The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan Robert M. Laughlin SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution \ . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantan Center on a misty morning, 1960. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan Robert M. Laughlin SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1975 ABSTRACT Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 19, 598 pages, 5 figures, 5 foldout maps, 6 tables, 1975.— This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) vocabulary from the town of Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico, was compiled by the author over a period of fourteen years. In addition to unsystematic data gathering in Zinacantan, formal interviews were conducted in San Cristobal. Two Zinacantec men accompanied the author to the United States on two occasions for further interviewing. All hypothetically possible CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) roots were tested to discover their existence and to determine their productivity. In addition to verbal suggestions, props were helpful: objects in everyday use, dolls, sound-effect records, play-acting. Special attention was directed to ethnobotanical lexicon and data; over 3000 specimens were collected and identified both by their Tzotzil name and by their scientific name. With the aid of aerial photographs and ground surveys the township and adjoining areas were mapped. Over one thousand place names were located. A system was developed to present considerable ethnographic context for the vocabulary within each root as succinctly as possible. Wherever possible, the etymology of loan words is indicated. Each entry is furnished with grammatical analysis. The approximately 30,000 Tzotzil entries and 15,000 English entries (including scientific names) were placed on magnetic tape to permit offset printing and further scholarly investigation. The body of the text is preceded by an introduction that records the eliciting techniques, organization of material, assessment and justification of the author's ethnographic approach, together with a sample of Tzotzil oral literature. Explanatory notes provide a more technical description of the contents and organizations of the dictionary as well as observations on Tzotzil grammar. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handsiamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4987. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Laughiin, Robert M. The great Tzotzil dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. (Smithsonian contributions to anthropology, no. 19) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:19 1. Tzotzil language—Dictionaries—English. 2. English language—Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Title. II. GN1.S54 no.19 [PM4466.Z5] 301.2'08s [497'.4] 74-32060 For sale by the Superintendent of Ducuments, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402—Price SM.40 Stock Number 4701-0115 IV Acknowledgments li?abteh ta (Zinakanta ta spreserentealik mol Yermo Nuh sci">uk Cep Telakrus sci^uk Cep Santis sci9uk Petul Peres, kol iyalik ti lisp'isik ta yamikoike. h'JAIus Mentes Ton, lavi preserente ta Tenehapa, buc'u lek sna1? t slo^ilah ta bae'i k'op, kol iyal ti liscanubtasotikotik smekanel ti e'i^leletike. Maryan Peres Moci-lum, kol iyal i^abteh hayib fu hci^uk. lek i">abteh. ">a li hkumpare Maryan Martinis sci^uk mol Maryan Ciku1? sci^uk Cep ''Aje'am, kol iyalik i^abteh ta seobel ta smekanel li e'Meletike. nat isanavik ta te'Hik ta c'entik ta hobeltik ta "talon ta "?ak'ol ta korismatik ta vo*?tik. pero mu k'usi isi^ik 9o ya^el, mi ha'Juk con, mi ha"?uk mas, mi ha^uk mak'-camel ti k'al ti iya^iik te sWon ta vieetik. ee"?eh lo^il nos ya"?el li 'Jabtele. lek i"?abtehik i yan hsa9-e'i?leletike. 9a li sbiike ta slok' ta spat, kol iyalik. ta 1963 lik "?abtehuk hci^uk hkumpare ''Anselmo Peres "June, ta primero ''a ci^inon k'al nom, k'al Santa-Pe. te ise'ik ti h-p'eh nos marueana ta ve?lil 9une. pero muk' ta "telel yu">un ya^el li vi^nale, yu9un "?a scMnon 9otro hun bwelta ta nom, ta Wasinton, ta 1965. ta 1966 ilok' ta sa^-e^^lel nostok, hutuk mu shunuluk habil. pero toh lek i^abteh ikil, lek mi ta sanbal 9i lek mi ta cotleh nostoke. kol iyal ti ispas ti svokol 9uk 9une. ta slikeb ta yayaneb ti diksyonaryoe isva'Janoh sba istek'anoh sba li hkumpare Romin Teratole. ta lahceb habil ta lahceb k'ak'al ko^ol lisanavotikotike, ko^ol libeinotikotike. ta ee^eh ta lo">il li^abtehotikotike. ti mi lek ik'opoh ti mi lek ihoyp'ih ti yo hk'ope ti yo hrasone ti yo kee ti yo hti^e ha? liscanubtas ha1? lisp'ihubtas. kol iyal ti ispas ti svokol 9uk ^une. °a li hkumpare Romin sci^uk li hkumale Matal liyotesotikotik ta skusobil yo^on ta svik'obil ssat, ti mi t sivi^nah ti mi stakih hti1? t siyak'be hve^el t siyak'be kuc' vo^. kol iyalik ihc'amunbe ti sme'tanal nae ti sme'Janal k'ulebe, ti hkumpare ti hkumale. Durante mi peregrinacion por San Cristobal de las Casas siempre conte con los valiosos consejos y aiin con el socorro providencial del personal del Institute Nacional Indigenista. En particular quiero agradecer al Prof. Alfonso Villa Rojas, y a los Drs. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran y Armando Aguirre. Mi primer trabajo de campo data del ario 1957. Acompane entonces a este ultimo antropologo a la mazateca. Ingenuo respecto a las teorias de las sciencias humanas, en esa ocasion D. Armando me inicio en los misterios de la endogamia y de los patrones socio-culturales dirigiendome asi rumbo a la antropologia humanista. Tambien por su amable ayuda, mi agradecimiento a D. Manuel Castellanos Cancino, entonces Director del Departamento de Asuntos Indigenas; al desaparecido D. Belisario Lievano, Secretario Municipal de Zinacantan; y al parroco D. Juan Bermudez. Cuando los problemas legales o administrativos me embrollaban o cuando ignore detalles claves de las costumbres y tradiciones coletas, recurri a D. Leopoldo Velasco Robles y al Lie. Angel Robles. Ellos en un ambiente hospitalario y amistoso me ofrecieron consejos sensatos mientras procuraban distraer mis preocupaciones con relatos picarescos de la provincia. De igual manera, no puedo menos que agradecer al Prof. Jose Weber por sus eruditas explicaciones sobre la geografia y otros aspectos de la region; al Dr. Ovidio Rodriguez quien con su sensibilidad y tratamientos, barria con los temores y los dolores del trabajo de campo; a Dona Uvenza Hernandez por su devocion hecha sabor en la riqueza de sus comidas. A estas personas y a otros inumerables nativos de la bella Ciudad Real, mi mas sincero agradecimiento. En los estudios etnobotanicos conte con la ayuda de Juan Manuel Cardenas, alumno de la Universidad Veracruzana quien, durante 1966, condujo a los recolectores por brechas escabrosas y vados fangosos siempre con buen humor; me asistio en la preparacion de las muestras, saco y anoto los datos etnobotanicos; con cierta facilidad aprendio el vocabulario tzotzil apropriado, enriqueciendo asi con su labor, esta rama del diccionario. VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 Le agradezco tambien al Ing. Efraim Hernandez Xolocotzi por su identificacion de una gran variedad de frijoles. A mi paso por Chiapas siempre encontre posada y hospitalidad en la casa de Dona Concepcion Bermejillo de Cuevas (q.e.p.d.), mujer de facil platica, cuya experiencia, que trataba de transmitirme con vivacidad y a traves de cuentos preiiados de enseiianzas, no siempre me parecio el que debia seguir. Estoy en deuda con la Seriorita Evangelina Ramirez M. por su fe, que como un manojo de recuerdos me ha acompanado a la manera de "ocote" en las horas de oscuridad. In San Cristobal, the late Frans Blom and his widow, Gertrude "Trudi" Duby, have provided weary travelers with a mythical haven where gourmets become gourmands and where tales of exploration and human endeavor are spun out before a blazing hearth. Their hospitality, extended by Patricia Area and Laura Hastings, has handed us a folio of memories. In Trudi's garden, stalked by tiger lilies, swirling with hummingbirds, under the gaze of a blue-bellied lizard these words of thanks are written. Vivid hours were spent with Marcey Jacobson and Janet Marren, whose encouragement and keen understanding of Chiapas realities contributed surreptitiously to this dictionary. In the midst of our society, where the quest for knowledge is so often confused by the demands for careers, Professor Evon Z. Vogt has created, together with his wife, Catherine (Nan) Vogt, a human community of Tzotzil scholars that seems many times to be riding on a magic carpet above all the divisions of race, age, sex, nationality, economics, even temperament. As a now almost prehistoric member of this curious community, I have been a witness and partaker of its perpetual vitality and growth. It seems crass to speak of the financial benefits that Vogtie's generosity has extended to the support of this dictionary under the National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-02100, but these benefits have been of critical importance. Vogtie's open hand with every resource of the Chiapas Project, from aerial photos to jeeps, to publications, to student assistance, to an open door that always welcomes renewed acquaintance provides a security and a sense of permanence very rare in academia. But most important of all, the excitement of discovery and the irrepressible fellowship that inspires this community, quickening the search for knowledge so that it is not a drag, but a Salty Dog Rag—for that I am uncommonly lucky and thankful. Through the years, Nicholas and Lore Colby, Frank and Francesca Cancian, George and Jane Collier, Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi, John and Leslie Haviland, Carter Wilson, and Victoria Bricker have contributed so to my understanding and appreciation of Tzotzil language and culture that this dictionary is in great part theirs. Out of the host of Chiapas Project companions, I will list those whom I know have influenced my thinking or advanced the completion of my task. Such a cold inventory, doubtless incomplete, of friends cannot hint at their contribution: Nicholas Acheson, Nicholas Bunnin, John Early, Susan Tax Freeman, Gary and Eleanor Gossen, Carol Greenhouse, Priscilla Rachin Linn, Richard and Sally Price, Eric Prokosch, Renato and Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, Richard Schweder, James Warfield. Eric and Susan Vogt aided me in transforming illegible manuscript into readable typescript for further polishing. My thanks to Frances Mendez and Vera Breedlove who devoted many hours of typing during the initial stages of my ethnobotanic lexigraph. In searching for first causes of my exploration in word and meaning, in language and culture, the trail leads straight back to Paul Friedrich's first graduate course at Harvard. With infectious enthusiasm and meticulous scholarship, he assaulted my ears with undreamt of sounds and concepts. He encouraged me to immerse myself in language at the Summer Institute of Linguistics at Ann Arbor, and in later years, whenever self-doubt and weariness urged me to abandon my adventure, he knew how to stiffen my resolve. Past curses are now willed into today's praises. In 1959, when Tzotzil was just gibberish to me, Lore Colby pioneered valiantly in carving out a reliable lexicon and in revealing the grammatic framework. Without such a generous and accomplished predecessor, I doubt if I would have dared venture further into Tzotzil lexicography. Since the inception of this dictionary, I have leaned as heavily as I could on Terrence Kaufman for linguistic direction. Together we devised and applied a system for root classification and for the grammatic analysis of entries. His unequaled knowledge of the full spectrum of Mayan languages provided a perspective and degree of authority that lifted me from the paralysis of indecision. For ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII hours he scrutinized my Tzotzil monosyllables, sustained only by spoonsful of Bulgarian yogurt. My stubborn refusal to follow his advice on repeated occasions released him from all responsibility for errors, but, I hope, will not diminish the credit to which he is due. Brent Berlin, Nicholas Hopkins, and Harvey Sarles gave freely of their own materials and, over the years, when my spirits lagged, urged me forcefully to keep my hand on the plow. To this company of advisors and advocates also belong Robert Adams, the late Chalao Chaiyaratana, Harold Conklin, Munro Edmonson, John Hotchkiss, Floyd Lounsbury, Norman McQuown, Duane Metzger, John Murra, and Sol Tax. Without the expertise and concerted cooperation of Peter Raven and Dennis Breedlove my efforts to identify Tzotzil plant names would have been an attempt at getting figs from thistles. Only a fanatic could have ignored the passing of years, poring over another's material so unstintingly as has Dennis Breedlove. I can only hope that the trips these hours of tedium have inspired have been good ones! The following scholars gave generously of their time to provide determinations of the more than 3,000 botanical specimens: W. R. Anderson, R. Barneby, D. Bates, D. E. Breedlove, L. Constance, A. Denham, C. Epling, F. Ehrendorfer, P. D. Fryxell, H. S. Gentry, F. W. Gould, S. Graham, P. C. Hutchinson, H. Iltis, H. S. Irwin, C. Jeffrey, T. Koyama, C. L. Lundell, P. C. Mangelsdorf, E. McClintock, R. McVaugh, F. Meyer, H. N. Moldenke, H. E. Moore, the late C. V. Morton, H. Piers (fungi), P. H. Raven, H. Robinson, R. Rollins, V. Rudd, J. Rzedowski, J. Sauer, B. Schubert, L. Shinners, L. B. Smith, J. A. Steyermark, D. Wasshausen, U. T. Waterfall, G. Webster, L. O. Williams, and J. J. Wurdack. Dr. Velva Rudd was a ready target for my unending leguminous queries. Her knowledge and enthusiasm contributed significantly to this dictionary. I was exceedingly fortunate to lure Alexander F. Skutch from his Costa Rican finca for several weeks to aid me in the identification of Tzotzil bird names. He could provide a measure of certitude, which would otherwise have been but a forlorn hope. Dr. Ronald H. Pine aided me in the identification of various mammals, especially rodents, and Dr. J. F. Copp gave brave guesses on the basis of my collaborators' descriptions of snakes. During the years when I was sifting and sorting my heaps of knowledge, I was aided by a selfless team of sanitary engineers who held their noses and plunged their hands deep into the rich hoard. Sometimes despairing and sometimes rejoicing, sometimes chuckling, we sorted and sifted, sifted and sorted as if oblivious of the rise and fall of civilizations. To these fellow toilers who turned the foul to fair, perfuming the official air, my heartfelt thanks—Sophia Lotowycz Stoller, Eleanor (Randy) Thompson Russin, Karin Abbey, Wendy Frosh, Susan Bliss, also Shiela Berman, Rosalind Bresne-han, Martha Burgess, Barbara Kane, and Marsha Sprintz. Capitulating to John Haviland's persuasiveness, I transferred my material from paper slips to computer tape. My worst misgivings were confirmed and compounded, but without computerization this dictionary would never have emerged from file boxes to appear on a printed page. The discovery of important omissions also was made possible by John Haviland's infernal machine. Stanwyn Shetler, at no little inconvenience to himself, kindly arranged that I share the use of a computer terminal and the special skills of the terminal operator, Mary Jane Petrini. Miss Petrini, despite her misgivings, soon prepared clean copy with unusual speed and dedication. With a keen eye and firm hand, Eric Vogt charted the course of this vessel through many storms. That it should nearly break up after his departure for the Gulf of Tonkin was no fault of his own. Having programmed and produced, together with John Haviland and Victoria Bricker, a computerized field dictionary of Tzotzil abstracted from my material, he never shared my doubts of the mission's ultimate success. No glory won, but I hope satisfaction that he did in fact know best. For several years Arthur Fink put Eric Vogt's program into action, refining it and perfecting it, forcing it to comprehend the stubborn idiosyncracies of my language. He devised a method to speed the editing or correcting process, and he marshaled the keypunchers for the accomplishment of this thankless task. But eventually even this dictionary became a victim of the Viet Nam war as Arthur's priorities shifted to a campaign to stop the criminal destruction of life. He initiated his replacement, David Grabel, into the mysteries of the "true word"—mysteries that David quickly absorbed and mastered only to find that light was followed by dark, that questions followed answers, that logical solutions produced seemingly illogical results, that no decision was final. But from this vortex of confusion he emerged with the dictionary intact and, I trust, with new knowledge and strength. VIII SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 When engaged in mortal combat with the pitiless computer I took refuge in the demesnes of Timothy Rush, Carter Wilson, and Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi. They dressed my wounds and freshened my body and soul so that I could reenter the fray undaunted. To them should go the trophies. The roster of keypunchers (many unknown to me), who have struggled over and cursed the exotic words of this dictionary includes Claire Bachelder, Connie Dionne, Arthur Fink, Marcia Fishman, Eric Kauffman, Gigi MacMillan, Cheryl McFadden, Sarah Markel, Keith Ohmart, Mona Opatow, Carolyn Pope, Douglas Seay, Ann Shum, Jane Szurek, Eric and Susan Vogt. I would like to make special mention of Eric Kauffman who, assailed by the devils of this century, still gave of himself phenomenally, so that the Tzotzil floral could be included here. To Neil Rudenstine I owe my introduction to Dr. Samuel Johnson, whose spiritual fellowship has ever been a great solace and encouragement. Robert Greene knows why he too belongs here. The late Howard Cline, director of the Hispanic Foundation, United States Library of Congress, offered invaluable advice when we were planning the preparation of the dictionary for offset printing. Since even before the tragic demise of the Bureau of American Ethnology, William Sturtevant has been for me a bulwark of faith and an arsenal of ideas. His insistence that this seemingly endless compilation of words in an obscure language was a worthwhile endeavor is largely responsible for its absurd dimensions. As a fellow comrade in arms, he never begrudged my repeated interruptions when I would burst in with the demand, "Give me a word! " —a label for an outlandish grimace, for the sound of a marimba, for the basal scar of a bean. Seldom was he at a loss for words. When grappling desperately with linguistic problems that slipped, like piglets, out of my grasp, I could always count on Paul Voorhis to restore my equanimity with firm, well-reasoned solutions. He, as well as Henry Collins, Gordon Gibson, Sam Stanley, William Trousdale, Irving Zaretsky, Ives Goddard, and Peter Stone kept the faith and supplied the word. Over the years the Smithsonian has provided me the secretarial assistance of Jessie Standish Shaw, Anne Mason Lewis, and Rosemary Macchiavelli De Rosa. Only a bureaucracy would try to reduce these individuals to "clerk-typists." Rising above the mindless hassles, refusing to accept a former museum director's assessment of this dictionary as a mere "catalog," they energetically and resourcefully advanced the progress of my work. The term "midwifery" is far too archaic and unromantic to describe their occupation, but without their attentions surely I would have witnessed a stillbirth. Eleanor Haley and Susan Brown kept the lines of communication open between me and my distant programmers. The abstraction of the nonbotanical material which forms the base of the English to Tzotzil index, and its preparation for computer processing, was a task that fell upon Sandra Wilcox, my research assistant, and Penelope Packard of the Smithsonian Information Systems Division. What was promised to be a relatively simple, speedy, automatic process, was contrariwise. When hopefulness seemed but insanity, they persevered unabashed, not only devising solutions, but carefully laying the groundwork for offset printing. My indebtedness to them is self-evident, but gives no hint of the good feelings and good times that they not only salvaged, but celebrated in my company. I am thankful to Reginald A. Crcighton, Jr., Manager of Information Storage and Indexing of the Information Systems Division, for accepting the challenge of this dictionary and giving so generously of Penny Packard's time. Edward G. Schumacher and Marcia P. Bakry, scientific illustrators of the Department of Anthropology, shared the laborious task of inking the figures and maps. Albert L. Ruffin, Jr., managing editor of the series publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press, has been most sympathetic to the curious tribulations of this lexicographer and has sped this dictionary toward its completion. Charles L. Shaffer and Stephen J. Kraft of the Smithsonian Institution Press provided valuable advice in preparation for offset printing. The continued interest and support of Dr. Sydney R. Galler, former assistant secretary for science of the Smithsonian Institution, was a source of great encouragement. This dictionary was largely funded by Smithsonian Fluid Research Fund grant 26-A, and Smithsonian Research Foundation grants 3311, 3364, and 3619. Had it not been for the providential involvement of Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, who, listening to my pleas and refusing to share the indifference of certain administrators and scholars to my endeavors, directed that an emergency grant (1B00) be provided to ensure completion of my project. Except that it must seem self-seeking, I would be pleased to dedicate this dictionary to the secretary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX of the Smithsonian Institution in the spirit of my fellow lexicographer, G. C. Praharaj, who inscribed his monumental work to the Maharaja of Mayurbanjh! My parents, Ledlie I. Laughlin and Roberta H. Laughlin, as well as my parents-in-law, Reese Wolfe and Dorothee S. Wolfe, have borne much of the brunt and very little of the pleasure of this long drawn out affair. I look forward to the day when I see their love and mine reflected in a glass of champagne. What words can I offer to my wife, Miriam W. Laughlin, who thought she had wed a poet and woke to find a lexicographer? This dictionary I can never forgive for the sacrifices it demanded of her. That Mimi could keep us all sane and healthy, well-fed and well-loved, raising our hearts and minds above a decade's temptations of despair is a tour de force of the first magnitude. Without her, never. And what words to my children? This tome, soon to collect dust on library shelves, can scarcely stand in meaningful tribute to the memory of my son, Robert M. Laughlin, Jr., a casual victim of its creation, but I know he, too, if granted new life, would be amused to see that what once uplifted his bottom at the breakfast table now is food for scholars. To Liana De Wolf Laughlin and Reese Turnor Laughlin who learned to read their father's face, who heard him rage and snap and seldom laugh, I can only say, "Thank God, it's over, let's run out and play!" And maybe tomorrow The Great Tzotzil Dictionary will help them and a few others trade outrageous jokes in the lively language of the "people of the bat"! 17 July 1973 Contents Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v EPIGRAPH .xiv INTRODUCTION 1 History of the Language and the Literature 1 Author's Qualifications 3 Collaborators 3 First Stage—Compilation 4 Second Stage—Organization and Assessment 6 Third Stage—Presentation 12 Justification 14 The Genius of the Language 17 Conclusion 21 EXPLANATORY NOTES 22 Introductory 22 Phonemics and Phonetics 22 Root Classification , 23 Etymology 24 Transcription 24 Nouns 24 Numeral Classifiers 25 Particles 25 Affixes 25 Compounds 27 Order of Entries 27 Nonphonemic Symbols 27 Capitalization 27 Variants 27 Noun Phrases 27 Speech Categories 28 Taxonomic Entries 28 Color Terms 29 Architectural Terms 29 Sound Effects 29 Place Names 29 Cross-References 30 Ethnographic Notes 30 Declensions and Conjugations 30 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 32 TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 35 ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 391 SCIENTIFIC NAMES 539 ATLAS 571 MAPS 581 APPENDIX 587 REFERENCES 589 EPILOGUE 598 XI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 Page TABLES 1. "A Maze" 7 2. "Bug Test," based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards ("One of a series that trains young minds to think!") 9 3. "Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test," based on color photographs selected from dealers' brochures of current 1967 models 9 4. "Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test" 10 5. "Semantic Differential Test" 11 6. Inventory of root assignments 23 FIGURES FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantan Center on a misty morning, 1960 II 1. Mushroom or toadstool? 8 2. Edible fungi chart illustrating overlap of Tzotzil generic names 8 3. Root classes 31 4. "?Anselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963 34 MAPS (foldouts following page 581) 1. Zinacantan (central sector, including Muk'ta Hok') 2. Zinacantan (northern sector, Salinas and trail to Ixtapa) 3. Zinacantan (southeastern sector including northern edge of VLetik) 4. Zinacantan (southeastern sector, VLetik) 5. Grijalva River basin 1. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan EPIGRAPH It is the fate of those, who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without applause, and diligence without reward. Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have considered, not as the pupil but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths, through which Learning and Genius press forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that facilitates their progress. Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few. Samuel Johnson we have made the dictionary a list of irregularities, the refuse of grammatical description Harold Gleason Ragpicker: "Countess, there was a time when garbage was a pleasure. A garbage can was not what it is now. If it smelled a little strange, it was because it was a little confused —there was everything there—sardines, cologne, iodine, roses. An amateur might jump to a wrong conclusion. But to a professional—it was the smell of God's plenty." Jean Giraudoux The block containing the needed data was missing from the dump; a possible cause is that the routine that produced the dump encountered an I/O error while attempting to write the block. IBM . an occasional fish head and liberty is all i ask freedom and the garbage can romance archy romance is the word don marquis I showed to Dr. Johnson verses in a Magazine, on his Dictionary, composed of uncommon words taken from it; Little of Anthropopathy has he, etc. He read a few of them, and said, "I am not answerable for all the words in my Dictionary." James Boswell "You may call it 'nonsense' if you like," said [the Red Queen], "but I've heard nonsense, compared with which that would be as sensible as a dictionary!" Lewis Carroll I wouldn't want to have to swear on a dictionary! Martha Mitchell There is no solution, because there is no problem. Marcel Du Champs Introduction The words of this dictionary, as opposed to others, are more diligently collected, more accurately spelled, more faithfully explained, and more authentically ascertained. Of an abstract it is not necessary to say more; and I hope it will not be found that truth requires me to say less (Johnson, 1797:4). By so boldly imprinting the stamp of Dr. Johnson on The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan, I risk the fate of one Jonathon Fairbanks of Sherborn: convicted of notorious cousinage by cheating in casting off pewter pieces with a stamp or impression upon them for good silver. Sentanse, to stand one hour in the pillory immediately after the next lecture in Boston, with a paper of his crime fastened to the pillory (quoted in L. Laughlin, 1971, 3:33). No piece of Jonathon Fairbank's handiwork is known today. If he is indeed my example, my future rests assured. A certain rash assurance must be the hallmark of a lexicographer—I have just discovered a letter to my secretary, reporting my progress: An extensive dictionary of the Mayan language, Tzotzil, spoken today by 78,000 Indians of the state of Chiapas. . . has not been compiled since the eighteenth century. In 1960 a vocabulary of 2200 items of the dialect of Zinacantan was collected by Lore M. Colby. I have expanded this vocabulary to 4000 items. It is hoped that this material will be ready for publication in a year's time. My letter was dated "July 2, 1963." In the passage of a decade the Tzotzil population has grown with fearful exuberance, as has the compilation of their words. The Tzotzil or "people of the bat" now number upwards of 120,000 corn-farming peasants living in 24 communities in the heart of Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. These hardy mountaineers, so jealous of their ancient traditions yet so quick to incorporate modern technology, have become the target of intensive government and anthropological programs. At the time of the Spanish Conquest the Tzotzil (known variously as Quelen, Queren, Sotsil, Sotslem, Sotzil, Ts'ots'il, Tzotzlem, Zotzil, Zozil) controlled the Chiapas highlands. The principal town, Zinacantan, was in perpetual warfare with the lowland Chiapanecs who threatened to disrupt the Zinacantecs' monopoly of the salt trade. A network of trade relations was maintained by the Zinacantecs between Guatemala, Tabasco, and the Aztecs to the north. Reports that the Aztecs maintained a garrison in Zinacantan in the fifteenth century are suspect, conflicting with Sahagun's account of Robert M. Laughlin, Associate Curator, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Aztec merchants who were so eager for amber and precious feathers that they penetrated the highlands at the risk of their lives and only after mastering Tzotzil and traveling disguised in Zinacantec clothing. In 1523 the army of Bernal Diaz del Castillo gained easy access to the highlands after conquering the Chiapanecs. Aided by Zinacantec warriors, Diaz stormed the fortifications of Chamula and Huistan. Spanish rule was entrusted to a handful of soldiers who, when they soon met opposition from the natives, fled to Comitan. Their entreaties were answered in 1528 by the expeditionary force of Diego de Maza-riegos, who established the town of San Cristobal de las Casas (then known as Ciudad Real), which ever since has been the political and commercial center of Ladino (non-Indian) supremacy in the highlands. In 1545 Dominican friars built their first monastery in the Chiapas highlands in Zinacantan. It was both a center of missionary activity and a refuge from the vituperative and scornful attacks of the conquistadors. The friars' courageous criticism of Spanish abuses were forcefully carried to the king by Bishop Las Casas. The chiefs of Zinacantan, too, sent pleas directly to King Philip II, who was moved by their eloquence to lower the tributes throughout Mexico and Central America. But from the Conquest to the Revolution and even decades beyond, "history" was for the Tzotzil what they defined in a sixteenth century dictionary as "the book of suffering, the book of hardship" — famines and epidemics, tributes and taxes, servitude and destitution (Dicaonano en lengua sotzil, p. 190). Twice, in 1712 and again in 1869-70, segments of the native population of Chiapas rebelled in dramatic religious violence against Ladino exploitation and acculturation. Today, despite the most enlightened efforts of government authorities to provide a viable base for the natives of the highlands, and despite the Tzotzils' new confidence and ability to adapt political and anthropoligical interest to their own advantage, the explosive population growth presents a specter of dread that gives credence to Tzotzil beliefs of cosmic destruction in the year 2000. This dictionary has been a minute piece in the mammoth puzzle of Tzotzil hopes and fears through the past decade. HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE AND THE LITERATURE Recent linguistic analysis and comparison of the 30 Mayan languages spoken today, traces the roots of the Tzotzil tentatively to the heartland of northwestern Guatemala where proto-Mayan began to diversify around 2200 B.C., when Europe was barely entering the Bronze Age, and while SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 the pharoahs of the Old Kingdom were building the last of the great pyramids. Roughly 500 years later, the bearers of the language that became Huastec moved north up the eastern coast of Mexico. A second Mayan exodus from Guatemala followed three centuries later as the Yucatecs spread into the peninsula of Yucatan while another group, now represented by Quichean and Mamean speakers, moved into eastern and central Guatemala. From 1000 to 500 B.C., perhaps even while Homer was telling of the fall of Troy, some of the Western Mayans, i.e., Cholans and perhaps the Tzot-zilans, penetrated the jungles of Chiapas. Around 100 B.C., during Julius Caesar's lifetime, the Tzotzilans split off from the Chols and pushed into the pine and oak forested mountains of Chiapas. Around 700 A.D., at the height of Classic Mayan florescence, while the Arabs were conquering Spain, and Pepin was preparing the throne for Charlemagne, the Chiapas highlanders were splitting into two language groups, the Tzotzils and Tzeltals, who to this day share their mountainous terrain. Because of archaic features in Tzotzil verb inflexion, it appears that this westernmost penetration of Mayan speakers became a relic area with few innovations from the east (Kaufman, 1969). When the linguistic evidence can be associated more closely with archeological discoveries, this sketch will surely have confirmed G.B. Shaw's definition of history as "the tricks we play on dead men," but until that time it will have to suffice. Among the Mayan languages, Tzotzil, with over 120,000 speakers, ranks sixth in importance. Of the native languages of Mexico, Tzotzil has the seventh highest number of speakers, and of Mayan languages in Mexico is second only to Yucatec. Tzotzil is spoken in 19 townships, which can be mapped into five dialect areas distinguished by phonological and lexical differences. The northwestern area includes Huituipan, Simojovel, Chalchihuitan and Pantelho. The northeastern area includes Larrainzar, Soyalo, Bochil, Jitotol, El Bosque, and Pueblo Nuevo. The eastern area is restricted to Ixtapa. Zinacantan shares the central area with Chamula, Chenalho, and Mitontic. The southern area includes Huistan, Teopisca, El Zapotal, Totolapa, and Venustiano Carranza. This dictionary records the dialect spoken by over 10,000 Zinacantecs, and most especially by the men who live in the ceremonial center of Htek-lum. Despite concerted efforts to educate Zinacantecs in the Mexican school system, perhaps half of the men and an overwhelming majority of the women are essentially monolingual. No pre-Columbian document in Tzotzil has been discovered, nor is there any evidence that Tzotzil was a written language before the Conquest. Antonio de Remesal, who journeyed from Guatemala City to Zinacantan in 1616 in search of a copy of a letter sent by the Zinacantecs to King Philip II, convened a meeting of the townspeople. He gained no clues, but as the meeting broke up, an old man appeared with an ancient book written in Tzotzil that described the Conquest and the cruelties the Zinacantecs had suffered under Spanish rule. Perhaps this history met the strange fate of many of the indigenous documents collected by Bishop Or- ozco y Jimenez in San Cristobal. In 1915 Carranza's troops stabled their horses in the bishop's library, and those ravenous creatures were seen munching the parchments. The bishop's inventory of his library did not include a Tzotzil history, but if it still exists its whereabouts are a mystery. Not until I had put an end to my own compilation of Tzotzil words did I discover the earliest Tzotzil dictionary, Diccionario en lengua sotzil, sometimes known as the Diccionario grande. This work was copied under the direction of Bishop Orozco y Jimenez and the copy fortunately dispatched from San Cristobal shortly before the arrival of revolutionary cavalry. Eventually and ironically, it reached my hometown, where it is carefully preserved in the rare book room of the Princeton University Library. This sixteenth century dictionary by an anonymous lexicographer is truly a "great dictionary" of over 350 pages of Spanish-Tzotzil. One entry hints that it was compiled in Zinacantan, but the phonetics point to a more northerly dialect. Had my patience not been exhausted, this dictionary would have greatly expanded my knowledge. Even by a cursory examination, I discovered that an archaic word now used only in formal speech to indicate "pauper" was once the word for "slave." Hopefully, this colonial midden will be sifted by future scholars. Also from the sixteenth century was Francisco de Zepeda's Artes de los idiomas chiapaneco, zoque, tzendaly chinanteco [sic], but this study has disappeared. A second major work still extant is the Arte de la lengua tzotzlem o tzinacanteca compiled by Juan de Rodaz in 1688. It consists of a thorough grammar and a description of the calendar. In 1732 Dionycio Pereyra added to this material a list of kin terms, body parts, and conversational examples. In the eighteenth century, Manuel Hidalgo wrote a grammar, a Spanish-Tzotzil vocabulary, a collection of sermons, prayers, and catechisms whose original disappeared. Nevertheless, the subsequent publications of two anonymous authors (Gramatica del tzotzil, 1818, and Ltbro en que se trata de la lengua tzotzil, 1832), and of Count Hyacinthe de Charencey (1866, 1885, 1899, 1912) apparently are based on Hidalgo's work. This material seems to derive from the town of Chamula. Perhaps the most remarkable Tzotzil document, whose very existence is owed to the faithful copyists of Bishop Orozco y Jimenez, is the Proclama del duque infantado presidente. In eloquent couplets, the Tzotzil are exhorted to remain faithful to the King of Spain and to spurn the advances of the "whirlwind," the "horned serpent," the "jaguar," Napoleon! A small number of grammatical lapses suggest that the author was not a native speaker of Tzotzil, but rather a Spanish churchman. To this proclamation is appended explanatory notes of great sensitivity, as relevant to modern Tzotzil as to its colonial ancestor. Entirely different is the tone of the proclamation of 1869 addressed to the rebellious Tzotzil towns. Also composed by a churchman in oratorical style, its harshness is unrelieved by any eloquence (Lazos and Solorsano, 1869). Tzotzil publications of the twentieth century reflect current pressures from the outside—primers of the Institute Na- INTRODUCTION cional Indigenista; vocabularies, grammatical studies, and translations of the New Testament by members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics; anthropological and linguistic studies primarily by members of North American, European, and Mexican academia. AUTHOR'S QUALIFICATIONS Before tracing the life history of the dictionary, it may offer some perspective to present what the Indian lexicographer Rai Bahadur G. C. Praharaj chose to title in the preface to his monumental Oriya lexicon: "Humble claim of the present compiler to undertake the work" (Praharaj, 1937:8). At the age of 18, after a summer's study at the Smithsonian Institution's Canal Zone Biological Area on Barro Colorado Island, my literary career was confirmed with "A Nesting of the Double-toothed Kite in Panama," (R. Laughlin, 1952). My interests in ornithology and English literature were happily combined in my undergraduate thesis, To Chase With Fire: A Study of W. H. Hudson which enabled me to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude from Princeton University in 1956. Hudson's dramatic depiction of the conflicts between "civilized" and "primitive" man had guided me to Homo ludens on the periphery of anthropology, a discipline which was itself considered peripheral to a sound Princeton education. Following graduation, I enrolled in the University of Mexico summer school where I took an introductory course in Mexican folklore, and Nahuatl. Despite the frustrations of a semester at the Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, my commitment to anthropology was assured by the inspiration of Miguel Covarrubias. A two-month field session among the Mazatecs of the Papaloapan basin, who were shortly to be evicted from their ancestral lands, introduced me to the tragic confrontations that seemed then so far from home. After aborting a draft call, I entered Harvard University in the fall of 1957 where I received my Masters of Arts degree in 1959. A course in language and culture was supplemented by a summer at the University of Michigan where I studied morphology and syntax, tone languages, and linguistic field methods. Because of my previous experience in Mexico, it was perhaps inevitable that I should be chosen by Evon Vogt to become a member of his Chiapas Project in the third year of its existence. A preliminary glimpse of Zinacantan in 1958 was followed by a year of fieldwork in 1959-60. "Dumb as any stone," my eyes weeping from the smoke, I sat in Zinacantec huts recalling in misery Clyde Kluckhohn's injunction to commit to memory 75 words a day, as streams of unintelligible and unpronounceable sounds swirled around my feet. After seven months of exposure to "the boundless chaos of a living speech" (Johnson, 1797:8), and with frequent recourse to Lore Colby's dictionary, I felt sufficient confidence to begin recording the folktales and myths that I hoped would reveal the wisdom of Zinacantec life. Though my expectations were not so easily satisfied, I returned to Harvard with reels of tape that could be unwound to produce Through the Looking Glass: Reflections on Zinacantan Courtship and Marriage, in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy that was awarded to me in 1963. No sooner had I completed my dissertation and been employed as an assistant curator in the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology than I returned to Zinacantan, where I spent a year collecting dreams. Weighed down by my inadequacy to interpret those dreams, I hoisted a new burden on my shoulders. It was clear at that moment that my proficiency in Tzotzil was not matched by any of my colleagues. Who but I should bear the responsibility of compiling an extensive dictionary for the project's use? Anyway, I had assembled already a vocabulary of 4,000 words which, in the course of conversations and narrations, had been subjected to translation. And so what had begun as a lighthearted search for myths and dreams, for fanciful creations, was suddenly transformed into a no-nonsense pursuit of words and meanings. With a butterfly net, I stooped to chase after caterpillars. COLLABORATORS I asked Romin Teratol to be one of my two major collaborators. Romin, then 29 years old, had been the second Zinacantec I had come to know on my first glimpse of Zinacantan five years before. He had braved the uncertainties of public ostracism by taking me into his mother's house when anthropologists still seemed like pale apparitions from the underworld. Though the necessities of life forced us into an employer-employee relationship with all its latent anxieties, we became the closest of friends. Our families remained in touch during births and deaths as we witnessed the early years of each other's married lives. Romin, an only child, whose mother had been divorced soon after marriage, had three years of schooling. He became a sacristan, accumulating a great store of ritual knowledge. Unsuccessful years of corn farming were followed by road-work and finally a position as agent of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista where he gained a perspective on the regional differences of the highland towns. Stimulated by his view of the outside world, he agreed to work for my predecessors in the Chiapas Project, Nick and Lore Colby. With the greatest sensitivity and tact he guided us all through thickets of linguistic and cultural perplexity, sharing our excitement in the solution of intellectual problems, and sharing our pleasure in the partial mastery of formal Zinacantec behavior. I could think of no one better equipped to protect me from poisonous caterpillars. Wishing to have a third party to sharpen our wits, after consulting with Romin, we chose ">Anselmo Peres. "JAnselmo, a strikingly handsome bachelor of 21 years, had made a lasting impression on me after I had witnessed him hauled into court on what might be termed "morals" charges. His self-defense before the magistrate and justices of the peace was so eloquent, and his self-assurance so manifest that he seemed a natural choice to join the word hunt. rAnselmo's father had died years ago, so he, too, lived with his mother, together with his younger brothers. His three years of school- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 ing were followed by the usual corn farming and roadwork. His mental alertness was dramatically proven when, after little over a week of training by Romin, he learned to write Tzotzil almost flawlessly. Unbeknownst to us both, ?Anselmo had also just initiated his career as a shaman. For a month we worked together in San Cristobal transcribing and translating dream texts while I watched to see if my intuitions had been worthy of trust. Then, in September 1963, I sprang my plot: "Would you be willing to travel with me to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to work for three months compiling a Tzotzil dictionary?" I had chosen Santa Fe for two reasons: To avail myself of the advice of Lore Colby, who was finishing her dissertation on Tzotzil grammar there; and because Santa Fe seemed the closest that the United States could come to replicating San Cristobal, providing a Spanish-speaking environment that would not be too threatening to my collaborators. Their affirmative responses projected us into weeks of tense activities as we strove to secure blessings from relatives and documents from bureaucrats. FIRST STAGE—COMPILATION This is not the place to describe my collaborators' reactions to Mexico City, the anthropology meetings in San Francisco, the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald, the Zuni Shalako, snow, and supermarkets, though these were intrusive facts of life or exciting diversions as we plodded from la to k'. Six days a week, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., we sat in the Museum of New Mexico inventing words. Capitalizing on the monosyllabic nature of most Mayan roots, we followed a method Norman McQuown's students had applied successfully. That is, I would suggest a hypothetical root, 9a? to which I would add what I believed to be an appropriate affix to create what I hoped would be a Tzotzil word. Systematically, I would substitute one affix after another, attaching them to the root. After I had exhausted all possibilities that I could think of, I would move to the next hypothetical root ^ab and carry out the identical procedure. The .advantages and disadvantages of such a mechanical approach to language are readily apparent. By testing every possible combination of letters an extraordinarily broad coverage of the vocabulary can be obtained, a coverage that gives the lexicographer's whims no play. At the same time, the tedium takes an almost unbearable toll on the lexicographers' minds as they are battered for hours by sheer nonsense. "Is 'ab' a word?" "Abbing?" "Aborator?" "Abes?" "Aber?" And then miraculously, "Ably?" Even more taxing is the partial nonsense: "All mimsy were the borogoves and the mome raths outgrabe" (Carroll, 1962: 182). Torrents of words that collapse one's sanity, and yet sometimes provoke hilarity. So trying is this total immersion in words that defense mechanisms build up, permitting one to deny an authentic word and insist upon a fraud. More frequent is the urge to provide outrageous examples, to throw up preposterous obscenities that will bring to an uproarious halt the dehumanizing advance of the word processor. In an attempt to convey as much context as possible, as compactly as I could, I asked for hypothetical referents for adjectives, and hypothetical subjects and objects for verbs. For example, "long (boy's hair)"; to "bristle /hair/ (dog)." While I could indulge my fancy by producing "mimsy" words, my collaborators could give full play to their whimsy by making "borogoves" their subjects, objects, and referents. When we reached the end of k' it was 1964. We had compiled 6000 entries, and nothing could have persuaded us to proceed a letter further. After giving our minds a healthy respite, I returned to Chiapas to tackle the second half of the alphabet. Almost daily a new suffix would come to light, increasing the harvest of the second three-month stretch to 10,000 entries. Fortified with a far more comprehensive knowledge of Tzotzil than I had possessed before, but dogged by the suspicion that boredom had had too fertile an impact on the word production of this dictionary, I resolved after a year's interlude to repeat the whole process. Intensive rechecking boosted the tally to roughly 25,000 entries. This mushrooming seemed quite endless, for during the last week of interviewing, after seven years of labor, I discovered three suffixes which I had never heard before and which had to be tested against every transitive verb root! As for the validity, during the course of rechecking, my collaborators claimed that some 300 of the entries did not, in fact, exist. They, who had supplied me these words, complete with examples, categorically denied their existence and insisted that the examples were not even conceivable. Three months later I reintroduced all 300 non-words without explanation to my fellow lexicographers. Now they vowed that nearly a third were genuine words, and in case I doubted their judgment they provided me with examples, frequently the very ones I had, at their insistence, stricken out. They mocked me for my ignorance. Prominent among the words finally discarded were color terms that are formed by adding qualitative suffixes to the basic color term. George Collier had had a computer printout the color terms with all possible combinations of the consonant-vowel-consonant suffix. A poor Zinacantec had gone through this list of thousands of hypothetical words, reducing it to 900. His mind had obviously been numbed by the experience, for my collaborators reduced the tally by still another hundred. Now that the Tzotzil base of the dictionary was fairly well established, I tried to refine my translations. I extracted an English-Tzotzil index and grouped apparently synonymous Tzotzil roots together. With, for example, a stack of ten Tzotzil roots that seemed to mean "split" I tried to tease out the distinctive range of each root. I checked my own translations of numeral classifiers against Brent Berlin's rigorous translations of their Tzeltal cognates. In addition to verbal suggestions, props were helpful; objects in everyday use, dolls, sound-effect records, play acting. The sound-effect recording provided surprises—what the Voice of America presented as a simulation of rainfall was identified as sizzling corn gruel. Many voices talking was interpreted as a clattering wheel. The gobbling of turkeys and frantic women's INTRODUCTION screams bursting through the door of my office in San Cristobal brought alarmed neighbors into the midst of our sober linguistic investigations. Dissatisfied with my own knowledge of Chiapas bird life, I was able to secure the aid of a foremost ornithologist, Alexander Skutch, who accompanied us into the woods and fields. We were able to make sight identifications of a significant portion of the bird population of the highlands. Some of the more elusive birds, such as owls, were identified tentatively, by voice recordings, but even here there were problems, for the hoot of an owl was solemnly identified as the voice of a turtle! In February 1966, the dictionary-making entered a new stage. Dennis Breedlove, the authority on Chiapas flora, offered his plant-drying equipment and his knowledge if I would make a collection of Zinacantec plants. Once again what began as a modest venture grew with tropical exuberance. As a first step to arouse the interest of my colleagues in botanical collecting and to give me some idea of the scope of the Tzotzil botanical lexicon, I asked my fellow lexicographers and two others, also from Zinacantan Center, to write separate lists of all the plant names they could recall. Combining the results of their one day's endeavor produced a master list of over 650 names! The multiplicity was surprising, for Zinacantecs are far less dependent on uncultivated plants than the neighboring Tenejapanecs or even Chamu-las. In an effort to assure some control over the naming procedure, the original team of from two to four collectors was comprised of residents of the ceremonial center only. Whenever possible, they collected an original and three copies of all plants in fruit and flower from each of the three major habitats. The specimens were named separately by the collectors, numbered, and dried. A file of plant lore was developed with the aid of the following questionnaire, which I asked my collectors to apply to every plant soon after a copy of it was secured. 1. What is it called? If it has another name, where do they use that name? k'usi sbi? mi toy yan sbi buy salbeik yec? 2. Have you heard stories about why it was named that? mi avatyoh lotil ti k'u yutun yec sbiinoh ti votne? 3. If you don't know its name, what is it like? mi mu sana1) li sbie k'usi I "skotolah scituk? 4. Is it a tree, a plant, a vine, a grass, or not any of these? mi tet mi e'itlel mi tak' mi hobel mi mu hatuk? 5. Is there a form -tik or -allik? (expanse or large expanse of) mi. .tik mi. .altik? 6. Where does it grow; in the highlands, temperate zone, or lowlands? buy s "c'l? mi la sikil tosil mi la vktik mi ta toion? 7. Where does it grow; in the yard, in the woods, in fields, etc.? buy s t'i? mi ta yut mok, mi ta tettik, mi ta stentehtik? 8. Is it cultivated? When? How? Who does it? mi e'unbil? k'u torn? k'u "stelan la e'unel? buc'u sifun? 9. What part of it is used? k'usi "stun fo? 10. Who uses it? buc'u stun yutun? 11. What is it used for? k'usi stun to? 12. Is it "cold" or "hot"? mi sik mi k'din? 13. What effect does it have? k'u I spas to? 14. How is it gathered? Who brings it? When? Is it bought or gathered? k'u stelan ta said? buc'u t sat tal? k'u tora? mi manbil mi satbil ta Uttik? 15. How many are used? hayib stun? 16. How is it prepared? k'u stelan ta mekanel? 17. Is it used alone or is there another ingredient. If so, what is it? mi stuk mi toy skap? k'usi h skape? 