUSIVE PERSON construction, consisting of the first person morpheme (-k-) preceded by the exclusive person morpheme (?a-), which indicates that reference is made to someone in addition to the speaker, but excluding the hearer: ?akhniyetha? we (excl. du.) are hitting it (with h between the k and n by [3.9]), ?akwa- yetha? we (excl. pi.) are hitting it. 9.4. There is also an INCLUSIVE PERSON morpheme (h-/t-), indicating that the hearer is included, which occurs alone (not in construction with the first person morpheme) before the number morpheme. The inclu- sive allomorph is h- before the dual morpheme, t- before the plural: hniyetha? we (inch du.) are hitting it, twayetha? we (inch pi.) are hitting it. 9.5. The second person (s-/j-) and masculine (h-/ha-/he-) morphemes occur directly before the number morpheme. The second person allomorph is s- everywhere except before the plural allomorph -0-, where it is j- [9.8]: sniyetha? you (du.) are hitting it, swayetha? you (pi.) are hitting it. The masculine allomorph is h- before the dual morpheme, ha- before the plural allomorph -ti-, and he- before the plural allomorph -n- [9.9]: hniyetha? they (masc. du.) are hitting it,30 hatiyetha? they (masc. pi.) are hitting it, heni?tyo? they (masc. pi.) dwell. 9.6. Neither the feminine nor the neuter morpheme occurs before the number morpheme, but their mean- ings are combined in the NONMASCULINE morpheme (k-/wa-/we-), which does so occur. The nonmasculine allomorph is k- before the dual morpheme, wa- before the plural allomorph -ti-, and we- before the plural allomorph -n-: khniyetha? they (nonmasc. du.) are hitting it, watiyetha? they (nonmasc. pi.) are hitting it, wenityo? they (nonmasc. pi.) dwell. 9.7. The dual allomorphs occur as follows: -ni- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant: hniye:thoh let's (inch du.) plant! (-yethw-), sni:awi? you (du.) are carrying some- thing (-'[h]awi-); -n- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than a or e: ?ihne? we (inch du.) are walking (-e-), khnohe? they (nonmasc. du.) are alive (-ohe-); -ny- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a or e: ?akya:toh we (excl. du.) say it (-ato-), hnyeto:s they (masc. du.) are waving it (-eto-). 9.8. The plural allomorphs can be divided into those which occur after the first person, inclusive person, and second person morphemes (-wa-/-wae-/-we-/-w-/-y-/-0-), and those which occur after the masculine and non- 20 In word initial position this prefix is homonymous with the Inclusive dual [9.4] WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 17 masculine morphemes (-ti-/-n-). The first group occurs as follows: -wa- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, but not before (C)ae or (y)o: ?akwathe?tha? we (excl. pi.) are pounding (-the?t-), twa:nekeaeh let's take a drink! (-'[h/:]neke-); -was- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)ae: sws§:?theh you [pi.] climb! (-[C]seethe-); -we- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)o or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: ?akweokweh we (excl. pi.) have taken it for our own (-[y]okw-), swe?tyo you (pi.) dwell (-ityo-); -w- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or e, and before the mor- pheme -i- say: ?itwe? we (inch pi.) are walking, ?iswih (you [pi.]) say it! (-i-); -y- occurs after the first and inclusive person morphemes before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or o ?aky:ohe? we (excl. pi.) are alive, tyohe? we (inch pi.) are alive; -0- occurs after the second person morpheme (j-) before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or o: johe? you (pi.) are alive. 9.9. After the masculine and nonmasculine mor- phemes the plural allomorphs occur as follows: -ti- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant: hatithe?tha? they (masc. pi.) are pounding, watithe?tha? they (nonmasc. pi.) are pound- ing; -n- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allo- morph begins with a vowel: heno:toh they (masc. pi.) say it (-ato-; [3.14]), weno:toh they (nonmasc. pi.) say it. 9.10. When the indicative morpheme precedes a non- singular subjective prefix, its word-initial allomorph is wa- before the exclusive person and masculine mor- phemes, ?o?- before the nonmasculine, and ?e- before the inclusive and second persons. The optative allomorph is ?ae- before the inclusive and second persons, ?aa- otherwise. The future allomorph is in all cases ?e-. 9.11. After any modal prefix the masculine allomorph -':- occurs in place of the word-initial h- (before the dual morpheme): wa:ni:yet they (masc. du.) hit it, ?a:- ni:yet they (masc. du.) might hit it, ?e:ni:yet they (masc. du.) will hit it. The initial masculine allomorphs ha- and he- (before the plural morpheme) occur without the initial h and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong (cf. [8.7]): wa:ti:yet they (masc. pi.) hit it (with the masculine allomorph : by [3.19]), waenot6?ko? they (masc. pi.) fled (-at6?kw-), ?a:ti:yet they (masc. pi.) might hit it, ?aenote?ko? they (masc. pi.) ought to flee, ?eoti:yet they (masc. pi.) will hit it [3.14], ?e:note?ko? they (masc. pi.) will flee. After the opta- tive and future morphemes, but not the indicative, the exclusive person allomorph is -ya-, rather than the word-initial ?a- [9.3]: ?a:yakwa:yet we (excl. pi.) might hit it, ?eyakwayet we will hit it. With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position. 9.12. The following is a list of the non-singular subjective prefixes, exemplified both in word-initial position and after the indicative and future morphemes. The verb root is -ke- see in the iterative (-keh) and punctual (-ke?) aspects. ?akhni-/?akhn-/?akb.ny- (/-yakhni- etc.) we (excl. du.): ?akhni:keh we see it, wa^akhniike? we saw it, ?ey&khni:ke? we'll see it. ?akwa-/?akwa3-/?akwe-/?akw-/?aky- (/-yakwa- etc.) we (excl. pi.): ?akwa:keh we see it, wa^akwake? we saw it, 'i'eyakwake? we'll see it. hni-/hn-/hny- we (incl. du.): hni:keh we see it, "termi:ke? we saw it, ?ehni:ke? we'll see it. twa-/twse-/twe-/tw-/ty- we (incl. pi.): twa:keh we see it, ?etwa:ke? we saw it, ?etwa:ke? we'll see it. sni-/sn-/sny- you (du.): snkkeh you see it, ?esni:ks? you saw it, ?esni:ke? you'll see it. swa-/swa3-/swe-/sw-/j- you (pi.): swa:keh you see it, ?eswa:ke? you saw it, ?eswa:ke? you'll see it. hni-/hn-/hny- (/-':ni- etc.) they (masc. du.): hni:keh they see it, wa:ni:ke? they saw it, ?e:ni:ke? they'll see it. hati-/hen- (/-'ati- etc.) they (masc. pi.): hatkkeh they see it, wa^i.-ks? they saw it, ^eotiike? they'll see it. khni-/khn-/khny- they (nonmasc. du.): khni:keh they see it, 'o^khnkke? they saw it, ?ekhni:ke? they'll see it. wati-/wen- they (nonmasc. pi.): wati:keh they see it, Wwatkke? they saw it, ?ewoti:ke? they'll see it. 10. THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX 10.1. Both the singular [6] and nonsingular [9] sub- jective prefixes may be modified by the OBJECTIVE morpheme (?a-/-a-/-ae-/-e-/-0-/-o-/-aw-/-o-/-wa-/?o-/-yo-) to form a singular or nonsingular OBJECTIVE PREFIX: Modal Prefix Verb or Noun Objective Prefix Verb or Noun Stem Subjective Prefix Objective Morpheme The position of the two constituents varies according to the morphemes involved; the objective morpheme some- times precedes, sometimes follows, and sometimes occurs within the other constituent, whose membership also varies in some instances (in the nonsingular objective prefix) from that described in [9]. 10.2. The grammatical meaning of this construction varies according to the type of stem with which it occurs. With a descriptive verb stem, the pronominal constituent is modified by the objective morpheme to indicate either the performer or goal of whatever is denoted by the stem, and a neuter goal or, as the case may be, performer is understood: sanyo:h (-nyo- kill), with the second person singular objective prefix sa-, means either you've killed it or it's killed you (cf. [5.6]); 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 ?aki?tyo?, with the first person singular objective prefix ?ak-, means either I've seated it or it's seated me (cf. ki?tyo? 2" dwell, etc. in [6.2]). With the masculine and feminine morphemes, however, a performer that is masculine or feminine, respectively, may also be under- stood: honyo:h he's killed it, it's killed him, but also he's killed him; konyo:h she's killed it, it's killed her, but also she's killed her. There are certain verb stems with which only an objective prefix occurs, and with these in the descriptive aspect the pronominal con- stituent is usually translated as a person or thing described: hota?oh he's asleep (-ita?-), honya:koh he's married (-nyak-), hoyo:ti:h he's smiling (-yo[:]ti-). 10.3. With a verb stem in any other aspect, the pronominal constituent of the objective prefix denotes simply the goal of whatever is denoted by the stem, with either a neuter, or, under the conditions noted above, a masculine or feminine performer understood: sanyos it's killing you, honyos it's killing him, he's killing him, konyos it's killing her, she's killing her. With stems that take only the objective prefix, however, the pronominal constituent is usually translated as the performer: hota?was he sleeps (-ita?w-; [5.3]), honya:s he marries, sayo:tih (you) smile! 10.4. With a noun stem, the pronominal constituent is modified by the objective morpheme to indicate in most cases the alienable possessor of whatever is denoted by the stem (cf. [7.2]): ?akaohta? my interpreter (cf. kaohta? my ear), sa?ashae? your basket (-?ash[ae]-), hoeno? his song (-en-), koya:a? her bag (-ya[ae]-; [5.4]), ?o?no? its arrow (-,?n-). A few stems denoting body parts occur with an objective prefix: ?akyo: skwa? my rib (-yoskw-), ^ak^thwehsa? my liver (-thwehs-). The neuter objective prefix also occurs with many stems to indicate specific existence: ?osno? the bark (cf. kasno? bark), and a number of stems occur only with the neu ter objective form: ?oneo? corn (-ne-). 10.5. The pronominal morphemes of the singular objective prefix are identical with those of the singular subjective prefix; i.e., the first person (-k-/-ke-), second person (s-), masculine (h-), feminine (k-), and neuter (?-) morphemes. The pronominal constituent comes first unless it is the first person morpheme: s|a- second person\objective in saihsa:s it's looking for you, h|o- masculine\objective in hoihsa:s it's looking for him, but ?a|k- objective\ first person in ?akihsa:s it's looking for me. 10.6. The first person allomorphs are -k-/-ke- after the objective, conditioned as described in [6.4]. With the first person morpheme the objective allomorph is ?a- in word-initial position: ?aka:weh it belongs to me (-awe-), ?ak£the?toh I've pounded it. 10.7. After the second person morpheme (s-) the objective allomorph is -a- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, o, or o, but not before (C)ae or (y)o: sayehtoh you've hit it, s&osaeoh you've sprinkled it (-osal-); -ae- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)ae: sae:?the:h you've climbed it; -e- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)o or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: seokweh you've taken it for your own, se:tah go to sleep!; and -0- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or e: se?oh you have intended it (-e?-), sa:weh it belongs to you. 10.8. After the masculine (h-), feminine (k-), and neuter (?-) morphemes the objective allomorph is -o- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, a, or i, and in the latter two cases the a or i is lacking: hoy£htoh he's hit it, ko:weh it belongs to her, ?ota?oh it's asleep; -a- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or o: haosaeoh he's sprinkled it; and -aw- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with e or e: hawe: ?oh he has intended it. There are, however, some roots in e before which -o- occurs, the e then being absent. Such roots will be listed with initial (e): -(e)nohto- know (?akenohto? / know it, honohto? he knows it). 10.9. When a modal prefix is present, the word- initial indicative allomorph is ?- before the first person, ?e- before the second person, and wa- before the mas- culine, feminine, and neuter singular objective prefixes. The optative allomorph is ?ae- before the second person singular objective prefix, ?aa- before the others. The future allomorph is ?e- before all of them. 10.10. After the indicative prefix (?-) the objective allomorph before the first person morpheme is -o-: ?okyet it hit me; after the optative and future it is -wa-: ?a:wakyet it might hit me, ?ewo:kyet it will hit me [3.14]. The second person allomorph remains s- in the singular objective prefix after any modal prefix (cf. [8.7]): ?esa:yet it hit you, ?aesayet it might hit you, ?esa:yet it will hit you. After any modal prefix the h of the masculine allomorph is lacking and the preceding vowel is basically strong: w&'.oyet it hit him, ?a:oyet it might hit him, ?e : oyet it will hit him [3.18]. After the indicative morpheme (wa-) the feminine allomorph is -?ak- and the neuter -?-: wa?ako:yet it hit her, wa?o- :yet it hit it. After the optative (?aa-) and future (?e-) morphemes the feminine allomorph is -yak- and the neuter -y-: ?eyako:yet it will hit her, ?eyo:yet it will hit it. 10.11. As noted in [10.1], the membership of the pronominal constituent in the nonsingular objective prefix is not identical with that of the nonsingular sub- jective prefix. For one thing the objective prefix makes no distinction between exclusive and inclusive persons, but combines their meanings by prefixing the objective morpheme (?o-) directly to the construction first person] number morpheme (dual or plural): ?okhniyetha? it's hitting us (du.), ?okwayetha? it's hitting us (pi.). 10.10. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 19 10.12. The objective morpheme occurs in a zero allomorph in the second person nonsingular objective prefix: sniyetha? it's hitting you (du.), swayetha? it's hitting you (pi.) .31 10.13. In the masculine and nonmasculine nonsingu- lar objective prefixes no distinction is made between dual and plural; i.e. the dual and plural morphemes do not occur, but their meanings are combined in the NONSINGULAR morpheme (-ti-/-n-) two or more: hotiyetha? it's hitting them (masc), ?otiyetha? it's hit- ting them (nonmasc). Here the objective morpheme (-0-) occurs between the masculine (h-) or nonmas- culine (?-) morpheme and the nonsingular. The latter occurs in the allomorph -ti- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, and -n- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel (cf. [9.9]): hotithe?toh they (masc.) have pounded it, ?otfthe?toh they (nonmasc.) have pounded it, honote?kweh they (masc.) have fled, ?onote<)kweh they (nonmasc.) have fled. 10.14. When the indicative morpheme precedes a nonsingular objective prefix, its word-initial allomorph is wa- before the objective, masculine, and nonmasculine morphemes and ?e- before the second person. The optative allomorph is ?ae- before the second person, ?aa- elsewhere. The future allomorph is ?e-. 10.15. After any modal prefix the masculine allo- morph h- is lacking and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong: waoti.'yet it hit them (masc), ?aoti:yet it might hit them (masc), ?eoti:yet it will hit them (masc.) [3.16]. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, the objective allo- morph is -yo- rather than the word-initial ?o-, and the nonmasculine allomorph is -y- rather than ?-: ?a:yokwa:yet it might hit us (pi.), ?eyokwayet it will hit us (pi.), ?a:yoti:yet it might hit them (nonmasc), ?eyoti:yet it will hit them (nonmasc). With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position. 10.16. The following is a fist of the singular and nonsingular objective prefixes: ?ak-/?ake- (/ok- etc. and -wak etc.) me: ?ake:keh it sees me, ?oke:ke? it saw me, ?ewoke:ke? it will see me. sa-/sae-/se-/s- you: sa:keh it sees you, ?esa:ke? it saw you, ?esa:ke? it will see you. ho-/ha-/haw- (/-'o- etc.) him: ho:keh it sees him, wa:oke? it saw him, ?e:oke? it will see him. ko-/ka-/kaw- (/-?ako- etc. and -yako- etc.) her: ko:keh it sees her, wa?ako:ke? it saw her ?eyako:ke? it will see her. ?o-/'a-/?aw- (/-yo- etc.) it: ?o:keh it sees it, wa?o:ke? it saw it, ?eyo:ke? it will see it. ?okhni-/?okhn-/?okhDy- (/-yokhni- etc.) us (du.) ?okhni:keh it sees us, ?okhni:ke? it saw us, ?ey6khni:ke? it will see us. ?okwa-/?okwse-/?okwe-/?okw-/?oky- (/-yokwa- etc.) us (pi.): ?okwa:keh it sees us, wa?okwake? it saw us, ?eyokwake? it will sni-/sn-/sny- you (du.): sni:keh it sees you, ?esni:ke? it saw you, ?esni:ke? it will see you. swa-/swse-/swe-/sw-/j- you (pi.): swa:keh it sees you, ?eswa:ke? it saw you, ^eswarke? it will see you [3.14]. hoti-/hon- (/-'oti- etc.) them (masc): hoti:keh it sees them, waoti:ke? it saw them, ?eoti:ke? it will see them. ?oti-/?orj- (/-yoti- etc.) them (nonmasc): ?oti:keh it sees them, wa?oti:ke? it saw them, ?eyoti:ke? it will see them. 11. THE TRANSITIVE PREFIX 11.1. The pronominal prefixes so far described often have transitive meanings (or at least translations), usually with either the performer or the goal neuter [6.2, 10.2], but sometimes with two masculines or two feminines [10.2]. There is, however, another expanded pronominal prefix, the TRANSITIVE PREFIX, in which each of the constituents contains a pronominal mor- pheme: One constituent, the SUBJECT, denotes the performer and the other, the OBJECT, denotes the goal of whatever is indicated by the verb stem. A transitive prefix almost never occurs with a noun stem.32 The following diagram indicates the general structure of verbs containing this construction: Modal Prefix Verb Transitive Prefix Verb Stem Subject Object An example is s|k- second person] first person in skihsa:s you're looking for me. The order of the constituents varies, depending on the particular morphemes in- volved, and in some cases the object contains the objective morpheme, thus defining another construction subclass [2.15] of the objective prefix described in [10]. In addition, certain of the transitive prefixes occur as constituents with the number morphemes, defining another subclass of the transitive construction. 11.2. First to be considered are the transitive pre- fixes containing a first person subject and second person object or vice versa. The constituents are simply the first person (k-/-ke-) and second person (s-/ta-/-o[:]-/ -o[:]y-) morphemes, and the subject precedes the object: koyetha? I'm hitting you, skyetha? you're hitting me. As subjects, the first and second person allomorphs are k- and s- respectively, except that in a word that ends in the imperative morpheme the second person allo- morph is ta- before the first person: takoh give it to me! (-0-). As an object, the first person morpheme has the allomorphs -k-/-ke-, conditioned as described in [6.4]. The second person morpheme has, as an object, the " These forms are thus homonymous with the second person nonsingular sub- jective prefix [9.5]. M An example of such an exceptional occurrence is shetwa- we (incl. pi.) . . . Aim in shetwahes:no? he is famous or notorious among us, with the noun stem -hseno? name, fame. 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 allomorphs -o(:)- and -o(:)y- [4.6], with -o(:)- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking), and -o(:)y- occuring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than i: ko?tyo? I've seated you, koya:wi:h I've given it to you (-awi-). 11.3. The two constitutes described above also occur followed by the dual and plural morphemes, in which case the second person allomorph is -0- as the object, and the allomorphs of the number morphemes are identical with those described for their occurrence after the first person and inclusive person morphemes in [9.7-8]. The grammatical meaning here is unique: The number morpheme sets a limit on the number of individuals denoted by either of the constituents. With the dual morpheme either the subject or the object, or both, refers to a group of two, but neither can refer to a larger group: khniyetha? I'm hitting you (du.), we (du.) are hitting you (sg.), or we (du.) are hitting you (du.); skhniyetha? you (sg.) are hitting us (du.), you (du.) are hitting me, or you (du.) are hitting us (du.). With the plural morpheme at least one of the constituents refers to a group of three or more: kway- etha? I'm hitting you (pi.), we (du.) are hitting you (pi.), we (pi.) are hitting you (sg.), we (pi.) are hitting you (du.), or we (pi.) are hitting you (pi.); skwayetha? you (sg.) are hitting us (pi.), you (du.) are hitting us (pi.), you (pi.) are hitting me, you (pi.) are hitting us (du.), or you (pi.) are hitting us (pi.). 11.4. The masculine morpheme (h-/0-/sh-/she-/he-) occurs as the first constituent in the transitive prefix before any of the subjective or objective morphemes or constructions [6, 9, 10] that contain the first, inclusive, or second person morphemes, as well as before the UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON morpheme (-owo-/-owae-/ -owe-/-owoy-/-ow-)33 he, she, they, the feminine singular objective construction, and the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON objective construction. If the second con- stituent is objective (contains the objective morpheme), it is the object; if subjective, it is the subject and the masculine morpheme is the object. But the masculine morpheme, whether subject or object, always comes first. 11.5. Before the first person singular object the masculine allomorph is h- and the objective allomorph -a- (cf. [10.6]): hakyetha? he's hitting me. Before the second person singular object the masculine morpheme has a zero allomorph in word-initial position and the second person allomorph is -y- (cf. [10.7]): yay^tha? he's hitting you. Before the first person dual and plural objects the masculine allomorph is sh- and the objective allomorph -o- (cf. [10.11]): shokhniyetha? he's hitting us (du.), shokwayetha? he's hitting us (pi.). Before the second person dual and plural objects [10.12] 83 Some idiolects have -awo- etc. the masculine allomorph is she-: shesniyetha? he's hitting you (du.), sheswayetha? he's hitting you (pi.). The masculine allomorph sh- also occurs before the feminine singular object, where the feminine allomorph is-ak- (cf. [10.8]): shakoyetha? he's hitting her. The nonsingular third person objective construction con- sists of the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON morpheme (-ak-) they, followed by the objective morpheme -o(:)-/-o(:)y-, homonymous with and conditioned in the same way as the second person allomorphs described in [11.2]. It is preceded by the masculine allomorph h-: hakoyetha? he's hitting them, hakoyawi:h he's given it to them. 11.6. Before the first person singular subject the masculine (object) allomorph is h-; the first person allomorphs are -e-/-ey-, with -e- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a conso- nant or i (and the i is lacking), and -ey- occurring before a vowel other than i: heyetha? I'm hitting him, he?tyo? I've seated him, heya:wi:h I've given it to him. Before the second person singular subject the masculine allomorph is he-, the second person allomorph -'hs-/- -'hse-, conditioned as described in [6.5], but with -'hs- and -'hse- in place of s- and se- and with -'hs- rather than j- before i or y:hehsa:wi:h you've given it to him, hehsi?tyo? you've seated him. Before the exclusive dual and plural subjects the masculine allomorph is sh- and the exclusive allomorph -a- (cf. [9.3]): shakhni- yetha? we (excl. du.) are hitting him, shakwayetha? we (excl. pi.) are hitting him. Before the inclusive and second person dual and plural subjects [9.4-5] the mas- culine allomorph is she-: shehniyetha? we (incl. du.) are hitting him, she tway etna? we (incl. pi.) are hitting him, shesniyetha? you (du.) are hitting him, sheswayetha? you (pi.) are hitting him.u Before the unrestricted third person subject the masculine allomorph is h-; the UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON morpheme has the allomorphs -owo-/-owae-/-owe-/-owoy-/-ow-, with -owo- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant other than (C)ae or (y)o, -owae- occurring before (C)ae, -owe- before (y)o and i (and the i is lacking), -owoy- before o or o, and -ow- before a, e, or e: howoyetha? he, she, they are hitting him, howe?tyo? he, she, they have seated him, howo:wi:h he, she, they have given it to him. 11.7. Another morpheme which occurs only in the transitive prefix is the RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON (?_/?e-/-he-/-hey-) she, they, excluding the masculine singular meaning but including the masculine non- singular. This morpheme occurs in a way that is similar but not identical to the occurrence of the mas- culine morpheme described in [11.4-6]. 11.8. As a subject it precedes the first and second s< The last two forms are homonymous with their reverse, he . . . yov (du or nl ^ [11.5]. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 21 person nonsingular objective construction [10.11-12], which, however, occur only with the nonsingular num- ber morpheme (-hi-/-hiy-/-i-/-iy-) rather than with the dual and plural. Its allomorph is ?- before the ob- jective morpheme (-0-) that precedes the first person, and ?e- before the second person morpheme (here -ts-), which conditions a zero allomorph of the objective. The nonsingular allomorphs -hi-/-hiy- occur after the first person morpheme, and -i-/-iy- occur after the second person. The forms without y occur before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a con- sonant or i (and the i is lacking); the forms with y before a vowel other than i. Examples are ?okhiyetha? she, they are hitting us, ?okhiyawi:h she, they have given it to us, ?etsiyetha? she, they are hitting you (nonsg.), ?etsiyawi:h she, they have given it to you (nonsg.). 11.9. As an object, unlike the masculine morpheme, the restricted third person FOLLOWS the first (k-) and second (s-) person subjects. In this environment the restricted third person allomorphs are -he-/-hey-, the former occurring before a morpheme whose basic allo- morph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking), the latter before a vowel other than i : khey£tha? I'm hitting her, them, kheya:wi:h I've given it to her, them, sheyetha? you're hitting her, them, sheya:wi:h you've given it to her, them. 11.10. The restricted third person object does, how- ever, precede its other subjects, the exclusive, inclusive, and second person nonsingular, which (as in [11.8]) occur with the nonsingular morpheme rather than the dual and plural. The nonsingular allomorphs are -hi-/-hiy-/-i-/-iy-, conditioned as in [11.8], with -hi-/-hiy- occurring also after the inclusive person morpheme. Before the exclusive person nonsingular subject the restricted third person allomorph is ?- and the exclusive person allomorph -a-: ?akhiyetha? we (excl.) are hitting her, them. Before the inclusive person nonsingular subject the restricted third person allomorph is ?e-; the inclusive person allomorph is -t-: ?ethiyetha? we (incl.) are hitting her, them. Before the second person non- singular subject the restricted third person allomorph is also ?e-; the second person allomorph is -ts-: ?etsiyetha? you (nonsg.) are hitting her, them.35 11.11. It may have been noticed that the restricted third person morpheme does not occur as subject with a first or second person singular object. Instead, its meanings are divided between two other morphemes: the feminine (?-/?e-),38 already familiar, and a new one, the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON (h-/ho-) they. The first and second person objective construction follows the subjects, and occurs in the allomorphs al- ready described [10.6-7], but the objective allomorph is -0- before the first person. The feminine and non- you (nonsg.) [11.8]. M This form is homonymous with its reverse, she, they . " Some idiolects have ?o- rather than ?e-. singular third person allomorphs are ?- and h- respec- tively before the first person object, ?e- and ho- before the second person: ?okyetha? she's hitting me, hokyetha? they're hitting me, 'tesayetha? she's hitting you (sg.), hosayetha? they're hitting you (sg.). 11.12. There is also a transitive constitute consisting of a neuter subject and neuter object. As the first constituent, the neuter morpheme has the shape k-; as the second, the shape -owo-/-owae-/-owe-/-owoy-/-ow-, homonymous with and conditioned in the same way as the unrestricted third person morpheme described in [11.6]: kowoyetha? it's hitting it, kowo:wi:h it has given it to it. 11.13. Finally, there are three other members of the transitive construction which occur as constituents with a number morpheme (cf. [11.3]), in this case the non- singular morpheme (-ti-/-n-). The transitive constit- uents are sh|ako- he\her [11.5] and two others not yet encountered. These have the masculine (h-) and non- masculine (k-) morphemes as objects, followed by the restricted third person morpheme (-owo-/-owe-) as sub- ject. The nonsingular morpheme in all three cases applies semantically to the first of the two constituents, whether it is subject (as with shako-) or object (as with howo-/howe- and kowo-/kowe-). The nonsingular allo- morphs -ti- and -n- are conditioned as described in [10.13]. The restricted third person allomorph -owo- occurs before -ti-, -owe- before -n-.37 Examples are shakotiyetha? they (masc) hit her, shakonowi:h they (masc) have given it to her, howotiyetha? she, they are hitting them (masc), howenowi:h she, they have given it to them (masc), kowotiyetha? she, they are hitting them (nonmasc), kowenowi:h she, they have given it to them (nonmasc). 11.14. The word-initial indicative allomorph is ?o?- before any transitive prefix beginning with k or s. It is wa- before any other. The optative and future allomorphs are ?aa- and ?e- respectively before any transitive prefix. 11.15. After any modal prefix, any transitive prefix beginning with h in word-initial position followed by a vowel occurs without the h, but with the preceding vowel basically strong: waosayet they hit you, ?aosa:yet they might hit you, ?eosayet they will hit you. Also after any modal prefix, the masculine allomorph is -':- rather than -0- before the second person singular object (cf. [11.5]): wa:ya:yet he hit you, ?a:yayet he might hit you, ?e:ya:yet he'll hit you. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, any transitive prefix beginning with ? occurs with y in place of the ?: ?a:yokhi:yet she, they might hit me, ?eyokhi:yet she, they will hit me. With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position. " Some idiolects have -owa- before -n- also. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 11.16. The following is a list of the transitive prefixes: ko(:)-/ko(:)y- I . . . you: ko:keh / see you, Wkorke? / saw you, ?eko:ke? I'll see you. sk-/ske-/tak-/take- you . . . me: ske:keh you see me, ?o?ske:- ke? you saw me, ?eske:ke? you'll see me. khni-/khni-/khny- I, we . . . you (du.) [11.3]: khni:keh /, we see you, ?o?khni:ke'i> /, we saw you, ?ekhni:ke? /, we will see you. kwa-/kwse-/kwe-/kw-/ky- I, we . . . you (pi.): kwa:keh /, we see you, ?o?kwa:ke? I, we saw you, 'i'ekwa^e'i' I, we will see you. skhni-/skhn-/skhny- you . . . me, us (du.): skhni:keh yov see me, us, ?o?skhni:ke? you saw me, us, ?8khni:ke? you'll see me, us. skwa-/skwae-/skwe-/skw-/sky- you . . . me, us (pi.): skwa:keh you see me, us, ?o?skwa:ke? you saw me, us, ?eskwa:ke? you'll see me, us. hak-/hake- (/-'ak- etc.) he ... me: hake:keh he sees me, wa:ke:ke? he saw me, ?eoke:ke? he'll see me. ya-/ya-/ye-/y- (/-':ya- etc.) he . . . you: ya:keh he sees you, waryatke? he saw you, ?e:ya:ke? he'll see you. shokhni-/shokhn-/shokhny- he ... us (du.): shokhni:keh he sees us, ?o?sh6khni:ke'i> he saw us, ?esh5khni:ke? he'll see us. shokwa-/shokwse-/shokwe-/shokw-/shoky- he ... us (pi.): sho- kwa:keh he sees us, ?o?shokwake? he saw us, ?eshokwake? he'll see us. shesni-/shesn-/shesny- he . . . you (du.): shesni:keh he sees you, ?o?sh6sni:ke? he saw you, ?esh6sni:ke? he'll see you. sheswa-/sheswse-/sheswe-/shesw-/shej- he . . . you (pi.): sheswa:keh he sees you, ?o?sh6swak e? he saw you, ?esheswake? he'll see you. shako-/shaka-/shakaw- he . . . her: shako:keh he sees her, ?o?shako:ke? he saw her, ? eshako: k e? he'll see her. hako(:)-/hako(:)y- (/-'ako[:]- etc) he . . . them: hako:keh he sees them, wa:ko:ke? he saw them, ?eoko:ke? he'll see them. he-/hey- (/-'e- etc) I.. . him: he:keh I see him, wa:eke? I saw him, ?e:eke? or ?e:eke? I'll see him [3.16]. h6hs-/h6hse- (/-'6hs-etc.) you . . . him: hehse:keh you see him, waehse:ke? you saw him, ^ihseike? you'll see him. shakhni-/shakhn-/shakhny- we (excl. du.) .. . him: shakhni:keh we see him, ?o?sh£khni:ke? we saw him, ?esh£khni:ke? we'll see him. shakwa-/shakwse-/shakwe-/shakw-/shaky- we (excl. pi.) . . . him: shakwa:keh we see him' ?o?shakwake? we saw him, ?eshakwake? we'll see him. shehni-/shehn-/shehuy- we (incl. du.) . . . him: shehni:keh we see him, ?o?sh6hni:ke? we saw him, ? eshShni: k e? we'll see him. shetwa-/shetwge-/shetwe-/shetw-/shety- we (incl. pi.) . . . him: shetwa:keh we see him, ^o^shetwake? we saw him, ?eshetwake? we'll see him. shesni-/shesn-/shesny- you (du.) . . . him: shesni:keh you see him, ?o?sh6sni:ke? you saw him, ?eshesni:ke? you'll see him. sheswa-/sheswse-/sheswe-/shesw-/shej- you (pi.) . . . him: sheswa:keh you see him, ?o?sh&wake? you saw him, ?esh£swake? you'll see him. howo-/howa3-/howe-/howoy-/how- (/-'owo- etc.) he, she, they . . . him: howo:keh he, she, they see him, waowoke? he, she, they saw him, ?eowoke? he, she, they will see him. ?okhi-/?okhiy- (/-yokhi- etc.) she, they . . . us: ?okhi:keh she, they see us, wa?6khi:ke? she, they saw us, ?ey6khi:ke? she, they will see us. ?etsi-/?etsiy- (/-yetsi- etc.) she, they . . . you (nonsg.): ?etsi:keh she, they see you, wa?6tsi:ke?s?ie, they saw you, ?ey6tsi:- ke? she, they will see you. khe-/khey- I . . . her, them: khe:keh I see her, them, ?o?khe:ke? / saw her, them, ?ekhe:ke? I'll see her, them. she-/shey- you . . . her, them: she:keh you see her, them, ?o?she:ke? you saw her, them, ?eshe:ke? you'll see her, them. ?akhi-/?akhiy- (/-yakhi- etc.) we (excl.) . . . her, them: ?akhi:keh we see her, them, wa?£khi:ke? we saw her, them, ?ey£khi:ke? we'll see her, them. ?ethi-/?ethiy- (/-yethi- etc.) we (incl.) . . . her, them: ?ethi:keh we see her, them, wa^thi:ke?tue saw her, them, ?ey6thi:- ke? we'll see her, them. ?etsi-/?etsiy- (/-yetsi- etc.) you (nonsg.) . . . her, them: ?etsi:keh you see her, them, wa^tsiike? you saw her, them, ?ey6tsi:ke? you'll see her, them. ?ok-/?oke- (/-yok- etc.) she . . . me: ?oke:keh she sees me, wa?oke:ke? she saw me, ?eyoke:ke? she'll see me. hok-/hoke- (/-'ok- etc.) they . . . me: hoke:keh they see me, waoke:ke? they saw me, ?eoke:ke? they'll see me. ?esa-/?esa3-/?ese-/?es- (/-yesa- etc.) she . . . you: ?esa:keh she sees you, wa?esake? she saw you, ?eyesake? she'll see you. hosa-/hosse-/hose-/hos- (/-'osa- etc.) they . . . you: hosa:keh they see you, waosake? they saw you, ?eosake? they'll see you. kowo-/kowse-/kowe-/kowoy-/kow- it . . . it: kowo:keh it sees it, ?o?kowoke? it saw it, ?ekawoke? it will see it. shakoti-/shakon- they (masc.) . . . her: shakoti:keh they see her, ?o?shakoti:ke? they saw her, ?eshakoti: ke? they'll see her. howoti-/howen- (/-'owoti- etc.) she, they . . . them (masc): howotirkeh she, they see them, waowoti: k e? she, they saw them, ?eowoti:ke? she, they will see them. kowoti-/kowen- she, they , . . them (nonmasc): kowotirkeh she, they see them, ?o?kowoti:ke? she, they saw them, ?ekowoti:ke? she, they will see them. 12. THE NOMLNALIZER 12.1. The position occupied by the verb or noun root in the structures described up to this point may also be filled by an expansion. The term EXPANDED BASE is introduced here to cover such an expansion; i.e., a morpheme sequence substitutable for a root. The already described occurrences of simple verb and noun roots can be regarded as instances of irreducible bases. First to be described here is the one expanded noun base. The several expanded verb bases are taken up in [13-15]. 12.2. The expanded noun base consists of a verb root followed by the NOMINALIZER morpheme -sh(ae)-/ -,sh(ae)-/-?sh(33)-/-'?sh(a3)-: Noun Pronominal Prefix Noun Stem Noun Base Noun Suffix Verb Root Nominalizer Examples are ka?hasteshae? power (verb root -?haste- be powerful), ?oth6?sha3? meal, flour (-th6?t- [3.3] pound corn), ?oteon6shaeko:h in the shade (-ateono- be shady). 12.3. The verb root occurs before the nominalizer in its most common basic allomorph or an automatic variant, although there are a few roots which occur here in their combining allomorph ([7.4]; see the second example below). The allomorphs of the nominalizer WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 23 are conditioned by the verb root in an unpredictable fashion, but -sh(ae)- occurs with the largest number of roots. Examples of the four allomorphs are: -sh(ae)- in ?oteono:shae? shade, umbrella, parasol, -'sh(ae)- in ka?nikohtashae? thinking cap (-?nikoht- be wise), -?sh(ae)- in ?akatoke:?shaB? my ax (-atoke- be an ax), -'?sh(ae)- in ?onowae:?shae? soap (-nowaae- wash). 13. THE ROOT SUFFIXES 13.1. One expanded verb base involves the occur- rence of one or more ROOT SUFFIXES after the verb root: Modal Prefix Verb Pronominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Verb Root Root Suffix These suffix morphemes can be ranked according to their relative closeness to the verb root when more than one occurs, the lower numbered rank occurring closer to the root. Those within the same rank (e.g., 1) are in contrastive distribution. Some ranks can be subdivided on the basis of their conditioning of aspect allomorphs; those within the same subdivision (e.g. 2 a) condition the same aspect allomorphs. The ranking is as follows: 1 a. Directive 1 b. Causative III38 1 c Oppositive II 2 a. Causative II, Inchoative II 2 b. Oppositive I 3. Causative I, Causative-Instrumental 4 a. Inchoative I 4 b. Inchoative III 5. Distributive 6. Instrumental 7. Dative 8 a. Ambulative 8 b. Transient The allomorph of the root suffix itself, if it has several, is conditioned unpredictably by the preceding mor- pheme. 13.2. The directive morpheme, -n-, occurs only with a few verb roots whose meanings involve motion, all of them ending in e, and is usually accompanied by either the cislocative or the translocative morpheme, neither of which has yet been described. It apparently indi- cates that the motion takes place in a specific direction. 88 The Roman numerals provide an indication of the relative number of verb roots with which these morphemes have been found to occur, I occurring with the largest number. It conditions the aspect allomorphs -oh descriptive, -5s iterative, and -h imperative}9 Examples are hewa- ktakhe:no:h40 I've run there (-takhe- run), he:enos he goes there (-e- go, walk), he:ke:? I'll go there [3.10]. 13.3. The causative III morpheme, -hw-, also occurs with a very small number of verb roots, adding a causative meaning. It is preceded by the most common basic allomorph of the root, and conditions the follow- ing aspect allomorphs: -5h descriptive, -as iterative, and -oh imperative [3.12]. Examples are ?akeothweh I've poured it (-eot- pour), ?o?k£otho? I poured it, ho?we:- thweh he's killed, massacred them (-a?wet- die in quantity). 13.4. The oppositive 41 II morpheme, -'hs-, likewise occurs with only a few verb roots, the resulting meaning being in some sense the opposite of that of the root alone. However, with a root that already denotes some kind of imbalance or undoing the oppositive indicates multiplication of this state or activity. It is preceded by the most common basic allomorph of the root, and conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -oh descrip- tive, -6s iterative, and -ih imperative. The following examples of the oppositive II contain also several ex- pansions that have not yet been discussed: tewake:- hsoweriso:h I've uncovered my feet (-owe- cover), ?o?- thenohtiahsi? they replaced (several things) (-tia- be unequal). 13.5. The causative II morpheme, -t-/-at-/-aet-/-et-, and the inchoative II morpheme, -'?-/-'hr/-£f-/-gh- occur with a somewhat larger number of verb roots than do the three morphemes already discussed. They indicate respectively causation and coming into being. They condition the following aspect allomorphs: -6h descriptive, -s iterative [3.3, 3.6], and -0 imperative. Most roots which occur with these morphemes have their most common basic allomorphs and are followed by causative II -t- and inchoative II -'?-/-'h- (-'?- before the descriptive aspect and -'h- before any other): ?onesto:toh it has frozen it (-n6sto- be frozen), wa:ti- ashe:t they called a council (-'[h]ashe- hold a council); ?akye:?oh I've gotten hurt (-yee- be hurt), Wkye:ih / fit into it (-yei- befitting). A few roots ending in e lack the e in this environment, and it is these roots which condition the causative II allomorphs -at-/-aet- (which one of the two being unpredictable), as well as the inchoative II allomorphs -£t-/-£h- (-e?- before the descriptive, -eh- elsewhere): ?akta:toh I've put it in place (-te- be in place), hasno:wae:s he's making speed, going fast (-asnowe- be fast); ?osn6we?oh it's gotten fast, wa?6sno:weh it got fast. The root -ahtety- move, travel conditions the causative II allomorph -et-: ?eyakohte:- tye: t it will move her. There are a few verb roots after '« The punctual allomorph can always be inferred from the imperative [8.2]. « The initial he-/h- of these examples belongs to the translocative morpheme. u The cognate morpheme in Oneida is called by Lounsbury the INFECTIVE. 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 which the allomorphic distribution differs uniquely from that described above. The root -skatkw- laugh, for example, not only conditions irregularly the inchoative II allomorphs -e?-/-eh- but also occurs with -e?- (not -eh-) before the iterative morpheme: haska:tkwe?s he's laughing. 13.6. The oppositive I morpheme, -kw-/-o(:)kw-, has meanings like those of the oppositive II. It is preceded by the combining allomorph of the root, and conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -eh descriptive, -as iterative, -oh imperative. The usual oppositive I allo- morph is -kw-: sehoto:koh open the door! (-to[:]- close). After a morpheme that conditions the descriptive allomorph -oh, however, the oppositive I is -o(:)kw-: ?o?k£khahso:ko? i" separated several things (-khahs- separate). The oppositive I may also occur after the oppositive II, and has then the multiplicative meaning: ?o?tke?nyow6'hso:ko'i> I uncovered my hands (specifically both of them). 13.7. The causative I morpheme, -' ?t-/-'ht-/-t-/-ht-, and the causative-instrumental morpheme, -'st-/-st-, oc- cur with a large number of verb roots. The meaning of causative I is causative, and occasionally instru- mental. The causative-instrumental morpheme has more often an instrumental meaning, but a causative meaning with some roots and an inchoative meaning with a few others. With the exception of the causative I allomorph -t-, these morphemes are preceded by the combining allomorph of the root. They condition the following aspect allomorphs: -oh descriptive, -ha? itera- tive, -0 imperative. There is no predictability as to which allomorph of either morpheme occurs with which verb root, but causative I -t-/-ht- and causative- instrumental -st- occur only with a very small number of roots. Examples of the causative I morpheme are: -'?t- in kahto?tha? / make it disappear (-ahto- be lost), -'ht- in ?ak6tkihtoh I've gotten it dirty (-tki- be dirty), -t- in yowo:ktha? people use it for sifting, sifter (-awak- sift), -ht- in hotiye?kwahsonye:htoh they (masc.) have made it savor the tobacco (-hsonye- savor, with an in- corporated noun root [14]). Examples of the causative- instrumental morpheme are -'st- in ?6e?hestha? stop- ping place, station (-'[h]e?he- stop),*2 ?ekano?nos [3.4] it will get cold (-no ?no- be cold), -st- in wa?okwete: sthe?t we (pi.) are pitiable (-ite- show pity). The causative I morpheme may occur after the oppositive I, which then has the allomorph -kwa-:?akokwahtoh I've made it come out of the water (-o- be in water). 13.8. The inchoative I morpheme, ^'?-/-'?he?-/-'6?-/ -he^-, like the inchoative II and III, indicates coming into being. The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph before -'?-, but in its most common « Note the contrasting causative I -'ht- in ?aki: waE?hehtoh / have decided, lit. made the matter stop. basic allomorph before the other inchoative I allo- morphs. The inchoative I conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -6h descriptive, -s iterative, -t im- perative. Examples of its occurrence are ?ak6?kta?oh I've gotten to the end (-6?kt- be at the end), ?o?yo:she?t it became long (-os- be long), wiyo?he?s it becomes good (-iyo- be good). 13.9. The inchoative III morpheme, -'?-, differs from the inchoative I only in conditioning the imperative (and punctual) allomorph -0 rather than -t: ?o?wahto? it disappeared (-ahto- be lost). 13.10. The distributive morpheme, -ho-/-'o-/-':no-/ -'syo-/-nyo-/-o-/-no-/-' ?ho-/-'hso-/-' ?so-/-sho-, indicates that several objects or several locations in space or time are involved in the meaning of the base: -ho- in haih- sakhoh he's looking for several things, looking in several places, looking at various times. The preceding mor- pheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the distributive allomorph -ho- (see preceding example). The distributive conditions the following aspect allo- morphs: -'? descriptive, -'h iterative, -h imperative. Ex- amples of the other distributive allomorphs are: -'o- in hatiyethwakwaoh they (masc. pi.) are harvesting things (-yethw- plant, with oppositive I -kwa-), -':no- in ?osh6ta:no? they are numbered (-ashet- number), -'syo- in ?6etke?syo? things have spoiled (-'[h]etke- be bad, with inchoative I -'?-), -nyo- in kate:nyo? things are in place (-te- be in place), -o- in kaji:oto? things are blocked up (-jlot- be blocked up), -no- in ha:wi:nohhe's carrying things (-'[h]awi- carry), -'?ho- in hanehkwi?hoh he's hauling things (-nehkwi- haul), -'hso- in waoshehso:? it chased him here and there (-she- chase), -'?so- in ?o?k&?se?- so: ? several animals hauled it or it hauled several things (-/?se-), -sho- in ?o:nekitke:sho? springs, lit. emerging waters (-itke- emerge). The allomorph -nyo- sometimes occurs after another distributive allomorph, yielding a double distributive: haihsakho:nyoh he's looking for several things, etc. (cf. haihsakhoh above). 13.11. The instrumental morpheme, -'hkw-, has the meaning which its name implies: yeniyotahkwa? people use it for hanging, hanger (-niyot- hang). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph. The instrumental conditions the following aspect allo- morphs: -oh descriptive, -a? iterative, -0 imperative [3.6]. Other examples are tyohelikoh we (incl. pi.) use it for living, our sustenance (-ohe- be alive), ?o?ko?ktak I used it to end up with (-6?kt- be at the end). 13.12. The dative morpheme, -ni-/-i-/-'?se-/-'hse-/-e~/ -e-/-'?s-/-'as-/-has-/-'s-/-0-/-se-, indicates that the mean- ing of the base is for the benefit of or directed toward some person or thing: -ni- in howotithae: nih she, they talk^ to them (masc). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the dative allomorph -has-. The dative conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -h descriptive, -'h iterative, -'h im- 13.11. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 25 perative. The dative allomorphs -ni-/-i-/-'?se-/-'hse-/-e- occur only before the descriptive and iterative mor- phemes: -ni- in hakhyato:ni:h he has written it for me (-'[h/:]yato- write), -i- in koihsakih it looks for it for her, monkey (-[C]ihsak- look for), -'?se- in hakhni:no?seh he buys it for me (-'[h/:]nino- buy), -'hse- in ?akeohse:h I've said to it (-e- say), -e- in he:wa:hse:h I've covered him with a blanket (-'[h/: ]wahs- cover vnth a blanket). The allomorphs -e-/-'?s-/-'as-/-has-/-'s-/-0- occur only before the imperative and punctual morphemes: -e- in ?o?koihsa: ke ? / looked for it for you, -'s- in wa: khni: no?s he bought it for me, -'as- (-'os: by [3.14]) in wa:khato:s he wrote it for me, -has- in ?eokoehas he will put it on it for them (-'[h]e- put on), -'s- in ?o?keos / said to it, -0- in waewa:s / covered him with a blanket. Dative -se- occurs before all four aspect allomorphs: k6ae?se:h it has caught up with her (-[h]te?- catch up with), ?eyakoae- ?se? it will catch up with her. 13.13. The ambulative morpheme, -':ne-, indicates that the meaning of the base involves walking: hato: ne? he says it while walking (-ato- say). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph. The ambulative conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -'? descriptive, -/?s iterative, -'h imperative. Other examples are hono:ktani:ne?s he's sick but walking around, (-nookt- feel sick, with dative -ni-), wa:ke:ne? he saw it as he walked. 13.14. The transient morpheme, -'?n-/-':n-/-'?h-/ -'0-/-h-/-o-/-'hs-/-/sh-, indicates that the meaning of the base involves movement from one location to another: -h- in hoihsakho:h he's gone looking for it. The pre- ceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the transient allomorph -h-. The tran- sient conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -oh descriptive, -6?s iterative, -ah (or occasionally -aeh) imperative. Other examples are: -'?n- in ha: nekeae'i'ne'i's he goes drinking (-'[h/: ]neke[ae]- drink), -' :n- in haye:noh let him go and leave it! (-ye- leave), -'?h- in hakawe?he?s he goes rowing (-kawe- row), -'0- in hohki?wa:oh he has gone on the warpath (-ahki?w- make war), -o- in hahtet- yoe?s he goes traveling (-ahtety- travel), -'hs- in wa:- yethwahsa? he went planting (-yethw- plant), wa:- yeihsae? he went and accomplished it (-yei- accomplish), -'sh- in ?ekateno?osha&? I'll go and watch over it (-ateno?o- watch over). 13.15. An additional aspect morpheme that occurs only after the transient morpheme is the PURPOSIVE. It indicates purpose or intention, and occurs both with and without a modal prefix. It has only the shape -6?, and is preceded by the various transient allomorphs described in [13.14]: haihsakhe? he came (or went) to look for it, waihsa'khe? he intends to go and look for it, ?eoihsa:khe'i> he'll come to look for it. 13.16. There is another morpheme, the INTENSIFIER -hjiwe-, which occurs very rarely but seems to be 229-257—67—^3 classifiable as a root suffix. It has been recorded only with the iterative -'h: sathotehji:weh you are listening carefully, teaka:nsehji:weh he is observing closely. 14. THE INCORPORATED NOUN ROOT 14.1. A second expanded verb base consists of either a simple verb root or the expansion described in [13] preceded by an INCORPORATED NOUN ROOT: Modal Prefix Verb Pronominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Noun Root Verb Root (or Expansion) When the verb root has a transitive meaning, the noun root denotes its goal or, occasionally, its instrument: haye^kothwas he burns tobacco (-ye?kw- [3.12] tobacco; -othw- burn), ?akijakoh I'm eating fish (-ij- fish; -k- eat), wa:?hnyayet he hit it with a club (-'?hny- club; -yeht- hit). When the meaning of the verb root is intransitive, the noun root denotes either the performer or the thing described: kanashte^s the leaf falls (-naeht- leaf; -e-fall, with inchoative I -/?-), wa?e:no:t the pole is standing upright (-a?en- pole; -ot- stand upright). If the verb root has an adjectival meaning and is followed by the iterative morpheme, the meaning of the noun root is pluralized: ka?hahtowa:nes the logs are big (-?haht- log; -owane- be big). 14.2. The place of the noun root may be taken by the expanded noun base (nominalized verb root [12]), as in the following examples: hoti?hasteshaeye? they (masc.) have power (-?haste- be strong, with nominalizer -sh[ae]-; -ye- have), we^ishaete? the day is present, today. The nominalized constituent may also be an expanded verb base, rather than a simple root: kanohsakayosyo: t the old house is standing (-nohs- house, -akayo- be old, with nominalizer -sy- [14.4, 3.8]; -ot- stand upright). Still more intricate sequences may results from the inclusion of root suffixes: ?o?kehotokwa'i>shaekaha: tho? / turned the key (-ho- door, -to- close, with oppositive I -kwa- and nominalizer -'?sh[ae]-; -kahat- turn, with causative III -hw- [3.12]). 14.3. In most cases the incorporated noun root occurs in its combining allomorph before a consonant, its most common basic allomorph before a vowel (see examples above). There are some verb roots, however, which, although beginning with a consonant, are not preceded by the combining allomorph of the noun root: ?o?kyo:- tya?k / cut a tree (-[y]ot- tree; -ya?k- cut), ?akaskwe:koh I've closed my mouth (-ask- mouth; -wek- close). There 14.2. 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 are other morphophonemic irregularities associated with particular combinations of roots; e.g., sometimes a noun root with final w has a supplementary i before a verb root with initial y : keskawi:ya?s I cut bushes (-skaw- bush). When the verb root -ya?k- cut, break is preceded by a noun root ending in s, the resulting sy is replaced by j : wat6:nya?ja?s violet, lit. its neck breaks (-'nya?s- neck). A fairly large number of verb roots have a different, usually shorter, allomorph with an incorporated noun root than elsewhere: -e- fall in kanaehte?s the leaf falls, but -a?se- in wa?se?s it falls; -nowe- melt in ?owisaeno:we:h the ice has melted, but -no?nowe- in ?on5?nowe:h it has melted. 14.4. Noun roots with combining allomorphs in ae or e [7.4] are subject in some environments to alter- nations that require special mention. If the following verb root begins with the vowel a, this a is absent; i.e., it is replaced by the ae or e: niyowe'i,sa3?a:h small cover (-aw6"?s[ae]- cover; -a?aa- be small). If the following verb root begins with y, the ae or e is replaced by n: wa:kanya?k he broke off the story (-ka[ae]- story). If the ae or e is preceded by an obstruent or a basically strong vowel and the following verb root begins with o or o, the ae or e is replaced by y: kane: styo: t standing board (-nest[ae]- board). If the ae or e is preceded by a single basically weak a or e and the following verb root begins with o, the ae or e is not present, but the preceding a is replaced by e: sekeoteh tell a story! Under the same conditions, but before a verb root beginning with o, the a is replaced by e: sekeoteh attach the inner bark! (-ka[ae]- inner bark, homonymous with story). These alternations are found also, al- though the conditions arise more rarely, when verb roots in ae or e are followed by root suffixes or aspect suffixes containing the stated initial phonemes. 14.5. A noun root whose most common basic allo- morph ends in sh occurs with ts instead before a verb root beginning with i: we:nitsi:yo:h beautiful day (-e:nish- day; -iyo- be beautiful). 15. THE REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL BASE 15.1. A third expanded verb base consists of a verb root or the expansion described in 13 and/or 14 preceded by either the REFLEXIVE or the RECIPROCAL morpheme: Modal Prefix Verb Pro- nominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Reflexive or Reciprocal Morpheme Verb Root (or Ex- pansion) 15.2. The reflexive morpheme, -at-/-ate-/-ah-/-a(C)- /-ate-/-(e)-/-an-/-en-/-(e)n-/-eni-/-(e)e-, indicates that the total meaning of the base immediately involves or affects the person or thing denoted by the pronominal prefix, or the subject of a transitive prefix. Its meaning is roughly comparable to the middle voice of some Indo- European languages: -at- in kato:o? I'm mending it for myself (-oo- mend), satye:h sit down! (-ye- set down). With some verb roots, otherwise transitive in meaning, the resultant meaning is intransitive: ?o?twato:we: ? 43 it split (-owe- split; cf. ?o?tko:we:? / split it). With other verb roots the resultant meaning is specialized, at least from the point of view of the English transla- tion: ?oto:ni:h it is growing (-o[:]ni- make). 15.3. The reciprocal morpheme, -atat-/-atate-/-atah-/ -ata(C)-/-atate-/-atan-, indicates that the total meaning of the base has as both its performer and its goal the person or thing denoted by the pronominal prefix. With some verb roots a further distinction is made as to whether the pronominal prefix refers to the same or different individuals. If the performer and goal are identical, the pronominal prefix is objective: -atat- in wa?akotati:yo? she killed herself (-iyo- kill). If the performer and goal are not identical, the pronominal prefix is subjective: wa?otati:yo? she killed her,u waenotathyo:wi? they (masc. pi.) told one another (-'[hy]owi- tell). With other verb roots, however, a subjective prefix is used when the performer and goal are identical: Wkatathe: ? / cut myself (-'[h]en- cut [3.10]). 15.4. With regard to their conditioning of the pre- ceding pronominal prefix morphemes, the reflexive and reciprocal morphemes do not differ from verb or noun roots whose basic allomorphs begin with a, e, or (e); cf. [6, 9-11]. The reflexive allomorphs occur as follows: -at- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a single consonant other than t or n, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3] provided this alternation is not followed by n : see examples in [15.2] and ?akatke:teh I'm scratching myself (-ket- scratch), kathwatases / circle around it (-'[h/:]watase- turn); roots whose basic allomorph be- gins with j have s instead following the reflexive -at- : tewatsisto:kwas firefly, Ht. it scatters sparks (-jist- spark); -ate- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with two consonants or one consonant plus (C), but not before t, ?n, or any alternation of [6.3]: ?akatesyo:ni:h I've prepared it for myself (-'syo[:]ni- prepare), ?akate?ho:oh I'm covered (-?ho- cover); -ah-, -a(C)-, -ate-, and -(e)- occur in an unpre- « The first -t- belongs to the duplicative morpheme, described in a later chapter. " An alternative way of expressing the meaning she . . . her, which is not covered by any transitive prefix (cf. [10.2]). It may also be used occasionally with the mean- ing they (nonmasc.) . . . her, for which another possibility is to use simply a non- masc. pi. subject alone. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 27 dictable fashion before verb roots whose basic allo- morphs begin with t, n, ?n, or an alternation of [6.3] followed by n, but -a(C)- occurs only before (h/:)n while -ah- never does, and -(e)- has not been recorded before t: -ah- in ?akahtenyo:h I've changed (-teny- change), -a(C)- in totakahno?ne: te? 45 / added something to what I had already done (-'[h/:]n5?net- add one thing over another), -ate- in ?akate:ni:no<> I've sold it (-'[h/:]nino- buy), -(e)- in ?akeno:we:h I'm a liar (-nowe- lie). The allomorphs -an-/-en-/-eni-/-(e)e- occur only before incorporated noun roots: -an- in wa:nye?kwa:8e?t he got himself into the snowdrift (-ye?kwa[ae]- smoke, snowdrift), -en-in wa:keni:jo? he gave me his fish (-ij- fish), -eni- in henis?ohtaeha? he puts his hand on it (-s?6ht- hand), -(e) e- in ?ake:hsi?tya?koh my foot's cut off (-ahstft-foot, with the initial a absent). 15.5. The reciprocal allomorphs occur as follows: -atat- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a resonant other than n, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3] provided this alternation is not followed by n : see examples in [15.3]; -atate- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with an obstruent, but not before t, ?n, or any alternation of [6.3]:48 wa?otate:- ke? she saw her (-ke- see), ?akatat6?se?s / drag myself around (-'?se- drag); -atah-, -ata(C)-, and -atate- occur unpredictably before verb roots whose basic allomorphs begin with t, n, ?n, or an alternation of [6.3] followed by n but -ata(C)- occurs only before (h/:)n while -atah- never does: -atah- in yotahn6ohkwa'i> she loves her (-noohkw- love); -atate- in teonotate ?nya: e? they (masc.) will look after themselves, lit. put in their hands (-?ny- hand); -atan- occurs before the verb roots -ite- behave kindly toward and -okoht- put through an opening: ?etwatani:te: ? we (incl. pi.) will have a bee, lit. behave kindly toward each other, wa:yatano:kot they (masc. du.) had a ceremony, ht. put each other through an opening. 15.6. A reflexive base may also occur with the nominalizer to form an expanded noun base (cf. [12.2]): ?akata?ti:shae? my cane (-a?ti- lean). A noun stem constructed in this way rarely occurs with a neuter pronominal prefix. Instead there occurs an eliptical form with no pronominal prefix at all. The reflexive morpheme, being thus in initial position, has allomorphs beginning with ?: ^atdHishae? cane. 16. THE EVENTUATIVE AND FACILITATIVE 16.1, There are four structurally different expansions of the aspect suffix. The first of these involves the occurrence of the EVENTUATIVE or FACILITATIVE mor- pheme before the descriptive: Verb Pronominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Eventuative or Facilitative Morpheme Descriptive Morpheme 16.2. The eventuative morpheme, -'s?-/-os?-, indi- cates that something occurs in the course of events, eventually, finally: ?on6nos?oh it's finally warm (-neno- be warm), 'i'akahtonis'i'oh in the course of events it has become lost to me (-ahto- lose, with dative -ni). 16.3. The descriptive allomorph is -oh following the eventuative. The morpheme preceding the eventuative occurs in its combining allomorph if its most common basic allomorph ends in a consonant other than ? : akahsehtas?oh I've finally hidden it (-ahserit- hide). The eventuative allomorph is -os?- after morphemes that condition the descriptive allomorph -oh: ?okwe- nyos?oh it's finally been able to (-kweny- be able). 16.4. The facilitative morpheme, -'sk-, indicates that something occurs easily, with facility: ?ono?nowesko:h it melts easily (-no?nowe- melt), ?o:nisko:h it barks at every little thing (-'[h/:]ni- bark). The descriptive allo- morph is -oh following the facilitative; otherwise its morphophonemics is like that of the eventuative, except that the facilitative itself has only the one allomorph. 17. THE PROGRESSIVE 17.1. The second expanded aspect suffix consists of the descriptive morpheme followed by the PROGRESSIVE morpheme, -atye-/-tye-, with this combination in turn followed by one of the four principal aspect morphemes: Modal Prefix Verb Pro- nominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Progressive Construction Aspect Mor- pheme Descrip- tive Mor- pheme Progres- sive Mor- pheme « With the cislocative and duplicative prefixes, to be described. «»Note that the occurrence of -atat-/-atate- is not completely parallel to that of the reflexive allomorphs -at-/-ate-. 17.2. The resultant meaning is one of progression, often translatable as along or all along: hoetke?5:tye? 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 he's getting progressively uglier (-'[h]etke- be ugly, with inchoative I -'?-), wa?ohteny6:tye? it's in the process of changing (-teny- change), keh5ktatye? along next to the river (-kt- be next to, with incorporated noun root -iho- river). 17.3. The aspect allomorphs which follow the pro- gressive morpheme are: -'? descriptive, -'?s iterative, and -'h imperative. The descriptive allomorph which pre- cedes the progressive is identical with that occurring in word-final position, except that final h or ? is lacking and the vowel preceding word-final h is basically strong, whether or not it is otherwise: see wa?ohtenyo:tye? above, where the descriptive allomorph is -6- (word- final -oh). Preceding verb roots ending in e occur here without the e : swathotatye? you (pi.) have been listening along (-atho[:]te- listen). The progressive allomorph is -atye- after a consonant or basically strong vowel (see examples above), -tye- after a basically weak vowel: hoyetatye? he has it along with him (-yeta- have, with -0- descriptive [word-final -?]). 