18. How is it taken? k'u stelan la tCc'el? 19. How much is drunk? After meals or not? k'u yepal I sue'? mi vetem sa Ids to mi mutyuk to ids? 20. When is it used? If it is medicine, how often is it taken? k'u fora ti t "stune? ti mi pose hay-tec'el sk'an la tic'ele? 21. Is it the preferred kind? If not, what is? mi hat mas lek stune? mi motohe k'usi ti mas lek "stun tune? 22. If it is poisonous, what remedy is there? mi pukuh k'usi sposil? At the end of five months, overweening pride goaded me to try to determine whether my team's essential agreement on plant names and uses was shared by members of the outlying hamlets. Together, we chose individuals whom we thought would be knowledgeable. Several were shamans. Obvious ignoramuses were speedily replaced. Before collecting, each initiate was asked to name all of the plants that he could. His knowledge was tested against the master list from Zinacantan Center to fill out his own list and to spot variant pronunciations. On a rotating basis the additional collectors, ideally one from each of the major hamlets, accompanied by one or two from the original team, collected through January 1967. They, too, were asked to identify the plants and to respond to the items in the questionnaire. Over 3000 numbered specimens were obtained, of which several were species new to science. Excluded from the dictionary were Tzotzil names that seemed suspect or that had the qualifier, "yit'is," i.e., "false. . ."; or "bastard. .," e.g., "bastard evening primrose," and also had no known use. Even so, 1170 species are represented, as well as another 100 identifications at the generic level. Examples for nearly every one of the plant names on the master list were secured, so that the collection was comprehensive both from the botanical and lexical point of view. This dry account gives no hint of the pleasures of plant collecting; the mornings spent in crisp pine forests and along torrid lowland stream beds, the nights beneath giant fig trees, the dizzying verbal duels as we sorted and prepared the plants for drying. Nor does it hint at the problems; the collectors sunk deep in hangovers, the collectors who, rather than wrinkling their pants, would rely on me to bother climbing a tree to wrench down a spectacular orchid. Imagine a collecting party; myself, three veteran teammates from the Center, and three hamlet beginners. Everyone has been SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 instructed that I only want genuine names, and that unfa-miliarity with the plant should cause no concern. First, the beginners would be asked to name each plant. If they answered, "I don't know," four or five times, the veterans would begin exchanging superior winks. After the first 15 minutes of collecting, no plant was ever left unnamed. An enormous lexicon of several thousand names was created with extreme variations from one individual to the next. Some control was provided by having the members of the original team all from Zinacantan Center and by collecting in the same localities many times throughout the year. The variations seldom could be explained by noting the origins of the collectors, nor was it a simple question of the ignorance or widsom of the collector, though this was a critical, but elusive factor. The impact of group dynamics upon the choice of plant names was terrible to behold. Of paramount importance was the social criteria of the collector within the team such as his age or bonds of friendship. Social position and temperament often determined who would align with whom in assigning which names. Efforts to prevent collectors from influencing their colleagues' decisions frequently were unsuccessful. Even so, there was substantial agreement on culturally significant plants. Having completed a year of collecting in January 1967, I returned to the States. In my absence my two fellow lexicographers began what proved to be an extraordinarily frustrating chapter in our lives—the identification of place names. After walking the major trails of the township and visiting every hamlet—a venture sure to arouse the suspicions of their countrymen—Romin and 9Anselmo would return to San Cristobal to attempt to pinpoint on aerial photographs the places they had visited. Anyone familiar with the problems of distortion, shadows, blurs in aerial photographs of rugged mountainous terrain with elevations varying 5000 feet, in an area of over 50 square miles, will appreciate the enormity of the task. In the fall of 1967, Romin and *>Anselmo once again braved the northern climes so that we could transfer their work from one series of unacceptable photos to another that was slightly less distorted. My own jigsaw-puzzle approach in trying to piece together the series of photographs proved far less accurate than their mental retracing of their steps along mountain trails. In preparation for their arrival, I had conceived of two additional labors. Although the thrust of this dictionary is primarily from Tzotzil to English, lest I inadvertently ignore important English concepts, I examined semantic frequency lists which contained the 1000 concepts most frequently expressed in English, German, French, and Spanish (Eaton, 1940). I was able to match these cognates with Tzotzil equivalents in all but 210 instances. For these latter we derived Spanish sentences containing the key word, and asked Romin and 9Anselmo to translate them into Tzotzil. Their difficulties were a boost to my ego, validating my own intuitions. Nevertheless, after gnawing away at these recalcitrant concepts we reduced their number to 50. Among the concepts for which we could conjure up no equivalent were "ques- tion," "plan," "family," "peace," "liberty," and "faith," though verbal forms of several of these were readily at hand. The second labor was the result of my inability to comprehend the meanings of some 300 abstract expressions that with surprising frequency appeared in the context of disputes or court cases, and so appeared to be critical to an understanding of the culture. I asked my fellow lexicographers to illustrate the range of their meaning by providing me with several sentences apiece for each troublesome word. The consensus was encouraging. The most illuminating of these exemplary sentences have found their way into the dictionary. The presence of my collaborators in our home in Alexandria, Virginia, added zest to our undertaking. It also added Tzotzil definitions for such foreign elements as chaise longues which were promptly dubbed in Tzotzil "foot-watchers." Identifications of elusive insects and larger animals were made after visits to museums and zoos. With the aid of a pointer, stars could be easily tracked in the Hayden Planetarium. And lest my colleagues become too bored, in our free time we made our pilgrimage to Mount Vernon, watched a Princeton-Cornell football game, collected conchs at Assa-teague, and marched on the Pentagon. Except for continued fussing with the maps, the addition by Romin of considerable animal folklore, and the culling of my field notes for ethnographic flavor, this ended the first collection stage of the making of this dictionary—four years, from November 1963 to November 1967, of relentless pursuit after what seemed now to be unquestionably noxious caterpillars. SECOND STAGE—ORGANIZATION AND ASSESSMENT It would be merciful to the reader who has followed me this far to characterize the second stage as the light at the end of the tunnel. It was not. Twenty-five thousand handwritten entries were typed up by a commercial secretarial firm. The typographical errors must have approximated the number of entries. The botanical information, written in three languages, by various collaborators, formed a small mountain of lined paper pads, graph sheets, typed lists that had to be thoroughly threshed, sifted, and weighed. I had to decide which plant names were genuine and which spurious. As the botanical identifications came trickling in, the Latin names and the common English names had to be matched with all their Tzotzil equivalents. An endless shuffling of cards filled every day from dawn to dark. My invaluable assistants through these three years all fell victim to the card game. One walked around clutching a copy of Sartre's No Exit, referring insidiously to the dictionary as "mother." Another dreamt that she was the k'os 'lahateies card and that she was wandering through the plant file being incorrectly filed and ultimately lost. When she related her dream to me, I asked her if she knew what plant k'os fahate^es was. She didn't know and wasn't interested, but I pursued the matter into a card file she had never seen. When I informed her that her alter ego was wild blueberry she turned livid, exclaiming INTRODUCTION helplessly, "Blueberry, that's my nickname!" Our uneasiness was not stilled as we proceeded the rest of that afternoon to make a series of grammatical corrections only to find that every one had mysteriously been anticipated, including the final entry, "God"! As we slowly began to impose some order on the botanical material, I became obsessed with doubts about the value of my collection. I was well aware that a project which had brought together 3000 specimens, 22 informants not always sober, and countless thousands of names would demonstrate inconsistencies. So, for reassurance, I turned to the results of our mushroom picking—a mere 200 specimens, four informants, and 100 names. I paired the Tzotzil generic names with their Latin generic determinations to produce the simplified chart (Figure 1). One wishes, of course, to have not merely generic but specific Latin identifications, but the mycologist protested that this was impossible as I had not provided him with a thorough comparative description of the specimens' flavors. I had, in fact, asked my wife, who loves raw mushrooms, to taste the specimens and record their flavors. I learned the limits of her loyalty. Figure 2 shows how even the mushroom specimens considered edible by the Zinacantecs are linked by their Linnaean identifications in a complex way. For instance, eahal cikin is a mushroom of the genus Lactarius. Manayok belongs to Lactar-tus, but also to Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Collybia. It also belongs to Cortinarius, Mycena, and Tricholorna, but not to Lactar-ttts, Cantharellus or Clitocybe ! At least, after having implicitly trusted my informants and feasted on many a leftover mushroom I was relieved to learn that not a single deadly specimen had found its way into this category. Mushrooms are of minor importance in the diet, but no plant is more central to Zinacantec culture than corn. Everyone grows corn, everyone talks about corn, everyone depends upon corn for his survival. My collaborators from Zinacantan Center collected twenty ears of corn (^isim) which they claimed were different from each other and which they called by different names. When I was still in Chiapas I strung the ears up across the room and brought in five men, each from a different hamlet. I asked them to name the corn. They could handle the ears, chip off kernels, and so forth. If each informant had assigned a different name to each ear there would be 100 names. Here are the results. TABLE 1.—"A Maze'- Race of maize A B C D E Dzit-Bacal lae Tisim k'os napalu9 bik'it napalu9 13JZ 'Msim sakil napalu bik'it napalu? Dzit-Bacal sakil ''isim muk'ta napalu? pinto ?isim sakil 7isim salcil *)isim sakil napalu 9isim ■Jik'al tempranero 'isim Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro.. pinto 9isim pinto 9isim 'ik'al pinto 9isim 9olon 9osilal pinto 9isim Imbricado masanil ?isim muk'ta sakramentual sakil 9isim ye e'i? 9isim sakil 9iiim 9isim Imbricado Mixed eahal 9isim eahal 9isim eahal ■'isim eahal 7isim eahal ?isim lae 9isim Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta k'os sakil 9isim sikilal 9osil ?isim sakil 9isim sakil ■'isim sakil ''isim Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro pinto ?isim muk'ta pinto 9isim pinto 9isim pinto sakil ''isim pinto 7isim Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro k'os masanil 9isim bik'it sakramentual k'ob-e'i? 7isim cimpo ?isim sakil lisim Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton sakil 9isim 9isim sikilal 'Josil 9isim sakil ?isim sakil ?isim sakil ''isim Negro de Chimaltenango 9ik'al ''isim sikilal 9osil 9ik'al 9ik'al 7isim 9ik'al ?isim 7ik'al ?isim 9isim Olotillo k'os napalu9 bik'it napalu9 napalu'' napalu'' sakil napalu Olotillo napalu9 ?olon 9osilal ?isim lae 9isim sakil 9isim sakil paca 9isim lae sakil ''isim lae 'isim Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel.... k'os lae 9isim 9olon 9osil bik'itik lae vietikal 9isim — napalu? sakil ?ivriro Olotillo Mixed with Salpor sakil 9isim vietikal 7isim teheringo 9isim sakil muk'ta masanil ?isim Quicheno Mixed muk'ta k'anal sak-vayan sikilal sak-vayan k'anal k'anal ''isim eahal ''isim 9isim 7osil 9isim 9isim Quicheno Rojo Mixed eahal 9isim vurtikal eahal ''isim eahal ''isim eahal ''isim eahal 9isim Quicheno Amarilln Mixed k'anal 9isim cis-te?al 7isim k'anal 1?isim k'anal cis-te? ?isim bik'it k'on cis-te7 Quicheno Modified by k'anal 9isim k'anal 9isim k'anal ?isim k'anal ?isim k'anal ?isim Teocinte muk'ta k'anal ?iiim San Marceno Mixed muk'ta k'on k'anal masanil ''isim k'anal tusteko k'anal cimpo rustail k'on San Marceno Mixed k'anal ''isim 9olon 9osilal muk'ta k'anal ?isim k'anal 9isim vietikal k'on k'on SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 yo'on +uluk' Tzotzil Generic Names yat h'ik'al ya+ ka? yisim cih yo?on bililus cakat'ob ce£ev 0ahal ciki cikin h'ik'a Cikin c'o colcol be e'en sok skacuca cohver kusum k'abistoh mana yok c is mana yok morw7- pila pisolito posil T'ahel p'okoyok sak-?iTah sak-balon sa+ pukuh sekub +ul sekub vakas sulub cih +ahcu£ s+enal yisim 'uc +'ot- yasal vinahel yuy yuy cauk Latin Generic Names Agaricus "grocybe Amani+a Armillaria Auricularia Boletus Cal va+ia Cantharellus ,C\avana Clavariadelphus Clitocybe ollybia Conocybe Coprinus 'Cor+ioarius Craterellus Crepidotus lyathus 'aldinia Fomes Gyroporus Helvetia Hydnum Hygrophorus Hypomyces Inocybe Laccana Lactorms Leccinum Lentimus Lepioia Lycogala Lycoperdon Marasmius Mycena Naemotoloma Panaeolus Panus Pholia+a Phylloporus Phyllotopsis Pleurotus Plu+eus Polyporus Psilocybe Rhodophyllus Russula Schizophyllum Scleroderma Stereum S+ropharia Suillus Trametes remella 'Tricholoma Us+Lilina Xerocomus Xylana -yuy "yuy cauk ahal cikin yok 'k'abis+oh *♦ = span of La+in genera shared by Tzo+zil generic names FIGURE 2.—Edible fungi chart illustrating overlap of Tzotzil generic names. FIGURE 1.—Mushroom or toadstool? INTRODUCTION a single one mistook an ear of highland corn for an ear of cards and write down what they called the thing. For these 20 ears that Di. Paul Mangelsdorf assigns to 16 races there are 47 different Tzotzil names. Forty-one descriptive terms of such things as shape, color, habitat, season, and size are used to produce a majority of the distinctive names. Despite this extraordinary diversity, which might lead one to believe that these men were thoroughly confused by the array of corn—and they confessed bewilderment at the time—not lowland corn, while the mistakes in identifying temperate corn that grows in the foothills only confirmed its intermediate quality. Escaping from my unlettered Tzotzil informants, I sought reassurance from a group of undergraduates and Smithsonian colleagues sharing a literate, bookish culture. I gave them a simple test. The instructions were to look at each of 15 flash TABLE 2.—"Bug Test," based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards ("one of a series that trains young minds to think !") 1. Luna moth 2. Millipede 3. Ichneumon fly , 4. Giant walking stick. 5. Japanese beetle 6. Green peach aphid... 7. Earwig. 8. Katydid 9. Firefly 10. American cockroach 11. Common silver fish.. 12. Cotton boll weevil... 13. Bald-faced hornet.... 14. Monarch butterfly... 15. Black widow spider . moth millipede wasp stick bug Japanese beetle aphids Cinchu beetle grasshopper firefly cockroach Blattera americana "bug—" "bug—" bee Monarch butterfly black widow spider moon moth centipede mosquito? stick insect beetle aphids ■> grasshopper aphid wasp Monarch butterfly spider moth worm termite kalidid beetle bug bug grasshopper lightening bug roach bug bug wasp butterfly black widow spider "[type of moth]" calerpiller termite? walking twig beetle "[type of insect]" cricket? grasshopper moth "[type of insect]" "[type of insect]" termite wasp Monarch butterfly black widow spider fairy centipede wasp insect beetle beetle insect praying mantis bug but silverfish mosquito bee butterfly black widow spider Notice the spelling mistakes (italicized)—no problem in Tzotzil. Look at the "fairy" (No. IE). The most knowledgeable informant correcdy identified half of the insects. Following their judgment, I would confidently name No. 8 "grasshopper." But even Dr. Seuss would be hard put to invent a creature sharing the attributes of aphid, termite, and mos- quito (No. 12). Everyone knows the song about the boll weevil, "I'm looking for a home." Well, he'd find no home in this people's dictionary! Agreed that college students don't know their entomology. How about cars? TABLE 3.—"Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test," based on color photographs selected from dealers' brochures of current 1967 models A B C D E 1. Ford Fairlane Wagon Chevy II Station White Chevy Station ■> White station wagon, Chevrolet Station Wagon Wagon Rambler Wagon 2. Ford XL 2-Door Hardtop.. Ford sports car Red Thunderbird Ford ?car 2-door hardtop 3. Ford XL Convertible Ford convertible Yellow ? convertible ? Yellow convertible, Pontiac convertible Pontiac 4. Chevrolet Corvair Corvair Chevelle, plum sedan Mustang? Purple Corvair, Corvair 4-door or Corvair? Chevrolet sedan 5. Chevrolet Camaro Camaro Ford—blue Mustang Chevy Super-sport Ford, Mustang? 2-door hardtop 6. Chevrolet Malibu Pontiac Pontiac convertible, 7 Green Cadillac 4-door hardtop green 7 Dodge Dart Dodge Brick red sedan Thunderbird Buick 2-door hardtop 8. Ford Thunderbird Thunderbird Red Chevy sedan ■? Thunderbird hardtop 2-door hardtop 2-Door Hardtop 9. Chevrolet Biscayne Chevrolet station Chevy blue station A station wagon Blue station wagon, Station wagon 2 seat Wagon wagon wagon Plymouth 10. Ford Thunderbird 4-Door Thunderbird Blue Lincoln ? Lincoln? Chrysler Thunderbird 4-door convertible Imperial? sedan 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 The best informant correctly identified eight out of ten, the rest, despite Madison Avenue, only two or three. Look at those names and think of them as potential dictionary entries. Three out of five know that Ford is a Chevy (No. 1) and one knows that Chevy is a Cadillac (No. 6D). Look at the personal distinctions: "2-door hardtop" vs. "4-door hardtop" (informant E), "plum" vs. "brick red" (informant B). Look at the syntax: "White Chevy Station Wagon" (No. IB); "White station wagon, Rambler" (No. ID); "A station wagon" (No. 9C). Rubbish! Remember we are searching for truthful identifications, that is, not deceptive ones. Consider the results above in the light of truth, truth as "conformity with fact, agreement with reality, agreement with the thing represented, the actual state of the case" (C. T. Onions [ed.], 1955:2258). Disappointed in the blatant ignorance of American youth represented above, my research assistant and I puzzled over what domain of knowledge was as rich in vocabulary and as important to American culture as corn to Zinacantec culture. We chose breakfast foods. TABLE 4.— "Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test" (x = correct answer; = no answer) % TEST 1. .0 Apple Lucky Sugar Wheaties Froot Com Flakes Toucan Grape Rice In) Jacks Charms Pops Loops Food Nuts Chat A. X Bran Flakes X X Wheat Germ X B. X Lucky Stars X Bran Flakes Colored Sweet x Chicken Feed X Wheat Chex Cheerios C. X X X Trix x Chicken Feed Pep X D. Sugared Oat Cereal with Kix Grapened X X Barley X Rice Chects Cheerios Marshmallow Flakes E. Cheerios Cereal Corn Flakes Cheerios x Cereal Cereal Wheates F. Frosty O's Weirdo X X Colored Plain Flakes Granules Krunchies Wheat Checks Flakes Cheerios G. OK's Floaties X X x Post Grapenuts X X Toasties Flakes (crushed) H. Shit Shit Shit Shit Shit Shit Shit Shit Shit I. Orange O's Candy Alphabet Sweet Corn Wheat Flakes Raspberry Orange x Raisin Bran Bran Shredded Wheal Cereal Cereal & Yellow O's J- X Party Mix X Corn Flakes Party Mix Fertilizer Wheat Germ X Number 2 Scented Breakfast Food TEST 2. K. Frosty O's X X X X X Special K Corn Chex L. Frosti O's Alphabits X Product 19 x X Dog Food Wheat Chex M. Frosty O's X Puffa Puffa Special K x s Dog Food Rice N. Cheerios Alphabets with Puff Rice X X X Wheat Chex Marshmallow O. Frosty O's Alphabets with Puff Rice Protein x X Wheat Chex Marshmallow » P. Frosty O's Alphabets with Puffed Rice X X X Dirt Oatmeal Wheat Chex Marshmallow Q Frosty O's X X Brand K x X Dog Food Corn Chex R. Frosted Stars X Country Corn Flakes x X Bran Flakes (not included) Cheerios S. Frosted O's X X Country Corn Flakes x X Grape Nuts X „ T. Frosty O's X X All Bran x X Grape Nuts Germ „ U. Trix Alphabets Sugar Puffs X X X Wheat „ V. Candy Wheat Rice X Grain w. Frosty O's X X X X X Wheat Germ Bran Buds •• X. Frosty O's X Sugar Puffs X X X Wheat Germ Poast Toasties INTRODUCTION 11 Dishes of cereal were offered for inspection and tasting first to white college students and then to black high school students. In the first test the subjects gained a total score of 36 percent correct, each informant correctly identifying from five out of the eight cereals to no cereals (unless one credits the informant who identified them all as "shit" as an appropriate response). In the second test die number of correct answers rose to 53 percent, ranging also from five out of the eight cereals correctly identified to two cereals out of eight. Comparing the two results it appears that white college students are most familiar with Sugar Pops and Rice Chex while black high school students score best on Cornflakes and Froot Loops, each group scoring very low on the other's favorite breakfast food. One could deduce from the names ascribed that there is a negative corollary between knowledge and inventiveness. The more highly educated were more ignorant yet more inventive and facetious. Similarly there were many fewer students of the first category who left blanks on the answer sheet. One could deduce that the less educated are less compulsive, soberer, and more honest, or perhaps that blacks are less compulsive, soberer, and more honest than whites. The plethora of names is reminiscent of the Zinacantecs' labeling of corn. The eight kinds of actual cereal are dubbed with 53 names! As with the Zinacantecs, it is difficult to determine which names are authentic and which are merely descriptive. Regardless of race or level of education the number of informants who were duped into believing that Toucan Food was a kind of cereal is disturbing, though I must confess that I later learned that what the pet shop had represented to me as special bird food was in fact dog food! The errors of substance are astonishing—Rice Chex are identified eight times as wheat, five times as rice, and twice as corn. Not only is there a failure to identify the substance properly, but even the form is misconstrued. How could Grape Nuts possibly be described as "flakes" (R7)? The levels of discrimination, too, are thoroughly mixed; cereal, flakes, food, dirt, grain, germ, granules, protein, wheat. If majority is master than we can conclude safely that Cornflakes, Froot Loops, Sugar Pops and Frosty O's are correctly identified. But un- like the Tzotzil names for corn there is one and only one genuine name for the product contained in the box labeled "Apple Jacks" and that name is not "Frosty O's," "Frosti O's," or "Frosted O's" despite the claims of ten of the fourteen black informants. Majority rule does not assure the truth. As a last resort, I gave a greatly simplified test to ten college professors (anthropologists and linguists)—ten vegetables were handed to them for identification. They scored 58 percent correct, the best informed individual identified nine out of ten, the dullard scored two and a half (with half points for partial identification). Demoralized by the apparent inability of most Americans to master the most mundane domains of common knowledge, I retreated and restaged one of my techniques that had proved most successful in the field for narrowing the range of meanings. I tossed a doll on the table and asked those present to describe it in one word. They replied, "lying," "crying," "flopped," "sprawled," "raggedy," "prone," "sleeping," "supine," and "dead." I wondered at the success of my efforts in Chiapas. I worried over experiences that were as common to English speakers as to Tzotzil speakers, but which stubbornly evaded labels. I tested the ingenuity of my colleagues by having a boy come in, put his finger in his cheek and pop it. O_: "What was that?" A: "Somebody just stepped in and made a popping noise." Q_: "What do you call it?" A: "There's no word for it." Quite opposite is the problem presented by those in the know. Take for instance hunters' names for ducks. The ruddy duck has nearly one hundred colloquial names including such diverse titles as blatherskite, booby, bumblebee-buzzer, chunk duck, dopper, dummy duck, fool duck, god-damn, greasey, Johnny Bull, paddywack, sleepy brother, soldier duck, spoon-billed butterball, tough-head, and wiretail (Kortright, 1953:364). Samuel Johnson has said: "The rigour of interpretative lexicography requires that the explanation, and the word explained should always be reciprocal" (Johnson, 1797:9). I gave a final matching test to five of my literate informants with glosses from Webster's Third New International Dictionary. TABLE 5.—"Semantic Differential Test" Words Definitions 1 blue 2 wretched 3 peevish 4 woebegone 5 surly 6 morose 7 saturnine 8 wistful low in spirits deeply afflicted, dejected, or distressed from want, disease, or mental anguish querulous in temper or mood exhibiting a condition of suffering, sorrow, or misery repelling, churlish, or rude sulkiness bitter, cynical, or misanthropic uncommunicative ill humor heavy, forbidding, taciturn gloominess musingly sad 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 Only one word was correctly matched by all informants— "blue." One informant correctly paired six out of eight. The remaining scores were too shameful to reveal. I was tempted to conclude reluctantly with Dr. Johnson that "most men think indistinctly, and therefore cannot speak with exactness" (Johnson, 1797:12), but it seems more likely that the fault lies not in my informants' lack of native ability, but rather in their lack of instruction and their unfamiliarity with literary aspects of the English language. In the absence of a dictionary, in the absence of recognized authorities, who is your authority? Is it the majority? Is it the people? The above array of popular wisdom is disconcerting. Frank Cancian was able to derive further clarification of the structure of the Zinancantec religious hierarchy by utilizing his informants' errors, but he was sufficiently canny to choose a domain where error could be readily determined and measured (Frank Cancian, 1963a). Either a man was "grand alcalde" in 1956 or he was not. My own attempts to sort out the rubbish were not marked with such success. A task allied to the problem of meaning was the proper sorting out of roots and their classification by types. I had replied on Terrence Kaufman's advice from the very start in establishing grammatical classes. His comparative knowledge of Mayan languages would be especially useful. So we spent a Christmas season poring over the vocabulary trying to delineate homonymous roots, and trying to generate a syntactic system that would take into account the various assemblages of words under one root. Even after days of persistent sifting through the mass of material, we had only reached halfway through the alphabet. What at first had seemed would be a realistic and simple linguistic ordering soon became cluttered with innumerable anomalies. The flu and the mindless variety of linguistic facts drove us to despair. It was left to me to continue to the end, supported by long distance calls to my mentor for help. I don't believe it is false to report that his own confidence was severely tried as he witnessed even the most basic rules of Tzotzil sound-change violated not 20 percent of the time, not 40 percent, but 60 percent! On this note of disorder ended my second stage of lexicography. The caterpillars continued to wriggle on their pins in the most alarming way. Even so I looked forward to the final presentation of my collection, secure that despite its inconsistencies it was a considerable achievement. THIRD STAGE—PRESENTATION The final stage was inaugurated by a game of jotto which I was induced to play on a computer terminal to prove to me that even I could face the new world bravely. It was the first step into the heart of darkness. A team of keypunchers trans- ferred the information from the 25,000 typed vocabulary slips to a computer tape. I rented time on a computer terminal and hired an operator to make corrections. When the representative from the VIP Company stopped by to look at her work, he exclaimed, "That's all garbage!" In retrospect his reaction was not surprising, for in addition to the bizarre combination of letters was the insertion of percentage signs, commercial ats, knot signs, pound signs, a host of code letters that would eventually indicate such things as capitalization, italics, and boldface. The decision to computerize the dictionary was based on the following grounds: (1) it would permit offset printing at a much lower cost than type-setting; (2) it would eliminate proofreading at the galley-proof stage and avoid the introduction of new errors by typesetters; (3) it would permit the creation of the English-Tzotzil section by automatic means; and, finally (4), it would store the data in a form that would be susceptible to manipulation by future scholars who could pull out whole classes of data for investigation. On the face of it, the grounds are logical and eminently sensible. But it must be remembered that computers tolerate no errors. The "input" must be perfect. My terminal operator did her best. It was not good enough. Every space in the 80-character line had to be properly filled. If a correction involved a change in spacing, then not only that line, but every succeeding line of that entry had to be changed by a complicated procedure that was itself subject to human error. Endless proofreading always revealed new errors that had been overlooked. Once this material was transferred to tape at considerable expense, we were left with the botanical data that was still awaiting final determinations. A quick glance at the plant entries hardly suggests their complexity now that they have been stripped of all the code characters—characters which demanded that the keypuncher shift constantly from upper to lower case and back again. Tzotzil, English, Latin, abbreviations of botanical authors, specimen numbers, informant numbers—so much gibberish. By mispunching the line number, the line would be inserted at the wrong end of the dictionary. One 80-character line of input with its number tells the story eloquently as shown in the box below. Neither professional keypunchers, Harvard amateurs, nor I were sufficient to the task. My most experienced keypuncher, forced to seek confirmation of his insanity to escape the draft, worked with phenomenal speed and accuracy while thoroughly stoned. But even he could take only so many months of gibberish. Each successive keypuncher compounded the errors as she made corrections. One finally rebelled, calling it "shitwork," berated my programmer for involving her in such "immoral, antihuman" activity. I learned then how right she was. Zeno's principle of infinite progression seemed truer and truer as I proofread on planes, boats, beds, in buses, MATAS, MATAS, N1E., RAILWAY$BEGGARTICKS$(@BIDENS PILOSA)*@L.