18. THE CONTINUATIVE 18.1. The third expanded aspect suffix occurs only within a modal verb. It consists of either the descrip- tive or the iterative morpheme followed by the CON- TINUATIVE morpheme, -ak/-ek/-k: Modal Prefix Verb Pronominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Descriptive or Iterative Morpheme Continuative Morpheme 18.2. The resultant meaning is one of continuation: ?ekayaso:ok it will continue to be called (-yas- call, name), ?a:ki:wayeteia:k I should always know the cus- toms (-yetei- know, with incorporated noun root -[C]i:w- matter, custom). 18.3. The descriptive allomorph which precedes the continuative morpheme is like that which precedes the progressive [17.3], but verb roots in e retain the e. Following the descriptive, the continuative allomorph is -ak after a consonant or basically strong vowel, -k after a basically weak vowel: ?eyokweny6: ok it will continue to be possible (-kweny- be possible, with -5- descriptive [word-final -oh]), ?ewokatho:te:k I'll continue to be listening (-atho[:]te- listen, with -0- descriptive [word- final -'?]). Some roots whose word-final descriptive allomorph is -'?, -?, or -0 occur here in their combining allomorph, are followed by the descriptive allomorph -'?-, and the continuative allomorph is -k : ?eka:ta?k it will aways be standing (-t- stand). 18.4. The iterative allomorph which precedes the continuative morpheme is the same as in word-final position, except that -'hs- occurs in place of word-final -'s, -hs- in place of -s, -h- in place of -ha?, -'0- in place of -'h, and -0- in place of -a?. Following the iterative the continuative allomorph is -ek after s, -ak otherwise: ?eotaty6?se:k he'll continue to stand around (-t- stand, with the progressive construction preceding the con- tinuative), ?ey6the?tha:k she'll always pound corn (-th6?t- pound corn, with iterative -h- [word-final -ha?]). 19. THE PAST 19.1. The fourth expanded aspect suffix never occurs within a modal verb. It consists of either the descrip- tive or the iterative morpheme followed by the PAST morpheme, -k/-?/-ak/-no?/-kwa?. Verb Pronominal Prefix Verb Stem Verb Base Aspect Suffix Descriptive or Iterative Morpheme Past Morpheme 19.2. The resultant meaning is one of occurrence in the past: hayaso:no? it was his name, he was called (cf. haya:soh he is called), hanoe?skwa? he used to like it (cf. hanoe?s he likes it). 19.3. The descriptive or iterative allomorph which precedes the past morpheme is the same as in word-final position, except that final ? is lacking, : occurs in place of h in descriptive allomorphs, and -'0- occurs in place of the iterative allomorph -'h. The past allomorphs occur as follows: -k occurs after the iterative allomorphs -ha- (word-final -ha?) and -a- (word-final -a?), and sometimes, depending on the pre-aspect morpheme, after the descriptive allomorph -'0- (word-final -'?): ?ote:khak it was burning (cf. ?ote:kha? it is burning), ?akwanotayetahkwak we (excl. pi.) used to use it for establishing a town, used to camp there (cf. ?akwanotaye- tahkwa? we camp there), hoka?tek he had a lot of it (cf. hoka?te? he has a lot of it); -? occurs otherwise after the descriptive allomorph -'£)-: ?ak£hse:? I was riding on its back (cf. ?ak6hse? / am riding on its back); -ak occurs after the descriptive allomorph -0- (word-final -0) and the iterative allomorph -'0- (word-final -'h): hokeotak he was telling a story (cf. hoka:ot he is telling a story), hato:k he used to say (cf. ha:toh he says); -no? occurs after descriptive allomorphs ending in : (word-final h): hokw£:no? he had picked it (cf. hokweh he has picked it); -kwa? occurs after iterative allomorphs ending in s : yokhaskwa? it was dripping (cf. yokhas it drips). 19.2. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 29 20. THE ATTRIBUTIVE SUFFIXES 20.1. A nonmodal verb [8.1] or a noun may be fol- lowed by an ATTRIBUTIVE SUFFIX, which modifies its meaning in a more or less adjectival or adverbial fashion: Nonmodal Verb or Noun Attributive Suffix The attributive suffixes are described individually in the following paragraphs. Their allomorphs, when there are several, are not systematically predictable. In some, but not all morphemes a word-final h or ? is lacking before one of these suffixes. 20.2. The AUGMENTATIVE morpheme, -kowah, indi- cates greatness of size or importance: hatiyosko:wa:h he's a great fighter (cf. hati:yos he fights), ?ostowae?ko:- wa:h Great Feather Dance (cf. ?osto:wae? headdress). 20.3. The DIMINUTIVE morpheme, -?ah/-hah, indi- cates smallness or approximation: kake: t?ah it's whitish (cf. kake: et it's white), hotyanot?ah he's kind of funny, cute (cf. hotya:not he's funny), hoyotihah Smiley (cf. hoyo: tih he smiles). 20.4. The CHARACTERIZER morpheme, -kha?/-k6a?/ -ka?/-ka?, indicates that something is characterized by the meaning of what precedes: -kha? in kaehtako: kha: ? characterized by being in the swamp, the swamp variety (cf. kaehtako:h in the swamp), -k6a? in ?okeo?ja?ke:a? green snake (cf. ?okeu?ja? grass), -ka? in jo:we?staka? 47 sea gull (cf. ?o:we?sta? foam), -ka? in ?onota?ke:ka: ? the Onondaga, ht. characterized by being on the hill (cf. ?onota?keh Onondaga Reservation, ht. on the hill). 20.5. The POPULATIVE morpheme, -'(C) ono?, indi- cates reference to someone who lives at or is a member of something: ?o?soaeko:ono? person from Pinewoods (cf. ?o?soaeko:h Pinewoods, ht. in the pines, a settlement on the Cattaraugus Reservation), ?akatoni:ono? mem- ber of my father's clan (cf. ?akatoni: h my father's clan). 20.6. The DECESSIVE morpheme, -keo?, indicates that something or someone formerly existed, but no longer does: keksa?a:ke:o? / was once a small child (cf. keksa?a:h / am a small child), haksotke:o? my deceased grandfather (cf. hakso:t my grandfather). It may also occur after another attributive suffix: haksotkowake:o? my deceased great grandfather (cf. haksotko:wa:h my great grandfather, with the augmentative [20.2]). 20.7. The PLURALIZER morpheme, -sho?/-sh5?oh, in- dicates pluralization: ke?nya?sho? my fingers (cf. ke?nya? my finger), ?oyowo?sh5?oh tall weeds (cf. ?oyo:wo? tall weed), howesho?oh his belongings (cf. ho:- weh it belongs to him). *' The initial j is from the repetitive morpheme, yet to be described. 21. THE PRIMARY PREFIXES 21.1. The entire verb structure which has been described up to this point will be called the MINIMAL VERB.48 The minimal verb may be expanded by the occurrence of several classes of prefixes.49 There are five of these classes altogether, two of which, the primary and secondary prefixes, contain several morphemes each, while the other three, the duplicative, negative, and translocative prefixes, are each single morphemes. 21.2. First to be discussed are the PRIMARY prefixes, which simply precede the total minimal verb if it is nonmodal: Verb Minimal Verb Primary Prefix When a modal prefix is present [8], the primary prefix sometimes precedes, sometimes follows, and sometimes is infixed within the modal morpheme. There are two primary prefix morphemes, the CISLOCATIVE and the REPETITIVE.50 21.3. The cislocative morpheme (t-/ti-) differs some- what in meaning according to whether the meaning of what follows involves or does not involve a change of location. If a change of location is involved, the cis- locative indicates that it takes place in a direction toward the speaker or some other reference point: t- in tyeyetinyo?tha? she's bringing in wood, tyoti:yo:h they (nonmasc. nonsg.) have come in. If a change of location is not involved, the cislocative indicates that the mean- ing is temporarily pinpointed in space or time: tyeta:- tye?s she's standing there, theya:wi:h I've given it to him for a moment, handed it to him (cf. heya:wi:h I've given it to him to keep). It often occurs in place names: tkanotae:kweh where the chosen town is, Canandaigua, N. Y.). 21.4. The repetitive morpheme (s-/ji-/t-/[j]-) indicates that the meaning of what follows represents one par- ticular occurrence or repetition of a phenomenon that involves several occurrences. It is usually translated again, back, other, one, or (with the negative prefix described in [23]) no longer: s- in shata: khe? he's running again, swa:tih it's on the other side, swe:nishae:t one day. It often occurs in personal names: shono?kais he is one who has a long horn, the long-horned one. 21.5. After a primary prefix the shape of the pro- nominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme [8.7, 9.11, 10.10, <8 This is an arbitrary term, used here simply for its convenience in statements which follow in this section. It should not be confused with the more general concept of irreducibility [2.15, 5.1]. 49 Together with the modal prefixes they correspond to Lounsbury's PREPRONOM- INAL prefixes in Oneida. 80 The latter is cognate with Lounsbury's ITERATIVE morpheme. 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 10.15, 11.15], except that word-initial h remains, initial ? or y is absent with the overlapping repetitive allo- morph [j]- (see below), and s occurs in place of initial sh (see also [3.7]). 21.6. The cislocative allomorphs occur as follows: ti- occurs before the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: tityahsaweh let's (incl. du.) begin (at this point): tiswanoke? you (pi.) live there; t- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [21.3] and tsi?tyo? where you are settled, tska:wi:h you've handed it to me. 21.7. The repetitive allomorphs occur as follows: ji- occurs in the same environments as cislocative ti: jitwahte:tih let's (incl. pi.) travel back!, jisa: koh you've eaten it again; t- occurs before any other morpheme beginning with s: tsi?tyo? you are settled again( homon- ymous with the cislocative; see above), tsokwa:wi:h he has given it back to us (pi.); [j]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme with word-initial ? or y, the ? or y being absent: jakw£?tyo? (initial ?a-) we (excl. pi.) are settled again, jeya?ta: t (initial ye-) she's the other woman; s- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [21.4] and skak£htae:t one layer. 21.8. A primary prefix may begin with initial ?i, under the conditions described in [6.11]: ?itye:t she's standing there. 21.9. With the indicative morpheme the cislocative and repetitive allomorphs are t- and s- respectively. They precede the indicative, which occurs in the following allomorphs: -e- occurs before the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: teswatye: et you (pi.) initiated it (at a particular point), setwaiwasyo:ni? we (incl. pi.) fixed the matter up again, made restitution; -0- occurs before the objective morpheme (-6-; [10.10]): sok&shae:?t it occurred to me again, I remembered it; -a- occurs elsewhere: tasa:tih throw it here!, 61 sa:onya:k he married again. 21.10. With the optative morpheme the cislocative and repetitive allomorphs are also -t- and -s-, but they are infixed within the optative, which occurs in the allomorphs ?oo-e-/?oo-/?oo-a-, conditioned in analogous fashion to the indicative allomorphs described in [21.9]: ?o: setwatko: tak we (incl. pi.) ought to go there again, ?o:sokyet it might hit me again, ?6:tashakao? he ought to hand it to her. 21.11. The future morpheme, ?e-, precedes the cis- locative and repetitive, which occur in the allomorphs described in [21.6, 7]: ?etherro?swa:to? they (masc. pi.) will erect a dam there, ?etitwathwatase? we (incl. pi.) will circle around it there, ?esho: nya:k he'll marry again, ?ejitwdiwasyo:ni? we (incl. pi.) will make restitution. »' It is only in the presence of a primary or secondary prefix that the indicative and Imperative morphemes occur together in the same word (cf. [8.3]). 22. THE DUPLICATIVE 22.1. The DUPLICATIVE 52 prefix is a single morpheme (te-/t-/-ti-), which precedes 63 the minimal verb either directly or with an intervening primary prefix: Verb Duplicative Prefix Minimal Verb with or without Primary Prefix The duplicative morpheme indicates that more than a single person, thing, action, or state is involved in the meaning of the verb: te- in teyakwatha:ha? we (excl. pi.) talk together, te:aya?s he's breaking it in pieces (cf. ha:ya?s he's breaking it), teyokwatawenye:h we (pi.) are moving about, tekatenye?s it changes, tejitwatas let's (incl. pi.) stand it back up! In some words it indicates that precisely two entities are involved: tey6hsohkwa:ke:h two colors, tey6ni:eyo:h they two (nonmasc. nonsg.) are dead, teyotoejo?ktahkoh both ends of the earth. It is used in the enumeration of two entities: tekhni: (two) teano?jo:t he has two teeth. In the presence of the cislocative morpheme the duplicative usually has a meaning similar to that of the repetitive (which is mutually exclusive with the cislocative): tethokto:h he has come back here. 22.2. After the duplicative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5]). When it directly precedes either a pronominal or primary prefix, the shape of the duplicative morpheme is te- : see examples in [22.1]. 22.3. When it occurs alone with the indicative morpheme, the duplicative morpheme comes second. The indicative allomorph in such a case is ?o?-, and the duplicative allomorphs are as follows: -ti- 54 occurs be- fore the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: ?o?titwat6khahsi? we (incl. pi.) separated, ?o?tiswaya:ya?k you (pi.) crossed over; -t- occurs elsewhere: ?o?tye:ta?t she took a stand, ?o?thahkwa?t he lifted it. 22.4. When it occurs alone with the optative or future morpheme, the duplicative precedes and has the shape t-. The optative and future morphemes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that they lack initial ?: taetwaya:ya?k we (incl. pi.) ought to cross over, teye:ta?t she will take a stand. 22.5. When the duplicative, primary, and modal prefixes are all three present, the duplicative has the allomorph t- and comes first. The allomorphs of the 65 Cognate with Lounsbury's DUALIC. «In one environment [22.3] it follows the modal prefix. " In some idiolects -te-. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 31 primary and modal prefixes are like those described in [21.9-11], except that initial ? is lacking and the indica- tive has the discontinuous shape -o-e-/-o-/-o-a-; cf. [21.10]. Examples with the indicative are: totayakwa- kawe? we (excl. pi.) rowed back this way, tosa:ya:ya?k he crossed back over. With the optative: to: t&: tka: eko? he ought to look back, to:teswe? you (pi.) ought to come back. With the future: tethati:ta?t they (masc. pi.) will take a stand there, tesktas I'll set it back up. 23. THE NEGATIVE 23.1. The NEGATIVE prefix is also a single morpheme (te?-/te-/ta?-), which precedes the minimal verb, although there may be an intervening primary or duplicative prefix or both: always weak: t6ota?o:? he didn't go to sleep (cf. hotd?oh he's asleep), te: oke: ? he didn't see it (cf. ho: ke: h he has seen it), t6ohse: ? he wasn't on horseback (cf. hohse? he's on horseback). 24. THE TRANSLOCATIVE 24.1. The TRANSLOCATIVE prefix is again a single morpheme (he-/h-/ha?-) which precedes the minimal verb. There may be an intervening primary prefix (but only the repetitive morpheme, never the cisloca- tive), duplicative prefix, or negative prefix (within which the translocative is infixed): Verb Verb Translocative Prefix Minimal Verb with or without Primary Prefix and/or Duplicative Prefix and/or Negative Prefix Negative Prefix Minimal Verb with or without Primary and/or Duplicative Prefix As its name implies, the negative morpheme indicates negation: te?- in te?watiye:thwas they (nonmasc. pi.) don't plant, te?tyenokek she didn't live there. 23.2. After the negative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the indicative morpheme [8.7, 9.11, 10.10, 10.15, 11.15], except that the objective allomorph is -a-, not -o- [10.10]. A modal prefix occurs in its word-initial allomorph, except that the indicative allomorph -?a- replaces ?o?- or wa-. If a primary or duplicative pre- fix is present, it occurs in its word-initial allomorph. The negative allomorphs occur as follows: te- occurs before the same immediately following environments as the indicative allomorph wa- [8.6, 9.10, 10.9, 10.14, 11.14], as well as directly before any modal prefix: teenoto:kwas they (masc. pi.) don't get out of the water, te?okhi:keh she doesn't see us, te?dyoska:sthe?t it didn't become the only one, te?a:yokwe:ni? it might not be possible; ta?- occurs before the duplicative morpheme: ta?t6aya?s he doesn't break it in pieces; te?- occurs else- where: see examples in [23.1] and te?ki:wast6isthak / wasn't noticing it, te?ts6twatho:te? we (incl. pi.) aren't listening to him any more. 23.3. An additional aspect morpheme that occurs only in the presence of the negative prefix is the NEGA- TIVE PAST. It indicates one unique occurrence in the past, and is thus semantically similar to the punctual morpheme [8.2] except for the added element of time. In shape the negative past morpheme consists of ? pre- ceded by a phoneme sequence identical with the descrip- tive allomorph that would be conditioned by the same preceding environments, except that the final ? or h or the descriptive allomorph is lacking and the vowel is The translocative morpheme indicates that something takes place in a direction away from the speaker or some other reference point, or, if no change of location is involved, that something is relatively far away (cf. [21.3]): he- in heoyake?oh he has departed, heyakawe:- no:h she has gone there, heshatino:ke? they (masc pi.) live over there again. If quantity is involved in the meaning of the minimal verb, the translocative indicates completion or sufficiency. Usually the duplicative prefix is also present in such cases: ha?tey6iwake:h all the different things, everything, ha?t£kya?ti:h just me alone, (without the duplicative) hekaya?ti:h just it, only. 24.2. After the translocative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5, 22.2]). The modal, primary, and duplicative prefixes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that initial ? is lacking. The translocative (-h-) is infixed within the negative, occurring after the t of the negative allo- morphs. The translocative allomorphs occur as fol- lows: h- occurs before all morphs that begin with a vowel, before the indicative allomorph -wa-, and within the negative morpheme: heswe:? you (pi.) went there, heoyake?t he'll depart, hwa:yake?t he departed, the?- twe: tha? we (incl. pi.) don't go there; ha?- occurs before the duplicative morpheme: ha?taetwaya:ya?k we (incl. pi.) ought to cross over to there; he- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [24.1]. 25. THE SECONDARY PREFIXES 25.1. A SECONDARY prefix may also directly precede the minimal verb, or there may be an intervening pri- mary or duplicative prefix:65 M Note that a secondary prefix never occurs together with a negative or trans, locative prefix, but that the latter two do sometimes occur together [24]. 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 Verb Secondary Prefix Minimal Verb with or without Primary Prefix and/or Duplicative Prefix There are three secondary prefix morphemes, the PAR- TITIVE, COINCIDENT, and CONTRASTIVE. 25.2. The partitive morpheme (ni-/n-/no?-) indicates that a particular part or aspect of what follows is referred to: ni- in niyohsohko?te:h it's a (particular) sort of color, what color it is. It can often be translated how, or, with a minimal verb that denotes quantity, how much, how many: niyawe?oh how it has happened, nikye:ha? how I do it, niwenoti:h how many of them (nonmasc pi.) there are. It is used in enumeration with numbers of three or more: se (three) niyonaehto:t there are three leaves on it, se nika: wista: ke: h three dollars. 25.3. The coincident morpheme (tsi-/ts-/tsa?-) indi- cates that the meaning of what follows coincides in time or space with some other reference: tsi- in tsikeksa?a:h when I was a small child, tsiko:he? since I've been alive, tsi: at while he's standing; tsa?- in tsa?te:wa? it's the same size. 25.4. The contrastive morpheme (thi-/th-/tha?-) indi- cates a contrast or difference of some sort: thi- in thiyokwe?ta:te? it's a different person. The contrast is often with the normal state of things: thikakaitatye?s it's leaning abnormally back and forth, thityo:he? we (incl. pi.) are living in an abnormal manner. If the minimal verb contains both the optative and imperative morphemes, the resultant meaning is that of a negative future: th- in tha: watiyethoh they (nonmasc. pi.) aren't going to plant, tha:t6kho:nih he isn't going to eat. 25.5. After a secondary prefix the shape of the pro- nominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5, 22.2, 24.2]). The modal, primary, and duplicative prefixes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that initial ? is lacking and the indicative allomorph is -a- in place of wa- and -a?- in place of ?o?- : tsaenoti:yo? when they (masc. pi.) fought, tsa?kati:yo? when I fought. The secondary prefix allomorphs occur as follows: Partitive n-, coincident ts-, and contrastive th- occur before all morphs that begin with a vowel: neyonishe?t how long the time will become, no?je:h do it so! [3.14, 6.5, and fn. 51 above], tsa?watahkwi? when it was finished, tha:kahte:tih I'm not going to travel. Partitive no?-, coincident tsa?-, and contrastive tha?- occur before the duplicative morpheme: no?te:yate? how far apart they (masc. du.) are, tsa?teyo?te:h it's of the same kind, tha?ta:kya?k I'm not going to break it in pieces. Parti- tive ni-, coincident tsi-, and contrastive thi- occur elsewhere: see examples in [25.2-4]. 26. IRREGULARITIES 26.1. Sometimes morpheme sequences are found that do not fit any pattern described thus far. It is charac- teristic of these sequences that they occur with and include only a relatively limited number of particular root morphemes, whereas the sequences already de- scribed occur with a much wider selection of roots. In that sense the patterns discussed in this section are irregular. 26.2. There are a few instances of compound verb roots composed of two verb roots in sequence: ?ote:te? it's standing still in the air (-te- fly, -te- be in place); honotkenihsa?oh they (masc.) are holding a meeting (-keny- [3.11] hold a contest, -ihsa?- finish, complete, and -at- reflexive). Occasionally a verb base expanded in a regular way occurs in positions regularly occupied by a single verb root morpheme only: -asyony- clothe (-ash[ae]- clothing [?] and -ony- make [14]) in kotya?- tasyonya?tahkoh she has clothed her body; -atato- trade, exchange (-atat- reciprocal and -o- give [15]) in ?o?the- nohnohsata: to? they traded houses. 26.3. The causative I [13.7] or instrumental [13.11] morpheme sometimes occurs in the position regularly occupied by the nominalizer [12.2]: -'?t- in ?ojikwe?ta? venereal disease (-jikwe- have venereal disease); -'ht- in ka?sehta? wagon (-'?se- haul); -'hkw- in ?ohsohkwa? paint as a noun (-ahso- paint as a verb). Note the structure described at the beginning of [14.2] in hasyoe?taji:noh he's strongly masculine (-syoe- be reckless with causative I, and -jino- be male). 26.4. A noun suffix [7.5], rather than an aspect suffix, sometimes occurs after a verb base: -'? simple noun suffix in kanyotaiyo? Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet (-iyo- be beautiful with incorporated noun root -nyota- lake); -'?keh external locative in waoni?keh railroad track (-oni- make with -a- road); -': neh external locative in ka?sehtowane: neh on the train (-owane- be big with -'?s6ht- wagon [26.3]). Sometimes in cases of this type the noun suffix has an irregular allomorph (one not listed in [7.6]): simple noun suffix -? in kaksoke: yo: ? Grinding Dishes, a dance (-keyo- shell, peel with -ks- dish); external locative -keh in hohso:tkeh where his grandparents are (-'hsot- be grandparent to); external locative -'hkeri in ?ote:nisy6?ktahkeh at the end of the day (-6?kt- come to the end with -e:nish[ae]- [14.4] day). 26.5. Occasionally a noun is found with one of the prefixes described in [21-25]. Note the occurrence of the negative prefix te?- [23] in te?kakae:? not a story (cf. kaka:a? [5.4] story); and of the partitive prefix ni- [25.2] in niyoiwa? (some aspect) of the matter (cf. ?6iwa? matter), niyokae:? how much the price (-ka[ae]- price), niyo:wa?keh at which time (-'[h/:]w- specific time). 26.6. Besides the elliptical forms mentioned in [15.6], some other noun stems occur without the neuter pro- 26.1. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 33 nominal prefix, either consistently (like kiskwks pig) or in stylistic alternation with the regular form: stowae?ko:wa:h Great Feather Dance (alternating with ?ostowae?ko: wa: h). In the latter case, i.e., where there is an alternation, the elliptical form may be assignable to the colloquial style described in [27]. Words whose full form would begin with y[o]- feminine [6.7] have elliptical forms beginning with ?o-: ?othowi:sas, name of a women's ritual dance (alternating with yothowi: sas). 26.7. While the paragraphs above have dealt with the irregular occurrence of morphemes already intro- duced in previous sections, this and the following paragraph deal with morphemes not previously de- scribed. One is a unique pronominal prefix, ji-, which occurs only in some animal names: jinohtaiyo:? mouse (lit. rummager, meddler), jikohsahse? wildcat (ht. fat face), jinohsanoh cricket (lit. it watches over the house), jisha:ot oriole (lit. halter on it). 26.8. There is one morpheme, -kwah toward, in the direction of, which may be regarded as an ENCLITIC. While it seems not to be an independent word by the definition in [2.10], it is irrelevant in the identification of final and prefinal vowels in the preceding word [4.5-7]; i.e., the vowel which precedes it behaves as if it were final so far as the determination of length is con- cerned. Furthermore, the preceding vowel always has strong stress, and if this vowel is immediately followed by final h when the enclitic is not present, the h is replaced by length. Examples are swa:ti:kwa:h toward the other side (cf. swa: tih on the other side); tyone:no?kwa:h toward the south (cf. tyone:no? the south, ht. where it is warm). 26.9. Finally, a number of verb roots which denote kinship relationships occur with special shapes or meanings of the pronominal prefixes. A detailed dis- cussion of these irregularities will be found in section la of the Glossary in Chafe, 1963. 27. COLLOQUIAL STYLE 27.1. Some of the words that have been described up to this point contrast with other words that are partially alike in form and identical in meaning except for a connotation of colloquialness or informality. These latter words will be said to belong to the COLLOQUIAL STYLE, and to contrast with words belonging to the FORMAL STYLE. The two styles differ in the following ways. 27.2. Formal words that contain e preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel contrast with colloquial words that contain no e, but instead have length after the following vowel: formal teoska§:?weh/ colloquial to:skae:?weh his mouth is open; formal heenohsatases/colloquial he:nohsatases he goes around the house. 229-257—67 4 27.3. Formal words that contain i preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel contrast with colloquial words that contain y in place of the i and length after the following vowel: formal nioya?tawe?oh/ colloquial nyo:ya?tawe?oh how it has happened to him; formal thiaya?ta:te?/colloquial thya:ya?ta:te? he's a different man. In similar fashion, an initial ?o followed by a vowel in formal style contrasts with initial w and a lengthened following vowel in colloquial style: formal ?6ae?kae?/colloquial wae: ?kae? it's leaning against it. 21 A. Formal words that contain the vowel sequence oo contrast with colloquial words that contain o: in- stead: formal ?6oya?e: ?/colloquial ?o:ya?e:? the color of the sky, blue. 27.5. Formal words that begin with the negative allomorphs te?- or te- [23] contrast with colloquial words in which the place of the e in this allomorph is taken by a vowel identical with whatever vowel occurs next in the word: formal te?akonohto?/colloquial ta?akonohto? she doesn't know it; formal te?okwenohto?/ colloquial to?okwenohto? we (pi.) don't know it. 27.6. Formal words that contain the sequences khni and khny contrast with colloquial words that contain ki and ky respectively instead: formal khni?tyo?/ colloquial ki?tyo? they (nonmasc. du.) dwell; formal ?akhnyato: wae: s/colloquial ?akyato: wae: s we (excl. du.) hunt; formal khnyaktos/colloquial kyaktos they (non- masc. du.) return. 27.7. Formal words that contain the sequences hni and hny in which the h is an allomorph of the inclusive person morpheme contrast with colloquial words that contain ti and ty respectively instead: formal hni?tyo?/ colloquial ti?tyo? we (incl. du.) dwell; formal no?term- yate?/colloquial no?tetyate? between us (incl. du.); formal hnyaktos/colloquial tyaktos we (incl. du.) return. 27.8. Formal words that contain the sequences hni and hny in which the h is an allomorph of the masculine morpheme contrast with colloquial words that contain hi and (h/:)y respectively instead: formal hni?tyo?/col- loquial hi?tyo? they (masc. du.) dwell; formal no?term- yate?/colloquial no?te*:yate? between them (masc du.); formal hnyaktos/colloquial yaktos [3.7] they (masc. du.) return. 27.9. Formal words that contain the coincident allo- morphs tsi-/ts-/tsa?- [25.3] contrast with colloquial words that contain shi-/sh-/sha?- instead: formal tsa?watahkwi?/colloquial sha?watahkwi? when it was finished; formal tsa?teyo?te:h/colloquial sha?teyo?te:h it's of the same kind. 27.10. Formal words that contain length within a vowel cluster contrast with colloquial words in which the length is absent: formal hoka: ot/colloquial hokaot he's telling stories; formal haw6:eyo:h/colloquial haw6:yo:h [3.19] he's dead. 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 28. IDIOLECT VARIANTS 28.1. There are other variants which can be associ- ated, not with a particular style within the speech of one individual, but with one or another particular speaker. Some differences of this type can undoubtedly be assigned to geographically conditioned dialect varia- tion. There are lexical items, usually denoting recent cultural innovations, which are clearly in this category: waoni?keh railroad track, ht. where the road is made [26.4] (Tonawanda Reservation); ke:we:tehta:? rail- road track, ht. wire laid out flat (Cattaraugus and Allegany Reservations). Having worked in depth with only a few speakers on each reservation, however, I have found it in most cases impossible to distinguish local differences from individual differences in the same locality. With a larger sampling from each area, a profitable study of this question could be made. A few examples of individual variation follow. While a particular speaker commonly uses one variant in his own speech, he is usually, although not always, aware of the other variant and may occasionally use it (cf. the two pronunciations of the word route in English). 28.2. The phoneme sequence ae:o varies with both ae:e and 6:e. An example is contained in the word nikatakae:oh it's thin (-takase- be thin with -oh descrip- tive), which has the variants nikataka§:eh and nika- take:eh. 28.3. The indicative prefix followed by the first person objective prefix sometimes occur as ?o?wak- rather than ?ok- [10.10]: ?okye: eh/?o?wakye: eh it hurt me. 28.4. There is a noun stem -ohwo? which occurs with the objective prefix [10.5, 10.8] and is translatable as an emphatic personal pronoun: haohwo? he himself, kaohwo? she herself, hono:hwo? they (masc.) themselves. In some idiolects these words are rather ha:ho?, ka:ho?, and hono:ho?. The first two of these variants have prefixes which seem to be anomalous, since they are those which regularly occur only before roots beginning with o or o. 28.5. Examples of particular words which have variant forms are: ?awe?ohsa?/?awae?ohsa? sunflower (the prefix in the second form again anomalous [10.8]), and yowo:ktha?/yewo:ktha? sifter, sieve [13.7]. 28.2. 29. CHARTS |* Minimal Verb Verb Stem -Pronominal Prefix - -Verb Base- -Aspect Suffix- [5-6] Singular Subjective Prefix" Morpheme Verb Root Aspect Morpheme [8] [9] [10] til] 1131 114] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Modal Prefix Number Morpheme Pronominal Constituent Singular or Nonsingular Objective Subjective Prefix Morpheme Object Subject Verb Root Root Suffix Noun Root Verb Root (or Expansion) Reflexive or Verb Root Reciprocal Morpheme (or Expansion) (imperative or punctual only) Descriptive Morpheme Eventuative or Facilitative Morpheme Descriptive Morpheme Aspect Morpheme Progressive Morpheme Continuative Morpheme Descriptive or Iterative Morpheme Past Morpheme Descriptive or Iterative Morpheme Attributive Suffix [24] 1251 Secondary Prefix [21] Primary Prefix « " " ! [22] Duplicative Morpheme " " ! T23] Negative Morpheme " " " « CHART 1. Summary Translocative Morpheme i (Repet. only) " " " (( i of Verb Structure (( " it " « " ! WHOLE VOLUME SENECA MORPHOLOGY 35 CHART 2. Summary of Noun Structure 17] [9] 1103 [12] [20] < Noun Stem * <—Noun Suffix—> Singular Subjective Prefix Morpheme Noun Root Noun Suffix Morpheme Pronominal Constituent Number Morpheme u it Singular or Nonsingular Subjective Prefix Objective Morpheme ti u " Verb Pi,oot (or Expansion) Nominalizer Morpheme a c< " << Attributive Suffix INDEX OF TERMS IN THE MORPHOLOGY Ambulative morpheme [13.1, 13.13] Animal names [26.7] Aspect suffix [5.2, 5.5-11] Attributive suffix [20.1-7] Augmentative morpheme [20.2] Automatic alternations [3.1-24] Automatic variant [3.2] Base [12.1] Basic allomorph [3.2] Basic prosodic shape [4.1] Basically strong vowel [4.3] Basically weak vowel [4.3] Causative I morpheme [13.1, 13.7, 26.3] Causative II morpheme [13.1, 13.5] Causative III morpheme [13.1, 13.3] Causative-instrumental morpheme [13.1, 13.7] Characterizer morpheme [20.4] Cislocative morpheme [21.2-3, 21.6, 21.9-11, 22.1] Coincident morpheme [25.1, 25.3, 25.5, 27.9] Colloquial style [26.6, 27.1-10] Combining allomorph [7.4, 13.6-8, 13.10-14, 14.3, 16.3-4, 18.3] Compound verb root [26.2] Consonants [1.9-17] Constituent [2.14] Constitute [2.3] Construction [2.13] Continuative morpheme [18.1-4] Contrastive morpheme [25.1, 25.4-5] Dative morpheme [13.1, 13.12] Decessive morpheme [20.6] Descriptive morpheme [5.5-7, 6.2, 13.2-8, 13.10-14, 17.1, 17.3, 18.1, 18.3, 19.1, 19.3] Dialect variation [28.1] Diminutive morpheme [20.3] Directive morpheme [13.1-2] Distributive morpheme [13.1, 13.10] Double distributive [13.10] Dual morpheme [9.2, 9.7, 11.3] Duplicative morpheme [21.1, 22.1-5, 23.1, 24.1-2, 25.1, 25.5] Elliptical form [15.6, 26.6] Enclitic [26.8] Even vowel [4.2] Eventuative morpheme [16.1-3] Exclusive person morpheme [9.3, 9.11, 11.6, 11.10] Expanded aspect suffix [16-19] Expanded base [12-15] Expanded noun base [12.1-3, 14.2, 15.6] Expanded pronominal prefix [9-111 Expanded verb base [13.1-15, 14.1-5, 15.1-6] Expansion [2.15] External locative morpheme [7.5-6, 26.4] Facilitative morpheme [16.1, 16.4] Feminine morpheme [6.1, 6.7, 8.7, 9.6, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 11.5, 11.11, 26.6] Final vowel [4.2] First person morpheme [6.1, 6.4, 9.3, 10.5-6, 11.2-6, 11.9] Formal style [27.1] Future morpheme [8.3, 8.5-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 22.4-5, 25.2] Grammatical meaning [2.11] Idiolect variants [28.1-5] Immediate constituent [2.2—9] Imperative morpheme [5.5, 5.10-11, 6.2, 8.1-5, 13.2-14, 17.3] Inchoative I morpheme [13.1, 13.8] Inchoative II morpheme [13.1, 13.5] Inchoative III morpheme [13.1, 13.9] Inclusive person morpheme [9.4, 11.4, 11.6, 11.10, 27.7] Incorporated noun root [14.1-5] Incorporating allomorph [14.3-5] Indefinite morpheme [7.3] Indicative morpheme [8.3, 8.6-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.9, 22.3, 22.5, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] Instrumental morpheme [13.1, 13.11, 26.3] Intensifier morpheme [13.16] Internal locative morpheme [7.5-6] Irreducible constituent [2.15] Irreducible noun [7.1-6] Irreducible utterance [2.4] Irreducible verb [5.1-11, 6.1-11] Irregularities [26.1-9] Iterative morpheme [5.5, 5.8-9, 6.2, 13.2-8, 13.10-14, 13.16, 16.1, 17.3, 18.1, 18.4, 19.1, 19.3] Kinship terms [26.9] Masculine morpheme [6.1, 6.6, 6.11, 8.7, 9.5, 9.11, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 10.13, 10.15, 11.4-6, 11.13, 11.15, 21.5, 27.81 Minimal verb [21.1] Modal prefix [8.1-7] Morpheme class [2.15] Morphological constitute [2.10] Morphophonemic symbols [5.4, 6.3, 6.9-10, 10.8] Negative morpheme [21.1, 23.1-3, 24.1, 26.5, 27.5] Negative past morpheme [5.5, 23.3] Neuter morpheme [6.1, 6.8, 7.2, 9.6, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 11.12} Nominalizer morpheme [12.2-3, 14.2, 15.6] Nonmasculine morpheme [9.6, 10.13, 10.15, 11.13] 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME i Nonsingular morpheme [9.2, 10.13, 11.8, 11.10, 11.13] Nonsingular objective prefix [9.1, 10.11-16] Nonsingular subjective prefix [9.1-12] Nonsingular third person morpheme [11.5, 11.11] Noun [5.1] Noun root [7.1-4] Noun stem [7.1-6, 26.6] Noun suffix [7.1-6, 26.4] Number morpheme [9.2, 11.3, 11.13] Objective morpheme [10.1, 10.6-8, 10.10-13, 11.5, 11.8, 11.11, 23.2] Objective prefix [10.1-16, 15.3] Odd vowel [4.2] Oppositive I morpheme [13.1, 13.6] Oppositive II morpheme [13.1, 13.4] Optative morpheme [8.3-4, 8.6-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.10, 22.4-5, 24.2, 25.5] Particle [5.1] Partitive morpheme [25.1-2, 25.5, 26.5] Past morpheme [19.1, 19.3] Phonemes [1.1-22] Plural morpheme [9.2, 9.8-9, 11.3] Pluralizer morpheme [20.7] Populative morpheme [20.5] Prefinal vowel [4.2] Primary prefix [21.1-11, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1-2, 25.1, 25.5] Progressive morpheme [17.1-3] Pronominal prefix [9.1, 15.6] Prosodic phonemes [1.18-19] Prosodic variants [4.1-9] Punctual morpheme [5.5, 8.1-5] Purposive morpheme [5.5, 13.15] Reciprocal morpheme [15.1, 15.3-5] Reflexive morpheme [15.1-2, 15.4, 15.6] Repetitive morpheme [21.2, 21.4, 21.7, 21.9-11, 22.1] Restricted third person morpheme [11.7-11, 11.13] Root suffix [13.1-15, 14.2] Second person morpheme [6.1, 6.5, 8.7, 9.5, 10.5, 10.7, 10.10, 11.2-6, 11.8-10] Secondary prefix [21.1, 25.1-5] Simple noun suffix morpheme [7.5-6, 26.4] Singular objective prefix [9.1, 10.1-10, 10.16] Singular subjective prefix [5.2, 6.1-11, 7.1-3, 9.1] Stress [1.18, 3.23, 4.4] Subjective prefix [6.1-11, 9.1-12, 15.3] Syntactic constitute [2.10] Transient morpheme [13.1, 13.14] Transitive prefix [9.1, 11.1-16] Translocative morpheme [21.1, 24.1-2] Unrestricted third person morpheme [11.4, 11.6] Verb [5.1] Verb root [5.2-4, 6.3, 6.9-10] Verb stem [5.2-11] Vowels [1.2-8] Vowel length [1.19, 3.19-22, 4.5-9, 26.8, 27.10] Word [2.10] Dictionary 1. -a-, VB. RT. (-/?, -'?s, —), with part., be of a certain size: ni:ka? how big I am; with fern, -yak- [6.7], niya:ka? how big she is; with dupl. and coin., tsa?te:wa? it's the same size; with nn. rt. -oej(a)-, niy5eja? how big the earth is; with nn. rt. -ji?t(a)-, nikaji?ta?s the size of the birds; with inch. I -/?hl?-, no?wo?he?t it became a certain size. VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with dupl., defile, affect adversely by touching: with nn. rt. -ksa?t(a)-, ?o?ty£ksa?- ta:? she (ref. to a menstruating woman) touched the child and thus caused it to behave badly; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)was(a)- anddat.-s?e-/-s-, ?o?th5wo:- wa:sa:s he touched his (another man's) snowsnake and thus broke the good luck spell which had been placed on it. EXCLUSIVE PERSON [11.6, 11.10] INDICATIVE [21.9, 25.5] OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7-8, 11.5, 23.2] road: see -(h) a(a)- (497). 2. -a- ITERATIVE [19.3] 3. -'a- MASCULINE [8.7, 9.11, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] take: see -'(h)a- (496). 4. -'a- ITERATIVE [19.3] 5. -a(C)- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 6. -'(C) (a)- put on: see -'(h)e- (540). 7. -aa- OPTATIVE [22.4, 24.2, 25.5] 8. -a(a)- road: see -(h) a(a)- (497). 9. -aaa?ke- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be at the edge of, be next to: wa:a?keh it's at the edge; with nn. rt. -yat(a)-, ?oyata: a?keh at the edge of the grave, lit. of the hole; with nn. rt. -oej(a)-, niyoeja:a?keh which is next to the earth, ref. to wild strawberry. 10 11 -aae- open: see -takaae?w- (1656). -a(ae)- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -h), with cisloc. or transloc, grab, seize: with nn. rt. -nesh(a)-, tsak6nssha:oh he has grabbed her arm, heshakonesheos he grabs her arm; with nn. rt. -hsin(o)-, tashakohsi:no: ? he grabbed her leg. 12 -aae?se-/-ee?se- (after n), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be cousins (in older usage, the relationship between members of the same generation whose parents are consanguineally related if these related parents are of opposite sex): ?akyae:?se:? we (excl. du.) are cousins, yae:?se:? they (masc. du.) are cousins, hene:?se:? they (masc. pi.) are cousins; with nom. and vb. rt. -e-, hone:?s£she? they're in opposite moieties; with ext. loc. and -kwah, hene:?se:?k£:kwa:h they're in the oppo- site moiety. 13. -aae?w- open: see -takaae?w- (1656). 14. -ae- OPTATIVE [22.4, 24.2, 25.5] 15. -aetke- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be bad: wa:etke? it's bad. Cf. -'(h)etke- (552). 16. -ah- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 17. -ah- IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.14] 18. ~(C)ah- VB. RT. (—, —, -0), with dupl., put in: with nn. rt. -?wast(a)-, ?o?tha?wasta:ah he put in the stick. 19. -ahj(a)- NN. RT., hand: with vb. rt. -kwaihs-, wa?ohjakwaihsi? she extended her hand; with vb. rt. -kwe?no(:)ni-, make a fist: ?o?tyohjakw6?no:- ni? she made a fist; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and dupl., push: tewakahja:? I've pushed it, teyohjaha? wheelbarrow, lit. people push it. 20. -ahjiyo- VB. RT. (-/?, -'s, -h), with dupl., scratch, scrape: tewakahji:yo? it has scratched me, I've gotten a scratch, tewakahji:yos / get scratched, with recip., ?o?thotatahji:yo:? he scratched him- self, ref. to a self-inflicted injury. 21. -ahji?k(ae)- NN. RT., cloud: with vb. rt. -ste-, ?ohji?kaeste:? big cloud; with vb. rt. -keet-, ?ohji?kaeke: et white cloud; with vb. rt. -aweet-, tawatahji?kaewe: et a cloud came up. 22. -ahji?ke-/-ahji?k(ae)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be cloudy: ?ohji?ke? it's cloudy; with prog., tey6hji?kae:tye? clouds are in it all along, its clouding up, with caus. II, tawahji?kae:t it got clouds in it, became cloudy. 23. -ahjoka(ae)- NN. RT., handful: with vb. rt. -i-, wahjokaih a handful; with vb. rt. -'hkw-, ?o?thahj oka: ak he picked up a handful. 24. -ahka(ae)- NN. RT. chip: ?ohka:a? chip; with plur., ?ohkae:?sh6?oh chips; with vb. rt. -okw- and caus. I, yohkeokwatha? chisel, ht. people scatter chips with it; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, tewahkeot eaves, lit. attached chips; ta?tewahkeotkeh at the one without eaves, ref. to extinct Cayuga Street Longhouse at Cattaraugus Reservation; with vb. rt. -akwa?s?aa-, niyohkae:kwa?s?a:h pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica), lit. small chips; with vb. rt. -ot-, tap a tree: henohke:otha? they tap the tree. 25. -ahkaieli-/-ahkaie?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with obj., become annoyed: ?akahkaie?oh I'm annoyed, hohkaies he's becoming annoyed, ?okahkaieh / became annoyed. 26. -ahket- come: see -akto- (77). 27. -ahke- see -hsin(o)- (684). 28. -ahkiwe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), perform the Dance for the Dead: ?ohki:we:h Dance for the Dead, Feast of the Dead, Chanters for the Dead; with prog., swatahkiw^atye? were you (pi.) singing ?ohki:- we:h?, were you drunk? 29. -ahki?w- VB. RT (—, -as, —), make war: hahki?was he makes war; with past, henohki?waskwa? they used to make war; with trans. -'0-, go to war: hohki?wa:oh he has gone to war. 30. -ahkok yellow corn bread: see -(h)ahkok- (501). 31. -ahkw(a)- NN. RT., suit: wahkwa:se:? new suit; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ?ohkwakwe:koh the whole suit. Cf. -ahkwas-, -ahkyowe- (33, 36). NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ye- and refl.: leave something somewhere temporarily: ?akatahkwa:ye? I've left it there temporarily; ?ekheyatahkwaye:? I'll leave them (e.g., my children) here temporarily, park them here. 32. -ahkwaish(ae)- NN. RT., cluster, bundle: ?ohkwaishae? cluster, bundle; with vb. rt. -niyo(:)t-, wahkwai- shaeni: yo: t hanging cluster. 33. -ahkwas- VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), be wrapped in a 37 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 blanket: ?akahkwasoh I'm wrapped in a blanket; with caus. I -t-, hahkwa:stha? he's wrapping himself in a blanket. Cf. -ahkwa-, -ahkyowe- (31, 36). 34. -ahkwis- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -0), drum, ref. to behavior of ruffed grouse: wahkwi:sas it's drumming; also bear young without a known father or partho- genetically: kohkwi:seh she's had a child without a known father; wenohkwi: sas they are reproducing parthogenetically. 35. -ahkwi?ho- VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, -h), clean up, tidy up: ?akahkwi?ho? I've cleaned up, sahkwi?ho:h clean up! 36. -ahkyowe- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be covered by a blanket: ?akahkyo:we:? I'm covered by a blanket. Cf. -ahkw(a)-, -ahkwas-, -?howek- (31, 33, 2010). 37. -ahs- foot: see -ahsi?t(a)- (47). 38. -ahs(a)- hip: see -(h)ahs(a)- (502)._ 39. -ahsaw- VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), begin: ?ohsa:? it has begun; hahsa:ha? he begins; often with cisloc: tity ahsaw eh let's begin!; with double dist. -o-nyo-: ?e:nohsawonyo:? they'll begin the various things. 40. -ahsawee- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be unsociable, retiring: hohsawe:e? he's unsociable. 41. -ahs&?k- VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -0), cough: ?akahsa?keh I've coughed, hahsa?kha? he coughs, sahsa?k cough!; with ext. loc. -':neli [3.9], kahsa?khneh name of a fall month, ht. when I cough. 42. -ahselit- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), hide: ?akahsehtoh I've hidden it; hahs£tha? he hides it; with dat. -ni-/-e- and nn. rt. -(C) i:w-: ?o?koiwahsehte? / hid the matter from you. 43. -ahse- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be fat: ?ohse:h it's fat, ?akahse:h I'm fat; with nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, jikohsahse? [26.4] wildcat, Peace Queen, ht. fat face. 44. -ahseno- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), with dupl. and transloc, be half, in the middle: ha?teVahse:noh it's half, it's in the middle. 45. -ahsethw- VB. RT. (-6h, -as, -oh), with dupl., cry, weep: tewakahse:thweh I'm crying, ?o?tyohse- tho? she cried; tewahsethwas flea, ht. it cries (ref. to dog with fleas?). 46. -ahsia-/-ahsi(ae)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-?, —, —), with dupl., be hemmed in, stuffed in: tewahsi:a? it's hemmed in; with nn. rt. -?wast(a)- and caus. I -'ht-, ?o?tke?wastahsiaet / stuffed a stick in. 47. -ahsi?t(a)-/-ahs- (incorp. before vow.), NN. RT., foot: kahsi?ta? my foot; with vb. rt. -owek- and refl. -(e)e-, ?o?tke:hso:we:k / covered my feet, put my shoes on; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and refl., ?ake:hsi?tya?koh my foot is cut off; with -ya?k-, obj., and cisloc, stumble: tawakahsi?tya?k / stumbled; with vb. rt. -et-, caus. Ill, and refl., kick: ?o?ke:hse:tho? / kicked it, ye:hsethwas football game; with vb. rt. -tia- and refl., teye:- hsi?tatias Alternate Feet Dance, Doorkeepers' Dance. 48. -ahso-/-ahso- (before desc.)/-ahsoh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), paint, dye, color: ?akahsooh I've painted it, hahso:s he's painting, sahsoh paint it!; with caus. I -'ht-, kahsotha? I paint with it; with caus. II, yohso: tha? paintbrush, also the plant Hieracium aurantiacum or H. pratense; with inst. [26.4], ?ohsohkwa? paint, dye, color; plus vb. rt. -6?te-, niyohsohk6?te:h what color it is; plus vb. rt. -ake-, ha?teyohsohkwake:h all different colors. 49. -ahso(:)t(a)- NN. RT., night, darkness; with vb. rt. -te-, wahsotate? night (is present); with vb. rt. -(C) ik-, tey6tahsotaikoh Dark Dance, Ht. it's dark; with vb. rt. -ake-, ke:i niwahsota:ke:h Four Nights (a ceremony). 50. -aht- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o- or -6-, dive: ?akahtooh I've dived, sahto:h dive in!; with -o- and oppos. I, wahto:kwas it emerges (partially) from the water. 51. -aht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with dupl. and coin., make the correct choice: tsa?tewakahtoh I've made the correct choice, gotten it right, tsa?tkat / chose correctly, tsa?te:wot [3.6, 3.14] it will be the right one. 52. -aht(a)- NN. RT., sugar or hard maple (Acer sac- charum): wahta? sugar or hard maple. 53. -ahtahkw(a)- NN. RT., shoe: ?ahtahkwa? shoe; with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, ?ahtahkwa?o:weh native shoe, moccasin; with vb. rt. -ye- and dupl., te:- nohtahkwayeo? Moccasin Game, ht. they bet on a shoe; with vb. rt. -net- and refl. -(e) e-, tese:- htahkwane:teh put on your rubbers or overshoes ! 54. -ahtakw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with obj., fail in an attempt: ?akahtakweh I've failed, been unable to do it, ?akahtakwas / can't do it; with cisloc. and dupl., try again: tethohtako? he'll try again; with caus. I -'ht-, dat., and refl., give up, be entrusted with: ?akatahtakwahta: ni: h I've given up, been entrusted with it. 55. -ahtatahkw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), with dupl., make a groove or ditch: teyohtatahkweh it has made a groove, tewahtatahkwas it makes ditches. 56. -ahtata:y-/-ahtatai- (comb, and before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -'h), hop up and down, pop up, start (from fright), burst: ?ohtata:yo:h it's hop- ping up and down, it has burst, ?o?wahtatai? it burst, ?o?kahtatai? I started; with caus. I -'?t- and dupl., bounce: ?o?thahtataia?t he bounced it. 57. -ahtatokw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), pop, burst: ?ohtatokweh it has popped, wahtatokwas it pops, popcorn (Zea mays everta). 58. -ahta?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), with obj., become satiated, full (from eating): ?akahta?oh i"'m/^,?okahta?t / got full. 59. -ahtety- VB. RT. (-oh, -6?s or -os, -ih), go, move, travel, continue on, operate: ?akahtetyo:h I've gone, I'm traveling, ?ohte:tyo:h it's going, con- tinuing, in operation, hahte:tye?s or hahte:tyos he goes; with nn. rt. -(C) i:w(a)-, ?o?wati:wahte:- ti? the ceremony went on; with caus. I -'?t-, tetyakohte:tya?t it will start her on her way back here; with caus. II [13.5] ?eyakohte:tye:t it will move her. 60. -ahto(:)- VB. RT. (—, -'5?, -h), with obj., lose: ?akahto: ? / lose it, waohto: ? he lost it; with caus. I -'?t-, ?ekahto?t I'll make it disappear; with inch. I -'?-, ?oht6?oh it's lost, ?o?wahto?t it disap- peared; with inch. Ill [13.9], ?o?wahto? it disappeared; with dat. -ni-, ?akahto:ni:h I've lost it. 61. -ahtonyo?sh(ae)- NN. RT., coarse powder, grit: ?ohtonyo?shae? coarse powder, grit. 62. -ahtyawee- VB. RT. (-?, —,—), be taboo: wahtyawe:- e? it's taboo; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, repet., and WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 39 neg., te?skaiwahtyawe:e? the matter isn't taboo any more. 63. -ahtyaweet- VB. RT. (-5h, -ha?, -0), menstruate: kohtyawe: toh she's menstruating; with refl., avoid something taboo: hatahtyawe:tha? he avoids it; with dat. -ni-/-e-, restrict, quarantine: waosahty- awe:te? they restricted you. 64. -ahtyohkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -a?, -0), frighten, startle: ?akahtyohkoh I've frightened it, hahtyohkwa? he's frightening it, ?okahtyok it frightened me. 65. -ahtyoht- VB. RT (-0, -6?s, —), be frightening, startling: _ ?ohtyot it's frightening, ?ohtyohto?s several things are frightening; with inch. I -he"?-, wa?6htyothe?t it was startling. 66. 67. 68. 69. -ahw- realize: see -(h)ahw- (503). -aji- become dark: see -awaji- (279). -ak CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3-4] -ak- FEMININE [11.5] NONSINGULAR PERSON [11.5] be near: see -akt- (76). 70 -ak PAST [19.1, 19.3] 71. -akahat- be lying on one's back with legs spread apart: see-'(h)akahat-(505). 72 -aska?sho?o- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be barefoot: ?akaska?sho?oh I'm barefoot, hoska?sho?oh he's barefoot; with inch. I -'?he?-, waoska?sho?o?he?t he became barefoot. 73. -akayo- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be old, ref. to some- thing inanimate: waka:yoh it's old; with vb. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ?6iwaka:yoh the old custom; with vb. rt. -nohs(a)-, kanohsaka:yoh an old house. 74 -ake- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), be separate entities: wa:ke:h it's (composed of) separate entities; regularly with dupl. or part, in enumeration beyond one (cf. -t-): with nn. rt. -ksa?t(a)-, tekaksa?ta:ke:h two children; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ke:i niyoiwa:ke:h the Four Rituals; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)- and dist. -':no-, nitho- tinohsak£:no? how many of their houses there were there; with dupl. and transloc, every: ha?tewake:h every one; plus nn. rt. -e:nish(ae)-, ha?tewe:nishaeke:h every day. Var. -e- (368). 75. -ak£:yat- put at the top: var. of -ke:yat- (1011). 76. -akt-/-ak- (before dimin.), VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be near: with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, yeya?ta:k [3.4] near her; with nn. rt. -ihs(a)- and prog., kehsaktatye? along close to the wall; with dimin., be next to: wak?ah next to it, kahatak?ah next to the forest. Cf. -kt- (1058). 77. -akto-/-ahket- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -0), come: haktos he comes; with repet., return: shokto:h he has returned; with transloc, go some- where and come back: hewakakto:h I've been there and come back, ho?kahke:t I went there and returned; with nn. rt. -wiy(se)-, refl., and trans. -':n-, ?ekatwiya§kto:no? I'll go and see the child. 78. -akwa?s?aa-/-?s?aa- (incorp.) VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), with part., be small, ref. to several things: niwakwa?s?a:h they're small; with nn. rt. -ji?t(a)-, nikaji?ta?s?a:h small birds; with nn. rt. -nyo?t(a)-, nikanyo?ta?s?a:h small animals. Cf. -a?aa- (304). 79. -akw6ht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be wide: with nn. rt. -(h)£(a)-, ?o:akwet wide road; with refl., wata:- kwet it's wide. 80. -akwehta?aa- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), with part., be 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. narrow: with nn. rt. -k5hs(a)-, niakohsakweh- ta?a:h his face is narrow; with refl., niwatak- wehta?a:h it's narrow. Cf. -akweht-, -a?aa- (79, 304). -ak?&a- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), with part., be short: niwak?a:h it's short; with nn. rt. -ih(C)(o)-, nikehok?a:h short creek; with nn. rt. -ahso(:)- t(a)-, niwahsotak?a:h short night. -an- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] -anyeh have as sister-in-law: see -yanyeh (1857). -aoht(a)- NN. RT., ear: ?6ohta? ear; with obj. pref. other than neut., interpreter: ?akaohta? my in- terpreter; with vb. rt. -iyo-, caus.-inst., and refl., listen attentively: ?o?kat&ohti:yos / listened attentively. -ao(:)k- VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -0), hear, understand: ?aka:okeh I've heard it, understood it, ka:okha? / hear it, understand it; with nn. rt. -wen(o)-, ?eyokhiweno:ok they will hear our voices; hey 6:- okeh Akron, N.Y., ht. heard over there (also ty 6: okot); with caus. I -'?t-, notify: waeya: oka?t / notified him. -aosh(a)- NN. RT., cap: waosha? cap. -ao(:)to- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), ask (tr.): heya:oto? I've asked him, hakaoto: ? he asks me, hehsa: oto: h ask him!; with refl., ask (intr.): wa:ta:oto:? he asked; with dist. -nyo-, hataoto:nyoh he asks a lot of questions. -as ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.3, 13.6] -'as DATIVE [13.12] -as(ae)- NN. RT., with dimin. in ?osae?ah or ?on5sae?ah green, unripe corn or beans. -ase- be new, young: see -awase- (282). -asha-/-asha(ae)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-?, —, -eh), with dupl., look out for, take care of: with recip., to:tata:sha:? he's looking out for himself, ?o?thotatashae? he looked out for himself; with inch. I -'?- and obj., remember: ?akashae: ?oh / remember it, ?ewokasha:a?t I'll remember it; with cont., ?ewokashae: ?se :k they'll continue to remem- ber him; with double dist. -'?syo-nyo-, ?akasha§:- ?syonyoh / remember things. -ashaaenye- VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, -h), with dupl., practice: t6:noshae:nye? they've practiced; te:- noshae:nyeh they practice, ?o?thenoshae:nye:? they practiced. -ashaek-/-ashae- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-'?, —, -0), expect, be on guard against: ?akashae? I'm expecting it, sasha:ek be on guard against it, be careful! -asha?kto-/-asha?ket- (before impv.)/-a?kto-/-a?ket- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -0), with dupl., bend, become crooked: teyosha?kto:h it's bent, crooked, ?o?twasha?ke:t it bent; with nn. rt. -ko(:)t(a)- and refl., tewakatkota?kto:h my nose is crooked; with inch. I -'?h6?-, teyosha?kt5?he?oh it has gotten bent. Cf. -hsa?kto- (673). Var. -a?kto-: see-ih(C)(o)- (761). -ash(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, dress: ?akasyo:ni:h I've dressed; plus nom., ?asy6ny- ashae? clothes; with vb. rt. -ihsa?- [14.5], finish dressing: ?akatsihsa?oh I've finished dressing. -&sh(9d)-flame: see -(h)ash(ae)- (509). -ashet- VB. RT. (-6h, -as, -0), count, number: ?akashe:teh I'm counting, ?oshe:teh it's num- bered, hashe:tas he counts, ?o?kh6yashe:t I 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 counted them; with caus. I -'?t- and inst., ?okwatasheta?tahkoh we use it for counting; with dist. -':no-, ?osh6ta:no? they're numbered. 99. -ashet(a)- NN. RT., number: ?oshe:ta? number. 100. -ash6?n(o)- NN. RT., lump: with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?osh6?no: t there's a lump on it; plus refl. satashe?- no:t you have a berry basket on; plus inst., yotashe?notahkwa? berrypicking basket. 101. -ashe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be ten: washe:h ten; with dupl., tewashe:h twenty; with part., se niwashe:h thirty; with nn. rt. -(h/:)wist(a)-, se niyo:wistashe:h thirty dollars; no?tewe?nya?- eshaeshe:h thousand, lit. ten hundreds (see -?ny(a)-;2069). 102. -'ashe-/-'ashet(a)- hold a council: see -'(h)ashe- (510). 103. -ashenonyash(ae)- NN. RT., security, property, be- longings: ?akashenonyashae? my security etc. 104. -asheta?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), tread, step on: ?akasheta?oh I'm treading, hashe:ta?s he treads, sashe:ta?t step on it!; with dist. -syo-, tewaka- sh£ta?syo? my feet are on the ground. 105. -ashokw- VB. RT. (-6h, -as, -oh), bite: ?akashokweh I've bitten, hasho:kwas he bites, ?o?kasho:ko? / took a bite; with caus. I -'ht- [26.4], ?ashokwahta? pipe. 106. -ashw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), with obj., discard, throw away: ?akasweh [3.8] I've thrown it away, hoswas he throws it away, sash oh throw it away! 107. -ask(a)- NN. RT., mouth: with vb. rt. -wek-, cisloc, and dupl., totawaskwe:k it closed its mouth again; with vb. rt. -aae?w-, teoskae:?weh he has opened his mouth. 108. -askeh- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -a?), fight for: ?akaskeheh I'm fighting for it, haske:has he fights for it; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, wa:ya?taskeha? he fought for the body. 109. -askw(a)- NN. RT., hut, shanty, leanto, shed, porch: with vb. rt. -te-, waskwa:te? hut, etc. (is there); with vb. rt. -6-, waskooh bridge, hon5skooh they've erected a bridge; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc, twasko? Auburn, N.Y.; with vb. rt. -oweht-, ?oskowehtoh strong wind, hurricane, tornado; plus prog., tayoskowehto:otye? there's a hurricane coming. 110. -asnowe- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be fast: ?osno:we? it's fast; with caus. II -aet-, ?akasnowae: toh I'm going fast; with inch. II -eh-, wa?6sno:weh it got fast, speeded up. 111. -asta-/-asta(ae)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), cry, weep: kosta:? she has cried, yosta:ha? she's crying, ?o?kastae / cried; with double dist. -o-nyo-, henosteonyoh they're crying in several places. 112. -astak£- (before desc)/-astakeh- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-6h, —, -0), force out of one's mouth: ?akastak£oh I've forced it out of my mouth; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, refl., and transloc, ho?kati:- wastakeh I forced the words out of my mouth there, delivered the message. 113. -aste- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be evaporated: ?oste:h it's evaporated; with caus. I -'?t-, ?o?ka:ste?t / evaporated it, boiled it down; with dat. -'?se-/ -'s-, ?o?wa:stes it went dry (on somebody). 114. ?asteh outside, outdoors; with -kwah [26.8], ?aste:- kwa:h toward outside; with charact., ?aste:kha:? the outer part. 115. -aste 1st- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), manage, arrange, referee: ?akasteistoh I've managed, arranged it, honostCistoh they're managing it, referees, haste- istha? he manages it. 116. -astiist- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), adopt: heyasti:stoh I've adopted him, ?£:yasti:is I'll adopt him. 117. -as?a- VB. RT., consume: with caus. I -'ht- and transloc, ho?wa:s?at it was entirely consumed. Cf. -hsa?- (671). 118. -at- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be inside: ?i:wa:t it's inside; with dist. -nyo-, wata:nyo? things inside; with nn. rt. -khw(a)- and inst., kekhwatahkwa? my stomach, lit. / use it for food inside. CAUSATIVE II [13.5] REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 119. -'at- pass by: see -'(h)aeht- (530). 120. -ata(C)- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 121. -ata(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ye-, whisper, peek: ?akata:aye? I'm whispering, peeking, hata:yeo? he whispers, ?ekata:aye:? I'll whisper; with vb. rt. -neke-, confer in a whisper: ?o?kata:ne:ke:? / conferred in a whisper; with caus. I -'st-, hata:n6kestha? he seeks advice in a whisper: with dist. -':no-, waenota:n£ke:no:? they put their heads together. 122. -ataaewak- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), fan: kotee:wa:koh she's fanning, yotse:wa:s she fans, wa?otae:wa:k she fanned; with caus. I -t-, yotae:wa:ktha?/c7i. 123. -atae?o- VB. BASE, with charact. -ka? in hotae?o:- ka: ? he belongs to the Heron clan, honotae?o :ka: ? they belong to the Heron clan. Var. -tae?o- (1647). 124. -atah- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 125. -atahkwi- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), be finished, over with: ?otahkwi:h it's finished, watdhkwih let's have it over with. 126. -atahoskw(a)- NN. RT., cheek: katahoskwa?keh (on) my cheek (s). 127. -ataist- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e-, stop (tr.): te:notaista:nih they don't stop it, ?e:notaiste? they'll stop it. 128. -atak- VB. RT. (-oh, —, •—), be deep, saturated (of a color): ?ota:koh it's deeply colored, ?ono- takoh they are deeply colored; with cisloc. and part., nityotakoh how deep the color is. 129. -atakwehta-/-kwehta- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), lay out flat: watakwehta:? it's lying flat, ?otakwehta:? it's been laid out flat; with nn. rt. -not(a)-, kanotakwehta:? town laid out flat, community; with nn. rt. -i?t-, opt., and dupl. [8.1, fn 15], tae?takwehta:? he's lying very sick. Cf. -atakwehte- (130). 130. -atakwehte- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be flat: tewatakwehte:h it's flat; with inch. I -'?he?