*, #104(1,2,4,5), 91001011 INTRODUCTION 13 cars, subways, doctors' offices, computer centers, at home, and in the field with never an end in sight. I can speak with no authority on the difficulties of programming this dictionary. I only saw the results of errors and did my best to guide my programmers to the solution of these errors. I have the greatest respect for their competence, but it has been a humbling experience for us all. The program rules that governed the Tzotzil field numbered only four, but those that governed the English field ran to many, many pages of extraordinary complexity. For example: 18 CAPCHAT = '<' 19 CAPSHAT = '>' 20 CAPCENT = ' + • 21 TZLG = 'ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWY' CAPCHAT CAPSHAT CAPCENT 22 TZSM = 'abdefghijklmnopqrstuvwy' CHAT SHAT CENT 23 SPECOLD - '7CXZcxz' 24 SPECNEW = GLOTAL CHAT SHAT CENT CHAT SHAT CENT 25 TZOLD = TZLG SPECOLD 'e' BOLDFACE ROMAN 26 TZNEW = TZSM SPECNEW ']' ROMAN BOLDFACE 27 TOACCENT = 'aeiounAEIOUN' * MUST ASSIGN CHARACTER CODES HERE * ACCENTED = 'AEIOUNAEIOUN' 28 ACCENTED = '431062431062' 29 SMALL = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' 30 LARGE = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPO.RSTUVWXXZ' 31 RAISE = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,SMALL,LARGE) , 32 TZOTREP = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,TZOLD, TZNEW) 33 CROSS = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,TOACCENT, ACCENTED) 34 SHRINK = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,LARGE V, SMALL ']') 35 ENGPICK = BREAK('@%]e():l') $ PIECE LEN (1) 8 CODE 36 GRAPICK = BREAK(']@(/:') $ PIECE LEN(l) SCODE LEN(l) $ CHAR 37 GRAPICK = BREAK(']@(/:') . PIECE LEN(l) . CODE LEN(l) . CHAR 38 RPPICK - '<§>•' BREAK(') ') ')' (BREAK('*') ] RPOS(l)) + LEN(l) . CHAR 39 SPPICK = RTAB(l) ANY(' (/-#"' ITALIC LARGE GLOTAL) 40 TZOTPICK = BREAK(']@') $ PIECE LEN(l) $ CODE LEN(l) S CHAR 39 39 My Great Tzotzil Dictionary was run on SNOBOL (pronounced snowball) and SPITBOL (pronounced spit ball). My mind was twisted by algorithms and concatenations. The simplest of manipulations proved the most difficult to program. The "automatic" conversion of Tzotzil-English to English-Tzot-zil required a nearly endless series of intermediate steps to render the material amenable to the rules which we hoped would produce the desired result. Often we were forced back to the keypunch stage to sidestep otherwise insoluble problems, to eliminate ambiguities. While I was fully aware of the necessity to present my data in a consistent format, and tried with excruciating care to do so, I never dreamed that there could be so many minor irregularities. It began to seem that just as numerical order was the basis of computer technology, so literal rebelliousness was the nature of a dictionary, that what we were attempting was impossible. A single error in the program could produce such devastating results; the inability to handle a single instance of a class of phenomena meant obviously that it could handle no instance of that class of phenomena. The dependence of the program on perfect data produced bizarre results when a comma was excluded or a semicolon substituted for a colon. English words would be printed in Tzotzil characters, half of a line would be dropped and another line repeated, lines would begin halfway across the page. Because they began with a capital letter enclosed by a parenthesis, "God cursing," the "Voice of America braying," and "God damning" were listed in Latin in the scientific index. A sense of doom descended upon me as print-outs were lost not once, but three times in the mail. Each print-out became shorter and shorter while the letter "y" mysteriously contracted as if the dictionary were an autodigestive mushroom or a serpent with its tail in its mouth. For seven months the com- puter work was described as within two weeks of conclusion. For as many months I pestered my programmers with long distance phone calls as we tried to define and redefine the constantly shifting requirements. I confess that unbeknownst to my programmers, their names, with slight alterations became the despairing epithet for the enterprise of this period—"Fink, Garble, and Vote." Finally in March 1973, we produced the first perfect sample of Tzotzil-English and English Tzotzil. Because the charges for the Columbia University computer were nine times more economical than those for the Harvard computer, we had the first complete copy of the dictionary produced in New York. When I went to pick it up I discovered that the Tzotzil-English section was very much as I had desired. But the English to Tzotzil section of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary had been reduced to the lowest common denominator; page after page of one letter per line arranged in a single column. This was followed by all the Latin names neatly decapitated and arranged alphabetically according to the second letter. The final section consisted of English plant names, one name to a page. More stunned than suicidal, I trundled my rubbish back to Washington. My dictionary became known around the museum as The Great Tzotzil Disaster. Then followed three weeks of grim encounter with the computer. I spoke of Mayan curses, but was politely corrected—not superstition, but Murphy's Law that declares that all significant computer programs will have bugs, and conversely, that any computer program lacking bugs is trivial. Every misadventure of the past three years seemed to be recapitulated in these three weeks. We seemed to be harrowing hell, for the deeper we dug, the more pestilence we uncovered, and simultaneously the computer system crashed, the interpreter misinterpreted, the duplicator made false comparisons, the lister listed numbers instead of 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 letters and when I cried out in despair I was comforted by a computer jock who reassured me, saying, "It's perfectly all right, you can still read the numbers1." Our semifinal run of the dictionary was halted by a card whose presence in the deck was totally inexplicable, and by a malfunctioning tape drive whose chances of disrupting our work in this way were authoritatively assessed at one in ten million. One day before April Fool's, as if by magic, the computer mechanically discharged The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. When I proudly showed it to a technician in the Government Printing Office where I had anticipated it would be published, he observed dryly, "Our linotron can't handle that junk." At this writing I can only await the future dispassionately, remembering the fate of the great Indian lexicographer, Praharaj, who lived to witness his mammoth quadrilin-gual dictionary, the fruit of twenty-five years of labor, carted off in wheelbarrows to be sold by the pound as scrap paper. JUSTIFICATION What belongs in a bilingual dictionary? Ideally speaking, the bilingual dictionary would anticipate every conceivable need of the prospective user. (1) It would provide for each word or expression in the source language (SL) just the right translation in the target language (TL) including, most importantly, the one needed for the passage in hand. (2) It would contain all the words, locutions, circumlocutions, and idioms that any user might ever want to look up. (3) It would contain all the inflectional, derivational, syntactic and semantic information that any user might ever need. (4) It would contain certain information on all levels of usage, including special warnings about words not to be used in the presence of ladies, in the presence of children, or to or in the presence of one's superiors. (5) It would contain all personal names, names of personages past and present, place names, names of famous books and plays, names of characters therein, and any other names that any user might want to look up. (6) It would contain all specialized vocabulary items of all the sciences, professions, manufacturing industries, and trades, each carefully and appropriately labelled as to its field. (7) It would contain all necessary information about correct spellings, as well as information on alternate or commonly-encountered incorrect spellings. (8) It would include all the information needed to instruct the user in the proper way to pronounce each word so as to be indetectable from the pronunciation of a native speaker. ... (9) It ought to be equally oriented to speakers of both languages. . . . [10 not included] (11) Above all, it should be compact . . . (Haas 1962:45). The dictionary which would serve for an adequate semantic theory is not, however, merely some typical exhaustive dictionary, such as is commonly published today. What is required is a listing of all the meanings (linguistic, referential, and emotive) structured in such a way as to reveal the patterns of structured contrasts which form the framework of meaning (Nida, 1964:102). The pioneering aims of Samuel Johnson, whom I will call on frequently for enlightenment, are scarcely outmoded by modern demands. I resolved to show likewise my attention to things. To pierce deep into every science, to inquire the nature of every substance of which I inserted the name, to limit every idea by a definition strictly logical and exhibit every production of art or nature in an accurate description, that my book might be in place of all other dictionaries whether appellative or technical. But these were the dreams of a poet, doomed at last to wake a lexicographer (Johnson 1797:12). After such a preface, how do I speak of "the romance of words"? My work, now in a form which computer specialists are pleased to call a "storage dump," must seem either comic or tragic, but surely not romantic! Am I compelled to review my efforts to compile these 30,000 entries as "procedures for obtaining and interpreting dumps"? (IBM System/360 Operating System: Programmer's Guide to Debugging, 1972: title page.) How can I justify the expenditure of $67,000 in grants and private contributions as well as ten salaried years of labor, largely devoted to this enterprise? Is there no metaphor that can rightly convey the adventure and will lead to a more positive evaluation? I believe there is. A contemporary linguist speaks of translating from the "jungle language" into English (Quine, 1964). The literal exuberance of spoken forms cannot but inspire admiration for the varieties of human experience. The heaviness of this tome makes a mockery of the conventional wisdom that "primitives" speak "primitive" languages. "Of all adults in our world today, four out of ten can neither read nor write. Words are a mystery to them, and they live by signs" (Miami Herald, sometime during spring 1959). Once again, Dr. Johnson provides a healthy perspective: When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetick without rules; wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection; adulterations were to be detected, without a settled test of purity; and modes of expression to be rejected or received, without the suffrages of any writers of classical reputation or acknowledged authority (Johnson, 1797:5). But my own approach has been diametrically opposed to Dr. Johnson's, who wrote: I could not visit caverns to learn the miners' language, nor take a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit the warehouses of merchants, and shops of artificers, to gain the names of wares, tools, and operations, of which no mention is made in books; what favourable accident, or easy inquiry, brought within my reach, had not b'een neglected: but it had been a hopeless labour to glean up words, by courting living information, and contesting with the sullenness of one, and the roughness of another (Johnson 1797:12). Living information is the content of this dictionary. It was collected on the premise that "the most fruitful approach to the semantic problem of any language is the ethiiological one" (Nida, 1945:97), that "in effect one does not translate languages one translates cultures" (Casagrande, 1954:338), and that with no context there is no sense. I cannot claim that simply by immersing myself in the culture of Zinacantan I was able always to distinguish primary from secondary meanings nor that I was freed from making quite arbitrary distinctions "between different shades of the same meaning and different meanings of the same word" (Ullman, 1962:69). INTRODUCTION 15 To interpret a language by itself is very difficult; many words cannot be explained by synonyms, because the idea signified by them has not more than one appellation; nor by paraphrase, because simple ideas cannot be described. When the nature of things is unknown, or the notion unsettled and indefinite, and various in various minds, the words by which such notions are conveyed, or such things denoted, will be ambiguous and perplexed. And such is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only darkness, but light, impedes and distresses it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illustrated. To explain, requires the use of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such terms cannot always be found; for as nothing can be proved but by supposing something intuitively known, and evident without proof, so nothing can be defined but by the use of words too plain to admit a definition (Johnson, 1797:9). "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less." "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things." "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, '"which is to be master— that's all" (Carroll, 1962:247). Nevertheless, because of my aging in Zinacantan, I can claim a perspective and knowledge of Tzotzil that would have been impossible to acquire in any bookish way. It is natural that the recent interest in ethnoscience, which by its insistence on the definition of cultural domains in native terms, has generated a new respect for lexical items, would not extend that respectful attitude to a list of words in meaningless, endless alphabetical order. The logical meeting ground not only of sister sciences, but of poet and scientist, has been left largely to missionaries for the spreading of the Word. General dictionaries of obscure languages are not fashionable, but if the understanding of human cultural behavior is the goal of anthropology, and if language is, in a sense, a "mirror for man," the pragmatic and semantic investigation of man's socially patterned linguistic habits is surely relevant (Morris, 1938). While a lexicon should not be equated with language, it offers valuable clues to the question: "To what extent and in what ways is a language an index of its associated culture?" (Hymes, 1962:167). In more dynamic terms: What is the impact of language upon thought? Even a general dictionary, whose structure tells so little about a language, may carry the contents for the study of semantic universals: semantic regularities not manifested in form, recurrent types of associated or discriminated concepts, transparent and opaque words, metaphoric patterns, sy-naesthesia, and onomatopoeia (Casagrande, 1963; Ullman, 1963). This same raw material, presenting the fields or emphases of lexical concern specific to a particular language, the "structure" of its vocabulary, should provide insight into the structure of native concepts (Newman, 1954), and aid later scholars in making more narrowly defined comprehensive studies. An ethnographic dictionary can aid the linguist in the realignment of grammatic categories. Even though the Tzotzil noun classes and root classes that we conjured up from the material have proved not to be the master, even though after a decade of their use I have failed to commit them to memory, and discovered their unwieldiness too late to subject them to improvement, they do not mask the complexities of the language nor do they conceal the evidence. It seems likely that cutting across many spheres, there exists a Pan-Mayan system of metaphoric associations which persists despite the lexical and grammatical fragmentation of proto-Mayan into many languages. But the limited nature of most Mayan dictionaries until recently has discouraged comparative studies (Kaufman, 1964, 1969; McQuown, 1964). The establishment of such a Pan-Mayan system of associations should aid in the decipherment of ancient Mayan inscriptions. To the historian a general dictionary lays bare a stratum of cultural artifacts, words, which define important segments of a culture and illustrate the impingement of foreign influence (Voegelin, 1959). For instance, Nahuatl loan words that were never hispanicized and must therefore have been introduced directly into Tzotzil number less than ten, casting considerable doubt on Herrera's claim that Zinancantan was once under Aztec domination. As an ethnologist, I have benefited and suffered from the intellectual currents of my time. This dictionary is not free from those influences. I maintained that a broad and unbiased coverage of the vocabulary was assured by journeying from root to root. But as Romin, ''Anselmo, and I proceeded on our quixotic pilgrimage I could see my fellow anthropologists engaged in a far more serious endeavor, tedious beyond words, but at least true science, inspiring severe determination, awesome in its resolve. In these hard times, "Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. Stick to the Facts, sir!" " .Bitzer," said Thomas Gradgrind. "Your definition of a horse." "Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs too. Hoofs hard, but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth." Thus (and much more) Bitzer. "Now girl number twenty," said Mr. Gradgrind, "You know what a horse is." " .You must discard the word Fancy altogether. . .. You must use. .for all these purposes, combinations and modifications (in primary colors) of mathematical figures which are susceptible of proof and demonstration. This is the new discovery. This is fact. This is taste" (Dickens, 1854:1-4). I confess that componential analysis had no influence on this dictionary. Not so with "contrast level" studies which map native words in hierarchies of different levels of generality. When collecting plants it seemed incumbent upon me not only to collect the names of plants, but to capture in part the native taxonomy—to indicate where the name fit in the Tzotzil taxonomy, whether it belonged to such things as the "life form" of U") (tree), Oak'(vine), zW has a voiceless off-glide in final position, e.g.,yuy. Glottalization is simultaneous with the oral articulation of 22 EXPLANATORY NOTES 23 a glottalized consonant in pre-vowel position, e.g., k'abil. It begins slightly prior to the oral articulation of a glottalized consonant in final position, e.g., pik'. It is simultaneous with the vowel preceding a glottalized consonant in pre-consonant position, e.g., ^ak'bon. The recognition of glottalized consonants in medial position when followed by a consonant and in final position, probably the most difficult phonetic aspects of Tzotzil for the beginner, is made easier by noting the apparent lengthening and tenseness of the vowel that precedes a glottalized consonant. Primary stress occurs on the final syllable of single words in isolation except in affective verbs with -luh, first person plural exclusive suffixes, and reduplicated stems of two syllables. In the latter instances, the stress is indicated by an acute accent. In normal speech, however, primary stress falls upon the root vowels (on the first, if there are two) and at the end of a phrase. ROOT CLASSIFICATION CLASSES Tzotzil vocabulary has been grouped under 2715 putative roots which are printed in boldface and ordered alphabetically. The roots are stems with no derivational suffixes. They have been classified according to the following scheme. A adjective root; often combined with suffixes -ib/-ub. E expletive root. I Intransitive verb root; combinable with -es transitive suf- fix. I2 intransitive verb root; combinable with -VI adjectival suffix. N noun root, often combined with intransitivising suffixes -ah, -an, and transitivising suffix -la. Num numeral root. O onomatopoeic root. P positional root; combinable with -an transitive suffix, -i intransitive suffix, and -VI adjectival suffix. Pj positional root; combinable with -0 transitive suffix and lacking -an transitive suffix. Pt particle root. T transitive verb root. T2 transitive verb root; combinable with -VI adjectival suf- fix. X undeterminable root. U unique CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) occuring only in adjectives, between the adjective root and an -an suffix. The determination of root boundaries and the separation of homophonous roots from each other was made by following a combination of semantic and grammatical criteria. If a segment of the vocabulary shared a common stem, a common range of meaning, and the suffixes typical of a particular root class, it could be assigned confidently to a single root, identified in one of the above categories. Unfortunately, this ideal was not encountered with overwhelming frequency. Often certain diagnostic suffixes were not present in the material. This necessitated an either/or determination, or a probable determination. Por Pj if lacking transitive verb forms. P2 or T2 if lacking intransitive verb forms. prob P or P2 if lacking transitive and intransitive verb forms. prob O if lacking -0 onomatopoeic form. prob N if lacking noun form, but having verbal deriva- tional suffixes normally associated with noun roots. A or N if range is so restricted that it is not clear whether the term is an adjective or a modifying noun occurring in a noun type noun phrase. prob A or N same as above, usually restricted to plant and animal names. No less frequent was a surfeit of diverse forms sharing a common stem and a common range of meaning: P, P2 positional root occurring with the derivational suffixes typical of P roots and with -0 transitive suffix as well. P, T, or T2 positional root as above, but with semipassive -0 intransitive suffix as well. Occasionally words that I grouped together under a single root because of their obvious semantic similarities produced a baffling combination of what I had thought to be mutually exclusive forms. Typical of this situation are roots that combine all the characteristic forms of both transitive and intransitive verb roots. Unusual noun and adjective forms are frequently included under positional roots because of their clear semantic kinship with a full array of positional forms. (See Figure 3, p. 31.) TABLE 6.