-, ?o?twatakwehte?he?t it became flat. Cf. -takwehte-, -atakwehta- (1669, 129). 131. -atan- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 132. -ata:nyo- VB. RT. (—, -'a?, ~-),fish (with hook and line): hata:nyoa? he fishes, with trans. -':n-, wa:ta:ny6:no? he went fishing. 133. -atasha(ae)- NN. RT. handle: ?atashae:? handle; with vb. rt. -ene-, watashaene?s drop handle basket, lit. the handle drops. 134. -atasha?-/-atas?a- (before iter, and impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -h), with dupl., begin an argument: tewakatasha?oh I've begun an argument, ta: tas?as WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 41 he begins arguments, ?o?tkatas?a: ? / got into an argument; with dist. -ho-, tekatasha?ho:? I'll start arguing about things. 135. -ataskanek- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), want a particular member of the opposite sex: ?akataskane:koh I've wanted a particular woman (or man, if woman speaking), hataskane:s he wants a particular woman; with dist. -ho-, wenotaskanekho:nyoh they (nonmasc.) want particular men. 136. -atas?a- VB. RT. (—, -'s, -h), with dupl., quarrel: te:yatas?as they (masc. du.) quarrel, tekhnya- tas?a:? they (nonmasc du.) will quarrel. 137. -atat- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 138. -atatawi-/-atato- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), with dupl., trade, exchange: tewakatatawi:h I've traded it; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)- and refl., ?o?thenohnohsata:to? they traded houses. Cf. -awi- and [26.2]. 139. -atate- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 140. -atate- VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), with obj., beleftalone, have left over: ?akatate:oh I've been left alone, had some left over, hotate:os he's being left alone, waotate:? he was left alone. RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5] 141. -atato- trade: see -atatawi- (138). 142. -atatweniyo- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be free, inde- pendent: katatweni:yo? I'm free; with inch. I -'?h6?-, ?ejitwatatweniyo?he?t we're going to become free again. 143. -atawe- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), bathe, swim: ?aka- tawe:h I've bathed, hata:weh he's bathing, swim- ming, ?ekatawe? I'll bathe. 144. -ata?ss9h-/-ata?sae- (comb, and before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), distribute goods during the Dance for the Dead (?ohki:we:h): ?onota?saeoh they've distributed the goods, wenota?saes they're distributing the goods, ?o?wenota?saeh they dis- tributed the goods; with caus. I -'ht-, yota?saetha? one causes it to be distributed, the goods themselves. 145. -ata?t6aeh-/-ata?t6s3- (comb, and before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), distribute goods during the Changing Ribs (?ot£swate:nyo?) Ceremony: ?onota?toaeoh they've distributed the goods, wenota?t6aes they're distributing the goods, ?o?- wenota?toaeh they distributed the goods; with caus. I -'ht-, yota?t6aetha? one causes it to be dis- tributed, the goods themselves. 146. -ataejo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), break, crack: ?otae:jo? it's broken, cracked, wataejo:? it breaks, ?o?- wataejo:? it broke. 147. -atae?sw(a)- NN. RT., luck: ?otse?swa? luck; with vb. rt. -iyo-, honotae?swi:yo:h their luck is good. 148. -ate- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 149. -at(C)e-/-aty- (before o), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), usually with dupl., be apart, separated: tewa:te? it's apart; no?teyakya:te? how far apart we are, the distance between us; with caus. II, to:saeno- tae:t they ought to get apart; with dist. -nyo-, tewatenyo? how far apart they are; with dist. var. -o- and without dupl., niwa:tyo? how far apart they are. 150. -at66h-/-at6e?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), become embarrassed, ashamed: ?akat£e?oh I'm embarrassed, hat^es he gets embarrassed, ?o?ka- teeh / became embarrassed. 151. -ateeht- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e-, obj., and cisloc, sniff, get the scent: twakateehtani:h I've gotten the scent, tyoteehta:mh it's sniffing, tayot^ehte? it got the scent. 152. -atehkaaekt- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), become angry: ?akatehkae:ktoh I'm angry, ?o?katehka:ak I be- came angry; with cisloc, growl: tyotehkae:ktoh it's growling, twatelikae:s it growls. 153. -atehkwatoh VB. STEM, in jot6hkwatoh Great Horned Serpent (a mythical creature). 154. -atehs(a)- NN. RT., nest: ?atehsa? [15.6] nest; ?otehsa? nest, its nest; with vb. rt. -e-, ?otehse? it's on the nest, nesting. 155. -atek-/-ateke- (before nom.), vb. rt. (-eh, -ha?, -0), with obj. burn (intr.): ?ote:keh it has burned, it's burnt, ?ote:kha? it's burning, ?o:te:k let it burn!; with caus. I -'?t-, make afire: ?akateka?toh I've made afire; with inst., yoteka?tahkwa?^re- making tool; with nom., ?oteke?shae? charred re- mains of afire. 156. -ateo-/-ateo?- (comb.) VB. RT. (-?, —, -h), be friends: ?okwate:o? we are friends; kyate:oh friend!; with caus. I -'st- and inch. I -he?-, waonot6o?sthe?t they became friends; with nom., ?ate"o?shae? [15.6] friendship. 157. -atesehtaaekw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), wake up: notesehtae:kweh he's awake, wa:tesehtae:ko he woke up. 158. -ateswaht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), smell (tr.): ?akateswahtoh I've smelted it, ?o?kateswat / smelled it. 159. -atetkae?nist- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha,?, -0), make a noise: ?otetkae?nistoh it's making a noise, ?o?watetkae?- nis it made a noise. Cf. -(C)ihka6-, -(C)ihka6?ni- (758-760). 160. -ate":wat- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), store, put away: ?akate:wa:t I've put it away, hat6:watha? he's putting it away, sate" :wateh put it away. 161. -ateyak- VB. RT. (-5h, -s, -0), copulate: honoteya:- koh they're copulating, hate:ya:s he copulates, wa: te:ya:k he copulated. 162. -ateye5? VB. STEM, in yate:yeo? Rig Heads (masc. du.; in Midwinter Ceremony), Uncles. 163. -at(C)e? VB. STEM, be grandparent to, usually ref. to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship between any consanguin- eal kinsmen two generations apart): heya:te? / am his grandparent, my grandson, kheya:te? my granddaughter, haka:te? my grandfather (cf. -'hsot), yate? your grandson; with recip., yata- tate? a man and his grandson or granddaughter, a woman and her grandson; with nom., ?akate?- shae? my grandchildren); plus vb. rt. -ka?te-, hote?shaekd?te? he has a lot of grandchildren; with augment., heyate?ko:wa:h my great-grand- son, kheyate?ko:wa:h my great-granddaughter. 164. -ate?jiatha- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be very strong: hat6?ji:atha? he's very strong, henote?jiatha? they're very strong; with inch. I -'?h6?-, wa:te?- jiatha?he?t he became very strong. 165. -at6?kw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), flee, run away (from): ?ak&te?kweh I've fled, run away from it, hat6?kwas he flees, waenot6?ko? they fled. 166. -ate?saist- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with dupl., become excessive: teyote?saistoh it has become ex- cessive, ?o?twate?sais or ?o?tyote?sdis it became excessive. Var. -ate?saist- (186). 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 167. -ate?saete- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., prog., and/or dist. -'syo-, spread one's arms or wings, threaten to hit: (with prog.) to:te?saete:otye?s he's spreading his arms; (with dist.) teyote?- saetesyo? it has spread its wings, ?o?thate?- saetesyo:? he spread his arms, threatened to hit someone; with prog, and dist., teyonote?saet&- syotye?s they are spreading their wings (a cere- monial reference to birds). 168. -at£?sko(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -e?), put in oven, bake: wa?ote?sko:te? she put it in the oven, baked it; with past, wate?sko:tak it's been baked. Cf. -?sko(:)ta?- (2109). 169. -ate?syoneht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with cisloc, slow down: tyote?syonehtoh it has slowed down, tawate?syo:net it slowed down. 170. -ate?to- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), give birth: koteUtf she has given birth, yote?to:? she's giving birth, ?ehsate?to:? you will give birth; with trans. -':n- and purp., kate*?to:ne? I'm going to give birth, I'm pregnant. 171. -ate- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 172. -ateejo- be necessary: var. of -atoejo- (228). 173. -at(C)eh-/-at(C)e- (comb.), VB. RT. (—, -'s, -0), benefit (someone) through a medicine ceremony: kotes she's being benefited by a ceremony, there's a ceremony for her, ?ewokateh there will be a ceremony for me; with nom., ?ote:shae? medicine ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, hotesyo:ni:h he's preparing the ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -o-, hote:syo? he has the cere- mony ready, lit. in the water; plus trans. -' :n- and purp., hatesyo:ne? he intends to prepare for the ceremony; with vb. rt. -ye- and dupl., te:noteshaeye:? they will bet on the ceremony (the loser of the bet will be obligated to sponsor the ceremony). 174. -atehseokw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with dupl., make pale or sickly, offend, disgust; tewakateh- seokweh I'm pale, etc., ?o?twakatehseoko? it made me pale, offended me; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, tewakatehseokwahse:h I'm disgusted. 175. -atehso- VB. RT. (-'?, -'o?, -h), parch, pop (corn): ?akatehso? I've parched, popped it, yotehso:? she's parching it, wa:tehso:? he parched it. 176. -atenoo?, be parents-in-law of the same couple, the relationship between sets of parents whose children are married to each other: ?akwateno:o? we (excl. pi.) are parents-in-law of the same couple. 177. -ateno- VB. RT., with caus. I -'?t-, take along food: ?akateno?toh I've taken food with me, wa?ote:no?t she took her lunch; with nom., ?ateno?shae? food, lunch; plus vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inst., yoteno?- sh£§:hkwa?/oo(i basket. 178. -ate:no(:)te-/-ate:no(:)ty- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), with dupl., be siblings (in older usage also the relationship between members of the same generation whose parents are con- sanguine ally related if these related parents are of the same sex): teyakwate:no:te:? we (excl. pi.) are siblings, te:yate:no:te:? they (masc. du.) are siblings; with dist. and plur. (and without dupl.), ?akwate:notyo?sho? we (excl. pi.) are in the same moiety. 179. -ateno?- VB. RT. (—, -s, —), mourn: yote:no?s she's mourning. 180. -ateno?o- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), watch over: ?aka- teno:?o:h I've watched over it, hateno?os he's watching over it, ?ehsateno: ?o? you'll watch over it; with trans, -'sh-, ?ekateno?oshae? I'll go and watch over it. Cf. -no- (1214). 181. -atenyeht-VB. RT. (-oh,-ha?,-0), send: ?akatenye:- htoh I've sent it, hatenyetha? he sends it, sate:- nye:t send it! 182. -ateono- VB. RT., with caus. I -'st-, make shade: ?oteonostoh it's shady; ?eswote:onos it will make shade again, ref. to nightfall; with inst., use for shade: yoteon6stahkwa? people use it for shade, umbrella, parasol; with nom., shade: ?oteon6- shaeko:h in the shade; ?ateono:shae? [15.6] umbrella, parasol, toadstool, mushroom, mayapple (Podophyllum pelatum). 183. -atete- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be loose: ?ote:tef it's loose; with caus. II, ?o?wate:ta:t it came loose. 184. -atetoek-/-ateto- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, —, -0), be tightly packed: ?otetooh it's tightly packed, ?o?wateto:ek it was tightly packed; with caus. I -t-, hoteto:ektoh he has packed it tightly; with caus. I and inst., hatetoektahkwa? he packs tightly with it. 185. -atetonya?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), treat lightly: ?akatetonya?toh I'm treating it lightly, just fooling, hatetonya?tha? he treats it lightly, wa?oteto:nya?t she treated it lightly. 186. -ate?saist- become excessive: var. of -ate?saist- (166) 187. -atha?si- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), take possession of: ?akatha?a:h I've taken possession of it; ?o?shok- watha:?a:? he took possession of us, ref. to the devil. 188. -atha?to- VB. RT.(-'h, -'6?, -h), borrow: ?akatha?toh I've borrowed it, hatha?to:? he borrows, hatha?- to:h let him borrow it!; with trans. -':n-, ?ekatha?to:no? I'll go and borrow it. 189. -athaekwe?t- NN. RT., flint, arrowhead: ?othaekwe?- ta? flint, arrowhead. 190. -athowe- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be cold, ref. to weather: ?otho:we? it's cold; with ext. loc [27.2], ?othowe?keh (in the) north; with caus. II, ?othowaetoh it's gotten cold. 191. -atho? VB. STEM, in hatho? Jack Frost. 192. -atho(:)te- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), hear, listen: ?akatho:te? I've heard it; with prog., ?okwa- thota:tye? we've been listening along; with caus. II, obey: hakathota: toh he has obeyed me. 193. -athowis- VB. RT. (—, -as, -0), in yothowi:sas, woman, also (more often) name of a ceremony performed by women to benefit crops (also ?othowi:- sas, wenothowi:sas, or thowi:sas); ?ewenotho:- wi:s they will perform thowi:sas; with caus. I -'ht-, yothowisatha? box turtle rattle, Ht. they use it for thowi:sas. 194. -athw(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -s?aa- in ?othwas?- a:h young animal, ?akathwas?a:h I'm a young one. 195. -athyawoe?s VB. STEM, in tewathyawo: e?s Explod- ing Wren. 196. -athyoskwat- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be a corner: ?othyo:skwa:t corner; with dist. -o-, ?othy6sk- wato? corners. 197. -athy6?kt- VB. RT. (—, —, -£h), with dupl., become dull: ?o?twathyo?kte? it got dull; with inch. I -'?-, teyothyo?kta?oh it has gotten dull. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 43 198. -ati- VB.RT. (-'h, —, —), with repet., be on the other side of, beyond: swa:tih it's on the other side of it; with nn. rt. -not(a)-, skanotatih on the other side^ of the town; with nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, shakohsatih on the other side of his face; with inch. II -'h- and part., no?wo:tih on which side. 199. -atiheht- VB. RT. (-5h, -ha?, -0), go downstream: ?akatihehtoh I've gone downstream, wa?akwati:- het we went downstream; with dist. -':no-, ?e:notihehta:no:? they will go downstream (e.g., in several parties). 200. -atiyohkw- VB. RT. (-5h, -a?, -0), refuse to part with: hotlyohkoh he won't part with it, ?o?kati:yok / won't part with it. 201. -atiyo(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), with dupl., stretch: teyoti:yo:t it's stretched, ?otiyotha? it stretches, rubber, ?o?tkatiyo:te? / stretched it. Var. -tiyo:t- (1720). 202. -ati?kyo- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be shy, bashful: hoti?kyo? he's shy. 203. -atka- provide etc.: see -atka?w- (207). 204. -atkaae?w-/-atkaae- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-6h, -as, -'h), with cisloc, come apart, become sepa- rated: tyotka3:?weh it has come apart, twatkae:- ?was it comes apart, tawatkae: ? it came apart. 205. -atkaeo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'s, -'h), watch, observe, be a referee: ?akatkaeo? I'm watching, I'm a referee, hatkaeos he watches, ?o?katkaeo? / watched. 206. -atka:nye- VB. RT. (-h, -'h or -'?s, -h), play: ?akatka:nye:h I'm playing, henotka:nyeh or henotka:nye?s they play, ?o?ka.tka:nye:? / played; with trans. -'?h-, henotka:nye?he?s they go and play; with caus. I -'?t-, henotka:ny£?tha? they use it for playing, playing field, game; with nom., ?atka:nye?shae? amusement, game, toy; plus nn. rt. -ake-, ha?tewatka:nye?shae:ke:h all kinds of games.' 207. -atka?w-/-atka- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -'h), provide, release, leave, abandon, give up: ?akatka?weh I've provided it, etc., hatka?was he provides it, satkah leave it, let go!; with caus. I -'ht-, obj., and cisloc, slip out of one's hand: twakatka?watha? it keeps slipping out of my hand; with dist. -ho- [3.10], h£otka?ho? he has left them there. 208. -atke"o- VB. RT. (-'?, -'o?, -h), peddle, have something for sale: ?akatkeo? I have it for sale, hatk6:o? he peddles, peddler; with trans. -':n-, wa?akwatk6:- ono? we went peddling. 209. -atk£-/-atkeh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-5h, -os, -0), get out of bed, arise: ?akatkeoh I've gotten out of bed, hatkeos he gets up, satkeh get up!; with cisloc. and dupl., to:tetwa:tkeh we would arise again. 210. -atkehs(ae)- NN. RT., pus: ?otk£hsae? pus; with vb. rt. -o-, ?o?katkesyo:? / developed a suppurating infection. 211. -atke:ni- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be critical: ?akdtke:- ni:h I'm critical, find fault easily, hotk£:ni:h he's critical. 212. -atke?o- VB. RT. (—, —, -h), appear momentarily, be visible in glimpses: tawatke?o:? it appeared there momentarily, one caught a glimpse of it; with dist. -':no-, wenotke?6:noh they keep appearing momentarily here and there; with trans. -':n-, watke?o:ne?s it's around. 213. -atko- VB. RT. (—, -'s, —), be raw: ?otkos it's raw; with nn. rt. -?wa(a)-, ?o?wa:tkos raw meat; with nn. rt. -(C)ist(a)-, kaistatkos tin, ht. raw metal. 214. -atk6?t(a)- NN. RT., face paint, sumac (Rhus sp.), elder (Sambucus canadensis): ?otko?ta? face paint, etc.; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, honotko?- tonya:no? their faces were painted; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inch. I, kotko?tae:?s poison sumac (Rhus vernix). 215. -atko- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), possess evil power, be a witch: ?otko? evil power, kotko? she's a witch, hono: tko? they are witches. 216. -atkw- VB. RT. (-eh, -a?, -0), with dupl., dance: tewakatkweh I'm dancing, te:atkwa? he dances, tetwa:t [3.4] let's dance!; with trans. -':n-, tetwatkwa:no:h let's go and dance! 217. -atoha- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be in confusion, disarray: teyotaha: ? it's in confusion, everything's out of place. 218. -atoke- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), ax: ?ato:ke? ax, ?akato:ke? or (with nom.) ?akatoke:?shae? my ax. VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be between: with nn. rt. -'(h)eo?t(a)-, tekaeo?tato:ke:h between two guns. Cf. -oke- (1378). 219. -atokeh- VB. RT. (—, —, -0), with dupl., try hard to do something: ?o?tkato :keh / tried hard to do it. 220. -atokeht- VB. RT. (-5h, -ha?, -0), be straight, go directly: ?otokehtoh it's straight, ho?wato:ket it went directly there; ?oatokehtoh straight road; with dupl., go against, oppose, play against: ?o?twato:ket it went against it, te:notoketha? they play against each other, to:notokehtoh they are against each other, opponents, enemies. Cf. -toke- (1748). 221. -atoty-/-atotyak- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -0), grow up, grow to maturity: ?akatotyeh Im' grown up; wa:totya:k he grew up; with cont., ?ewototyahse:k it will always grow to maturtiy; with trans. -':n- and purp., tayototya:ne? people are going to grow up. 222. -atowaet- VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), hunt: ?akatowae: toh I'm hunting, hato:wae:s he hunts, hunter; with trans, -h-, hatowaethe?s he goes hunting. 223. -ato?(ae)- NN. RT., hump: ?oto?ae? hump, also buffalo mullet, a fish of the sucker (Catostomidae) family; see also -kwa(ae)- (1063). 224. -ato?kaehkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -a?, -0), come to the surface, float: ?ot6?kaehkoh it has come to the surface, it's floating, wato?kaehkwa? it floats, ?o?wato?kaek it came to the surface. 225. -ato- VB. RT. (—, —, -h), satisfy: ?oka:to:? it satisfied me, wa?o:to:? it satisfied it. say: see -e- (409). 226. -atoesheht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), pant: hotoeshehtoh he's panting, ?o?wato:eshet it panted. 227. -atoesw6*?t-/-atoeswe?ta?- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-5h, -ha?, -eh), lose one's breath: ?akatoeswe?- ta?oh I've lost my breath, hatoesw6?tha? he gets short of breath, ?eyotoeswe?te? she'll lose her breath. 228. -at6ej6-/-at5ejo- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), with dupl., be necessary: teyotoejooh it's neces- sary; with dat. -ni-/-'as- and obj., want, need: tewakat5ejo:nih / want it, tethotoejoas he'll 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 want it. Var. -ateej6- (172). 229. -atohnya?k- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), kill oneself: ?otohnya?koh it's killed itself, wenotohnya?s they kill themselves, ?o?watohnya?k it killed itself. 230. -atohnye- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, —), save, put away: ?akatohnye? I've saved it, hatohnyeo? he's sav- ing it. 231. -atohoe-/-atoho- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, -eh), become happy: ?akatohoe? I'm happy, waenotohoe? they became happy. 232. -atoishe- VB. RT. (-'?, -'o?, -h), rest: ?akato:ishe? I've rested, hatoisheo? he rests, satoishe:h take a rest!; with caus. I -'ht-, accompany a Personal Chant (?ato:we?) by repeating he? he"? h6? . . .: hotoishehtoh he has accompanied the chant, (with dat.) hakatoishehta:nih he accompanied my chant. 233. -atoni- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be of one's father's clan: ?akatoni:h my father's clan; with popul., ?akatoni:ono? people of my father's clan. Var. -ato(:)ni-: ?akato:ni:h my father's clan. NN. RT. (?), with vb. rt. -?aa- in ?otoni?a:h baby. 234. -ato:no- VB. RT. (—, -'?s, —), hold a Condolence Ceremony: henoto:no?s they're holding a Con- dolence Ceremony; with dat. -'?s,?e:noto:no?s they'll hold a Condolence Ceremony (for someone); with nom., ?ato:noshae? Condolence Ceremony. 235. -atony- breathe: see -ato(:)wi- (242). 236. -atoot- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), sing a Personal Chant (?ato:we?): hoto:t he's singing a Personal Chant, hato:tha? he sings a Personal Chant, wa:to:te? he sang a Personal Chant; with inst., hato:tahkwak he used to use it as a Personal Chant. 237. -atoskwi- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be wrinkled: ?oto:- skwi:h it's wrinkled, honotoskwi:h they're wrin- kled; with nn. rt. -kohs(a)- and dist. -'syo-, hotkohsat5skwisyo? his face has wrinkles. 238. -atoswe?t- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e- and obj., be hungry: ?akatoswe?tanih I'm hungry; with neg. and repet., ta?osawakatoswe?te? I'll never get hungry again. 239. -atot- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), amount to (yields ordinal translation of a numeral): se wato:tha? it amounts to three, it's the third, wis hato:tha? he's the fifth; with dupl., eat together: teyokwato:- toh we're eating together, tetwa:to:t let's eat together! 240. -atotaikt- VB. RT. (-oh, -h&?, -0), with dupl. laugh loudly, guffaw: tewakatotaiktoh I'm guffawing, ta:totaiktha? he guffaws, ?o?thatota:ik he guffawed. 241. -atowe- see ?ato:we? (1975). 242. -ato(:)wi-/-atony- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-h, -6"?s, -'h), breathe: ?akato:wi:h I'm breathing, hato:- nye?s he breathes, wa:to:wi? he took a breath. 243. -ato:wita?t- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), rock (back and forth): ?akato:wita?toh I'm rocking. 244. -ato?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), cause, provide, change into, become: ?otone:) poison ivy (Rhus radicans), (but ?akd?ene:?oh I've got poison ivy); with nn. rt. -(h)ehta(ae)-, thehtae:hta:ne? caterpillar. 339. -aehw- pass through one phase: see -'(h)aehw- (531). 340. -(C)aeit-/-(h)aeit- (after some prefs.), VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), tree, plant a tree: kae:it tree, ?o?khae:- ite? / planted a tree; with dist. -o-, kae:to? trees; with refl., ?akatae:it my tree; with cont., ?eka§:- ita?k the tree will always be there, ?ewokathae :ita?k my tree will always be there. 341. -(C)aekenye-/-kenye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -h), roll roughly, maul: ?akaekenye:h I've rolled it, mauled it, ?ekaekenye:? I'll maul it; with nn. rt. -ij(C)(a)-, hejakenyeh he's rolling the fish, clean- ing it. 342. -(C)aekoew- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -h), wipe: ?aka§ko:- eweh I've wiped it, hae:ko:ewas he's wiping it, saeko:eh wipe it! 343. -(C)aekwaht(a)-, NN. RT., palm of the hand, sole of the foot: ?6aekwahta? palm, sole, kaekwahta?keh on my palm, sole. 344. -(C)aenaehto- give someone a black eye: var. of -(C)aenohto- (347). 345. -(C)aen(o)- NN. RT., sap, nectar: ?oaeno? sap, nectar. (Not identical with ?owse:no?; see the following.) 346. -(C)aen(o)-/-waen(o)- (after o)/-yaen(o)- (after i), NN. RT., sugar, maple sugar, candy: ?owae:no? sugar, etc.; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, be sweet: ?owaenoe? it's sweet; with vb. rt. -ke?-, ?owaenoke?oh it's sweetened; with vb. rt. -ki-, ?owaenoki? sap, syrup; with vb. rt. -ot-, tap a tree: hatiyaeno: tha? they're tapping the trees; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, kae:no:nih honeybee, honey. 347. -(C)aenohto- VB. RT. (-'?, -'a?, -h), with dupl., give someone a black eye: tewakaenohto? I have a black eye, ?o?thakaenohto: ? he gave me a black eye. Var.-(C)aenaehto-(344). 348. -(C)aenowe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be wet: ?oaenowe:h it's wet, damp. 349. -(C)aenye-/-kaaenye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -h), rub: ?akae:nye:h I've rubbed it, ke?nyakae:nyeh I'm rubbing it with my hand, ?o?tkate:hsi?takae:- nye:? / rubbed it with my feet; with vb. rt. -ahsi?t(a)- and refl., ?e:hsi?takae:nye:? [15.6] or ?e:skae:nye:? Women's Shuffle Dance; plus aug- ment., ?e:skae:ny6:?ko:wa:h Great Shuffle Dance; ?e: skae: nye: ? kaenokayokha: ? Old-Fash- ioned Shuffle Dance, lit. old song type; ?ewen£:- skae:nye:? they'll dance ?e:skae:nye:?; also ?eweneoskae:nye:?. 350. -aet- CAUSATIVE II [13.5] 351. -(C)aet- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eli), get on, perch: ka:at [5.4] it's on it; with refl., watae:tha? it perches, ?o?wataete? it perched; with inst., yotaetahkwa? saddle; with dist. -o-, watiaeto? they're on it in several places; evidently this rt. with inch. I -'?-, kae: ta?s kind of duck that perches in a tree (would expect ka:ata?s). 352. -(C)aetahs(a)- NN. RT., heel: ?6aetahsa? heel, kaetahsa?keh on my heel. 353. -(C)aetne?t(a)- NN. RT., fern: ?6aetne?ta?/em. 354. -(C)aetyeht- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), with transloc, go with: heyoaetye:htoh it has gone with it; with 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, hekya?tae:tye:t I'll go with it, go along. 355. -(C)aewist(a)- NN. RT., peeling, bat: ?6aewista? peeling, bat; with vb. rt. -'(h)-, dist., and dupl., tekae:wistaoh birch (Betula sp.), lit. peelings on it. 356. -(C)eeya?tahkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -a?, -0), tease: ?akaeya?tahkoh I'm teasing it, hae:ya?tahkwa? he teases it, ?o?kaeya?tak / teased it. 357. -ae? PUNCTUAL [8.2] catch up: see -(h) a??- (533). 358. -(C)ae?kae-/-(C)ae?ka(8e)- (comb.)/-a?ka(ae)- (var- after refl.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be leaning against: ?6ae?kae? or wae:?kae? (cf. [27.3]) it's leaning against it; with caus. I -'ht-, ?o?kae?kae:t [3.6] / leaned it against it; with caus. I and refl., rely on: ?akatee?kae:htoh or ?akata?ka§:htoh I'm relying on it; with caus.-inst. and refl., ?ewotae?- kae:stak it will be reliable; with inst., kae:kaehkoh something that can be relied on. 359. -(C)ae?neka(ae)-, VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -h), with dupl., tear apart: tewakae?nekeoh I've torn it apart, tae: ?nekeos [27.2] he tears it to pieces, ?o?tkae?ne :- ka: ? / tore it apart; with refl., explode: ?o?twatse?- ne :ka: ? it exploded. 360. -(C)ae?neke-/-neke- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with dupl., put together: tewakee?ne :ke:h I've put them together; teowotiae?ne:ke:? they'll put them together, arrange a marriage; with refl., te:- yatae?ne:ke:? they (du.) will be put together, be married; with caus.-inst., tewakae?n6kestoh I've put them together; with trans, -'hs- and refl., teyotae?nekehse?s she keeps going and getting married; with nn. rt. -(h)d(a)-, dist. -'syo-, and refl., watha:n6"kesyo? roads close together, but see dist. -' :no- with nn. rt. -ata-. 361. -(C)ae?netak-/-netak- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), stick on, attach: ?6ae?neta:koh it's stuck on, ?o?ka§?ne:ta:k / stuck it on; with cisloc, ty6ae?ne:ta:s it's sticky; with caus. I -t-, kae:?neta:ktoh it's attached to it; with nn. rt. -nokt(a)-, honoktanetakoh he's confined to bed, bedridden. 362. -(C)ae?nie? VB. STEM, have as sister-in-law (used only by a man): ?akae?ni:e? my sister-in-law. 363. -(C)ae?nohs(a)- NN. RT., tongue: kae?nohsa?keh (on) my tongue. 364. -se?ohs(a)- sunflower; var. of -e?ohs(a)- (482). 365. ra§?t(a)-, feather: see -(h)a§?t(a)- (535). 366. -(C)ae?theh- VB. RT. (—, —, -0), persist: ?o?kafe?- the:h I persisted, made sure I finished it. 367. -(C)ae?the- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), climb: hoae?the:h he has climbed, hae:?thes he climbs, ?o?kae?the? / climbed. 368. -e- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), walk, go: ?i:ke? [6.11] I'm walking, ?ie? he's walking; ?i:ke?s I'm walk- ing around, also I'm here, present; ?eya:khne? we (excl. du.) will walk, go; with direct, and transloc, hewake:no:h I've gone there; with direct., cisloc, and part., nithawe:no:h how he has come from there. (-h, —, -h), think, believe, decide: ?i:ke:h / think, believe; ?i:eh he thinks; ?o?ke: ? I thought, decided. be separate entities, var. of -ake- (74): with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ha?tey6iwe:h everything. DATIVE [13.12] FIRST PERSON [11.6] INDICATIVE [21.9, 24.2, 25.5] close: see -eo?ek- (464). 369. -'e- MASCULINE [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] arrive ref. to time: see -'(h)e- (541). 370. -(C)e-/-(C)- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), put in: ho :e? he has put it in; haeha? he puts it in; ?iseh [6.11] put it in!; wa:e? he put it in; with inst., teyoehkoh putty or rags for stuffing cracks, calking. 371. -(C)e(ae)- NN. RT., cornstalk: ?oeae? cornstalk, also swamp saxifrage (Micranthes pennsylvanica); with charact., ?6eae?ke:kha:? cornstalk bean. 372. -(C)ee- gather together: see -(C)e<§ek- (373). 373. -(C)eeek-/-(C)ee- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), gather together, gather in: hati:es they're gath- ering things together; with nn. rt. -?nist(a)-, hati?niste:es they're gathering in corn; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)- and refl., honotya?t6:oh they've gathered together; without refl., waotiya?te:ek it gathered them together; with trans, -h- and purp., ?akwata:ye:khe? we're going to gather in berries, hold the Strawberry Dance. Var. -(C)e6ek-/ -(C)e6- (394). 374. -eeht- shout: see -(h)e6ht- (542). 375. -6ey- die: see -iey- (749). 376. -eeyo?t(a)- NN. RT., corpse: ?awe:yo?ta? corpse; with vb. rt. -k(C)e-, we:yo?ta:kes the corpse stinks. 377. -(C)eh- VB. RT., with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, place food before, serve: hakoehahseh he's placing food before them, serving them, ?ekhe:has I'll serve them. 378. -ehe- VB. RT., want, think of: with prog., sehe:tye? what do you want?; with cont., ?ekehe:ak I'll be thinking of it. 379. -ehos VB. STEM, be related as son-in-law to parents- in-law: ?akhne:ho:s we (excl. du.) are related as son-in-law to parent-in-law, ?akwe:ho:s we (excl. pi.) are so related. 380. -eht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with cisloc, come from somewhere: twake:htoh I've come from there; with transloc, go somewhere: ho?ke:t / went there; with inst., hewakehtahkoh the way I've gone there; with contr., do something intentionally: thiwa- kehtoh I've done it on purpose. 381. -6ht(a)- dirt: see -(h)e*ht(a)- (545). 382. -'ejeo-/-'ejao- coax: see -'(h)ejeo- (546). 383. -ek- VB. RT. (-eh, —, —), in hewe:keh that's all that's left to do. 384. -ek CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3] 385. -'ek- VB. RT., with nn. rt. -wen(o)-, dist. -ho-, and dupl., reject someone's proposal: ?o?theweno- ekho: ? I rejected his proposal. 386. -eke- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be the mouth of a stream: ?aw6keoh it's the mouth of a stream; with transloc, heyawekeoh the mouth of the stream is there. 387. -'en- cut: see -'(h) en- (547). 388. -ene- make fall: see -?hnyene- (2005). 389. -eno- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be different: with dupl., tewe:no:? it's different; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, kya?te:no:? I'm different; with inch. I -'?h<§?-, ?o?tweno?he?t it became different. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 49 390. -en(o)- ridge: see -(h)en(o)- (548). 391. -6:n(o)- bundle: see -(h)6:n(o)- (549). 392. -(C)e6- gather together: see -(C)e6ek- (373). 393. -6o6k VB. STEM, in ?aweoek thorn, hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Cf. -e(o)- (456). 394. -(C)e6ek- gather together: var. of -(C)e6"ek- (373). 395. -<§ohkw(a)- NN. RT., in ?6eohkwa? vegetable matter floating on water, algae, sweetflag (Acorus cala- mus) ; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?6eohko:t cattail (Typha latifolia). Cf. -e(o)- and -o- (457 and 1361). 396. -eo?t(a)-/-aweo?t(a)- (incorp.), NN. RT., pipe, conduit, stovepipe, lamp chimney: ?aweo?ta? pipe, etc., also sweetflag (Acorus calamus); with vb. rt. -otaaeh-, henow6o?tota:as they're putting in a pipe. 397. >'eo?t(a)- gun: see -'(h)eo?t(a)- (551). 398. -es- be long: see -os- (1470). 399. -eso-/-weso- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be much, many: we:so? it's a lot; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ?6iwawe:so? many things; with nn. rt. -jihso?t(a)-, ?ojihso?tawe:so? many stars. 400. -et- CAUSATIVE II [13.5] 401. -'etke- be bad: see -'(h)etke- (552). 402. -'ewaht- punish: see -'(h)ewaht- (554). 403. -ey-, FIRST PERSON [11.6] 404. -eyo?t(a)- ref. to sick people: see -(h)eyo?t(a)- (556). 405. -6? PURPOSIVE [13.15] 406. -'6?- INCHOATIVE I [13.8] 407. -e?o- VB. RT. (-'h, —, -h), decide, intend, ordain: hawe: ?oh he has ordained it; with neg., ta?ake?o: ? [27.5] / didn't intend it. 408. -6?s ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.14] 409. -e- VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), with obj., leave something: hawe:os he leaves some, ?oke:? I left some; with recip., swatate:oh you who are left. (before desc, and after fem. before impv.)/-ato- (before iter.)/-i- (before impv. otherwise) /-eo- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), say: ?a:ke:h I've said it, ha:toh he says it, ?o?ki? / said it; with dat. -'hse-/-'6s-, ?akeohse:h I've said to it; with caus. I -'?t- and inst., yoto?tahkwa? ht. people use it for saying, ref. to recitation of chiefs' names in Condolence Ceremony; with irregular fem. -?ak-/-yak- before -e- and punc, wa?a:ke? she said it, na:yake? what people might say. DATIVE [13.12] FUTURE [22.4-5, 25.2] OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7] drop, fall: see -a?se- (319). 410. -e-/-et(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, -h), establish: with nn. rt. -at6"hs(a)-, ?otelise? it's nesting; with vb. rt. -ha?- [3.14], refl., and nom., ?ekateh6?- she:? I'll hire some help; with dist., -o-, ?akate- ho?she:to? I've got several hired helpers. Cf. -ye- (1886). 411. -'e- MASCULINE [8.7, 9.11, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] be in the middle of: see -'(h)e- (561). 412. -£- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3] 413. -(e)- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 414. -£:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3] 415. -6(e)- NN. RT., moss: ?aw6:? moss; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, ?owe:e? there's moss on it; with vb. rt. -o-, ?aweo? scum. 416. -(e) e- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 417. -eehta:n6? VB. STEM: see -a?en(o)- (306). 418. -(e)ehtat- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with dupl., run: te:hta:s he runs, also rank below subchief, messenger; te:ne:hta:s they run, footrace; tes£:- hta:t run!, ?o?tke':hta:t I ran. 419. -(e)e?ska(se)- VB. RT. (-oh, —, -h), with cisloc, start to run: th6e?skeoh he started to run, take: ?- ska: ? / started to run. 420. -eh DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7, 13.3, 13.6] IMPERATIVE [5.10-11] 421. -eh- INCHOATIVE II [13.5] 422. -eh-/-e?- (before desc)/-weh-/-we?- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -0), usually with part., happen: niyawe?oh how it has happened, what has hap- pened, niya:wes how it happens, no?o:weh how it happened; with vb. rt. -ya?t(a)- and transloc, heyokwaya?taweh it will happen to us; with caus.-inst. and inst., nityawestahkoh how it happened; with dist. -'syo-, no?6wesyo:? what happened (several times or in several places). 423. -ehji?(ae)- fried strip of meat: see -(h)ehji?(ae)- (564). 424. -ehs(a)- dottle: see -(h)ehs(a)- (565). 425. -6ht(a)- swamp: see -(h)eht(a)- (567). 426. -ehta-/-ehta(ae)- lay flat: see -tehta-/-tehta(ae)- (1691). 427. -ehtsi(se)-fuzz: see -(h)ehta(ae)- (568). 428. -ehtat- run: see -(e)ehtat- (418). 429. -ehtohkw(a)- clay: see -(h)ehtohkw(a)- (569). 430. -eka(ae)- NN. RT., sucker on a cornstalk: ?awekae:? sucker on a cornstalk. 431. -'ekahs(a)- stick: see -'(h)ekahs(a)- (570). 432. -en- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 433. -(e)neoo? VB. STEM, in kon6oo? Thanksgiving Dance, Worship Dance, Drum Dance; hon£oo? male helper in ?ohki:we:h Ceremony, pi. honeneoo?. 434. -eneyo- VB. RT. (—, -'o?, —), tell fortunes: hen6yo: ? he tells fortunes, yen6yo:? she tells fortunes. 435. -eni- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4] 436. -(e)niaahkw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with cisloc, start to run: twakeniaehkweh / started to run, theniaehkwas he's getting ready to run, takeni- aehko? / started to run. 437. -(e)nihe- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), stop, quit: ?ak6nihe? I've quit, heniheo? he quits, ?o?wenihe:? it stopped. 438. -(e)nfhw- VB. RT. (-6h, -as, -oh), with dupl., lightning flash: teyonihweh lightning has flashed, ?o?tweniho? lightning flashed; with dist. -'hso-, tewenihwahsoh a rapid succession of lightning flashes. 439. -eni:n- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot-, put on an apron: ?ekeni:no:te? I'll put on an apron; with nom., ?eni:nota?shae? [15.6]. 440. -enio?t(a)- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -?e- and dupl. in twenio?ta?esyoh the ice or frost is cracking. 441. -(e)nish(ae)- NN. RT., shelf: ?eni:shae? [15.6] shelf, ?akenishae? my shef. 442. -6:nish(ae)- NN. RT., day: ?e:nishae? [26.6] day; with vb. rt. -te-, we:nishaete? today; with vb. rt. -iya?k-, teyote:nitsiya?koh [14.5] Sunday, ht. 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 the broken day; with unique vb. stem, we:nish- aes6?a:nehor?e:nishaese,?a:nehm^e morning, fore- noon; with vb. rt. -6?kt- and refl., ?ote:nisyo?k the end of the day; plus ext. loc [26.4], ?ote:- nisyo?ktahkeh at the end of the day; ska:t we:nishaete? Monday, lit. day number one, tekhni: we:nishaete? Tuesday, etc.; also (with inst.), ska:t we:nishaet6hkoh Monday, etc. 443. -(e)niyast(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ye-, store in one's clothing: ?akeniyastaye? / have it on me, tucked away in my bosom, pocket, clothing; ?o?keniyastaye? / tucked it away in my clothing. 444. -(e)ni?je- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), dance the War Dance (wasa:se?): honi?je:h he's dancing wasa:se?, waeneni?je:? they danced wasa:se?. 445. -e:ni?t(a)- NN. RT., month, moon: ?e:ni?ta? [26.6] month; with vb. rt. -ase-, we:ni?tase: ? new moon; with vb. rt. -'(h) e-, dupl., and transloc, ha?- tewe:ni?taeh middle of the month; with vb. rt. -6?kt-, wate:ni?t6?ktha? end of the month. 446. -(e):noto- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), flood: ?o:no:to? it has flooded, we:noto: ? it fioods, ?o?we:no:to:? it flooded. Cf. -'(h/:)not- (614). 447. -(C)en(o)- NN. RT., song: kaeno? song, ?oeno? its song; with plur., hotieno?sho? their songs; with vb. rt. -ot- and refl., sing: katenotha? I sing; plus inst., yotenotahkwa? musical instrument; with vb. rt. -okoht- and refl., hold a ceremony: wa:teno:kot he held a ceremony; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, refl., and dupl., wish for something to happen: tewakate:no:t I'm wishing it would happen; with vb. rt. -otaaeh-, inch. I -he"?-, and dat., prey on one's mind: ?esaenotahe?s it will prey on your mind. 448. -(e)noet- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha? or -s, -0), spend the night, stay overnight: ?akeno:etoh I've spent the night, stayed overnight, henoetha? or heno:es he spends the night, ?ekeno:et I'll spend the night; with caus.-inst. and inst., totayakweno:estak where we stayed overnight; with trans, -h-, ?ekeno> etha? I'll go to bed. 449. -(e)nohto- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), with desc.,- know: ?akenohto? / know it; with dist. -nyo-, think: ?o?kenohto:nyo:? / thought; with iter., impv., or punc, and cisloc, control, force: thenohto:? he controls it, is the ruler, ?etkeno- hto: ? I'll force it; with preceding and dat. -ni-/ -'6s-, thakoyenohto:ni:h he makes them do it, taeyenohto:s / made him do it. 450. -(e)nowoye- VB. RT. (-'?, —, -h), settle to the bottom: ?onowoye? it has settled to the bottom, ?o?wenowo:- ye: ? it settled to the bottom. 451. -(e)no?keaeht-VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0) wait: ?akeno?- keaehtoh I'm waiting, ?esweno?ke:aet you will wait; with refl., try: ?akateno?keaehtoh I've tried it, hateno?keaetha? he's trying it, sateno?ke:aet try it!; with nom., measurement: ?oteno?keaeht&- shae? measurement; with vb. rt. -e-, measure: ?akateno?k6aehtashe? I've measured it; with inst., ?okwateno?keaehtashetahkoh we have used it for measuring. 452. -enyahs(a)- NN. RT., heart: ?awenyahsa? heart, ?akenyahsa?keh (on) my heart. 453. -e:nyaska(ae)- NN. RT., brooch: ?e:nyaskae:? [26.6] brooch. 454. -eo- say: see -e- (409). 455. -eo- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -h), with transloc, take: heonothwajiye:oh they've taken their families; with dist. -'hso-, waenothwajiyeohso:? they took their families; with cisloc, bring: tyoiwe:oh it has brought the news. follow: see -eowi- (463). 456. -e(o)- tree: see -(h) e(o)- (572). 457. -6(o)-/-awe(o)- (see below), NN. RT., flower: ?aw£o? flower; ?awe:iyo:h beautiful flower; var. -awe(o)- with vb. rt. -te-, dupl, and coin, in sha?tewaw£- ote? joe-pyeweed (Eupatorium maculatum), ht. the flower lies even; with vb. rt. -atak-, ?aw£ota:- koh a kind of bean, also a wild flower. 458. -eoho? VB. STEM: see tekeoteoho? under -(y)ot(a)- (1946). 459. -eoosh(ae)- cradle board: see -ioosh(ae)- (781). 460. -eot- VB. RT., with caus. Ill, pour: ?akeothweh I've poured it, ?o?keotho? / poured it; with inch. I -'?-, ?o?weota?t it poured. 461. -(e)oteny- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), spin, revolve, turn (tr.): ?akeotenyos it spins me, I'm dizzy; with caus. I -'?t-, intr.: ?akeotenya?toh I'm spinning, weotenya?tha? it whirls around. 462. -eow- be holding: see -'(h)aw- (514). 463. -eowi-/-eo- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -h), follow: with vb. rt. -yan(o)-, hayane:owi? he's following its tracks, jane: oh follow its tracks!, ?ekoyane:o? I'll follow your tracks; with caus. I -t-, see -ya(ae)-, -it(a)- (1840, 800). 464. -eo?ek-/-eo?e- (before desc), VB. RT. (-h, —, -0), with dupl., close: teyoteo?e:h it has closed, tewoteo?e:k it will close. 465. -(e)o?t- VB. RT., with caus. II, blow: ?akeo?ta:toh I'm blowing, heo?ta:s he blows, ?o?keo?ta:t / blew; with caus.-inst., yeo?tastha?^iite. 466. -6s, ITERATIVE [5.8-9] 467. -et- VB. RT., with inch. I -'?-, conclude, finish: with nn. rt. -khw(a)-, ?akekhweta?oh I've finished eating; with nn. rt. -je(e)-, kaje:eta?s the fire's going out; with nn. rt. -(C) ae-, ?o?ka:eta?t the wind stopped blowing; with caus. Ill, ?o?kaetho? the wind stopped blowing; with caus. Ill and nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, destroy, demolish: ?aki:wethweh I've destroyed it; with caus. Ill, caus. I -'ht-, nn. rt. -ahs-, and refl., kick: ?ake:hsethwahtoh I've kicked it, ye:hsethwas football game, ht. people kick. 468. -et(a)- NN. RT., day, Sunday, week: with vb. rt. -o(:)ty- and cisloc, taweto:ti? daybreak, teja- weto:ti? it will be morning; with vb. rt. -aji-, weta:jis evening; with vb. rt. -ati-, sweta:tih next week, also Tuesday or any day after Monday; with vb. rt. -atokeht-, ?awetatokehtoh Sunday; also (?a)wetatokehto?keh; with vb. rt. -et- and inch. I, ?o?wete:ta?t Monday; with vb. rt. -'(h) e-, transloc, and dupl., ha?tewetaeh Wed- nesday, ha?teweta,eh ?eyohe?tkeh (see -h£?-) Thursday; with vb. rt. -akt-, we:ta:k Saturday; plus dimin., weta:k?ah Friday; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, dupl., and part., no?tewatetae? one week. establish: see -e- (410). planted area: see -(h)et(a)- (575). 469. -'ete- be in the lead: see -'(h) ete- (576). 470. -etetkaaete-/-etetkaaet- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-'?, ■—, —), be pleasant, fun: ?awetetkae:te? it's fun; with nom., ?awetetkae:t6shae? pleasure, fun; with WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 51 dist. -o-, hotetetkae:to? he's having (all kinds of) fun. Var. -etotkaaete- (472). 471. -eto- RT. with charact. in ?aweto?k6:a? pea (Pisum sativum). 472. -etotkaaete- be fun: var. of -etetkaaete- (470). 473. -eto-/-etoh- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -0), wave: ?aketo:h I'm waving it, het6:s he waves it; with nn. rt. -?ny(a)-, refl., and transloc, hwae?- nye:toh he waved his hand, groped about. 474. -e:wo(:)te? VB. STEM, be uncle to, usually ref. to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a man who is consanguineaUy related to and the same generation as one's natural mother): hey6:wo:te? I'm his uncle, my nephew, kheye:wo:te? my niece, hehse:wo:te? your nephew, howoye:wo:te? their nephew. 475. -e? PUNCTUAL [8.2] 476. -e?- INCHOATIVE II [13.5] happen: see -eh- (422). 477. -'e?he- stop: see -'(h)e?he- (579). 478. -e?kw- swell: see -te?kw- (1695). 479. -(e)?neo?kt- VB. RT. (-0, -ha.?, -eh), with cisloc, be unable to reach: thone?neo?k [3.4] they're un- able to reach it, ?etyakwe?neo?kte? it won't be within our reach. 480. -e?nika(ae)- NN. RT., in ?e?nika:a? [26.6] hoop. 481. -(e)?nikoho- VB. RT. (-?, —, -eh), with dupl., long to be somewhere else: tewake?nikoho: ? I'm longing to be somewhere else; with repet., teshe?nik6hoe? he's longing to go back, go home. 482. -e?ohs(a)- NN. RT., sunflower (Helianthus annuus): ?awe?ohsa? sunflower; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?aw6?- ohso:t fungus. Var. -ae?ohs(a)- (364). 483. -e?ska(ae)- start to run: see -(e)e?ska(ae)- (419). 484. -e?ta- burn: see -(h)e?ta- (581). 485. -(C)e?tho- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), lie with or next to: hoe?tho? he's lying with it. 486. h- INCLUSIVE PERSON [9.4] MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5, 10.5, 10.8, 10.13, 11.4-6, 11.13] NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.11] TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1-2] 487. -h DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7, 13.12] IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.2, 13.10] 488. -h- NN. RT., plant: with vb. rt. -es-, niyo:he:s how tall the plant is, ?otihe: sos tall plants. ITERATIVE [18.4] TRANSIENT [13.14] tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708). 489. -'h DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7] IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.12-13, 17.3} ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.10, 13.12, 13.16] SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [7.5-6] 490. -'h- INCHOATIVE II [13.5] 491. -'(h)- put on: see -'(h)e- (540). 492. hai- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5] 493. -ha- tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708). 494. -h&- ITERATIVE [19.3] 495. -(h)a- road: see -(h)a(a)- (497). 496. -'(h) a- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with transloc, take: hewa: kha: h I've taken it, hewa: kha: s it takes me, hwa:a? he took it; with dist. -'hso-, hwa:ahso:? he took things; with cont., heyeahse:k she will always take it. 497. -(h)a(a)-/-(h)a- (before some vb. rts.) /-a(a)- (before others), NN. RT., road, trail, path, furrow, row of corn kernels: with vb. rt. -te-, ?o:ate? road etc.; with vb. rt. -atokelit- and refl., ?otha:t6kehtoh the road is straight; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and ext. loc [26.4], waoni?keh railroad track; with -o(:)ni- and nom., waoni?shae?keh railroad track; plus vb. rt. -tehta-, waoni?- shaetehta:? railroad track; with vb. rt. -o-, oppos. I, and refl., honotha:okweh their landing place (for boats); with vb. rt. -o- (-?howek-) and dupl., teyaooh [ya < yoa?] plantain (Plantago major), ht. covering the path, also toad rush (cf. -keo?j(a)-); with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)-, caus. I, and transloc, heyo:aehtoh or heyae:aehtoh North Collins, N.Y., ht. where the road has been put on; with vb. rt. -ine- and refl., walk: katha:ine? I'm walking; plus ext. loc. [26.4], ?athaino?keh [15.6] on a journey; with vb. rt. -'hkw-, refl., and dupl., take a walk, tewakathd:hkweh I've taken a walk. 498. hae? hi (greeting). 499. hae?kwah also. Var. hae:?kwah (534). 500. -hah DIMINUTIVE [20.3] 501. -(h)ahkok VB. STEM, in ka:hkok yellow cornbread 502. -(h)ahs(a)- NN. RT., hip: ?akhahsa?keh on my hip 503. -(h)ahw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with nn. rt. -(C) i:w(a)-, realize: ?aki: wa: ahweh I've realized, ?o?ki:wa:aho? / realized; with dist. -'hso-, ?eswaiwa:hwahso:? you (pi.) will realize various things. 504. -hak VB. STEM, be aunt to, ref. to older member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a woman who is consanguineaUy related to and the same generation as one's natural father): ?ake:hak she is aunt to me, my aunt (HSL 20), howo:hak his aunt or aunts, ho:hak his aunt, ?o:hak her aunt (HSL 21). 505. -'(h)akahat-, VB. RT. (-0, —, —), with dupl., be lying on one's back with legs spread apart: tekhd- kaha: t I'm lying on my back with my legs spread apart, teka:ka:ha:t it's lying, etc., also a kind of bean; with inch. I -'?-, ?o?tha:kahata?t he got down on his back with his legs spread apart. 506. -hakwete-/-kwete- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with dupl., be an opening: teyohakwe:te? it's an opening; with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, teyohatakwe:te? an opening in the woods, clearing; with caus. II, ?o?tke"hakwe:ta:t / made an opening; with dist. -nyo-, teyohakwetenyo? it has openings in it, Swiss cheese. 507. -has- DATIVE [13.2] 508. -(h)as- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -'(h)(ae)-, dist., and refl. in (?o)thaseo? tree toad. 509. -(h)jish(ae)- NN. RT., flame, torch: kat:shae? flame, torch; with vb. rt. -otye- and caus. I, ka:syotye:- tha? [14.4] lion, mythical Fire Dragon. 510. -'(h)ashe-/-'(h)ashet(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), hold a council, confer: hotiashe? they're hold- ing council, hatiasheo? they hold council, council members, ?etwa:she:? we'll hold a council; with inst., hatiashetahkwa? council house, courthouse; with oppos. I, wa:tiasheta:ko? after they had held a council. 511. -hat(a)- NN. RT., forest, woods: kaha:ta? forest, 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 kahatako:h in the forest, also blue cohosh (Caulo- phyllum thalictroides); with vb. rt. -ot-, kaha: to: t grove; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and dimin. (?), kaha- tiya?ko?oh Crossing the Woods ceremony. 512. -hate- VB. RT. (—, -'h, -'h), miss, feel the absence of: haha:teh he misses it, wa:yahate? he hated to see you go. 513. -hathe- VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, -'h), with dupl., become light: teyohatheh it gets light (personal name) ; with repet., tejohathe? it will get light again; with dist. -':no-, tetyohathe': noh aurora borealis; with nom. and vb. it. -iyo-, teyohathetsi:yo:h nice bright day; with caus. I -'?t-, inst., and refl. -ate-, teyokwatehathe?tahkoh that which gives us light, ref. to sun. 514. -'(h)aw-/-eow- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be holding, have: ?ikha: ? [3.10] I'm holding it, have it, ha:a? he's holding it; with nn. rt. -a?skwihs(a)-, ha?skwihse:o? he's holding an ax; with dist. -nyo-, khawainyo? I'm holding things. 515. -'(h)awak VB. STEM, have as one's child (in older usage, the relationship either of a natural parent or of one who is consanguineaUy related to and the same generation and sex as a natural parent): he:awak / have him as my child, my son, khe:awak my daughter, hakha:wak he has me as his child, my father, shakoawak he has her as his child, his daughter; with plur., howotiawaksho? their children; with recip., yatathawak they (masc du.) are to each other as parent to child, a man and his son or daughter, a woman and her son. 516. -'(h)aw(C)i- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), carry: khawi? I'm carrying it, ha:awi?s he's carrying it around; with transloc, ho?ka:awi? it carried it there, also it's nearing the time; with caus. I -ht-, take along: ha:witha? he takes it along; with caus. I and inst., bring about: thotiawihtahkoh they've brought it about; with dist. -no- and prog., ha:wino:tye? he's carrying them along. 517. -ha:y- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and refl. in (?o)tha:yo:nih wolf, honotha:yo:nih Wolf Clan. 518. ha :yok a type of bean, Roman bean, cockleberry bean. 519. ha? TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1-2] 520. -ha? ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.7] 521. -ha?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), hire: waokeha?t they hired me; with refl. -ate- [3.14], ?akateho?oh I've hired; with nom., ?ak6ha?sh8e? my hired help; with vb. rt. -e-/-et(a)- and refl., hoteho?she? he has help assigned to him. 522. -(h)a?(a)- NN. RT., step, pace, rod: with vb. rt. -'hkw- and refl., tewakatha?ahkweh I've taken a step; with vb. rt. -ake-, niyoa?a:ke:h how many paces, rods; with vb. rt. -aweet- and refl., step up, step over: wa:tha?awe: et he stepped up, stepped over. 523. -(h)a?ket(a)- NN. RT., flute: ka:?ke:ta? fiute used in Little Water ceremony. 524. ha?kwiste? something, anything. 525. -ha?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), usually with refl. -ate-, dry: ?akateha?toh I'm drying it, yoteha?- tha? she's drying it, also parching corn; with dist. -':no-, yoteha?ta:noh she's drying things, hanging out clothes; with inst., yeha?tahkwa? or yoteha?- tahkwa? drier, clothesline. 526. -(h)a?t(a)- NN. RT., core, woody portion of a twig, bread inside of crust: ?6a?ta? core, etc; with vb. rt. -nowe-, eat: ?akha?tano:we:h I've eaten, yea?tano:wes people eat it, food; with vb. rt. -the-, be thirsty: kha?ta:thes I'm thirsty; with vb. rt. -aji-, ka:?taji? ostrich. 527. has- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6] 528. -'(h)(ae)- put on: see -'(h)e- (540). 529. -(h)sehkw(a)- NN. RT., bread: ?6aehkwa? or ?s§:- khwa? bread; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and refl., bake: yothaehkotha? she's baking; with -o(:)t- and past, ka:hko:tak baked bread; with vb. rt. -6- and past, ka:hkok boiled bread; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., j oaehko: wa: ? or j ae: hko: wa: ? pigeon, dove (from shape of tad?); with vb. rt. -'(h) (ae)- and dist., ?6aehkweonyo? peacock (from markings on tail?); with vb. rt. -(C)eo-, desc, spl. nn. surf. [26.4], and refl. [15.6], ?athaehkweoo? the gathering in of bread, Harvest Ceremony; with vb. rt. -kii?ta-, ka:hkwaki:?ta:?/n/ bread, ghost bread. 530. -'(h)a§ht-/-'at- (after an a that is both even and prefinal), VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), pass by, pass through: ?akha§htoh I've passed by, passed through, ?6aehtoh it has passed by, it's over, ?o?ka:t it passed by; with refl., ?akathaehtoh I've had an opportunity. 531. -'(h)aehw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with transloc, pass through one phase, cycle, go from one point to the next: hewakaehweh I've gone through one phase, cycle, from one point to the next, he: ahwas he goes, etc., also he has a birthday; ska:t heska:- ho? one year hence. 532. -(h)aeit- tree: see -(C)aeit- (340). 533. -(h)ae?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), catch up: ?akha§?oh I've caught up, ?ekhae?t III catch up; with dat. -se-, koae?se:h she's caught up to her. 534. hae:?kwah also: var. of hae?kwah (499). 535. -(h)ae?t(a)- NN. RT., feather: ?6ae?ta? feather. 536. -hae?the- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), have gray hair: ?akehae?the? / have gray hair. 537. hae?toh juneberry (Amelanchier canadensis) 538. he- MASCULINE [11.4, 11.6] TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1-2] 539. -he- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7, 11.9] 540. -'(h)e-/-'(h)- (before impv.)/-'(h)(ae)- (comb.)/ -'(C)(a)- (comb, after a), VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), put on: ?akhe: ? I've put it on it, ha:eha? he puts it on it, wa: e? he put it on it; with nn. rt. -stow- (ae)-, hostowae:e? he has a headdress on; with nn. rt. -?ny(a)- and refl., he?nyaeha? he keeps putting his finger on it; with refl., ?o?ka:the? I put it on myself, e.g., on my shoulder; with inst., khaehkwa? place on which I put something; with inch. II, nn. rt. -ihikwa(ae)-, and refl., hotihikwae- : oh he has put his hat on; with dat. -ni-, hakoaeni: h he has put it on something for them, put it before them; with oppos. I, take off: ?akhae:kweh I've taken it off; with dist. -o-, under various nn. rts. 541. -'(h)e- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with transloc, arrive ref. to time: hey6: eh it's time, ho?ka:e? the time arrived; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, heskaiwa:es the ceremony comes every so often; with nn. rt. -e:nish(ae)-, ho?we:nish£e:e? the day came; with trans, -'hs- and purp., ho?kaehse? it's nearing the time. 542. -(h)eeht- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), with obj. and dupl., shout, scream: tewakhe":htoh I've shouted, ?o?tho:et he shouted. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 53 543. heh where. 544. h6hko:wa:h flint corn (Zea mays indurata), hominy corn, calico corn. 545. -(h)e'ht(a)- NN. RT., dirt, soil: ?6ehta? dirt, soil; with vb. rt. -owane-, kaehtowa:neh big field; with vb. rt. -kahat-, caus. Ill, and caus. I -'ht- ye:htakahathwatha? plow. 546. -'(h)ejeo-/-'(h)ejao- (if a is both even and prefinal), VB. RT. (—, -'6?, -h), coax, urge, encourage: hakoeje:o? (iter., e not prefinal) he coaxes them, ?o?khe:ja:o? / coaxed them; with dist. -nyo- and inst., kaejeonyok let it be used for encouragement! 547. -'(h)en- VB. RT. (-eh, -6s, -?), cut: ?akhe:neh I'm cutting it, ha:enos he cuts it; with recip., ?o?- katathe:? [3.10] / cut myself. 548. -(h)en(o)- NN. RT., ridge: with vb. rt. -te-, kaenote? ridge; with vb. rt. -tehta- and cisloc, tkaenote- ht&:f Silver Creek, N.Y. 549. -(h)e:n(o)- NN. RT., bundle, load: with vb. rt. -ste-, ?6enoste? heavy load; with vb. rt. -ony(a)-, dist., and refl., waenothe:nony&:no:? they made bun- dles; with vb. rt. -ot-, dist., and refl., wa?akwa- the": no: to: ? we loaded up. 550. -heohs(a)- NN. RT., urine: ?oh£ohsa? urine, ?akeh£ohsa? my urine. 551. -'(h)eo?t(a)- NN. RT., gun: kaeo?ta? gun; with vb. rt. -awak-, play the flute: haeo?ta:wa:s he's playing the flute; plus caus. -inst., ye:o?tawastha? flute. 552. -'(h)etke- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, —), be bad, evil, ugly: khetke? I'm bad, ugly, ha:etke? he's ugly; with nn. rt. -ksa?t(a)-, haksd?ta:etke? he's a bad child; with caus. I -t-, ?o?kaetke:t it made it bad, spoiled it; with inch. I -'?-, ?6etke?oh it has be- come bad, spoiled. 553. hetkeh up in the air 554. -'(h)ew&ht- VB. RT. (-oh, -h&?, -0), punish: khe:wahtoh I've punished her, ?o?kh6:ewat / punished her; with dist. -':no-, ?o?khe:wahta:- no:? / punished several of them; with recip. and repet., confess, repent: skatathewatha? / repent. 555. -hey- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7, 11.9] 556. -(h)eyo?t(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ye- and coin., tsiye:yo?taye? when she was sick; plus refl., ?akatheyo?taye? I've got a sick person (on my hands, to take care of). Cf. -eeyo?t(a)- (376). 557. -he?- INCHOATIVE I [13.8] 558. -he?t(a)- NN. RT., porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum): kah£?ta?porcupine; with obj., ?oh£?ta?porcupine quill. 559. he- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5] 560. -he-/-the- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be dry: ?ohe:h it's dry; with caus.-inst. -'st-, ?ohestoh it has dried up; with caus.-inst. and dist., ?ohesta:no? it's gotten dry everywhere; with nn. rt. -?ney(a)- and inch. II, ho?neyathe?oh he's become skinny. 561. -'(h) e- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be in the middle of, half of: with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, kahataeh in the middle of the forest; often with transloc and dupl.: plus nn. rt. -n6hs(a)-, ha?tekanohsaeh in the middle of the house, half the house; plus nn. rt. -ka(ae)-, ha?teyokae: eh half price; plus nn. rt. -6:nish(ae)-, ha?tewe:nishe:h midday, noon (< ha?tewe: nishaeeh?). VB. RT. (—, —, -'h), say: tote"twae? we (incl. pi.) say it here again. 562. he:es panther, tiger, leopard; he:es ?ohka:a? tiger's tail, mutton. 563. -heenok- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with obj., want to urinate: ?akehe:no:koh I've been wanting to urinate, ?akehe:no:s [3.3] / want to urinate, ?okehe:no:k / wanted to urinate. 564. -(h)ebji?(ae)- NN. RT., fried strip of meat: ?6ehji?ae? fried strip of meat. 565. -(h)ehs(a)- NN. RT., dottle (unsmoked tobacco left in pipe): ?6ehsa? dottle; with vb. rt. -ohe-, kaehsohe? daddy-longlegs (Phalangium opilio, etc.). 566. -heht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with dupl., stay up all night: tewakehehtoh I've stayed up all night, ta:hetha? he stays up all night, ?o?tke:het / stayed up all night. 567. -(h)eht(a)- NN. RT., swamp: kaehta? swamp, k&ehtako:h in the swamp. 568. -(h) ehta(ae)- NN. RT., fuzz, fine hair, cloth: ?6ehtae: ? fuzz, kaehtae:? cloth; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, k&entae:e? peach; with vb. rt. -tehta(ae)- and inst., yeehtae:tehtae:hkwa? rug; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., ?6ehteoto? standing fuzz (as on a caterpillar). 569. -(h)ehtohkw(a)- NN. RT., clay: ?6ehtohkwa? clay. 570. -'(h)ekahs(a)- NN. RT., stick, pole, limb: ?6ekahsa? stick, etc.; with vb. rt. -te-, kdekahsa:te? hanging limb; with vb. rt. -e-, inch. I, neg. past, and neg., te?akoekahse?o: ? a limb didn't fall on them. 571. he:noh don't! 572. -(h) e(o)- NN. RT., tree: with vb. rt. -es-, kaees a tall tree; with vb. rt. -ke:yat-, kaeke:ya:t at the top of a tree. 573. he:oweh where. 574. -'(h) et- VB. RT. (-oh, -e?s, -0), go to the front, go ahead, get in the lead: ?akhe:to:h I'm in front, ?o".eto:h it's ahead, also in the future, ha:ete?s he gets in the lead, ?ishe:t get in the front!; with plur., ?6etosho? head ones (in the longhouse). 575. -(h)et(a)- NN. RT., planted area, garden: kaetako:h in the garden; with vb. rt. -is?a- and refl., ?o?kathetis?a: ? I finished my planting; ?o:eta? a throw in bowl or dice game, all dice one color; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)-, ?o?kaeta:e? the dice came up all one color. 576. -'(h)ete- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be in the lead: hi: ete? [27.8] they (masc du.) are in the lead. Cf. -'(h) et- (574). 577. -he?- VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -t), become day, dawn: with cisloc, tyohe?oh when day has dawned, at day- break; ?eyo:he?t tomorrow; wa?o:he?t the next day; with double dist. -'s37o-nyo-, ?ohe?syonyoh day after day, every day. 578. he?eh no. 579. -'(h)e?he- VB. RT., with inch. I -'?- and obj., stop: ?6e?he?oh it has stopped, ?6e?he?s it stops, sae?he?t stop!; with caus.