—Inventory of root assignments A 143 h 18 P, T, or T2 6 prob A 2 I2, P, P2 1 P,T,T2 1 A or N 17 I2,P2 2 P,T2 3 prob A or N 16 I2,T2 1 P2 49 A, I 1 N 1393 P2orT2 37 A, N 1 prob N 8 P2,T2 4 A,P2 1 Num 22 Pt 65 E 40 O 99 T 166 I 47 prob O 76 prob T 2 prob I 3 P 115 TorT2 1 I, N 1 prob P 1 prob T or T2 8 I, P 4 PorP2 45 T, T2 1 I, P, P2 5 P,P2 82 T2 77 I, T 6 P, P2, T2 3 X 132 I,T2 6 P, T 4 2715 SEMANTIC CRITERIA Using semantic criteria for establishing the relationship of diverse forms is a treacherous proceeding. It requires the ability to provide faultless definitions of Tzotzil words and a consummate knowledge of Tzotzil patterns of association. As I boast neither power, my solutions in grouping words with identical stems under roots must be considered tentative. For instance, I would not have realized a semantic link existed between the concept of covering and that of easing pain had these two concepts not been linked in two separate roots, lam and mak. The stream of associations encountered may be- 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 come nearly surrealistic as in the root bal(l) which comprises entries that mean: Round off/log/; braid/rope/; twine/thread/; roll up/blanket/; make (rocket); lose control of self (drunk); flog; flower (corn field); fall a great distance; die; become dry (mouth); rolling; tossing; bubbling; and boiling. Many roots seem to display a few entries whose semantic relationship to the other entries is not at all evident. If, when separated out, these represented a grouping of suffixes that was characteristic of a particular root class, they were assigned to a distinct root, but if they made no grammatical "sense" as a unit they were retained in one root with the others. ETYMOLOGY Wherever possible, I have indicated the etymology of loan roots. For Spanish loan words that are derived from Nahuatl, I have relied on Santamaria's etymological analysis (Santamaria, 1959) particularly of plant names. I have frankly guessed at the possible Chiapanec origin of names of a number of lowland trees, such as hutuhu and mukumu. Zoque loans I have identified as proto Mixe-Zoque, because I have no evidence to date their incorporation into Tzotzil. The two roots derived from English, pikot from pickup, silete from Gillette, have been introduced via Spanish. Although a large number of roots are of Spanish origin these roots are productive to only a very minor degree compared to native Tzotzil roots whose productivity provides that only a relatively small percentage of the total vocabulary is composed of Spanish loans though admittedly some of the Spanish loans such as pero, dyos, and bweno are used with great frequency. The abbreviations employed for language names and the tally of foreign roots are as follows. Ch Chiapanec 3 E English - M-Z proto Mixe-Zoque 8 N Nahuatl 12 Sp Spanish 836 Tze Tzeltal 2 TRANSCRIPTION Vocabulary entries have been written in a transcription which resolves all automatic morphophonemic rules within words and indicates all syntactic word boundaries by space. Generally, inflexional suffixes have not been written out, but an exception was made for -V7 (vowel + / ) absolutive noun suffixes, and for -ik plural suffixes to reflexive pronouns, adjectives and affective verbs with the suffix -et. NOUNS The classification of nouns in this dictionary requires special mention. It was initiated with the intention of signaling to the reader, in a kind of shorthand, what nouns may be possessed and what their shape is when they are unpossessed, possessed animately, or possessed inanimately: nl animate possession same as absolute form. n2 animate possession same as absolute plus -VI (vowel + / ). n3 animate possession same as absolute minus -W. n4 always possessed. n5 unpossessed. Animate and inanimate possession occur: a if inanimate has -VI, animate does not, if inanimate lacks -VI, animate adds it. b inanimate same as animate, c inanimate with or without -VI. d only animate occurs, e only inanimate occurs with -VI. f only inanimate occurs without -VI. g only inanimate occurs with or without -V7. Words that are always, possessed (n4) will present problems initially for the user of this dictionary; if the initial consonant of the root is a glottal stop, the possessed form loses the glottal stop and takes the possession markers k-, av-, ory-; e.g.,yav "its place" is the possessed form of 9av under which it will be found. If the root begins with any other consonant, the possession marker will be h-, a-, or s-; e.g., sk'ob "his hand" will be found under k'ob. If the noun is inanimately possessed and occurs with a vowel + / suffix it will be found under the stem; e.g.,yoyal "its post" under 'loytyicd "its chili" under ">ic; svunal "its paper" under vun; sternal, "its bed" under tent; and spatil, "its back" under pat. The classificatory system reflects properties of nouns which, in turn reflect the shape of the world. For instance, while it was theoretically possible in 1959 for a Zinacantec to own a bus, no one did. Nor did Zinacantecs know personally anyone who did. And while it was within the resources of their language to say "my bus" or "his bus," my informants steadfastly refused to do so. I dutifully assigned "bus" to the category "n5," unpossessed nouns. Times have changed. Still no Zinacantec owns a bus, but they know a man from San Cristobal who frequently transports them in his bus. There is no longer any hesitation in saying "his bus," and so the category of that word has changed to "nla." I do not pretend to claim that all Zinacantecs would agree to my assignment of labels, but there was a fair degree of consensus throughout the years of investigation. Not only may the nature of a noun change in time, but its assignment to a particular class is determined also by the context in which it is used. For example, the phrase ")ak' krasia means to bless. A ritual tutor may give a blessing, may say grace, but only God can give his blessing. Consequently, in the first situation krasia is labeled "n5," a noun that is never, in this context, possessed. But in the second situation it is labeled "n4f," a noun that is always, in this context, possessed by an inanimate subject, God. Or the word leal, "mouth," is labeled "n3b," indicating that it may be possessed by both animate and inanimate beings and that when it is possessed it drops the -al suffix. In the entry kacet ">e "with mouth agape," the word for mouth is always animately possessed and so is marked here "n4d." The usefulness of category "n2" became increasingly questionable to me. It seemed to be a cover for my own bewil- EXPLANATORY NOTES 25 av- -OV-h- -h-i- -i-k--k-l- s- -5- s- y--y- 0- -ab -aU-il -an -at -b- -e -eh -el -em -etik -ik derment over the multiplicity of homophonous suffixes whose nature was not and still is not clear to me. In almost all instances, I have eliminated "n2" nouns by listing them as two separate stems. I have done the same with categories "c" and "g." Unfortunately, the task of revising the entire numbering system accordingly was too arduous to be undertaken at this late date. Inanimate possession is a noteworthy feature of Tzotzil. It is applied not only in ways familiar to English speakers, as in "the table's legs," but also to indicate the linkage of two objects, or of an object and an action, either by location or by design. For example: "the bowl's dirt"—the dirt in the bowl "my leg's mosquito"—the mosquito on my leg "the corn field's raccoons"—the raccoons in the corn field "the beans' chili"—the chili in the beans, or, the chili for the beans "the com field's weeding"—the weeding of the corn field Inanimate possession markers may be combined with animate possession markers to provide a purposive rather than a possessive link between person and object. For instance, capal amacilail means "the machete to kill you with is ready [and waiting]." NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS A wide variety of things and actions may not be counted by the standard numbering system, but require the use of an alternate system of numbers that are compounded to numeral classifiers. These numeral classifiers are used to describe the nature of the object being counted. Rather than counting simply "two oranges," one must count "two spherical oranges," or instead of "three men," "three erect men." These classifiers have been given a special notation. When a numeral classifier is reduplicated, it indicates a "single" object; e.g., h-p'ehp'eh na, "a single house." After the definition, I have placed /1 only/ to denote that only the numeral prefix h- may be appended. There is no way, using a reduplicated classifier, to say "two single" objects. Following the definition of other numeral classifiers, I have placed /2-3/ or /I -4/ etc., to indicate how many of these items or actions are usually counted. For example, the numeral classifier sap, for "rinse," is followed by /I-3/ since more than three rinses are very improbable. PARTICLES I have considered as particles words with a rather wide variety of functions. They include the definite articles, It and ti; the demonstrative, si; the locational preposition, to; and sentence fillers and hesitants such as ">a, fun, ce*>e. They also include words that act as conjunctions, binding clauses together, such as 1o,yoi. Aspect—completion, duration, or relative time—is expressed by particles, e.g., los, sa, ta, to,yolel. Status particles express the degree of certainty or extent, such as la, kik, k'ahom, nan, no or express a desiderative, beseeching quality, e.g., me. Affirmation and denial are represented by the particles ffti, ha*>, A?, and mofoh. And, finally, there are modal particles that are interrogative: e.g., k'u; k'usi; mi; or negative, e.g., mu. AFFIXES The following affixes were included for consideration only when they provided unexpected meanings. PREFIXES 2d person possessive (preceding a consonant). 2d person subject of affective, intransitive and transitive verbs (preceding a consonant). 2nd person object. 2d person possessive (preceding a vowel). 2d person subject of tv (preceding a vowel). 1st person possessive (preceding a consonant). 1st person subject of tv (preceding a consonant). completive aspect marker preceding 1 st person subject of tv and 3d person subject of tv and iv. 1st person subject of av and iv. 1st person object. 1st person possessive (preceding a vowel). 1st person subject of tv (preceding a vowel). completive aspect marker preceding 1st and 2d person subject of iv. completive aspect marker preceding 1st and 2d person subject of iv /infr/. 3d person possessive (preceding a consonant). 3d person subject of tv (preceding a consonant). continuative aspect marker preceding 1st, 2d, and 3d person subjects of av, iv, tv that precede vowels, and preceding 2d person subject of tv that precedes a consonant. A limited number of nouns are prefixed by an absolutive s. 3d person possessive (preceding a vowel). 3d person subject of tv in completive aspect preceding a vowel. continuative aspect marker for 1st and 3d person of tv preceding a consonant. Completive aspect marker for 2d person of tv. 3d person object. 3d person subject of iv. SUFFIXES collective plural of possessed nouns /archaic/. attributive. Generalizing suffix. imperative of iv. 2d person subjunctive. passive. dative. passive. 3d person indirect object (preceded by -b-). Enclitic. nominalizer of polysyllabic verbs exclusive of affective verbs. nominalizer of monosyllabic verbs and affective verbs. perfective of iv. plural of unpossessed nouns. plural with 2d and 3d person subjects of av, iv, tv, past participles, perfectives, with imperatives and with nouns possessed by 2d and 3d person. -ik- -il -k- hortatory. past participle of tv (preceded by -b-). hortatory. 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 -o- imperative of tv. -oh perfective of tv. -on 1st person singular subject of past participles, hortatory forms, and a few nouns. 1st person singular object. Passive (3d person subject and object). -osuk 2d person plural subject of past participles, hortatory forms, and a few nouns. 2d person plural object. -ot 2d person singular subject of past participles, hortatory forms, and a few nouns. 2d person singular object. -otik 1st person plural subject of past participles, hortatory forms, and a few nouns. 1st person plural object. Plural with 1st person subject of av and iv. -otik'otik 1st person exclusive plural subject of past participles, hortatory forms, and a few nouns. 1st person exclusive plural object. -tak collective plural of possessed nouns /archaic/. -tik plural with 1st person subject of tv, and with perfectives. Plural with nouns possessed by 1st person. -uk subjunctive. Numeral diminutive. SEMANTICS It would be too tedious and beyond my power to try to point out the semantic qualities of each of the affixes that are included. There are, though, a number of miscellaneous observations that can be made in regard to a few of them, which may be helpful. Positional roots, that is, roots which are concerned primarily with shapes or states, normally have two transitive verb forms and an intransitive verb form. The CVC-J0' tv form usually implies moving an object in the state specified by the root. The CVC-an tv form usually implies that the object is arriving at or presently in the state specified by the root. Affective verbs, occurring most frequently with positional and onomatopoeic roots, but also with transitive verb roots, are declined like intransitive verbs, but only in the continua-tive aspect. Two forms, -luh and -lah, lack infinitives. Affective verbs are used characteristically in narrative description with a certain gusto, a desire to convey a vivid impression. They have dash. Their specific semantic value, however, is not easy to ascertain. CVC-et and CVC-Con frequently appear to have the same meaning. CVC-et emphasizes permanence, a single location, and a state of neglect or abandonment. CVC-Con intensifies the particular state of the root. It may stress the slowness or ponderousness of its motion, the ineffectiveness or repetition of an action, the loudness of a noise. The plural of the former suffix is -ik. But the form CVC-lahet seems at times to be the plural of CVC-*< and at other times the plural of CVC-Con. The subject of this verb form may be plural or it may be singular yet with a plural quality, as a horse thrashing its four legs, or a man gesticulating, or a pain that spreads through the body. In addition, there is the semantically similar plural form CVC-lahetik which, however, appears to require a human or at least an animate subject. The affective verb CVC-/aA occurs always in the sequence av + sa + directional verb. It implies the rapid motion of an object or animal towards or away from either the narrator or the protagonist. The affective verb CVC-/«A indicates a single sudden sound or movement. And, finally, the form CVC-te-CVC-te denotes a sequence of subjects, locations, or actions; for example, walking one after another, walking along, walking here and there, or walking time and again. Three adjectival forms frequently pertain to positional roots. They are a reduplicated CVC, a CVC-V/, and a CVC-el. The first two are semantically similar. The former seems to have greater immediacy, being used to describe an object before one's eyes or, like affective verbs, to convey an emotional reaction. The form CVC-V/ has two plurals, CVC-Vlik and CVC-ahtik, whose semantic distinctions have eluded me. CVC-el is used invariably in derogatory remarks tossed at another person, e.g. banel ahol "You are bald!" In intransitive and transitive verb roots the suffix -ilan/-ulan indicates that the action is repetitive, constant, or slow and ineffective. Transitive verb roots and some positional roots have a suffix -an which expresses the plurality of the object or sometimes of the subject. It may imply hurried action. This suffix may be reduplicated, the CVC-an may be reduplicated, or die CVC-an may be reduplicated with the -an reduplicated again to produce a form like ismahanmahanan "he hit one after another." The reduplication of CVC-an seems to imply sequential action, but I was unable to elicit any semantic distinction between CVC-an and CVC-anan or between CVC-anCVG-an and CVC-anCVC-anan. The second member of the above pairs is used, though, with much less frequency. Transitive verb stems may take an intransitivizing suffix -van. In nearly all instances, it denotes that the action is directed towards, on behalf of, or in relation to people (people in general). Noun stems with -ebal generally indicate a moment in time or a locus in space. This same association of spatio-temporal realms applies to the -antik suffix of numeral classifiers and adjectives. It denotes a wide separation in space or time. Finally, transitive verb stems may take the nominalizing suffix -ob or -obil. Both of these forms indicate instrumentality; either the place where an action is accomplished or the implement required to carry out that action. The -obil suffix seems to imply a greater permanence. It implies, for example, a tool that is designed for a particular purpose, not simply a tool that may be used temporarily for that same purpose. PHONETICS When affixation produces consonant clusters "79, hh, nn, ss, or is'., the phonetic value of only one consonant is retained. All other clustered consonants produced by affixation are separated by syllable division. An s prefixed to a stem with an initial "c, c' or s changes to s by assimilation. It may also assimilate if the final consonant is s. The s prefixed to a stem with an initial or final e or s changes to s. In earlier studies (Colby 1970) the continuative aspect particle, ta was com- EXPLANATORY NOTES 27 bined with s- by eliding the vowel and written c-. Here, it is represented as t J-, although it is pronounced c. I am not entirely happy with the decisions I have made in assigning to one morpheme the status of a word and to another the status of an affix. The very first entry of the dictionary is a case in point: ala, meaning "surely, indeed, certainly." If it is a word, it violates the canon that all Tzotzil utterances begin with a consonant. If it is a suffix, and that is how my informants write it, it may be attached to verbs, nouns, adjectives, and perhaps even to particles. Particles which I have dignified with the status of words are more often written by my informants as affixes. There is little consistency, however, in their decision of what a particle should be attached to, whether to the word preceding or the word following. In the face of such inconsistency, it seemed safer to set the particles free. COMPOUNDS There are surely many words which under more careful analysis will prove to be compound forms. Compounding has been indicated by hyphenation. For aesthetic reasons I have omitted the hyphens in most compounds that are made up of more than two words, such as hlik tav lak'al, "censer bearer." Compound verbs may be recognized as those words which may be enclosed between aspect and person marker prefixes and the appropriate plural suffixes. For instance, mukul-^elk'amk, "they snitched it." Noun and adjective compounds are frequently recognized by the absence of a -VI suffix on the first word. I made a single conscious exception to this rule in expressions that juxtaposed a body-part term with another noun; e.g., when holol, "head" a"nd vie, "mountain" are combined as hoi vie to mean "mountaintop" or when satil, "eye" and vo">, "water" are combined as sat vof to mean "spring." Noun compounds whose first unit is a verb may be recognized by the absence of aspect, person, or plural markers on the verb. [See "Special Note," p. 33.—Ed.] ORDER OF ENTRIES 1. All stems with the same phonemic sequence as the root are listed alphabetically. Compounds are listed in the same alphabetical sequence as phrases. 2.They are followed by stems with derivational prefixes, 3. then by expressions in which that stem is not the first member of the phrase. These phrases are also listed alphabet ically. 4. If the stem does not have the same phonemic sequence as the root, it succeeds the above, followed by 5. such stems with prefixes and . 6. such stems embedded in phrases. For example: pak'—mend, plaster, hang on wall pak'al—lying (clothes), low-lying, flattened, bedridden hpak'tan—person who pats tortillas e'U pak'al—red striped turban pok'—neckerchief, scarf *hpok' /il pok'—red-striped turban The order of taxonomic entries does not conform to the above scheme (cf. "Taxonomic Entries"). NONPHONEMIC SYMBOLS In the grammatical analysis section of the entries there may be three orders of increasing complexity. 1. Parentheses, as in nphr(n of n)5. 2. Slashes, as in nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5. 3. Colon, as in nphr: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5. In the English definition section, parentheses and slashes serve a different purpose. Parentheses enclose appropriate subjects for the verb or for the modifying adjective being defined. That is, the concepts enclosed by parentheses were suggested to me in response to my query: "What does that?" or "What is described by that word?" They are not intended as an exhaustive list, but merely as pointers to likely contexts. Slashes enclose appropriate objects of the verb, subjects modified by other nouns or brief incidental comments. When an appropriate subject or object could not be reduced to a single word, an attempt has been made to have the first word of the phrase be the word which one would translate into Tzotzil if one wished to use the entry in that particular context; e.g., mash /beans and corn with hands to make bean tamales/. CAPITALIZATION Capitalization has been used in Tzotzil words only to indicate personal names or place-names that are embedded in the dictionary or that appear directly on the maps. VARIANTS Words which vary from the form spoken in the ceremonial center, Htek-lum, are labeled as variants, and the hamlets where they are spoken are indicated wherever possible. Words which vary from the form in most common use in Htek-lum are simply marked as variant. NOUN PHRASES Noun phrases comprised of two nouns have been classified into three categories. Where the second noun indicates the owner or origin of the first noun, as in ton e'unun, "egg of hummingbird" (i.e. "hummingbird egg") or hoi ")akan, "head of knee" (i.e. "kneecap,"), the phrase is labeled "noun of noun." Where the first noun describes the quality or content of the second, as in "leather bag," "baby bird," the phrase is labeled "noun type noun." The third category is a variant 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 of the second and is distinguished in Tzotzil by a -V/ attributive suffix. It is represented by phrases which, in translation, might be rendered as "land crab," "tree fern," and "house boat." These phrases are labeled "noun attribute and noun." Noun phrases may be possessed. The numbering system used to describe noun possession is used to describe the possession of noun phrases. SPEECH CATEGORIES followed by "large grove of oaks" and "grove of oaks" (this order was necessitated in Tzotzil because "large grove" precedes "grove" alphabetically). Then would follow such combinations as "black oak," "live oak," and "red oak," listed alphabetically and indented one space. If, however, there was a "southern live oak" that would follow "live oak" directly and be indented two spaces. If, further, there was a "dwarf southern live oak" that would follow "southern live oak" and be indented one additional space so that you would have the following appearance: Lacking a knowledge of native categories of speech, I have essayed, nevertheless, to delimit with slightly greater precision the context of certain vocabulary entries by inventing a number of speech categories whose degree of reality varies considerably. Some entries have been marked as "archaic." This means that they seem archaic to my younger informants who associate these words with the oldest living Zinacantecs. "Baby talk" is restricted to the speech of young children or to adults addressing young children. Other entries are labeled as pertaining to "male speech" or "female speech." While I am not positive that such expressions are used exclusively by men or by women, I know that they are spoken predominantly by men or by women. Again, entries labeled "male joking speech" may perhaps be used appropriately by drunken women, but they are associated primarily with can-tina talk or with male joking situations during ritual or at work. "Polite speech" and "scolding speech" have been used characteristically when one wishes to make a graceful remark or to upbraid another. They have no particular structure and are less real categories than the above. Quite the contrary is true of "ritual speech" and "denunciatory speech." These terms distinguish what we would consider to be two different contexts for the same speech phenomenon, but which I would venture Zinacantecs consider as a single context. Entries labeled "ritual" or "denunciatory" speech invariably form a part of traditional couplets or blocks of speech which, according to the occasion, may be used during ritual activities at home, in church, or at a mountain shrine when addressing the gods or may be used in self-righteous declamations at home or at the courthouse. In attempting to convey the archaic flavor of ritual and denunciatory speech in translation, I have resorted to the use of archaic second-person-singular forms, "thee," "thou," and "thy." TAXONOMIC ENTRIES The Tzotzil names of flora and fauna have been arranged in an order that differs from the rest of the dictionary. Some effort has been made to recognize increasing degrees of specification, when that was possible within a single root. To take an English model as an example, "oak" would be listed first, oak large grove of oaks grove of oaks black oak live oak southern live oak dwarf southern live oak red oak This scheme was followed for all animals and plants. In the press of collecting and preparing plant specimens, I neglected .to inquire of my informants how a particular plant name was possessed. If the plant name had not been categorized grammatically by my informants in earlier years, this information was and still is lacking. The grammatical analysis of these forms is even more inadequate than that provided in the rest of the dictionary. The definition of taxonomic forms adheres to the following ideal pattern: Literal translation of name (enclosed by apostrophes), common English name, scientific name (italicized). Botanical entries have additional information succeeding the above: Collection number, informant number (enclosed by parentheses), ecological zone, and supergeneric class (enclosed by quotation marks). For example: the botanical entry lic'ak mut and its grammatical analysis nphr (n4d of n5) are followed by 'bird claw,' lilac fuschia (Fuscia arborescens), #420(1,2,5). Highland "tree." In literal translations, if the Tzotzil generic name is untranslatable, but has a simple English equivalent, English has been substituted for Tzotzil as in bak ^u, 'skinny chili'; but if the English equivalent was "virgin's bower," I would not present the literal translation as 'skinny Virgin's bower', but as 'skinny t?usub\ Such common modifiers as ba/i, yit'is and terms for color and size have not been translated. The collection number for a botanical name refers to a botanical specimen, marked with my name and the same number and deposited at the Stanford University Herbarium, with copies, when available, deposited also at the Smithsonian Institution. Collection numbers preceded by B refer to specimens collected by Dennis Breedlove that are also deposited in the Stanford University Herbarium. The informant numbers refer to the following individuals: EXPLANATORY NOTES 29 Specimens collected Residence of informant Informants Von-Voh Von 2390 « 779 Htek-lum 1722 " 1364 u 845 ft 20 Caynatik 375 OApas 24 Voi-bu 18 Voi-'c'oh Voi 28 Muk'ta Hok' 433 Hok' C'enom 319 Na Cih 37 Sek'emtik 210 Na Cih 225 Pat tOsil 376 Naben Cauk 175 •>Apas 35 " 49 Vof-bie 220 Pastel 237 nElan Von 232 1. Maryan Martinis 2. Maryan Cikul 3. lAnselmo Peres 4. Cep ^Emantis 5. Romin Teratol 5a. Maryan Peres Moci-lum 7. Sun Konte 8. tAntun Tan-hol 9. Markui Santis 10. Maryan Sarate 11. Manvel Simenes 12. Mikel Konte 13. Maryan Vaskis 14. tAntun Vaskis 15. Cep Peres 16. Palas Sut 17. Mikel Vaskis 18. Maryan lEmantis 19. Teles Sulub Ten 20. Cep Boi 21. Maryan Su/ub 7V> 22. Sun Lopis Informants 3, 11, and 21 are shamans. The age of the informants ranged from around eighteen years (11, 12, and 22) to fifty (11) and sixty years (14). Most of the informants were men in their thirties or forties. The ecological zone refers to the area in which the plant specimen was collected. If two or more zones are cited, it is because the collectors stated that the plant was native to those zones as well. Included in the definition of each plant is the supergeneric class to which it was assigned by the informants. The major classes are: "tree" (W>) "plant" (fitld) "vine" pak') "mushroom" (canul te%ik) Occasionally informants assigned plants to three other categories: "grass" (hobel) "moss" (eon-ttf) "agave" (met) The first two are considered to be subdivisions of "plant" and the third is an anomalous category which falls between "tree" and "plant." There is little confusion regarding "vines;" but if a species that would normally be classed as a "plant" grows with great vigor, it may be identified as a "tree." Conversely, "trees" whose growth is stunted or which are collected in their early stages of growth may be identified as "plants." The additional ethnographic information concerning plants was pooled by informants 1 through 5. Information contributed by other collectors that conflicted with or elaborated on that material is identified by informant number. The reliability of the identifications of flora and fauna varies rather considerably. Plants and birds were identified live and with relatively good control. Mammals not seen in the wild or at the zoo were identified often from pictures or from skins supplemented by notes as to their habits and habitat. Least reliance should be placed on the specific identifications of the various kinds of mice and rats. Amphibians were identified with better authority. Snake identifications were made with authority in a few instances, but for the most part they were educated guesses based on informants' descriptions of their behavior. Insects were identified rarely as to species. The greatest insect differentiation in Tzotzil is accorded the bees and wasps. In addition to field identifications, informants examined museum specimens in an attempt to arrive at more precise identifications. COLOR TERMS No attempt has been made to give an adequate translation of the adjectival forms of color terms which are composed of CVC color terms compounded to CVC roots and an -an suffix. The translation should include not only the color, but the meaning of the CVC root; for instance, cak-^otan, "red and plaited"; cak-p'itan, "red and bulging." But the meaning of the CVC root that qualifies the color term is unclear in nearly half of such words. To retain some consistency, I have simply translated the color term and left the rest of the word's meaning to be deduced from the examples given. For economy's sake, I have also restricted the translation of these color terms to a single appropriate color. Thus, yas-balan is translated as "green" even though yds- includes the colors "blue" and "gray." Reduplicated color terms and color terms with reflexive pronouns have not been listed. They indicate off-shades, such as greenish or yellowish. ARCHITECTURAL TERMS Names for the different structural elements of Zinacantec houses; e.g., pole plate, have been drawn from Wauchope (1938). SOUND EFFECTS A large number of Tzotzil expressions which describe particular sounds have been tested against the Elektra Sound Effects records EKL-252, 255, 258, 259, and Voice of America tapes 1—4. The latter will be deposited in the National Anthropological Archives. PLACE NAMES A very limited number of place names are embedded alphabetically in the dictionary. These are either names which may take a variety of affixes that could not have been included otherwise in the dictionary, or they are geographic terms 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 Stative vimkon I am a man vinikot you are a man mnik he is a man vimkotik we are men uimkotikbtik we, unlike you, are men vinikosuk you all are men vimkik they are men kusulon I am sober kusulot you are sober ku'sul he, she is sober kuiutotik we are sober kusulotikbtik we, unlike you, are sober kusuldsuk you all are sober kuhtlik they are sober NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES INTRANSITIVE VERBS which are not located on maps 1-5. The named locations on the maps are listed alphabetically at the end of the dictionary. They are listed by numerical sequence adjacent to the maps. Names of rivers and trails, like the names of places with a limited geographical extent, are identified by a numbered dot that has been placed at a random point along their path. While less than satisfactory, this was necessitated both by the difficulty of including so many place-names and by the difficulty of tracing the trails and rivers on the aerial photographs. CROSS-REFERENCES When a vocabulary entry consists of a noun phrase comprised of an adjective and a noun, the main entry can be found generally under the noun, with a cross-reference under the adjective. Because so many plant names contain color and size modifiers, there is no cross-referencing under these adjectives. Entries consisting of noun-type noun phrases are listed generally under the latter noun with a cross-reference under the former, though this ideal was not met in every case. Plant names which are always possessed and whose roots have an initial glottal stop are listed under their root even though this may cause some confusion to the beginner. For examp\e,j>arna cauk is listed under tama as larna cauk, nphr(n4f of n5). Or yoyal vinahel is listed under loy as toy vinahel, nphr(n4e of vn5). The majority of plant names beginning Withy fall into this category. ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES In addition to the ethnographic information enclosed within slashes or parentheses following the translation of a Tzotzil entry, more extensive notes may be included. Because an excellent ethnography of Zinacantan exists (Vogt, 1969b), much data of importance to the culture has not been included. I have included, however, scraps of miscellaneous information, such as omens that I have culled from my field notes, and from my folk tale and dream texts. A special effort was made to acquire beliefs and knowledge regarding the fauna. This was supplied largely by Romin Teratol. Entries containing such ethnographic information may be found by searching the English index where the English equivalents of these entries are marked by an asterisk. Since the definitions of all Tzotzil generic plant names are accompanied by ethnographic data, they are not so marked. DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS As an aid in reading the illustrative phrases and sentences scattered throughout the dictionary, principal declensions and verb conjugations are included here: Without initial glottal stop hsat asat ssat hsattik hsattikbtik asatik ssatik satil With initial glottal stop ke ave ye ketik kelikkik aveik yeik leal lncompletive (t or ta) aloe (t or ta) satoc (t or ta) tfoc (t or ta) silocotik (t ot ta) sii6c(o)tikbtik (t or ta) satoiik (t or ta) hook Completive (lipoi laioc (i)yl (li)focotik (Hpoc(o)tik'otik laio'cik (i)idcik Stative tocemon fo'cemot NOUNS ray face your face his, her, its face our faces our, but not your, faces your faces their faces face my mouth your mouth his, her, its mouth our mouths our, but not your, mouths your mouths their mouths mouth I (will) enter you (will) enter he, she, it (will) enter we (will) enter we, but not you, (will) enter you all (will) enter they (will) enter I entered you entered he entered we entered we, but not you, entered you all entered they entered I have entered you have entered EXPLANATORY NOTES 31 tocem focemotik Vocemotikbtik fo'cemo'suk tocemik he, she, or it has entered we have entered we, unlike you, have entered you all have entered they have entered anatohik snaiohik you all have known it they have known it TRANSITIVE VERBS—WITH ROOT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP 1RANSITIVE VERBS— WITHOUT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP Incompletive (/ or la) "skat Incompletive (t or ta) "savat (t or ta) hnai I (will) know it (I or ta) "sat (t or ta) sana"} you (will) know it (t or ta) "skattik (t or ta) snai he (will) know it (t or ta) "skattikbtik (t or ta) hnaitik we (will) know it (t or ta) "savatik (t or ta) hnaitikbtik we, but not you, (will) know it (t or ta) satik (/ or ta) sanatik you all (will) know it Completive {t or ta) snalik they (will) know it ikat Completive aval ikruP I knew it lyat ana") you knew it ikattik isnat he, she, or it knew it ikattikbtik ihnaitik we knew it avatik ihnaitikblik we, but not you, knew it yalik anaOik you all knew it Stative tsna">ik they knew it katoh Stative avatoh hnaioh I have known it yaloh anatoh you have known it kalohtik snaioh he, she, or it has known it kalohlikblik hnaiohtik we have known it avatohik hna^ohtikbtik we, unlike you, have known it yalohrk I (will) count it you (will) count it he, she, or it (will) count it we (will) count it we, but not you, (will) count it you all (will) count it they (will) count it I counted it you counted it he, she, or it counted it we counted it we, but not you, counted it you all counted it they counted it I have counted it you have counted it he, she, it has counted it we have counted it we, unlike you, have counted it you all have counted it they have counted it I I2 T CVC iv CVC iv CVC tv CVC-es +v CVC-es +v CVC iv (semi passive) CVC-V,I aj T2 P P2 CVC tv CVC-an tv CVC tv CVC ivfsemipassive) CVC-i iv CVC-i iv CVC-V,I aj CVC-V,I aj CVC-V,I aj P and P2 CVC +v CVC-an tv CVC-i iv CVC-VJ aj And all other derivations of P roots including CVC nc, CVC-R aj,and affective verbs FIGURE 3.—Root classes. Key to Abbreviations and Symbols /2p/ Pcpd phr plu pn pred pref prep prepphr prob Pt Pt ptphr rpn rpncpd A adjective root Acpd adjective root compound agn agentive noun agncpd agentive noun compound aj adjective ajcpd adjective compound ajphr adjective phrase an. poss. animate possession av affective verb avcpd affective verb compound cf. compare Ch Chiapanec contr contraction cpd compound dr directional verb E English E expletive root EKL Elektra record, e.g., EKL 252: 2-1, side two, cut one esp especially excl exclamation exclphr exclamatory phrase fig. figuratively I intransitive verb root I2 intransitive verb root occurring with the derivational suffixes typical of P roots, except for -an, -i, and with the suffixes typical of T roots Icpd intransitive verb root compound impv imperative inan. poss. inanimate possession infr infrequent irreg. irregular iv intransitive verb iv // tv same person marker for intransitive and transitive verbs ivcpd intransitive verb compound lit. literally M-Z proto-Mixe-Zoque N Nahuatl N noun root n noun nl animate possession same as absolute form n2 animate possession same as absolute plus -v; n3 animate possession same as absolute mi- nus -VI n4 n5 always possessed unpossessed Animate and inanimate possession occur: a if inanimate has -VI, animate does not; if inanimate lacks -VJ, animate adds it b inanimate same as animate c inanimate with or without -VI d only animate occurs e only inanimate occurs with -VJ f only inanimate occurs without -V7 g only inanimate occurs with or without -VJ n of n n type n natt nc nccpd ncpd Ncpd nphr nphrcpd Num num numatt O onom onomcpd P noun of noun phrase, e.g., "hummingbird egg" noun-type noun phrase, e.g., "tin can" noun attributive numeral classifier numeral classifier compound noun compound noun root compound noun phrase compound including a noun phrase numeral root number numeral attributive onomatopoeic root onomatopoeic onomatopoeic compound positional root positional root occurring with the derivational suffixes typical of P roots, except that -an does not occur, and -0 tv does second person plural subject positional root compound phrase plural pronoun predicate preferred preposition prepositional phrase probably particle root particle particle phrase reflexive pronoun reflexive pronoun compound reflexive verb 32 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 33 /2s/ second person singular subject X sing singular Xcpd Sp Spanish xcpd T transitive verb xphr T2 transitive verb root occurring with the derivational suffixes of P roots, except for -an, -i, and with the suffixes typical Ijj £4.1111 [ Id 111 of T roots Tcpd transitive verb root compound tv transitive verb tv // n possession of n4d parallels person mark- er of verb tv //tv same person marker for both transitive verbs tvcpd transitive verb compound Tze Tzeltal U unique CVC occurring only in the envi- ronment A. . . -an Ucpd unique CVC compound Definition: usu. usually () V Voice of America tape, e.g., VI: 10, tape one, cut ten / / var. variant vn verbal noun vphr verb phrase X undeterminable root undeterminable form undeterminable root compound undeterminable compound undeterminable phrase enclose the constituents of the item immediately preceding, e.g., nphr (n of n), but for clarity, parentheses within parentheses are rewritten as slashes within parentheses (/ /), e.g., nphr (n/aj & ncpd/ of n), and additional parentheses around this sequence are rewritten as a colon before the first parenthesis :(/ /), e.g., nphr: aj & nphr (n/aj & ncpd/ of n). enclose appropriate subjects of verbs and nouns when modified by adjectives enclose appropriate objects of verbs, nouns when modified by other nouns, and brief incidental remarks enclose literal translations of plant and animal names SPECIAL NOTE Because of a technical restriction imposed by computerized type-setting, hyphens were introduced in Tzotzil terms for the end-of-line breaks within the "English-Tzotzil" and the "Scientific Names" sections. The grammatical analysis immediately following each Tzotzil expression indicates whether or not the word is in fact a compound. In the few cases where ambiguities occur, reference should be made to the "Tzotzil-English" section. Tzotzil-English Pictograph of Lorenzo (Codex Mexicanus). J FIGURE 4 —9Anselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963 (Helga Gilbert photograph). Tzotzil-English ■9* E. a?a, excl. indeed! surely! certainly! of course! t sibat a9a. I'm certainly going. hi? a9a. Yes, indeed! 9.(1) Pt. 9a, pt. phrase or sentence initial particle /always followed by la, li, or ti/. te t skaTi hba ka?tik. Then I'll see how it turns out /legal case, sickness/. 9a, went. cf. 9ay. »(3) E. 9a, excl. ah! /exclamation of assent or contemplation/. 9*9(1) E. ?a9, excl. baby talk; ugh! /called out by adults or siblings to prevent baby or crawling child from touching excrement or dirt/. 9»9(2) T. 9a9, tv. suppose, assume, think or believe mistakenly, try unsuccessfully /occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be saiuk or ycemk/. ka9uk me Ia9ay. I thought you went. Scolding speech; mu sa ya9uk ana9ulan mi ?oy ame?. Don't bother to remember you have a mother. Used in conversation to express agreement with speaker; hi9 avavuk. Yes you are right. yec ka9uktik. lit., just as we assume, i.e., That's right! 9a9el, n4f. it seems or feels. mu sisp'is ta vinik ya9el. It seems that he does not respect me. 9.9(3) 9a9, water, liquid, cf. vo?(l). 9a9(4) 9a9, mumbUng to self. cf. ha9(2). 9a9cam, salt. cf. 'ar'am. 9«9i T. 9a9i, tv. feel, feel like, hear, hear of, heed, listen, think, understand, want. ta hti9 ka9i bek'et. I want to eat meat. mu sa?i 9albel. He pays no attention. ?a9yibil nos k'u s?elan sue', lit.. It is just heard how he drinks, i.e., It is common knowledge how he drinks. ?a9y ava9i. Pay attention! va9i s9elan. lit., You hear then /expression used by narrator to permit him to collect his thoughts before proceeding/. mu ta hpak'alin hba va9i mu sahk'anotikotike. I won't offer myself since you don't want us. var., nay. 9a9i Tosil, vphr(tv & n5). awaken /in morning/. muk' bu ka9i 9osil toyol k'ak'al lik'ot. I arrived late, I didn't wake up. ?a9i ba, rv. feel, see how it turns out, act like, know one's capabilities, recognize the extent or limit of one's strength. te t ska?i hba ka9tik. Then I'll see how it turns out /legal case, sickness/. iya9i nos sba mu masuk iyakub. He knew his capacity; he didn't get very drunk. ya9i sba ti scam sae iyakrbe sa komel mantal sd'amaltak. lit., He knows he can (so) he bought it, i.e., He knows he has enough money so he bought it. hun yo9on t sa9i sba. He feels happy. 9a?i ba ta 9ob, vphr(rv & prep & n5). have a cough. 9a9i kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). have smallpox. 9a9i k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). feel in both hands /restricted to testing weight of chickens/. lek sa9i hk'obtik. lit., It feels good in our hands, i.e., It is plump. 9a9i k'op, vphrdv & n5). listen to dispute. tol sk'ot ya9i k'op ta kavilto k'al 9oy hmeleaneh-baile. He always goes to listen to disputes in court when there are litigants. 9a?i Io9il, vphr(tv & n5). cf. 9a9i k'op. 9a9i misa, vphr(tv & n5). lit., hear mass, i.e., attend mass. 9a9i rason, vphr(tv & nS). listen to or heed advice or counsel, receive directions. 9a li krinsupale t sk'ot ya9i rason ta kavilto hu-hun rominko. The principal goes to borough hall every Sunday to receive directions. 9a9i sie'il, vphr(tv // n). crave food /after illness/. wi ta c'ic', vphrltv & prep & n5). diagnose by reading the pulse. ■)a9ibe 9ik', vphr(tv & n4f). smell, sniff. ?a9ibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). pay attention, heed, bal 9a9i, vphrfaj & tv). be satisfied or glad, copol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, be offended, disapprove of. copol hoi 9a9i, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d & tv). be angry, c'ay 9a?i, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). forget. ic'ay ska9i. I forget. hun 9o9on 9a9i, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d & tv). feel happy, lek 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). think well of, approve of. mu 9a9ibah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known, never known, impossible to know, there's no telling. mu 9a9ibah mi stal. It is not known whether he is coming. mu 9a9ibah t sa9i skotol k'ak'al. He never knows what he is doing. 9a?yeh, vnld. story. h9a?yeh-k'op, agn(vn & nepd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on conversation intending to gossip about it later/. h9a?yeh-lot, agn(vn & nepd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on conversation intending to gossip about it later/, three stars in Orion; theta, 1, d that are believed to be eavesdropping on delta, epsilon and xi. h?a9yeh-mantal, agnlvn & nepd). person who goes to town hall to hear public announcement. h?a?yel, agn. guy /male or female/. bud'u li h9a9yel Ie9e. Who is that guy? h9a9yel, excl. Gosh! /exclamation of surprise/. va9i, tv(contr of avaii). You hear! You know! 9a9y 9a9y, hear, feel, understand, etc. cf. iv)\. ?abin 9abin, urine, cf. k'ab. 9abol A. •>abol ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be suffering. 9abol hba ta camel. I am suffering from sickness. 9abol hba ta vi9nal. I am suffering from hunger. 9abol sba yu9un stot. His father suffers on account of him. Ritual speech, prayer; 9abol hba 9ue'ue> hba. I am suffering, I am 37 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 in misery. Denunciatory speech; 9abol hba 9uk 9ue'ue> hba 9uk. I too am suffering, I too am in misery. 9abolah, iv. do a favor. oabolah isk'el labtel. He did the favor of looking at his work. lek S9abolah d'amunel. He is generous in lending money. 9abolta, tv. Female speech; scrounge up. bu avabolta tal. Where did you scrounge it up from? /a small amount of firewood or greens/. 9aboltabil, aj. illegitimate (child). 9aboltasel, vn4d. Ritual speech; lit., travail, i.e., child. hmoton kaboltasel. my present, my travail. 9aboltayel, vn4d. cf. kaboltasel. c'ul-?abolah, iv(aj & ivcpd). Ritual and polite speech; lit., do the holy favor, i.e., do a great favor. •Jabulah, iv. cf. tabolah. £'ul-?abulah, iv(aj & ivcpd). cf. c'ul-iabolah. ?abt N. 9abteh, iv. work. ?abtehebal, n3a. tool. k'al 9oy yabtehebale smbtehotik. When there are tools we work. 9abtel, vnla. work, religious office. Ritual speech; cf. patan. tol yabtelal li balamil. The land needs so much work. mu 9abteluk ta meleanel. It's not hard to do. Denunciatory speech; k'usi aves avabtel. lit., What is your way of life, your work? i.e., What kind of person are you? 9abtelan, tv. do work. t skabtelan kik. I guess I will do the work. Scolding speech; k'usi t savabtelan. What work can you do? 9abtelil, n5. work. mu stak' t spoh 9abtelil. One should not steal /another's/ work, hiabtel, agn. worker, laborer. Ritual speech; religious official, cf. hpatan. li yah?abtele li yahpatane. His laborer, His contributor. hpas-9abtel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious official /general term for any member of the religious hierarchy/. pas 9abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hold religious post, be in office. 9abul 9abul, suffering, favor, etc. cf. ?abol. 'mr'atn N. ■»ac'am, nld. salt. inan. poss.; yae'mel. If salt is spilt, water should be poured on it and it should be told "to return and join its companion", i.e., to return to where it came from. To step on salt will bring punishment in the afterlife. lae'am 9at, nphr(n type n)5. sterile /male/. Sterility is thought to be characterized by watery semen that causes cold to enter woman's belly and provoke stomachache. vae'am te9, nphr(n type n). 'salt tree', Viburnum hartwegii, #2102(11). Temperate "tree". 9av lae'am, nphr(n4f of nld). saltcellar. 9a9cam, n5. Baby talk; salt. ?ae"mel, n4f. salt, ■rae'meltas, tv. salt. 9ae"m, salt. cf. r'ac'nm. 9ac'(l) A. 9ac', aj. new, remade, virgin or recently virgin /male or female/. •>ac' habil, cf. habii. 9ac' to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). recently. 9ac' vah, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla made of fresh corn. ?ac' vo9, cf. vo9. 9ac'?ac'tik to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). rather recently, rather new. ?ac'ub, iv. become like new, be rebuilt (roof, house), be renewed (debt, crime), grow in (new fingernail), refoliate. yos 9ac'ub ti c'ul-habil 9une. God, the holy new year has arrived. 9ac'ub sa ti balamile. The world is not as it used to be. ■?ac'ubtas, tv. renew /debt/, apply new coat /paint/, replace /livestock/, remake, rebuild. 9ac'(2) I. 9ac\ iv. become damp /inside of house/. 9ac' lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). leak. 9ac'ac', av. have tears rush to /one's eyes/. 9ac'ac'et, av. seeping (spring, moisture in floor, pot), watering in great quantities (vagina, eyes from smoke or chili). 9ac'9on, av. leaking, dripping (water in cave), seeping. 9ac'el, vnla. mud. 9ac'el, vn4d. spleen. 9ac'el mut, nphr(vn type n)5. 'mud bird', spotted sandpiper Actitis macu-laria/Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. cf. me) lac'el. 9ac'el pom, cf. pom. 9ac*elal, vn4d. Ritual speech; mud. mi tal alumal mi tal avac'elal. lit., Has your earth come, has your mud come? i.e., Have you come? 9ac'eltik, vn5. swamp, muddy stretch, mudhole. ?ac'et, av. leaking, seeping, watering (eye, vagina). S9ac*et ya"?lel balamil. Moisture is seeping through the ground. s9ac'et ya9lel hsat. My eye is watering. 9ac"lahet, av. leaking, seeping, or dripping in many places. 9ac'luh, av. leaking or watering suddenly. 9a4'te9a£'te, av. seeping here and there. 9at'es, tv. sprinkle /flowers, hair when combing it, on floor when sweeping / (women). 9at'esob, nlf. instrument for sprinkling /watering can/. ?at'esobil, nlf. cf. Wesob. ?at'esvan, iv. sprinkle water on person. ■?agosto N(Sp, agosto). 9agosto, n5. August. August and September are considered to be a time of divine punishment; rain, mud and cold. 9ah(l) N. 9ah, nld. reed. (5)-The young tips are brewed alone or together with peperomia and Synardisia venosa tips. The water is used to bathe new-bora infants. It is "cold". 9ahtik, n5. expanse of reeds. 9aneil 9ah, nphr(natt & n). 'female reed', reed Phragmites communis, #582(1). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The young plants are transplanted in the rainy season. These reeds are used for flutes. Sixteen dozen are used for wattle and for thatch roofs. (23)-Two dozen are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Seventh Posada for the construction of the creche, k'os 9ah, nphr(aj & n). tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2553(21,22). Temperate "tree*. vinik ?ah, nphr(n type n). 'man reed', Phragmites communis, #581(1,2). Highland "tree" 9ah 9ama, nphr(n4e of n5). reed Phragmites communis, #1292(1,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". Two or three sections are cut off with a machete to make into a flute. 9ah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). 'coati reed', tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, # 1953(16). Temperate and highland "tree". It is used for brush fences. 9ah(2) O. ?ah, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust, disapproval or refusal to obey/. 9ahahet, av. gasping /from cold/, groaning /pain/. 9ah9ah?ah, onom. ha-ha /laughing/, oh-oh /gasping/. 9ah9on, av. laughing /EKL 258: 2-13/, groaning or gasping (person V4: 10). 9ah9onah, iv. laugh. 9ahlahet, av. laughing (plu). 9ahlahetik, av. laughing (plu) /preferable to tahlahet/. 9ahte9ahte, av. walking about groaning /enduring sickness/. ?ah(3) 9ah, white sapote. cf. 9ohov. 9aha 9aha, rattlesnake, honey, wintergreen. cf. 9ohov. 9ahan N. 9ahan, nld. mature ear of corn /fresh, not dried/. Com on the cob is TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 39 "cold". 9oy sa 9ahan hu-huntik. A very few ears are mature /sixteenth developmental stage of corn/. cap sa ta 9ahan. The mature ears are ready /seventeenth developmental stage of corn/. c'abal sa lahan. The ears are no longer fresh /twentieth and final developmental stage of corn, also called k'an-pocanik and k'onik sa/. 9ahan cue, nphr(n4d of n5). 'squirrel's ear of corn', Conopholis americana, #459(1,2,3). Temperate "plant" 9ahan cuc'tik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana. 9ik'al '»ahan cue, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5). mexican broom rape Helosis mexicana, #845(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" 9ahan hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). 'raven's ear of corn', Conopholis americana, #459(1,2,3). Temperate "plant". 9ahan hohtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana. vahensya N(Sp, agencia). ''ahensya, agn. hamlet deputy. 9ahis N. lahis, n. tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2289(19). Temperate plant". Tahnil N. 9ahnilal, n3d. wife. lahmlm, tv. acquire a wife, marry (man), hvahnilahel, agn. Female speech; groom. ■who? N. ?aho9 to, nphr(n type n). Saurauia scabrida, # 1243(7). Lowland and temperate 'tree" It is used for firewood. The berries are eaten occasionally. They are medium" 9ahoh, n. see below. 9it'is 9ahoh, nphr(n4f of n5). Saurauia oreophila, # 1511(11,12). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" 9ahoh to, nphr(n type n). Rhamnusnelsonii, # 1779(15). Highland "tree" 9ahoh lahoh, cf. litMt'i. Tahval 9ahval, lord, owner, etc. cf. 9ohov. 9ak(l) N. 9ak lei, nphr(n type n)ld. staff of Chamula constable. ttk(2) O. ?ak, excl. Ow! "lakaket, av. moaning, groaning laboriously (truck). 'akanah, iv. moan, groan. 9ak9on, av. moaning, groaning. 9aket, av. moaning, groaning. ?aketik, av. cf. takel (plu). laklahet, av. cf. aket (plu). ■Jaklahetik, av. moaning /people/. 9akte9akte, av. walking about moaning or groaning. tmkanahel, agn. moaner, groaner. Takan N. vakan. n4f. internode /sugar cane, reed, bamboo/, part of flower stem still joined to flower when flower is picked and stem is broken in half. vakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5. 'leg grass', slender beard grass Polypogon elongaius, #594(1). Highland "plant" It grows in yards and is used for horse fodder. Paspalum bolterii, #1293(8). Lowland "plant", beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(11,12), #2258(19). Highland "plant". Sporobolus poirelii, #2188(19). Highland plant" Oplisme- nus burmanni, #2833(11). Lowland 'plant". Arundinelia deppeana, #3024(1,4,5). Temperate "plant". 9akan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5). 'grass' leg', goose grass Eleusine indica, #1985(16,17). Lowland "plant". vakan hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of lakan hobel. 9it'is ^akan hobel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). windmill grass Chloris virgata, #1838(15,16). Temperate "plant". (16)-When other grass is scarce it is used for thatching, bae'i 9akan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). witch grass Panicum hirlicaule, #1113(1,4). Lowland "plant". ?akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed roll or shed rod, leash /loom/. lakan k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). phalanx /hand/. 9akanil, n3b. foreleg, leg /human/. ■ttkit N. 9akit, n5. Guazuma ulmifolia, #229(1,2,3,5), #2847(3,4,5,11,12). Lowland "tree" (1,2,3,5)-The trunk is used for hoe and sickle handles, for digging sticks, and for posts for barbed wire fences. As a remedy for diarrhea a handful of bark is brewed. The decoction is drunk before breakfast and supper for three or four days. It is "hot" Three or four fruits are peeled and chewed for cough medicine. They are "hot". (12)-The trunk is used for firewood. Guazuma lomentosa, #847(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree* The trunk is used as above. As a remedy for dysentery the bark is brewed and the tea is drunk two or three times. It is "medium". Xylosma albidum, #2693(21). Lowland "tree" 9akitaltik, n5. large grove of lakit. ■Jakittik, n5. grove of lakit. k'os lakit, nphr(aj & n). Neopringlea viscosa, #1654(1,4). Lowland "tree". ■>stkoha N(Sp, aguja). 9akoha, nla. stile. ■>akov N(M-Z, -)akov). 9akov, nla. wasp nest Vespula sp. /including inhabitants/. Wasp nests are said to contain grubs when the moon is young, but only honey when the moon is full. 9icil 9akov, nphr(natt & n)5. highland wasp Vespula sp.. cf. muyan meiel. The grubs are edible. The nest need not be knocked far off if one says twice, "muyan meiel havlan mol" (Climb on old woman, lie face up old man) for then the wasps are confounded and abandon the nest, enabling the comb to be cut off quickly. But anyone so foolhardy as to say to them climb on, old man, lie face up old woman" will suffer immediate painful consequences. 9ik'al 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. highland and lowland wasp. Its grubs are edible and the nest can be cut down readily, because of the wasps' relative docility, eahal 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. Its grubs»are edible, but difficult to get at because of the fierceness of the adults. e"ibal 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. The grubs are edible. They are roasted. canul ''akov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp. 9akta N(Sp, acta). 9akta, nld. affidavit. 9aktail, nld. affidavit. 9aktavus N(Sp, autobus). 9aktavus, nld. bus. 9akus N(Sp, Agustina). 9akus, nld. Augusta/formerly/. v&i.,Tinik, Tin /when young/. 9akusa N(Sp, aguja). 9akusa, nla. needle, injection. 9akusa e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'needle plant", stork bill Erodium moscha- turn, #61(2,4,5). Highland "plant", stork bill Erodium cicularium, #1754(4,5). Highland "plant* wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #1414(3), #1732(3), #2051(3,17,18), #2739(20). Highland "plant". Akhemillapringlei, #989(7). Highland plant" hli'il 9akus"a e'i9lel, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). stork bill Erodium cicularium, #1054(1,3,5). Highland "plant" k'os 9akusa e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2327(3,4). Highland "plant", stork bill Erodium cicutari-um, #2359(3,4). Highland "plant" sakil k'os 9akusa eM9lel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2501(4). Highland "plant", muk'ta 9akusa e'i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium goldmanii, #741(1,2,4,5), #962(1,3), #1758(4,5). Highland "plant". sakil 9akusa 0*19161, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2739(3,4). Highland "plant" 9akusa Con, cf. con 9akusa habnal, nphr(n type n). stork bill Erodium cicularium, # 1754(15). 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Highland "plant" -, /cultivated vines; squash, 9ak' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). inject. 9ic' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). be injected. >akustin N(Sp, Agustin). 9akustin, nld. Augustus, 'akwerto N(Sp, acuerdo). 9akwerto, n5. likeminded. 9ak'(l) N. 9ak', nla. vine. inan. poss.; plant of — gourd/. 9ak' eu, cf. eu. 9ak' con, cf. con. 9ak' c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 'rat's vine', paroquet bur Triumfetla semitriloba, #2111(14). Temperate "tree". 9ak' c'um, cf. c'um. 9ak' moletik, nphr(n4d of n5). 'elder's vine', Heleropteris beecheyana, # 1642(7). Lowland and temperate vine". It is used to lash fences. 9ak' pulun vo9, cf. pulun vo9. 9ak' vob, nphr(n4e of n5). 'fiddle string', see below, muk'ta ?ak' vob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4e of n5/). Cologania broussonetii, #2144(1). Lowland and temperate "vine" 9ak' vob 9ak\ nphr(nphr/n4e of n5/ type n). Cologania broussonetii, #2544(1,4). Temperate "vine" 9ak'il, nib. strap. yak'i] mocebal. drawstring of shawl. yak'il ka1?. halter. yak'il eT. leash. yak'il vob. string of fiddle, guitar or harp. 9ak'(2) T. 9ak', tv. give, put, produce /fruit, corn, beans, etc./, permit, let, suppose, believe mistakenly, charge, cause. mu sak' lok'ikon. He does not let me leave. skak' to lekuk skak' to su9uk. I thought it was all right, I thought it could be done. na9tik k'u ca9al avak'. Who knows how much you will charge. t sak' ta h-mek. He retorts cleverly (or) attacks furiously. pero mi ha?uk h-c'is 9ahan muk' bu iyak' ta yeik ti scobike. lit., But not even an ear of corn was given to their mouths by their corn fields. i.e., Their com fields produced no corn. Ritual speech, prayer; mu savak'on ta mahel mu savak'on ta mile]. Do not cause me to be beaten, do not cause me to be killed. 9ak'o. let, have, (or) make . 9ak'o batuk. Let, have, (or) make him go. 9ak'o hc'ay ta h-moh. I had better throw it away. S9ak'atuk. It was thought /mistakenly/ that.... 9ak' , vphr(tv & n5). attack with /rock, stick, machete, gun, knife, slingshot, etc./. ?ak' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). inject. ?ak' 9alal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/. 9ak' 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). entertain /clown, player of St. Sebastian fiesta/, make a fool of oneself or expose self to ridicule /drunk, clumsy person/. tol sak' 9elav syakub tol slok' sk'u9. He keeps making a fool of himself when he gets drunk (because) he keeps taking off his clothes. t sak' 9elav yu9un skoh sc'ahil. He exposes himself to ridicule because he is lazy. 9ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over or hand over to. 9ak' 9ic'-vo9, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). baptise. 9ak' 9ikaeil, vphr(tv & n3d). load, be heavy (child)/older child who demands to be carried/. ?ak' 9ik'ti9, vphr(tv // n). suffer in vain. 9ak' 9il, vphr(tv & tv/2s/). show you. 9ak' 9i]uk, vphr(tv & tv). show /by pointing, by holding palm down to show height of object, cornfield, or animal, with forefinger raised to show height of child/. yak'el nos 9iluk mi sk'an. He just showed it to him to see if he wanted it. yak'el nos •ttluk ta hc'uleltik ti yo9 htuk'ulan hbatik hutukuke. It is just a sign in our dreams for us to behave a bit better. 9ak' ?inteksyon, vphr(tv & n5). inject. 9ak" ?o, vphr(tv & pt). even though, even if. 9ak' 90 mi sob sbat pero mu sk'ot. Even if he leaves early he will not reach there. 9ak' 9o9on, vphrftv // n). be happily accustomed to, be devoted to, dedicate oneself to. lek iyak' yo9on isc'unbe sk'op isc'unbe smantal smalal. She was devoted to her husband,she accepted his words, she followed his advice. t sak' yo9on ta yabtel. He dedicates himself to his office. 9ak' 90rten, vphr(tv & n5). give permission /civil authorities/, authorize. yu9un la tol sak' 9orten mil-bail ta. spreserenteal. In his term as magistrate they say he has authorized many killings. 9ak' ba, rv. present oneself /before authorities/, offer self /sexually/. 9ak' ba 9entrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, hand oneself over, k'ahom 9a yak' sba 9entrokal ta cukel bae"i hyakubel. All he did was to go and turn himself in at the jail - he was very drunk. 9ak' ba "riluk, vphr(rv & tv). reveal oneself. 9ak' ba ta k'ecel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lean against person /husband leaning against wife to be deloused/. 9ak' ba ta k'ob kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of the sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/. 9ak' ba ta k'ob rios, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of the sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/. 9ak' baik, rv. station selves, give to each other, offer selves /sexually/. 9ak' bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). bless /priest/, bless meal /shaman, ritual tutor/. 9ak' bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn, take a turn around. 9ak' eieel, vphr(tv & vn5). punish. 9ak' camel, vphr(tv & vn5). lit., give sickness, i.e., witch. Male joking speech; impregnate. t sak' camel pero ta slok'. lit., He caused sickness but it will leave, i.e., the child will be born. 9ak' kantela, vphr(tv & n5). offer candles /shaman at shrine, principal or constable to incoming stewards as announcement of their appointment/. t sak'ik kantela ta c'ul-vinahel ta htot ta hme9tik. lit. They are giving candles in the holy heaven by our father by our mother, i.e., They are visiting the mountain shrines. 9ak' kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish. t sak' kastiko li preserente ti mi ta ssa9 ta yan vinik li 9ane k'al 9oy sa smalale. The magistrate punishes a woman if she looks for another man when she already has a husband. 9ak' komel, vphr(tv & dr). deposit, leave. 9ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor) /blessing is also exchanged between stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, ritual tutors, and civil authorities after flag ceremony during change of office of ensign-bearers/. 9ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n4f). bless (Our Lord). 9ak' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities, give an accounting. t sba kak' kwenta k'al hlumaltik si li paraheletik a9a. "I'm going to town to protest", say the hamlet-dwellers. t &k' kwenta svinik li krinsupaletik ta sk'esolike. The principals give their successors the list of all their men /the men of the hamlet whom they represent/. 9ak' kwenta, vphr(tv // n). do one's part, fulfill one's obligation. 9ak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4e). cause to wither (frost), cause to burn (sun). 9ak' k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). arouse anger, hatred, resentment or envy. t sak' sk'ak'al ko9on. It makes me mad! 9ak' k'ob, vphr(tv // n). release" in greeting /touching the top of younger or less prestigious person's head with the back of one's hand when meeting, toasting, and departing, or during formal occasion/, give a hand /in work/. 9ak' k'ok', vphr(tv // n). wage war. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 41 9ak'-k'ok\ vn(tv & ncpd)5. war. 9ak' k'op, vphr(tv // n). promise, give one's word, state definitely, advise. 9ak' k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cause gossip. ■?ak' mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). beat. 9ak' mantal, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly. iak' manya, vphr(tv & n4d). climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/. 9ak' manya, vphr(tv & n5). lead astray, corrupt. ?ak' me1) k'ob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). impress fingerprint. 9ak' milel, vphr(tv & vn5). kill. 9ak' nompra, vphr(tv & n4d). serve coffee (ensign-bearers on the first day of fiesta). 9ak' parte, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities. 9ak" pee", vphr(tv & nld). set a trap /for dog, rat or bird/. ?ak* persa, vphr(tv & n5). strive, exert oneself /person, animal, car, com/, persist /sickness, hunger/. iyak' persa mbteh. He exerted himself and worked. ■>ak' pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). pardon, forgive. 9ak' pinna, vphr(tv // n). sign. ■?ak' punto, vphr(tv & n5). show the way, lead, set the pace /in agricultura work/. t sak' punto k'u s9elan t sbat li labtele. He shows how the work should go. yak' punto 9abtel. He set the pace for the work. 9ak' p'ok, vphr(tv & n4f). knot. 9ak' rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly. 9ak' raya, vphr(tv & n5). draw line. 9ak' responso, vphr(tv & n5). chant responsory for the dead at funeral or on All Souls' Day. cf. responso. 9ak' sat, vphr(tv // n). keep an eye out for. yak'oh ssat li h9elek' k'al slok' ec'el yahval nae. The robber kept an eye out for when the owner left. t sak' ssat bu 9oy lek eeb. He keeps an eye out for pretty girls. 9ak' si^il, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cause craving for food. 9ak' sin, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). show movie. 9ak' si9el, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). be frightening or fearsome, inan. poss.; be intimidating, cause misgivings. 9ak' ta 9istalal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). let touch, make a ring out of. mu sak' ta "ristalal k'usuk yu9un. He doesn't let anyone touch his things. iyak' ta ■nstalal li srostone. He made a ring out of his fifty cent piece. ?ak' ta ?o9on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). be concerned about, heed, take to heart, be offended. mu sak' ta yo?on h-p'el lutel. He doesn't take to heart a word of criticism. tol sak' ta yo^on k'usi S9albat. He is offended too often by what he is told. 9ak' ta c'amunel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). loan. 9ak' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take seriously, heed, pay attention, be offended. mu sak' ta kwenta camel. He pays no attention to sickness. 9ak' ta k'elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). demonstrate, show. 9ak* ta k'es, vphr(tv & prep & n5). loan. 9ak' ta k'eslal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame publicly, disgrace. 9ak'e ta k'eslal yu9un seeb ti mi ihatave. He is disgraced by his daughter if she elopes. i9ak'e ta k'eslal yu9un skrem ta kavilto ti mi seak eebe. He is disgraced in court if his son assaults a girl. Ritual or Denunciatory speech; mu savak'on ta k'eslal mu Savak'on ta namal. Do not shame me, do not mortify me. 9ak* ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5). damn or curse (God). 9ak'e ta maltisyon ii'aye yu9un kahvaltik yu9un mu sa bu stoh tohel lak'el. He was damned, he was rejected by Our Lord because he no longer paid the communal tax. t sak' ta maltisyon sc'ulel ti mi mu sik' sbaik. Their souls are damned if they don't marry /after having an affair/. 9ak' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep & aj). take seriously, heed, pay attention to. mu sak' ta muk' svayic. He pays no attention to his dreams. 9ak' ta namal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame in public, disgrace, cf. iak' la k'eslal. 9ak' ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be forced to give, rape. iyak' ta persa iyik' smalal li 9anee. They /the parents/ were forced to give her away; the woman took a husband. 9ak' ta postael, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be treated /medically/. ?ak' tyempo, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). have (or) allow time. ?ak' vayel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be or feel sleepy. 9ak' vokol, vphr(rv // n). act in vain, strive, take the trouble, waste one's time. yec iyak' svokol ta se'itesel. They just wasted their time raising him /child who falls into evil ways/. Polite speech; mu savak' avokol. Don't bother. 9ak'an 9ak'an ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). give at one house after another /vaccination/. 9ak'an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave one after another hurriedly, lak'anan komel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. iak 'an komel. 9ak'9on, av. giving constantly. lak'be, tv. give to, have sexual relations with, serve /religious post/, lak'be 7e, vphr(tv & n4f). sharpen blade, roughen surface /metate/. 9ak'be 9ic'-vo9, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). have baptized. 9ak'be 9il, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate. ta sak'be yil k'u sielan ta meleanel. He shows him how to do it. yak'be yil "Jabtel sc'amal. He showed his child how to work. 9ak'be 9utel, vphr(tv & vn5). criticize, scold, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, bawl out. tol t sak'be lutel sc'amal ta h-set' nos' k'op. He always criticizes bis children for the least things. 9ak'be bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn around. iyak'be bwelta ska9. He turned his horse around. iyak'be bwelta li sk'ope. He corrected the logic of his argument, sak'be eieel, vphr(tv & vn5). punish. t sak'be eieel sc'amal li vinik ti mi naka tahimol t sk'ote ti mi mu sk'ot ta can-vune. The man punishes his child when he just goes /to school/ to play and doesn't go to learn. tol hal sak'be eieel hcukel k'al hutuk nos smule. He gives the prisoner too long a punishment when his crime is not great, lak'be cu9, vphr(tv // n). nurse. ■Jak'be kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish. 9ak'be krus, vphr(tv & n5). make sign of cross on. ■>ak'be k'el, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate. ■Jak'be k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). shoot at, blow sparks, ■tak'be k'u ca9al yu9, vphr(tv & pt & pt & iv/3s/). do one's best, try one's hardest. t sak'be k'u ca9al su1? li 9abtele. He tries his hardest at work. ■7ak'be pat macita, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). strike with flat of machete. 9ak'be punto, vphr(tv & n5). aim at /with gun/. 9ak'be senya, vphr(tv & n5). mark. 9ak'be ta mas 9elav, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/aj & n4f/). expose to ridicule. 9ak'be ve9el, vphr(tv & vn4d). feed, Male joking speech; have sexual relations with. 9ak'ben 6amel, nphr(n type vn)5. sickness caused by witchcraft, illicit pregnancy. 9ak'lahet, av. cf. lak'ion (plu). 9ak'lahetik, av. cf. lak'ion (plu). ■Jak'ob kantela, nphr(n of n)5. pit for candles /at foot of shrine/. 9ak'ob k'esolil, nphr(n of n)5. repository for sacrificial chicken /behind shrine; Calvary, Musul Vie, Sisil Vie/. 9ak'ob k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). fortress, camp. 9ak'ob pec", nphr(n of n)5. 'trapping implement', paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2111(11), #2839(11). Temperate "tree". The bark is used by children to make traps. 9ak'ob responso, nphr(n of n)5. aspergal. 9ak'obil h9ilol, nphr(n4f of agn). gift to shaman for services rendered. 9ak'ulan, tv. keep giving. 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9ak'ulan ba ta k'eslal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep disgracing oneself. 9ak'ulan vokol, vphr(tv & n5). keep acting in vain. 9ak'ulan vokolil, vphr(tv & n3d). keep acting in vain. 9ak'ulanan, tv. keep giving /plu/. 9ak'ulanan baik ta pana, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep going outside (plu). 9ak'van, iv. let wife ... /visit/, give daughter in marriage. 9ak'van ta c'ail, vphr(iv & prep & n5). treat person with smoke cure/pus ton/, (shaman, bone-setter). ■Jak'van ta maltisyon, vphr(iv & prep & n5). damn or curse person /God/, t sak'van ta maltisyon kahvaltik ti mi mu hna9tike. Our Lord damns us if we don't remember Him. h9ak' , agn(tv & ncpd). lit., giver of /worms, tadpoles, etc./, i.e., witch. h9ak'-9elav con, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). circus animal. h9ak'-9uc, agn(tv & ncpd). 'cause of yellowing', indian paintbrush Castil- leja arrensis, #3(1,3,4), #1459(3), #1776(1), #2331(3,4). Highland "plant" #1942(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" The yellowing of corn plants is attributed to the influence of this plant when it grows in the corn field. Children pull up the plants and pretend that they are the flowers for a curing ceremony. blk'tal lmk'-?uc, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). Castilleja integrifolia, #951(1,3). Highland "plant". h?ak'-eeluel, agn(tv & ncpd). 'giver of cramps', butterfly bush Buddleia nitida. (9)-An unattested variety of eele-pat causes cramps if the wood is burned in the fire. h9ak'-camel, agn(tv & vncpd). witch. h9ak'-camel e'unun, nphr(agn/tv & vncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird, evil messenger of earth lord. h9ak' canul 9itah, agn(tv & nphr/n of n/cpd). highland butterfly; two varieties, one white, one yellow. h9ak'-cin, agn(tv & ncpd). groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris. h9ak'-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who lights candles at mountain shrines during each of the three year renewal ceremonies. h9ak* k'ak'al 9o9on, agn(tv & nphr/aj & n/cpd). offender (dog that eats eggs, sheep or horse that breaks fence.). h?ak*-k'esolil, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who places sacrificial chicken at Calvary. h9ak'-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). warrior, soldier. h?ak' k'op I091I, agn(tv & nphr/n & n/cpd). person who causes gossip /loose woman, amorous man/, lmk'-manya, agn(tv & ncpd). depraver /person who influences others to quarrel or leads them to drink/. h9ak'-musika, agn(tv & ncpd). person who escorts musicians back to their town. hiak'-pulatu, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /assistant to the stewards-royal who guards their supplies in Vot-bie during the Fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary/. h^ak'-responso, agn(tv & ncpd). chanter of responsory for the dead. h9ak'-rios, agn(tv & ncpd). each of two wedding petitioners, cf. hpacol. h?ak'-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /man who delivers token money from wedding godfather to groom's father/. h9ak'-ve9elil, agn(tv & vncpd). religious functionary /each of the women who hands food to guests at wedding, to religious officials at banquet during fiestas of St. Sebastian, Carnival, Saint John's Day/. h9ak'-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). nuisance /horse that keeps running away/. hiak'ben-camel, agn(n & vncpd). illegitimate child. h?ak'vaneh, agn. religious functionary /male wedding official, chosen by bride's family to provide trousseau/. h9ak'vaneh ta si9el, nphr(agn & prep & vn5). person who inspires fear /epileptic/. ■mk'al N. 9ak'al, nld. charcoal, inan. poss.; yak'lel. 9av 9ak'al, nphr(n4f of nla). censer. hk'us-9ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). Charcoal cruncher. Charcoal crunchers were anthropomorphic mythical figures who, in former times, disat- tached their heads from their bodies at night and ate charcoal at the fireside. hlik 9av 9ak'al, agn(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). censer-bearer. 9ak'lel, n4f. charcoal. 9ak'in N. ?ak'in, nla. weeding. 9ak*inah, iv. weed. 9ak'inahebal, n3d. instrument for weeding /hoe, billhook/. 9ak'inta, tv. weed. 9ak'intaan, tv. weed a lot. 9ak'intik, n5. weeding season. h9ak'in, agn. weeder /person/. 9ak'l 9ak'l, charcoal, cf. 9ak'al. • ■mk'ol N. 9ak'ol, nib. above, over, upper, East. ta yak'ol ec'el. up there. ta yak'ol tal. up here. te nakal ta yak'ol hna. He lives above my house. 9ak'oltik, n5. Tenejapa. h9ak'ol, agn. person who lives to the east /plu form is most freq/. h9ak'oltik, agn. Tenejapan. h9ak'oltikahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Tenejapa. 9ak'ot N. 9ak'ot, n5. dance. 9ak'otah, iv. dance, charge (bull or cow on rampage), spin (top). 9ak'otahes, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/. 9ak'otan, tv. do a dance. Scolding speech, addressing rambunctious child or drunk; k'usi t savak'otan. What dance are you doing? 9ak'ottas, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/. h9ak'ot, agn. dancer. 9ak'utah, iv. cf. lak'otah. 9ak'nbal N. 9ak'ubal, nle. night. ta yak'ubalil. on that night. isk'opon sbaik ta rominko ha9 sa yak'ubalil 9un. They talked to each other on Sunday, on /Sunday/ night. 9ak'ubal 9us, nphr(n4d of n5). 'gnat's night', Stevia rhombifolia, # 1781(16). Highland "plant". The flowers are placed in altar vases on All Saints' Day. They are sold at market in Tuxtla. 9ak'ubaltik, n5. nighttime, dark. 9ak'ut 9ak'ut, dance, cf. 9ak'ot. 9al(l) T. 9al, tv. say, mean, request, tell, announce, notify, declare, decide, sound, sound good (traditional music), do, think or assume incorrectly /past participle only/. ha9 me t skal. so I ask you (or) but please. savale mas lek. Don't you think it would be better? (or) I think it would be better. mu sna? k'u sal. Don't mention it (or) He does not do anything. stak' k'u t sal. It can be done, why not? mu k'u t sal. Don't mention it /response to thanks/. mu k'u t skal sibat. I can't go. mu sal lek. It doesn't sound right. 9a ti kalohe. I thought (or) assumed that t skal vo9one copol ti k'u spasulane. From my point of view what he is doing is bad. t skal vo9one ta stal vo9 tana. I suppose (or) I think it's going to rain today. t sakalbe buy. I'll tell you where (or) I'll point out to you where it is. hamal t sakalbe h-moh Ii9 toe mu sata 9elk'anel. I can assure you frankly that you won't be robbed here. 9al won, vphr(tv // n). wonder, be worried about, be apprehensive, long for, intend. yalohbe to 90s" yo9on ti t sbate. He had intended to go. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 43 t sal yo9on mi "Hi k'u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened to him on the way. t sal yo9on mi t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He is afraid that his fiancee has been spoken to by someone else. 9al ba, rv. announce one's plans, leave word, admit one's involvement. ba yal sba wyuk komel t sbat ta Hobel. He is going to leave word that he is going to San Cristobal. mu sal sba ti ha1* stamoh li tak'ine. He does not admit that it was he who took the money. ■>al ba 9a9yuk, vphr(rv & tv). announce one's plans. 9al ba vokol, vphrfrv & n5). have curing ceremony for oneself. 9al krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor), /infr/. 9al k'op, vphr(tv // n). promise, give one's word, state definitely. mu skal k'op ti. I am not saying that... mu skal hk'op htuk ha1) ti k'u si li htote. I can't give my word on my own; it depends on what my father says. ?al mantal, vphr(tv & n5). order, command, be in charge, give directions, advise, make declaration. yu-mn lek sal mantal ta kavilto k'alal ta yalkalteale. He gave good counsel in court when he was justice of the peace. 9al mul, vphr(tv // n). confess. 9al pavor, vphr(tv & n5). ask a favor. ?al rason, vphr(tv & nld). advise, counsel. mu s'tohob ta 9al-rason ta totil modal. He is not good at counselling as a ritual tutor. 9al vokol, vphr(tv & n5). hold curing ceremony /for family member/, request a favor. 9alan, tv. say many things. ■)alan, aj. phlegmatic, unresponsive. ?alan 9alan ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). peddle from house to house (ladino). inhon, av. repeating endlessly. ■Jalbe 'Won, vphr(tv & n4d). be happy. ?albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell the whole story, tell the true story, tell one's version, make a declaration, give a speech. yalbe smelol k'u s9elan issaiik k'op. He told his version of how they quarrelled. 9albe pavor, vphr(tv & n5). cf. lal pavor. 9albe rason, vphr(tv & n5). cf. lal rason. •lalbel, vnlb. telling. mu hna9 mi su9 yalbel. I don't know if it can be told. mu sa^i 9albel. He pays no attention. 9aleL vnld. naming, an. poss.; gossip or talk about individual. mi ava^yoh avalel. Have you heard the talk about you? ta 9alel. supposed to. Ii?ay ta 9alel. I was supposed to have gone. muk' ta 9alel. It makes no difference. ■fallahet, av. repeating endlessly (plu). •»allahetdt, av. cf. tallahet (plu). 9alob-bail vokol, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ of n5). ritual objects, herbs, or prayers used in curing ceremony. ?alob sermun, nphr(nlf of nld). pulpit. ■Jali) hi I sermun, nphrfnlf of nld). cf. lalob sermun. 9alte9alte, av. peddling from place to place (salesman). 9alulan, tv. keep repeating from day to day. 9alvan, iv. give information about person. 9alvan vokol, vphr(iv & n5). hold curing ceremony for person. h?al-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). informer, person in charge /ritual tutor/, person who conveys message for another. hial-k'op e'unun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird. It serves as a messenger for the tutelary gods. By its nocturnal song it gives notice of the death of an absent member of the family. h?al-mantal, agn(tv & ncpd). person in charge /ritual tutor/. Iml-mantal e'imun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). cf. hial-k'op e"unun. Iml-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). informer. Iml-rason, agn(tv & ncpd). counselor, hfal-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). person who requests shaman to perform curing ceremony. lmlvaneh, agn. person who gives information about another, mu 9albah, ajphr(pt & aj). not mentioned, never mentioned, impossible to discuss. mu lalbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu lalbah. 9al(2) •>aL birth, child, cf. 9ol(2). 9al, heavy, numb, speechless, etc. cf. 701(1). 9alak' N. 9alak', n4a. chicken. 9ocem yalak'il li lisime. The chickens have entered /to eat/ the corn. 9alak' balamil, nphr(n4f of n5)5. 'earth chicken' rufescent tinamou Cryp-turellus cinnamomeus /Hok' C'enom, Muk 'la Hok'/. cf. luyhan mut, penis mul. 'alambra lalambra, wire. cf. 'alampre. lalampre N(Sp, alambre). 9alampre, nla. wire, barbed wire, var., lalambra. 9alampretik, n5. length of barbed wire fence. lalasas N(Sp, naranjas). 9alasas, n. sour orange Citrus auranlium, #389(1,3). Highland "tree" A few Zinacantecs grow sour oranges in their yards. The slips are planted in the middle of the rainy season. A burlap bagful of young sprigs are gathered or purchased by the wedding petitioners. These, together with geraniums, are made into bouquets that are held by each of the wedding guests during the dance. Some guests make the leaves whistle. Three or four leaves may be brewed as a substitute for coffee. They are "hot". The fruit is eaten occasionally. It is "hot". The juice is used to season cabbage. 