-inst., ?6e?hestha? stopping place, station, depot; with caus. I -'ht-, see-(C)i:w(a)- (808). 580. he?o:we? loon (Gavia sp.) 581. -(h)e?ta-/-e?ta- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), burn (tr.): ?akh£?ta:h I've burned it, hiie?ta:s he's burning it; with nn. rt. -s?6ht(a)- and refl., ?o?kenis?6hte?ta:? / burned my hand. 582. -hi- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10] 583. -'(h)i-/-'(h)ih- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, 582. 54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME * -0), spill: ?akhioh I've spilled it, hais he keeps spilling it, ?o?khih / spilled it; with inch. I -'?-, spill (intr.), flow out, drip out: ?6i?oh it has spilled, etc.; plus nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)-, ?o?ka:- neka:i?t the water spilled; with double dist. -'hso-nyo-, haihsonyoh he's spilling things. 584. -'(h)iha(ae)- argue: var. of -(C)iha(ae)- (753). 585. hihi:ih great horned owl. Var. ?ohi:ih (2074). 586. -'(h)iht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with dupl., break in pieces, smash, crush, grind: tewakhihtoh I've broken it in pieces, ta:itha? he smashes it, ?o?tkait it broke it in pieces; with dist. -':no- and nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, ?o?thoya?taihta:no:? it ran over him repeatedly. 587. hi:ke:h this one, that one, he, she, it. 588. -hish(ae)- NN. RT., wood nettle (Laportea canadensis): ?ohishae? wood nettle. 589. -(h)ish(ae)- NN. RT., leggings: kaishae? leggings; ha?no:wa? ?6ishae? pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), lit. turtle's leggings. 590. -(h)iskwanye?t(a)- NN. RT., rotten wood in a powdery state: ?oiskwanye?ta? powdery rotten wood; with vb. rt. -?e-, ?oiskwanye?ta?e:? brown. 591. -'(h) 1st-VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), shove, push, move along, put forth, produce: ?akhistoh I've shoved it, etc., kaistha? it pushes it along; with refl., sathis move over!; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, haya?taistha? he always ivants to do everything. 592. -hiy- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10] 593. hi?no? the Thunderer, red ant. 594. -(h)i?skw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with dupl. and obj., slip: tewakhi?skweh I've slipped, tesai?sko? you'll slip. 595. -hjiwe- INTENSIFIER [13.16] 596. -hji? VB. STEM, have an older sibling: hahji? my older brother, ?ahji? my older sister. See -ate:- no(:)te- (178). 597. -hka?t(a)- NN. RT., heart of a tree or stem: ?ohka?ta? heart of a tree or stem; with vb. rt. -a?ist- boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum). 598. -'hkeli EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [26.4] 599. -'hke- see -hsin(o) (684). 600. -?ke? VB. STEM, have as younger sibling: he?ke:? / have him as younger sibling, my younger brother, khe?ke: ? my younger sister, hake?ke: ? he has me as younger sibling, my older brother; with recip., twatate?ke:? we (incl. pi.) are as older to younger siblings, our younger brothers, White men. See -ate:no(:)te- (178). 601. -'hkw- VB. RT. (-eh, -a?, -0), with dupl., lift, pick up, receive: tewakehkweh I've lifted it, etc., ta:hkwa? he lifts it, receives it, te: se:k pick it up!; teyohkwa? it lifts it, also it throbs, pulse; with caus. I -'?t-, ?o?tke"hkwa?t / lifted it; with dist. -':no-, tewakehkwa:no? I've picked up the things; with dat. -ni-/-e- and nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, teowoiwahkwe? they'll raise a ceremony for him. INSTRUMENTAL [13.11] 602. -hkw(a)- NN. RT., place, spot: ?ohkwa? place, spot. 603. -'(h/:)neht(a)- NN. RT., plateau: with unidentified vb. rt., ka:nelitae? on the plateau, Four Mile Level (section of Cattaraugus Reservation); with vb. rt. -ati-, ska: nelitatih on the other side of the plateau, Albany, N.Y. 604. -'(h/:)nek(a)- NN. RT., liquid, water, drink, whiskey: ?o: ne: ka? whiskey; with vb. rt. -no-, ?o: nekanos water; plus cisloc, tyo:nekano:h Coldspring (section of Allegany Reservation); with vb. rt. -owane-, ?o:nekowa:neh large lake, ocean; with vb. rt. -a?aa-, nika:neka?a:h Little Water medi- cine; with vb. rt. -nowe-, ka:nekano:wes lead (the metal), lit. it melts into liquid; with vb. rt. -6a-, ka:n6ko:a? snowsnake lead. 605. -(h/:)neke-/-(h/:)neke- (before iter.)/-(h/:)nek&- (ae)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -aeh), drink: ho:n6keeh he has drunk, ha:n6keha? he's drink- ing, wa:n6keae? he drank; with trans. -'?n-, ha:nekeae?ne?s he goes and drinks. 606. -(h/:)ne(e)- NN. RT., vagina: ka:ne:e? vagina, ?akhne:?keh (on) my vagina. 607. -(h/:)nehs(a)- NN. RT., shoulder: khnehsa?keh (on) my shoulder, ha:nehsa?keh (on) his shoulder; with vb. rt. -awehte-, caus. II, and refl. -e-, ?o?ke:nehsawehta:t / put my shoulder next to it, hugged the wall (to avoid detection). 608. -'(h/:)ney(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es-, be tall: ye:ne:ye:s she's tall; with vb. rt. -ak?aa-, be short (in stature): niye:neyak?a:h she's short. 609. -(h/:)ne?ni? STEM, in ska:ne?ni? kind of tree with very long roots, mentioned in the Good Message. 610. -'(h/:)ni- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), bark, howl: ka:nih it barks, ?eka:ni? it will bark; with caus.-inst., inst., and transloc, hewati:nistahkwa? place where they bark; with trans. -':n-, purp., and cisloc, taka:ni:ne? it came barking. 611. -(h/:)nihs(a)- NN. RT., American hornbeam (Car- pinus caroliniana): ka:nihsa? American horn- beam. 612. -'(h/:)nino- VB. RT. (-'?, -'s or -'h, -'h), buy: ?akhni:no? I've bought it, ?a:khni:no? / ought to buy it; with refl. -ate-, sell: ?akate:ni:no? I've sold it, hate:ni:nos or hate:ni:noh he sells; with dat. -'?se-/-'?s-, hakate:nino?se:h he has sold it for me. 613. -(h/:)niy-/-(h/:)niye-or-(h/:)niyae-(comb.)/-(h/:)- ni- (before inch. I), VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), be solid, firm, hard, tough: ?o:ni:yoh it's solid etc.; with caus. I -'ht- and inst., ?o:niyehtahkoh it's used for making it solid; with caus. II, ho:niyaetoh he's made it solid; with inst. and nn. rt. -(C)i:- w(a)-, ?oiwa:niyehkoh food provided at a cere- mony, ht. it's used for solidifying the ceremony; with caus.-inst. -st-, nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, and cont., ?o?kaiwd:niyae:stak it continues to bind the matter; with inch. I -he"?-, wa?6: nihe?t it hardened. 614. -'(h/:)not- NN. RT., depth of water: with vb. rt. -es-, ?o:no:te:s deep water; with vb. rt. -ak?aa-, niyo:notak?a:h shallow water. Cf. -(e):noto- (446). 615. -'(h/:)note- VB. RT. (-'?, -s, —), pile up: with nn. rt. -?ney(a)-, dupl., and part., no?tiswa?neya:- no:te? how your bones are in a great pile; with nn. rt.t -ye?kwa(ae)-, ?oye?kwae:no:te:s big snow- drifts; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)- and prog., preach: hoiwa:notatye? he's preaching. 616. -'(h/:)no?ska(ae)- NN. RT., notch (more accurately the raised portion between two notches), point: ?o:no?skae:? notch, ka:no?skae:? point, rasping stick; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., jo:no?skae:t one notch, one minute; with vb. rt. -ot- [14.4] and dist., ka:no?skeoto? tally stick. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 55 617. -'(h/:)no?skae- VB. RT. (-oh, -as, —), hiccup: ?ak6:no?ska:oh I've hiccuped, ho:no?skae:s he's hiccuping. 618. -'(h/:)n(o)- NN. RT., fat, grease, oil, lard: ?o:no? fat, etc.; with vb. rt. -6- and cisloc, tka:no?s Oil City, Pa.; ?oneo? ?o:no? corn oil. 619. -(h/:)not(ae)- VB. RT. (—, —, -eh), follow closely: waowo:no:te? she followed close behing him; with prog, and repet., ?esh6snotae:tye? [3.7] you'll follow along behind him (said in organizing a dance). 620. -'(h/:)now(o)- NN. RT., riffles, rapids: ka:nowoko- :h in the riffles, Warren, Pa.; ka:nowo?keh Caughnawaga Reserve; with vb. rt. -tase-, ?o:nowota:se:h whirlpool; with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-) and caus. I, ?o:nowehtoh riffle, stripe; with vb. rt. -te- and cisloc, tha:nowote? Tona- wanda Reservation. 621. -(h/:)now66s VB. STEM, in ka:nowo:s coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara). 622. -(h/:)no?net-/-net- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), add one thing over another: ?o:no?ne:t it has one thing added over another, goes in steps or series; with repet., sho:n6?ne:t he's next in line, subchief, vice-president; plus refl. -ate-, she- note :no?ne:t chiefs, hate:ne:t keeper of the Little Water medicine; but with refl. -ah-, cisloc, and dupl., tota:hno?ne:te? he put one coat on over another one, said it over again, etc.; see also -ahtahkw(a)- (53). 623. -(h/:)no?sh(a)- NN. RT., buttocks: ?o:no?sha? buttocks. 624. -'(h/:)ny- NN. RT.: see -'(h/:)nyo- (632). 625. -(h/:)nyahka(ae)- NN. RT., curved runner (of a sleigh or sled): ka:nyahkae:? runner. 626. -(h/:)nyaka(ae)- NN. RT., pied-billed grebe (Pod- ilymbus podiceps), helldiver: ka:nyakae:? pied- billed grebe. 627. -(h/:)nya?kh- VB. RT. (-eh, -es, -ah), with dupl., put together, construct: tewake:nyd?kheh I've put it together, teye:nya?khes she's putting it together, teke:nya?kha? I'll put it together; with dist. -'o-, ka:nya?khao? patchwork quilt. 628. -(h/:)nya?s(a)- NN. RT., neck, throat: ?o:nya?sa? neck, throat, also any squash or gourd with a neck, crookneck squash; with vb. rt. -okaaetase-, teyako: nya?sokae: ta: ses mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), lit. it twists your neck; with vb. rt. -ya?k- (sy>j) and refl. -ate-, tewate:nya?ja?s or wat6:nya?ja?s violet (Viola cucullata), ht. the neck breaks; ?o:nya?sa? kastawe?sae? squash rattle, gourd rattle. 629. -(h/:)nye(8e)-/-(h/:)nya(ae)- (incorp.), NN. RT., nut meat: ?o:nye:ae? nut meat; with vb. rt. -iyo-, ?o: nyaiyo: h good nut meat. 630. -(h/:)ny6?st(a)- NN. RT., chestnut (Castanea den- tata): ?o: ny£?sta? chestnut. 631. -(h/:)nyetahs- see -(h/:)nyotahs- (641). 632. -'(h/:)nyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'a?, -h), row a boat: ?o?ke:nyo:? / rowed the boat; shak6:nyoa? he rows people, ferryman. Probably nn. rt. -'(h/:)- ny- and vb. rt. -o-. 633. -(h/:)nyoa6? STEM, in ji:nyoae? bluebird (Sialia sialis), blue. 634. -'(h/:)nyot-/-ot- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), stand upright: ka:nyo:t it's standing upright, ?o?k£:nyo:te? / stood it upright; with oppos. I, hoti:nyota:kweh they've pulled it up (a tree by the roots); with nn. rt. -a?en(o)-, wa?e:no:t a post standing upright. 635. -(h/:)nyo?k(a)- NN. RT., nutshell: with vb. rt. -ya?k-, refl., and dupl., tekate:nyo?kya?s I'm cracking nuts. 636. -(h/:)nyo?kw(a)-, NN. RT., nut: ?o:nyo?kwa? nut; jo:nyo?kwa:k black walnut (Juglans nigra), ht. let it eat the nut [?]; jo:ny6?kwe:s butternut (Juglans cinerea), lit. long nut; ?o:nyo?kwaji- wakeh bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), lit. bitter nut; also vertebra prominens (seventh cervical vertebra): ho:nyo?kwa?keh on his verte- bra prominens. 637. -(h/:)nyohs(a)- NN. RT., squash, any cucurbitaceous plant: ?o:nyohsa? squash, etc., also a throw in dice game (aU identical but one); with vb. rt. -owane-, ?o:nyohsowa:neh pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo); with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, ?o:nyohsa?o:weh Indian-squash; with vb. rt. -atko-, ?o: nyohsatkos watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris); with vb. rt. -o- and past, ka:ny6hsok boiled squash; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, refl., and past, wate":nyohso: tak baked squash. 638. -'(h/:)nyokwa(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. sufi. [26.4] in hati:nyokwaiyo? (they are members of the) Deer Clan. 639. -(h/:)nyokwi?s(ae)- NN. RT., grape (Vitis sp.): ?o:nyokwi?sae?; with vb. rt. -M-, ?o: nyokwi?sae:- ki? wine. 640. -(h/:)nyoskwaee- NN. RT., cucumber (Cucumis sativus): ?o:nyoskwae:e? cucumber. 641. -(h/:)nyotahs- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es- in ji:nyo- tahse:s mosquito. Var. -(h/:)nyetahs- (631). 642. -(h/:)nyo?o- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be a White man: ha:nyo?oh White man, hati:nyo?oh White men; with charact., ka:nyo?okha:? that which is characteristic of White men, the English language; with nom., ka:nyo?oshae? iron; plus vb. rt. -tehta-, ka:nyo?oshsetehta: ? railroad track. 643. -h6(a)-/-ho- (before some vb. rts.), NN. RT., door: kahoa? door; with vb. rt. -kaet-, kahoka:et doorway; with vb. rt. -to(:)-, oppos. I, and nom., kahotokwi£?shae? key; with vb. rt. -ot- and dupl., ta:ho:otha? [27.2] goalie (in lacrosse). 644. hokwa:kwa:h that way, towards there. Cf. -kwah (1065). Var. hokwa:kwa:h (655). 645. h6:oweh there, over there 646. -'(h)os(ae)- NN. RT., basswood (Tilia americana): ?o:osae? basswood; with vb. rt. -oke- and cisloc, tetyo:syo:ke:h [14.4] Buffalo, N.Y., ht. between the basswoods (cf. tosyo:we:h) (1754). 647. -hoskwah VB. STEM, in kaho:skwa:h dace. 648. -(h)o?(ae)- NN. RT., lap: kho?ae?keh on my lap. 649. -ho?kwa- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es- in jih6?kwaes or jiho?kwais chipmunk (Tamias striatus). 650. ho- NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.11] 651. -ho- VB. RT. (—, —, -eh): with nn. rt. -?niko-, refl., and dupl., want to leave: ?o?tye?nikohoe? she wanted to leave. DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 652. -(h)ohjish(ae)- NN. RT. hoe: kdohjishae? hoe; with vb. rt. -kenye-, k6onjishaekenye:h she's hoeing, ?eyeohjishaeke:nye:? woman, lit. she'll do the 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 hoeing; with vb. rt. -eto-, teyakoohjisheto:h she's hoeing, ?eyeohj ishe: toh woman. 653. -(h)oka(ae)- NN. RT., American elm (Ulmus ameri- cana): kaokae: ? American elm. 654. hoka:k goose. 655. hokwa:kwa:h towards there, var. hokwa:kwa:h (644). 666. -hoost(a)- NN. RT., dumplings: ?oh6:sta? dumplings. 657. -(h)osh(ae)- NN. RT., box: kaoshae? box; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skaoshae:t one box, also a thousand dollars; with vb. rt. -a?aa-, nikaoshae?a:h small box, also snare drum; with vb. rt. -ste-, kaoshae- ste:? large box, also bass drum. 658. -hostohkwe? STEM, in jihostohkwe? ant. 659. -hot- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -e?), with refl., put in one's mouth: wa:teho:te? he put it in his mouth; with nn. rt. -ye?kw(a)-, hotye?kwaho:t he has put tobacco in his mouth. 660. -(h)ot(a)- NN. RT., tree, log, stem, limb: ka:ota? tree, etc.; with vb. rt. -yethw-, kaotaye:thoh planted trees, orchard; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and refl., ?othoto:ni:h growing trees; with vb. rt. -a?kto- and refl., (?o)th6ta?kto? black raspberry (Rubus occidentals). Cf. -(y)ot(a)- (1946). 661. -'(h)ota?o- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, —), peck (ref. to wood- pecker): tyoota?o:h it's pecking, kaota?os it pecks. 662. -(h)ow(o)- NN. RT., boat, tray: kaowo? boat, tray; with vb. rt. -kahato- and refl., wathowokdhato:s or (plus caus. I) yothowokahato: tha? rocking chair; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ka:oyo:t [3.13] swing, hammock, hammock cradle (cf. -niyo(:)t-) (1184). 663. -'(h)owookw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), give a sendoff: howo: wo :kw eh they've given him a sendoff, waowo:ko? he gave a sendoff, farewell party. 664. -ho? self: see -ohw(o)- (1447) and [28.4] 665. -(h)6?ji- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be a Negro: hao?ji? Negro, hatio?ji? Negroes. 666. -hs- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 667. -'hs- ITERATIVE [18.4] OPPOSITIVE II [13.4] SECOND PERSON [11.6] TRANSIENT [13.14] 668. -hs(a)- NN. RT., mouth: with vb. rt. -kaet-, hahsaka:et his mouth; with vb. rt. -owane-, hahsowaneh he has a big mouth; with vb. rt. -a?k-, dist., refl., and dupl., ?o?tkatsa?kho:? [3.7] my mouth got chapped; with anomalous vb. rt. -(C)i?t- and dupl., teyohsai?t black pepper. 669. -hsd(a)- NN. RT., lung: ?ohsa:? lung, ?akehsa:- ako:h in my lungs. 670. -hsato- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), bury: ?akehsato? I've buried it, ?o?kehsato:? I buried it, ?eowohsa:to:? they'll bury him, his funeral; with transloc, heahsato? where he's buried, his grave. 671. -hsa?-/-'s?a- (before iter., impv., and caus. I), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -h), consume, eat up: ?akehsa?oh I've consumed it, has?as he consumes it, ses?a:h eat it up!; with caus. I -'ht- and transloc, heyos?ahtoh it's all gone, used up; with refl., prepare: ?akatehsa?oh I'm prepared, waenot6s?- a:? they prepared it; plus dist. -ho-, kotelisa?ho? people are ready for things; with spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kahsa?o:? All Eaten Up (a ceremony for the dead). 672. -hsa?ket(a)- NN. RT., commonreed (Phragmites communis): ?ohsa?ke:ta? commonreed, used as a corn medicine, kahsa?ke:ta? flute used in Little Water ceremony. Cf. -(h)a?ket(a)- (523). 673. -hsa?kto-/-hsa?ket- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -0), with dupl., bend (tr.): tewakehsa?kto:h I've bent it, teahsa?ktos he's bending it, ?o?thahsa?ke: t he bent it. Cf. -asha?kto-, -hsa?kwat- (95, 674). 674. -hsa?kwat-/-kwat- (incorp,), VB. RT. (-0, —, -eh), curve, bend together: wa:hsa?kwa:te? he curved it; ka:nya?skwa:t camel, ht. its neck is bent; with caus. Ill, ?o?kehsa?kwa:tho? / bent it, folded it. Cf. -asha?kto-, -hsa?kto- (95, 673). 675. -hse- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 676. -'hse- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), ride on the back of an animal: ?akehse? I'm riding on its back; with caus. II, dat. -e-, and obj., ?ewokehsa:te? I'm going to ride on its back. DATIVE [13.12] SECOND PERSON [11.6] 677. -'hse- VB. RT., with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, make^ sorry; ?akehsehseh it makes me sorry, ?okehses it made me sorry. 678. -hse(e)- NN. RT., frost: ?ohse:? frost, also Epsom salts; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, ?ohse:e? there's frost on it; with vb. rt. -yet(a)- and inst., kahse:- yetahkwa? a wild plant with white blossoms in the Fall. 679. -hsen(o)- NN. RT., name, fame: ?akehse:no? my name; with transitive pref., shetwahse'.no? he's our leader, our famous representative; with vb. rt. -owane-, hahsenowa:neh chief; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, put away, store: ?o?kehseno:ni? / put it away, stored it. 680. -hsi- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 681. -hsia-/-hsia(ae)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-?, —, —), stand in array, form an organized group: hatihsi:a? they stand in array, form an organized group; with nn. rt. -yan(o)-, hatiyanohsi:a? their footprints are there in a group; with nn. rt. -jihso?t(a)- and cont., ?ekajihso?tahsi:ae?k there will continue to be stars arrayed (in the sky). 682. -hsik(ae)- NN. RT., chestnut bur: ?ohsi:kae? chestnut bur. 683. -hsikwa(ae)- NN. RT., fork: kahsikwae:? fork; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?ohsikweot or sikweot rattlesnake; ?ohsikweot ?oti:nyos rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), lit. it kills rattlesnakes. 684. -hsin(o)- NN. RT., leg: kehsino?keh (on) my leg; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, waowohsi:nya?k they cut off his leg; with vb. rt. -ak?aa-, niyohsinok?a:h kneepants; with vb. rt. -o( :)t- and dupl., tekahsi:- no:t cast (e.g., cast iron); with anomalous vb. rt. -'hke- or -ahke- and refl. [3.7], honotsinohke? they belong to a charm holders' society, charm holders; plus caus. I -'?t- as nom. [26.3], ?otsinohke?ta? charm; with anomalous vb. rt. -nohka(ae)- and refl., ?otsinon6hkae:? legband; see also -(h/:)waha- (708). 685. -hsinye- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -h), spin (thread, etc.): kahsi:nye:h it's spun, yehsi:nyeh she's spinning, wa?ehsi:nye:? she spun. 686. -'hsis- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -0), shoot and hit: ?ak<§hsi:- seh I've shot it (and hit it), hahsi:sas he shoots it, waehsi:s / shot him. 687. -hsisat, VB. STEM, in kahsi:sat dogwood (Cornus florida). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 57 688. -hsiy(ae)- NN. RT., thread, string: ?ohsi:yae? thread, string; with vb. rt. -tase-, ?o?kehsiyaetase? / tied it with a string. 689. -hsohkw(a)- NN. RT., spout: ?ohsohkwa? spout. 690. -hsoj(a)- NN. RT., pile: ?ohso:ja? pile; with part. [26.5], niyohsoja? how big the pile is; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?ohso:jo:t it's piled up. 691. -'hsot/-'hso- (before nom.), VB. STEM, be grand- parent to, ref. to older member of relationship (in older usage,_ the relationship between any consanguineal kinsmen two generations apart): hakso:t he is grandparent to me, my grandfather (with irregular first person aUomorph; cf. [6.4]), ?akso:t my grandmother (HSL 20), hohso:t his or her grandfather (HSL 21), ?ethihso:t our (incl.) grandmother, used ceremoniaUy to refer to the moon; with recip., yatatehso:t a boy and his grandparent; with nom., plur., and decessive, ?okwahsoshae?sho?ke:o? our deceased remote an- cestors; with augment., haksotko:wa:h my great- grandfather, ?aksotko:wa:h my great-grand- mother. 692. -hsowi?sh(ae)- NN. RT., hazel (Corylus americana): ?ohsowi?shae? hazel. 693. -hso?k- VB. RT. (—, -ha?, —), with obj., limp: hohso?kha? he limps; with ambul., hohso?ka:ne? he's limping as he walks. 694. -'hso- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 695. -hsohka(ae)- NN. RT., lip: kehsohkae: ?keh on my lip. Var. -hso?ka(ae)- (700). 696. -hsony(e)-/-hso(:)wi- VB. RT. (-oh, -6?s, -'h), taste or smell something fresh, savor: ?akehsonyo:h I've eaten freshly picked food, hahso:nye?s he eats fresh things; with nn. rt. -ye?kw(a)-, waotiye?- kwahso:wi? they got the scent of the tobacco; plus caus. I -ht-, hotiye?kwdhsonye:htoh they've given it the scent of the tobacco. 697. -hso(:)wi- taste or smell something fresh: see -hsony(e)- (696). 698. -hso:w(o)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo-, be smooth: kahso:wi:yo:h it's smooth; plus caus.-inst. -st-, kahso:wiyo:stha? plane (the tool). 699. -hsowohka(ae)- NN. RT., cut piece of wood: ?ohso- wohka:a? cut piece of wood; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and prog., ?ohsowohkeota:tye? groove. 700. -hso?ka(a3)- lip: var. of -hsohka(a3)- (695). 701. -hso?neh VB. STEM, be aunt to, usually ref. to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a woman who is consanguine- ally related to and the same generation as one's natural father): hehso?neh I'm his aunt, my nephew, khehso?neh my niece, howotihso?neh their nephews. 702. -hsyoo?sh(ae)- NN. RT., twelve and a half cents: with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skahsy6: ?shae: t (one) twelve and a half cents; elliptical with vb. rt. -ake-, syo:?shaeke:h twenty-five cents, a quarter; ke:i nikahsy6:?shaeke:h fifty cents. 703. -ht- CAUSATIVE I [13.7] 704. -'ht- CAUSATIVE I [13.7] 705. -hw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, blame: hak6hwahse:h he has blamed me, w&:- kehwas he blamed me; with refl., corrupt, lead astray: hakatehweh he has lead me astray. CAUSATIVE III [13.3] 706. -(h/:)w(a)- NN. RT., waist (?): recorded only with vb. rt. -ha- in (with nom.) ka:wahashae? or (with caus.-inst., refl., and dupl.) teyothwaha- stha? belt. 707. -'(h/:)w(a)- NN. RT., in niyo:wa?keh at a certain time. 708. -(h/:)waha-/-(h/:)wah- (before desc)/-ha-/-h- (in- corp.), VB. RT. (-eh, -'s, -h), tie around: ?o?khwa:- ha:? / tied it around something; with nom., ka:- wahashae? band; with oppos. II, untie: ?o?khwa- hahsi? / untied it; with nn. rt. -nesh(a)- and refl., koneshaheh she has put a bracelet on, yeneshahas she's putting a bracelet on; plus caus.-inst. -'st-, yeneshahastha? bracelet; with nn. rt. -?ny(a)-, nom., and refl., ?e?nyahashse? [15.6] finger ring; with nn. rt. -hsin(o)-, refl., and caus.-inst., yotsinohostha? legband; see also -nesho?kw(a)- (1159). 709. -'(h/:)wahs- VB. RT. (-oh, -0, -0), cover with a blanket: ?akhwa:hsoh I've covered it with a blanket, ha:wa:s he covers it, ?ekhwa:s I'll cover it; with dist. -o-, ?ekhwa:hso:? I'll put a blanket and things over it; with dat. -e-/-0-, howo:- wahse:h she has covered him. 710. -'(h/:)wajiy(ae)-/-'(h/:)waj- (before i), NN. RT., family, brood: khwaji:yae? my family; with vb. rt. -ye-, ye:wajiyae:ye? she's there with her children; see also -ine- (773). 711. -'(h/:)was(a)- NN. RT., snowsnake: ka:wa:sa? snowsnake (stick or game); with vb. rt. -6hka- and caus. I, ye:wasohka:tha? snowsnake medi- cine or wax; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and cisloc, tha:wa:so:tflying squirrel (Glaucomys sp.). 712. -'(h/:)watase-/-tase- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), turn, make go around: ?o:watase:h it has turned it; with refl., yothwatases people go around in a circle (a game); with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, refl., and transloc, h^onohsatase: h he has gone around the house; ?o?kehotokwa?shaetase? / turned the key (see -ho(a)-). 713. -'(h/:)wa?ist- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with trans- loc, lay up to a mark: hewakhwa?istoh I've laid it up to the mark; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, hwa:- nohsa: wa?is he went the whole length of the build- ing; with refl., take advantage of someone's hospitality, sponge: ?akathwa?istoh I'm sponging. 714. -(h/:)we:n(o)- NN. RT., post, raft, island: ka:we:- no? post; with vb. rt. -o-, ?o:we:no? island; with vb. rt. -o-, ferry (vb.): shako:we:noa? he ferries people (name of a mythical figure); with vb. rt. -6-/-0- and refl., henothwe:no:s they put a raft in the water. 715. -(h/:)we?n-/-kwe?n- (incorp.), NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and usually dupl., make round: ?o?tka:- we?no:ni? it made it round; with refl., become round: teyothwe?no:ni:h it's round, ?o?twath- we?no:ni? it became round; with nn. rt. -y6?h(a)- [26.2], to:tyo?hakwe?no:ni:h he has a round chin. 716. -hweh VB. STEM, with nn. rt. -ahso(:)t(a)- in ha?tewahso: thw eh midnight. 717. -hwe?- NN. RT., with vb. rt -ot- in ?ohwe?o:t sprout. 718. -(h/:)we?ka(ae)- NN. RT., wood (as material), splint (in basketry): ?o:w£?kae:? wood, splint; with vb. rt. -ot-, inst., and dupl., teye:we?keotahkwa? snowshoe, ski. 719. -(h/:)we?st(a)- NN. RT., foam: ?o:w£?sta? foam, 229-257—67- 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 also beer; with charact. and repet., jo:we?staka? sea gull (Larus sp.). 720. -(h/:)we?t(a)- NN. RT., ear of corn with the husk on: ?o:we?ta? ear of corn; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)-, ?o?ka:we?ta:e? the ear formed on it. 721. -(h/:)wihs(a)- NN. RT., muscle, muscular strength: ?o:wihsa? muscle, etc.; with vb. rt. -?haste-, ha:wihsa?ha:ste? he has strong muscles; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, (t)ha:wihso:t milk snake (Lampro- peltis doliata triangulum). 722. -(h/:)wist(a)- NN. RT., money, cup: ?o:wista? money, ka: wista? cup; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., ska:wista:t one dollar; with vb. rt. -ake-, teka: wista :ke:h two dollars, senika:wista:ke:h three dollars; with vb. rt. -noo-, ?o:wistano:o? gold, silver; with vb. rt. -niyo(:)t- and inst., yothwistaniyotahkwa? silver beads, pendants. 723. -'(h/:)y(a)- NN. RT., another one, the next one: ?o:ya? another one, the next one; with plur., ?o:ya?sho? other ones. 724. -(h/:)yaka(ae)- NN. RT., jackstick: ka:yakae:? jackstick. 725. -'(h/:)yakahiyeht- VB. RT. (-0, -6?s, —), be sharp: ?o:yakahi:yet it's sharp, ?o:yakahiyehto?s it's sharp on both ends. Cf. -'(h/:)yo?thiy6ht- (740). 726. -'(h/:)yakahiyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), sharpen: ?akhyakahi:yo? I've sharpened it, ha:yakahiyo:? he sharpens it, syakahi:yo:h sharpen it!; with dist. -nyo- and refl., hathyakahiyonyoh he's grinding (e.g., an ax). Cf. -'(h/:)yo?thiyo- (741). 727. -(h/:)yakwiy(ae)- NN. RT., toe: khyakwi:yae? my toe. 728. -'(h/:)yano?t- VB. RT. (-6hfj -ha?, -0), mark: ?akhyano?toh I've marked it, ka:yano?toh it's marked, ?o?khya:no?t / marked it; with refl., ?o?kathyano?t / made myself a mark, put on an act; with dist. -':no- and refl., hothyano?ta:no? he got all marked up. 729. -'(h/:)yato(:)- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), write: ?akhya:to? I've written it, ha:yato:? he writes, syato:h write!; with dat. -ni-/-'6s-, hakhyato:- ni:h he has written it for me; plus cisloc, thak- hyato:ni:h he has written to me; with inst., ye:yatohkwa? pencil, pen; with nom., ka:- yatoshae? paper, book, curtain; plus vb. rt. -ye- and dupl., to:ti:yatoshae:ye? they're playing cards; plus inst., teye:yatoshaeyetahkwa? (play- ing) cards. 730. -(h/:)ya?eht(a)- NN. RT., in ka:ya?ehta? Eagle Dance pole. 731. -'(hy)ony(a)-teK: see-'(hy)owi- (736). 732. -(h/:)yoskw- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ine-, refl., and dupl., crawl, creep: ta:thyoskwi:ne? he's crawl- ing, tey6thyoskwi:ne?s she's crawling around; with vb. rt. -ehta- and dupl., lay upside down, turn over, (with desc.) lie on one's belly: tekhy6skweh- ta:? I'm lying on my belly, ?o?tkhy6skwehta:e? / turned it over; plus double dist. -o-nyo- and transloc, ho?thati:y6skwehteonyo:? they laid them upside down (ref. to boats); plus refl., ?o?thenothyoskwehta: e? they lay down on their bellies; plus caus. I -'ht-, repet., and transloc, ha?tosa:yoskwehta:at he fell back to a prone position. Cf. -hyoskwi- (733). 733. -hyoskwi- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), with refl. and dupl., crawl, creep: ta: thyoskwi:h he's crawling, tehsa- thyoskwi:? you will crawl. Cf. -(h/:)yoskw- (732). 734. -(h/:)yosta(ae)- NN. RT., elbow: ka:yostae:? elbow khyost8§:?keh (on) my elbow. 735. -'(h/:)yowe(e)- NN. RT., pricker: ?o:yowe:? pricker; with vb. rt. -aji-, ?o:yowe:ji? greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia); with vb. rt. -(C)e6-, desc, spl. nn. sufT., and augment., ka:yoweoo?ko:wa:h Crossing-the-Woods ceremony. 736. -'(hy)owi-/-'(hy)ony(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), tell: shokwa:owi:h he has told us, ?o?kh6:- owi? I told them; with refl., tell about: ?akathyo:- wi:h I've told about it; plus dist. -': no-, ?ekathy- ony&:no? I'm going to tell about things; plus trans. -':n- and purp., ?eyothyonya:ne? she intends to tell about it. 737. -(h/:)yo? VB. STEM, be a spouse: elliptical yo:? spouse; with recip., yata:thyo:? he and his wife; plus plur., henotathyo: sho? married couples; with decessive, yo?ke:o? his deceased wife. Cf. n6:yo:? (1125). 738. -(h/:)yo?jist- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), with dupl., be sour: tey6:yo?jis [3.4] it's sour; with inch. I -he?-, ?o?tyo:yo?jisthe?t it got sour; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)-, teyo:neka:yo?jis vinegar. 739. -'(hy)o?test- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), often with refl., dupl., and/or cisloc, ease up: tetwaka- thyo?testoh I've eased up, ?o:teswao?tes you (pi.) ought to ease up. 740. -'(h/:)yo?thiyeht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be sharp: ?o:yo?thi:yet it's sharp. Cf. -'(h/:)yakahiyeht- (725). 741. -'(h/:)yo?thiyo- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), sharpen: ka:yo?thi:yo? it's sharpened. Cf. -'(h/:)yaka- hiyo-, -othiyo- (726, 1402). 742. -'(hy)o-VB. RT. (—, —, -'h), put on: ?o?khyo? I put it on it, wa?6o? she put it on it. 743. -'(hy)owe-/-'(hy)ow- (before desc. -'h and impv.), VB. RT. (-? or -'h, -ha?, -eh), with dupl., bar, be a barrier: teka:owe:? or tekaoh [3.10] it's a barrier; with refl., tewdthyowe:ha? it bars, bar, lock, ?o?twathyo: we? it barred it; with dat. -has-, ?o?twakhyowe:has it barred me. 744. -i- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), make up the total of: with nn. rt. -no?j(a)-, kano?ji:h a pailful; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ?6iwi:h it's all of the matter, enough; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, kya?ti:h / alone; plus transloc, hekaya?ti:h that's all there is; plus, dupl., ha?t6"kya?ti:h / alone; plus caus.-inst., ha?teyokwaya?tistoh we're all alone; with neg., te?ke:h not much; with refl., du. pron. pref., and dupl., teyakyati:h we live together, my spouse; plus inch. I -'?h6?-, ?o?tkati?he?t I stayed with it, got married; with refl. in ke:i nienoti:h the Four Beings, Four Messengers, Four Angels (sent by the Creator to Handsome Lake); with refl. and part., nitwa:ti:h as many of us. VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), with nn. rt. -k6?(ae)-, refl., and dupl., become tangled: tesatke?i:h your hair is tangled; ?o?tkatke?i: ? my hair got tangled. DATIVE [13.12] NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10] WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 59 say: see -e- (409). 745. -i-/-i- lean: see -a?tih- (325). 746. -'i- spill: see -'(h)i- (583). 747. -(C)i-/-wi- (after o), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be ripe, cooked, done (ref. to food): ?o:wi:h it's ripe, done; with inch. II, ?o?ka:ih it ripened, got done; plus nn. rt. -a:y(a)-, ?o?wa.:yaih the fruit ripened. 748. -(C)i- thing, etc.: see -(C)i:w(a)- (808). 749. -iey-/-6ey- (after any 3d person obj. pref.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -'h), die:^ ?aki:eyo:h I'm dead, haw6:- eyo:h he's dead, yaie:yos she's dying [6.7], wa?aie? she died; te?ke:eyos liveforever (Sedum triphylum, S. purpureum), lit. it doesn't die. 750. -iewe(e)-/-iewen- (before y)/-yewe(e)- (after refl.), NN. RT;, wire, pin, needle, nail, awl: ke:we:? wire, pin, needle, nail, awl; with vb. rt. -tehta-, ke:we:tehta:? railroad track; with vb. rt. -ot- and inst., ye:w6otahkwa? [27.2] pin cushion; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and dupl., ?o?the:we:nya?k he broke the pin, nail; cf. the:wo:nya?s Governor Blacksnake, var. of he breaks nails (?); with vb. rt. -okoht-, refl., and dupl., tewatyeweokotha? needle. Var. -iowe(e)- (782). 751. -Lh IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.4] lean: see -a?tih- (325). 752. -'fti-spill: see -'(h) i- (583). 753. -(C)iha(ae)- VB. RT. (-?, -s, -eh), argue, cause trouble: ?aki:ha:? I'm arguing, haihae:s he argues; with refl., ?ekatiha: e? I'm going to argue; with caus. I -'ht-, kihse:tha? I cause trouble, ?6ihae:t let it be fought over. Var. -'(h)iha(ae)- (584). 754. -ihikwa(ae)- NN. RT., hat: ?akihikwa:a? my hat, sahikwae:? your hat; with vb, rt. -owane-, hohikweowaneh he has a big hat. 755. -ihjiw- VB. RT. (-eh, —, —), be apparent: kehji:- weh apparently; with contr., thikehji:weh it's quite apparent. 756. -ihka(ae)- NN. RT., tail: kehka:a? tail, ?ohka:a? its tail, spout for sap (in tapping maples); with vb. rt. -is- and repet., jonihkais mouse (any species with a long tail). 757. -(C)ihka-/-ka- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be making a noise, be shouting: ?akihka:h I'm making a noise, shouting; with refl., ?otka:h it's making a noise; with nn. rt. -stowe?s(ae)-, ?ostowe?sae:ka:h the rattle is sound- ing. 758. -(C)ihkae-/k£e- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be making a noise, be shouting: ?akihka:e? I'm making a noise, shouting. 759. -(C)mkaeV-(C)ihka6h- (before impv.)/-ka6-/-ka£h- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-oh, -as -0), with obj., make a noise, shout: ?akihkaeoh I've made a noise; with refl., ?otkaeas it makes a noise; with nn. rt. -'(h)eo?t(a)-, wa?oe6?taka:eh the gun sounded; with dist. -'hso- and refl., wa?otkaeahso: ? it made noises. 760. -(C)ihka6?ni-/-ka6?ni- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be noisy: ?aldhkae?ni:h I'm noisy; with refl., ?otkae?ni:h it's noisy; with nn. rt. -wen(o)-, howenokae?ni:h his voice is loud. Cf. -atetkae?nist- (159). 761. -ih(C)(o)- NN. RT., creek, river: with vb. rt. -te-, keho:te? a creek is there; with vb. rt. -es-, keheis long creek; with vb. rt. -iyo-, ?ohi:yo? [26.4] Allegany River, Allegany Reservation; with vb. rt. -a?kto-, refl., and cisloc, tety6tiha:?kto:h Horseshoe Longhouse (formerly east of Sala- manca, N.Y.); with vb. rt. -ati- and repet., skeho:tih Indian Hill (section of Cattaraugus Reservation). 762. -ihs(a)- NN. RT., wall: kehsa?keh on the wall. 763. -(C)ihsak-/-ihsak- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), look for: hoihsakoh he has looked for it, kihsa :s I'm looking for it; with dat. -i-/-e-, koihsakih monkey, lit. it looks for it on its behalf (i.e., searches out its fleas); with dat. and nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, shakoiwihsaki:h he has found things wrong with her; with trans, -h- and repet., shoihsakho:h he has gone back to look for it. 764. -ihsateny- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), transfer: ?o?kih- sate:ni? / transferred it (e.g., poured it from one container to another); with dupl., turn around, turn over: ?o?tkihsate:ni? I turned it around, over; with refl., teatihsatenyos he's turning around; with refl. and caus. I -'?t-, te:notihsa- tenya?tha? turning place; with refl., caus. I, and oppos. I, tewakatihsatenyokwahtoh I'm turning first one way and then the other. 765. -ihsa?- create, complete: see -awihsa?- (294). 766. -'iht- break in pieces: see -'(h) iht- (586). 767. -iht(a)- NN. RT., with charact. in kehta?ke:a? high bush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) 768. -ihtyak-/-ihty(a)- (before desc. and comb.), VB. RT. (-eh, -s, -0), put around a neck: ?akthtyeh I've put it around its neck; waehtya:k / put it around his neck, also / lent a name from my clan to a member of another clan; with caus.-inst. and refl. -en-, yenihtyastha? necklace. 769. -ij(C)(a)-/-ij(C)(o)- (before spl. nn. suff. -'h), NN. RT., fish: kejoh fish; with vb. rt. -nyo-, ?o?kijanyo? / killed a fish; hej6?ya:s he's fishing (see -6?yak-); with vb. rt. -6a- and cisloc, tkej 6: a? Kinzua, Pa.; with vb. rt. -es- and repet., skeje:s pike (Esox sp.); with vb. rt. -kaae(ae)-, spl. nn. suff. [26.4], and repet., skejakae:o? or skejake:e? minnow; with vb. rt. -o- and refl. -(e)n-, wa:keni:jo? he gave me his fish; with vb. rt. -o-, oppos. I, dat., and refl., ?onijokwe?^is^ hawk, osprey (Pandion haliaetus), lit. it takes fish out of the water for itself; kejoh ?oeno? Fish Dance. 770. -(C)ik- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), fit snugly, envelope, permeate, bite: ?oikoh it fits snugly, ka:is it's biting; with vb. rt. -ye?kwa(ae)-, ?oy£?kwae:ikoh smoked (meat); with refl. and dupl., abut: teyoti:koh it abuts it; with inch. I -he?-, teyo- tahsotaikhe?oh it has gotten dark (see -ahso(:)- t(a)-); with caus. I -t-, tewenotahsotaiktha? they're having Dark Dance; with dist. -ho-, see -nelxt(a)- (1149). 771. -(C)ikt(a)- NN. RT., thorn: ?6ikta? thorn, thorn tree (Crataegus punctata); with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., joikto:wa:? crabapple. 772. -ikwitek- NN. RT., with ext. loc. -':n6h in kekwite- khneh spring (time). 773. -ine- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), with refl., go, proceed: with nn. rt. -'(h/:)wajiy(ae)-, kathwaji:ne? I'm going along with my family; with nn. rt. 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 -e:nish(ae)- and transloc, hewate:nitsi:ne?s as far as the day goes. 774. -ino- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with repet., be well, good, healthy: ske:no? it is well, good, healthy, OK. 775. -i:n(o)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -'h, ext. loc -':neh), skin, leather, handkerchief: ki:no:neh on my skin, ?aki:noh my handkerchief, ke:noh leather, handkerchief; with vb. rt. -k- and past, ke:no:~ skwa? Stone Coat (mythical prehistoric giant), ht. it used to eat skin; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and refl. -an-, ?o?twani:nya?k it cut the skin; with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-) and inch. I, ke:ne?s sycamore, buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis); with vb. rt. -tok- and refl. -en-, be conscious of, have a premo- nition of: heni:noto:kha? he's conscious of it. 776. -i:nok- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with transloc, call for, summon: heaki:no:koh he's called for me, heaki:no:s he calls for me, hwa:ki:no:k he called for me. 111. -inyo- arrive: see -yo- (1936). 778. -(C)i6?te-/-yo6?te- (after consonant), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be working: ?akyo:?te? I'm working, hoio?te? he's working; with caus. II and refl., work: ?akatyo:?tatoh I've worked, hatyo:?ta:s he works, ?ehsatyo:?ta:t you will work; with caus.-inst. -st-, yoty6:?ta:stha? tool. Var. _-(C)iy6?te- (S13). 779. -io- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be female: yeoh she's a female, keoh it's a female, weniosho?oh they are females, women. 780. -iok VB. STEM, in ?eke:ok it won't be so, if not, and ?a:ke:ok it need not be so. 781. -i6osh(ae)-/-eoosh(ae)- (after consonant), NN. RT., cradleboard: ke:oshae? cradleboard, also jack-in- the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), cornhusk basket of tobacco for use in War Dance; ?e:oshae? [26.6] cradleboard, toadstool, mushroom; ?ake:- oshae? my cradleboard; with vb. rt. -e-, y6:oshe? she's in the cradleboard; plus inst., yoteoshetah- kwa? cradleboard. 782. -iowe(e)- wire, etc.: var. of -iewe(e)- (750). 783. -is- be long: see -os- (1470). 784. -iseeht- VB. RT., see -ske?(e)- (1580). 785. -(C)iseht(a)- NN. RT., hammerhead (Hypentelium nigricans): kaisehta? hammerhead. 786. -(C)iseht(a)- NN. RT., dream: ?6isehta? dream; with vb. rt. -ihsak-, yeisehtihsa:s people are looking for a dream, dream guessing. 787. -ish(ae)- leggings: see -(h)ish(ae)- (589). 788. -iska(ae)- NN. RT., mat, something to sleep on: keska:a? mat, something to sleep on, ?oska:a? hellebore (Veratrum viride); with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, ?aki:ska:? I've put down something to sleep on; plus refl. -en-, ?ekeniska:e? I'll put down some- thing for me to sleep on; plus, inst., yeniskae:- hkwa? bedding; with vb. rt. -teny-, ?o?kiskae:- te:ni? / changed the bedding. 789. -iskaaewak-/-iskaaewa- (before ?), VB. RT. (—, -s, -0), sweep: yesk&'.w&'.s she sweeps, ?o?iskae:wa:k I swept; with caus. I -t-, yeskae:wa:ktha? broom; with nom., keskae:wa?shae? broom; with dist. -ho- and refl., wa?6tiskae:wa:kho:? she swept all around her. 790. -isk(ae)- NN. RT., saliva: ?oskae? saliva; with vb. rt. -o(:)ty- and refl. -en-, spit: heniskyotye?s [14.4] he's spitting. 791. -(C)iske?se? VB. STEM, in kaiske?se:? sparrow, thrush, also a kind of bean. 792. -(C)iske?t(a)- NN. RT., braid: ?6iske?ta? braid; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, kaiske?to:ni:h it's braided. 793. -iskwanye?t(a)- rotten wood: see -(h)iskwanye?t(a)- (590). 794. -(C)iskwat- VB. RT. (-0, —,.—), with dupl., be slippery: teyoiskwat it's slippery; with inch. I -h<§?-, ?o?tyoiskwathe?t it became slippery. 795. -'1st- shove: see -'(h) 1st- (591). 796. -ist(a)- NN. RT., scales (of a fish): ?osta? scales; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, kesta:e? it has scales on it; with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-) and caus. I, ?akistehtoh I've scaled it; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, dist., refl., and dupl., ?o?tkatistya?kho: ? my hands got chapped. 797. -(C)ist(a)- NN. RT., metal, tin, steel, bell, trap: kiista? metal, etc.; ?6ista? block of a quilt; with vb. rt. -?e-, kaista?es clock, se niyoista:?e:h three o'clock; with vb. rt. -owane-, kaistowa:neh loud noise; with vb. rt. -'?se-, survey: haisti?se?s he surveys, is a surveyor; with vb. rt. -owa-, kaisto:wa:? sucker, mullet (Moxostoma sp.); plus augment., kaistowa?ko:wa:h June mullet. 798. -(C)istakii?ta- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h),fry: yeistaki:?- ta: s she fries it, ?ekistaki: ?ta: ? I'm going to fry it. Cf. -takii?ta- (1662). 799. -is?a-, create, complete: see -awihsa?- (294). 800. -it(a)- NN. RT., field, meadow: with vb. rt. -ye-, keta:ye? a field is there; with vb. rt. -iyo-, keti:yo:h good field; with vb. rt. -eowi- and caus. I, (t)keteowi:tha? morning star. 801. -itaasht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, implicate: ?akya?titae:htoh I've been implicated, ?esaya?titae:t it implicated you. 802. -itahs(a)- NN. RT., fin: ketahsa? fin, ketahsa?keh tail of a fish; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and dist., ketahso: to ?^/ms on it. 803. -it&?w-/-ita- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -as, ~'h), with obj., sleep: hota?oh he's asleep, hota?was he sleeps, ?oki:ta? / went to sleep, se:tah go to sleep! 804. -ite- VB. RT.(-oh, -s, -h), be good to, show pity for: ?akite:oh it's good to me, kote:oh it's good to her, also she, they are blessed, shokwe:te:s he's good to us, ?o?khe:te:? / pitied her; with recip. -atan-, hotanite:oh he's kind and helpful; plus nom., ?ataniteoshae? [15.6] kindness, helpfulness, mutual aid; with trans. -':n-, ?etwatanite:no? we'll go and have a bee; with caus.-inst. -st-, plead forgiveness: katanite:stha? I plead forgiveness. 805. -itke-/-itke- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -'6?, —), emerge, become visible: with nn. rt. -no?j(a)-, teohno?jitkeoh his teeth show; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)-, ?o:nekitkeo? water comes out, spring; with inch. I -'?-, taka:neki:tke?t water came^ out; with nn. rt. -(C)aehkw(a)-, tyoaehk- witke?oh the sun (or moon) has come out. 806. -ito- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), mean, indicate: ?aki:to:h / meant it, ke: toh it means, haki: toh he means me, ?o?ki:to? I meant it. 807. -ityohkw(a)- NN. RT., crowd, group of people, the public: ketyohkwa? crowd, etc; with vb. rt. -owane-, kety6hkowa:neh [3.12] big crowd. 808. -(C)i:w(a)-/-(C)1- (before o or o), NN. RT., thing, matter, affair, cause, subject, message, news, word, speech, conversation, story, tradition, custom, cere- WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 61 mony, ritual, assignment: ?6iwa? thing, etc.; with vb. rt. -owane-, niyoiowaneh how important the matter is; with vb. rt. -aste 1st-, pay attention to, notice: ?aki:wast£istoh I've noticed it; with vb. rt. -atiyo(:)t- and cisloc, cause distress: takai- watiyo:te? it caused distress; with vb. rt. -a?ist-, put the blame on: wa:ki:wa?is he put the blame on me; plus dupl., request a story: ?o?tki:wa?is / requested a story; with vb. rt. -ihsa?-, promise, plan to do: ?aki:wihsa?oh I've promised, planned to do it; plus refl., come to an agreement, make a contract: waenoti:wis?a:? they came to an agree- ment; with vb. rt. -iyo-, kaiwi:yo:h Good Mes- sage, Code of Handsome Lake; with vb. rt. -k6o- and refl.: hoti:wak6:o? Wampum Keeper; with vb. rt. -kweniyo-, be true: kaiwakweni:yo? it's true; plus caus.-inst., believe: waowoiwakweni:yos they believed him, ?okwaiwakweniyostoh our be- lief, our religion; plus inch. I, prove: ?o?kaiwak- weniyo?he?t it proved it; with vb. rt. -ne?ak-, sin: ?o?ki:wane:?a:k / sinned; plus nom., kaiwan6?akshae? wickedness; with vb. rt. -noke- and caus. II, spread the word: ?aki:wanokaetoh I've spread the word; with vb. rt. -okw- and caus. I, spread the news: tewakatiokwahtoh I've spread the news; with vb. rt. -ok6ht-, perform an obliga- tion, hold a ceremony: hoiokohtoh he has per- formed an obligation, held a ceremony; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, kaio:nih why, the reason; plus dat., teach: ?ak&tionyani:h or ?ak&tyo:nyani:h I've taught; with vb. rt. -'syo(:)ni-, set right: ?eski:- wasyo:ni? I'll set it right again; with vb. rt. -toke- and caus.-inst., interpret: haiwatokestha? he interprets, interpreter; with vb. rt. -yei- and cisloc, be virtuous: tyeiwaye:i? she's virtuous; with -yei- and caus.-inst., do as one should, accomplish one's task: haiwayeistha? he does as he should; with -yei- and inch. II, come to pass: ?oiwayei?oh it has come to pass; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, tekaiotahkoh treaty; with -6(:)t- and refl., hoti:ot Faith Keeper, Fire Keeper, honoti:ot Faith Keepers; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)- and dist., wati:weo? the ceremonies come at different times; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, refl., and dupl., do wrong: ?o?thati:w£e? he did wrong; with vb. rt. -'(h/:)niy- and caus. II, confirm: wa:ti:wa:ni:yae:t they confirmed it; with vb. rt. -ka?te-, koiwaka?te? she's a gossip; with vb. rt. -atyeo- and caus.-inst., suggest: ?akati:wayeostoh I've suggested it; with vb. rt. -keist- (and dat.), give authority to: howoiwakeistani:h they have given him the authority; with vb. rt. -kwaihs-, testify, give proof: twaiwakwdihsos we testify; with vb. rt. -yas-, claim, assert: kaiwaya:soh it is asserted; with vb. rt. -no?kow- and neg., to?- oiwano?ko:was [27.5] it's going strong; with vb. rt. -te-, kaiwate? or (with inst.) kaiwatelikoh usage, custom, ritual, subject of a speech; with vb. rt. -ye- and inst., kaiwayetahkoh responsi- bility, obligation; with vb. rt. -'(h)e?he- and caus. I, decide: ?aki:wae?hehtoh I've decided. 809. -iy- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10] 810. -iya- VB. RT. (-?, -s, -h), with dupl., pull: with nn. rt.- a?en(o)-, te:no?eni:ya?s tug-of-war, tehnya?- eni:ya:h let's have a tug-of-war; with nn. rt. -osh(a)-, dist. -o-, and refl., squat: to:nototsiya:o? [14.5] they're squatting 811. -iya?k- cross: see -ya:yd?k- (1864). break, cut: see -ya?k- (1866). 812. -iyo- kill: see -nyo- (1347). be good, beautiful: see -awiyo- (297). 813. -(C)iy6?te- be working, var. of -(C)i6?te- (778): hoiyo?te? he's working. 814. -i? PUNCTUAL [8.2] 815. -Vse-pull: see -'?se-, -'?sy- (2100, 2114). 816. -(C)i?sh(ae)- NN. RT., sperm: ?6i?shae? sperm. 817. -i?skw- slip: see -(h)i?skw- (594). 818. -i?st(a)- NN. RT., noise: with vb. rt. -keeht-, tawati?stake:t the noise abated; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, to:noti?stya?koh they're speaking about it; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and refl., talk, chatter: ?akati?sta:? I'm talking, ?onoti?sta:? they're chattering, ref. to birds, hati?staha? he chatters, twati?staeh let's talk! 819. -i?sy- pull: see -'?sy- (2114). 820. -(C)i?t- see -hs(a)- (668). 821. -i?t(a)- NN. RT., feces: ?o?ta? feces; with vb. rt. -ot- and refl. -en-, defecate: heni?totha? he's defecating; with unique vb. rt. -6ht- and dupl., break wind: tewaki?tohtoh I've broken wind; with vb. rt. -kahatenya?t-, ke?takahatenya?tha? junebug (Phyllophaga sp.); as incorp. nn. rt. often serves to intensify meaning of vb. rt.: with vb. rt. -nowe-, honi?tano:we:h he's a colossal liar; with vb. rt. -swaeh-, scold: wa:ki?taswaeh he scolded me; probably containing this nn. rt., ?o?ta3:?e:h it's the worst; with vb. rt. -tahkw-, shako?tatahkwas He Who Eats Inwards (a mythical figure). 822. -(C)i?to- VB. RT. (?) in y£i?to:s, yi:?to:s, or ?i:?to:s, also (with_ dist. ?) kai?to:o?, and (with vb. rt. -owane-) kai?towa:neh Shake-the-Pump- kin Dance. 823. -i?toaek- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with nn. rt. -ahj- and dupl., pinch: tewakahji?to:aekoh I've pinched it, tewakahj i?to: aes it pinches me, ?o?tkahji?to:aek I pinched it. Cf. -i?t-, -toaek- (821, 1741). 824. -i?tow(e)- NN. RT., bottom, base: ke?to:we? bottom, ke?towe?keh on the bottom; with vb. rt. -'?se-, teke?towe?se:? the bottom is double. 825. -i?tyo(:)-/-i?tyo(:)t- (comb.), VB^ RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), set, settle, seat, cause to remain: ki?tyo? I'm settled, I dwell, ?aki?tyo? it's making me stay, I've set it, hako?tyo:? he seats them, usher; with dist. -o-, she?tyo:to:h make them sit down!; with inch. I -'?- and dupl., alight, land: ?o?ke?- tyo:ta?t it alighted, landed; with inst. and dupl. (and cont.), teki?tyotahko:ok / shall continue to dwell in both places. 826. -(C)i?wa(ae)- NN. RT., scar: kai?wae:? scar. 827. -i?yak-/-'?yak- (after third person morphemes and directly after obj.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), shoot: ?aki?yakoh I've shot it, sa?ya:koh you've shot it, ha?ya:s he shoots, ji?ya:k shoot it! 828. j- SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5, 9.5] 829. [j]- REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.11] 830. -[j]- FEMININE [21.5] INDEFINITE [21.5] NEUTER [21.5] 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 NONMASCULINE [21.5] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [21.5] 831. -[j]a- FEMININE [21.5] 832. ja:enos chameleon; with augment., jaenosko:wa:h Blue Lizard (a mythical creature). 833. -[j]ak- FEMININE [21.5] 834. jako:ki:h blackbird, red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). 835. -jako- VB. RT. (—, -'6?, -h), do one's best: yejako:? she's doing her best, ?o?kejako:? / did my best, jija:ko:h do your best! [6.5 end] 836. ja:tak, seven. 837. ja?kwi:yoh scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). 838. ja?tahkweh Lake Chautauqua (N.Y.). 839. -[j]e- FEMININE [21.5] 840. -j e- VB. RT., with caus. I -'ht-, get water: ?ak6j ehtoh I've gotten water, sej et get water!; with trans. -'0-, go and get water: ?ak6je:oh I've been after water, sej e: oh go and get water! 841. -j(C)e- NN. RT., bowl, pan, dish: kaje? bowl, pan, dish; kaje?keh in the bowl; with charact., kaje?kekha:? Bowl Game. 842. -[j][e]- FEMININE [21.5] 843. -je(e)- NN. RT., fire: with vb. rt. -iya?k-, kajeiya?- ktoh it has crossed the fire, been passed from one moiety to the other; with vb. rt. -ot-, kaje:ot blaze [3.18], haj6otha? he's smoking [3.16]; plus trans., ?ehsej6ota?no? you will go over there and smoke, an invitation to a man to attend the Dark Dance. 844. -jeest(a)- NN. RT., coal, charcoal: ?oje:sta? coal, charcoal; with vb. rt. -?e-, je:sta?e:? black; with vb. rt. -aji-, haje:sta:ji? minister, priest. 845. -jeoskw(a)- NN. RT., whisper: ?ojeoskwa? whisper; with vb. rt. -ye-, ?o?kejeoskwaye:? I whispered. 846. ji- (IN ANIMAL NAMES) [26.7] REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.11] SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5] 847. -ji(ae)- NN. RT., cork, plug: ?ojiae? cork, plug; with vb. rt. -ot-, plug up, block off: kaji:ot it's plugged up, ?ethatiji:ote? they're going to block it off; with dist., kanestaeji:oto? it's blocked off with boards, e.g., a boarded up window. 848. -jieht(a)- NN. RT., carrion: ?ojiehta? carrion; with vb. rt. -oke- (?), (?o)jiehto:ke? buzzard. 849. -jihay(a)- NN. RT., in (?o)jihaya? Devil Dance, Devil's Feather Dance. 850. -jihkwan(o)- NN. RT., button: kajihkwano? button; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, kajihkwano:tha? buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis). 851. -jihs(a)- NN. RT., husk mat, Husk Face: kajihsa? husk mat, Husk Face. 852. -jihso?t(a)- NN. RT., star: ?ojihso?ta? star, also dandelion (Taraxacum officinale); with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, kajihso?to:tha? daisy, black-eyed-susan, sunflower. 853. -jikhe?t(a)- NN. RT., salt: ?ojikhe?ta? salt; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ?ojikhe?ta:e? there's salt in it, it's salted; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inst., yejikhe?tae:hkwa? salt container. 854. jikjo?khwe: ? chickadee (Parus atricapillus). 855. jikos soon. 856. -jikwe- VB. RT. (—, -'s, —), with obj., have venereal disease: ?oji:kwes venereal disease, also corn smut (Ustilago zeae), hotijikwes they have venereal disease; with caus. I -'?t- [26.3], ?ojikwe?ta? venereal disease, also honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), ?ojikwe?ta? ?aweo? azalea (Rhododendron sp.), ht. venereal disease flower. 857. -jineXae)-/-sineXae)- (after refl.), NN. RT., stinger: kajineae? stinger, ?ojineae? its stinger; with vb. rt. -o?kaht- and refl., ?okatsin£o?kat the stinger stuck me. 858. -jinowe?t(a)- NN. RT., lie: ?ojinowe?ta? a lie. Cf. -nowe- (1203). 859. -jino- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be male: haji:noh he's a male, kaji:noh it's a male. 860. -jinonohka(ae)-/-sinonohka(ae)- (after refl.),^ NN. RT., splinter, stinger, claw, hoof: ?ojinonohkae? (its) stinger, splinter, claw, hoof; with vb. rt. -ye- and refl., ?akatsinonohkae:ye? I've gotten a splinter; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and refl., ?o?watsin- onohkeoni? it made splinters, splintered. 861. -jino:ya?t(a)- NN. RT. cord, vein, artery, stream: ?ojino:ya?ta? cord, vein, artery, stream; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, dist., and cont., ?eyojino:ya?- teonyo:k there will continue to be streams on it. 862. -jio?kw(a)- NN. RT., ankle: ?ojio?kwa? ankle; kejio?kwa?keh on my ankle. 863. jio?ta:ka? mink (Mustela vison). 864. jiske:h skeleton, ghost; jiske: ?6ohta? Pasisa sacosa, ht. ghost's ear. 865. -jisko?kw(a)- NN. RT., hip: ?ojisko?kwa? hip, also name of unidentified plant about 3 ft tall with a ball at the top; kejisko?kwa?keh on my hip; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?ojisko?ko:t common pin [3.12]. 866. -jiskw(a)-/-siskw(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., mush, pudding: ?oji:skwa? mush, pudding; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, wa?ejisko:ni? she made mush; with vb. rt. -o- and refl., ?e:notsi:sko:? they'll put their mush in water, hold the Maple Ceremony; with vb. rt. -?e-, tekajiskwa:?e:h ball game. Var. -jiskw(a)- (867). 867. -jiskw(a)- var. of -jiskw(a)- (866): ?ojiskwa? mush, pudding; kajiskwa?e:? ?ojiskwa? ballplayers' mush. 868. -jist(a)-/-sist(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., ember, burning coal, spark, fire, light, lamp, wampum: kaji:sta? ember, etc; with vb. rt. -ye-, kajistaye? the fire is there, council fire, Onondaga Reserva- tion; with vb. rt. -okw-, tew&tsisto'.kw&s firefly, ht. it scatters sparks; with vb. rt. -no- and inst. [?], ?ojistan6hkwa? firefly; the preceding as incorp. nn. rt. [26.3], vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, and dist., ?ojistanohkweo? it's speckled, calico; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and nom., (?o)jistota?shae? strawberry, lit. embers on it; with vb. rt. -ye- and inst., jistayetahkwa? [26.6] amomum (Amomum sp.), ht. used for establishing coals; with vb. rt. -kaae(ae)- and dist. [?], jistakae:o?, jistaka§:e?, or jistake:e? hickory (Carya sp.), ht. thin coals. 869. -jista(a)- NN. RT., with charact. in (?o)jista:?ke:a? wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). 870. jista: ah grasshopper. 871. -jista?thy(a)- NN. RT., calf, colt: ?ojista?thya? calf, colt. 872. jita:m a nickname [1.21] 873. -jitkwa(ae)- NN. RT., bile: ?ojitkwae:? bile, also goldenthread (a plant); with vb. rt. -?e-, jitkwae:- ?e:? [26.6] yellow, gold, cornmeal, jitkwae:?e:? niyaw6o?te:h goldenrod (Solidago sp.) ht. yellow flower; with vb. rt. -(C)e6"ek- and caus. I, kajitkw6:ektha? meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 63 900. -jowohs(a)- NN. RT., corn leaf: ?ojowohsa? corn leaf; with vb. rt. -es- and augment., jowohsesko:wa:h spikenard (Aralia racemosa); jowohses?a:h (cf. -?aa-) sarsaparilla (Smilax sp.). 874. -ji:w(a)- NN. RT., hammer, mallet, war club, toma- hawk: kaji:wa? hammer, etc; with vb. rt. -e- and caus. I, hammer: ?ehs£ji:wet you will hammer, also you will have a free throw (in Dice Game); ?akeji:wehtoh / have a lump, ht. a hammer has hit me. 875. -jiwak- VB. RT. (-eh, —, —), be sour, bitter: ?oji- wakeh it's sour, bitter. 876. -ji:we?t(a)- NN. RT., block of wood: ?oji:we?ta? block of wood; ?oji:we?ta?keh hub, ht. on a block. 877. -ji:y(a)- NN. RT., fruit, berry: ?oji:ya?/na£, berry; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?oji:yo:t it has fruit on it; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)-, hoji:ya:? he has a birth- mark. Cf. -a:y(a)- (298). 878. -jiy(ae)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -'h), dog: ji:yaeh dog; with vb. rt. -ye-, hojiyaeye? he has a dog. 879. -ji?6ht(a)- NN. RT., crayfish, crab, lobster: ?oji?ehta? crayfish, crab, lobster; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc, tkaji?ehto? Farnham, N.Y., ht. crab in the water there. 880. -ji?j- NN. RT., corn tassle: with vb. rt. -ot-, ?oji?jo:t tassel, with vb. rt. -6a-, ?oji?jo:a? tassle, culversroot (Leptandra virginica). 881. -ji?jo?kw(a)- NN. RT., pear (Pyrus communis): ?oji?jo?kwa? pear. 882. -ji?kd:y(a)-/-si?kd:y(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., chair: kaji?ka:ya? chair; with vb. rt. -es-, kaji?ka:ye:s long chair, bench; with vb. rt. -kahato- and refl., watsi?ka:yakaha:to:s rocking chair; with ext. loc and popul., kaji?ka:ya?ke:- ono? chairman. 883. ji?no:h, louse. 884. -ji?no(:)w(o)- NN. RT., small insect: ?oji?no:wo? small insect. 885. -ji?syo(:)w(o)- NN. RT., screw, curl: ?oji?syo:wo? screw, curl, also screw-shaped shell; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., ?oji?syoyo:to? [3.13] peaked curls (in basketry). 886. -ji?syowoht(a)- NN. RT., brain: ?oji?syowohta? brain, saji?syowohta?keh on your brain. 887. -ji?t(a)- NN. RT., bird: with unidentified suff., ji?te?o:h or ji?te?o:h bird; plus plur., ji?te?6:- sho?oh birds; with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], kaji?ta:s it eats birds; with vb. rt. -nowe- (?), ?oji?tano:we:? butterfly. 888. ji?te:okwe? swallow. 889. joaeshae? heron, great blue heron (Ardea herodias). 890. johkw6?eani? ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), partridge. 891. jonoe?ta? elk (Cervus canadensis). 892. j6:nyotah eagle. Var. tomyotah (1752). 893. j6:wi:s ground robin, towhee (Pipilo erythrophthal- mus) 894. jo?kae:o? the little people; var. of jokae:o? (897). 895. -[j][o]- FEMININE [21.5] 896. johehko? New York fern (Dryoperis noveboracensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), louse- wort (Pedicularis sp.). 897. jokae:o? the little people, dwarf, pygmy. Var. jo?kae:o? (899). 898. -joni?ka- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), belong to the bear clan: hotijoni?ka: ? they're in the bear clan. 899. -jotka(ae)- NN. RT., hook: ?oj6tkae:? hook; with vb. rt. -otaaeh-, ?o?kejotkeota:h I hooked it [14.4]. 901. k- FEMININE [10.5, 10.8] FIRST PERSON [6.1, 6.4, 9.3, 10.5-6, 11.2, 11.9] 902. NEUTER [6.1, 6.8, 11.12] NONMASCULINE [9.6, 11.13] -k CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3] IMPERATIVE [5.10-11] PAST [19.1, 19.3] PUNCTUAL [8.2] 903. -k- VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), eat: ?'ake :koh I've eaten it, ?i:as he eats it [3.3, 6.11], ?i:se:k eat it! VB. RT. (—, -s, —), with nn. rt. -a:y(a)-, pick berries: heno:ya:s they're picking berries; with caus. I -t- and transloc, heyakwa:ya:ktha? where we pick berries; with trans, -h-, ho:ya:- kho:h he has gone berry-picking. 904. 905. 906. ka- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8] -ka- be making a noise: see -(C)ihka- (757). -ka(a)-/-kah- (before k), NN. RT., eye: kaka:? its eye; with vb. rt. -keny-, ?o?kokahke:ni? / spied on you; with vb. rt. -kwek- and neg., be blind: ta:kahkwe:koh he's blind, blind man. 907. -kaaekw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), turn around, turn away, persuade: hoka:ekweh he has turned it around, etc., haka:ekwas he's turning it around, ?eyeka:eko? she will turn it around; with nn. rt. -?niko(e)-, ?eye?nikoeka:eko? she will turn the mind; with refl., wa:tka:eko? he turned away. 908. -kaano:wok- VB. RT. (-oh, —, -0), with obj., have sore eyes: ?akeka:no:wo:koh / had sore eyes, ?eyakoka:n6:wo:k her eyes will be sore. Cf. -ka(a)- (906). 909. -ka(ae)- NN. RT., story, tale: kaka:a? story; with neg., te?kakae:? [26.5] not a story, i.e., fact; with vb. rt. -ot-, hoka:ot he's telling stories. NN. RT., price, cost, fare: with part., niyokae:? [26.5] how much the price; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ?okae:kwe:koh the whole price; with vb. rt. -kw-, hakae:kwas conductor, lit. he collects fares; with vb. rt. -'hkw-, tewakekae:hkweh I've bought it on credit; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, pay: ?akekanya?koh [14.4] I've paid. NN. RT., inner bark: ?oka:a? inner bark; with vb. rt. -k- and repet., jokae:ka:s hickory (Carya sp.)- 910. -kaae(ae)- be thin: see -takaae- (1654). 911. -kaaeht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), charge, exact a price: ?akekae:htoh I've charged, hakae:tha? he charges, ?o?kekae:t / charged. Cf. -ka(ae)- (909). 912. -kaaenye- rub: see -(C)aenye- (349). 913. -kaaeo- be stiff: see -takaaeo- (1655). 914. -kaaeti- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), with repet., be one side: skakae:tih one side; with nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, shakohsakae:tih one side of his face. Cf. -ati- (198). 915. -kae- be making a noise: see -(C)ihkae- (758). 916. -ka6-/-kaeli- make a noise: see -(C)ihka6- (758). 917. -kaehs(a)- NN. RT., eyelashes: ?okaehsa? eyelashes; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, yekaehsa:e? her eyelashes. 918. -kaeht(a)- NN. RT., hull of corn kernel: ?okaehta? 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 hull; with vb. rt. -awak-, winnow: wa?ekaehta- wa:k she winnowed; with vb. rt. -owae- and caus. I, yekaehtowa3:?tha? corn washing basket; with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-), caus. I, and dist., 938. kakaehtehto? cornbread, lit. hulls removed. 939. 919. kaeti?kwah wherever: var. of kaeti?kwah (923). 920. -ka6?ni- be noisy: see -(C)ihka6?ni- (760). 921. kaekwah very. 922. -kaet- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be an opening, hole: 940. with nn. rt. -hs(a)-, hahsaka:et his mouth; with nn. rt. -ho-, kahoka:et doorway; with nn. rt. -a?y(a)-, ?o?yaka:et anus; with nn. rt. -kah- and dupl., tekekahka: et / have eyes; with nn. rt. 941. -6ej(a)-, ?aoejaka:et there's a hole in the ground. 923. kaeti?kwah wherever, anywhere; with -kwah [26.8], 942. kaeti?kwa:kwa:h toward wherever; with -ow6h (cf. he:oweh, ho:oweh), kaeti?kwjl:oweh wher- ever. Var. kaeti?kwah (919). 924. -kah- eye: see -ka(a)- (906)._ 925. kahaih magical transformation, usually for an evil 943. purpose. 944. 926. -kahat- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), turn upward: with nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, hakoskaha:t [3.6] his face is turned upward, wa:tkoskahate? he turned his 945. face upward; with caus. Ill, turn inside out: ?o?kekaha:tho? / turned it inside out. 946. 927. -kahatenya?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), roll: ?akeka- hatenyi?toh I've rolled it, hakahatenya?tha? he's rotting it, wa:kahatenya?t he rolled it. Cf. 947. -teny- (1685). 928. -kahato- (before desc)/-kahato- (before iter.)/ 948. -kahatoh-(before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), 949. turn, rotate, revolve: ?akekahato:h I've turned it, hakahato:s he turns it, sekahatoh turn it!; with 950. refl., ?otkahato:h it's turning; with caus. I -t-, see -(h)ow(o)- (662). 929. kahka:h inkahka: wa:ya:s arrowwood (Euonymus atropurpureusT), lit. ? eats the fruit. 930. kahkako:wa:h Giant Raven (a mythical creature). 931. -kahkwa(ae)- NN. RT., sunflsh, rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris): (?o)kahkwae:? sunflsh, rock bass. 951. 932. -kahkweohs(a)- NN. RT., eyebrow: ?okahkweohsa? eyebrow; with vb. rt. -es- and dupl., ta:kahkw£- 952. ohse:sos he has protruding eyebrows. Cf. -kah- (924). 933. -kahkwe?n(o)- NN. RT., kidney: ?okahkwe?no? kidney. 953. 934. -kaht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -eh), with transloc, 954. point in a certain direction: hewakekahtoh I'm pointing it that way, h£:katha? he points it that way; with refl., confront, face, look at: waenotk- ahte? they confronted it; plus transloc, heyotk- 955. ahte? she'll face that way; plus trans. -'?n-, 956. hatkahta?ne?s he goes and looks at it; plus caus. Ill [3.6], look at, see: ?ak&tkathweh I've looked at it, satka:thoh look at it!; plus transloc. and caus. Ill, he:notka:thwas they keep looking that way, heyotkathweh; plus inch. I -'?-, kotka- 957. thwa?oh she's gotten to see it; plus nom., ?otkath- washae? glass; plus vb. rt. -o-, ?otkathwasyo? 958, window. 959 935. -kai- bite: see -kany- (942). 960 936. -kaist(a)- NN. RT., glasses: kakaista? glasses, ?akeka:ista? my glasses. 937. -kaite- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be on a slant: kakaite? 961 it's on a slant; with nn. rt. -ko(:)t(a)-, hakota- kaite? he has a crooked nose; with caus. II, put on a slant, get the best of: howotikaita: toh they're getting the best of them. ka:jih come here! -ka:ne-/-ka:n(ae)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-?, —, —), with dupl., look at, see: tek6ka:ne:? I'm looking at it; with intens., ta:ka:naehji:weh he is looking at it hard, observing it closely [13.16]. -kanet- VB. RT. (-oh, -as, -0), lick: ?akekane:toh I'm licking it, kekane:tas / lick it; with nn. rt. -ho(a)-, sehoakane:ta?t open the door just a crack! kanoj ohkwane? fire cherry, pigeon cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica). -kany-/-kai- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -'h), bite: ?akekanyeh it's bitten me, ?akekanyas it bites me, I'm lousy, ?okekai? it bit me; with nom., kakanya?shae? knife; plus vb. rt. -'?se- (-ya?se-), tekakany&?shae?se:? scissors. ka:o? in this direction. -kao?kw(a)- NN. RT., in ?okao?kwa? dewberry (Rubus flagellaris); with vb. rt. -'(h)-, dist., and dupl., teyokao?kwao? puffy or bulging eyes. -kasteh- VB. RT. (—, —, -0), last (someone) a long time: ?ok6kasteh it lasted me a long time. -kasto- VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, -h), make last: niyokasto? as long as it has lasted, ?o?kakasto: ? it made it last. katka?hoh somewhere, anywhere; with neg., te?- katka?hoh nowhere. -katke? VB. STEM, in joka:tke? pike (Esox sp.) -katkwah VB. STEM, in kaka:tkwa:h water moc- casin (Ancistrodon piscivorus). -kawe- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), row: ?akekawe:h I'm rowing, haka:wes he rows, totayakwakawe? we rowed back; with dist. -' :no- and prog., hatikaw6: no:tye? they are rowing along (in several boats); with trans. -'?h-, hokawe?ho:h he has gone row- ing; with caus. I -t-, hatikawe:tha? oar, paddle; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?okawesyo:t^/m. ka:we:h where; with -kwah [26.8], ka:w6:kwa:h which way, whither. -kawet- VB. RT. (—, -ha?, —), recorded only with nn. rt. -?niko(e)- and past in ke?nikoekawe:thak I was strong-minded, strong-willed. Possibly -kawe- and caus. I. kaweti?kwah wherever. -kawihs(a)- NN. RT., shovel: kakawihsa? shovel; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, (?o)kawihso:t sturgeon (Acipenser sp.), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), billflsh. -kawiskeh VB. STEM, in jokawiske:h centipede. -kay-VB. RT., with inch. II and obj., consent, be willing: ?akekaye?oh I'm willing, hoka:yes he's (always) willing, waokayeh he consented; with dat. -'?se-/-'?s-, permit: hakekaya?se:h he has given me permission. -kayo(:)to? VB. STEM (?), in kayo:to:? or hoti- kayo: to: ? the dead. -ka? CHARACTERIZER [20.4] -ka? CHARACTERIZER [20.4] -ka?eyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), perceive, feel, notice: ?ake"ka?e:yo:? I've perceived it, haka?eyo:? he perceives it, ?ehseka?e:yo:? you will perceive it. -ka?h- VB. RT. (—, -as, —), with obj., like to eat: ?ak6ka?has / like to eat it; with nn. rt. -ne(o)-, WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 65 honeoka?has he likes corn. 962. ka?ka:? crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). 963. -ka?o- VB. RT. (-'h, -'?s, —), be good, pleasing; taste good: ?oka?oh it's good; with nn. rt. -?nist(a)-, ?o?nistaka?oh good corn; with caus.-inst., inst., and nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)-, ?eka:nekaka?6stak it will make the drink good; with nom. and vb. rt. -kto-, ?akeka?6shaekto? I've investigated its taste. 964. -ka?sta(ae)- NN. RT., mud: ?oka?stae:? mud, also mud puddle; with vb. rt. -owek- and refl., watka?steowe:s carp (Cyprinus carpio). 965. -k&?t(a)- NN. RT., white oak (Quercus alba): kaka?ta? white oak. 966. -ka?te- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), have much, many: with nn. rt. -(h/:)wist(a)-, ?akhwistaka?te? I've got a lot of money; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, koiwaka?- te? she has much to say; with refl., ?okwatka?te? there are many of us. 967. -ka?ts- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -hi), take apart, take off: ?akeka?tso:h I've taken it apart, ?ekeka?tsi? I'll take it apart. 968. kae- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8] 969. -kae?(ae)- hair, var. of -k6?(ae)- (986). 970. ke- FIRST PERSON [6.1, 6.4, 10.5-6, 11.2] 971. -k6a? CHARACTERIZER [20.4] 972. -keey- weaken: see -takeey- (1659). 973. -keeya- VB. RT., with dat. -'?se-/-'?s-, die (ref. to a close relative or pet): with nn. rt. -nohkw(a)-, honohkwake:ya?se:h his wife is dead; with nn. rt. -jiy(ae)-, waojiyaeke:eya?s his dog died. 974. -keh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [26.4] 975. -keha- VB. RT. (-eh, -'s, -'h), with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, help, cure: hakya?take:heh he has helped me, shetiya?takehah let's help him!, waoya?takeha? it cured him; plus nom., kaya?takeliashae? help; plus dist. -':no- and recip., kotatya?takeha:no? they're helping themselves in various ways; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)- and dupl., quarrel, argue: to:ti:wake:hen they're quarreling; te:ni:wake- has they (masc du.) quarrel. 976. -keht(a)- NN. RT., sash, fascinator: kakehta? sash (traditionaUy worn over shoulder, diagonaUy across chest, and tied about waist), fascinator. 977. -k6hte- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), carry on the back: with nn. rt. -?ash(ae)-, ho?ashaek<§hte? he has a basket on his back; with caus. II, wa:kehta:t he put something on its back; plus refl., wa:tkehta:t he put it on his (own) back; with caus.-inst. and refl., yotkelitastha? pack basket. 978. -kehtet- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be something carried on the back: with nn. rt. -a?en(o)-, ho?enoke"hte:t pole carried on the back; see -nost(a)-. Cf. -kehte- (977). 979. ke:ih four. 980. -keo?j(a)- NN. RT., grass: with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and refl., ?otkeo?jo:ni:h the growing grass; with vb. rt. -(C)e- and cisloc, tyokeVja:e? Irving, N.Y., ht. there's grass in it; with charact., ?okeo?ja?- ke:a? green snake; with vb. rt. -kaaeo-, ?ok6o?- jakae:o? toad rush (Juncus bufonis). 981. -keV/-k£ot- (comb, before vowel), VB. RT. (-'?, -s, -h), lay down: ?ak6keo? I've laid it down, hake* jos he lays it down, wa:ke:o? he laid it down; with refl., hote"keo? he has it lying before him; with caus. I -'?t-, refl., and cisloc, stand up quickly: takatkeo?t / stood right up; with prog., hotikeo- 229-257—67 6 tatye? they're laying it down all along; with dist. -o-, hoke:oto? he has laid things about; with dat. -ni-/-'6s-, shakwaiwake: oni: h we put it up to him. 982. -keskw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), lift, raise: ?ak£- keskweh I've lifted it, hake:skwas he lifts it, wa:kesko? he lifted it. 983. -ket- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -0), scratch, scrape: wa:ake:t he scratched it; with refl., ?akatke:teh I'm scratching (myself), hatke:tas he scratches (him- self); plus. dist. -ho-, to:tketho? he's scratching (himself) here and there; with caus. I -t-, yeke- tatha? scraper; with refl. and caus. I, yotk£tatha? (back) scratcher; with transitive pref., hate, despise: shakoke:tas he hates her. 984. -ket(a)- NN. RT. javelin, dart: kake: ta? javelin, dart, also hoop and javelin game. 985. -ke:yoht-VB. RT., with trans. -':n-, purp., and cisloc, come: taoke:yohta:ne? he's coming, taotike:yohta:ne? they're coming. 986. -ke?(ae)- NN. RT., hair: ?akeke?ae? my hair; with vb. rt. -es-, ?oke?e:s it's got long hair. Var. -kae?(ae)-(969). 987. ke- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8] 988. -ke- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), see, find: ?ake:ke:h I've seen it, shakwa:keh we see him, he:hse:ke? you will find him there; with refl. -ate-, ?o?kate:- ke? I found it for myself; with caus. I -'?t- and inch. I, wa?6ke?the?t it became possible to see; with trans. -':n-, hoke:ne? he is catching sight of him as they are going along; with vb. rt. -ya?t(a)-, waowoya?take? a menstruating woman spoiled the Little Water cure by looking at the patient. 989. -k(C)e- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, —), smell bad, stink: kakes it smells bad; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, kaya?takes goat; with refl., be putrid, rancid, rotten: ?otke:h it's putrid; plus inch. II, wa?o:- tkeh it putrified, rotted. 990. ke:eh plum (Prunus sp.). 991. -keeht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with refl., let spoil, miss an opportunity: ?akatke:htoh I've let it spoil, sour, rot, I've missed the opportunity, hatke:- tha? he's letting it spoil, etc; see also -i?st(a)- (818). 992. -keet- VB. RT. (-0, -6?s, —), be white, light-colored: kake:et it's white; with nn. rt. -?skwa(ae)-, ka?skwae:ke: et white rock, ka?skwae:ke:to?s white rocks. 993. -kee?t- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e- and obj., become tired of: ?akeke: ?tani: h I'm tired of it, ?ewokeke: - ?te? I'll get tired of it. 994. -keh(e)- (before nn. suff.)/-keh(o)- (before vb. rt.), NN. RT., summer: with ext. loc -':neli, keh6:neh [26.6] in the summer; with vb. rt. -te-, kakehote? summer; with vb. rt. -is-, kake:hi:s long summer; with vb. rt. -'(h) e-, ha?tekakehoeh midsummer, Fourth of July. 995. -kehji- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be old (ref. to something animate): hakehjih old man, yekehjih old woman, hekehjih my old man, my husband, khekehjih my old lady, my wife; with plur., yekehjisho?oh or hatikehjisho?oh the old people; with caus.-inst. and refl., ?o?watkehjis it (an animal) got old; with ext. loc. -':neii, hatikehji:- neh Congress of the United States. 996. -keh(o)- summer: see -keh(e)- (994). 997. -kehs- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), rinse, wash off: 996. 66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 ?ak6kehso:h I've rinsed it, yekehsos she's rinsing it; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)- and repet., sashakotiya?- takehsi? they washed her off again. 998. -kehta(se)- NN. RT., layer: with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skakehtae:t one layer. 999. -kehta(ae)- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -h), usually with 1016. cisloc, strip, remove a layer: thokehteoh or hokehteoh he has removed a layer, stripped it, thakehteos he's removing layers, tas6kehta:h strip it! 1017. 1018. 1019. 1000. -keist- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), move: ?akekeistoh I've moved it, hokeistoh he's moved it, also he's superior (in ability, looks, etc.), seke:is move it!; with nn. rt. -e:nish(ae)- and dat. -ni-/-e-, ?a:yokwe:nishaekeiste? it would give us more days. 1001. -ken(o)- NN. RT., mole, freckle: with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, hoke:no:? he has a mole, freckle; plus dist., hokeneonyo? he has freckles. 1020. 1021. 1002. -keny- VB. RT. (-oh, -6s or -6?s, -ih), with dupl., beat, defeat, win: tewakeke:nyo:h it has beaten me, ?o?tkeke:ni? / beat it, I won; with refl., hold a contest: te:notke:nyos or te:notke:nye?s they're contesting, also having a fair; with vb. rt. -ihsa?- and refl. [26.2], hold a meeting: honotke- nihsa?oh they're holding a meeting; plus trans. -'?h-, ?ekatkenihsa?ha? I'm going to a meeting. 1022. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1003. -kenye- roll roughly: see -(C)aekenye- (341). 1004. -keo? DECESSIVE [20.6] 1005. kes repeatedly. 1006. -kes(ae)- NN. RT., green unripe fruit: ?oke:sae? green unripe fruit. 1007. -kest- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be depleted, used up, gone by: ?oke:stoh it's depleted, deserted, dry (ref. to a river bed); with nn. rt. -a:y(a)-, ?o:yakestoh the berries are gone by. 1008. -kesyo-/-kese- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -h), with dupl., scrape, skim: tewakeke:syo:h I've scraped it, teyekesyos she's scraping it, ?o?tkeke:- se:? / scraped it; with caus. I -'?t-, teyekesy6?- tha? scraper. 1009. -keto- VB. RT. (—, -'6?, -h), examine: haketo:? he examines it, ?o?keke:to:? / examined it. 1010. -ketya?k- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), bruise, cut, injure superficially: tewakeketya?koh / have a bruise, slight injury; with dist. -ho-, nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, and refl., hotkohsaketya?kho? he has bruises all 1029. over his face. 1030. 1011. -ke:yat- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), put on top, put 1031. up, provide: ?ak£ke:ya:t I've put it on top, provided it; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, kanohsake:- ya:t on top of the house; with dat. -ni-, hakoke:- yatani:h he's provided it for them.; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, nominate: waowotiya?take:ya:te? they nominated them. Var. -ake:yat- (75). 1012. -ke?- VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -t), dissolve, ferment, be a strong solution: ?oke?oh it has dissolved, it's 1032. strong^ (e.g., coffee), ka:ke?s it dissolves, ?o?ka:- ke?t it fermented. 1033. 1013. -ke?j(a)- NN. RT., forehead: hak£?ja? his forehead; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., shoke?jo:wa:? he 1034. of the big forehead (a Seneca chief's title). 1035. 1014. -ke?ke- VB. RT., with charact. in hotike?ke:ka:? (they are members of the) Beaver Clan. 1015. -ke?sa§hkw- VB. RT. (-6h, -a?, -0), put a support or cushion under: ?akeke?saehkoh I've put a support under it, hake?saehkwa? he's putting a support under it; with refl., ?akatke?saehkoh / have a cushion under me; with nn. rt. -ahsi?t(a)- andrefl., ?okwate:hsi?take?saehkoh it's a support for our feet (ref. to the earth), -khahs- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), separate, divide: ?akekhahso:h I've separated them; with dupl., ?o?thakhahsi? he divided it in two; with oppos. I, wa:khahso:ko? he separated them; plus refl. and dupl., te:notekhahso :ko? they'll separate into several groups. -khao- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with refl., be side by side: watekhao? they're side by side; with nn. rt. -(h) a (a)-, watha:khao? roads side by side. -kha? CHARACTERIZER [20.4] -kheh VB. STEM, with dupl., be twins: te:ni:kheh or te:ikheh [27.8, 3.11] they (masc du.) are twins, tekhni:kheh or teki:kheh [27.6] they (nonmasc du.) are twins. khoh and. -khw(a)- NN. RT., food: kakhwa? food; with vb. rt. -'(C) (a)- and inst., yotekhwa:hkwa? or ?atekhwa:hkwa? [15.6[ table; with _ vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, cook: hokho:ni:h she's cooking; plus caus. I, yekhonya?tha? cooking utensil, cook- house; plus refl., eat: kote"kho:ni:h she's eating; with vb. rt -owane-, hakhowaneh he's a big eater; with vb. rt. -(C)e6- and refl., ?atekhw£oo? Green Corn Dance, lit. the gathering of food. -ki- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be soup: with nn. rt. -nono?t(a)-, ?onono?ta:ki? potato soup; with nn. rt. -sae?t(a)-, ?osae?ta:ki? bean soup. -kif?ta-/n/: see -takii?ta- (1662). kiskwi:s pig. kiskwi:s kanyo:? wild pig, boar. -kiskwi?t- NN. RT. pig: with vb. rt. -o(:)t- in kakiskwi?to:t,ha? pig hanger, also poke milk- weed (Asclepias exaltata). -kji?ka(ae)- NN. RT., stump: ?okji?kae:? stump; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?okji?keot stump. kohkwai? quail, bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) -konyes- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be neat, tidy: ?akekonye:s I'm neat; with caus. I -t-, take seriously, pay attention to: hakonyestha? he takes it seriously, ?o?kekonye: s / took it seriously; plus recip., hatatkonye:stha? he takes himself seriously, is conceited. -kowa- be big: see -kowane- (1031). -kowah AUGMENTATIVE [20.2] -kowane-/-kowa- (before inch. I), VB. RT. (-'h, -'s or^ -'?s, —), be big, important: kakowaneh it's big, important, shetwakowa:neh he's our great one (ref. to Handsome Lake), hatikowa:nes or hatikowa:ne?s they (masc.) are big; with caus. I -'ht-, ?o?kakowa:net it made it big; with inch. I -he?-, ?okowahe?oh it has gotten big. Cf. -owane-(1408). -kowae- NN. RT. (?), in (ha)kowaehko:wa:h king, yekowaehko:wa:h queen. -kow(ae)- NN. RT., red oak (Quercus velutina, Q. borealis), acorn: ?oko:wae? red oak, acorn. ko?bit a nickname [1.21] -ko?j(a)- NN. RT., face paint, rouge: ?oko?ja? face paint, rouge; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?ok6?jo:t face paint, also an unidentified plant and bird; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, paint one's face: with dist. and refl., honotko?jonya:no? their faces were painted. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 67 1036. -koe- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), have one's head resting on something: hakoe? his head is resting on it; with caus. -t-, inst., refl., and dupl., teyakyat- ko etahkwa? we (du.) lay down our heads together (ref. to one's spouse). 1037. -koh INTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5-6] 1038. -kohka?sh(ae)- NN. RT., stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis): ?ok6hka?shae? stoneroot. 1039. -kohkwa- VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), snore: ?ak6kohkwa:? I'm snoring, hatikohkwa:ha? they snore, wa: kohkwa :e? he snored. 1040. -kohs(a)- NN. RT., face: kakohsa? face, also false-face, ?ok6hsa? its face, also honeycomb; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and prog., tay^kohsotatye? faces keep appearing (ref. to children continuaUy being born); with vb. rt. -ot-, ?okohso:t it's better than others, stands out; with vb. rt. -es-, jikohse:s great northern pike or pickerel (Esox lucius), muskellunge (Esox masquinongy). 1041. -kohsoht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), remain, be left over: ?okohsohtoh it's left over, with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, hotiya?takohs6tha? they remain; with trans. -':n-, koya?takohsohtan:e?s she's getting left out. 1042. -kohso? VB. STEM, in (?o)kohso: ? soft maple, red maple (Acer rubrum). 1043. -koji?t(a)- NN. RT., corn pollen: ?okoji?ta? corn pollen. 1044. -kos(ae)- NN. RT., baked corn: ?oko:sae? baked corn; with vb. rt. -ki-, ?okosaeki? baked corn soup; with vb. rt. -kii?ta-, kakosaeki:?ta:?/nerf baked corn. 1045. -koskwi?(ae)- NN. RT., moustache: ?okoskwi?ae? moustache, also cornsilk; with vb. rt. -ot-, hakoskwi?o:t he has a moustache. 1046. -kost(a)- NN. RT., clam, oyster, bivalve: ?oko:sta? clam, etc. 1047. -kosw(a)- NN. RT., snout, nose of an animal: kakoswa?keh on its snout; with vb. rt. -es-, kako:swe:s elephant; with vb. rt. -a?ha(ae)-, tethakoswa?ha:? north star (?), ht. he's sticking his nose out there (ref. to a bear); kakoswa?keh teyono?ka:ot rhinoceros, lit. on its nose it has a horn. 1048. -ko(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, —, -6h), perform an irrev- ocable act: with transloc, heka:ko:t it has happened irrevocably, for all time; ho?keko:te? / did it irrevocably; plus repet., heska:ko:t it's the last one; with transloc. and dupl., ha?tekako:t it must be; with refl., tyotko :t always; with inst., direct toward, give away: ?o?keko:tak / made it go toward it, I gave it away; with inst. and refl., go somewhere: ?ek&tko:tak I'll go there; with prog., (?o)kotatye? immediately. 1049. -ko(:)t(a)- NN. RT., nose:kek6ta?keh (on) my nose, kakota?keh (on) its nose, pointed end of snow- snake; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, inst., and. dupl., tekakototahkoh yellow leaf cup (Polymnia uve- delia), lit. nose on either end. 1050. -ko(:)w(o)- NN. RT., knoll, ridge: with vb. rt. -te-, ?okowote? knoll, ridge; with vb. rt. -ati-, jokowotih Gowanda, N.Y., lit. on the other side of the ridge. 1051. -koyo?t(a)- NN. RT., in ?ok6yo?ta? a 7-year beetle, formerly eaten. 1052. k6?ka:wah mud hen (Fulica americanaV). 1053. -ko?s(ae)- NN. RT., cushion, pillow: kak6?sae? cushion, pillow. 1054. -ko?skwa(ae)- NN. RT., catfish: ?ok6?skwae: ? catfish. 1055. -ks(a)- NN. RT., dish: ?oksa? dish; with vb. rt. -owane-, kaksowaneh dishpan; with vb. rt. -okey- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kaksoke:yo:? Grinding Dishes Dance. 1056. -ksd?t(a)-/-ks(a)- (before some morphemes), NN. RT., child: hotiksa?ta? their child; with vb. rt. -a?aa-, yeksa?a:h girl, haksa?a:h boy; with plur., yeks&?sho?oh children; with augment., haksa?- ko:wa:h he's attractive, handsome; with vb. rt. -(y)okw-, adopt: howoksa?teokweh they've adopted him. 1057. -ksow(e)- NN. RT., intestines: ?okso:we? intestines. 1058. -kt- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be next to: with nn. rt. -ih(C)(o)-, keho:k next to the creek; plus prog., kehoktatye? along next to the creek; with inch. I -'?- and usuaUy transloc, go to a certain point: ho?ke:kta?t / went so far; plus nn. rt. -wen(o)-, ha?ta:wenokta?skwa? as far as he used to go with the words. Cf. -akt- (76). 1059. -kt(a)- NN. RT., shell, rind: ?okta? shell, rind; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, teka:ktya?s parrot. 1060. -kte(ae)- NN. RT., root: ?okt£ae? root, also carrot, beet, turnip, etc; with vb. rt. -ot- and oppos. I, ?etwakteotako? we'll pull up the root; with vb. rt. -keet-, ?okteaeke: et the white roots; with vb. rt. -es- and augment., jokt6:sko:wa:h the great long roots (of the tree of peace); with vb. rt. -kweniyo-, kakt£aekweni:yo? chief; ?okt6ae?ke' ha:at subchief, ht. he's on the root; with vb. rt. -kwat- and dist., ?ot6kteaekwato? Indian-physic (Gillenia sp.). 1061. -kto- VB. RT. (-'?, —, -h),feel, taste, investigate: ?ake:kto? I've felt it, ?o?ke:kto:? I felt it, etc.; with dist. -nyo-, wa: niktonyo: ? they (du.) in- vestigated, felt around among several objects, waoktonyo:? he examined him; with trans. -':n-, kekto:noh let me go and investigate it! 1062. -kw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), take, accept, receive, get, pick, dig up: ?ake:kweh I've taken it, etc., hakwas he's picking, se:koh pick it!; with trans. -'0- and nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)-, snekakwa:h go and get some drink! OPPOSITIVE I [13.6] 1063. -kwa(ae)- NN. RT., blood clot, boil, orange (the fruit): ?okwa:a? blood clot, boil, orange; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, hokwa:ot he has a boil; plus nn. rt. -ato?(ae)- [26.2], hoto?aekwa:ot he's a hunchback, ?oto?aekwa:ot camel; with vb. rt. -jiwak-, ?okwae:jiwakeh lemon. 1064. -kwaaes- VB. RT. (-6h, -6s, -0), pound (wood): with vb. rt. -(y)ot(a)-, ?akyotakwae:soh I've pounded the wood, ?o?kyotakwa:as I pounded the wood, yeotakwae:sos black ash (Fraxinus nigra), lit. people pound the wood. 1065. -kwah toward [26.8] 1066. -kwaht- VB. RT. (-oh, -hd?, -0), shorten: ?ak6kwa- htoh I've shortened it, hakwatha? he's shortening it, wa: akwat he shortened it. 1067. -kwaihs- straighten: see -takwaihs- (1666). 1068. -kwaiy- VB. RT. (-oh, -6?s, -h), accompany, go around with (especially a boy with a girl): ?akekwaiyo:h I'm going around with someone, hakwaiye?s he goes with someone, wa:kwai? he went with someone. 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1069 1070 kwaneno:h bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). -kwast- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be auspicious: ?okwastoh it's auspicious (ref. to time or weather). 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 -kwat- curve: see -hsa?kwat- (674). kwa? completely, to an extreme. -kwa? PAST [19.1, 19.3] 1077 1078, 1079, 1080 1081, 1082. 1083. kwa?yo: ? rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus); kwa?yo: ? ?oeno? Rabbit Dance. kwae: oh screech owl (Otus asio). -kwek- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be all, the whole of: kakwe:koh all of it, everything; with nn. rt. -keh(o)-, ?okehokwe:koh the whole summer. -kweny- VB. RT. (-oh, -os or -6?s, -ih), be able to, be possible: ?okwe :nyo :h it's possible, ?akekweny- o:h I'm able to, ?o?kakwe:ni? it was possible; with part., niwatkwenyos how much is possible; with tr. pref., beat: ?o?skekwe:ni? you beat me. -kwe?n- be round: see -(h/:)we?n- (715). -kwe(e)-/-kwe- (comb.), VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be in a particular spot, place: ?okwe:e? (it's a partic- ular) spot, place; with dist. -o(nyo)-, kokweo? people are in spots here and there, ?okwakwe:- onyo? we're in spots (ref. to smaU, scattered reservations); with refl., property, real estate, plot, garden: ?akatkwe:e? my property, etc. -kwehta- lay out flat: see -atakwehta- (130). kwenis pennies, cents: tekhni: kwenis two cents. Cf. -kwenish(ae)-, -kweni?t(a)- (1082, 1084). -kwenish(ae)- NN. RT., penny, cent (Cat., Ah.): skakwenishae:t one cent; with plur., ?okwenishae?- sho?oh pennies. Cf. kwenis (10S1). -kweniyo- VB. RT. (-'?, —-, —), be central, the most important: with nn. rt. -jist(a)-, kajistakweni:yo? the main wampum (of the Handsome Lake religion, kept at Ton.); with inch. I -'?h6?- and nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, ?ekya?takweniyo?he?t I'll be considered first; with caus.-inst., see -(C)i:w(a)- (808). 1084. 1085. 1086. 1087. 1088. 1089. 1090. 1091. 1092. 1093. 1094. 1095. 1096. -kweni?t(a)- NN. RT., penny, cent (Ton.): skakwe- ni?ta:t one cent; with plur., ?okweni?t&?sho?oh pennies. Cf. kwenis (1081). -kwesh(ae)- NN. RT., in ?okwe:shae? face paint, scarlet fever (Pasisa sacosa). -kwetaae?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), become lonesome, sad: ?akekwetae:?oh / feel lonesome, sad, ?o?- kekweta:a?t I got lonesome. -kwete- be an opening: see -hakwete- (506). kwe?ko:nye? whippoorwill (Caprimulgus voci- ferus); kwe?ko:nye? ohtahkwa? ladyslipper (Cy- pripedium sp.), ht. whippoorwill's shoe. kwe?ti:s nighthawk (Chordeiles sp.). kwiste? something, anything. kwito?kwito? flicker (Colaptes auratus). -kwiy(ae)- NN. RT., tip of a branch, leaves at the tip of a branch: ?okwi:yae? tip of a branch; with vb. rt. -e- (-&?se-), kakwi:ye?s the leaves are falling from the tips of the branches. kwiyo?k6:eh loon (Gravia sp.). -ky- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in ?okyo:t cornsilk (that part which shows outside the husk). kye:h some. kyo?oh it is said. 1097. n- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5] 1098. DIRECTIVE [13.2] DUAL [9.2, 9.7] NONSINGULAR [10.13, 11.13] PLURAL [9.2, 9.9] 1099. naeh INTENSIFIER. Var. nae:h (1104). 1103. 1104. 1105. 1100. -na?aest- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -owa- and repet. in jona?aesto:wa:? dragonfly. 1101. na?ahte?eh things. 1102. na?o?t such. -n(C)(ae)- NN. RT., penis: kanae? penis, kenae?keh (on) my penis. nae:h INTENSIFIER; var. of naeh (1099). -ne- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be pregnant: khneioh I'm pregnant, yeneroh she's pregnant; with nn. rt. -sh6:w(a)-, kesh£:wane:oh I'm pregnant (considered slang). 1106. -neenyo?to? VB. STEM, in kane:nyo?to:? a type of yi:?to:s (see -(C)i?to- [822]) or thowi:sas (see -athowis- [193]) ceremony in which corn and large rattles are used. 1107. 1108. 1109. neh the, it, this; with -kwah, ne:kwa:h but. -nehos VB. STEM, have as son-in-law: shakhni- neho:s we (excl. du.) have him as son-in-law, our son-in-law; with recip., yatahneho :s he or she and his or her son-in-law. -':neht(a)- plateau: see -'(h/:)neht(a)- (603). 1112. 1113. 1114. 1115. 1110. -':nek(a)- liquid: see -'(h/:)nek(a)- (604). 1111. -:nek6- drink: see -(h/:)neke- (605). -neke- put together: see -(C)ae?neke- (360). -nekhe- VB. RT., see keotane:khe:h under -(y)ot(a)- (1946). -nekhw(a)- NN. RT., bloodroot (Sanguinaria cana- densis): ?one:khwa? bloodroot. -neno- VB. RT. (-'?, —, -'?), become warm, hot (ref. to weather): ?one:no? it's warm, ?o?kane:- no? it got warm; with ext. loc. [26.4], ?oneno?keh in the south; with cisloc. and -kwah [26.8], tyone:no?kwa:h (toward the) south; with nn. rt. -ahso(:)t(a)-, ?ohsotane:no? warm night. 1116. -neoke? VB. STEM (?), deer (Odocoileus virginia- nus): (?o)neoke? deer; neoke? ?ono?kae:? deer horn, maidenhair fern (Adiantum sp.) 1117. 1118. 1119. 1120. -neoo? Thanksgiving Dance: see -(e)n6*oo? (433). -nesh- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and anomalous suff. -'h in joneshi:yoh Geneseo, N.Y. -nest(ae)- NN. RT., board, floor: kane:stae? board, kan6*stae?keh on the floor. -n6"sto- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be frozen: ?on£stoh it'8 frozen; with caus.-inst., freeze: ?o?kanestos it froze. 1121. -nestoka(ae)- NN. RT., stiff material: kanestokara? stiff hide, starched cloth, etc; with vb. rt. -?e- and spl. nn. suff. -? [26.4], kanestokae: ?e: ? Skin- Beating Dance, Beating the Dry Skin. 1122. -net- add one thing over another: see -(h/:)n5?net- (622). 1123. -net(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -wa?k- in kaneta- w£?koh name of the single Tuscarora chief, said to mean grasping a big tree. 1124. 1125. 1126. ne:wa? this time. n6:yo:? his or her spouse; with decessive, ne:yo?- k£:o? her deceased husband. Cf. -(h/:)yo? (737). ne? it is, this is. 1127. -ne?ak-/-ne?akt- (before iter.), VB. RT. (oh, -ha?, -0), choose wrongly, err: ?akhn<§?akoh I've taken the wrong one, han6?aktha? he keeps taking the WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 69 1128. 1129. 1130. 1131. 1132. 1133. 1134. 1135. 1136. 1137. 1138. 1139. 1140. 1141. 1142. 1143. 1144. 1145. 1146. 1147. wrong one; with double dist. -ho-nyo-, hane"?- 1148. akho:nyoh he does wrong things; with nn. rt. 1149. -e:nish(a3)-, ?o?kemisname?a:k I mistook the day (e.g., said it was Wednesday on Thursday); with nom., see -(C)i:w(a)- (808). -n6?(ae)- NN. RT., Eagle Dance fan: kan6?ae? Eagle Dance fan; with vb. rt. -ota?t-, kane?ota:- ?toh Eagle Dance. ne?hoh there, that there. 1150. 1151. 1152. 1153. 1154. 1155. -ne?ka(ae)- hoop used in hoop and javelin game; var. of -no?ka(ae)- (1208): kane?kae:? hoop. -ne?kwa(ae)- NN. RT., striking pole: with vb. rt. -?ek-, ?o?khn6?kwae:?e:k / strike the pole (said during Eagle Dance); plus spl. nn. rt. -? [26.4], kan6?kwae: ?e: ? Eagle Dance; plus caus.-inst., yene?kwae: ?estha? ka?hnya? Eagle Dance striking stick; ?akhn£?kwae:? my striking pole, name used by a woman for her unusually homely husband. -n6?waaet- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be nasty, revolting: ?on6?wae:t it's nasty, revolting. -ne- VB. RT._(-'?, —, —), with nn. rt. -sn(o)- in kasno:ne? ironwood, hornbeam (Carpinus caro- liniana). -ne(e)- NN. RT., community, organized social group: with vb. rt. -kwek-, kane:kwe:koh the whole community. 1156. -:ne(e)- vagina: see -(h/:)ne(e)- (606). -neehsohkw(a)- NN. RT., popcorn: ?one:hsohkwa? popcorn; var. -neehsohkw(a)-. -neehwe- NN. RT., with augment, in kane:hwe?- ko:wa:h Bowl Game. 1157. 1158. -neeit- VB. RT. (—, -ha?, —), in kane:itha? cicada, "corn snapper." 1159. 1160. 1161. 1162. -neekw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, surprise, amaze, inspire with awe: ?aki:wane:kwas I'm (repeatedly) surprised, flab- bergasted, ?oki:wane:ko? / was surprised; with caus. I -'ht- and refl., hoti:wane:kwahtohAe was surprised; with caus. I and dat., wa:ki:wane:- kwahte? he surprised me; with inch. I -'?-, hoiwane:kwa?oh he was surprised, awe-inspired. -neekwaht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be awe-inspiring, miraculous: with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ?oiwane:- kwat it's awe-inspiring; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, hotiya?tane: ekwat their bodies were awe-inspiring (ref. to those of the Four Beings who visited Handsome Lake). Cf. -neekw- (1139). -neekwa?sy- var. of -neokwa?sy- (1156): heno- hne:kwa?syoa? (they're holding the) Seed Cere- mony. 1163. 1164. 1165. 1166. -neeowi- sing the Dawn Song, var. of -noeowi- (1219): hone:owih he's singing the Dawn Song.^ -nee?t(a)- NN. RT., in ?one:?ta? soup made with roasted corn, burnt corn soup. ne:h this. -nehke?t(a)- NN. RT., mushroom: ?onehke?ta? mushroom. -nehkwi- VB. RT. (-h, -'h or -'s, -'h), haul away, carry away, draw out, pull out: ?akhnehkwi:h I've hauled it away, kanehkwih or kan6hkwis it's drawing it out; with dist. -'?ho- and repet., sayakwanehkwi?ho:? we hauled things back. -nehs(a)- NN. RT., fungus: ?onehsa? fungus, also 1167. visor, comb of a fowl; with vb. rt. -k- eat [3.3] kanehsa:s Muhlenberg's turtle (Clemmys muhlen- bergii). -:nehs(a)- shoulder: see -(h/:)nehs(a)- (607). -neht(a)- NN. RT., leaf: ?onehta? leaf; with vb. rt. -(C)ik- and dist., kanehtaikho? green, ht. leaves are infused with it; with vb. rt. -es-, ?onehte:sos princespine (Chimaphila umbellata), wild senny leaves (Cassia marilandica); with vb. rt. -owane-, kanehtowa:nes burdock (Arctium sp.); with vb. rt. -atko-, ?onehtatkos lettuce; with vb. rt. -kwe?- no(:)ni-, dist., and refl. -ah-, teyohnehtakwe?- nonya:no? cheeses (a plant); se niy6nehto:t clover (Trifolium sp.), lit. three leaves on it; with vb. rt. -aji- and augment., ?onehtaji?ko:wa:h the great black leaves (of the tree of peace). ne:ke:h this, this one. -neke?t(a)- NN. RT., stomach: ?oneke?ta? stomach, also tripe, ?akhneke?ta? my stomach. nekhoh here. Var. nokhoh (1251). -nekost(a)- NN. RT., wing: ?onekosta? wing. -nenosh(ae)- NN. RT., bundle: ?onenoshae? or kanenoshae? bundle. -ne(o)- NN. RT., corn, corn kernel: ?oneo? corn; with vb. rt. -keet-, ?oneoke:et white corn; with vb. rt. -aji-, ?oneoji? black corn; ?oneo? ?oeno? Corn Dance; with vb. rt. -th6?t-, kaneoth£?toh early bread; with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, ?oneo?o:weh native corn, old-fashioned corn; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ?oneokwe:koh whole corn. -neokwa?sy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o- and refl. -ah-, hold the Seed Ceremony: henohneokwa?syoa? (they're holding the) Seed Ceremony. Var. -neekwa?sy- (1141). -neokwe- NN. RT., in kaneokwe? seed corn. -nesh(a)- NN. RT., arm: khnesha? my arm, hane:sha? his arm; with vb. rt. -atiyo(:)t- and inst., kaneshatiyotahkwa? tally stick (used for remembering date of Six Nations meeting); with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-) and caus. I, ?oneshe?toh Arm-Shaking Dance, lit. fallen arm; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., teyoteneshotha? Linking-Arms Dance; for word with refl. -e- see -(h/:)waha- (708). -nesho?kw(a)- NN. RT., wrist: ?onesho?kwa? wrist, khnesho?kwa? my wrist; with vb. rt. -(h/:)waha- and refl. -e-, yenesho?kwahastha? bracelet. ne:tah, this. -netak- stick on: see -(C)ae?netak- (361). -ney(a)- NN. RT., stone (?): with vb. rt. -keet- in kaneyake:et marble, granite; with vb. rt. -ot- and charact. in neyotka:? Oneida. -':ney(a)- be tall or short: see -'(h/:)ney(a)- (608). -ne:ya?kh6sh(ae)- NN. RT., in ?one:ya?khoshae? payment given a false-face after a curing ceremony. -:ne?ni? kind of tree: see -(h/:)ne?ni? (609). -ne?t(a)- NN. RT., hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), evergreen: ?one?ta? hemlock, evergreen; with vb. rt. -6(:)t-, kane?totha? common yarrow (Achillea millefolium); with vb. rt. -kwehta-, teyone?- t&kwehte:h or with vb. rt. -tehta-, ?one?ta- t6hta:? ground pine (Lycopodium sp.); with anomalous vb. rt. -aweo- or -weo-, kane?taweo? Dunkirk, N.Y., or Fredonia, N.Y. -n£?y- VB. RT. (—, -as, —), with obj., hold the New Year's or Midwinter Ceremony: hotine?yas they're holding the New Year's Ceremony; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, wa?okwan£?yas we held the New 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 Year's "Ceremony for it; with trans, -'hs- and purp., ?okwane?yahse? we're going to hold the New Year's Ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -o( :)ni-, hatine?yasyo: nih they're holding meetings preliminary to the New Year's Ceremony. 1168 1169 ni- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5] 1195. . -ni- DATIVE [13.12] DUAL [9.2, 9.7] 1170. -':ni- bark: see -'(h/:)ni- (610). 1171. -nia(ae)- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), get stuck: ?akhni:- ae?oh I've gotten stuck, ?o?kania:a?t it got stuck. 1172. -niaehkw- start to run: see -(e)niaehkw- (436). 1173. -nihe- stop, quit: see -(e)nihe- (437). 1174. -:nihs(a)- American hornbeam: see -(h/:)nihs(a)- (611). 1177. 1178. 1179. 1175. -nihw- lightning flash: see -(e)nihw- (438). 1196. 1176. -':nino- buy: see -'(h/:)nino- (612). -nish(ae)- shelf: see -(e)nish(ae)- (441). 1197. -nisheon(o)- NN. RT., devil: hanishe:ono? the 1198. devil, hanisheono?keh hell. -nisk(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t- in joni:- skyo:t red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). 1180. -nisyot- sit; var. of -ny6syot- (1350). 1181. -niy(a)- NN. RT., snow: ?oni:ya? snow. 1182. -niyast(a)- storein one's clothing: see -(e)niyast(a)- 1199. (443). 1200. 1185. 1202. 1203. 1183. ni:ya?ske:o? crane (Grus americana). 1201. 1184. -niyo(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), hang: ?akhni:- yo:t I've hung it, haniyotha? he's hanging it, sniyo:teh hang it!; with nn. rt. -(h)ow(o)-, kaowoni:yo:t hammock cradle; with oppos. I, wa:niyotako? he took it down; with inst., nn. rt. -ho(a)-, and refl., watehoaniyotahkwa? hinge. -ni?e-/-ni?ek- (before impv.) /-ni?6- (before neg. past), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -0), with dupl., start to move, quiver: teyoni?e:h it's on the verge of moving, ?o?tyoni?e:k it started to move; with nn. rt. -oh(o)-, tewakohoni?es my heart quivers; with neg. and neg. past, ta?teyoni: ?o: ? it didn't budge. 1186. 1187. 1188. 1189. 1204. 1205. -ni?je-, dance the War Dance: see -(e)ni?je- (444). -ni?ohka(aV)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ya?k- in ?oni?ohkanya?koh eroded bank (of a stream). -no- be cold: see -no?no- (1310). -noka(ae)- VB. RT. (-oh, —, -h), be fatal to: hono- keoh [14.4] it was fatal to him, caused his death, hotinoka: oh it was fatal to them, waonoka: ? he had a fatal accident. 1190. 1206. 1191. -noka6? VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), mistreat, abuse: ?akhnokae?oh I've mistreated it, wa:khnoka:e? he mistreated me; with nn. rt. -nohkw(a)-, hanohkwanokae?s he mistreats his wife. -nono?t(a)- NN. RT., potato: ?onono?ta? potato; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inst., khnono?tae:hkwa? / use it to put potatoes in, my potato basket. Var. -nono?t(a)- (1258)._ f 1207. 1192. 1193. -nony(a)-/-nowi- (incorp.), NN. RT., cornhusk: ?ono:nya? cornhusk; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, husk 1208. corn: hatinowi:ya?s they're husking corn; plus caus. I, yenowiya?ktha? husking pin. -n6ohkw(a)- NN. RT., corn soup: ?ono:hkwa? com soup; with vb. rt. -o-, kono:hko? she's cooking corn soup. 1209. 1194. -noo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, ~'h), be difficult, expensive: kano'.o? it's difficult, expensive; with nn. rt. 1210. -(C)i:w(a)-, kaiwanoio? a difficult thing; with inch. I -'?h£?-, ?o?kanoo?he?t it became difficult, the price went up; with obj., be unable to: ?akhn6:o? I'm unable to, wa?onoo? it couldn't be done; with obj. and cisloc, be deficient, lacking: twakhn6:o? I'm lacking; with obj. and dat. -'?se-, be lazy: hon6o?seh he's lazy. -no6hkw- VB. RT. (—, -a?, —), love, have affection for: kon6ohkwa? / love you; with nom., kanooh- kwa?shae? love, affection; with dist. -nyo- and inst., kan6ohkwa:nyok (let it be) used for expres- sions of love (name of a feast for the dead); with dat. -ni-, refl. -ate-, and obj., make hard for oneself, avoid doing: hoten6ohkwanih he makes it hard for himself, avoids doing it; similarly with caus. I -'?t- and refl., hatenoohkwa?tha? he makes it hard for himself, avoids doing it. -nost- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)ny(a)- and dist. in kanostonya:no? charm bundles. -':not- depth of water: see -'(h/:)not- (614). -not(a)- NN. RT., reed, flute used in Little Water ceremony: kano:ta? reed, flute; obsolescent except with vb. rt. -ye- and dat. in ?eshatinotayeos they'll put down a flute for it again, have another Little Water ceremony; with charact., jinotaka? muskrat (Ondatra zibethica). -':note- pile up: see -'(h/:)note- (615). -' '.note-flood: see -(e) :noto- (446). -nowae-/-6wae- (incorp.)/-nowa(ae)- (before caus. I and nom.), VB. RT. (-'h, -'s, -'h), wash: ?akhnowaeh I've washed it, hanowaes he washes it, snowa:eh wash it!; with nn. rt. -no?j(a)-, kano?jowa:eh washed pail; with dist. -'?ho- or -'?no- and refl. -ate-, ?ekatenowde?ho:? or ?ekatenowae?no:? I'll wash my things; with nom., ?onowae:?shae? soap; with caus. I -'?t-, see -kaeht(a)- (918). -nowaeto- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with dupl., be secluded: teyenowae:to? she's secluded, she's a virgin. -nowe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with refl. -e-, be a liar: ?akeno:we:h I'm a liar, hono:we:h he's a liar; with caus. I -'ht-, disbelieve: khenowehtoh / didn't believe them; with refl. and caus. I, lie: waeno:wet he lied. -nowi-, cornhusk: see -nony(a)- (1192). -no? have as stepchild, usuaUy ref. to younger member of relationship: he:no:? / have him as stepchild, my stepson, khe: no: ? my stepdaughter, hakhno: ? my stepfather. -no?eh VB. STEM, be mother (in older usage, either a natural mother or a woman consanguineaUy related to the natural mother and in her genera- tion): hon6?eh his mother, ?ono?eh her mother (HSL 21), sano?eh your mother, ?ethino?eh our mother, shakotino?eh their mother. -no?j(a)- NN. RT., tooth: ?on6?ja? tooth, also field corn. -no?ka(ae)- NN. RT., poplar (Populus sp.), hoop used in hoop and javelin game: ?on6?kae:? poplar, kano?kae:? hoop; with unique vb. rt., 1san6?- ka?o:? hoop and javelin game. Var. -ne?ka(ae)- (1130). ' -no?khwish(ae)- NN. RT., in ?on6?khwisha3? a sweetened corn preparation. -no?seh VB. STEM, be uncle to, ref. to older member of relationship _ (in older usage, the relationship of a man who is consanguineaUy related to and WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 71 the same generation as one's natural mother): hakhno?seh he is uncle to me, my uncle, shak6no?- seh her uncle, hono?seh his or her uncle (HSL 21). 1211. -':no?ska(ae)- notch: see -'(h/:)no?ska(se)- (616). 1212. -':no?skae- hiccup: see -'(h/:)no?skae- (617). 1213. no?yeh my mother. 1214. -no- VB. RT. (—, -'h, —), watch over, guard: ho:noh he's watching over him; with nn. rt. -not(a)-, khnota:noh I'm guarding the town; with 1234. nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, jinohsanoh cricket (Gryllus domesticus); with refl. -ate-, hate:noh he's watching over it. Cf. -ateno?o- (180). 1235. 1215. -no- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 1216. -':n(o)-fat: see -'(h/:)n(o)- (618). 1217. -noe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), like, be content with: kan5:eh it likes it; with nn. rt. -sta(ae)-, kastae:- no:eh it rains frequently^ (cf. English it likes to 1236. rain); with inch. I -'?-, like: ?akhnoe?oh / like it, hanoe?s he likes it, wa :noe?t he liked it; with caus. I -'ht- as nom. [26.3] and vb. rt. -yetei-, yeno- ehtayete:ih love potion, ht. she knows something she can use to attract people. 1237. 1218. -noehkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -a?, -0), with dupl., scalp: te:noehkoh I've scalped him, ?o?thowo- tinoek they scalped them. 1219. -noeowi- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), with obj., sing the Dawn Song: honoeo:wih he's singing the Dawn 1238. Song, waonoeo:wi? he sang the Dawn Song; kanoeo:wi:? [26.4] Dawn Song. Var. -neeowi- 1239. (1142). 1220. -noet- spend the night: see -(e)noet- (448). 1221. no :h probably, perhaps. 1222. -noh-/-nohe- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be full: kano:hoh it's full; with caus. I -'ht-, 1240. ?akhn6hehtoh I've filled it; with inch. I -'?-, kano:he?s it's getting full. 1223. -nohi?ka(ae)- NN. RT., pimple: ?onohi?ka:a? pimple; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?akhnohi?ka:ot / have a pimple. 1224. -nohi?t(a)- NN. RT., wart, nipple, teat: ?onohi?ta? wart, nipple, teat; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?akhnohi?- to:t I've got a wart. 1241. 1225. -nohka(ae)- see -hsino- (684). 1226. -nohkii?tawi? VB. STEM, in kanohki:?tawi? (a 1242. Seneca chief's title). Cf. -takii?ta- (1662). 1227. -nohkw(a)- NN. RT., married couple, spouse: kanohkwa? married couple, honohkwa? his wife, konohkwa? her husband; with vb. rt. -'(h)etke-, 1243. hinohkwa:etke? they (du.) are a bad couple, they don't get along; see also -noka6?- (1190). 1228. -nohkwakai?ni? VB. STEM, in (?o)nohkwakai?ni? 1244. low bush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.). 1229. -nohkwa?sh(ae)- NN. RT., medicine: ?onohkwa?- shae? medicine, ?okwanohkwa: ?shae? our medi- 1245. cine; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- [14.4, 3.8], wa:tin6hk- wa?syo:ni? they made medicine. 1246. 1230. -nohkwe(o)- NN. RT., seed: ?onohkweo? seed. 1231. -nohkwe?(e)- NN. RT., corncob: ?onohkwe?e? corncob. 1232. -nohkwe?t(a)- NN. RT., pine cone: ?on5hkwe?ta? pine cone; also with vb. rt. -6a-, ?onohkwe?t6:a? pine cone. 1233. -nohs(a)-/-nohso- (before a few vb. rts.), NN. RT., house, building: with vb. rt. -ot-, kan6hso:t 1247. house; with vb. rt. -es-, kan6hse:s longhouse; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., shotinohsa:t con- 1248. sanguineal kinsmen, lit. they of the same house; with vb. rt. -atek- and cisloc, tyonohsate:keh Cornplanter Reservation, lit. burnt house there; with vb. rt. -tai(a)- and nom., kanohsotaia?shae? stove; with vb. rt. -iyo-, kan6hsi:yo?s railroad coaches; with vb. rt. -k6hte-, ?onohsak6hte? snail; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, hotinohso:ni:h Iroquois. -nohsota(ae)- NN. RT., bowstring: kanohsota:a? bowstring; with vb. rt. -te-, kanohsotse:te? bow- string in place, stretched on bow. -nohsota(ae)- NN. RT., sickness: ?onohsota:a? sickness; with vb. rt. -owi- [14.4] and refl. -ah-, henohnohsoteowih they drive away the sickness; with vb. rt. -kaaenye-, kanohsotae:kae:nye:? "fiddle dance," square dance. -nohsotaiy-/-nohsotaiyo- (before desc), VB. RT. (-?, -6?s, -'h), make sick: ?onohsotaiyo: ? sickness, kan5hsotaiye?s there's sickness going around, epidemic, ?akhnohsotaiye?s I'm sick, ?okhnoh- sota:i? [3.10] I got sick. -nohso(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), fasten, attach, connect: ?onohso:t it's fastened, etc; with nn. rt. -(y)ot(a)-, ?o?kyotanohso:te? I fastened it to the post; with dist. -o-, ?o?khnohso:to:? / at- tached things to it. -nohsota(ae)- NN. RT., burden strap: kanohsotaia? burden strap. -noht(a)- NN. RT., burdock (Arctium sp.), bur, comb: ?onohta? burdock, bur, kanohta? comb; with vb. rt. -osae- and refl. -ah-, wahnohtosae: s Canada tickclover; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inst., yenohtae: hkwa? comb basket. -nohtai- VB. RT. (-oh, -6?s, -'h), with dupl., rummage, meddle: tewakhnohtaio:h I've rum- maged, meddled, ta:nohtaie?s he's meddling, ?o?tkhnohtai? [3.10] / meddled; with recip. -atah-, ?o?tyakotahnohta:i? she rummaged around in her belongings; with spl. nn. suff. [26.4], jinohtaio:? mouse; plus augment., jinoht- aio?ko:wa:h rat. -nohto- know, think, control, force: see -(e)nohto- (449). -nohto?-/-nohto- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -k), with obj., tire of waiting: ?akhnohto?oh I'm tired of waiting, konohtos she's getting tired of waiting, ?okhnohto?k I got tired of waiting. -nohwe?t(a)- NN. RT., swelling on a plant: ?onohwe?ta? swelling on a plant, also cattail flower (Typha latifolia). -noj(a)- NN. RT., wheat: ?ono:ja? wheat; with vb. rt. -iya?k-, hatinoji:ya?s they're harvesting the wheat; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?ono:jo:t oats. -nok- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in hano:ko:t weasel (Mustela frenata). -nok VB. STEM, be related to, have as a kinsman (either consanguineal or affinal): he:no:k I'm related to him, she:no:k you're related to her, them; with refl. -ate-, ?akwate:no:k we (excl. pi.) are related to each other; plus transloc, ska:t hetwate:no:k we (incl. pi.) are all related; with plur., sheno:ksho? your relatives; with nom., kano:kshae? relationship, kinship. -noka- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be whistling: hano :ka:h he's whistling. -noka(ae)- NN. RT., whistle: ?onokae:? whistle; with 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 vb. rt. -ya?k-, nokanya?koh [26.6] beaver (Castor canadensis). 1249. -nokae-/-nokaeh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -0), whistle: ?akhnokaeoh I've whistled, kanokaeos it whistles, whistling frog, ?o?khnokaeh / whistled. 1250. -noke-/-nokae- (before caus. I), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be present in abundance, dwell together in a group: kano:ke? there's a lot of it there, hatinoke? they dwell in a village; with vb. rt. -a:y(a)-, wa:- yanoke? there are a lot of berries; with nom., kanokeshae? property; with caus. II, ?o?khno:kae:t I made it live there; plus refl.- (e)-, be born: waenokae:t he was born; with dist. -nyo-, twano- kenyo? our dwelling places. 1251. nokhoh here: var. of nekhoh (1152). 1252. -nokt(a)- NN. RT., space, room, area, time (for something), bed, State (of the U.S.): ?ono:kta? space, etc.; ?onokta?keh on the bed, State; with vb. rt. -6wae- and part., niyenokt6waes Saturday, ht. when they wash the room. 1253. -non- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e-, expect to do some- thing or go somewhere: ?akhnonani:h / expect to do it, ?eyeno:ne? she will expect to go there; with cisloc, tetkhno:ne? I expect to come back here. 1254. -no:n- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ya?k-, refl. -(e)-, and dupl., bow one's head: tewakeno:nya?koh I've bowed my head, ?o?theneno :nya?k they bowed their heads. 1255. -noni?t(a)- NN. RT., thistle (Cirsium sp.): ?ononi?- ta? thistle; with augment., ?ononi?ta?ko:wa:h silver thistle (Onopordon acanthium); with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], kanoni?ta:s pewee (Myiochanes virens), goldfinch (Spinus tristis). 1256. -nonoka(ae)- NN. RT., hickory (Carya sp.): ?ono- noka:a? hickory; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc, thanonokeo? Clarence, N.Y. 1257. -nonojok VB. STEM, in hanonojok cranberry tree (Viburnum opulus). 1258. -nono?t(a)- potato: var. of-nono?t(a)- (1191). 1259. -nony- NN. RT., dance: with vb. rt. -6?te-, no?- kanonyo?te? the kind of dance; with vb. rt. -owane-, kanonyowa:neh great dance, ref. to Feather Dance or Thanksgiving Dance. NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, prepare corn husks for braiding: hatinonyo: tha? they're preparing the husks for braiding, ?ono:nyo:t the husks are ready for braiding. 1260. -nookte-/-nookt(a)- (comb, except before nom.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be sore,_ hurt, feel sick: ?onookte? it's sore; with dat. -ni-/-e- and obj., be sick: ?akhno:kta:nih I'm sick, waono:okte? he got sick; plus dist. -':no-, kono:kta:no:nih a number of people are sick; plus caus. I -'?t-, ?okhno:kta?te? it made me sick; plus ext. loc. -':neh, hotino:ktani:neh hospital; with nom., kano:kte:shae? sickness. 1261. -noonyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, -h), with dupl., rejoice in, express gratitude, greet, thank: ta:no:onyoh he rejoices in it, ?o?tkhno:nyo:? / gave thanks; with refl. -ate-, tekateno:nyoh / am thankful; with recip. -atah-, te:yatahno:nyoh they (du.) greet each other; with inst. and impv., kano:nyok Thanksgiving Speech, let it be used for showing ap- preciation; with caus. I -'?t-, inst., and cont., teyokhno:nyo?tahkwa:k people will always use it for thanking me. 1262. -nos(ae)- NN. RT., with dimin. in ?onosae?ah soft, tender, immature beans. 1263. -nosh(ae)- NN. RT., small cornhusk basket, thimble- berry (Rubus sp.): ?ono:shae small basket, thimble- berry; with vb. rt. -i- [14.5], kano:tsi:h small basketful, quart. 1264. -noska(ae)- NN. RT., whiskers: with vb. rt. -(C)e- and dupl., ta:noskae:e? he has whiskers. 1265. -noskany-/-noskai- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -'h), be disorderly, cause trouble: hotinoska:- nyo:h they've been disorderly, wa:tinoskai? they caused trouble; with trans. -'0- and purp., hatinoskanyae? they're going to cause trouble. 1266. -nosk(ae)- NN. RT., milkweed (Asclepias sp.): ?ono :- skae? milkweed. 1267. -noskw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), steal: ?akhnoskweh I've stolen it, hanoskwas he steals, thief, ?o?khno- sko? I stole it; with dist. -'o-, hanoskwaoh he steals things. 1268. -noskw(a)- NN. RT., domestic animal: kano:skwa? domestic animal. 1269. -noskwa(ae)- NN. RT., knot (in a rope or tree): ?onoskwae:? knot; with vb. rt. -ot-, khnoskwe'o- tha? I'm making a knot; with vb. rt. -es-, jinoskwaes toad; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and dist., ?onoskweotoh smallpox. 1270. -nost(a)- NN. RT., rafters, frame: ?ono:sta? rafters, kano:sta? frame; with vb. rt. -kehte- and caus. II, ?onostakehte: t frame on an animal's back to prevent its passing through a fence. 1271. -nosta?sh(ae)- NN. RT., sassafras (Sassafras albi- dum): ?onosta?shae? sassafras. 1272. -noste- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be selfish (about), hold dear, not want to part with: honoste? he's selfish; with nn. rt. -khw(a)-, kokhwanoste? she's stingy with her food; with caus. II, hold back, guard: ?akhnostatoh I'm holding it back; plus vb. rt. -ho(a)-, hahoanosta:s he guards the door, door- keeper. 1273. -no(:)t- give food to: see -no(:)te- (1277). 1274. -not(a)- NN. RT., town: kanotako:h in the town; with vb. rt. -ye-, kanotaye? town, wa?akwano- taye:? we camped; plus augment, and cisloc, tkanotaye?ko:wa:h Philadelphia; with vb. rt. -kwehta-, kanotakwehta:? town laid out, village, community; with vb. rt. -ase- and cisloc, tkanotase:? Newtown (section of Cattaraugus Reservation); with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc, tkano:- to? New York City; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, oppos. I, and cisloc, tkanotae:kweh Canandaigua, N.Y.; with vb. rt. -kany-, hanotaka:nyas George Washington, President of the United States. NN. RT., hill: ?onota?keh on the hill, Onondaga Reservation, ?onotako:h valley; with vb. rt. -te-, ?onotate? hill; with charact., (?o)notawa?ka:? Seneca; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, ?onotya?koh cliff. 1275. -nota(ae)- NN. RT., hominy: ?onotae:? hominy. 1276. -:not(ae)- follow closely: see -(h/:)not(ae)- (619). 1277. -no(:)te-/-no(:)t- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -0), give food to, feed: ?akhno:te:h I've fed it, khno:teh I feed it, ?eko:no:t I'll give you some- thing to eat; with refl. -(e)-, be generous: hateno:- teh he's generous. 1278. -noto- NN. RT., with spl. nn. suff. -'h-, hano:toh water snake (Natrix sipedon). 1275. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 73 1279. 1280. 1281. 1282. 1283. 1284. 1285. 1286. 1287. 1288. 1289. 1290. 1291. 1292. 1293. 1294. 1295. 1296. 1297. 1298. 1299. 1300. 1301. 1302. -nowe- melt: see -no?nowe- (1311). 1303. -nowitah VB. STEM, in tekanowi:tah Deganawida. -now(o)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yeht- and dupl., make a deal: ?o?thatinowoyet they made a deal; with vb. rt. -et- and inch. I, make a deal: 1304. wa:tinowe:ta?t they made a deal. -':now(o)- riffles: see -'(h/:)now(o)- (620). 1305. -nowok- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), be hungry for a certain thing: ?akhnowokoh I'm hungry for it, ;hano:wo:s he's^(perpetually) hungry for it; with'dist. -ho-, hanowokhoh he's hungry for certain things. 1306. -:nowoos, coltsfoot: see -(h/:)nowoos (621). 1307. -nowoye- settle to the bottom: see -(e)nowoye- (450). -nowo?kho- hold on to: see -yenowo?kho- (1880). -nowo?t(a)- NN. RT., plaster: ?onowo?ta? plaster; with vb. rt. -?e-, ?onowo?ta?e:? white. 1308. 1309. 1310. -no:y(a)- NN. RT., cord, tendon, sinew: ?ono:ya? cord, tendon, sinew; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, ?ono:ya:? it's sinewy; with vb. rt. -'(h)en- and repet., shano:ya:ene? garter snake (Thamnophis sp.). -noye- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be fussy: sno:ye:h you're fussy. no?- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5] -no? PAST [19.1, 19.3] 1311. -no?eohs(a)- NN. RT., cabbage: ?ono?6"ohsa? cab- bage. also my -no?e(e)- NN. RT., head: ?ono?e:? head, steam locomotive and tender; ?akhno?e:? head; with vb. rt. -yeht-, takwano?e:yet [11.2] mythical Flying Head, lit. hit us with a head!; with vb. rt. -6a- [14.4] and cisloc, tkano?eoa? 1312. head on the end of a pole (name of a town). 1313. -no?hon- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ya?k- and dupl., catch: tewakhno?honya?koh I've caught it, ta:- no?ho:nya?s catcher (in a ball game). 1314. 1315. 1316. 1317. 1318. 1319. 1320. 1321. -no?is be stepparent to, ref. to older member of relationship: hakhno?is he is stepparent to me, my stepfather, ?akhno?is (HSL 20) my stepmother, hono?is his stepfather or stepmother, her stepfather (HSL 21), ?ono?is her stepmother. -no?j(a)- NN. RT., pail, kettle, boiler: kano?ja? pail, etc.; with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, kano?ja?o:weh native kettle, iron kettle; with vb. rt. -owane-, kano?jowa:neh big kettle; with vb. rt. -ot-, cook: hotino?jo:t they're cooking it; with vb. rt. -o-, kano?jo:oh water drum (especially the large type), ht. covered kettle; with vb. rt. -itke-, kano?jitkeo? Carry Out the Kettle Dance, Taking the Kettle Out. no?jahkwe? snipe (Capella sp.), woodcock (Philo- hela minor). -no?ka(ae)- NN. RT., horn: ?ono?kae:? horn; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and dupl., teyotino?keot sheep; ?ono?kae:? kastawe?sae? horn rattle; with vb. rt. -ot- and nom., kano?k6otashae? horn war club. -no?ke(ae)- VB. RT., with dat. -m-1-z-, imitate, mock: hen6?keaenih I'm imitating, mocking him, waowon6?ke: e? they imitated him. -no?k6(ae)- VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -aeh), suck: ?on6?- keeh it's sucking, kano?keha? it sucks, sno?k6aeh suck!; with caus. I -'?t-, nurse: yeno?ke*ae?tha? she's nursing it. 1322. -no?kealht- wait: see -(e)no?keaeht- (451). 1323. no?ke:? behind, afterward. 1324. -no?khwe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be quick-tempered: ?akhno?kwe:h I'm quick-tempered; with inch. II and obj., become angry: ?akhno?khwe?oh I've become angry, waono?khweh he became angry. -no?khwish(ae)- NN. RT., in ?ono?khwishae? boiled and sweetened corn. -no?kow- VB. RT. (-?, —, -as), with neg., be capable of anything: teono?ko:? [3.10] he is able to do anything, t6ono?ko:was he is (always) able to do anything. no?ko:kwa:h underneath; see [26.8] -no?kw(a)- NN. RT., milk, breast, lung: ?ono?kwa? milk, yeno?kwa?keh (on) her breast, her lung; with vb. rt. -es-, kano?kwe:s Big Breast (a mythical figure); plus dupl., teyeno?kwe:s she has big breasts; with vb. rt. -t-, kano?kwa:t cow; with vb. rt. -th6?t-, churn: ?akhno?kwath6?toh I'm churning. no?kwatkwa :h fox. over another: see (-h, -'s, —), be cold: nn. rt. -ahso(:)ta-. -:no?net- add one thing -(h/:)no?net-(622). -no?no-/-no- (incorp.), VB. RT. ?ono?no:h it's cold; with ?ohsotano:h cold night; for iter, see-'(h/:) nek (a)-; with caus.-inst., ?ekano?nos it will become cold. -no?nowe-/-nowe- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), melt, soak: ?ono?nowe:h it has melted, soaked, kano?noweh let it melt!; with repet., thaw: sakano?no:we? it thawed; with nn. rt. -wis(ae)-, ?o?kawisaenowe? the ice melted; with caus. I -'ht-, sno?no:wet melt it! -:no?sh(a)- buttocks: see -(h/:)no?sh(a)- (623). -no?skw(a)- NN. RT., with refl. -(e)-, dupl., and one of following vb. rts., jump: with vb. rt. -'hkw-, teono?skwahkweh he has jumped; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, teeno?skwa:ha? he jumps; with vb. rt. -6?yak- and transloc, ha?teono?sko?ya:- koh he has jumped over there. -no?skw(a)- NN. RT., bed, bedding: kano?skwa? bed, bedding; with vb. rt. -o?kaaete- [3.12], ?ono?sko?kae:te? high bed. -no?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with nn. rt. -ask(a)- and dupl., chew: tewakaskano?toh I'm chewing, ?o?tkaskano?t / chewed it. -no?ta(ae)- NN. RT., lead, sinker, crock, type of bread: ?ono?tae:? lead, etc.; with vb. rt. -6k, jino?teok type of grasshopper. -no?thy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- and dupl., squat: tewakhno?thyo:t I'm squatting. no?we: ? while, since. -ny- DUAL [9.2, 9.7] -nya- VB. RT., with caus. I -'?t-, boil (tr.): konya: ?toh she's boiling it; with inch. II and obj., boil (intr.): ?onyaes it boils, wa?6nyaeh it boiled. -nya(ae)- NN. RT., neck, collar: ?onya:a? neck, collar, also a kind of insect, kenyae: ?keh (on) my neck; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., tekaten- yeote? I'll put a necktie on; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and refl., watenyanya?s [14.4] a beetlelike insect that makes a snapping noise when it moves its head; possibly this rt. with vb. rt. -a?kto- and trans., to:nya?kta:ne? inchworm, var. to?nyakta:ne?. -:nya(ae)- nut meat: see -(h/:)nye(ae)- (629). -nyaaehkw- run: see -(e)niaehkw- (436). -nyahji?t(a)- NN. RT., corn roasted in the husk, 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 tamale: ?onyahji?ta? corn roasted in the husk; with vb. rt. -o- and refl. -e-, ?eyenyahji?to:? she'll cook corn roasted in the husk. 1325. -nyahteh VB. STEM (?), in kanydhte:h snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), Turtle Clan, turtle rattle; with augment., kanyahteko:wa:h large snapping turtle. 1326. -nyak- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with obj., get married: ?akenyakoh I'm married, honya:s he marries, waotinya:k they got married. 1327. -nyakwai? VB. STEM, in (?o)nyakwai? bear; nyakwai? ?oeno? Bear Dance; nyakwai? hatishe? Ursa Major, ht. they're chasing a bear. 1328. -nyast(a)- NN. RT., bosom: yenyastako:h (it's concealed) in her bosom. 1329. -nyatkaae- VB. RT. (-'oh, -s, -h), with cisloc. or transloc, reach out for, grab: hewakenyatkae: oh I've grabbed it, ho?k£nyatka:a? / grabbed it; with recip., tyotatenyatkae: s Grab-Your-Partner Dance, Choose a Partner. 1330. -nyatsis- VB. RT. (—, —, -0), compensate, pay: waowonya:tsi:s they compensated him, e.g., a storyteUer for his performance. 1331. nya:weh thank you. 1332. -nya?ka(ae)- NN. RT., fiber strap: ?onya?kae:? fiber strap; with vb. rt. -o-, ?onya?keo? [14.4] mud puddle, marshland. 1333. -:nya?kh- put together: see -(h/:)nya?kh- (627). 1334. -nya?kw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with obj., vomit: ?akenya?kweh I've vomited, ?okenya?ko? I vomited; with dist. -'o-, honya?kwaoh he's vomiting. 1335. -nya?kw(a)- NN. RT., vomit: ?onya?kwa? vomit, also bracken, cinnamonfern. 1336. nya?kwaehe:h or (with augment.) nya?kwae- heko:wa:h, mythical Great Bear. 1337. -nya?6:y(a)- NN. RT., apple: kanya?6:ya? apple. 1338. -:nya?s(a)- neck: see -(h/:)nya?s(a)- (628). 1339. -nya?t(a)- NN. RT., esophagus: ?akenya?ta? my esophagus; with unique vb. rt., sanya?to:wis you're a glutton. 1340. -nya?thaae?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), with dupl., choke: tewakenya?thsl:?oh it has choked me, teyakonya?thae:?s it chokes people, chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), ?o?thonya?tha:a?t it choked him, gave him a lump in the throat. 1341. -:nye(ae)- nut meat: see -(h/:)nye(ae)- (629). 1342. -:nye?st(a)- chestnut: see -(h/:)nye?st(a)- (630). 1343. -nye- NN. RT., in kanye?keh any Mohawk reserva- tion; plus popul., kanye?ke:ono? Mohawk. 1344. -nyet(a)- NN. RT., shin: ?onye:ta? shin; with vb. rt. -6-, refl.-ate-, and dupl., wade: ?o?tiswaten- ye:toh you (pi.) waded; with vb. rt. -aji-, iter, var. -'?s, and dupl., tekanyeta:ji?s maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum). 1345. -nye?t(a)- NN. RT., sorrow: ?akenye?ta? my sorrow. 1346. -nyo- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be wild, uncultivated: kanyo:? it's wild, ref. to plant or animal; with dimin., ?onyo:?ah name of a throw in bowl or dice game (bowl game: one stone different; dice game: two different). 1347. -nyo-/-iyo- (after 1st or 2d person, refl., or recip.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), kill, assault, beat up: ?aki:- yo:h I've killed it, etc, honyo:h he's killed it, hanyos he's killing it, wa:ki:yo? he assaulted me; with refl., fight: ?o?kati:yo? I fought; plus aug- ment., hatiyosko:wa:h great warrior; plus trans, -'sh-, ?ekatiyoshae? I'll go and fight; plus dist. -'syo-, ?ekatiyosyo:? I'll fight them; plus caus. I -'ht- and inst., yotiyohtahkwa? weapon. 1348. -':nyo- row a boat: see -'(h/:) nyo- (632). 1349. -:ny6a6? bluebird, blue: see -(h/:)nyoae? (633). 1350. -nyosyot- VB. RT. (-0, -h&?, -eh), sit, seat:~keny6- syo:t I'm sitting; with refl. -ate- and dupl., ta:tenyosyo:te? he sat himself down; with dist. -o-, wa:kony6syo:to:? he seated them; with inch. I -'?-, wd:nyosyo:ta?t he sat down. Var. -nisyot- (1180). 1351. -':nyot- stand upright: see -'(h/:)nyot- (634). 1352. -nyota(ae)-/-nyotae- (before spl. nn. suff.), NN. RT., lake: kanyotae? lake; with vb. rt. -owane-, kanyoteowaneh ocean; with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], (s)kanyotaiyo? Handsome Lake (a Seneca chief's title and name of the prophet). 1353. -:nyo?k(a)-™wteM:see-(h/:)nyo?k(a)- (635). 1354. -nyo?t(a)- NN. RT., wild animal: kanyo?ta? ani- mal; with vb. rt. -ake-, dupl., and transloc, ha?tekanyo?take:h all the animals; with vb. rt. -owane-, kany6?towa:nes big animals; with vb. rt. -?s?aa-, nikanyo?ta?s?a:h small animals; with vb. rt. -kai-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., ?o?tkatenyo?- taka:i? i" took advantage of it (in a struggle). 1355. -nyo- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -'h), in kanyoh white ash (Fraxinus americana). DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 1357. 1356. -:nyohs(a)- squash: see -(h/:)nyohs(a)- (637). -:nyokwi?s(ae)- grape: see -(h/:)nyokwi?s(ae)- 1358. (639). -nyooska(ae)- NN. RT., shoulder blade, shoulder: ?onyo:ska:a? shoulder blade, ?akenyo: skae: ?keh on my shoulder. 1359 1360 -:nyoskwaee- cucumber: see -(h/:)nyoskwaee-(640). -:nyo?o- be a White man: see -(h/:)nyo?o- (642). 1361. -o- VB. RT. (-'?, -'a?, -h), be in water, put in water, boil, cook: ?i:yo? [6.11] it's in the water; with nn. rt. -(h)ow(o)-, ka:oyo? the boat is in the water; with_ nn. rt. -ksi£?t(a)-, hatiksa?t6a? they're naming children, ht. putting children in water; with nn. rt. -?nist(a)-, ?ehs6?nisto:? you will cook the corn; with nn. rt. -ka?sta(ae)- and dist. -nyo-, ?oka?steonyo? mud holes; with vb. rt. -at(C)e- and nom., trans. -':n-, and purp., yotesyo:ne? she intends to cook something for her ceremony; with prog., ?eyo:tye? it will be floating along; with oppos. I, ka:okweh he's taken it out of the water. Cf. -6- and -?sko- (1362 and 2106). OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.8, 10.13] cover: see -?howek- (2010). 1362. -6-/-0- (before iter.)/-oh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-6h, -s or -'?s, -0), put in water: ?ak6oh I've put it in the water, ?i:ko:s [6.11] I'm putting it in the water, ?i:soh put it in the water!; with dist. -'hso-, nn. rt. -(h)ow(o)- [3.13], refl., and repet., saenothoyohso:? they put their boats back in the water; with trans, -'hs-, purp., nn. rt. -a:y(a)-, and refl., henota:yohse? they intend to have the Strawberry Dance, ht. to put their berries in water; for iter. -'?s, see -'(h/:)n(o)- (618). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 75 Cf. -o- and -?sko- (1361 and 2107). 1363. -6a-/-6a(ae)- (before iter, and comb.), VB. RT. (-?, -s, -eh), put on the end of a pole: yo:a? it's on the end of a pole, ?o?koae I put it on the end of a pole; with refl., hat6:aes he's spearing it; with nn. rt. -hsikwa(ae)-, kahsikw^oa? fork on the end of a pole; with inch. I -'?-, ?aoae:?oh it's gotten on the end of a pole; with double dist. -o-nyo- and nn. rt. -ks(a)-, ?oksoeo:nyo? dish(es) on the end of pole(s); with oppos. I and cisloc, cut off a piece: tako:aeko? / cut off a piece. 1364. -o(ae)- NN. RT., in yo:aeko:h in the valley, bottom land. 1367. 1368 1369 1365. -oaek- press down: see -t6aek- (1741). 1366. -oek- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with refl. and transloc, catch oneself in: hwa: to: ek he caught himself in it. -oest- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), come near: with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, hotiya?toestoh it has come near them, ?akya?to:estha?^ comes near me, waotiya?- to:es it came close to them. ■6h IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.3, 13.6] -ohka- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), spread on, apply: ?akohka:h I've spread it on, hohka:s he's spreading it on, ?o?kohka:? / spread it on; with caus. I -ht-, yakohkatha? jam, butter, wax, etc., ht. people spread with it; see also -'(h/:)was(a)- (711). 1370. 1371 1372 -ohs(ae)- VB. RT., with dat. -'?se-/-'?se-, refl., and obj., slip out of one's hand: ?akatohsae?se:h it has slipped out of my hand, ?okatohsae?s it slipped out of my hand. -6ht- VB. RT.: see -i?t(a)- (821). -ohtaaeh-/-ohtah- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), put aside: haohtahoh he has put it aside (either to save or to discard), henohtae:s they put it aside, sohta:ah put it aside!; with dupl., separate: tek6htae:s I'm separating it (e.g., tall grass to make a path). 1373. -ojeht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha, -0), dip out, scoop up: ?ak6jehtoh I've dipped it out, ho?so:jet scoop it up there (cry in lacrosse game); with nn. rt. -kawihs(a)-, ?eotikawihso:jet they'll scoop it up with a shovel. 1374. •6k VB. STEM, be boiled: with nn. rt. -(h)aehkw(a)- kaihkok boiled bread; with nn. rt. -(h/:)nyohs(a)-, ka:nyohsok boiled squash. Probably -6- plus past. 1375. 1376. 1377. 1378. •okaaetase- twist: see -tokaaetase (1745). -okaet- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -e?), make a hole (in something): ?&oka:et it has made a hole, yoka- etha? it makes holes, ?o?y6ka:ete? it made a hole; with nn. rt. -wis(ae)-, ?owisyoka:et hole in the ice; with nn. rt. -ho(a)-, kaho:ka:et hole in the door; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, (?o)nohsoka:et [26.6] hole in the house, window. Cf. -kaet- (922). -okeho- be square: see -tokeho- (1747). •oke- VB. RT. (-h, —,_—), with dupl., be between, among: teyo:ke:h it's between; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, tekhniya?to:ke:h between them (non- masc. du.); with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, tekanohso:- ke:h between the houses. VB. RT. (-'?, —, -h), with refl. and dupl., divide (intr.), fork: with nn. rt. -(h)a(a)-, tey6tha:oke? the path divides, tewotha:oke:? the path will divide. See also -jieht(a)- (848). 1379. -okey- VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), shell, husk: yoke:- 1380. 1381. 1382. 1383. 1384. 1385. 1386. 1387. 1388. 1389. 1390. 1391. 1392. 1393. 1394. 1395. 1396. 1397. 1398. yo:h it's shelled, yakoke:yos she's shelling it, ?o?ko:ke:? [3.10] / shelled it; see also -ks(a)-, -?n(o)- (1055, 2055). -okh- VB. RT. (—, -as, —), drip, leak, yokhas it's dripping; with nn. rt. -no?j(a)-, kano?jokhas the pail is leaking. -okw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), usuaUy with refl. and dupl., scatter (intr.), be scattered, spread out: teyotokweh it's scattered, ?o?thenoto:ko? they spread out (e.g., a hunting party); with caus. I -'ht-, scatter (tr.): tesatokwat scatter it!; with nom., ?atokwa?shae? [15.6] spoon, ladle, ?atokwa?syowaneh big spoon. -okwat- dig, var. of -6?kwat- (1425): yakokwa- tha? digging tool. -on- NN. RT., recorded only in haono?oh, — has fallen in the water, a personal name. -'(C) ono? POPULATIVE [20.5] -onya- drive away: see -owi- (1414). -'ony(a)- tell: see -'(hy)owi- (736). -6:ny(a)- NN. RT., sideburns: ?6:nya? sideburns, ?ak6:nya? my sideburns; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ho:nya:e? he's got sideburns. -oo-, VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -'h), mend, patch: ?ako:o? I've mended it, yako:o? she mends; with nn. rt. -no?j(a)-, wa:no?jo:o? he mended my boiler; with dist. -nyo- and refl., ?ekatoonyo: ? I'll patch several of my things, or put in several patches. -osse- (before desc)/-osae- (before iter.)/-osaeh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), sprinkle: haosaeoh he has sprinkled it; with nn. rt. -(h)- et(a)-, kheto:sae:s I'm sprinkling the garden; with nn. rt. -a?ke(e)-, waowo?ke*osaeh they sprinkled him with ashes. -'os(ae)- basswood: see -'(h)os(ae)- (646). -oshaet- VB. RT. _ (-oh, -s, -0), become winter: ?aoshaetoh it's winter, yoshae:s it becomes winter, ?o?yo:shae:t it became winter. -oshe-/-oshae- (comb.), NN. RT., winter, year: with neut. pref. k-, kosh6:neh in the winter; with vb. rt. -te-, yoshae:te? winter, year; with vb. rt. -'(h) e-, ha?tekoshaeeh midwinter; with vb. rt. -iya?k-, tsiwakoshiya?koh when I had crossed (so many) winters, was (so many) years old; with vb. rt. -ine-, niwatoji:ne?s how far the year has gone; with charact., koshe:kha:? the winter variety. -oska?a- var. of -oska?a- (1394): heyaoska:?ah the only thing [24.1] -oska?a-/-oska- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be only, nothing but: ?aoska?ah it's only that; with nn. rt. -kohs(a)-, hotikohsoska?ah Common Faces, ht. nothing but faces (False Faces with no tobacco attached), also Doctors' Dance; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, repet., and neg., te?jakoya?toskd?ah she's pregnant, ht. it's not just her body any more; with caus.-inst., inch. I -h6?-, and part., na?6- skasthe?t it was the only way. -6sk(ae)-, NN. RT., slippery elm (Ulmus fulva): ?aoskae? (or ?6:skae?) slippery elm. -(C)oskwa- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t- in ty6:- skwaot cow. -'(C)osy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -oke- in tety6:- syo:ke:h Buffalo, N.Y. (obsolescent); cf. -'(h)- os(ae)- (646). -osyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'s ), with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 rub: haya?tosyos he's rubbing it; with oppos. I, stroke: ?o?kya?tosyo:ko? / stroked it. Cf. -ye?kwa(ae)- (1916). 1399 1400 1401. 1402. -ot- stand upright: see -'(h/:)nyot- (634). -otaaeh-/-otah- (before desc)/-otaae- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), put over: ?akotahoh I've put it over it, yota:hoh it's over it, kota:as I'm putting it over it, ?o?kotae:h / put it over it; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, refl., and dupl., trip: ?o?thonototae:s it tripped them, to: totae: hseh it trips him; also with caus. I -'ht-, ?o?twakatotae:hte? it tripped me, to: totae: hta: nih it trips him; ?atotae:? [15.6, 26.4] shoulder belt, suspenders; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, ?atya?tota:a? saddle. -ot&hs- VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), bring to light: ?o?y otahsi? it brought it to light; with refl., appear: hototahso:h he has appeared; with dat. -'?se-/-e-, hakatotahsa?se:h he has appeared before me. -othiyo- VB. RT., with nn. rt. -a?en(o)- in wa?eno- thi:yo? Sha.rpen-the-Stick Dance. Cf. -'(h/:)- yo?thiyo- (741). 1403. 1404 1405 1406. -otka?w-/-otka- (bef. impv.), VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -'h), comb: yakotka?was she's combing it; with refl., kototka?weh she has combed her hair, wa?akotka? she combed her hair; with nn. rt. -oej(a)- and dupl., emerge from the ground: teyoejotka?weh it has emerged from the ground, teyoejo:tka? it will emerge from the ground. -ots- peel: see -?hots- (2008). -otyeyek-/-otyey- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), gather up: kaoty e :yo :h she has gathered it up, wa?akotye:ye:k she gathered it up; with dist. -ho-, waenotyeyekho:? they gathered things up; with refl., shrink: watotye:ye:s it shrinks. -owa- be big: see -owane- (1408). 1407. -owae- wash: see -nowae- (1201). 1408. -owane-/-owa- (before inch. I and after some nn. rts.), VB. RT. (-'h, -'s or -'?s, —), be big, important: kowa:neh it's big; with nn. rt. -okwe?t(a)-, henokwe?towanes they're big people [5.8 end]; with nn. rt. -ke?j(a)-, shoke?jo:wa:? he of the big forehead [26.4], a chief's name; with vb. rt. -(C)i- and caus. I -'ht-, ?etsiowa:net you will announce it, ht. make the matter big; with inch. I -h6?-, ?o?kowahe?t it got big. Cf. -kowane- (1031). 1409. -owe- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be wholly, entirely: with nn. rt. -yet(a)-, ?oyeto:we? it's entirely wood, cover: see -?howek- (2010). 1410. -oweht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), with refl., distress, disturb: ?akatowe:htoh I'm distressed; with inst., harm, cause damage to: ?akatowelitahkoh it has harmed me; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)- and dupl., ponder, deliberate on, put on trial: ta:ya?towetha? he ponders, judge, fortuneteller; with dat. -ni-/-e-, teyokhiya?tow6htanih they deliberate for us, Longhouse officials. 1411 1412 -owek- cover: see -?howek- (2010). -owe- VB. RT. (-'?, -'s, -h), with dupl., split: tewako: we? I've split it, teyako: wes she's splitting it; with refl., ?o?twato:we:? it split. 1413 1414 -owi- VB. RT., see -nya?t(a)- (1339). -owi-/-onya- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'?), with refl., drive away: waowoto:wi? they drove him away; with caus. I -'?t-, waowoto:nya?t they drove him away; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, bring to 1415. 1416. 1417. 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. 1422. 1423. 1424. 1425. 1426. 1427. 1428. 1429. 1430. convulsions: kotya?to:wi:h it has brought her to convulsions; with dist. -':no-, move about: ?o?konya: no: ? / moved it about, ?o?watonya: no: ? it moved about. -'owi- tell: see -'(hy)owi- (736). -oyeht- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), with dupl., slam: tewakoyehtoh I've slammed it. -o?- INDICATIVE [24.2] -6? PUNCTUAL [8.2] -o?(89)- lap: see -(h)o?(ae)- (648). -6?i- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), come to a point: ?&o?i:h it's pointed, wa?ao?i:? it came to a point, ran of into a point; hoyo?ho?i:h his chin is pointed; with caus.-inst., push to a certain point: wa?ao?is it pushed it up to a point. -o?jiyo- VB. RT. _(-h, -'s, —), suck: ?ao?ji:yo:h it's sucking, yo?ji:yos it sucks, bloodsucker. -o?kaaete- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), bulge: ?ao?kae:te? it bulges; with nn. rt. -ke?j(a)-, hoke?jo?kae:te? he has a bulging forehead. -o?kaht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), poke, prod: ?ako?kahtoh I've poked it; with nn. rt. -?ny(a)- and refl., waeye?nyo?kat I poked him with my finger. -6?kt- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), extend to a point, come to the end, reach the limit: ?o?ko?kte? I came to the end; with refl., ?o:to?k it's at the end, te?- tyo:to?k it's not at the end there, it's incomplete; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, wa:nohso?kte? he went the length of the building; with inch. I-'?-, ?ako?- kta?oh I've come to the end; with nn. rt. -khw (a)-, hotekho?kta?oh he's out of food; with nn. rt. -a?ke(e)- and prog., ?ota?keo?ktatye? along the edges of the ashes. -6?kwat- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), dig: ?ako?kwatoh I'm digging, hayato?kwas he's digging a hole, ?o?k6?kwa:t / dug. -o?so- (before desc)/-o?soaeh- (before impv.)/ -o?soae- (comb.), VB. RT. (-6h, —, -0), cover, put a cover on: ?ako?sooh I've covered it, ?o?ko?soaeh I covered it; with oppos. I, ?o?k6?so:aeko? / un- covered it. -6?te- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -'h), with part., be of a certain kind, condition, or state: niyo?te:h the way it is; with neg. and repet., te?j6?te:h it isn't like that any more; with nn. rt. -(C)en(o)-, nikaeno?te:h the kind of song it is; niyohsohk6?- te:h the color it is; with nn. rt. -ka(ae)-, nikake'o?- te:s how the stories are, what the prices are; with transloc, ho?tyo?te? there were all kinds; with prog., wa?6?te:otye? it went on this way, and so forth. -o?teh-/-o?te (before desc) VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with obj., become soft, pliable: ?ao?te:h it's soft, ?ao?tes it gets soft, wa?ao?teh it got soft. -'o?test- ease up: see -'(hy)o?test- (739). -6?yak- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), usuaUy with trans- loc, throw: hewako?ya:koh; with vb. rt. -wen- (o)-, refl., and dupl., teyakyatweno?ya:k we'll throw in a word; with nn. rt. -ij(C) (&)-,flsh (vb.): hejo?ya:s he's fishing; with trans, -h-, hej6?- yakhe?s he goes fishing; with caus. I -t-, see -a:y(a)- (298). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 77 1431. -o- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be a certain amount: ni:yo:h how much, how many; ha?te:yo:h every- thing [24.1]. DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5] OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.10, 11.5, 11.8, 11.11] give: see -awi- (293). 1432. -'o- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] put on: see -'(hy)o- (742). 1433. -6- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3] TRANSIENT [13.14] 1434. -'6- ITERATIVE [19.3] 1435. -o:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3] 1436. -6:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3] 1437. -o(:)- OBJECTIVE [11.5] SECOND PERSON [11.2] 1438. -o-a- INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.2] 1439. -o-e- INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5] 1440. -6ej(a)- NN. RT., earth, land, nation, world: with vb. rt. -te-, yoejate? the earth (is present); with vb. rt. -ota?t-, wa?aoejo:ta:?t or wa?aejo:ta:?t earthquake, ht. it shook the earth; with vb. rt. -ake-, ye:i? nionoejakc.h Six Nations; with vb. rt. -yas-, dist., and inst., teyotoejaya- shohkwa? chief, sachem, ht. people use it for naming the nation (?); with vb. rt. -tase-, t^atoe- j ata: ses he goes around the world. 1441. -oh DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7, 13.2, 13.4, 13.14] be alive: see -ohe- (1443). 1442. -oh DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7, 13.5, 13.7-8, 13.11] 1443. -ohe-/-oh- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-'?, -6?s, —) be alive: kohe? I'm alive; nienoho?s or (with dim.) nienoho?s?ah infants; with inst., tyohehkoh Our Sustenance, Our Life Supporters, ht. what we use to be alive; with caus. II -t-, bring to life: ?otohe:toh it has come to life, come into force (of a law); with caus. II and irregular iter, -as, tsakaohe:tas Christ, ht. he brings them back to life. 1444. -ohjish(ae)- hoe: see -(h)ohjish(ae)- (652). 1445. -ohka(ae)- rope: see -(y)ohka(ae)- (1937). 1446. -oh(o)- NN. RT., life, heart: with vb. rt. -6?te-, niyakoho?te:h the kind of life she has; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy-, h&oho:ni:yoh he's hardy, ht. his life is tough; with vb. rt. -ahtety- and_ refl., ?onotohohtetyo:h they're growing, ht. their life is moving; soho?keh your heart; with dimin., nioho?oh little boy, niyakoho?oh little girl. 1447. -ohw(o)- NN. RT., self (as emphatic personal pro- noun): haohwo? he himself, kaohwo? she herself, hono:hwo? they (masc.) themselves; also ha:ho?, ka:ho?, and hono:ho? [28.4]. 1448. -oish(ae)- NN. RT., breath: k6ishae?keh my breath; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy- and inst., ?okyoishae:- niy6hkoh it strengthens our breath, gives us vitality. 1449. -oisyohkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -'a?, -0), persist, keep trying: ?akoisyohkoh I've kept trying, ?o?koisyok I kept trying; with refl., ask for, request, pray for, hope for: hatoisyohkwa? he asks for it, etc., ?o?k&to:isyok / asked for it, (also) I organized a bee; with refl. and dat. -ni-/-e-, ask, request from, pray to, beg: kwatoisyohkwanih I'm asking you (pi.) for it, begging you; with refl. and nom. -?sh(ae)-, ?atoisyohkwa?shae? request, prayer, hope. 1450. -(C) ok- NN. RT., autumn: keokhneh (in the) autumn. 1451. -okesh(ae)-NN. RT., pocket: yoke:shae? or yoke:- syo:t (see -o(:)t- [1475]) pocket; ?aokesyo:t kangaroo, ht. it has a pocket (attached). See also -okesh(ae)-(1452). 1452. -okesh(ae)- pocket: var. of -okesh(ae)- (1451). 1453. -oko- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be wet: teyaoko:h it's wet; with inch. II, ?o?twako:koh / got wet. VB. RT., with nn. rt. -(C) i- and either caus.-inst. -'st- or even., happen irrevocably: wa?6iokos it happened irrevocably, was for good, was final, ?oiok6s?oh it has happened irrevocably. 1454. -okoht- VB. RT. (-oh, -h&?, -0), put through an opening: ?akokohtoh I've put it through an opening, ?o?ke?nyo:kot I put my finger through an opening; with dupl., saturate, graduate: ?o?tho:- kot he saturated it, he graduated; with recip. -atan-, hold a ceremony, perform an obligation: wa:yatano:kot they (masc. du.) had their cere- mony (as they were obhgated to do); with recip., dat. -ni-/-e-, and incorp. nn. rt. -yen(o)-, waowo- tiyenokohte? they held a ceremony for them; also with nn. rt. -(C) i-, waowoti: okohte?; see also -(C)en(o)- (447). 1455. -okw- keep: see -(y)okw- (1942). 1456. -o(:)kw- OPPOSITIVE I [13.6] 1457. -okwe- VB. RT. (-h, -'s-, -h), make healthy: saya- kaokwe:? it made her healthy again; with refl., flourish: ?oto:kwe:h it's flourishing, ?o?wato- kwe:? it flourished; with caus. I -t- and neg., te?katokwe:tha? I'm not doing very well. 1458. -okwe-/-okwe?t(a)- (incorp.), NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -'h), person: ?o:kweh person, also walking stick (Aplopus mayeri); with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, ?okw6?o: weh native person, Indian; plus charact., ?okwe?owe:kha:? characteristic of Indians, the Seneca language; with vb. rt. -ase-, henokwe?ta:- se: ? young people; with vb. rt. -'(h)etke-, hokwe?- ta:etke? he's an evil person; with coin, and plur., tsokw£?tasho? each person; ?okwe ?okt£ae? (see -kte(ae)- [1060]) manroot (Ipomoea pandurata). 1459. -okwe?t(a)- person: see -okwe- (1458). 1460. -on- NN. RT., interval of time (recorded only with vb. rt. -is-): ?aoni:s it's a long time, neyonishe?t how long it will be. 1461. -6:ne?sh(ae)- NN. RT., cleared area, lawn: with vb. rt. -te-, yo:n£?shaete? (the) cleared area, lawn (is present); yo:n6?shae?keh on the lawn; with vb. rt. -iyo-, yo:n6?tsi:yo:h [14.5] good lawn. 1462. -oneht- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), usuaUy with trans- loc, swallow: hewakonehtoh I've swallowed it, ho?so:net swallow it! 1463. -o(:)ni-/-ony(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h or -'s, -'h), make: with nn. rt. -sh6?(ae)-, yeshe'?o:nih she makes dough; with nn. rt. -(C) i-, ?ekati:oni? I'll make the thing, carry it out, kaio: nih it makes the thing, the reason, why; with -(C) i- and dat. -ni-/-e-, teach: ?eio:nye? I'll teach it to him, (with refl.) hatyo:nya:nih [27.3] he's a teacher; with refl. and obj., grow: ?oto:ni:h it's growing, has grown; plus nn. rt. -hat(a)-, ?ot6hato:ni:h grow- ing forests; with recip. and obj., come into being, form: ?otato:ni:h it has formed; with recip. and 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1464. 1465. 1466. 1467. 1468. 1469. 1470. 1471. 1472. 1473. 1474. 1475. 1476. 1477. 1478. 1479. 1480. 1481. caus. I -'?t-, put in place: ?o?katato:nya?t I put myself there; with nn. rt. -(h)ow(o)- and dist. -' :no-, waenothoyonya:no: ? they made themselves boats. Cf. -'syo(:)ni- (1635). -ony(a)- make: see -o(:)ni- (1463). -6:ny(a)- NN. RT., fluvial plain, flat: with vb. rt. -te-, yo:nya:te? the flat (is there); with vb. rt. -ati- and repet., jo:nya:tih Shongo (settlement on AUegany Reservation), ht. on the other side of the flat. -oo- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5] -oo-a- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5] -oo-e- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5] -6s, ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.2, 13.4] -os-/-es- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/-is- (after others), VB. RT. (-0, -6s, —), be long, tall, deep: t'v.yd'.sit's long; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, kanohse:s longhouse; with nn. rt. -wen(o)-, kawe:ni:s long word, kaweni:sos long words; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ?6iwi:s or ?6iwe:s long affair; with nn. rt. -ahso(:)t(a)- wahso:ti:s long night; with nn. rt. -ka(ae)-, kaka:is long story; with nn. rt. -(h) e(o)-, kaee:sos tall trees; with caus.-inst. -st-, ?ako:stoh I've lengthened it; with inch. I -h6?-, ?o?yo:she?t it became long. -osh- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -ot- and refl.: ?oto:sho:t spring (of water). -osh(a)- NN. RT., knee: kosha?keh (on) my knee; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl., and dupl., kneel: ?o?tka- tosho:te? / knelt. -osh(ae)- box: see -(h)osh(ae)- (657). -os?- EVENTUATIVE [16.2-3] -o(:)t- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), put in an oven: ?o?ko:te? / put it in the oven; with incorp. nn. rt., attach: with nn. rt. -e(o)-, ?awe:ot there's a flower on it, (plus dist. -o-), ?awe:oto? there are flowers on it; with nn. rt. -sha(ae)-, ?o?kesheote? / attached it with a halter, tied it up (e.g., to a hitching post); (plus dist.) ?o?k£sheoto:? I tied them up; with oppos. I, nn. rt. -(h)aehkw(a)-, and refl., kothaehkota:kweh she has taken the bread out of the oven; with inst., see -ko(:)t(a)- (1049). -ot(a)- tree, wood: see -(h)ot(a)-, -(y)ot(a)- (660, 1946). -otaaeh-/-otah- (before desc.)/-otanyo- (comb.), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), put in: ?akotahoh I've put it in, hota:as he's putting it in, ?o?kotae:h / put it in; with nn. rt. -a:y(a)- and refl., ?akata:yotahoh I've put my berries in, canned them; with dist. -'hso-, saenotanyohso: ? they put the things back in; with refl., ?o?watota:ah it got in. -'ota?o- peck: see -'(h)ota?o- (661). -ota?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -h&?, -0), shake, wave: ?akota?toh I'm shaking, waving it, so:ta:?t shake it!; with nn. rt. -stawe?s(ae)-, ?ostawe?- syota?toh it's shaking its rattle; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, yeiota:?tha? or yi:ota:?tha? Qua- vering (a ceremony), ht. they make the words tremble. -oteny- spin: see -(e)oteny- (461). -othw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), put in fire, burn: ?ako:thweh I've put it in the fire, burned it; with nn. rt. -ye?kw(a)-, haye?kothwas he's burning tobacco; with nn. rt. -yet(a)-, refl., and caus. I -'ht-, yotyetothwatha? people use it as wood for burning, firewood; with dist. -'hso-, ?o?kothwah- 1482. so: ? / put things in the fire. -o(:)ty- VB. RT. (-oh, -6?s, -ih), usuaUy with obj., discard, throw aside, abandon, leave, throw open, open: with nn. rt. -nest(ae)-, kanestyotyo:h boards thrown aside, shingles; with nn. rt. -wiy(ae)- and refl., waotwiyo:ti? he abandoned his children; with repet., saowoti? she left him again; with nn. rt. -ho(a)- and dupl., t6ohootye?s he opens the door, ?o?twateh6:oti? the door opened; with nn. rt. -sta(ae)-, ?osteotyo:h it's raining; see also -?k(ae)-, -wis(se)-, -isk(ae)-, -shat(a)-, -?ne- yost(a)- (2023, 1831, 790, 1536, 2038). 1483 1484 . -otye- be flying: see -tye- (1773). . -ow- NEUTER [11.12] UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6] 1485. -owae- NEUTER [11.12] UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6] 1486. -'owe-/-'ow- bar: see -'(hy)owe- (743). 1487. -owe- NEUTER [11.12] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.13] UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6] 1488. -(C) owe? VB. STEM, in ?oowe:? or ?o:we:? catbird (Dumetella carolinensis). 1489. -OWO- NEUTER [11.12] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.13] UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6] 1490. -ow(o)- boat, tray: see -(h)ow(o)- (662). 1491. -'owookw- give a send off: see -'(h)owookw- (663). 1492. -6:wot- VB. RT. (-0, -ha?, -eh), indicate, point out, show, set a time or place: ?ako:wo:t I've pointed it out, set a time or place, w&owote? he indicated it; with dat. -ni-/-has-, wa:ko:wo:thas he showed it to me. 1493. -owoy- NEUTER [11.12] UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6] 1494. -o(:)y- OBJECTIVE [11.5] SECOND PERSON [11.2] 1495. -6:y(a)- sky: see-(y)6:y(a)- (1950). 1496 1497 -'6? ITERATIVE [5.8-9] -o?es- VB. RT. (eh, -as, —), please, gratify: ?ako?e:seh I've pleased it, ho?e:sas he pleases it; with caus. I -'ht-, ?ao?e:sat let it be pleasing!; with caus. I and dat. -ni-/-e-, hako?esahtanih he pleases me; with refl., ?akato?e:seh I'm pleased, grateful; with refl. and dist. -ho-, waenoto?esho:? they were pleased with things; with double dist., ?ato?esho:nyok gratitude, thanksgiving. 1498. -o?esha-/-o?esha?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -'h), please, gratify: ?ako?esha?oh I'm pleased, hao?e:shas it pleases him, waono?e:sha? it pleased them; with trans, -'hs- and purp., ?eyakao?eshahse? it's going to be pleasing to them. 1499 1500 1501 1502 -6?ji- be a Negro: see -(h)6?ji- (665). -6?nek-/-6?n- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), remove, move away: ?ako?no:h I've moved it away; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, waowotiya?to?ne:k they removed them; with refl., ?akato?no:h I've moved away from it. -6?s ITERATIVE [5.8-9] -o?t- blow: see -(e) o?t- (465). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 79 1503. s- REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.9-11] SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5, 9.5, 10.5, 10.7, 10.10, 11.2, 11.9] 1504. -s ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.5, 13.8] 1505. -s- MASCULINE [21.5] 1506. -'s ITERATIVE [5.8-9] 1507. -'s- DATIVE [13.12] 1508. -sa6?t VB. STEM, in teyosae?t black pepper. 1533. 1509. -sae?t(a)-> NN. RT., beans (Phaseolus): ?osae?ta? beans; with vb. rt. -keet-, ?osae?take:et white bean; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and oppos. I, yesae?- tae:kwas she picks out the beans; with vb. rt. -ki-, ?osae?ta:ki? bean soup; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)- and oppos. I, yesae?tae:kwas bean watcher (in 1534. Bowl Game). 1510. sawan6:no?o:? an obsolete dance. Cf. variants 1535. of the name Shawnee in other languages. 1511. 1512. Sa? DIMINUTIVE PARTICLE -sa? have as daughter-in-law: khe :sa? / have her as 1536. daughter-in-law, my daughter-in-law, hake:sa? my father-in-law (said by a woman), ?oke:sa? my mother-in-law (said by a woman), kosa? her daughter-in-law. 1513. 1514. 1515. 1516. 1517. 1518. sa?sa? mockingbird (Mimus sp.). -sae?- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), in ?osae?oh dew, light frost. 1537. se- SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5] -se- DATIVE [13.12] 1538. -selit(a)- NN. RT., willow (Salix sp.): ?os4hta? willow. -sehto- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), have a tick on one's body: sasehto? you have a tick on you, sehtohkwd:- ne? tick (order Acarida) 1539. 1540. 1541. 1542. 1543. 1544. 1521. 1522. 1519. s6kwahtis bloodsucker. 1520. se:no:h skunk (Mephitis mephitis). seteiijiah early in the morning; also, with ext. loc, setehjianeh. 1523. 1524. 1525. 1526. 1527. -sewa?t(a)- NN. RT., pitch, gum, glue: ?os£wa?ta? pitch, gum, glue; with vb. rt. -6hka-, kasewa?- t6hka:h it's glued on. Var. -sowa?t(a)- (1595). -se?a- VB. RT. found only with nn. rt. -e:nish(ae)- in we:nishaes6?a:neh or ?e:nishaese*?a:neh [15.6] in the morning, in the forenoon [26.4]. -se?a:n£h VB. STEM: see -e:nish(ae)- (442). seh three. sehkeh see -ato?- (244). -sen(o)- NN. RT., smell, odor: ?ose:no? smell, 1545. odor; with vb. rt. -'(h)etke-, kaseno:etke? it has a bad smell; with vb. rt. -6?te-, nikaseno?te:h 1546. how the smell is; with vb. rt. -o-, kas£noa? joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium maculatum); with vb. 1547. rt. -tahkw-, dupl., and dimin., tekasenotahkwe?- oh or tekesenotahkwe?oh kingbird (Tyrannus 1548. tyrannus); with vb. rt. -ashw- and obj., smell (tr.), ?okeseno:sho? [3.14] I smelted it. 1528. se:noh don't! 1529. se?eh because. 1549. 1530. sh- COINCIDENT [27.9] MASCULINE [11.4-6] 1550. 1531. -'sh- TRANSIENT [13.14] 1532. -sha(ae)- NN. RT. strap, halter, cord: kasha:a? strap, halter, cord; ?osha:a? mulberry (Morus sp.); with vb. rt. -te-, ?oshae:te? cord, muscle; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, jisha:ot [26.7] Baltimore oriole (Icterusgalbula); with vb. rt. -ke?-, kashae:- 1551. ke?s bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera); with vb. rt. -yene- and inch. I, stagger: hashanye:- ne?s he's staggering, nishanye:ne?t they (masc. du.) staggered (elliptical for wa:hnishanye:ne?t ?) (a Seneca chief's title); with vb. rt. -ine-, lead: hakesha:ine? he's leading me; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., shosheowa:? Great Burden Strap (a personal name). -shaist(a)- NN. RT., snake: ?oshaista? snake; with vb. rt. -owane-, kashaistowaneh Big Snake (a mythical creature); ?oshaista? wa:ya:s par- tridgeberry (Mitchella repens), lit. snake eats the berries; ?oshaista? ?oti: nyos rattlesnake-root (Pre- nanthes sp.), ht. snake it kills them. -shakane? VB. STEM, in shakane?ka:? Delaware (Indian), hatishakane?ka: ? the Delaware(s) [20.4] -shaka:neh VB. STEM, in shaka:neh a bird similar to but smaller than a crow, inhabiting stream and swamp areas. -shat(a)- NN. RT., steam, mist, fog, cloud, dust: ?osha:ta? steam, etc; with vb. rt. -o(:)ty-, kashatotye?s it's misting; with -e- fall and inch. I, ?oshate?oh mist has fallen, it's damp; with -ot-, ?osha:to:t steam or dust is rising; with -o-, ?osha:to? patch of fog; with -o- and inst. [26.3], ?oshatohkwa? mist, fog; ?oshata?ke:a? [20.4] ['Dew Eagle," ht. cloud dweller. -sha:ni- VB. RT. (—, -'s, —), be afraid of: kesha:- nis I'm afraid of it; with inch. II, hotisha:ni?oh they've become afraid of it. -sha:niht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), annoy: ?akesha:- nit it annoys me; with dat. -ni-/-e-, ?akesha:- nihtanih it annoys me; with inch. I -he?-, ?okesha:nithe?t it became annoying to me. sha?- COINCIDENT [27.9] -sh(ae)- NOMINALIZER [12.2-3] -'sh(ae)- NOMINALIZER [12.2-3] -shaete"?- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be well attended: ?oshaete?oh it's well attended. she- MASCULINE [11.4-6] -'she- VB. RT. (-'?-, -'?s, -h), follow, chase: ?ak£she? it's following me, chasing me, kheshe?s I'm chasing her around, ?o?shakotishe:? they chased her; with dist. -'hso-, ?o?k£shehso:? / chased things; with refl. -ate-, waenoteshe:? they chased them; with recip. -atate-, wa?otat£she: ? they (fem.) chased her. -shene- VB. RT. (-'?, -—, —), be tame, domesticated, cultivated: kashe:ne? it's tame, cultivated. -sh6st(a)- NN. RT., syrup, sturgeon: ?oshe*sta? syrup, corn syrup; kash&ta? sturgeon. she"s?a:h wild strawberry (Fragaria sp.), used for ceremonial purposes. -sh£:w(a)- NN. RT., belly: ?oshe:wa? belly; with vb. rt. -e- (-a?se-) and desc. -'? (?), ?osh6":we? marten (Martes americana), Marten Dance, Drop- ping-Belly Dance. -shewe?t(a)- NN. RT., bell: kasheVe?ta? bell, sleighbells. -sheya(C)- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), with obj., be jealous: ?ak£sheya: oh I'm jealous; with inch. I -'?h6?-, waosheyeo?he?t he became jealous; with oppos. I and without obj., wa:sheyeoko? he became jealous; with dat. -'?se-, howosheyae: ?seh he's jealous of him. -sh6?(ae)-, NN. RT., dough: ?osh6?ae? dough; with vb. rt. -ony(a)- and caus. I, yeshe?onya?tha? 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 people use it for making dough, mixing bowl. 1552. -she?t(a)- NN. RT., bottle, jug: kash£?ta? bottle; with vb. rt. -ota?t- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kashe?tota:?to:? Shake-the-Bottle Dance; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?oshe"?to:t navel, also Hubbard squash (Cucurbita maxima); with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?otishe?to:t beehive. 1553. -sheny-/-sheowi- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, ~'h), find: ?akeshenyo:h I've found it, hashe:nyos he finds it, ?o?k£sheowi? I found it. 1554. -sh6?t(a)- NN. RT., housefly (Musca domestica): ?oshe?ta? housefly. 1555. shi- COINCIDENT [27.9] 1556. -sho(ae)- NN. RT., lever, crowbar: kasho:ae? lever, crowbar. 1557. -sh6ae-/-shoaeh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), pry: ?akeshoaeoh I've pried it, sesho:aeh pry it! 1558. shv.h. just, only. 1559. shotowaeh- with augment, in shotowaehko:wa:h Blue Panther (a mythical creature). 1560. -showe(e)- NN. RT., false-face mush: ?oshowe:? false-face mush, corn pudding, parched corn; ?oshowe:? ?ojiskwa? parched corn mush. 1561. -sho? PLURALIZER [20.7] 1562. -sho?6h PLURALIZER [20.7] 1563. -sho?y- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot-, ?osho?yo:t carbuncle, boil. 1564. -sho?yoht(a)- NN. BASE, in ?osho?yohta? a gray worm with black head that attacks immature corn at the root. 1565. sih elsewhere, other; with -kwah [26.8], si:kwa:h in the direction away, too much. 1566. -sin6?t(a)- NN. RT., straw: ?osino?ta? straw. 1567. -'sk- FACILITATIVE [16.4] 1568. ska:ok whitewood, tulip tree (Liriodendron tulip- ifera). 1569. -skas VB. STEM., in ?oska:s or koska:s ref. to noise of pleasure made by woman in copulation; with neg., te?6ska:s that's too bad. 1570. -skatkwe?-/-skatkweh- (before impv.)/-skatkwa- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s,-0), laugh :hoskAikwe^- oh he laughed, haska:tkwe?sAe's laughing, seska:- tkweh laugh!; with caus. I -'?t- and impv., ?oska:tkwa?t it's to be laughed at, hoteskatkwa?- toh he's a joker. 1571. -skaae?t- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), taste funny: ?oska:- a?t it tastes funny. 1572. ska:e? (in numerals) added to the ten series: ska: ska:e? eleven, tekhni: ska:e? twelve, se ska:e? thirteen, tewashe: sk&: ska:e? twenty-one. 1573. ska:t/ska: (see ska:e?), one. 1574. -skaw(a)- NN. RT., bush: ?oskawako:h in the bush(es); with vb. rt. -ye-, ?oskawaye? bushes; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and refl., ?otCskayo:ni:h [3.13] growing bushes. 1575. skaeji:wa:k, wandering milkweed (Apocynum androsaemifolium). Cf. -jiwak- (875). 1576. -skaekaet VB. STEM, in jiskae:kae:t katydid (Platy- phyllum concavum). 1577. -skeVy- VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), with dupl., become tired: tewakeske:eyo:h I'm tired, tekeske:eyos I'm getting tired, ?o?tk£ske:e? I got tired. 1578. -sken(o)- NN. RT., in ?oske:no? yellow pigweed. 1579. skeno?o:h slowly. 1580. -ske?(e)- NN. RT., seed, pit: ?oske?e? eed, pit;s also beech (Fagus sp.), beechnut (F. grandifolia); with unique vb. rt. in kaske?is£:htoh Deer Buttons, Indian Dice (a game). 1581. -ske?ek6ht(a)- NN. RT., warrior, soldier, young man: hoske?ek6hta? warrior, etc., hotiske?- ekehta? warriors; with augment., hoske?ekehta- ko:wa:h God of War. Also sometimes vb.: hoske?ek£htoh etc 1582. -ske?s(ae)- NN. RT., rust: ?oske?sae? rust; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ?oske?saee? there's rust on it, it's rusty; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?oske?syo:t mold. 1583. -sko(ae)- NN. RT., branch: ?osk6ae? branch; with vb. rt. -ota?t-, kaskoeota?toh Shake-the-Branch Dance, Shake-the-Bush Dance. 1584. sko?aek, frog. 1585. -skwahkihah VB. STEM, in haskwahkihah Sauk and Fox (Indian), hatiskwahki:hah the Sauk and Fox (pi.). 1586. -skwai?t(a)- NN. RT., wildginger (Asarum cana- dense): ?oskwai?ta? wildginger. 1587. -skwa(ae)- NN. RT., lip: keskwae:?keh (on) my lip. 1588. -skwe?e(a)- NN. RT., bud: ?oskwe?ea? bud; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?oskw6?e:ot it has a bud on it. 1589. -skwe?taeh VB. STEM, in kaskwe?tae:h lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). 1590. -sn(o)- NN. RT., bark: ?osno? bark; ?osno? kasta- we?sae? bark rattle. 1591. -snye- VB. RT. (-'?, -'a?, -h), with dupl., take care of, look after, attend to: tewakesnye? I'm taking care of it, teasnyea? he looks after it, ?o?tha:- snye: ? he took care of it. 1592. -'sny6?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), usuaUy with cisloc, speak (up), utter: twak6snye?oh / spoke (up), ?etkesnye?t I'll say something; with dist. -'syo-, wa?esnye?syo:? she made several utterances. Var. -'snyo?- (1593). 1593. -'snyo?- speak: var. of -'snye*?- (1592). 1594. sohko:toh balsam fir (Abies balsamea). 1595. -sowa?t(a)- pitch: var. of -sewa?t(a) (1522). 1596. -sow(ae)- NN. RT., duck: with vb. rt. -o-, kaso:yo? [3.13] duck in the water (a personal name); with vb. rt. -owane-, kasoyowa:neh swan, goose, ht. great duck. Cf. so:waek (1597). 1597. so:waek duck; so:week ?oeno? Duck Dance. Cf. -sow(ae)- (1596). 1598. so:ka:? someone. 1599. so:te? last night. Cf. -ahso(:)t(a)- (49). 1600. -st- CAUSATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL [13.7] 1601. -'st- CAUSATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL [13.7] 1602. -sta(ae)- NN. RT., rain: ?osta:a? rain; with vb. rt. -o(:)ty-, ?osteotyo:h it's raining. 1603. -stasethe- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with dupl., be shiny: teyostae:the? it's shiny; with caus. I -'?t- and inst., teyestse:the?tahkwa? polish, lit. people use it for shining. 1604. -stakwa(ae)- NN. RT., dirt, filth: ?ostakwae:? dirt, filth; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ?ostakwse:e? there's dirt in it, it's dirty; with vb. rt. -tahkw-, yestakwae:- tahkwa? laundry hamper. 1605. -stao(:)w(o)- NN. RT., marrow: ?ost&:owo? marrow. 1606. -stawe?s(ae)- rattle: var. of-stowe?s(ae)- (1618). 1607. -ste-/-st(a)- (comb, and before impv.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, -0), be heavy: ?oste? it's heavy, ?akya?- taste? I'm heavy (see -ya?t(a)-), ?o:ke:s (punc) it's heavy for me; with inch II, wa?o:steh it got WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 81 heavy; with ambul., hosta:ne? he walked by with a heavy load. 1608. -steo?kw(a)- NN. RT., bead, beads on a string, pupil (of eye): ?ost<§o?kwa? bead, pupil. Cf. -sta(ae)- (1602). 1609. -ste- VB. RT. (-?, -'?s, —), be big: with nn. rt. -?skwa(ae)-, ka?skwae:ste:? big stone, ka?skwa§:- ste?s big stones; with nn. rt. -ity6hkw(a)-, ketyohkwaste:? big crowd. 1610. -ste(e)- NN. RT., cliff, rock bank: ?oste:e? cliff, also white effusion from rock bank of Cattaraugus Creek used as medicine; kaste:te? the cliff (is there: see -te-), kaste:ko:h Versailles, N.Y., also Wolf Run (section of Allegany Reservation), ht. in the cliffs. 1611. -ste?s(ae)- NN. RT., braided corn: ?oste?sae? braided corn; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, hatiste?syo:nih they're braiding corn. 1612. -ste?sh(ae)- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -'(h)etke-, in yeste?shae:etke? she is opposed to the marriage (typicaUy ref. to a disagreeable mother-in-law). 1613. -sth- VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), be the youngest: ?osthoh it's the youngest. Cf. -stho- (1614). 1614. -stho-/-sthw(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be few, little: ?ostho:h a little bit; with plur., ?ostho:sho?oh a few things; with inch. I -'?-, ?osthwa?oh it has diminished; with caus. I -'ht-, ?akesthwahtoh I've made it smaller; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, ?akesthwahse:h it's gotten small for me (e.g., clothing). 1615. -stista:n6? VB. STEM, in ?ostista:ne? bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula), a corn medicine (used in preparation of seed for planting). Cf. -(C)aehta:ne- (338). 1616. -stoti?sh(ae)- NN. RT., spicebush: ?ostoti?shae? spicebush. Cf. ta?kya:s (1677). 1617. -stow(ae)- NN. RT., headdress:kasto:wae? or ?osto:- wae? headdress; with plur., kastowae?sho?oh head- dresses; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, host6wae:e? he has a headdress on; with augment., ?ostowae?ko:wa:h (Great) Feather Dance. 1618. -stowe?s(ae)- NN. RT., rattle: kastowe?sae? rattle. Var. -stawe?s(ae)- (1606). 1619. -sto?sh(ae)-NN. RT., fishhook: kasto?shee?^isAAoo&. 1620. -stye?sa(ae)- NN. RT., backbone, spine: ?osty£?sae:? backbone, also interrupted fern (Osmunda clay- toniana); ?akestye?sae:?keh (on) my spine. 1621. -sw(a)- NN. RT., ribs, rib cage, side (of body), roof: keswa? my ribs, my side; with vb. rt. -teny- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], (?o)t£swate:nyo? Changing- Ribs Dance; kaswa?keh on the roof; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, kaswa:e? it's on the roof; with vb. rt. -e- and inch. I, ?o?ka:swe?t the roof fell in. 1622. -swaeh-/-swae?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), dislike, hate: ?akeswae?oh I haven't liked it, keswa: es / don't like it, ?o?k6swaeh / didn't like it. 1623. -swate- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), (be a) woman's cos- tume: ?oswa:te:h woman's costume; with nom., ?ak6swate:shee? my costume. 1624. -swa?t(a)- NN. RT., spruce (Picea sp.): kaswa?ta? spruce. 1625. swe:ke? Canada, Grand River Reserve. 1626. -sw6?n(o)- NN. RT., back (of body): kesw6?no?keh (on) my back. 1627. -sweht(a)- NN. RT., wampum (longheads or quiUs), wampum belt: kaswehta? wampum, wampum belt. 1628. -swete-/-swet(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with dupl., be hollow: teyoswe:te? it's hollow; with caus. I -'?t-, ?o?tk6swe:ta?t / hollowed it out; with dist. -nyo-, teyoswete:nyo? they are hollow. 1629. -swe?ka(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4] in hotiswe?kaiyo? (they are mem- bers of the) Hawk Clan. 1630. -swe?kaaet(a)- NN. BASE, with charact. in ?oswe?- kae:ta?ke:a? hen hawk, red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis). 1631. -swin^ht- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), with cisloc, thaw (ref. to weather): tetyoswinelitoh it^has thavjed again, takaswi:net it thawed. 1632. -syoe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be reckless, bold: hasy6:eh he's reckless, hatisyo:eh they're reck- less; with caus. I -'?t- [26.3] and vb. rt. -jin-, be strongly masculine, rough and toughth&syoet- taji:noh he's rough, tough, masculine. 1633. -syohkw(a)- NN. RT., in ?osyohkwa? part^of the anatomy of a fowl, described as a lump near the tail which is removed in cleaning. 1634. -'syo- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 1635. -'syo(:)ni-/-'syo(:)ny(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), make, prepare, fix: ?ak6syo:ni:h I've made it, prepared it, sesyo: nih fix it!; with caus. I -'?t-, kasyonya?toh it's made out of; plus nn. rt. -ya?t(a)- and recip., yotatya?tasyonya?tha? Prep- aration Dance; with dist. -':no-, ?o?kesyonya:- no: ? / got things ready, (with refl.) waenotesyo- nya:no:? they got their things ready; with dat. -ni-/-e-, howosyonya:ni:h they've made it for him. 1636. -'s?- EVENTUATIVE [16.2-3] 1637. -'s?a- CONSUME: see -hsa?- (671). 1638. -s?aa- be small: see -a?aa- (304). 1639. -s?6ht(a)- NN. RT., hand: kes?6hta? my hand; with refl. -eni- and vb. rt. -'(h)e-, ?akenis?6h- ta:e? I've put my hand on it. 1640. -t-, VB. RT. (-0, —, -0), be standing: ?i:ke:t I'm standing, ha:ti:t they're standing; with punc, indie, and coin., the same: tsa?ka:t it's the same as, tsa?kaiwa:t the same story; with cisloc, ?i:tye:t burdock (Arctium lappa), yellow dock (Rumex obtusifolius), ht. she's standing there; with repet., one: skakehtae:t one layer, shaya?ta:t one man; with caus.-inst. and dupl., stand up (tr.), set up: tesw&ktastoh I've stood it back up; with inch. I -'?- and dupl., stand up (intr.): ?o?tkta?t / stood up; with dist. -o- and duph, shield (vb.): teka:to? it's shielding it, tesdtya?- ta: to: ? it will shield you; with prog, and transloc, ho?katatye? continuously. 1641. t-cisLOCATivE [21.3, 21.6, 21.9-11] DUPLICATIVE [22.1, 22.3-5] INCLUSIVE PERSON [9.4, 11.10] REPETITIVE [21.3, 21.7, 21.11] 1642. -t IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.8] PUNCTUAL [8.2] 1643. -t- CAUSATIVE I [13.7] CAUSATIVE II [13.5] 1644. -ta- VB. RT. (—, —, -?), be a day hence: ska:t 1642. 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1645. 1646. 1647. 1648. 1649. 1650. 1651. 1652. 1653. 1654. 1655. 1656. 1657. 1658. 1659. 1660. 1661. 1662. 1663. 1664. 1665. 1666. ?eyo:ta:? it will be one day hence, tekhni: teyo:ta:? it will be two days hence, se neyo:ta:? it will be three days hence; with dist. -':no-, wa?6ta:no:? for days and days. ta- SECOND PERSON [11.2] -taaeto? VB. STEM, in jotae:to? bass (fish), e.g., rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). -tae?o- belong to the Heron clan, var. of -atae?o- (123): hotitae?o:ka:? they belong to the Heron clan. ta:h and (sentence connective). -tahkw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), take out: ?aktah- kweh I've taken it out, wa?£tahko? she took it out. -tahkw- VB. RT. (—, -a?, —), put in: yetahkwa? something to put things in, e.g., a corn crib; with incorp. nn. rt., see -stakwa(ae)-, -ye?kw(a)-. Var. -tahkw- (1649), see -wiy(ae)- (1833). Cf. -at- (118). -taho(:)to? VB. STEM, in ?otaho:to? it's abundant, there's a lot of it. tahsawa: t a nickname. -taie-/-tai(a)- be hot: see -a?taie- (324). -takaae-/-kaae(ae)- (comb, and incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be thin: with part., nikatakae:oh it's thin; with nn. rt. -?wast(a)-, nika?wastakae: oh thin stick; with caus. I -'?t-, ?akekae: ae?toh I've made it thin. -takaaeo-/-kaaeo- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be stiff: ?otakae: o? it's stiff; with nn. rt. -neht(a)-, ?onehtakae:o? stiff leaf. -takaae?w-/-takaae- (before impv.)/-aae?w-/-aae- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-eh, -4s, -0), with dupl., open: with refl. -ah-, teyohtakae:?weh it has opened; with nn. rt. -ask-, tewakaskae:?weh I've opened my mouth, teaska§:?was he opens his mouth; tesaskae:h open your mouth!, ?o?twenoska:a? they (fem.) opened their mouths; with -ask- and caus. I -'ht-, yawn: teoskae:?wahtoh he yawned. takam a nickname [1.21]. takae: ?e: ? hen, chicken; kanyo: ? takae: ?e: ? pheasant (Phasianus sp.), ht. wild hen; takae: ?e: ? ?oeno? Chicken Dance. -takeey-/-keey- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), weaken, slump, wilt: ?otake:eyo:h it's weak, slumped, wilted, katake:eyos it weakens, etc.; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, wa:ya?take:e? he weakened. -takhe- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), be running: ktakhe? I'm running, hata:khe?s he's running about, ?eyetakhe? she'll be running; with direct. and transloc, run somewhere: hewaktakhe:no:h I've run there, hwa: takhe:? [3.10] he ran there. takhyohjihjih phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) -takii?ta-/-kiita- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), fry: ?aktaki:?ta:h I've fried it, yetaki:?ta:s she fries it, staki:?ta:h fry it!; with nn. rt. -kos(ae)-, kakosaeki:?ta:? fried corn preparation. Cf. -(C)istakii?ta- (798). -tako- VB. RT., cat: ta:ko:s cat; with nom. and vb. rt. -aji-, katakoshae:ji:h black cat. tako:ji? cat; with augment., takoji?ko:wa:h wildcat, tiger. tako? a nickname. -takwaihs-/-kwaihs- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -ih), straighten, put in order: ?otakwaihso:h it's been straightened, put in order, ?o?ktak- 1667. 1668. 1669. w&ihsi? / straightened it; with nn. rt. -nesh(a)- and refl., waeneshakwaihsi? he straightened his arm; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, kaiwakwaihsos it straightens the matter out, proves what is true; plus dat. -e- and refl., ?okati:wakwaihse? the matter was straightened out for me. -takwa?sy- NN. RT., in takwa?syo:nih withe hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). takwa?tae:ne? red raspberry (Rubus strigosus). -takwehte- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be flat: tekatakwehte:h it's flat. Cf. -atakwehte- (130). 1670. 1671. 1672. 1673. 1674. 1675. 1676. 1677. 1678. taohtaoh cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum). -tase- turn: see -'(h/:)watase- (712). taske:owe? Tuscarora; task6owe?keh Tuscarora Reservation. ta:tahwat name of a mythical serpent. Also ta?tahkwat (1678). ta?- NEGATIVE [23.1-2] ta?akwiste? nothing. ta?j o: h kind of bird similar to the towhee. ta?kya:s spicebush (Benzoin aestivale). Cf. -stoti?sh(ae)- (1616). ta?tahkwat see ta:tahwat (1673). 1679. ta?ya? a nickname. 1680. te- DUPLICATIVE [22.1-2] NEGATIVE [23.1-2] 1682 1683 1684 1685 1681. -te-/-t(a)- (comb, before caus. II), VB. RT. (-'?, —, -'h), be present, in place, hanging down: ka:te? it's present, it's hojnging down; with nn. rt. -yan(o)-, kayanote? there are tracks there; with cisloc. and part., nitka:te? how high it is; with nn. rt. -nesh(a)- and cisloc, thaneshate? his arm is extended (in this direction); with nn. rt. -(y)6:y(a)-, part., and punc, no?keoya:te? of the sky; with caus. II, put up: ?akta:toh I've put it up; plus nn. rt. -(y)ohka(ae)-, ?akyohkae:- tatoh I've put up a rope; with caus. II and nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, create: ?o?kya?tata:t / created it; with inch. II and nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, wa?6ti:wa:teh something came up that has to be done; with dist. -nyo-, ?akati:watenyo? I have various things to do; with contr., be a different one: with nn. rt. -okw6?t(a)-, thiyokwe?ta:te? a different person. tekhni :h two. -tekiya?k- VB. RT., in (?o)tekiya?koh buffalo (Bison bison); tekiya?koh ?oeno? Buffalo Dance. tekyo? eight. 1687. 1688. 1689. 1690. -teny- VB. RT. (-oh, -os or -e?s, -ih), change: ?akte: nyo :h I've changed it; with nn. rt. -yan(o)-, hayanote: nyos he's changing a tire; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)- and dupl., ?o?tki:wate:ni? I changed the subject; with refl. -ah-, ?akahtenyo:h I've changed (intr.), ?ohte:nyo:h it's changed, the fruit or leaves are falling. 1686. -te> VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be rough, strong: ?o:tet it's rough, strong; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)now(o)-, ?o:nowotet rough rapids; with nn. rt. -ye?kwa- (ae)-, ?oye?kwae:tet strong smoke. te?- NEGATIVE [23.1-2] te?jo:? it's worn out (neg., repet., and vb. rt. of indeterminate shape). te?we:toh never. -te- VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), usually with dupl., j%, rise into the air: teyo:te:h it has flown, teka:teh it flies, airplane, balloon, ?o?tka:te? it flew; with WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 83 caus.-inst., tey6testha? it makes it fly; with vb. rt. -te- [26.2], ?ote:te? it's standing still in the air. 1691. -tehta-/-tehta(ae)- (comb.)/-ehta-/-ehta(ae)- (in- corp. after -'(h/:)yoskw-), lay flat: ?aktehta:? I've laid it flat, hatehtaha? he lays it flat; with rep., stehta:eh add another layer!; with rep. and oppos. I, saktehtae:ko? i" took a layer off; with nn. rt._-ya?t(a)- and refl., wa:tya?tatehta:e? he laid his body flat; with nn. rt. -iewe(e)- and double dist., ke:w6tehteonyo? wires laid flat, railroad track. 1692. 1693. 1694. 1695. -tes- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be thick: ka:te:s it's thick; with nn. rt. -nest(ae)-, kan6staete:s thick board; with inch. I -h6?-, ?o?kateshe?t it got thick. te?eh what? te?eti?kwah whatever. -te?kw-/-e?kw- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -oh), with refl. -ah-, swell: ?ohte?kweh it's swollen, wahte?kwas it swells; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)nek(a)- and refl., ?o?wahneke?ko? it swelled up in the water; with nn. rt. -(h)aehkw(a)-, refl., and caus. I -'ht-, yothaehkwe?kw4tha? yeast. 1704. 1696. th- CONTRASTIVE [25.4-5] 1697. -tha-/-tha(ae)- (comb.)/-thaaewe- (before inch. II), VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), talk: ?ake:tha:? I'm talking, hatha:ha? he talks, he's the speaker, tehnithaeh let's (incl. du.) talk!; with dat. -ni-/-has-, waowotithahas they talked to them; with dat. and refl. -ate-, hatethae:nih he preaches to (someone), preacher; with inch. II, naothae:weh the way he talked; with inst. and fut., ?£othae:k he'll be the speaker. 1698. tha:sae:h kingfisher. 1699. thatota:ho? Tadodaho (mythical figure in Dega- nawida legend and Onondaga chief title). 1700. thayatkwa:i? mythical animal. 1701. tha?- CONTRASTIVE [25.4-5] 1702. thehto:o? woodchuck (Marmota monax). 1703. the :te? yesterday. -the?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), pound, pound corn: ?ak6the?toh I'm pounding, sethe?t pound!; with inst., yeth6?tahkwa? pestle; with nom., ?ot£?shae? flour, meal, powder. 1705. 1706. 1707. 1708. -the- be dry: see -he- (560). thi- CONTRASTIVE [25.4-5] thikeoh less, thikeoh ?aike:h to a lesser degree. -tho- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be the one: ?otho? it's the one; with neg., te?tyo:tho? it's not the one; with neg. and dupl., ta?tetyotho? it's not the same one. 1709. 1710. 1711. 1712. 1713. 1714. thotaye:t jackrabbit, hare (Lepus americanus). -thowetoh VB. STEM, in jithowetoh hummingbird. thwaet, duck, swan: see thwe:t (1713). -thwehs(a)- NN. RT., liver: ?ak6thwehsa? my liver. thwe:t domesticated duck, swan; thwe:t ?oeno? Swan Dance. Var. thwaet (1711). ti- CISLOCATIVE [21.3, 21.6, 21.11] DUPLICATIVE [22.1, 22.3] NONSINGULAR [10.13, 11.13] PLURAL [9.2, 9.9] 1715. -tia-/-ti- (before desc. -eh), VB. RT. (-'? or -6h, -'s, -'h), with dupl., be unequal, different: tey6tia? or tey6tieh it's unequal, different, teyotia? it will be unequal; with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, teyohatatieh a different forest; with inch. I -'?h£?-, ?o?tyotia?- he?t it became unequal; with refl. -ah- and caus. I -'?t-, alternate: tewahtia?tha? it alternates; with refl. and oppos. II, replace, take over from: ?o?- thenohtiahsi? they replaced (some others). 1716. tih at this point, then. 1717. tisaskok or ?otisaskok, skunking (in the Bowl Game, the loss of one's turn without having won a single bean). 1718. tistis woodpecker. 1719. -tiyohkw- VB. RT. (-oh, -a?, -0), gain control over: recorded only with nn. rt. -?nikoe-, shokwe?- nikoetiyohkoh he has gained control over our minds. 1720. -tiyo(:)t- stretch, var. of -atiyo(:)t- (201): ?o?- tktiyo:te? / stretched it. 1721. ti?kwah, whether: var. of ?ati?kwah (1974). 1722. ti?ti:? bluejay (Cyanocitta cristata). 1723. -tkaaesh(ae)- NN. RT., blackberry (Rubus sp.): ?otkae:shae? blackberry. 1724. -tk6oke? VB. STEM, in jitk6:oke? horsefly, deerfly (famUy Tabanidae). 1725. -tkesh(a)- NN. RT., handle (as of an ax): katke:- sha? handle, also pike (Esox sp.) 1726. -tkesyo?t- NN. RT., leatherwood (Dirca palustris): ?otkesyo?ta? leatherwood. 1727. -tke?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), with cisloc, persist stubbornly, become worse: thotke?oh he keeps right on doing it, taka:tke?t it got worse; with prog., tayotke?6:tye? it got progressively worse. 1728. -tki- VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, —), be dirty: ?otki? it's dirty; with nn. rt. -ks(a)-, ?oksa:tki?s dirty dishes; with caus. I -'ht-, ?ak£tkihtoh I've gotten it dirty; ?o?watetkit it got dirty, was a bad storm; with inch. I -h6?-, wa?6tkihe?t it got dirty; ?otki? ?oneo? decayed corn. 1729. -tko(ae)- wampum (string): ?otkoae? wampum. Cf. -tk6?(ae)- (1731). 1730. -tkonye- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), stir: kotko:nye:h she's stirring it, setko:nye:h stir it!; with nom., katkonya?shae? stirring implement, paddle, ladle, katkonya?syowaneh big ladle, nikatkonya?shae?- a:h small ladle. 1731. -tko?(ae)- NN. RT., wampum (string): ?otk6?ae? wampum. Cf. -tko(ae)- (1729). 1732. tkotahe? red-bellied snake (Storeria occipitomacu- lata). 1733. -tkowo?sa(ae)- NN. RT., string bean: ?otkowo?sa:a? string bean; with vb. rt. -o- and refl., henotetko- wo?seoa? String Bean Ceremony, ht. they put their string beans in water. 1734. -tkw(a)- NN. RT., in ?otkwa? organ of a cow that returns the cud to the mouth, and with vb. rt. -ati- in sketkwa:tih my left (side), tsetkwa:tih your left. 1735. -tkwa?ta? VB. STEM, in hatitkwa?ta:? Pleiades. 1736. -tkw6hs(a)- NN. RT., blood: ?ak6"tkwehsa? my blood; with vb. rt. -'(h)i-, katkwehsai?s or (with augment.) katkwehsai?sko:wa:h bloodroot (San- guinaria canadensis), ht. blood drips out. 1737. -tkwehta(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -?e-, tkw6htae:- ?e:? red; with vb. rt. -aji-, ?otkwehtae:ji:h dark red. 1738. -tkw£?t(a)- NN. RT., pocketbook: katkw6?ta? pocketbook. 1739. -tkwi(ae)- NN. RT., recorded only in katkwiae?keh snowsnake tail. 1740. -tkwist(a)- NN. RT., stomach, belly: ?otkwista? stomach, belly. 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1768. 1769. 1770. 1771. 1772. 1773. 1774. 1775. 1776. 1777. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 1741. -toaek-/-6aek- (incorp. and var. in other positions), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), press down, hold down: ?akt6:aekoh or ?ako:aekoh I'm pressing, holding it down, hato:aes he presses it down, sto:aek hold it down!; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, koya?to: aekoh it's holding her down; with caus. I -t-, katoaektha? it holds it down. 1742. to:h. how many? 1743. tohka:?ah only a few. 1744. -tok- VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -0), see: ?akto:keh I've seen it, hato:kha? he sees it, ?o?kto:k / saw it; see also -i:n(o)- (775). 1745. -tokaaetase-/-okaaetase- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), with dupl., twist: teyetokae:ta:ses she twists it, testokae: taseh twist it!, tesa:nya?sokae:tase? it will twist your neck. Cf. -'(h/:)watase- (712). 1746. -toka?t- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be clear: ?oto:ka?t it's clear (e.g., water, the sky); with inch. I -h.6?-, wa?otoka?the?t it cleared up. 1747. -tokeho-/-okeho- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), with dupl., be square: teyotoke:ho? it's square; with dist. -nyo-, teyotokehonyo? they're square; teyooyokeho? figwort (Scrophularia sp.), lit. the sky is square. 1748. -toke- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be straight, exact, specific, the same: kato:ke:h it's exact, a specific one, the same one; with caus.-inst., ?o?kto:kes / straightened it, held it straight, ?esato:kes it straightened you, gave you power, kotokestoh she keeps it straight (title of a longhouse official at Cattaraugus Reservation); with inch. II, teka- toke?oh it's gotten straight, the game has gotten close; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, ?okwatokehse:h it's been explained to us. Cf. -atokeht- (220). 1749. to:kes in fact, yes. 1750. to ".kwah so many. 1751. to:nihokae:?weh (a Seneca chief's title). Cf. -takaae?w- (1656). 1752. to:nyotah eagle: var. of jo:nyotah (892). 1753. toskeh nearby, close. 1754. t6syo:we:h Buffalo, N.Y. 1755. to:ti:s salamander. 1756. to:ti?kwah how much, however many. 1757. towistowi? sandpiper (Actitis sp.), killdeer (Cha~ radrius vociferus); with augment., towistowi?ko:- wa:h killdeer. 1758. -to?t(a)- wave: ?oto?ta? wave; with vb. rt. -owane-, ?oto?towa:nes big waves. 1759. -to(:)- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -'h), close: with nn. rt. -ho-, kaho:to? the door is closed, seho:toh close the door!; with dupl., enclose, put something around: tewa:kto? I've put it around it; with oppos. I, open: sehoto:koh open the door!; with inst., teatihotohkwa? jail, lit. they use it for closing the door. 1760. ts- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5] 1761. -ts- SECOND PERSON [11.8, 11.10] 1762. tsa?- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5] 1763. tsi- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5] 1764. tsih friend: hae? tsih hi, friend! Cf. -atsih (248). 1765. tsitkanyae:t kind of tick, small and white. 1766. tsiwa: eh first, to begin with. 1767. -tsi?kwat- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be bent, crooked: ?otsi?kwa:t it's bent; with dist. -o- or double dist., ?otsi?kwato? or ?otsi?kwato:nyo? it's crooked, zigzag. Cf. -hsa?kwat- (674). -tsi?skwe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be puckered, shriveled: tey6tsi?skwe:h it's puckered, shriveled. tyaote:ke? Pittsburgh, Pa. Var. ty6oto:ke? (1776). tya:we:h trout (Salmo sp.). tyawe?oh always, at all times. -tye- PROGRESSIVE [17.1, 17.3] -tye-/-otye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), be flying, katye? it's flying, katye?s it's flying about; with nn. rt. -jist(a)-, kajistotye? flying spark (personal name), also meteor, satellite; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, taye>a?to: tye? she's moving this way through the air; with nn. rt. -(h) ash (ae)- and caus. I -ht-, ka:syotye:tha? lion; with dist. -no- and prog., katyenotye? they're flying along; _ with repet., transloc, and direct., hosakatye:? it flew back there. tye:kwah, if. Var. tyo:kwah (1779). tyohto:h nine. tyooto:ke? Pittsburgh, Pa. Var. tyaote:ke? (1769). tyoe?to:ke? ginseng (Panax trifolium). tyohtyoh wren (Troglodytes sp.). tyo:kwah^y. Var. tye:kwah (1774). tyo:yaik robin (Merula migratoria); tyo:yaik ?oeno? Robin Dance. -u?iiu- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), be tiny [1.20]: niwd?- u:h it's tiny, niu?u:h he's tiny, niyuku?u:h she's tiny; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, nikanohsu?u:h tiny house; with nn. rt. -(h)osh(ae)-, nikaosyu?u:n tiny box. 1782. w- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8] 1783. -w- PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] 1784. wa- INDICATIVE [8.3, 8.6, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 24.2] NONMASCULINE [9.6] 1785. -wa-, OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] 1786. -:w(a)- waist: see -(h/:)w(a)- (706). 1787. -':w(a)- certain time: see -'(h/:)w(a)- (707). 1788. wa:e? again. 1789. -:waha- tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708). 1790. -':wahs- cover with a blanket: see -'(h/:)wahs- (709). 1791. wain just, precisely, indeed. 1792. wa:i? / thought, so far as I am concerned. 1793. -':wajiy(ae)- family: see -'(h/:)wajiy(ae)- (710). 1794. ~':was(a)- snowsnake: see -'(h/:) was (a) (711). 1795. wasa:se? War Dance: also Thunder Ceremony, of which War Dance is a part. 1796. -':watase- turn: see -'(h/:)watase- (712). 1797. waye:? isn't it so?, n'est-ce pas? 1798. -wa?hi?-/-wa?hi- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -k), with obj., err in speech, stutter: ?akwa?hi?oh / stuttered, said something I didn't intend, howa?- his he stutters, waowa?hi?k he stuttered. 1799. -':wa?ist- lay up to a mark: see -'(h/:)wa?ist- (713). 1800. wa?jih recently. 1801. -wa?k- VB. RT., grasp: see keotawa?koh under -(y)ot(a)- (1946), and cf. -yenow6?kho- (1881). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 85 1802. -wae- PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] 1803. -waee? VB. STEM in ?owae:e? swan, whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus). 1804. -waen(o)- sugar: see -(C)aen(o)- (346). 1805. -we- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be far, be a certain dis- tance: niyo:we? how far it is. 1806. we: eh far, distant. 1807. -wek- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), close: with nn. rt. -ask(a)-, ?akaskwe:koh I've closed my mouth, haiskwe:s he closes his mouth, wa:askwe:k he closed his/its mouth; with nn. rt. -a?s-, refl., and dist. -ho-, ta:yokwata?swe:kho:k we should keep our ears closed. 1808. -:w6:n(o)- post, raft, island: see -(h/:)w6:n(o)- (714). 1809. -weo- see -ne?t(a)- (1166). 1810. -weso- be much: see -eso- (399). 1811. -:we?n- make round: see -(h/:)we?n- (715). 1812. we- NONMASCULINE [9.6] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] 1813. -weh- happen: see -eh- (422). 1814. -wenee?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), speak about: ?akwe- ne:?oh I've spoken about it; wa:kwene:e?t he spoke to me about it. Probably -wen(o)-, -(C)- (ae)-, and inch. I; var. -wenoo?- (1818). 1815. -wene?t- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be melancholy, depressed: howene?toh he's melancholy, hotiwene?- toh they're melancholy. Probably -wen(o)-, -e- (see -a?se-), and irregular caus. I -'?t-. 1816. -wen(o)- NN. RT., voice, utterance, word, language: hawe:no? his voice, kawe:no? language, ?owe:- no? word; haweni:yo? God, lit. he whose voice or word is good; with vb. rt. -itke- and inch. I, speak: wa:weni:tke?t he spoke; with vb. rt. -wisaht- and obj., mention: ?okwenowi:sat I men- tioned it; with vb. rt. -ot- and prog., spread the word, thunder: hawenota:tye?s he's spreading the word, hatiwenotatye?s the Thunderers; with vb. rt. -okoht- and refl., hold a ceremony: hotwenoko- htoh he has held the ceremony; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and neg., be dumb: te?ewe:no:t she's dumb; with vb. rt. -oneht-, have indications that a ceremony is overdue: ?akwenonetha? / have indications, etc; with vb. rt. -a?tih-, inch. I, and dupl., approve after discussion: ?o?thatiwenoti:he?t they ap- proved it after discussion; with -(C)ihsak-, divine a dream: waowowenihsa:k they divined his dream; with vb. rt. -'?s(ae)-, oppos. I, and repet., answer: tosaeweno?sae:ko? / answered him; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, caus. I, and refl., ?eyotweno:nya?t she'll use it for her plea; with vb. rt. -ahto(:)- and nom., kawenohtashae? loss of reputation. 1817. -wenoi- VB. RT. (—, -'h, -'h), with obj., become insane: howenoih he's insane, waowenoi? he went mad; with ext. loc. -':n6h, hotiweno:ineh insane asylum. 1818. -wenoo?- speak about, var. of -wenee?- (1814): wa:kweno:o?t he spoke to me about it. 1819. -weno?tash(ae)- NN. BASE, in kaweno?tashae? knowledge or possession of evil power. Cf. last example under -wen(o)-. 1820. we:toh, when. 1821. we:toti?kwah whenever. 1822. -we?- happen: see -eh- (422). 1823. -:we?ka(ae)- wood: see -(h/:)we?ka(ae)- (718). 1824. -we?ohs- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t- in kawe?- ohso:tha? elecampagne (Inula helenium). Cf. -e?ohs(a)- (482). 1825. -:we?st(a)-/oam: see -(h/:)we?st(a)- (719). 1826. -:we?t(a)- ear of corn: see -(h/:)we?t(a)- (720). 1827. -wi- be ripe: see -(C)i- (747). 1828. -:wihs(a)- muscle: see -(h/:)wihs(a)- (721). 1829. wis five. 1830. -wisaht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), touch glancingly, glance off of: ?awisahtoh it has glanced off of it (with irregular obj. -a-; cf. [10.8]). 1831. -wis(ae)- NN. RT., ice, butter: ?owi:sae? ice, butter; with vb. rt. -o-, ice over: kawisyoa? it ices over; with vb. rt. -o(:)ty-, ?owisyotyo:h sleet, hail. 1832. -:wist(a)- money, cup: see -(h/:)wist(a)- (722). 1833. -wiy(ae)-/-win- (before y), NN. RT., offspring, child: yewi:yae? her offspring; with plur., hotiwi- yae?sho? their children; with vb. rt. -tahkw-, kawiyaeta: hkwa? uterus, afterbirth. 1834. y- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7] NEUTER [6.1, 6.8, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 1835. -y- FEMININE [11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] NONMASCULINE [10.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] SECOND PERSON [11.5] 1836. -(y)- put in: see-(C)(ae)-(333). 1837. -ya- EXCLUSIVE PERSON [9.11, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 1838. ya- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7] 1839. -':y(a)- another one: see -'(h/:)y(a)- (723). 1840. -ya(ae)- NN. RT., bag, mattress: hoya:a? his bag, his mattress; with vb. rt. -tehta(ae)- and inst., yotyae:tehtae:hkwa? mattress; with vb. rt. -eowi- and caus. I, yeyaeowi:tha? suitcase. 1841. ya:e? first. 1842. -yah(a)- NN. RT., in kayaha?keh Cleveland, Ohio. 1843. -yahke?t(«)- NN. RT., glans penis: ?oyahke?ta? glans penis, also conical morel (Morchella sp.). 1844. -yahs(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and dupl., make a cross: tewdkyahso:t I've made a cross, tekayahso:t cross, ta :yahso: tha? priest, Catholic; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., kayahso:to? Kyashota, name of chief of Iroquois towns on the Ohio River, also Baltimore. 1845. -yaht(a)- NN. RT., thigh: kyahta?keh (on) my thigh; with vb. rt. -owe- (see -?howek-) and nom., kayahtow£?shae? pants, lit. what covers the thigh; with -owe-, refl., and dupl., wear: te:notyah- towe:skwa? they used to wear; tekayahtowanes meadowlark (Sturnella magna), lit. big thighs. 1846. yak- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 1847. -:yaka(ae)- jackstick: see -(h/:)yaka(ae)- (724). 1848. -':yakahiyeiit- be sharp: see -'(h/:)yakahiy6ht- (725). 1849. -':yakahiyo- sharpen: see-'(h/:)yakahiyo-(726). 1850. -yakeh-/-yake-(before desc)/-yake-(comb), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), take out: hoyakeoh he's taken it out, wa:yakeh he took it out; with caus. I -'ht- and inst., go straight out: wa:yakehtak he went straight out; with inch. I -'?- and transloc, go out, depart: hewakyake?oh I've gone out, 86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1851, 1852, 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. hosajake?t [6.5] go back out!, get out!; with inch. I, prog., and cisloc, bulge out: tayoyake?o:otye? it's bulging out; with dist. -'hso-, hoyakehso? he's taken things out; with dat. -'hse-, shakoyak- ehse:h he's taken it out for her, she's had an abortion. -:yakwiy(ae)- toe: see -(h/:)yakwiy(ae)- (727). -yane- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be a chief, sachem: hoya:ne:h (he's a) chief; with nom., kayaneshae? law, (with augment.) kayaneshae?ko:wa:h Iro- quois Constitution, lit. the great law. -yanowe-/-yanow(se)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be fast: hayano:we? he's fast, he runs fast; with caus. II, ?etsatyano:wae:t you will run fast. -yan(o)- NN. RT., footprint, track, tire: ?oya:no? footprint, track, tire; with vb. rt. -(C)e- run a race: te:notyano:eha? they're running a race; with vb. rt. -otaaeh-, ?ekoyanotae:h I'll step in your tracks; with vb. rt. -neke-, skayanone:ke? fisher (Martes pennanti), lit. the one who has put the track together. -yano?t- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), make a mark: ?akyano?toh I've made a mark; with refl., put on a show, do tricks: hotyano?toh he's putting on a show, hatyano?tha? he does tricks, acrobat, clown; with dimin., hayano?ta?ah clown; with trans. -':n-, wa?akwatyano?ta:no? we went somewhere and put on a show; with dat. -ni-/-e-, hakyano?ta:ni:h he has marked it for me; with inst., yeyano?tahkwa? chalk, lit. people use it for making marks. Cf. -'(h/:)yano?t- (728). -':yano?t- mark: see -'(h/:)yano?t- (728). -yanyeh (or -anyeh ?), VB. STEM, have as sister-in- law: ?akya:nyeh my sister-in-law. -yas- VB. RT. (-oh, -0, —), call, name: haya:soh he's called, his name is, ha:ya:s he calls it; with dist. -ho-, wa:yasho:? he called the names (also sometimes simply one name); with caus. I -t-, haya:stha? he calls it. -yashe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be a pair: te:niyashe:h they (masc du.) form a pair, two of them. -yashe-/-yashet(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-'?, —, -h), lay, lie: hayashe? he's lying (down), hosaowoya- she:? they laid him back down; with caus. I -'?t- fall down, ?o?kyashe:ta?t I fell down. -yat(a)-/-yate- (before spl. nn. suff.), hole: ?oya:te? hole; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, wa?eyato:ni? she made a hole; with vb. rt. -okaet-, ?o?kyato- ka: ete? / made a hole in it; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, dig: haya:tya?s he's digging; with vb. rt. -o- and prog., ?oyatotye? ditch, sluice; with charact., ?oyata?ke:a? Cherokee. -yatahs(a)- NN. RT., stub of a broken off branch: ?oyatahsa? stub, etc., also (with vb. rt. -ot-) ?oyatahso: t. -':yato(:)- write: see -'(h/:)yato(:)- (729). -ya:ya?k-/-iya?k- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with dupl., cross, go across: teoya:ya?koh he has crossed it, teyakwaya:ya?k we'll cross it; with caus. I and transloc, ha?teyoya:ya?ktoh Quaker Bridge, N.Y., ht. where it crosses over; with nn. rt. -'(h/:)neht(a)-, ka:neliti:ya?s it crosses the plateau; with nn. rt. -(h)a(a)-, ?o?tha:iya?k he crossed the road. 1865 1866 1867, 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. . -:ya?eht(a)- Eagle Dance pole: see -(h/:)ya?- eht(a)- (730). , -ya?k-/-iya?k- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/-a?k- (after others), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), break (off), cut (off), win: ?akya?koh I've broken it, ha:ya?s he's breaking it, ?o?kya?k / broke it, I won; with refl., ?otya?koh it's broken off; with dupl., break in two, into pieces, by force: ?o?tkya?k / broke it in two, etc.; with dist. -ho-, tekya?khoh I'm breaking it or them; with caus. I -t- and nn. rt. -(y)ot(a)- or -(h)ot(a)-, y6otya?ktha? J14.3] saw, lit. people use it for cutting trees; with nn. rt. -nesh(a)-, hohnetsiya?koh [14.5] his arm is cut off; for -a?k- see -hs(a)- (668). -ya?se-/-ya?s(ge)-(comb.)/-'?se-/-'?s(ae)-(incorp.), (-?, -ha?, -eh), with dupl., lay over, double, fold: tekaya?se:? or (with refl.) tewatya?se:? it lies over it, it's double, folded, tewakya?se: ? I've folded it, ta:ya?se:ha? he's folding it, ?o?tkya?se? / folded it; with oppos. I, separate, unfold: ?o?tkya?saeko? I unfolded it; with nn. rt. -(h) a(a)-, tewatha: ?se: ? crossroads, (with cisloc) tetwa- tha: ?se: ? at the crossroads, Four Corners (section of Cattaraugus Reservation). -ya?t(a)- NN. RT., form, shape, body, doll: kaya?ta? body, doll; with vb. rt. -te-, haya?tate? his body is present, he is there; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, kaya?ta: ? picture, lit. the form is in it; with vb. rt. -tki-, saya?tatki? your body is dirty (an insult); with vb. rt. -yei- and inch. I, gather, assemble: koya?tayei?oh people have gathered; with -yei- and caus.-inst., koya?tayeistha? their gathering place; with vb. rt. -kweniyo-, benefit from: haya?takweni:yo? it's for his benefit; with vb. rt. -ke:yat-, nominate: waowotiya?take:ya:te? they nominated them; with vb. rt. -keny-, beat (in a contest): waowotiya?tke:ni? they beat them; with -'(h) iht-, run over, trample on: ?o?thoya?tait it ran over him; with -(C) (ae)- and inch. I, ask for help: haya?tae:?s he's asking for help, also it's his best one (e.g., his best suit); with vb. rt. -e- and caus. I, saya?tet get down!; with vb. rt. -o(:)t- and inst., yeya?totahkoh she belongs to the Dark Dance Society; with vb. rt. -ya?k- and dupl., tehsya?tya?koh your waistline; with vb. rt. -es-, shaya?te: s blacksnake (Coluber constrictor). Often used as incorp. nn. rt. in reference to living beings where no English translation is called for: ?akya?taste? I'm heavy, shaya?ta:t one man, wa:ya?tye:ne?t he fell over, watiya?take:et they (nonmasc. pi.) are white (ref. to animals); with vb. rt. -ya?k-, refl., and dupl., teotya?tya?koh Divided Body, Hail Spirit (a mythical figure). -ya?the-, VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), bring up to a point: ?akya?the:h I've brought it there, it's gotten to me, it's my turn, haya?the:s he brings it to that point, wa?akoya?the: ? it got up to her; with recip., waenotatya?the:? they brought themselves to that point. -yae(ae)- do: see -ye- (1874). -yaen(o)- sugar: see -(C)aen(o)- (346). ye- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7, 11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] -ye- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.15, 21.5, 22 2, 24.2, 25.5] WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 87 1874. -ye-/-ye(ae)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-eh, -ha?, -h), usually with part., do: niwakye:eh how I have done it, what I have done, nikye:ha? how I do it, 1884. no?kye:? how I did it; with caus. I -'?t-, use: 1886. hayeae?tha? or hayae:?tha? [27.2] he uses it; with caus. I and refl., wear: ?akatyae:?toh I'm wearing it;^ with inch. II, wake up: wa:ayeh he woke up; with dist. -'".no- and contr., tha?eyeaeno:? she just did a little here and there; with dat. -'?se-/-'?s- and refl., hakaty6ae?se:h he's done it for me, also he's lazy; with refl. and cont., satye:ok (-ye-e- ak>-y6:ok) keep still!; with refl. and contr., thionotye: eh they were keeping still. 1875. -yeeht- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), instigate (usually trouble): hoyeehtoh he has instigated it, hayee- tha? he instigates it, wa:ye:et he instigated it; with refl. and cisloc, be first: tyotyeehtoh it's first, thatyeetha? he keeps being first, tawatye:et it was first; together with refl. as derived rt. [26.2], tawate:nishaetye:et the first day. 1876. -yei- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), usually with cisloc, be right, proper, real, complete: tkaye:i? it's right, in fact, really; tetsye'.i? are you all right again?; 1887. tkakae:ye:i? the complete price; with dupl. and transloc, be enough: ha?tekaye:i? it's enough; with caus.-inst., accomplish, bring to a proper conclusion: ?aky6istoh I've accomplished it; with caus.-inst. and obj., gather, assemble: waotiye:is they gathered; with inch. II, fit into: ?akyei?oh I fit into it, it fits me; with trans, -'hs- (and impv. -aeh), ?okwaya?tayeihsaeh let's go and assemble! (see -ya?t(a)- [1868]). 1888. 1877. ye:i? six. 1878. -yene- fall: see -?hnyene- (2005). 1879. -yeno- VB. RT. (-'?, -s, -h), grab, catch: ?akye:no? I've grabbed it, haye:no:s he catches it, with nn. 1889. rt. -ij(C)(a)-, ?o?kijaye:no:? / caught a fish; with dupl., work together: teyakwaye:no:? we'll 1890. do it together (e.g. lift a boat); with dupl. and recip., wrestle: ?o?thenotatye:no:? they wrestled; with dist. -'hso-, ?o?kijayenohso: ? I caught several fish. 1880. -yenowo- VB. RT., with caus. I -'ht- and refl., hold back: ?okatyeno: wot it held me back; with dat. -'?se-/-'?s-, help: hakyenowo?se:h he has 1891. helped me; plus recip., teonotatyenowo?se:h they're helping each other; perhaps with iter. -'?s, shatyenowo?s he who helps (a Seneca chief's 1892. title). 1881 -yenowo?kho-/-now6?kho- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, -'h, —), hold on to, grasp: kyenowo?kho? he's 1893. holding on to a stick; with dupl., work together: te:niyenowo?kho? they (masc du.) are working together, are partners. Cf. -wa?k- (1801). 1894. 1882 •ye'st-, VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), usually with cisloc, give, contribute: twaky^stoh I've given, contributed, thaky^stha? he contributes, takyes / contributed. VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), with dupl., mix, tey6tyestoh it's mixed, assorted, tewakyestoh I've mixed^ it; with dist. -':no-, tekayesta:no? several things mixed together; with dat. -ni-/-e- poison: teshakoy- 1895. 6stani:h he has poisoned her. 1883. -ye:wa-/-ye:wa?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-6h, -'s, -'h), with obj., look for in vain: ?aky6:- 1896. wa?oh I've looked for it in vain, hoy£:was he's looking for it in vain, ?oky6: wa? / looked for it in vain; with caus. I -t-, shakoye:wa:tha? Red Jacket. y[e]- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7] -ye-/-yet(a)- (comb, except before dat.), VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), have, put down, establish, be present: ?akye? / have it, I've put it down, hayeo? he puts it down; with nn. rt. -skaw(a)-, ?oskawaye? (there are) bushes; with nn. rt. -jiy(ae)-, hojiyaeye? he has a dog; plus dist. -o-, hojiyaeye:to? he has dogs; with refl., sit down: satye:h sit down!; with refl. and inst., yotyetahkwa? chair, bench; with past and part., niwakye:tak it's all I have; with dupl., play, bet, gamble: tetwa:ye:? we'll play it, bet on it; with inch. I -'?- and obj., obtain: ?okye:ta?t / (just) obtained it; with dat. -ni-/ -'as- [3.14], nn. rt. -ye?kw(a)-, and repet., ?eshatiye?kwayeos they'll put down tobacco for it again (ref. to meeting of Little Water Society); with trans. -'?s-, purp., repet., dupl., and trans- loc, ha?teskayeta?se? it will return to normal; with caus. I -'ht-, see -?niko(e)-. Cf. -e- estab- lish (410). -y(C)e-[6.10]/-y(C)e- (comb.), VB. RT. (-6h, -6?s, —), know, know how: keyeoh I know it, know how, hayeo?s he knows how; with inch. I -'?he?-, learn: ?akeye?h£?oh I've learned it, ?ekenoye?he?t I'll learn the song; with caus.-inst. and dat., teach: hayestanih he teaches it; with caus.-inst. and refl., try to learn, read: hat^yestha? he's trying to learn it, he's reading, (with inst.) henoteyestahkwa? school, lit. where they try to learn, read. -yee- VB. RT., with caus.-inst., hurt: hokye:stoh they've hurt me, wa:kye: es he hurt me; with inch. II and obj., be hurt: ?akye:e?oh I've been hurt, ?okye: eh / got hurt. -ye(e)- NN. RT., beads, wampum beads: ?oye:e? beads. -yeen(o)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -6?kt-, fashion, complete: shokwatye:no?kta?oh he has fashioned us, Our Creator (also commonly hotye:no?kta?o he tyohe?, lit. he has fashioned our lives); shok- watye:no?kta?oh ?aweo? Hiawatha sunflower, deerstongue; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, do correctly: waenotye:no:ni? they did it correctly. -yeho- [6.10], VB. RT. (-?, —, —), with dupl., be busy: teke:ho:? I'm busy, ta:yeho:? [27.2] he's busy, tey^yeho: ? she's busy. -yehsa(ae)- NN. RT., poultice, bandage: ?oyehsae:? poultice, bandage; ?ey6tyehsa:o? she'll put ban- dages on herself. -7ehse- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be at home: kehse? I'm at home, hayehse? he's at home, ta:yehse? [27.2] he's not at home. -yeht- VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -0), hit: ?aky£htoh I've hit it, it's hit me, also I've had a stroke, hayetha? he's hitting it, ?ijet [6.11] hit it!; with nn. rt. -?hny(a)- and dist. -':no-, waoke?hnya- yehta:no:? they hit me with sticks; with inst., hatiyehtahkwa? mouth of snowsnake trough, ht. where they hit. -yeht- VB. RT., with inst. and cisloc, come from somewhere: ?etky£htak I'll come from there. Cf. -eht- (380). -yenotake?- VB. RT. (6h, —, —), with dupl., be busy: tewakyenotake?oh I'm busy. Cf. -?nyo- take?- (2072). 88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1897. -yen(o)- NN. RT., cause, custom, creation: haye:no? he's the cause of it, it's his custom; with vb. rt. -6?te- and part., nikayeno?te:h what the custom is, the way it's done, (with inch. I) no?kyeno?- te?he?t how I created it; with vb. rt. -et-, inch. I, and coin., tsa:yene:ta?t when he finished. Var. -y(C)en(o)- (1898). 1898. -y(C)en(o)- cause, etc., var. of -yen(o)- (1897): no?keyeno?te?he?t how I created it. 1899. -yeoni-/-yeony(a)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-h, —, -'h), show, signal, indicate: ?akyeoni:h I've shown it, kayeoni:h there are indications of it, ?o?kyeoni? / made a sign, indicated it; with refl., appear: ?o?watyeoni? it appeared; with dat. -ni-/-e-, teach: hakyeonya: nih he's teaching me; with refl. and dat., occur to one that one should do some- thing: ?okatyeonye? it came to me (e.g., in a dream) that I should do it; with dist. -o- and dupl. (and often transloc), touch, bewitch: tewaky- eonyo? I've touched it, ?o?thayeonyo:? he touched it, (with transloc.) ho?thakyeonyo:? he touched me, bewitched me; with dist., dupl., and refl., be unnatural, tricky: ?o?twatyeonyo:? it was un- natural, was a trick; with vb. rt. -(C)i:w(a)- and dist. var. -':no-, ?ekaiwayeonya:no:k it will indicate things. Var. -yooni- (1943). 1900. -yeost- VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), be one's right (side), be the preferred one: ke:ostoh my right, the one I prefer to use, kayeostoh his right; ke:osto:kwa:h [26.8] toward my right. Var. -y(C) eost- (1901). 1901. -y(C)eost- right^ (side), var. of -yeost- (1900): keyeostoh my right. 1902. -yeota-/-yeota(ae)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-?, —-, —), with dupl. and/or repet., resemble: teskayeota:? it resembles it; with inst., ?o?tkyeota:ak / con- sidered it a resemblance, made it a resemblance. 1903. -yest- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), be attractive in ap- pearance: hoye:stoh he looks nice. 1908. -yesy-/-yese- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -6s, -h), skin, flay: ?akye:syo:h I've skinned it, haye:syos he's skinning it, ?ekye:se:? I'll skin it. 1905. -yet(a)- NN. RT., wood (as fuel), stick of firewood: ?oy e: ta? wood, firewood. NN. RT., game: kaye:ta? game, kayetowa:neh STEM, in ?oyetani? moose (Alces kayetae:h long-nose gar Bowl Game, lit. big game, have: see -ye- (1886). 1906. -yetani? VB. americana). 1907. -yetaeh VB. STEM, in (Lepisosteus osseus). 1908. -yetaehk- VB. RT. (-oh, —, —), with dupl., be similar: teyoyetaehkoh it's similar. 1909. -yete-/-yetei- (before desc), VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), know, be aware of: kyete:ih / know it, heyete:ih 7/ know him, ?o?kye:te:? / know it (just learned it); with inch. I -'?-, ?akyete?oh I've come to know it; with caus.-inst. and repet., remind: (also with inst. and cont.) ?ejoyetestahko:ok it will continue to be used for reminding. 1910. -yetet- VB. RT. (-0, —, —■), be apparent: ?oye:te:t it's apparent; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, koya?taye:- te: t it's apparent from her body (ref. to preg- nancy); with inch. I -h6?-, ?oyeteth6?oh it has become apparent, come to light. 1911. -yethw-, VB. RT. (-oh, -as, -oh), plant: ?akye:thoh I've planted it, kaye:thoh garden, kyethwas i" 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. plant it, ?o?kye:tho? / planted it; with caus. I -'ht-, yeyethwatha? people use it for planting; with inch. I -'?-, ?akyethwa?oh I've planted it; with dist. -'hso-, hotiyethwahso? their gardens; with dat. -'hse-/-'s-, hoyethwahse:h he has planted for him; with trans.-'hs-, hoyethwahso:h he has gone planting; with ext. loc. -'hkeh [26.4], kayethwahkeh Cornplanter (the Seneca chief). Probably from -ye- and caus. III. -yetoo?sh(ae)- NN. RT., in kayeto:?shae? any all night ceremony for the dead, particularly ?ohki:- we:h (see -ahkiwe- [28]). -yewe(e)- wire, etc.: see -iewe(e)- (750). -ye?hi-/-ye?hi?- (before desc. and impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -k), with obj., make a mistake: ?akye?- hi?oh I've made a mistake, ?akye?his / make mistakes, wa?6ye?hi?k it made a mistake, acci- dentally; with caus. I -'ht-, dat., and dupl., bring trouble to: ?o?twakye?hihte? it brought me trouble; with dist. -'?syo-, wa?oye?hi?syo: ? they made mistakes; with trans, -'hs-, ?akye?hihse?s my mistakes. -ye?kw(a)- NN. RT., tobacco: ?oye?kwa? tobacco; with vb. rt. -?o(:)we-, ?oyekwa?o:weh native tobacco, Indian-tobacco (Nicotiana rustica); with vb. rt. -tahkw-, yeye?kwata:hkwa? tobacco pouch. -ye?kwa(ae)- NN. RT., smoke: ?oye?kwae:? smoke; with vb. rt. -?e-, ?oye?kwae:?e:? gray; with vb. rt. -okw-, tewatye?kweokwas giant puffball (Calvatia gigantia); with vb. rt. -osyo- (?), ?oye?kweosyo? snowdrift; with vb. rt. -'(h) (ae)-, inch. I -'?-, and refl. -an-, wa:nye?kwa:ae?t he got into the snowdrift; with vb. rt. -a?hot(ae)-, refl., and dupl., te:notye?kwae:?ho:t Sandy's Road Longhouse (Cattaraugus Reservation), now extinct. -ye?kyo- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), lightning strike: ?oye?kyo? lightning has struck, kaye?kyo:? lightning is striking, ?o?kaye?kyo:? lightning struck; with dist. -nyo-, ?o?kaye?kyo :nyo: ? light- ning struck repeatedly. -yo- be good: see -awiyo- (297). -(y)6ek-/-(y)6e- gather together: var. of -(C)e6ek- (372). -yokwe- VB. RT. (?), with popul. in kayokwe:ono? Cayuga. -yo6aek-/-iyo6aek- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), with dupl., put together: teyoyo:aekoh they're together, ?o?tkyo:aek / put, tied, stuck them to- gether; with refl. and obj., be needy: tewakaty6:- aekoh I'm in need; with nn. rt. -ahj-, press to- gether, squeeze, wring: ?o?kahjiy6:aek I pressed it together, etc. -yoo?te- be working: see -'C)i6?te- (778). -:yoskw- with -ine-, -ehta-: see -(h/:)yoskw- (732). -:yosta(ae)- elbow: see -(h/:)yosta(ae)- (734). -y6:w(a)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -'h), moccasin, shoe: kayo:wah moccasin; with vb. rt. -akayo-, kayo:waka:yoh Old-Moccasin Dance. -':yowe(e)~ pricker: see -'(h/:)yowe(e)- (735). -:yo? be a spouse: see -(h/:)yo? (737). -yo?h(a)- NN. RT., chin, jaw: kayo?ha? chin, jaw, kyo?ha?keh (on) my chin; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, have a beard: hayo?hae? he has a beard. WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 89 1929. -:yo?jist- be sour: see -(h/:)yo?jist- (738). 1930. -y6?te-, VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), take one's time: kyo?te? I'm taking my time; with caus. II, retard: ?eky6?ta:t I'll hold it back. 1931. -':yo?thiy6ht- be sharp: see -'(h/:)yo?thiyeht- (740). 1932. -':yo?thiyo- sharpen: see -'(h/:)yo?thiyo- (741). 1933. -yo- OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] 1934. y[o]- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7] 1935. -(y)o- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -teny- and refl. -(e)-, swing oneself around (especiaUy in dancing), whirl: tyakootenyo :h she's swinging herself around there; more commonly with caus. I, yeotenya?- tha? people are ... , heneotenya?tha? they are .... 1936. -yo-/-inyo- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), arrive, come in: ?akyo:h I've arrived, tajoh come in!; with repet. and part., nishoti:yo:h how many times they got back home, how many runs in a baseball game; with caus. I -'?t-, bring in: twakyo?toh I've brought it in; with nn. rt. -yet(a)-, thayetinyo?tha? he brings in the fire- wood; with dist. -':no-, prog., repet., and trans- loc, hosayakoyo:no:tye? she kept going back in; with dat. -'?se-/-'?s-, visit: hakyo?se:h he's visiting me. 1937. -(y)ohka(ae)- NN. RT., rope: keohkae:? rope; with vb. rt. -ya?k-, ?o?tkeohka:nya?k [14.4] he broke the rope. 1938. -yohka(ae)- NN. RT., thumb, inch: kyohkae:?keh on my thumb; with vb. rt. -ake- and part., niyoyohkae:ke:h how many inches; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl., and dupl., teyotyohk6otha? Thumbs- Up Dance. 1939. -(y)6hkw- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e-, make itch: ?aky6hkwanih it makes me itch, ?okyohkwe? it made me itch. Cf. the following. 1940. -(y)6hkwa?t- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), itch: ?6ohkwa?t it itches; with dat., ?akyohkwa?ta:ni:h it's making me itch. 1941. -yoht(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -owek- in watyoh- to: we: s jackknife. 1942. -(y)okw- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -6h), keep, collect, take for one's own: ?akyo:kweh I've kept it, keokwas he keeps, collects it, wa?eoko? she kept it. 1943. -yooni- show: var. of -yeoni- (1899). 1944. -yoowet- VB. BASE, in hayo:we:tha? Hiawatha. 1945. -yoskw(a)- NN. RT., rib: ?oyo:skwa? rib, ?akyo:- skwa? my rib; with vb. rt. -k- (?) in joyo:skwa:k buffalo. 1946. -(y)ot(a)- NN. RT., tree, log, trunk, stem, post: keota? or ?oota? tree, etc.; with vb. rt. -nehkwi-, keotanehkwih horse, lit. it hauls out logs, also Horse Dance; plus nom. and vb. rt. -k(C)e-, keotanehkwishae:kes black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa); with vb. rt. -ot-, tkeoto:t Brant, N.Y., lit. a post is standing there; with unique vb. stem, tekeoteoho? white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta caro- linensis); with vb. rt. -wa?k-, keotawa?koh bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara); with unique vb. rt., keotane:khe:h cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata); with vb. rt. -no-, heotanoh subchief, lit. he guards the tree; with vb. rt. -t-, dist., and dupl., tekeota:to:? log house, lit. it shields with logs; with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], hatiota:s name of an Algonkian tribe (cognate with the source of the name Adirondack), lit. they eat trees. Cf. 229-257—67 7 -(h)ot(a)- (660). 1947. -yo(:)ti-/-yoty(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -'h, -'h), with obj., smile: ?akyo: ti:h I'm smiling, hoyo: tin he smiles, sayo:tih smile!; with dist. -':no-, wa?okwayotya:no:? we smiled, laughed; jakoyo:- ti:h opossum (Didelphis virginiana), lit. she's the smiling one. 1948. -yoty(a)- smile: see -yo(:)ti- (1947). 1949. -yo(:)w(o)- NN. RT., tall plant, tall weed: ?oyo:wo? tall plant (e.g., goldenrod); with plur. ?oyowo?- sho?oh tall plants. 1950. -(y)5:y(a)-, NN. RT., sky: with vb. rt. -te-, keoyate? the sky (is present); with vb. rt. -?e-, ?6oya?e:? blue; with vb. rt. -yeoni- together with refl. occurring as vb. rt., ?o?twatyo:yaty- eonyo: ? aurora borealis, lit. the sky is unnatural; with ext. loc. and popul., hatioya?ke:ono? the sky dwellers, the Four Beings; with vb. rt. -ot-, oppos. I, and dat., wa?okwaty6:yota:kwas we lost the one we depended on, more lit. the sky fell in on us (ref. to death of important functionary); with vb. rt. -es-, dupl., and coin., tsa?tekeoye:s or sha?tekeoye:s even with the sky, or skies equal in length (a Seneca chief's title). 1951. -(y)6:yake?t- VB. RT. (oh, -ha?, -ft), force someone to work: ?akyo:yake?toh I'm working, laboring, howo:yake?toh they've forced him to work, made a slave out of him, wa:kyo:ya:ke?t he forced me to work; with inst., waeoyake?tak he worked hard at it. 1952. ?- FEMININE [8.7, 11.11] INDEFINITE [7.3] INDICATIVE [10.9-10] NEUTER [10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 23.2] NONMASCULINE [10.13] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7-8, 11.10] 1953. ?- DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7] PAST [19.1, 19.3] PUNCTUAL [8.2] SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [26.4] 1954. -'? DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7, 13.10, 13.13, 17.3, 18.3] PUNCTUAL [8.2] SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [7.5~6] 1955. -'?- INCHOATIVE I [13.8] INCHOATIVE II [13.5] INCHOATIVE III [13.9] 1956. ?a- EXCLUSIVE PERSON [9.3] FEMININE, in certain kinship terms; see -hji?, -'hsot (596, 691). OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.6] 1957. -?a- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2] INDICATIVE [23.2] 1958. ?a(C)- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1959. ?aa- OPTATIVE [8.4, 8.6, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14] 1960. -?aa- be small: see -a?aa- (304). 1961. ?ae- OPTATIVE [9.10, 10.9, 10.14] 1962. ?ae? again. 1963. ?ah- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1964. -?ah DIMINUATIVE [20.3] 1965. ?a:ho?oh the most, the best. 1966. ?aike:h see thikeoh (1707). 1967. -?ak- FEMININE [8.7, 10.10, 23.2] 1959. 90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 1968. ?akwas very. 1969. ?an- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1970. -?ash(se)- NN. RT., basket: ka?ashae? basket; with vb. rt. -i- [14.5], ska?a:tsi:h one bushel; with vb. rt. -ohka- [14.4], ye?asyohka:tha? basket medicine, agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala), lit. people apply it to baskets (to attract customers); with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, INCH. II, and dupl., teka?- ashae:oh cross basket. 1971. ?at- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1972. ?ate- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1973. ?ate- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1974. ?ati?kwah if, whether, how; var. ti?kwah (1721). 1975. ?ato:we? Personal Chant (a religious ritual). 1976. -?ay(a)- NN. RT., dew: ?o?a:ya? dew; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, tey6?ayo:t there's dew on everything. 1977. -?aye- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be dewy: ?o?a:ye? it's dewy. 1978. ?a:ye:? it seems, apparently. 1979. -?aeaeyeh VB. STEM, in ji?ae:ye:h spider. 1980. -?aek(a)- NN. RT., in jo?ae:ka? raccoon (Procyon lotor); jo?ae:ka? wa:ya:s wild gooseberry (Gros- sularia cynosbati), lit. raccoon eats the berries; jo?ae:ka? ?oeno? Raccoon Dance. 1981. ?e- FEMININE [8.7, 11.11, 23.2] INDICATIVE [9.10, 10.9, 10.14] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7-8, 11.10] 1982. -?6- NN. RT., trap: with vb. rt. -ot-, ha?6otha? he sets traps. 1983. -?e-/-?ek- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -0), hit, strike (usually with an instrument; cf. -yeht-): with nn. rt. -nest(ae)-, kan6stae?es it hits the board; with nn. rt. -no?e(e)-, waowono?e:- ?e :k they hit him on the head; with nn. rt. -no?j (a)- and dat. -'s-, ?eyetsino?ja?es they'll strike the drum for you; with dist. -'syo-, see -enio?t(a)- (440). 1984. -?6ht(a)- NN. RT., fingernail: ?o?ehta? fingernail, ?ak6?ehta? my fingernail; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)-, ka?elita: ? new moon. 1985. ?e:i? wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) 1986. -?ek- hit: see -?e- (1983). 1987. -?eoht(a)- NN. RT., low plant, low weed, herb, grass, hay: ?o?eohta? low plant etc., ?ot?6ohto:ni:h growing plants; with vb. rt. -(C)ee'ek and caus. I, ye?eohte:ektha? rake, lit. people use it for gathering in hay. 1988. -?e- VB. RT. (-?, —, —), be the color of: ?o?ke:?e:? it's the color of ashes, gray: ?6oya?e:? it's the color of the sky, blue. 1989. -?e- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ye-, ka?e:ye? small fenced off area (e.g., pig sty). 1990. ?e- FUTURE [8.5-6, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.11] 1991. ?(e)- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1992. -?[e]- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2] 1993. ?(e)e-REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1994. ?en- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1995. ?eni- REFLEXIVE [15.6] 1996. ?e: teh day, daytime. 1997. ?etyek south; ?ety6k kwa:h [26.8] toward the south. Var. ?otyek (2090). 1998. ?e:?yes. 1999. -'?h- transient [13.14] 2000. -?ha(ae)- NN. RT., rainbow: with vb. rt. -ot-, ?o?ha: ot rainbow, ?o?ka?heote? a rainbow formed. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014. 2015. 2016. 2017. 2018. 2019. 2020. 2021. 2022. 2023. 2024. 2025. -?haht(a)- NN. RT., branch, log: ka?hahta? branch, log; with vb. rt. -ot-, ?o?hahto:t stub of a sawed off branch; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)- or -'(h)e-, ?o?hahta:? or ?o?hahtae? knot (in wood), (with dist.) ?o?hahteonyo? knots. -?haste- VB. RT. (-'?, —, —), be strong: ha?ha:ste? he's strong; with nom., ka?hasteshae? strength, power, civil authority; with dist. -o- and refl., takate?ha:sto:? / exerted myself. -'?h<§?- INCHOATIVE 1 [13.8] -?hny(a)- NN. RT., club, stick: ka?hnya? club, stick -?hnyene/-yene- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/ -ene-(incorp. after others), VB. RT., with caus. I -'ht-, make fall: (with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-) hatiya?- tyenetha? they make them fall; with inch. I -'?-, fall, fall over: ?o?ka?hnye:ne?t it fell, ?o?keotye:ne?t [14.3] a tree fell over, ?onohsene- ?oh the house has fallen in. -?ho- cover: see -?howek- (2010). -?hosh(ae)- NN. RT., bundle: ka?ho:shae? bundle; with refl. -(e)-, ball: ?e?ho:shae? [15.6] ball, wae?hoshae:?e:k he hit the ball; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and dist., ka?hosyonya:no? charm bun- dles. -?hots-/-ots- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -ih), peel, remove a covering: ye?ho:tsih let her peel it!; konono?to:tso:h she has peeled the potatoes; ?o?ke:hso:tsi? I uncovered my feet, took my shoes off (see -ahsi?t(a)-); with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)-, skin, flay: wa:ya?to:tsi? he skinned it. -?hotyeyek-, VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -0), with dupl., wrap: tewdke?hotyeye:koh I've wrapped it, t£:?hotye:ye:s he's wrapping it; with caus. I -t-, teye?hotyeyektha? wrapping material. -?howek-/-?ho-(before desc and comb.)/-owek-/ -o-(incorp.)/-owe- (before oppos. II and nom.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), cover, enclose: wa?e?ho:- we:k she covered it; with refl., ?o?kate?ho:we:k / was covered; tewake:hso:oh I've covered my feet, put my shoes on Csee -ahsi?t(a)-); with oppos. II, tewake:hsowehso:h I've taken my shoes off; for nom. see -yaht(a)-. -'?ho- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] -?hos(a)- NN. RT., egg, testicle: ?o?hohsa? egg; ke?hohsa?keh (on) my testicles. -?hotka(ae)- NN. RT., uprooted stump: ?o?hotkae:? uprooted stump. -?hotkw- VB. RT. (-eh, —, —), with refl., uproot: ?ote?hotkweh it's uprooted. -?howe(e)- NN. RT., crotch: ?o?howe:? crotch. ?i at the beginning of a word [6.11, 21.8] ?i: s you. ?i:wi:h / think. ?i:yo:s, blanket, shawl. ?i:? /, we, us. -?jaskw(a)- box turtle: var. of -?tyaskw(a)- (2129). -?kaae- VB. RT. (-oh, -'s, -'h), become night: ?o?ke:oh [14.4] it has become night, ?o?ka:as it becomes night, ?eyo?kae:h tonight; wa?6?kae:h at night; with dimin., ?o?kae:s?ah in the evening. -?k(ae)- NN. RT. snow (falling), snowflake: ?o?kae? snow, snowflake; with vb. rt. -o(:)ty-, ?o?kyo:- tyo:h [14.4] it's snowing. -'?keh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5-6] -?keehw- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t- in ?o?ke:- hwo:t gnat (also ?o?ke:ho:t; cf. -ohw(o)- [1447]). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 91 2026. -?keok SUFFIXED to nn. and vb. bases to indicate continued occurrence in the future: with vb. rt. -keha- and nom., ?eyokwaya?takehashae?ke:ok it will continue to be a help to us in the future; with vb. rt. -ino-, ?a:skeno?ke:ok it should be well (in the future). 2027. -?kha(ae)- NN. RT., skirt: ka?kha:a? skirt. 2028. -?ktako? VB. STEM, in ?o?kta:ko? or jo?kta:ko? black squirrel, gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). 2029. -'?n- TRANSIENT [13.14] 2030. -?nea-/-?n6- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -h), beat (in a game), win a bet from: waoke?n£:a? they beat me, won a bet from me; with refl. -ate-, win: honote?ne:oh they have won; henote?n6:as they win; ?o?kate?n6:a? i" won. 2031. -?nehs(a)- NN. RT., sand: ?o?nehsa? sand; with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff., hoti?nehsi?yo? (they are members of the) Snipe Clan. 2032. -?n6hs(a,)-nannyberry: var. of -?ny£hs(a)- (2011). 2042. 2033. -'nek- VB. RT. (-6h, -s or -ha?, -0), beg, ask for: ?ake?ne:keh I've asked for it; hatiye?kwa?ne:s [3.3] they beg tobacco. 2034. -?nekaht(a)- NN. RT., mortar: ka?n6kahta? mortar. 2035. -?neo?kt- be unable to reach: see -(e)?neo?kt- 2043. (479). 2036. -?ne:woht(a)- NN. RT., collarbone: ?o?ne:wohta? 2044. collarbone; ?ake?ne:wohta? my collarbone. 2037. -?neyCa)- NN. RT., bone: ?o?ne:ya? bone; with vb. rt. -the-, be thin, skinny: ho?neyathe:h he's 2045. skinny; with the preceding as compound vb. rt. [26.2], ?oota?neyathe:h American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), lit. skinny tree; with vb. 2046. rt. -a?hot-, teka?neya?hotha? boneset (Eupa- torium perfoliatum), lit. it puts the bones together; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?o?ne:yo:t Sharp-Legs (a mythical creature). 2038. -?neyost(a)- NN. RT., corn prepared for hominy, 2047. hominy grains, cracked corn: ?o?neyosta? cracked corn; with vb. rt. -ki-, ?o?neyosta:ki? cracked corn soup, samp; with vb. rt. -owane-, ?o?ne- 2048. yostowanes hominy sifter; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni-, ye?neyosto:nih she's preparing corn for hominy; with vb. rt. -keet-, ?o?neyostake: et rice; with vb. rt. -o(.:)ty-, ?o?neyosto:tyo:h hail. Var. -?ni- 2049. yost(a)- (2049). 2039. -?nih VB. STEM, be father (in older usage, either a 2050. natural father or a man consanguineaUy related to the natural father and in his generation): 2051. ha?nih my father, ho?nih his or her father (HSL 21), hoti?nih their (masc. nonsg.) father, ya?nih your father, how6?nih her or their father. 2052. 2040. -?nikho- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), with refl., sew: kot6?nikho? she has sewn; yote?nikho:? she sews; ?eyote?ni:kho:? she's going to sew; with 2053. dist. -nyo-, yot6?nikho:nyoh she's sewing things; with nom., vb. rt. -(C)(ae)-, and inst., ye?nik- hoshae:hkwa? sewing basket. 2041. -?niko(e)-/-?niko-(incorp. before some vb. rts.)/ -?nikoh-(before others), NN. RT., mind, spirit: ho?nikoe? his mind: with vb. rt. -'(h)etke-, ha?niko:etke? the devil, lit. his mind is evil; with vb. rt. -teny-, teka?nikoetenyos alcohol, strong drink, lit. it changes the mind, to: ?nikoete :- nyo:h he's drunk, lit. his mind is changed; with 2054. vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- be expectant, anxious: khniko:e? 2055. I'm expectant; with vb. rt. -e- (see -a?se-), inch. I, and cisloc, be disappointed: takhnikoe?t / was disappointed; with vb. rt. -keskw-, console: ka?nikoekeskweh it consoles, consolation; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, be attached to (emotionaUy): ?akhniko:ot I'm attached to it; with vb. rt. -we?-, intend: nio?nikoewe?oh what he intended; with vb. rt. -kany-, make nervous: tetyako?nikohka:- nyeh she's nervous about it, also that's where she lives; with vb. rt. -is?a- and refl. -(e)-, decide, determine: wae?nikois?a:? he decided; with vb. rt. -ahto- and inch. Ill, faint: wa?ako?nikoehto? she fainted; with vb. rt. -yet(a)- and caus. I -'ht-, explain: ha?nikoyetatha? he's explaining it: with -yet(a)- and inch. I, understand: ?okhnikoeye:ta?t i" understood; with vb. rt. awenye-, amuse: (with recip.) teswatahnikoe- wenye:? you will amuse yourselves; with refl. -ah-, see -atyeae?t- (268). -?nikoheh-/-?nikohe?- (before desc), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), with obj. forget: ?akhnikohe?oh I've forgotten; ho?nikohes he forgets; ?okhnikoheh I forgot; with nn. rt. -(C) i: w(a)-, ?oki: wa?nikoheh I forgot to tell it. -?nikoho- long to be somewhere else: see -(e)?nikoho- (481). -?nikoho?t-, VB. RT. (-oh, -ha?, -eh), cheat: howo?nik6ho?toh they've cheated him; wa:khnik- 6ho?te? he cheated me. -?nikohs(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -k6hte-, caus.- inst., and refl. -(e)- in ye?nikohsakehta:stha? frame for carrying large object on one's back. -?nikoht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be wise, informed, virtuous: ho?ni:kot he's wise, niwake?ni: kot or niwakhni:kot how much I know, how virtuous I am; with nom., ka?nikohtashae? thinking cap; with neg., te?sa?ni:kot you have no sense. -?niska(ae)- NN. RT., wheel: ?o?niskae:? wheel; with vb. rt. -kahat-, prog., and refl. -ate-, ?ote?niskae:kahato:tye? the wheel is turning. -?nist(a)- NN. RT., corn (on the cob): ?o?nista? corn; with vb. rt. -e?ta-, ka?niste?ta:? corn roasted on open fire; with vb. rt. -(C) (ae)- and inst., ye?nistae:hkwa? corn basket. -?niyost(a)- cracked corn: var. of -?neyost(a)- (2038). -?no- VB. RT. (—■, -'?s, —), in ka?no?s spring peeper (Hyla crucifer); wati?no?s peepers. -?nosh- VB. RT. (-eh, -as, -ah), become jealous: ko?no:she:h she's jealous; wa?e?nosha? she became jealous. -?nost(a)- NN. RT., with ext. loc, nakedness: ko?nosta?keh she's naked; with charact., ka?- nosta?ke:kha:? Naked Dance. -?now(a)- NN. RT., back (of body), turtle, turtle rattle, bug: se?nowa?keh (on) your back; ka?no:- wa? turtle rattle; with obj., ?o?no:wa? bug; as incorp. nn. rt., ka?noyowa:neh [3.13] big turtle, big bug; with vb. rt. -atko-, ?o?nowatko? Corn- Bug (a mythical creature); ka?no:we:s kanya- hte:h musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), lit. long-backed snapping turtle; sha?nowaka§:o? kind of turtle, similar to but thinner than snapping turtle, lit. thin turtle. -?nowa- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), in ha?no:wa:h turtle. -?n(o)- NN. RT., arrow: ka?no? arrow; ka?nokaeh the arrow sounds (Seneca chief's name), ka?no:- 92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 se:? new arrow (man's personal name); with vb. rt. -okey- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], ka?noke:- yo:? Grinding the Arrow Dance. 2056. -?noesh- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in ka?noesho:t it's upside down. 2057. -?nohkw(a)- NN. RT., keg, bucket, tub, barrel: ka?nohkwa? keg etc.; with vb. rt. -o-, ka?nohko:- oh water drum, lit. covered keg; with vb. rt. -?e- and caus.-inst., ye?nohkwa?6stha? drumstick; with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?o?nohko:t bee, bee, ?ok6?nohko:te? it stung me. 2058. -?nohs(a)- NN. RT., onion (Allium cepa): ?o?nohsa? onion; ?o?nohsa:o? wild onion (Allium sp.); ?o?nohse:e? water hemlock (Cicuta maculata). 2059. -?noht- VB. RT. (-0, —, —), be in, inside: hati?not they're in it; with prog., ha?nohtatye? he's in it (along with others); with inch. I -he-?-, ?o?ka?- nohta:he?t it got inside. Cf. the following. 2060. -?nohtaaeh-/-?nohtah- (before desc)/-?nohta(ae)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), put in: ?e:ya?- nohta:ah he'll put you in; with refl., get in: hote?nohta:hoh he's gotten in, henote?nohtae:s they're getting in; with caus. I -'ht-, past, and refl. -ate-, ?ote?nohtae:hto:no? afterbirth. 2061. -?not(a)- NN. RT., thick stalk, rhubarb (Rheum sp.), burdock (Arctium lappa): ?o?no:ta? thick stalk etc.; with vb. rt. -o-, ha?no:to? his leg is in the water; with vb. rt. -o( :)t- and dupl., teka?no:to:t alligator, lit. two thick stalks on it, also Alligator Dance. 2062. -?notha- VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), with o\un\., jumble, mix up, tie in a bundle, talk secretively: ta: ?notha: - ha? he jumbles it etc., teo?notha:? he's talking secretively. 2063. -?nothaae?- VB. RT. (-6h, -s, -t), with dupl., corner (vb.): tewake?nothae:?oh I've cornered it, ta:?- notha:a?s he corners it, ?o?tho?notha:a?t it cornered him. 2064. -?noweelit(a)- earthworm, var. of -?nowoeht(a)- (2067): ?o?now£:hta? earthworm. 2065. -?noweha(ae)- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-e- and dupl., bother: tewakhnoweliae: nih it bothers me, ?o?- twakhnowehaee? it bothered me. 2066. -?nowehaae?- VB. RT. (—■, -se?, -t), with dupl., postpone: teka?nowehae:?se? it postpones it; ?o?- tka?now6hae: ?t it caused it to be put off for a little while. 2067. -?nowo6ht(a)- NN. RT., earthworm: ?o?nowoehta? earthworm; var. -?noweeht(a)- (2064): see also -?nowoht(a)- (2068). 2068. -?nowoht(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -k- [3.3] in ka?nowohta:s snipe (Capella delicata^, lit. (if another var. of -?nowoeht(a)-) it eats worms. 2069. -?ny(a)- NN. RT., finger, hand: ke?nya? my finger, my hand; ?o?nya:the:h Dry Hand (mythical apparition); with vb. rt. -?e-, refl. -(e)-, and dupl., hundred: tewe?nya?e:h one hundred; with vb. rt. -t-, dist., refl., and dupl., protect: teyokhi- ye?nyato? they're protecting us; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)- and dupl., manage, be responsible for: teyokhi?nya: ? they are responsible for us, look after our interests; with vb. rt. -o- (see -?howek-) and refl., ?e?nyo:shae? [15.6] gloves, mittens, ?ake?nyoshae? my gloves; with vb. rt. -kae-, tawe?nyaka:e? daybreak, lit. the hand makes a noise; with vb. rt. -(C)(ae)- and inst., 3^e?ny6aeh- kwa? thimble; with vb. rt. -kaite-, teka?nyakaite? mole, lit. its hands are on a slant. 2070. -?nyake- VB. RT., with inch. I -'?-, escape, run away: ?ake?nyake?oh I've escaped, run away, sak6?nyake?t / escaped again; with dat. -'?se-/ -'?s-, wao?nyake?s it ran away from him. 2071. -?nyelis(a)- NN. RT., nannyberry (Viburnum lentago): ka?nyehsa? nannyberry. Var. -?nehs(a)- (2032). 2072. -?nyotake?- VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), with dupl., be busy: tewake?nyotake?oh I'm busy. Cf. -yeno- take?- (1896). 2073. -?nyohs(a)- NN. RT., nose: ?o?nyohsa? nose (archaic); with vb. rt. -ot-, ?o?kate?nyohso:te? / put my nose to it. 2074. ?ohi:ih great horned owl: see hihi:ih (585). 2075. ?o:k a nickname. 2076. ?okwae: ? red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes eryth- rocephalus). 2011. ?o:neh now, at the time. 2078. ?6nehjih, a long time ago. 2079. ?o?- INDICATIVE [8.3, 8.6, 9.10, 11.14, 22.3] 2080. -?o?- VB. RT., see -no?ka(ae)- (1208). 2081. ?o- FEMININE [26.6] OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.11] 2082. -?[o]- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2] 2083. -?6hj- vine: see -?6hs(a)- (2085). 2084. -?ohkwa(ae)- NN. RT., sod: ?o?6hkwae:? sod. 2085. -?6hs(a)-/-?6hj- (before -i?sy-), NN. RT., vine: ?o?6hsa? vine; with vb. rt. -i?sy- and refl., ?ot?6hji?syo:h trailing vine, groundpine (Lyco- podium sp.), wat?6hji?syos wild yam (Dioscorea paniculata). 2086. ?okyeh inside, indoors. 2087. ?oo- OPTATIVE [21.10] 2088. ?oo-a- OPTATIVE [21.10] 2089. ?oo-e- OPTATIVE [21.10] 2090. ?otyek south: var. of ?etyek (1997). 2091. -?o(:)we- VB. RT. (-'h, —, —), native, genuine: ?oye?kwa?o:weh Indian tobacco, ?okwe?o:weh Indian, lit. native or genuine person, ?ahtahwa?o:- weh mocassin, lit. native shoe. 2092. -?o(:)w(o)- NN. RT., trough: ka?o:wo? trough. 2093. -'?s, ITERATIVE [5.8-9, 13.13, 17.3] 2094. -'?s- DATIVE [13.12] 2095. -?sai- VB. RT., with caus. I -'?t- and dupl., hurry (tr.): ta:?saia?tha? he hurries it; with inch. II, dupl., and obj., hurry (intr.): to:?saie?oh he's hurrying, tesa?saieh hurry! 2096. -'?s(ae)- lay over: see -ya?se- (1867). 2097. -?saekeny- VB. RT. (—, —, -ih), with dupl., aim a shot at: ?o?thate?saeke:ni? he aimed a shot at it. 2098. -?saeto- VB. RT. (-'?, -'6?, -h), stretch on a frame (e.g., animal skin, quilt): ka?sae:to? it's stretched on a frame, ye?saeto:? she's stretching it on a frame; with dist. -nyo-, ye?saetonyoh she's stretch- ing things on a frame. 2099. -'?se- DATIVE [13.12] lay over: see -ya?se- (1867). 2100. -'?se-/-i?se- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-'?, -'?s, -'h), pull, drag, haul, drive (someone in a car): ha?se? he's pulling it, etc; hanesti?se?s he's dragging around aboard; with nn. rt. -ya?t(a)- and refl., watya?- ti?se? it's crawling; with dist. -no- and prog., han6sti?senotye? he's dragging boards along. Cf. -'?sy-(2114). WHOLE VOLUME SENECA DICTIONARY 93 2121. 2122. 2123. 2124. 2125. 2126. 2127. 2128. 2129. 2130. 2131. 2132. 2133. 2134. 2101. -?se(ae)- NN. RT., clan, group of people: ka?sae:te? [27.2] clan; with. vb. rt. -6?te- and part., no:ti?- seo?te? which clan they are; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., shoti?se:aet they're in one clan; with vb. rt. -ye-, ?etwa?sae:ye:? we'll have a group of people (e.g., for a bee). 2102. -?seht(a)- NN. RT., wagon: ka?sehta? wagon; ka?sehtayano:we? or ka?s6htiyano:we? fast wagon, train. Evidently from -'?se- with caus. I -'ht- [26.3]. 2103. -?sh(ae)- NOMINALIZER [12.2-3] 2104. -'?sh(ae)- NOMINALIZER [12.2-3] 2105. -?she(ae)- NN. RT., scoke (Phytolacca americana): ?o?sheae? scoke; with vb. rt. -?e-, ?o?sheae?e:? dark red, purple. 2106. -?sko- VB. RT. (-'?, -'a?, -h), be in water: twa?sko? we (incl. pi.) are in the water: with inch I -'?-, ?o?ke?sko?t I fell in the water. Cf. -o- (1361) (-?sko- does not occur with incorp. nn. rt.). 2107. -?sk6-/-?sko- (before iter.) /-?sk6h- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -0), put in water: heo?skooh he has put it in the water there; with recip., hotate?- sko:oh he has put himself in the water, drowned himself. Cf. -6- (1362) (-?sko- does not occur with incorp. nn. rt.). 2108. -?sko(:)taht- VB. RT. (-0, —•, —), be scorching hot: ?o?sko:tat it's scorching hot. 2109. -?sko(:)ta?- VB. RT. (-oh, -s, -t), get burned: ?ake?skot&?oh I've gotten burned; ?o?k6?sko:ta?t / got burned. 2110. -?skow- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -atek- burn, scorch: ?o?skowote:keh [3.14] it's scorched, wa?6?skowo:- te:k it scorched it. 2111. -?skwa(ae)- NN. RT., stone: ka?skwa:a? stone; ?o?skwae:ih brick, lit. cooked stone; tyo?skwae:- ta:se:h Kill Buck, N.Y., lit. it goes around the stone there; with vb. rt. -t- and dupl., testicles: tewake?skwa:at my testicles; teyo?skwae:t bull. 2112. -?so(ae)- NN. RT., pine, white pine (Pinus strobus): ?o?soae? pine, white pine, ?o?soaeko:h in the pines, Pinewoods (section of Cattaraugus Reservation), also Sand Hill (Tonawanda Reservation); with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, ?o?so:ot turkey (Meleagris sp.). 2113. -'?SO- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 2114. -'?sy-/-'?se- (before impv.) /-i?sy-/-i?se- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-oh, -os, -h), pull, drag, haul, trail, drive (someone in a car): ?ake?syo:h I've dragged it, etc., I've been driven, ha?syos he's dragging it, ?ek<§?se: ? I'll drag it. Cf. -'?se- (2100). 2115. -?sy6hs(a)- NN. RT., skin, hide, fur: ka?syohsa? skin, hide, fur; ke?syohsa?keh on my skin. 2116. -?syokwahtis VB. STEM, in ?o?syokwahtis polli- wog. 2117. -?s?aa- be small: see -akwa?s?aa- (78). 2118. -?t- NN. RT., feather: recorded only with vb. rt. -ot- in ka?to: t standing feather (woman's personal name). 2119. -'?t-CAUSATIVE I [13.7] 2120. -?ta(ae)- NN. RT., chimney,fireplace (with chimney): ka?ta:a? chimney, fireplace; with vb. rt. -ot- and past, ka?teotak Oldtown (section of Allegany Reservation), lit. there used to be a chimney; with vb. rt. -k(C)e- and decessive, ka?tae:keske:o? Cattaraugus Reservation; Cattaraugus, N.Y., lit. the chimney formerly stank; tka?taesos Dunkirk, N.Y.; Fredonia, N.Y., lit. tall chimneys there. -?taaekwa(ae)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o(:)t-, be a grave: ?o?tae:kwa:ot grave, wao?tae:kweote? his grave; with transloc, heydko?tae:kwa:ot where she is buried. -?tash(ae)- NN. RT., quiver: ka?ta:shae? quiver; ka?ta:syo:t [14.4] Stomp Dance, lit. standing quiver. -?tohk6e- VB. RT. (-6h, —, —), have a fever: ?ake?tohkoeoh I've got a fever. -?tohkw(a)- NN. RT., flame: ?o?t6hkwa?^ame. -?tohs(ae)- NN. RT., chest (of body): ke?tohsae?keh on my chest. -?tokhwa- VB. RT. (-?, -ha?, -eh), with obj. and dupl., sweat: tewake?to:khwa:? I'm sweating, to:?tokhwa:ha? he sweats, ?o?twake?tokhwae? I sweated. -?tos(ae)-NN. RT., fat: ?o?to:sae?/a£. -?tsost- VB. RT. (-6h, -ha?, -0), with obj. and dupl., sneeze: tewake?tsostoh I'm sneezing, tewake?- tsostha? / sneeze, ?o?twake?tsos / sneezed. -?tyaskw(a)- NN. RT., box turtle (Terrapene Caro- lina), box turtle rattle: ka?tya:skwa? box turtle, box turtle rattle. Var. -?jaskw(a)- (2021). -?wa(a)- NN. RT., meat: ?o?wa:? meat; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy-, ?o?wa:ni:yoh muscle; with vb. rt. -ase-, ?o?wa: se: ? fresh meat. -?wajist(a)- NN. RT., outer bark: ?o?wajista? outer bark. -?wast(a)- NN. RT., stick: ka?wasta? stick. -'?yak- shoot: see -i?yak- (827). -?yohkw(a)- NN. RT., tail of bird: ?o?yohkwa? tail of bird. 2135. -(C)- VB. RT., put in: see -(C)e-, -(C)(ae)- (370, 333). 2136. : forms beginning with : can be found under (h/:). 2137. -:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3] 2138. -':- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3] MASCULINE [9.11, 11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]. 2139. -':n- TRANSIENT [13.14] 2140. -':ne-AMBULATIVE [13.13] 2141. -':neh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5-6] 2142. -': no-DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10] 2143. 0- MASCULINE [11.4-5] 2144. -0 DESCRIPTIVE [5.6-7] IMPERATIVE [5.10-11, 13.5, 13.7, 13.9, 13.11] ITERATIVE [5.8-9] PUNCTUAL [8.2] 2145. -0- DATIVE [13.12] DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3, 19.3] INDICATIVE [21.9] ITERATIVE [18.4] OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7, 10.12, 11.8] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] SECOND PERSON [11.3] 2146. -'0- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3, 19.3] INCHOATIVE II [13.5] ITERATIVE [18.4, 19.3] MASCULINE [8.7, 10.10, 10.15, 11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] TRANSIENT [13.14] English Index to the Dictionary abandon 207, 1482 able to, be 1077 abnormal, be see 244 abortion see 1850 abundant, be 1651 abuse 1190 abut see 770 accept 1062 accident 269 accidentaUy see 269, 1914 accompany 1068 accompany a Personal Chant 232 accomplish see 1876 accomplish one's task see 808 acorn 1033 acrobat see 1855 act, put on an see 728 added to the ten series 1572 add one thing over another 622 add to 289 adopt 116 see 1056 affair 808 affect adversely by touching 1 affection for, have 1195 afraid of, be 1537 afterbirth see 1833, 2060 afternoon see 336 afterward 1302 again 1788, 1962 against, go or play 220 agreement, come to an see 808 agrimony see 1970 ahead, go 574 aim a shot at 2097 airplane see 1690 Akron, N.Y. see 85 Albany, N.Y. see 603 alcohol see 2041 algae 395 alight see 825 alive, be 1443 aU, be 1076 All Eaten Up see 671 Allegany Reservation see 761 Allegany River see 761 aUigator see 2061 Alligator Dance see 2061 aU night ceremony for the dead 1912 all that's left to do 383 alone, be left 140 94 also 499 alternate see 1715 Alternate Feet Dance see 47 always 1771 see 1048 amaze see 1139 ambulative 2140 amomom see 868 among, be 1378 amount, be a certain 1431 amount to 239 amuse see 2041 amusement see 206 ancestors see 691 and 1020 and (sentence connective) 1648 angry, become 152 see 1303 animal, domestic 1268 animal, wild 1354 animal, young 194 ankle 862 announce see 1408 annoy 1538 annoyed, become 25 another one 723 answer see 1816 ant 658 ant, red 593 anus 329 see 922 anxious, be see 2041 anything 524, 1090 anywhere 923, 947 apart, be 149 apparent, be 755, 1910 apparently 1978 appear see 1401, 1899 appear momentarily 212 apple 1337 apply 1369 approve after discussion see 1816 apron 439 area 1252 argue 753 see 975 argument, begin an 134 arise 209 arm 1158 arms, spread one's 167 Arm-Shaking Dance see 1158 arrange 115 arrive 325, 1936 arrive (reference to time) 541 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 95 arrow 2055 arrowhead 189 arrowwood 929 artery 861 ash, black see 1064 ash, white 1355 ashamed, become 150 ashes 314 ash sifter see 280 ask 87 see 1449 ask for 2033 ask for help see 1868 assault 1347 assemble see 1868, 1876 assert see 808 assignment 808 assorted, be see 1882 at aU times 1771 attach 308, 361, 1237, 1475 attached to (emotionally), be see 2041 attend to 1591 at the time 2077 at this point 1716 attractive, be see 1056 attractive in appearance, be see 1903 Auburn, N.Y. see 109 auger see 309 augmentative 1030 aunt to, be 504, 701 aurora borealis see 513, 1950 auspicious, be 1070 autumn 1450 avaUable in abundance, be 245 avoid doing see 1195 avoid something taboo 63 aware, become suddenly 272 aware of, be 1909 away, in the direction see 1565 awe, inspire with see 1139 awe inspiring, be 1140 awl 750 ax 218, 320, 326 ax, double bitted see 320 azalea see 856 baby 233 back (of body) 1626, 2053 backbone 1620 bad, be 15, 552 bag 1840 bake 168 see 529, 1475 baked bread see 529 baked corn soup see 1044 baked squash see 637 baU see 2007 ball game see 866 balloon see 1690 baUplayers' mush see 867 balsam fir 1594 Baltimore see 1844 band see 708 bandage 1892 bank, eroded see 1187 bar 743 barefoot, be 72 bark, inner 909 bark (of a dog) 610 bark (of a tree) 1590 bark, outer 2131 barrel 2057 barrier, be a 743 base 824 bashful, be 202 basket 1970 basket, cornhusk 781 basket, corn washing see 918 basket, drop handle see 133 basket, potato see 1191 basket, small cornhusk 1263 basket medicine see 1970 bass (fish) 1646 basswood 646 bat 355 bathe 143 bead(s) 1608, 1889 bean 1509 see 457, 791, 505 bean, cockleberry 518 bean, cornstalk 371 bean, pole 306 bean, Roman 518 bean, white see 1509 Bean Ceremony see String Bean Ceremony beanpole see 306 beans, green or unripe 90 beans, soft, tender, immature see 1262 bean soup see 1509 bean watcher see 1509 bear see 1327 Bear, Great 1336 bear clan, belong to the 89S beard, have a see 1928 Bear Dance see 1327 bear young without a known father or parthogeneticaUy 34 beat 1002, 2030 see 1077, 1868 Beating the Dry Skin see 1121 beat up 1347 beautiful, be 297 beaver see 1248 96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 Beaver Clan see 1014 because 1529 become 244 bed 1252, 1314 bed, get out of 209 bed, go to see 448 bedding 1314 see 788 bedridden, be see 361 bee see 2057 bee (mutual aid) see 804, 1449 beech see 1580 beechnut see 1580 beehive see 1552 beer see 719 beet see 1060 beetle 1051 beetlelike insect see 1321 beg 2033 see 1449 begin 39 begin an argument 134 begin with, to 1766 behind 1302 believe 368 see 808 bell 797, 1549 beUy 1548, 1740 belongings 103, 287 belong to 287 belong to a charm holders' society see 684 belt 706 bench see 882, 1886 bend (tr.) 673 bend (intr.) 95 bend together 674 benefit from see 1868 benefit (someone) through a medicine ceremony 173 bent, be 1767 berry 298, 877 berry water see 298 best, the 1965 best one, be the see 1868 bet see 1886 better than others, be see 1040 between, be 218, 1378 between, put 285 bewitch see 1899 beyond, be 198 big, be 1031, 1408, 1609 Big Breast see 1307 Big Heads see 162 Big Snake see 1533 bUe 873 billfish see 954 birch see 355 bird 887 see 167 birth, give 170 birthday see 531 birthmark see 877 bite 105, 770, 942 bitter, be 875 bitternut hickory 636 bittersweet see 1946 bivalve 1046 black see 844 black, become 279 blackberry 1723 blackbird 834 blackbird, red-winged 834 black corn see 1155 black eye, give someone a 347 black-eyed-susan 852 blacksnake see 1868 blame 705 blame on, put the see 808 blanket 2019 blanket, be covered by a 36 blanket, be wrapped in a 33 blaze see 843 blessed see 804 blind, be see 906 block of a quUt see 191 block off see 847 block of wood 876 blood 1736 blood clot 1063 bloodroot 1114 see 1736 bloodsucker 1519 see 1421 blow 465 blue 633 see 1950 blueberry see 298 blueberry, high bush 767 blueberry, low bush see 1228 bluebird 633 bluejay 1722 Blue Lizard see 832 Blue Panther see 1559 boar see 1024 board 1119 boat 662 bob white 1027 body 1868 boU (cook) 1361 see 1320 boil (sore) 1063, 1563 boil down 113 boded, be 1374 boiled bread see 529 boiled squash see 637 boiler 1296 bold, be 1632 bone 2037 boneset see 597, 2037 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 97 book see 729 born, be see 1250 borrow 188 bosom 1328 bother 2065 bottle 1552 bottlebrush grass 1615 bottom 824 bottom land 1364 bounce 56 bow (one's head) see 1254 bow (weapon) 306 bowl 841 bowl, mixing see 1551 Bowl Game see 841, 1137, 1905 bowstring 1234 box 657 box turtle 2129 boy see 1056 boy, little see 1446 bracelet see 708, 1159 bracken see 1335 braid 792 braided corn 1611 brain 886 branch 1583, 2001 branch, tip of a 1092 Brant, N.Y. see 1946 bread 529 bread, type of 1316 bread inside of crust 526 break 146, 1866 break in pieces 586 break wind 821 breast 1307 breath 1448 breath, lose one's 227 breathe 242 brick see 2111 bridge see 109 bring see 455 bring about see 516 bring in see 1936 bring to a point 1869 bring to a proper conclusion see 1876 bring to life see 1443 bring to light 1401 bring trouble to see 1914 brooch 453 brooch, owl-shaped 300 brood 710 broom see 789 brother see sibling brothers-in-law, be 274 brown see 590 229-257—67 8 bruise 1010 bucket 2057 bud 1588 budge see 1185 buffalo see 1683, 1945 Buffalo, N.Y. 1754 see 646 Buffalo Dance see 1683 bug 2053 building 1233 bulge 1422 bulge out see 1850 bidl see 2111 bullfrog 1069 bundle 32, 549, 1154, 2007 bundle, tie in a 2062 bur 1239 burden strap 1238 burdock 1239 see 1149, 1640, 2061 burn 155, 581, 1481 burned, get 2109 burst 56, 57 bury 670 bush 1574 bushel see 1970 bush-honeysuckle see 1532 busy, be 1891, 1896, 2072 but see 1107 butter 1831 see 1369 butterfly see 887 butternut see 636 buttocks 623 button 850 buttonwood see 115, 850 buy 612 buzzard see 848 cabbage 1292 calf 871 cahco see 868 calico corn 544 calking see 370 call 1858 caU for 776 camel see 674, 1063 camp see 1274 Canada 1625 Canandaigua, N.Y. see 1274 can berries see 1477 candy 346 cane see 325 cap 86 capable of anything, be 1305 carbuncle 1563 03 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 cards (playing) see 729 careful, be 94 carp see 964 carrion 848 carrot see 1060 carry 516 carry away 1146 carry on the back 977 carry out see 1463 Carry Out the Kettle Dance see 1296 cast see 684 cat 1664, 1663 catbird 1488 catch 1879 see 1294 catch (a disease) see 333 catcher see 1294 catch oneself in 1366 catch up 533 caterpillar see 338 catfish 1054 Catholic see 1844 cattail see 395, 1243 Cattaraugus Reservation see 2120 Caughnawaga Reserve see 620 causative I 703, 704, 1643, 2119 causative II 118, 350, 400, 1643 causative III 705 causative-instrumental 1600, 1601 cause (nn.) 808, 1897 cause (vb.) 244 cause distress see 808 cause to remain 825 Cayuga see 1920 cedar waxwing 1670 cent(s) 1081, 1082, 1084 centipede see 955 central, be 1083 ceremony 808 ceremony, hold a see 173, 447, 601, 1454, 1816 ceremony performed by women to benefit crops 193 certain time, at a 707 cervical vertebra that protrudes at the back of the neck 636 chair 882 see 1886 chairman see 882 chalk see 1855 chameleon 832 change 1685 change into 244 Changing-Ribs Ceremony, distribute goods during the 145 Changing-Ribs Dance see 1621 Chanters for the Dead 28 chapped, become see 668 chapped hands see 796 characterizer 958, 959, 971, 1018 charcoal 844 charge 911 charm see 684 charm bundles see 1196, 2007 charm holders see 684 charred remains of a fire see 155 chase 1544 Chatauqua, Lake 838 chatter see 818 cheat 2044 cheek 126 cheese, Swiss see 506 cheeses see 1149 Cherokee see 1861 cherry, fire 941 cherry, wdd black 1985 chest (of body) 2125 chestnut 630 chestnut bur 682 chew see 1315 chickadee 854 chicken 1658 Chicken Dance see 1658 chief see 622, 679, 1060, 1440, 1S52 child 1056, 1833 child, have as one's 515 chimney 2120 chin 1928 chip 24 chipmunk 649 chisel see 24 choice, make the correct 51 choke 1340 chokecherry see 1340 choose see 333 Choose a Partner see 1329 choose wrongly 1127 Christ see 1443 cicada see 1138 cinnamon fern see 1335 circle see 712 cislocative 1641, 1714 civil authority see 2002 claim see 808 clam 1046 clan 2101 clan, be of one's father's 233 Clarence, N.Y. see 1256 claw 860 clay 569 clean a fish see 341 clean up 35 clear, be 1746 cleared area 1461 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 99 clearing see 506 Cleveland, Ohio 1842 cliff 1610 see 1274 climb 367 clock see 797 close (near) 1753 close (shut) 464, 1759, 1807 close game see 1748 cloth 568 clothes 96 clothesline see 525 cloud 21, 1536 cloudy, be 22 clover see 1149, 1239 clown see 1855 club 2004 cluster 32 coal 844 coal, burning 868 coax 546 cobweb 305 Code of Handsome Lake see 808 cohosh, black see 1946 cohosh, blue see 511 coincident 1530, 1539, 1555, 1760, 1762, 1763 cold, be 1310 cold, be (ref. to weather) 190 Cold spring see 604 coUar 1321 coUarbone 2036 coUect 1942 color 48 color of, be the 1988 colt 871 coltsfoot see 621 comb (nn.) 1239 comb (vb.) 1403 comb basket see 1239 comb of a fowl see 1147 come 77 see 985 come apart 204, 308 come from somewhere 380, 1895 come here! 938 come in 1936 come into being see 1463 come into force see 1443 come near 1367 come to light see 1910 come to pass see 808 come to the surface 224 Common Faces see 1394 commonreed 672 community 129, 1134 see 1274 compensate 1330 complete 294, 1890 complete, be 1876 completely 1072 conceited, be see 1028 conclude 467 condition, be of a certain 1427 Condolence Ceremony 234, 259 conductor see 909 conduit 396 confer 510 confer in a whisper 121 confess see 554 confirm see 808 confront see 934 confusion, be in 217 Congress of the United States see 995 connect 1237 conscious of, be see lib consent 956 consolation see 2041 console see 2041 Constitution, Iroquois see 1852 construct 627 consume 117, 671 container see 333 content with, be 1217 contest, hold a see 1002 continuative 68, 384, 902 continue on 59 continuously see 1640 contract, make a see 808 contrastive 1696, 1701, 1706 contribute 1882 control see 449 conversation 808 convulsions, bring to see 1414 cook 1361, 1021, 1296 cooked, be 747 cookhouse see 1021 cooking utensU see 1021 copulate 161 cord 861, 1288, 1532 cord (of wood) 277 core 526 cork 847 corn 1155 see 2048 corn, boiled and sweetened see 1304 corn, baked 1044 corn, cracked 2038 corn, field 1207 corn, flint 544 corn, fried baked see 1044 corn, green or unripe 90 corn, hominy 544 corn, native see 1155 corn, old-fashioned see 1155 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 corn, white see 1155 corn, whole see 1155 corn basket see 2048 cornbread see 918 cornbread, yellow 501 Corn-Bug see 2053 corncob 1231 corncrib see 1650 Corn Dance see 1155 corner, be a 196 corner (vb.) 2063 cornhusk 1192 corn leaf 900 cornmeal see 873 corn medicine 1615 see 672 corn oil see 618 corn (on the cob) 2048 Cornplanter see 1911 Cornplanter Reservation see 1233 corn pollen 1043 corn preparation, sweetened see 1209 corn prepared for hominy 2038 corn pudding see 1560 corn roasted in the husk 1324 corn roasted on open fire see 2048 cornsdk see 1045, 1094 corn smut see 856 "corn snapper" see 1138 corn soup 1193 corn soup, burnt 1143 corn soup, cracked see 2038 cornstalk 371 corn syrup see 1546 corpse 376 correct choice, make the 51 corrupt see 705 cost 909 costume, woman's 1623 cough 41 council, hold a 510 council fire see 868 councfl house see 510 council members see 510 count 98 courthouse see 510 cousins, be 12 cover (nn.) 286 cover (vb.) 286, 1426, 2010 covered by a blanket, be 36 cover with a blanket 709 cow see 1307, 1396 crab 879 crabapple see 111 crack 146 cracking of ice or frost see 440 cradleboard 781 cranberry tree see 1257 crane 1183 crawl 295 see 732, 2100 crayfish 879 create 294 see 1681, 1897 creation 1897 Creator see Our Creator creature 300 credit, buy on see 909 creek 761 creep 295 see 732 cricket see 1214 critical, be 211 crock 1316 crooked, be 1767 crooked, become 95 cross (nn.) see 1844 cross (vb.) 1864 cross, make a see 1844 cross basket see 1970 Crossing the Woods ceremony see 511, 735 crossroads see 1867 crotch 2015 crow 962 crowbar 1556 crowd 807 crush 586 cry (weep) 45, 111 cucumber 640 cucumber tree see 1946 cucurbitaceous plant 637 cultivated 1545 culvers-root see 880 cup 722 cure see 975 curl 885 curls, peaked see 885 curtain see 729 curve 674 cushion 1053 cushion under, put a 1015 custom 808, 1897 cut 547, 1010, 1866 cut off a piece 1363 cute, be 262 cut piece of wood 699 cycle, pass through one 531 see 565 dace 647 daddy-longlegs daisy see 852 dam 322 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 101 damage to, cause see 1410 damp, be see 1536 dance (nn.) 1259 dance (vb.) 216 dance, obsolete 1510 Dance for the Dead 28 Dance for the Dead, distribute goods during the 144 dance the war dance 444 dandelion see 852 dark, become 279 Dark Dance see 49, 770 Dark Dance Society, belong to the see 1868 darkness 49 dart 984 dative, 89, 368, 409, 507, 676, 744, 1169, 1507, 1516, 2094, 2099, 2145 daughter see chfld, have as one's daughter-in-law, have as 1512 dawn 577 Dawn Song, 1219 day 442, 468, 1996 day, become 577 day, end of the see 442 day after day see 511 daybreak see 468, 2069 day hence, be a 1644 days of the week see 442 daytime 1996 dead, the see 957 deaf, be see 318 decayed corn see 1728 decessive 1004 decide 368, 407 see 808, 2041 deep, be 1470 deep, be (of a color) 128 deer 1116 Deer Buttons see 1580 Deer Clan see 638 deerfly 1724 deers tongue see 1890 defeat 1002 defecate see 821 defend 276 deficient, be see 1194 defile 1 Deganawida see 1280 Delaware (Indian) 1534 deliberate on see 1410 demolish see 467 depart see 1850 depleted, be 1007 depot see 579 depressed, be 1815 depth of water 614 descriptive 412, 420, 414, 487, 489, 1433, 1441, 1442, 1436, 1435, 1953, 1954, 2137, 2138, 2144, 2145, 2146 deserted, be see 1007 despise see 938 destroy see 467 determine see 2041 devil 1178 see 187, 2041 Devfl Dance 849 Devil's Feather Dance 849 dew 1514, 1976 dewberry see 944 Dew Eagle see 1536 dewy, be 1947 die 328, 749 see 973 different, be 389, 1715 different one, be a see 1681 difficult, be 1194 dig 1425 see 1861 digging tool see 1382 dip up 1062 diminish see 1614 diminuative 1964, 500 diminutive particle 1511 dip out 1373 direction, in this 943 directive 1098 directly, go 220 direct toward see 1048 dirt 1604 dirt (sod) 545 dirty, be 1728 disappear 60 disappointed, be see 2041 disarray, be in 217 disbelieve see 1203 discard 106, 1482 disgust 174 dish 841, 1055 Dish Game see Bowl Game dishpan see 1055 dislike 1622 disorderly, be 1265 dissolve 1012 distance, be a certain 1805 distant 1806 distress 1410 distribute goods during Changing Ribs Ceremony 145 distribute goods during the Dance for the dead 144 distributive 651, 694, 1215, 1335, 1431, 1432, 1634, 2011, 2113, 2142 disturb 1410 ditch see 1861 ditch, make a 55 dive see 50 divide (tr.) 1016 102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 divide (intr.) 1378 Divided Body see 1868 dizzy, be see 468 do 1874 do as one should see 808 do correctly see 1890 dog 878 dogwood 687 doU 1868 doUar see 722 domesticated 1545 done (ref. to food), be 747 dont! 571, 1528 do one's best 835 door 643 doorkeeper see 1272 Doorkeeper's Dance see 47 doorway see 643, 922 do something intentionally 380 dot 260 dottle 565 double 1867 dough 1551 dove see 529 downstream, go 199 do wrong see 808 drag 2100, 2114 dragonfly see 1100 draw out 1146 dream 786 dream, cause to 263 dream, divine a see 1816 dream guessing see 786 dress see 96 drier see 525 drill 309 drink (nn.) 604 drink (vb.) 605 drink, strong see 2041 drip 1380 drip out see 583 drive (someone in a car) 2100, 2114 drive away 1414 drop see 319 drop inadvertently see 319 Dropping-BeUy Dance see 1548 drown see 2107 drum, bass see 657 drum, snare see 657 drum (ref. to behavior of ruffed grouse) 34 Drum Dance 433 drumstick see 2057 drunk, be 28 see 2041 dry see 525 dry, be 560 see 1007 dry, go 113 Dry Hand see 2069 dual 1098, 1169, 1319 duck 1596, 1597 see 351 duck, domesticated 1713 Duck Dance see 1597 duU, become 197 dumb, be see 1816 dumplings 666 Dunkirk, N.Y. see 1166, 2120 duplicative 1641, 1680, 1714 dust 314, 1536 dwarf 897 dweU see 825 dweU together in a group 1250 dye 48 eagle 892 Eagle Dance see 1128, 1131 Eagle Dance fan 1128 Eagle Dance pole 730 Eagle Dance striking stick see 1131 ear 84, 318 early bread see 1155 early in the morning 1521 ear of corn with the husk on 720 earring 327 earth 1440 earthquake see 1440 earthworm 2067 ease up 739 east see 336 eat 903 see 526, 1021 eat together 239 eat up 671 eaves 24 eclipse see 336 edge of, be at the 9 egg 2012 eight 1684 elbow 734 elder 214 elecampagne see 1824 elephant see 1047 eleven see 1572 elk 891 elm, American 653 elm, slippery 1395 elsewhere 1565 embarrassed, become 150 ember 868 emerge 805 emerge from the ground see 1403 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 103 emerge from water see 50 enclose 2010 see 1759 encourage 546 end, come to the 1424 enemy 220 English language see 642 enough, be see 744, 1876 enough, get 270 enough, have 245, 246 entirely, be 1409 entrusted with, be 54 envelope 770 epidemic see 1236 Epsom salts see 678 err 1127 err in speech 1798 escape 2070 esophagus 1339 establish 410, 1886 evaporated, be 113 evening see 279, 468, 2022 eventuative 1474, 1636 evergreen 1166 every 74 every day see 577 everything 368 see 1076, 1431 evil, be 552 evil power, knowledge or possession of 1819 evil power, possess 215 exact, be 1748 examine 1009 see 1061 excessive, become 166 exchange 138 exclusive person 1, 1837, 1956 expect 94 expectant, be see 2041 expect to do something or go somewhere 1253 expensive, be 1194 explain see 1748, 2041 explode see 359 Exploding Wren see 195 expressions of love see 1195 extend to a point 1424 external locative 598, 974, 2024, 2141 extreme, to an 1072 eye 906 eyebrow 932 eyelashes 917 eyes, have sore 908 eyes, puffy or bulging see 944 face (nn.) 1040 face (vb.) see 934 face paint 214, 1035 see 1085 facilitative 1567 fad in an attempt 54 faint see 2041 fair, have a see 1002 Faith Keeper see 808 fall 319 see 2005 faU, make 2005 fall down see 1860 faU over see 2005 false face see 1040 false-face mush 1560 false-face prototype 276 fame 679 famdy 710 fan 122 far 1806 far, be 1805 fare 909 fareweU party see 663 Farnham, N.Y. see 879 fascinator 976 fashion 1890 fast, be 110, 1853 fasten 1237 fat 618, 2127 fat, be 43 fatal to, be 1189 father, be 2039 father-in-law see 1512 father's clan, be of one's 233 feast for the dead 259 see 1195 Feast of the Dead 28 feather 535, 2118 Feather Dance see 1259 Feather Dance, (Great) see 1617 feces 821 feed 1277 feel 960, 1061 feel the absence of 512 female, be 779 feminine 68, 830, 831, 833, S39, 842, 895, 901, 1834, 1835, 1838, 1846, 1872, 1884, 1934, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1967, 1981, 1992, 2081, 2082 fenced off area 1989 ferment 1012 fern 353 fern, Christmas 896 fern, interrupted see 1620 fern, New York 896 fern, silver see 300 ferry see 714 ferryman see 632 fever, have a 2123 few, be 1614 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 fiber strap 1332 "fiddle dance" see 1235 field 800 see 545 field, playing see 206 fight see 1347 fight for 108 fight over see 753 figwort see 1747 filth 1604 fin 802 see 950 final, be see 1453 find 988, 1553 finger 2069 fingernad 1984 finish see 467 finish dressing see 96 finished, be 125 fire 843, 868 fire, charred remains of a see 155 fire, make a see 155 fire, put in 1481 fire, put out a 321 Fire Dragon see 509 firefly see 868 Fire Keeper see 808 firemaking tool see 155 fireman see 321 fireplace (with chimney) 2120 firewood 1905 see 1481 firm, be 613 first 1766, 1841 first, be see 1875 first person 368, 403, 901, 970 fish (nn.) 769 fish (vb.) see 1430 fish (with hook and line) 132 fish, clean see 341 Fish Dance see 769 fisher (Maries pennanti) see 1854 fishhawk 769 fishhook 1619 fist, make a see 19 fit into see 1876 fit snugly 770 five 1829 fix 1635 flame 509, 2124 flat 1465 flat, be 130, 1669 flat, lay out 129 flay 1908 see 2008 flea see 45 flee 165 flicker 1091 flint 189 float 224 see 1361 flood 446 floor 1119 flour see 1704 flourish see 1457 flower 457 flow out see 583 flute 523 see 465, 551, 672 flute, play the see 551 flute used in Little Water Ceremony 118 fly (vb.) 1690 fly (nn.) see 1554 flying, be 1773 Flying Head see 1293 foam 719 fog 1536 fold 674, 1867 follow 463, 1544 foUow closely 619 food 177, 1021 see 526 food, take along 177 food basket see 177 food provided at a ceremony see 613 foot 47 football game see 47, 467 footprint 1854 footrace see 418 force see 449 force out of one's mouth 112 force someone to work 1951 forehead 1013 forenoon see 442 forenoon, in the 1523 forest 511 forget 2042 for good, be see 1453 fork (nn.) 683 fork (vb.) 1378 form (nn.) 1868 form (vb.) see 1463 form an organized group 681 fortunes, teU 434 fortuneteller see 1410 four 979 Four Beings, Angels, or Messengers, see 744, 1950 Four Corners see 1867 Four MUe Level see 603 Four Nights see 49 Four Rituals, the see 74 Fourth of July see 994 fox 1308 frame 1270 frame for carrying large object on one's back see 2045 freckle 1001 Fredonia, N.Y. see 1166, 2120 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 105 free, be 142 free throw see 874 freeze see 1120 Friday see 468 fried strip of meat 564 friend 1764 friends, be 156, 248 friendship 156 frighten 64 frightening, be 65 frog 1584 frog, whistling see 1249 front, go to the 574 frost 678 frost, light 1514 frozen, be 1120 fruit 298, 877 fry 798, 1662 fry bread see 529 full, be 1222 full (from eating), become 58 fun, be 470 funeral see 670 fungus 1147 see 482 funny, be 262 fur 2115 furrow 497 fussy, be 1289 future 409, 1990 future, in the see 574 future, occurrence in the 2026 fuzz 568 gain control over 1719 gamble see 1886 game 1905 see 206 gar, long-nose 1907 garden 575 see 1079 garden, work in the see 290 Garter Dance see 249 garters 249 gather see 1868, 1876 gather in 373 gathering place see 1868 gather together 373 gather up 1405 generous, be 1277 Geneseo, N.Y. see 1118 genuine 2091 George Washington see 1274 get 1062 get enough 270 get in see 2060 229-257—67 9 get into see 333 get out of bed 209 get the best of see 937 ghost 864 ghost bread see 529 Giant Raven 930 ginger (wild) 1586 ginseng 1777 girl see 1056 girl, little see 1446 give 293, 1882 give authority to see 808 give away 293 see 1048 give birth 170 give food to 1277 give temporardy see 293 give up 54, 207 glance off of 1830 glass see 934 glasses 936 glimpses, be visible in 212 gloves see 2069 glue 1522 glutton, be a see 1339 gnat 2025 go 59, 368, 773 go across 1864 go against 220 goalie see 643 go around, make 712 go around with 1068 goat see 989 God see 1816 go directly 220 God of War see 1581 go from one point to the next 531 going strong see 808 gold see 722, 873 goldenrod see 873 goldenthread (a plant) see 873 goldfinch see 1255 gone by, be 1007 good, be 297, 774, 963 Good Message see 808 good to, be 804 goose 654 see 1596 gooseberry, wild see 1980 go out see 1850 go outside to the todet see 244 go somewhere 380 see 1048 go somewhere and come back 77 gossip see 808 go straight out see 1850 go to a certain point see 1058 gourd see 628 106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 gourd rattle see 628 Governor Blacksnake see 750 Gowanda, N.Y. see 1050 go with 354 grab 11, 1329, 1879 Grab-Your-Partner Dance see 1329 graduate see 1454 granddaughter see 163 grandfather see 691 grandmother see 691 grandparent to, be 163, 691 Grand River Reserve 1625 grandson see 163 granite see 1162 grape 639 grasp 1801, 1881 grass 980, 1987 grasshopper 870 grasshopper, type of see 1316 gratify 1497, 1498 gratitude see 1497 gratitude, express 1261 grave see 671 grave, be a 2121 gray see 314, 1916 gray hair, have 536 grease 618 great black leaves see 1149 Great Burden Strap see 1532 great-granddaughter see 163 great-grandfather see 691 great-grandmother see 691 great-grandson see 163 Great Horned Serpent see 153 green see 1149 greenbrier see 735 green corn (or beans) 90 Green Corn Dance see 1021 green fruit see 1006 green snake see 980 greet 1261 grind 586 see 726 Grinding Dishes Dance see 1055 Grinding the Arrow Dance see 2055 grit 61 groove see 699 groove, make a 55 grope see 473 groundpine see 2085 ground robin, towhee 893 group 316 group of people 807, 2101 grouse, ruffed 890 grove see 511 grow see 1446, 1463 grow abundantly 244 growl 152 grow to maturity 221 grow up 221 guard see 1272 guard against, be on 94 guffaw 240 gull, sea see 719 gum 1522 erun 551 had see 1831, 2038 Hail Spirit see 1868 hair 986 hair, fine 568 hair, gray 536 half, be 44 half of, be 561 halter 1532 hammer 874 hammerhead 785 hammock see 662 hammock cradle see 662, 1184 hamper, laundry see 1604 hand 19, 1639, 2069 hand (something to someone) see 293 handful 23 handkerchief 775 handle 133 handle (as of an ax) 1725 handsome, be see 1056 Handsome Lake see 1031, 1352 hang 1184 hanging down, be 1681 happen 422 happen irrevocably 1453 happen unexpectedly or accidentally to 269 happy, become 231 happy, make see 297 hard, be 613 hardy, be see 1446 hare 1709 harm see 1410 Harvest Ceremony see 529 hat 754 hate 1622 see 983 haul 2100, 2114 haul away 1146 have 514, 1886 have indications that a ceremony is overdue see 1816 have something for sale 208 hawk, hen 1630 hawk, red-taded 1630 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 107 Hawk Clan see 1629 hawthorn 393 hay 1987 hazel 692 he 587 head 1293 headdress 1617 head ones see 574 head resting on something, have one's 1036 healthy, be 774 healthy, make 1457 hear 85, 192 heart 452, 1446 heart of a tree or stem 597 heater 324 heavy, be 1607 heel 352 heU see 1178 helldiver 626 heUebore see 788 help see 975, 1880 helper in ?ohki:we:h Ceremony see 433 helpfulness see 804 hem see 306 hemlock 1166 hemmed in, be 46 hen 1658 herb 1987 here 1152 heron 889 heron, great blue 889 Heron Clan, belong to the see 123 He Who Eats Inwards see 821 hi (greeting) 498 Hiawatha 1944 Hiawatha sunflower see 1890 hiccup 617 hickory 1256 see 868, 909 hickory, bitternut 636 hide (nn.) 2115 hide (vb.) 42 Hieracium sp. see 48 hiU 1274 hinge see 1184 hip 502, 865 hire 410, 521 hired help see 521 hit 1894, 1983 hit, threaten to 167 hoe 652 hold a ceremony see 447, SOS, 1454 hold a charm see 684 hold a meeting see 1002 hold back 1880 see 1272 hold dear 1272 hold down 1741 holding, be 514 hold onto 1881 hole 1861 hole, be a 922 hole, make a 1376 hole in, make a 309 holes, tool for making see 309 hoUow, be 1628 home, be at 1893 homesick, be see 481 hominy 1275 hominy grains 2038 hominy sifter see 2038 honey see 346 honey bee see 346 honeycomb see 1040 honeysuckle see 856 hoof 267, 860 hook 899 hoop 1208 see 480 hoop and javelin game 1208 see 984 hope 255 see 1449 hop up and down 56 horn 1298 hornbeam, American 611 see 1133, 2037 horn rattle see 1298 horn war club see 1298 horse see 1946 Horse Dance see 1946 horsefly 1724 Horseshoe Longhouse see 761 hospital see 1260 hot, be 324 hot, become 1115 house 1233 housefly 1554 how 1974 however many 1756 howl 610 how many? 1742 how much? 1756 hub see 876 huckleberry see 298 hull of corn kernel 918 hummingbird 1710 hump 223 hunchback see 1063 hundred see 2069 hungry, be 238 hungry for a certain thing, be 1283 hunt 222 hunter see 222 hurricane see 109 hurry 2095 108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 hurt 1260, 1888 hurt, be see 1888 husband 1227 see 995 see also spouse husk (nn.) see cornhusk husk (vb.) 1379 husk corn see 1192 Husk Face 851 husking pin see 1192 hut 109 12020 ice 1831 ice over see 1831 if 1774, 1779, 1974 if not 780 imitate 1299 immediately see 1048 imperative 17, 334, 420, 487, 489, 751, 902, 1368, 1642, 2144 implicate 801 important, be 1031, 1408 important, the most 1083 in, be 2059 in, keep 299 in, put 18, 299, 333, 370, 1477, 1650, 2060 inch 1938 inchoative I 406, 557, 1955, 2003 inchoative II 421, 476, 490, 1955, 2146 inchoative III 1955 inch worm see 1321 inclusive person 486, 1641 incompetent, be 268 incomplete, be see 1424 incorporate in 333 indeed 1791 indefinite 830, 1952 independent, be 142 Indian see 1458 Indian Dice see 1580 Indian Hdl see 761 Indian-physic see 1060 Indian-squash see 637 Indian-tobacco see 1915 indicative 806, 1492, 1899 indicative 1, 300, 368, 1414, 1431, 1438, 1439, 1784, 1952, 1957, 1981, 2079, 2145 indoors 2086 in fact 1749 see 1876 infants see 1443 infection 210 informed, be 2046 injure superficially 1010 in place, be 1681 insane, become 1871 insane asyluni see 1871 insect, kind of see 1321 insect, small 884 Inserted Message see 285 Inserted Song see 285 inside 2086 inside, be 118, 2059 instigate 1875 instrumental 601 intend 407, 2041 intensifier 1099, 1104, 595 intentionally, do something 380 internal locative 1037 interpret see 808 interpreter 84 interval of time 1460 intestines 1057 investigate 1061 invite 264 iron see 642 iron kettle see 1296 ironwood see 1133 Iroquois see 1233 Irving, N.Y. see 980 island 714 isn't it so? 1797 it 587, 1107 itch 1940 itch, make 1939 itchy, be 338 iterative 2, 4, 88, 301, 302, 408, 466, 488, 489, 494, 520, 667, 1434, 1469, 1496, 1501, 1504, 1506, 2093, 2045, 2146 I think 2018 I thought 1792 it is 1126 it is said 1096 it seems 1978 Jack Frost 191 jack-in-the-pulpit see 781 jackknife see 1941 jackrabbit 1709 jackstick 724 jail see 1759 jam see 1369 javelin 984 jaw 1928 jealous, be 1550 jealous, become 2051 jerk see 273 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 109 joe-pye-weed 1527 see 457 journey see 497 judge see 1410 jug 1552 jumble 2062 jump 1313 juneberry 537 junebug see 821 just 1558, 1791 kangaroo see 1451 katydid 1576 keep 1942 keeper of the Little Water medicine see 622 keep stdl see 1874 keg 2057 kernel 1155 kettle 1296 key see 643 kick see 47, 467 kidney 933 kiU 275, 1347 kdl a number of people or animals 328 KiU Buck, N.Y. see 2111 kiUdeer 1757 kdl oneself 229 kind, be of a certain 1427 kindness see 804 king see 1032 kingbird see 1527 kingfisher 1698 kinship see 1246 kinsman, have as a 1246 kinsmen, consanguineal see 1233 Kinzua, Pa. see 769 knee 1472 kneel see 1472 knee pants see 684 knife see 942 knock down 319 knoU 1050 knot 1269 knot (in wood) see 2001 know 449, 1887, 1909 know how 1887 Kyashota see 1844 labor see 1951 lacking, be see 1194 lacrosse see 305 ladle see 1381, 1730 ladyslipper 1088 lake 1352 lake, large see 604 lamp 868 lamp chimney 396 lamprey 1589 land (nn.) 1440 land (vb.) see 825 landing place see 497 language 1816 lap 648 lard 618 last, make 946 last (someone) a long time 945 last night 1599 laugh 1570 see 1947 laugh loudly 240 law see 1852 lawn 1461 lay 1860 lay down 981 layer 998 see 1691 lay flat 1691 lay out flat 129 lay over 1867 lay upside down see 732 lay up to a mark 713 lazy, be see 1194, 1874 lead (metal) 1316 see 604 lead (vb.) see 1532 lead, be in the 576 lead, get in the 574 lead astray see 705 leader see 679 leaf 1149 leak 1380 lean 325 leaning against, be 358 lean-to 109 learn see 1887 leather 775 leatherwood 1726 leave 207, 1482 leaves at the tip of a branch 1092 leave something 409 leave something somewhere temporarily 31 left (side) 1734 left alone, be 140 left over, be 1041 left over, have 140 leg 684 legband see 684, 708 leggings 589 lemon see 1063 lend 256 110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 leopard 562 less 1707 lettuce see 1149 lever 1556 liar, be a 1203 lick 940 lid 268 lie 1860 lie (prevaricate) see 1203 lie (nn.) 858 lie on one's belly see 732 lie with or next to 485 life 1446 lift 601, 982 light 868 light, become 513 light-colored, be 992 lightly, treat 185 lightning flash 438 lightning strike 1917 like 1217 like to eat 961 limb 570, 660 limit, reach the 1424 limp 693 Linking-Arms Dance see 1158 lion see 509 lip 695, 1587 liquid 604 listen 192 listen attentively see 84 little, be 1614 see also small little people, the 897 Little Water Ceremony see 1198 Little Water medicine see 604 Little Water Society see 1886 live (dweU) see 2041 liveforever see 749 liver 1712 living thing 300 load 549 lobster 879 lock see 743 locomotive and tender see 1293 log 660, 1946, 2001 log house see 1946 lonesome, become 1086 long, be 1470 longhouse see 1233, 1470 longhouse official see 1410, 1748 long time ago, a 2078 long to be somewhere else 481 look after 1592 look at 939 see 934 look for 763 look for in vain 1883 look out for 92 loon 580, 1093 loose, be 183 lose 60 lose one's breath 227 lot of, be a 1651 louse 883 lousewort 896 lousy, be see 942 love 1195 love potion see 1217 luck 147 lump 100 lump, have a see 874 lump in the throat see 1340 lunch 177 lung 669, 1307 lying on one's back with legs spread apart, be 505 made out of, be see 1635 magical transformation 925 maidenhair fern see 1116, 1344 make 1463, 1635 make a deal see 1281 make a hole in 309 make a noise 159 make fall 319 make fun of 253 make hard for oneself see 1195 make up the total of 744 male, be 859 maUet 874 man, young 1581 manage 115 see 2069 mandrake see 628 manroot see 1458 many, be 390 many, have 966 many, how see 1431 maple, red 1042 maple, soft 1042 maple, sugar or hard 52 Maple Ceremony see 866 maple sugar 346 marble see 1162 mark 728 mark, make a 1856 marriage, arrange a see 360 married, be see 360 married, get 1326 see 744 married couple 1227 married couples see 737 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 111 marrow 1605 marshland see 1332 marten see 1548 Marten Dance see 1548 masculine 3, 331, 369, 411, 486, 492, 527, 538, 559, 1505, 1530, 1543, 2138, 2143, 2146 masculine, be strongly see 1632 massacre 328 mat 788 mat, husk 851 matter 808 mattress 1840 maturity, grow to 221 maul 341 may apple see 182 meadow 800 meadowlark see 1845 meadowrue see 873 meal see 1704 mean 806 measure 451 measurement see 451 meat 2130 meat, fresh see 2130 meddle 1240 medicine 1229 medicine ceremony see 173 meet see 333 meeting, hold a see 1002 melancholy, be 1815 melon see 637 melt 1311 mend 1388 menstruate 63 see 336 mention see 1816 message 808 message, deliver a 112 messenger see 418 metal 797 meteor see 1773 middle, be in the 44 middle of, be in the 561 midnight see 716 midsummer see 994 midwinter see 1392 Midwinter Ceremony, hold the 1167 mde see 934 mdk 1307 milkweed 1266 mdkweed, poke see 1025 mdkweed, wandering 1575 mind 2041 minister see 844 mink 863 minnow see 769 minute see 616 miraculous, be 1140 miss 512 miss an opportunity 991 mist 1536 mistake, make a 1914 mistreat 1190 mittens see 2069 mix 1882 mix up 2062 moccasin 1925 see 53 Moccasin Game see 53 mock 1299 mockingbird 1513 Mohawk see 1343 Mohawk reservation see 1343 moiety, be in the opposite see 12 moiety, be in the same see 178 moiety, pass from one to the other see 843 mold see 1582 mole (animal) see 2069 mole (blemish) 1001 momentardy, appear 212 Monday see 442, 468 money 722 monkey see 763 month 445 month in the fall see 41 moon 336, 445 see 691 moon, new see 445, 1984 moose 1906 morel, conical see 1843 morning, early in the 1521 morning, in the see 442, 1523 morning star see 800 mortar 2034 mosquito see 641 moss 415 most, the 1965 moth see 300 mother, be 1206 mother, my 1213 mother-in-law see 1512 mourn 179 mouse see 756, 1240 moustache 1045 mouth 107, 668 see 922 mouth, force out of one's 112 mouth, put in one's 659 mouth of a stream, be the 386 mouth of snowsnake trough see 1894 move 59, 1000 move about 290 see 1414 move along 591 move away 1500 112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 move over see 591 much, be 399 much, have 966 much, how see 1431 mud 964 mud hen 1052 mud puddle see 1332 mulberry see 1532 mullet see 797 muUet, buffalo 223 mullon see 562 muscle 721 see 1532, 2130 muscular strength 721 mush 866 mushroom 1145 see 182, 781 musical instrument see 447 muskeUunge see 1040 muskmelon see 298 muskrat see 1198 musk turtle see 2053 mutual aid see 804 nad 750 Naked Dance see 2052 nakedness 2052 name (nn.) 679 name (vb.) 1858 naming chddren see 1361 nannyberry 2071 narrow, be 80 nasty, be 1132 nation 1440 native 1458, 2091 navel see 1552 near, be 76 nearby 1753 neat, be 1028 necessary, be 228 neck 628, 1321 neck, put around a 768 necklace see 768 need 228 needle 750 needy, be see 1921 negative 1674, 1680, 1687 Negro, be a 665 nephew see 474, 701 nervous, make see 2041 nest 154 netting 305 neuter 830, 901, 904, 968, 987, 1484, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1493, 1782, 1834, 1952 never 1689 new, be 282 news 808 Newtown (section of Cattaraugus Reservation) see 1274 New Year's Ceremony, hold the 1167 New York City see 1274 next day see 577 next in line, be see 622 next one, the 723 next to, be 9, 76, 1058 next week see 468 niece see 474, 701 night 49 night, become 2022 night, spend the 448 nighthawk 1089 nine 1775 nipple 1224 no 578 noise 818 see 797 noise, be making a 159, 757, 758, 759 noisy, be 760 nominalizer 1540, 1541, 2103, 2104 nominate see 1011, 1868 nonmasculine 830, 901, 1784, 1812, 1835, 1952 nonsingular 582, 592, 744, 809, 1098, 1714 nonsingular third person 69, 486, 650, 1432, 2146 noon see 561 north 190 see 336 North CoUins, N.Y. see 497 north star see 1047 nose 1049, 2073 nose of an animal 1047 notch 616 nothing 1675 nothing but 1394 notice 960 see 808 notify 85, 264 now 2077 nowhere see 947 number 98, 99 nurse see 1300 nut 636 nuthatch, white-breasted see 1946 nut meat 629 nutshell 635 oak, red 1033 oak, white 965 oar see 950 oats see 1244 obey 192 objective 1, 278, 330, 409, 1361, 1431, 1437, 1494, 1785, 1933, 1956, 2081, 2145 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 113 obligation see 808 obligation, perform an see 1454 observe 205 occur to one that one should do something see 1899 ocean see 604, 1352 o'clock see 797 odor 1527 offend 174 offspring 1833 od 618 Od City, Pa. see 618 O.K., be 774 old, be 73, 995 Old-Fashioned Shuffle Dance see 349 Old-Moccasin Dance see 1925 old people see 995 Oldtown (section of Allegany Reservation) see 2120 on, get 351 on, put 540, 742 one 1573 see 1640 one, be the 1708 Oneida see 1162 one minute see 616 One Year Feast 259 onion 2058 onion, wdd see 2058 only 1558 only, be 1394 only a few 1743 Onondaga Reservation see 1274, 868 on the other side of, be 198 on top, put 1011 open 1482, 1656 see 1759 opening, be an 506, 922 operate 59 opossum see 1947 opponent 220 opportunity, have an see 530 oppose 220 opposed to a marriage, be 1612 oppositive I 1062, 1456 oppositive II 667 optative 7, 14, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1959, 1961, 2087, 2088, 2089 orange 1063 orchard see 660 ordain 407 oriole, Baltimore see 1532 osprey 769 ostrich see 526 other 1565 other ones see 723 other side of, be on the 198 otter see 288 Otter Dance see 288 Our Creator see 1890 Our Life Supporters see 1443 Our Sustenance see 1443 outdoors 114 outer part see 114 outside 114 oven, put in an 1475 overnight, stay 448 overshoes, put on see 53 over there 645 over with, be 125 owl see 300 owl, great horned 585, 2074 owl, screech 1075 oyster 1046 pace 522 pack basket see 977 packed, be tightly 184 paddle see 950 paddle (for stirring) see 1730 paddlefish see 954 pad 1296 padful 744 paint 48 paintbrush see 48 paint one's face see 1035 pair, be a 1859 pale, make 174 palm of the hand 343 pan 841 pant 226 panther 562 pants see 1845 paper see 729 parasol see 182 parch corn 175 see 525 parched corn see 1560 parched corn much see 1560 parents-in-law of the same couple, be 176 parrot see 1059 partitive 1097, 1168, 1290 partners, be see 1881 partridge 890 partridgeberry see 1533 part with, not want to 1272 part with, refuse to 200 pass by 530 pass through 530 past 70, 902, 1073, 1291, 1953 patch 1388 path 497 pay 1330 see 909 114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 pay attention to see 808, 1028 payment given a false face see 1164 pea 471 Peace Queen see 43 peach see 568 Peach Stone Game see Bowl Game peacock see 529 pear see 881 peck 312, 661 peddle 208 peddler 208 peek 121 peel 2008 peeling 355 pen see 729 pencil see 729 pendants see 722 penis 1103 penis, glans 1843 pennies 1081 penny 1082, 1084 people go around in a circle see 712 pepper, black 1508 see 668 pepperidge see 24 perceive 960 perch 351 perform an irrevocable act 1048 perform an obligation see 808, 1454 perhaps 1221 permeate 770 permit see 956 persist 366, 1449 persist stubbornly 1727 person 1458 Personal Chant 241 Personal Chant, accompany a 232 Personal Chant, sing a 236 persuade 907 pestle see 1704 pewee see 1255 phase, pass through one 531 pheasant 1658 Phdadelphia, Pa. see 1274 phoebe 1661 pick (nn.) 321 pick (vb.) 1062 pick berries see 903 pickerel see 1040 picking basket, berry see 100 pick up 601 picture see 1868 pied-bdled grebe 626 pierce 309, 312 pig 1024, 1025 pigeon see 529 pigeon cherry 941 pig hanger see 1025 pig sty see 1989 pigweed, }^ellow 1578 pike see 769, 948, 1725 pike, great northern see 1040 pde 277, 690 pile up 615 pdlow 1053 pimple 1223 pin 750 pin, common see 865 pinch 823 pin cushion see 750 pine 2112 pine, white 2112 pine cone 1232 Pinewoods (section of Cattaraugus Reservation) 2112 pipe 396 see 105 pit 1580 pitch 1522 pitcherplant see 589 Pittsburgh, Pa. 1769, 1776 pity for, show 804 place 602 place, be in a particular 1079 place food before 377 plain, fluvial 1465 plane (the tool) see 698 plant (nn.) 488 plant (vb.) 1911 plant, low 1987 plant, taU 1949 plantain see 497 plant a tree 340 planted area 575 plan to do see 80S plaster 1287 plateau 603 play 206 see 1886 play against 220 play cards see 729 playing field see 206 plead forgiveness see 804 pleasant, be 470 please 1497, 1498 pleasing, be 963 pleasure see 470 Pleiades 1735 pleurisy see 309 pliable, become 1428 plot see 1079 plow see 545 plug 847 see WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 115 plug up see 847 plum 990 plural 1097, 1714, 1783, 1785, 1802, 1812, 1835, 214,' pluralizer 1561, 1562 pocket 1451 pocketbook 1738 point 616 point, come to a 1420 point in a certain direction 934 point out 1492 poison (vb.) 263 see 1882 poison ivy see 338 poke 1423 pole 306, 570 polish see 1603 poUen, corn 1043 poUiwog 2116 ponder see 1410 pop 57 pop (corn) 175 popcorn 1136 see 57 poplar 1208 populative 1384 pop up 56 porch 109 porcupine 558 possession of, take 187 possible, be 1077 post 714, 1946 postpone 2066 potato 1191 poultice 1892 pound (corn) 1704 pound (wood) 1064 pour 460 powder 314 see 1704 powder, coarse 61 power see 2002 power, possess evd 215 practice 93 pray see 1449 prayer see 1449 preach see 615 preacher see 1697 precisely 1791 preferred one, be the 1900 pregnant, be 1105 see 170, 1394 premonition of, have a see 775 Preparation Dance see 1635 prepare 1635 see 671 prepare cornhusks for braiding see 1259 present, be 1681, 1886 see 368 present in abundance, be 1250 President of the United States see 1274 press down 1741 press together see 1921 prey on one's mind see 447 price 909 price, exact a 911 pricker 735 priest see 844, 1844 princespine see 1149 probably 1221 proceed 773 prod 1423 produce 591 progressive 266, 1772 promise see 808 proof, give see 808 proper, be 1876 property 103 see 1079, 1250 protect 276 see 2069 protrude through an opening 307 prove see 808 provide 207, 244, 1011 pry 1557 public, the 807 puckered, be 1768 pudding 866 puddle, mud see 964 puffbaU, giant see 1916 puU273, 810, 2100, 2114 pull out 1146 pull up see 634 pulse see 601 pumpkin see 637 punch (nn.) 312 punctual 301, 357, 475, 815, 902, 1418, 1642, 1953, 1954, 2144 puncture 309 punish 554 pupd (of eye) 1608 purple see 2105 purposive 405 pus 210 push 591 see 19 push to a certain point see 1420 put a cover on 1426 put aside 1372 put away 160, 230 see 679 put down 1886 put forth 591 put in order 1666 put in oven 168, 1475 put in place see 1463 put on an act see 723 put on the end of a pole 1363 put on trial see 1410 put over 288, 1400 putrid, be see 989 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 put something around see 1759 put things in, something to see 1650 put through an opening 1454 put together 308, 360, 627, 1921 put up 288, 1011 see 1681 put up to someone see 9S1 pygmy 897 quad 1027 Quaker Bridge, N.Y. see 1864 quarantine 63 quarrel 136 see 97'5 quart see 1263 quarter, a see 702 Quavering see 1479 queen see 1032 quick-tempered, be 1303 qudl, porcupine see 558 qudt, patchwork see 627 quit 437 quiver (nn.) 2122 quiver (vb.) 1185 rabbit 1074 Rabbit Dance see 1074 raccoon 1980 Raccoon Dance see 1980 race (foot) see 418 raft 714 rafters 1270 railroad coaches see 1233 radroad track see 497, 642, 750, 1691 rain 1602 see 1482 rainbow 2000 raise 982 rake see 1987 rancid, be see 989 rapids 620 raspberry, black see 660 raspberry, red 1668 rasping stick see 616 rat see 1240 rattle 1618 rattle, bark see 1590 rattle, box turtle 2129 see 193 rattlesnake see 683 rattlesnake root see 683, 1533 raw, be 213 reach, be unable to 479 reach out for 1329 read see 18S7 real, be 1876 real estate see 1079 realize see 503 really see 1876 reason, the see 808, 1463 receive 601, 1062 recently 1800 reciprocal 120, 124, 131, 137, 139, 140 reckless, be 1632 recover (from an dlness) 244 red see 1737 red, dark see 279, 2105 Red Jacket see 1883 reed 1198 see 672 referee see 115, 205 reflexive 4, 16, 82, 118, 148, 171, 413, 416, 432, 435, 1958, 1963, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995 refuse to part with 200 reject 319 reject someone's proposal 385 rejoice in 1261 related to, be 1246 relationship see 1246 release 207 religion see 808 rely on see 358 remain 1041 remember 92 remind see 1909 remove 1500 remove a covering 2008 remove a layer 998 repeatedly 1005 repent see 554 repetitive 829, 846, 1503, 1641 replace see 1715 reputation, loss of see 1816 request see 1449 request a story see 808 resemble 1902 responsibdity see 808 responsible for, be see 2069 rest 232 restrict 63 restricted third person 539, 555, 830, 1487, 1489, 1835, 1873, 1952, 1981 retard see 1930 retiring, be 40 return 77 revolting, be 1132 revolve 461, 928 rhinoceros see 1047 rhubarb 2061 rib 1945 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 117 rib cage 1621 ribs 1621 rice see 2038 ride on the back of an animal 676 ridge 548, 1050 ridicule 253 riffles 620 right, be 1876 right (side), be one's 1900 rind 1059 ring, finger see 708 rinse 997 ripe, be 747 ripen 294 rise into the air 1690 ritual 808 ritual siblings, be 248 river 761 road 497 robin 1780 Robin Dance see 1780 rock (back and forth) 243 rock bank 1610 rock bass 931, 1646 rocking chair see 662, 882 rod 522 rod 927 roU roughly 341 roof 1621 room 1252 root 1060 rope 1937 rotate 928 rotten, be see 989 rotten wood in a powdery state 590 rough 1035 rough, be 1686 rough and tough, be see 1632 round, become see 715 round, make see 715 row (a boat) 632, 950 row of corn kernels 497 rub 349, 1398 rubber 201 rubbers, put on see 53 rug see 568 ruler see 449 rummage 1240 run 418 run, start to 419, 436 run a race see 1854 run away 2070 run away (from) 165 run into 309 runner, curved 625 running, be 1660 run over see 1868 runs in a basebaU game see 1936 run somewhere see 1660 rust 1582 sachem see 1440, 1852 sad, become 1086 saddle see 351, 1400 salamander 1755 saliva 790 salt 853 salt container see 853 same see 1640 samp see 2038 sand 2031 SandHdl see 2112 sandpiper 1757 Sandy's Road Longhouse see 1916 sap see 346 sarsapardla see 900 sash 976 sassafras 1271 sateUite see 1773 satiated, become 58 satisfy 226 saturate see 1454 saturated, be (of a color) 128 Saturday see 468, 1252 Sauk and Fox 1585 save 230 savor 696 saw see 1866 saxifrage, swamp 371 say 409, 561 scales (of a fish) 796 scalp 1218 scar 826 scarlet fever see 1085 scarlet tanager 837 scatter 1381 scattered, be 1381 scent, get the 151 school see 1887 scissors see 942 scoke 2105 scold see 821 scoop up 1373 scorch 2110 scorching hot, be 2108 scrape 20, 983, 1008 scraper see 983, 1008 scratch 20, 983 118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 scratcher (back) see 983 scream 542 screw 885 scum see 415 seal 288 seat 825, 1350 secluded, be 1202 second person 666, 667, 675, 676, 680, 828, S46, 1437, 1494, 1503, 1515, 1645, 1761, 1835, 2145 security 103 see 939, 988, 1744 see 934 seed 1230, 1580 Seed Ceremony see 1156 seed corn see 1157 seize 11 self 1447 selfish, be 1272 seU see 612 send 181 sendoff, give a 663 Seneca see 1274 Seneca language see 1458 separate 1016 see 1372, 1867 separated, be 149 separated, become 204 separate entities, be 74 series, go in see 622 serpent, mythical 1673 serve 377 serve someone right 269 set 825 set a time or place 1492 set right see 808 settle 825 settle to the bottom 450 set up see 1640 seven 836 sew 2040 sewing basket see 2040 sex, want a particular member of the opposite 135 shade 182 shake 1479 Shake-the-Bottle Dance see 1552 Shake-the-Branch Dance see 1583 Shake-the-Bush Dance see 1583 Shake-the-Pumpkin Dance see 822, 1106 shanty 109 shape 1868 sharp, be 725, 740 sharpen 726, 740 Sharpen-the-Stick Dance see 1402 Sharp-Legs see 2037 shawl 2019 Shawnee see 1510 she 587 shed 109 sheep, see 1298 shelf 441 shell (vb.) 1379 sheU (rind) 1059 sheU, screw-shaped see 885 shield (vb.) see 1640 shin 1434 shingles see 1482 shiny, be 1603 shoe 53, 1925 see 47, 2010 see 2008, 2010 shoes, put on shoes, take off Shongo see 1465 shoot 827 shoot and hit 686 short, be 81 short, be (in stature) see 608 shorten 1066 shoulder 607, 1358 shoulder belt see 1400 shoulder blade 1358 shout 542, 758 shouting, be 757, 758 shove 591 shovel 954 show 1492, 1899 show, put on a see 1855 shrink see 1405 shriveled, be 1768 Shuffle Dance see 349 Shuffle Dance, Great see 349 shy, be 202 sibling, have as older 596 sibling, have as younger 600 siblings, be 178 siblings, be ritual 248 sick, be see 556, 1260 sick, feel 1260 sick, make 1236 sickly, make 174 sickness 1235 see 1236, 1260 sick person see 556 side, be one 914 sideburns 1387 side by side, be 1017 side of body 1621 sieve 280 sift 280 signal 1899 sdver see 722 sdver beads see 722 Sdver Creek, N.Y. see 548 simflar, be 1908 simple noun suffix 489, 1953, 1954 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 119 sin see 808 since 1318 sinew 1288 sing see 447 sing a Personal Chant 236 sinker 1316 sister, see sibling sister-in-law, have as 1857, 362 sisters-in-law, be 274 sit 1350 sit down see 1886 six 1877 Six Nations see 1440 size, be of a certain 1 skeleton 864 ski see 718 skim 1008 skin (nn.) 775, 2115 skin (vb.) 1904 see 2008 Skin-Beating Dance see 1121 skinny, be see 2037 skirt 2027 skunk 1520 skunking 1717 sky 1950 slam 1416 slant, be on a 937 sleep 803 sleep on, something to 788 sleet see 1831 sleigh beds see 1549 slip 594 slip out of one's hand 207, 1370 slippery, be 794 slow down 169 slowly 1579 sluice see 1861 slump 1659 small, be 304 small, be (ref. to several things) 78 smaUpox see 1269 smash 586 smell (nn.) 1527 smell (vb.) 158 smell bad 989 smeU something fresh 696 smde 1947 smock 265 smoke (nn.) 1916 smoke (vb.) see 843 smoked see 770 smooth, be 698 snad see 1233 snake 1533 snake, garter see 1288 snake, mdk see 721 snake, red-bellied 1732 snake, water see 1278 sneeze 2128 sniff 151 snipe 1297, 2068 Snipe Clan see 2031 snore 1039 snout 1047 snow 1181 snow (fading) 2023 snowdrift see 615, 1916 snowflake 2023 snowshoe see 718 snowsnake 711 snowsnake, pointed end of see 1049 snowsnake lead see 604 snowsnake medicine see 711 snowsnake tad 1739 soak 1311 soap see 1201 social group 1134 society, belong to a charm holders see 684 sod 2084 so far as I am concerned 1792 soft, become 1428 sod 545 soldier 1581 sole of the foot 343 solid, be 613 so many 1750 some 1095 someone 1598 something 524, 1090 something carried on the back 978 somewhere 947 son, see chdd, have as one's song 447 son-in-law, have as 1108 son-in-law to parents-in-law, be related as 379 soon 855 sore, be 1260 sorrow 1345 sorry, make 677 soup, be 1022 soup made with roasted corn 1143 sour, be 738, 875 south 1997 see 1115 space 1252 spark 868 sparrow 791 speak see 1816 speak (up) 1592 speak about 1814 see 81S speaker see 1697 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 specific, be 1748 speckled, be see 868 speech 808 sperm 816 spicebush 1616, 1677 spider 1979 spikenard see 900 spdl 583 spin 461 spin (thread, etc.) 685 spine 1620 spirit 2041 spit see 790 splint (in basketry) 718 splinter 250, 860 split 1412 spod see 552 spod, let 991 sponge (vb.) see 713 spoon see 1381 spot (dot) 260 spot (place) 602 spot, be in a particular 1079 spouse 1125, 1227 see 744, 1036 spouse, be a 737 spout 689 spout for sap see 756 spread on 1369 spread one's arms or wings 167 spread out 1381 spread the news see 808 spread the word see SOS, 1816 spring (of water) 1471 see 805 spring (season) 772 spring peeper 2050 sprinkle 1389 sprout 717 spruce 1624 spy on see 906 square, be 1747 square dance see 1235 squash 637 see 628 squash, crookneck see 628 squash, Hubbard see 1552 squash, kind of see 329 squash rattle see 628 squat see 810, 1317 squeeze see 1921 squirrel, black 2028 squirrel, flying see 711 squirrel, gray 2028 squirrel, red see 1179 stab 312 stack 277 stagger see 1532 stalk, thick 2061 stand in array 681 standing, be 1640 stand stdl in the air see 1690 stand up see 1640 stand up quickly see 981 stand upright 634 star 852 starched cloth see 1121 stare at 252 start (from fright) 56 startle 64 startling, be 65 start to move 1185 state, be of a certain 1427 State (of the United States) 1252 station see 579 stay up aU night 566 steal 1267 steam 1536 steel 797 stem 660, 1946 step 522 stepchdd, have as 1205 stepdaughter see 1205 stepfather see 1205, 1295 stepmother see 1295 step on 104 step over see 522 stepparent to, be 1295 steps, go in see 622 stepson see 1205 step up see 522 stick 306, 570, 2004, 2132 stick of firewood 1905 stick on 361 sticky, be see 361 stiff, be 1655 stiff material 1121 sting see 2057 stinger 857, 860 stink 989 stir 290, 1730 stomach 1151, 1740 see 118 Stomp Dance see 2122 stone 1162, 2111 Stone Coat see 775 stoneroot 1038 stop 127, 437, 579 stopping place see 579 store 160 see 679 store in one's clothing 443 storm see 1728 story 808, 909 stove see 324, 1233 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 121 stovepipe 396 straight, be 220, 1748 straighten 1666 strap 1532 straw 1566 strawberry 9, 1547 see 868 Strawberry Ceremony or Dance see 29S, 373, 1362 stream 861 strength see 2002 stretch 201 stretch on a frame 2098 strike 1983 Strike-the-Stick Dance see 306 striking pole 1131 string 688 string bean 1733 String Bean Ceremony 1733 strip 999 stripe see 620 stroke see 1398 stroke, have a see 1894 strong, be 1686, 2002 strong, be very 164 strong-minded or strong-willed, be see 952 strong solution, be a 1012 stub of broken off branch 1862 stuck, get 1171 stuffed in, be 46 stumble see 47 stump 1026 stump, uprooted 2013 sturgeon 1546 see 954 stutter 1798 subchief see 622, 1060, 1946 subject 808 subject of a speech see 808 submissive, be 268 such 1102 suck 1300, 1421 sucker see 191 sucker on a cornstalk 430 suddenly aware, become 272 sugar 346 Sugar Grove, Pa. see 319 suggest see 808 suit 31 suitcase see 1840 sumac 214 summer 994 summon 776 sun 336 Sunday 468 see 442 sunfish 931 sunflower 482 see 852 superior, be see 1000 supplement 289 support under, put a see 1015 surface, come to the 224 surprise see 1139 survey see 797 suspenders see 1400 swaUow 1462 swaUow (bird) 888 swamp 567 swan 1713, 1803 see 1596 Swan Dance see 1713 sweat 2126 see 324 sweep 789 sweet, be see 346 sweetflag 395 see 396 swell 1695 swelling on a plant 1243 swim 143 swing see 662 swing oneself around 1935 sycamore see 775 syrup 1546 see 345 table see 1021 taboo, avoid something 62 taboo, be 62 Tadodaho 1699 tail 756 tad of a bird 2134 tail of a fish see 802 take 496, 1062 take advantage of see 1354 take advantage of someone's hospitality take along see 516 take along food 177 take apart 967 take care of 92, 1591 take for one's own 1942 take off 540, 967 take one's time 1930 take out 1656, 1850 see 333 take over from see 1715 take possession of 187 take seriously see 1028 Taking the Kettle Out see 1296 tale 909 talk 1697 see 818 talk secretively 2062 tall, be 608, 1470 tally stick see 616, 1158 tamale 1324 tame 1545 tangled, become 744 see 713 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 tap a tree 24 see 346 tassle, corn 880 taste 1061 taste funny 1571 taste good 963 taste something fresh 696 teach see 808, 1463, 1887, 1899 tear apart 359 tease 356 teat 1224 teeth see 805 tell 736 tell about see 736 ten, be 101 tendon 1288 Tenth Day Feast 259 testicle 2012 see 2111 testify see 808 thank 1261 thanksgiving see 1497 Thanksgiving Dance 433 see 1259 Thanksgiving Speech see 1261 thank you 1331 that one 587 that there 1129 that way 644 thaw 1631 see 1311 the 1107 then 1716 there 645, 1129 the same, be 1748 thick, be 1692 thief see 1267 thigh 1845 thimble see 2069 thimbleberry 1263 thin, be 1654 see 2037 thing 808 things 1101 think 368 see 449 thinking cap see 2046 think of 378 thirsty, be see 526 thirteen see 1572 this 1107, 1144, 1150, 1160 this is 1126 this one 587, 1150 this time 1124 thistle 1255 thorn 393, 771 thorn tree see 771 thousand see 101 thousand doUars see 657 thread 688 threaten to hit 167 three 1525 throat 628 throb see 601 throw 258, 1430 throw aside 1482 throw away 106 throw in bowl or dice game see 575, 1346 throw in dice game see 637 throw open 1482 thrush 791 thumb 1938 Thumbs-Up Dance see 1938 thunder see 1816 Thunder Ceremony 1795 Thunderer, the 593 Thunderers, the see 1816 Thursday see 468 tick 1518, 1765 tickclover, Canada see 1239 tidy, be 1028 tidy up 35 tie see 688 tie around 708 tie up see 1475 tiger 562 see 1664 tightly packed, be 184 time (for something) 1252 tin 797 see 213 tiny, be 1781 tire 1854 tired, become 247, 1577 tired of, become see 992 tire of waiting 1242 toad see 1269 toad rush see 497, 980 toadstool 182 see 781 to a lesser degree see 1707 tobacco 1915 tobacco pouch see 1915 today see 442 toe 727 tomahawk 874 tomorrow see 577 Tonawanda Reservation see 620 tongue 363 tonight see 2022 too bad, be see 1569 tool see 778 too much see 1565 tooth 1207 torch 509 tornado see 109 touch see 1899 touch glancingly 1830 touching, affect adversely by 1 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 123 tough, be 613 toward 1065 toward there 644 towhee 893 town 1274 toy see 206 track 1854 trade 138 tradition 808 traU (nn.) 497 trad (vb.) 2114 train see 2102 trample on see 1868 transfer 764 translocative 486, 519, 538 transient 488, 667, 1433, 1531, 1999, 2029, 2139, 2146 trap 1982, 797 travel 59 tray 662 tread 104 treat lightly 185 tree 340, 572, 660, 1946 tree, kind of see 609 tree toad see 508 tricks, do see 1855 tricky, be see 1899 trip see 1400 tripe see 1151 trouble, cause 753, 1265 trough 2092 trout 1770 true, be see 808 trunk 1946 try 451 try again see 54 try hard to do something 219 trying, keep 1449 try to learn see 1887 tub 2057 Tuesday see 468, 492 tug-of-war see 810 tulip tree 1568 turkey see 2112 turn 461, 712, 928 turn, be one's see 1869 turn around 907 see 764 turn aside see 333 turn away 907 turn inside out see 926 turnip see 1060 turn over see 732, 764 turn upward 926 turtle 2053 turtle, Muhlenberg's see 1147 turtle, snapping 1325 Turtle Clan 1325 turtle rattle 1325, 2053 Tuscarora 1672 Tuscarora chief see 1123 twelve see 1572 twelve and a half cents 702 twenty-one see 1572 twins, be 1019 twist 1745 two 1682 ugly, be 552 umbreUa see 182 unable to, be see 1194 Uncles see 162 uncle to, be 474, 1210 uncover see 1426 uncultivated, be 1346 underneath 1306 understand 85 see 2041 unequal, be 1715 unexpectedly, happen 269 unfold see 1867 unnatural, be see 1899 unrestricted third person 1484, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1493 unripe corn or beans 90 unripe fruit 1006 unsociable, be 40 untie see 708 up in the air 553 uproot 2014 upside down, be 2056 urge 546 urinate 261 urinate, want to 563 urine 550 Ursa Major see 1327 us 2020 usage see 808 use see 1874 used up, be 1007 usher see 825 uterus see 1833 utter 1592 utterance 1816 vagina 606 valley 1364 see 1274 vegetable matter floating on water 395 veil 305 vein 861 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 4 venereal disease 856 VersaiUes, N.Y. see 1610 verse 316 vertebra prominens 636 very 1968 vice-president see 622 viUage see 1274 vine 2085 vinegar see 738 violet see 628 virgin see 1202 virtuous, be 2046 see 808 visible, become 805 visible in glimpses, be 212 visit see 1936 visit briefly 251 visor see 1147 vitality see 1448 voice 1816 vomit (nn.) 1335 vomit (vb.) 1334 wade see 1344 wagon 2102 waist 706 waistline see 1868 wait 451 wake up 157 see 1874 walk 368 see 497 walk, take a see 497 walking stick see 1458 wall 762 walnut, black see 636 wampum 868, 1627 wampum (string) 1729, 1731 wampum beads 1889 wampum belt 1627 Wampum Keeper see 808 want 228, 378 want a particular member of the opposite sex 135 want to leave see 651 war club 874 war, go to 29 war, make 29 War Dance 1795 War Dance, dance the 444 warm, be 324 warm, become 1115 Warren, Pa. see 620 warrior 1581 wart 1224 wash 1201 wash off 997 watch 205, 252 watch over 180 water 604 water, be in 1361, 2106 water, get 840 water, put in 1361, 1362, 2106 water drum see 2057, 1296 waterhemlock 2058 watermelon see 637 watermoccasin see 949 wave (nn.) 1758 wave (vb.) 473, 1479 wax see 1369 we 2020 weak, be 268 weaken 1659 weapon see 1347 wear see 1845, 1874 weasel see 1245 Wednesday see 468 weed (unidentified) 316 weed, low 1987 weed, tall 1949 week 468 weep 45, 111 weU, be 774 well attended, be 1542 west see 336 wet, be 348, 1453 what 1693 whatever 1694 wheat 1244 wheel 2047 wheelbarrow see 19 when 1820 whenever 1821 where 543, 573, 951 wherever 923, 953 whether 1974 which way see 951 whde 1318 whippoorwill 1088 whirl 1935 whirlpool see 620 whiskers 1264 whiskey 604 whisper (nn.) 845 whisper (vb.) see 121 whisper, confer in a see 121 whistle 1248, 1249 whistling, be 1247 whistling swan 1803 white, be 992 see 1287 White man, be a 642 White men see 600 WHOLE VOLUME ENGLISH INDEX TO DICTIONARY 125 whitewood 1568 whither see 951 whole of, be the 1076 whoUy, be 1409 why see 808, 1463 wickedness see 808 wide, be 79 wife 1227 see 995 (spouse) wild, be 1346 wdd animal 1354 wddcat see 43, 1664 wildginger 1586 wdd senny leaves see 1149 willing, be 956 widow 1517 wilt 1659 win 1002 see 1866, 2030 win a bet from 2030 wind 332 wind, strong see 109 window see 934, 1376 wine see 639 wing 1153 wings, spread one's 167 winnow see 918 winter 1392 winter, become 1391 wintergreen 869 wipe 342 wire 750 wise, be 2046 wish for something to happen see 447 wishing for the best, a 255 wish someone weU 254 witch, be a 215 witch-hazel 1667 wolf see 517 Wolf Clan see 517 Wolf Run see 1610 woman see 193, 652, 779 Women's Shuffle Dance see 349 wood (as material) 718 wood (as fuel) 1905 woodchuck 1702 woodcock 1297 wood nettle 588 woodpecker 1718 woodpecker, red-headed 2076 woods 511 woody portion of a twig 526 word 808, 1816 work see 778 work hard see 1951 working, be 778 work together see 1879, 1881 world 1440 worm 1564 worn out, be 1688 worse, become 1727 Worship Dance 433 worst see 821 wrap 2009 wrapped in a blanket, be 33 wren 1778 wrestle see 1879 wring see 1921 wrinkled, be 237 wrist 1159 write 729 yam, wild see 2085 yard 306 yarrow, common see 1166 yawn see 1656 year 1392 year hence see 531 yeast see 1695 yeUow see 873 yeUow dock see 1640 yeUow leafcup see 1049 yeUow wdd indigo see 298 yes 1749, 1998 yesterday 1703 you 2017 young, be 282 youngest, be the 1613 zigzag, be see 1767 126 Bibliography Chafe, Wallace L. 1959 a. Internal reconstruction in Seneca. Language, vol. 35, pp. 477-494. 1959 b. The classification of morphs in Seneca. Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1-6. 1960. Seneca morphology. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 26, pp. 11-22, 123-129, 224-233, 282-289. 1961 a. Seneca morphology. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 27, pp. 42-45, 114-118, 223-225, 320-328. 1961 b. Seneca thanksgiving rituals. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 183. 1963. Handbook of the Seneca language. New York State Mus., Bull. 388. Hewitt, J. N. B. 1903. Iroquoian cosmology, first part. Seneca version. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Ann. Rep., vol. 21, pp. 221-254. 1918. Seneca fiction, legends, and myths. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Ann. Rep., vol. 32, pp. 493-813. Holmer, Nils 1952. Seneca II. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 18, pp. 217-222. 1953. Seneca III. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 19, pp. 281-289. 1954. The Seneca language, a study in Iroquoian. Upsala Canadian Studies, vol. 3. Upsala and Copenhagen. Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1953. Oneida verb morphology. Yale Univ. Pubs. Anthrop., no. 48. Parker, Arthur C. 1913. The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet. New York State Mus., Bull. 163. 1926. An analytical history of the Seneca Indians. Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archaeol. Assoc, vol. 6. Pilling, James C. 1888. Bibliography of the Iroquoian languages. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 6. Voegelin, C. F., and Preston, W. D. 1949. Seneca I. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 15, pp. 23-44. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1967