9alavaniis N(Sp, rabano). 9alavanus, nld. radish Raphanus salivus, #1720(15,16). Highland "plant". (15)-The seeds are sown by Chamulas at the end of April and are harvested in June. They are sold at market. The root is eaten raw. It is cold" 9alavanusaltik, n5. large field of radishes. ">alavanustdc, n5. field of radishes. c'is 9alavanus, nphr(n type n). radish Raphanus salivus, #1720(3). Highland "plant" The seeds are sown at the beginning of the rainy season by a few Zinacantecs. They are harvested in August and sold in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. The roots are eaten raw. They are "cold". kaslan lalavanus, nphr(aj & n). see below. k'os kaslan 9alavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus salivus, #2775(1,4). Highland "plant" The seeds are sown in June by a few Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The young plants may be transplanted. The radishes are harvested in August and sold at market. The root is cold" muk'ta kaslan 'alavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus sativus, #2744(1,4). Highland "plant" Same use as k'os kaslan talavanus. The greens are eaten. muk'ta lalavanus, nph r( aj & n). radish Raphanus salivus, # 109( 1,2,3,4), #987(1,3). Highland "plant". The seeds are sown in June by a few Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The radishes are harvested in October and sold by Chamulas in San Cristobal. Radishes and radish greens are brewed. They are cold". natikil talavanus, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus salivus, #2907(3,4,5). Highland "plant" Same use as k'os kaslan talavanus. sakil 9alavanus, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus sativus, #2908(3,4,5). Highland "plant". The seeds are sown by some Chamulas at the beginning or middle of the rainy season. The root is bought by Zinacantecs and brewed. It is "cold" ■'alavena N(Sp, hierbabuena). ?alavena, nla. mint. ■>alavcnailtik, n5. large expanse of mint. ?alavenatik, n5. expanse of mint. bae"i 9alavena, nphr(aj & n)5. bergamot mint Mentha cilrata, 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 #2765(1,4). Highland "plant". It is planted in yards at the beginning of the rainy season. The tips are used to season cabbage and beef. They are "hot". (5)-When all the mint plants disappeared for many years it was thought that their souls had gone to the afterworld. bae*i 9alavenatik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of bergamot mint, c'is 9alavena, nphr(n type n)5. mint. (5)-An unattested variety of wild mint is used for seasoning cabbage and beef, c'is 9alavenatik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of c'is lalatena. •?alavena e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'mint weed', wild heliotrope Heliotropium angiospermum, #257(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" wild lantana Lantana achyranthijolia, #760(1,2). Temperate "plant", monkey flower Mimu-lus glabratus, #1413(3). Temperate "plant" verbene Verbena caroli-na, #1448(11,12). Highland "plant" bush mint Hyplis verticillata, # 1696(1,4). Lowland "plant". Sahia misella, #2816(11,12). Lowland plant" 9alavena nic nab, cf. nic nab. 9alib N. 9alib moelil, nphr(n type n)3d. female's mother-in-law /term of reference/. 9alib molil, nphr(n type n)3d. female's father-in-law /term of reference/. •Jalibal, n3d. daughter-in-law /term of reference/. 9alibin, tv. become parent-in-law of girl. ibat ta 9alibinel. She entered her husband's home forever /archaic/. valkalte N(Sp, alcalde). 9alkalte, agn. justice of the peace or alcalde juez. ■Jalkalte-suves, agn(n type ncpd). judge ordinary or alcalde shuves /terminal post of religious hierarchy/. bik'it lalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). petty alcalde or junior alcalde viejo /second most prestigious official of fourth grade of religious hierarchy/, muk'ta 9alkalte, nphr(aj & agn). grand alcalde or senior alcalde viejo /most prestigious official of the fourth level of the religious hierarchy/. 9alkaveta A(Sp, alcahuete). lalkaveta, aj. pimp-like, henpecked /dominated by women/. •Jidkin N(Sp, arco). 9alku9, nle. arch. yalkiml ti"> 9eklisya. lit., The arch of the church entrance, i.e., decorations attached to church entrance. 9alku9 moc, nphr(n type n)ld. basket with handle. 9alku9 nicim, nphr(n of n)5. flower arch /arch of tinsel flowers used to decorate altars, also to decorate mountain shrines on the fiesta of the Holy Cross/. 9alku9 p'in, nphr(n type n)Id. pail with bail handle /used by religious officials to receive gifts of food/, lalmario N(Sp, armario). 9almario, nle. closet for priest's vestments. >almorsal N(Sp, almuerzo). •>almorsal, nld. snack /eaten by members of curing ceremony at various crosses, most frequently at Kalvario/, meal /eaten by religious officials outside church/, var., larmusal. t sbat ta ?almorsal ta 9ora li 9unene. lit., The baby is going to be a snack right away, i.e., The baby is going to die right away. 'almul N(Sp, almud). 9almul, nla. almud /15 or 20 liters/, wooden measure for corn or beans, large basket used for gift of bread during courtship, large shot glass /archaic/. 9almul moc, nphr(n type n)5. fifteen liter basket measure, bik'it ?almul, nphr(aj & n)5. fifteen liter dry measure. muk'ta "?almul, nphr(aj & n)5. twenty liter dry measure. ?alpaho N(Sp, alfalfa). ?alpaho, nld. sweet clover Melilotus alba, #B9550(5,5a), #31(1,3,4,5), #2389(3,4), #2510(4). Highland plant" It is planted by ladinos for forage. The seeds are mixed with sand and sown in rows in February. As a remedy for liver damage caused by excessive drinking, a handful is brewed and the tea is drunk before breakfast for three or nine days. ?alpahoaltik, n5. large field of sweet clover. 9alpahotik, n5. field of sweet clover. ralperes N(Sp, alferez). lalperes, agn. ensign-bearer or alferez /official of the second or third level of the religious hierarchy/. lalperes mut, nphr(agn type n)le. 'ensign-bearer bird', magpie jay Calo-cilla formosa. Magpie jays are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are "cold. "They are notorious for flocking together and ravaging fruit crops in the lowlands. Magpie jays are believed to be transformations of an ensign-bearer who betrayed Our Lord by revealing his presence to the devils when He was walking abroad on the earth. 9altal N(Sp, altar). 9altal, nle. altar, corn with two ears inside one husk, altamisa N(Sp, artemisa). laltamisa, nld. ragweed Ambrosia cumanensis, #1100(1,3), #2505(4). Highland "plant" To prevent post-partum hemorrhaging, a handful is brewed and a cupful is drunk before the mother's first meal. It is "hot" 9altamisatik, n5. expanse of ragweed. 9altavo N(Sp, aldaba). 9altavo, nle. latch. yaltavoal hna. My door latch. 9altik X. oaltik, pt?. never mind, forget it! skip it! mu 9altikuk. in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily. mu me 9altikuk sibat. Don't make me go for nothing. 9alus N. 9alus, nle. soft metal. 9oy yalusal li 9ek'ele. The axe is of soft metal. lalvanil N(Sp, albanil). 9alvanil, agn. mason. 9alvasil N(Sp, alguacil). 9alvasil, agn. constable /lowest official in religious hierarchy/, supernatural assistant of tutelary gods. 9am(l) prob O. 9amam, av. bellowing (bull). 9amamet, av. bellowing repeatedly (bull), groaning (heavily-laden truck), lowing (cow V2: 14). ■>amet, av. bellowing, groaning (heavily-laden truck), lowing (cow V2: 14), mooing (cow EKL 252: 1-14). ■>ametah, iv. moo, bellow, low. 9amlah, av. cf. lamam (plu). "Jamlahet, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15). 9amlahetik, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15). 9amte9amte, av. walking about bellowing (bull, cow that has lost calf). 9am(2) 9am, spider, cf. 9om. 9ama N. 9ama, nla. flute. 9ama cauk, nphr(n4f of n5). 'thunderbolt's flute", wild rakacha Arracacia bracteata, # 113(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". A man suffering venereal disease gathers twelve plants. They are brewed and the tea drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary. The tea is medium", meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1487(1,3), #1782(4), #2448(1). Highland "plant", red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2105(1), #2439(1). Temperate "plant". Digilicatia chiapensis, #1932(16,17). Temperate plant". (16)-To reduce fever a small bunch is brewed and a half cup of the warm tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch for one day. It is cold". Coaxana ebracteata, #2927(1,3). Highland "plant". Bocconia arborea, #1522(11,12). Highland "tree" 9ama daukaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). large expanse of oama cauk. 9ama Cauktik, nphr(n4f of n5). expanse of lama cauk. 9o9lol 9ama £auk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #742(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant", eahal 9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). bracelet-wood Jacquinea aurantiaca, #1940(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" (RML)-Probably a misidentification. k'os 9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1487(11,12). Highland 'plant" (ll)-The tips are used as toys. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 45 muk'ta ram cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1426(1), #1757(4,5), #2267(3,4). Highland "plant". #1488(3). Temperate and highland plant" (5)-An unattested variety is used for thevo/im ceremony. Bocconia frutescens, #495(1,2,3). Highland "plant" #1798(1). Temperate and highland "plant". Bocconia arborea, #1379(7). Temperate "tree". #1522(1,3). Highland "tree" Equisetum myriochaetum, #546(1,3). Temperate "plant". As a remedy for dysentery a handful is brewed. The tea is "hot". Pedilanthus tithymaloides, #894(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". Prionosciadium nelsoni, #1138(1,4), #1550(1,3). Temperate "plant". 9amain, tv. make flute of. hiamarero, agn. flutist. 9imak' N. lamak', nla. yard /bare yard in front of house/. ■MinaHo lamalio, cf. >aiiK>li<>. lanut N(N, amatl). ramat, n5. wild fig Ficus glabrata, #884(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used to make metate platforms. The fruit is eaten by birds and tossed at people by jaguars to frighten them, wild fig Ficus glauces- cens, # 1704(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland 'tree". (1,4)-The trunk is used for making gates, benches, shelves, lamp stands. (7,11,12)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is edible. It is "hot" lamiko N(Sp, amigo). ■'amiko, nld. friend /reciprocal term of address between Zinacantecs, Ixtapanecs, and the people of Larrainzar/. lamikoin, tv. become friends with. Tamoc lamoc, cf. >amuc. •amolin N(N, amolli). ?amolio, nla. morning glory Ipomoea microsticta, #2827(11). Lowland "vine" It is planted in May. The fruit is pounded on a stone and dissolved in water for women's shampoo, man. poss., yamolial. var., 'lamalio /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom/. lam oliotik, n5. expanse of tamolio. mmai N. ramuc, nla. toad Bu/o valliceps. Because the toad is believed to call for rain at the onset of the rainy season, the person who kills one will be punished with sickness and death. It is also called men von. cf. rana, var., lamoc. k'os yasal lamuc, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tree frog Hyta walkeri. It is considered inoffensive. ■feM(l) Pt. *)an, pt. oh /optional phrase and sentence initial form/. •?an mi t sabat. Oh, are you going? ?an c'an. Oh be quiet! ■>an to me c'an. Oh please be quiet! var., tana. lana, cf. tva. •»n(2) I. lan, iv. glow (embers). t siianotik ya9el. We feel as if we are burning up /from hot sun/. ■»anahtik, aj. cf. tanal /plu/. lanal, aj. burning /fever/. ?analik, aj. cf. tanal /plu/. lana net, av. smarting, lamon, av. smarting (bum, chafe, eye from sickness, tweaked ear, ear when distant person speaks ill of us), lanes, tv. rekindle /embers/. lanlahet, av. tingling, smarting /sensation caused by exhaustion, or by having ears tweaked/. ?antoante, av. glowing here and there, smarting here and there /burn, chafe/. ■»n(3) T. 7an, tv. hew /beam/, carve /stone/, lanan, tv. hew /beams/, carve /stones/. ■Jananan, tv. cf. lanan. lanob, nlf. hewing or carving instrument /axe, chisel, sledgehammer, hammer/. lanobil, nlf. cf. tanob. lanulan, tv. keep hewing or carving, hian-co"', agn(tv & ncpd). metate-maker /Chamula/. hian-tei, agn(tv & ncpd). hewer, wood-carver, ^ana(l) lana, oh. cf. 'an(l). />ana(2) prob A or N. lana hobel, nphr(x type n)ld. rat tail muhly Muhlenbergia macroura, #630(1,2,3), #1506(1,3,11,12), #2241(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". This grass is cut with an axe and used for thatching. For a small house 1200-1600 bundles are needed; for a large house 2400 bundles. It is considered inferior to feather grass for this purpose, lana hobelaltik, nphr(x type n)5. large field of rat tail muhly. lana hobeltik, nphr(x type n)5. field of rat tail muhly. ■>anal N. ''anal, n4f. leaf, cap /flat-capped mushroom/. yanal toh. pine needles /still attached to branch/. lanal leal, nphr(n4f of n3d). lip, lips, lanal loibol, nphr(n4f of nld). banana leaf, lanal pisalal, nphr(n4f of n3d). brim of hat. ■»anal tiiil leal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). lip, lips, lunen lanal, nphr(aj & n)4f. new leaf, yanal to, nphr(n of n)la. branch /for fence/. Ritual speech; cane liquor. lak'on t apertonal htot lak'on t apertonal kahval ibat ti sba yo 1 ap'ise ibat ti sba yo 1 asalue ti yo 1 ae'uhulale ti yo 1 anak'obale ti yo 1 anicime ti yo 1 ayanal toe. Forgive me my father, forgive me my lord, the first of Thy lordly glasses went (to my head), the first of Thy lordly pitchers went (to my head), Thy lordly dew, Thy lordly shade, Thy lordly flower, Thy lordly bough. lane N. lane, nla. woman, absolute form; term of address for wife. talem laneetik pero mu hnai bu svaiet. My wife has arrived, but I do not know where she is. cf. sinyora. laneil, n3d. mistress. k'usi toh laneil Ice. lit., Why is she like a mistress? i.e., Why doesn't she obey? laneil ''ah, cf. iah. lancil lee", cf. iec\ laneil lumai lee', cf. lef. land! puh, cf. pun. laneil voitus, cf. voitus. laneilal, n4d. wife, lanein, tv. take a mistress. lanhel N(Sp, angel). lanhel, agn. angel, earth lord, talking saint, vampire bat, each of two sons of the dames and the dudes in Christmas festivities /under supervision of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary/. c"ul-ianhel, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; lit., holy angel. c'ul-rey f'ul-ianhel c'ul-con d'ul-cauk. holy king, holy angel, holy snake, holy thunderbolt. lanhe-rios, agn(n of ncpd). Ritual speech, godparents referring to godchild of baptism; lit., God's angel. kik'be sc'ulel kik'be yanima yahianhe-rios. I have taken the soul, I have taken the spirit of God's angel /to be baptised/. ?anll N. ■»anil, n5. quickly, fast. lani] t Sibat (or) t sibat ta 9anil. I am hurrying. ianil-9ik\ tv(n & tvcpd). summon at the last moment. 9anil camel, nphr(n type vn)5. sudden fatal illness. •?anil kai, nphr(n of n)5. horse race, lanil-ta, tv(n & tvcpd). find or get at the last moment, lani] tok, nphr(n type n)5. fast-moving cloud. ■(anilah, iv. run. lanilaheb, n4d. hurrying, running. 46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 lista ta kanilaheb. 1 was caught when I was running. •?anilta, tv. make run. ■Janiltaan, tv. make /people/ run. Itfanil, agn. racer /at fiesta/, lmnil ka1?, nphr/agn of n5/. horse racer. h?anilahel ka9, nphr(agn type n5). race horse. h?anilahel ta ka1?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). horse racer. Tanima N(Sp, anima). ■'amma, nld. dead person, ghost, soul, dream. ?anima , nphr(n type n3d). the late . ti fanima htot. my late father, 'animal N(Sp, animal). ■?animal, n5. animal: lanimal, aj. lots of. ?animal 9ac'el. lots of mud. ?animal 9ep tak'in. loads of money. Tanke Pt(Sp, aunque). lanke, pt. although. Wttas N(Sp, andas). •>antas, nle. litter /for carrying saints in procession/. Tantel N(Sp, Andrea). Tantel, nld. andrea /infr/. rantivo N(Sp, antiguo) lantivo, n5. ancestor /person of former times/. ?antivo k'op, nphr(n type n)5. myth, legend, talk of times past. 9antivo tak'in, nphr(n type n)5. old coin. ■Jantun N(Sp, antonio) ■>antun, nld. anthony. Tantunina N(Sp, Antonia). ''antunina, nld. antonia /infr/. var., tonik. lap ■Jap, shout, cf. ?av(3). ■>apob N. ?apobal, n3b. water for moistening com or for moistening hands of tortilla-maker, remainder drunk by tortilla-maker, var., tapubal. Tapon N. lapon, n5. child's illness /diarrhea and fever/ caused by "evil eye," fever of grown person caused by embarrassment or shame, wponab, iv. Denunciatory speech; be embarrassed or ashamed. mu sak'esav mu sa9aponah. You aren't ashamed, you aren't embarrassed. sakil 'Japon, nphr(aj & n)le. dandruff, sal-wpon, n(aj & ncpd)le. dandruff. ■Japoral A(Sp, apurar). ?aporal, aj. urgently. ■Japoral t sibat. I must go right away. TOpostal N(Sp, apostar). ?apostal, n5. bet. var., ^apv/esto /less freq/. pas ?apostal, vphr(tv & n5). bet. Tapostol N(Sp, apostol). ■?apostol, n5. apostle /term for stewards on Maundy Thursday/, var., ")apusiol. ?apub ?apub, water for moistening corn, etc. cf. ^apob. Tapwesto •>apwesto, bet. cf. ^postal. ?ap'(l) prob O. 7ap'ap'et, av. making crunching sound /bone/. ■>ap'et, av. farting /sound/, squeaking /door/. ?ap'luh, av. farting suddenly /sound/. 7ap'(2) X. Tap'al, aj. narrow /cave, vagina of young girl/, open a crack /door/, torn slightly. Tap'et, av. squint-eyed. Tar E. ?ar, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. 9araret, av. saying "ouch". ■?arariy, excl. ouch! laret, av. saying "ouch". *>arluh, av. saying "ouch" suddenly. laranya N(Sp, arafia). 7aranya, nle. chandelier. lararo N(Sp, arado). •)araro, nla. plow. ■?araro, n5. 'plow', antlion. cf. stalah. •>ariero N(Sp, arriero). •>ariero, n5. muleteer. larmusal ■Jarmusal, snack, cf. lalmorsal. larnero N(Sp, haraero). •?amero, n5. sieve /perforated cowhide on which com is threshed/. ?aros N(Sp, arroz). ?aros, nla. rice. It is "cold". mi sak'anbe yarosal. Do you want rice /with your meal/? 9aros £enek', cf. cenek'. ■Jarova N(Sp, arroba). "Jarova, nla. arroba, measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/. ■Mirpa N(Sp, harpa). ■?arpa, nla. harp /eighteen string/. c'abal yarpail. /the musical group/ has no harp. •?arpain, tv. take possession of harp. ^arsial N(Sp, sarcia). 9arsial, nla. whip. ta htambe yarsialil. I will give him a whipping. 9arsial , nphr(n type n). skinny /girl, man/ /exceedingly deprecatory phrase, used only in joking context among younger generation/. Tarsial con, cf. con(2). ?arsial te"?, nphr(n type n). 'whip tree', Baccharis trinervis, #2431(20). Highland and temperate "tree". It is used for making horse whips. •>arsialin, tv. make into a whip. larvahaka N(Sp, albahaca). ")arvahaka, nld. basil. (1)-An unattested variety is brewed with wild basil and c'ailpos to reduce swelling /pumel/. A cup is drunk before breakfast every morning until recovery. It is "hot", var., lavrahaka /Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. "?arvahakatik, n5. expanse of basil. ?it'is ?arvahaka, nphr(n type n). Ocimum micranthum, #2610(1,3,15,21,22). Temperate plant". (15)-As a remedy for malaria /pasmo/, two or three plants are crushed in the hand and mixed in cold water. A cupful is drunk before breakfast for one or two days. It is "hot" bue'i 'Jarvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum cf. america-num L. , #804(1,2). Lowland "plant". The seeds are sown by ladi-nos.in the rainy season. They put the flowers in altar vases. Zina-cantecs buy sprigs that are brewed, and the tea drunk for "wind".(4)-A cup is drunk before breakfast. (1,2)-As a remedy for earache the sprigs are brewed. A wad of cotton is soaked in the decoction and put in the ear. k'os larvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum americanum, #677(1,2,3,4). Lowland "plant". It is grown by Ixtapanecs and the people of San Lucas. When the saints from there visit Zinacantan basil plants are brought along and placed at the feet of the saints. Likewise when Zinacantec saints visit there, basil plants are bought by the Zinacantecs and are offered in the church. The plant is sold in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. (5)-As a remedy for mahbenal a cup of basil tea is drunk. It is "hot". For other medicinal uses cf. bae"i larvahaka. Ocimum micranthum, #2610(20). Temperate "plant". ■Jarvahaka e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2352(20). Temperate "plant". As a remedy for embarrassment suffered by young children who have accompanied their mothers to market in San Cristobal, young tips are smeared on their face and head two times each morning for three days. They are "hot". 9arvensa N(Sp, audiencia?). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 47 9arvensa, n5. hermitage /chapel of Lord Esquipulas in Htek-lum/. Tasak' 9asak', potato, cf. 9is(3). Tasahina N(Sp, azadon). ■'asaluna, nla. grub hoe. pirn sa pero bu t sbat ta k'op ti k'al tombil ec'el yasalunaile. /The weeds/ are already thick, but how can they talk back when the hoe is held? var., lasarana. •malunain, tv. take possession of hoe. tanhero lasaluna, nphr(aj & n)la. imported hoe /formerly/. tranhero lasaluna, cf. tanhero >asalnna. 9asarana 'fasarana, hoe. cf. lasaluna. fasarol N(Sp, asador). 9asarol, nla. spit /for meat/. lasasena N(Sp, azucena). 9asasena, nla. lily. Ritual speech; cf. lavalena. var., lasusena. ■Jasasenailtik, n5. large expanse of lasasena. 9asasenatik, n5. expanse of nasasena. bae'i 9asasena, nphr(aj & n). easter lily Liliumsp., #812(1,2,3,5). Highland 'plant". The tubers are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their yards, during the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. Seven or eight dozen flowers are bought by the stewards' assistants to decorate the litter on which the Christ Children are carried on Christmas Eve. (23)-Each steward provides three flowers for the above purpose on the Sixth Posada. Escobedia laevis, #1771(15). Highland 'plant'. ?it*is bae'i ?asasena, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Escobedia laevis, # 1771(4,5). Highland "plant" The stewards' assistants gather the flowers to put in the altar vases. k'anal lasasena, nphr(aj & n). day lily Hemerocallis fulva, #18(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" The tubers are planted in a few yards in the rainy season. The flowers are cut or purchased by stewards to decorate the church altar or their coffer on Sundays and fiestas. They are also used by ladinos. sakil lasasena, nphr(aj & n). white amaryllis Hippeastrum sotandriflo-rum, #17(2,3,4), #2506(4,21,22). Highland "plant" The tuber is planted in yards in the rainy season. The plants also grow wild along streams. The flowers are cut or purchased by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders to put in altar vases. They are also used by ladinos. They are sold at market in Tuxtla. tise T(Sp, hace cuenta). 9ase-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd). clearly, evidently. taseatero N(Sp, hacendado). h^asentero, agn. rancher. ■Jasero N(Sp, acero). "'asero, nle. steel. c'abal yaseroal li luk'e. lit., The billhook has no steel, i.e., The metal is soft. Tasete N(Sp, aceite). 9asete, n5. oil. It is thought that Zinacantecs were once and still may be captured by foreign enemies and rendered into oil. 9asta Pt(Sp, hasta). ?asta, pt. even. lasta ke, ptphr(pt & pt). until. isisuhvre N(Sp, azufre). 9asuhvre, nla. sulphur /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/. lasoka N(Sp, azucar). ■'asuka, nla. raw sugar. eahal ?asuka, nphr(aj &'n)5. raw sugar. It is "hot". sakil 9asuka, nphr(aj & n)5. refined sugar. It is "cold" Tasyento N(Sp, hacienda). 9asyento, n5. ranch. 9as I. las, iv. provide cover /from rain/. 9as9as, iv. provide scant cover /from rain/. ■'asibal, n3a. rain cape, plastic sheet used as rain cover. lasiltas, tv. stay under cover. t skasiltas vol. I will wait for the rain to pass. 9asinah, iv. take cover from rain. 9asinal, n4a. rain cover /tree, overhang/. Ritual speech, prayer; cover. cf. kevual. ■lasinta. tv. take cover from rain. 9asintaan, tv. stay under cover /people/. 9asintasan, tv. take cover from rain /people/. san ^asibal, nphr(n type n)3d. palm rain cape /worn formerly/. •>asu£ N(Sp, ajo). 9asus, nla. garlic. (5)-An unattested variety is rubbed on the limbs of children suffering soul-loss. It is also buried at the spot where the child is believed to have lost his soul. For other medicinal uses cf. mee'ta. ?asus eis 9uc, cf. ris tai. ■lasus ka9, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse's garlic', garlic Allium salivum, #632(1,2). Highland "plant" The bulbs are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their yards, during the rainy season. As a remedy for swelling /poslom/, two cloves are pounded on a rock and rubbed on the affected part. Garlic is "hot". 9at(l) N. 9at, nib. penis, stinger /wasp, bee/, trigger, pendulum, convex base /bottle/, core /chili/. Scolding female speech; vagina, kat mi ha9 yec. Is that what it's really like? /used only in male company/. 9at buro con, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 'donkey penis animal', horn of plenty Craterellus cornucopoides, #190(4). Highland mushroom" 9at e"i9, nphr(n4d of n5). sty /in the eye/. 9at e?i"> 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis vine', bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #1375(3), #1965(1,3,4), #2552(1,4,21,22). Temperate "vine" #1509(1,3). Temperate and highland "vine" #2323(3,4). Highland "vine". Bomarea aculifolia, #1857(1). Highland "vine". As- clepias sp., #323(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" 9at e"i9 e'iilel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis plant', ladies' tresses Spiranthes hemichrea, #78(2,4,5). Highland "plant*. blood-flower milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1694(1,4,7). Lowland "plant". Smilacina scilloidea, #1853(1). Highland "plant" 9at e"i9 te9, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis tree', white milkweed Asclepias similis, #1080(1,3,5). Temperate "tree" 9at citom po9on, cf. poion. 9at h^ik'al, nphr(n4d of agn). 'spook's penis', false morel Helvetia lacuno-sa, #166(4,5). Highland "mushroom" sakil 9at h9ik'al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn). false morel Helvetia crispa, #189(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 9at ka9, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse penis', see below. lik'al 9at ka">, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). club-footed clitocybe Clito-cybe clavipes, #177(4,5). Highland "mushroom" Panaeolus sp., #4(1,3,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom", balahtik 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). round horse penis', see below, sakil balahtik 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). lawyer's wig Coprinus comatus, #76(1,3,4,5). Highland 'mushroom", eahal 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #170(4,5). Highland "mushroom" k'anal 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). see below, k'os k'anal 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Psilocybe sp., #50(1,3). Highland mushroom". Mycena sp., #87(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", k'os' 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #82(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". sakil 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Conocybe sp., #3(1,3,5). Lowland, temperate and highland "mushroom" Inocybe sp., # 101(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" k'os sakil 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj St. nphr/n4d of n5/). Lepiota sp., #154(3,4,5). Highland 'mushroom". Mycena sp., #83(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 9at karnero 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'sheep penis vine', Presto-nia sp., #2658(1,3). Lowland "vine". 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9at kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). "coatipenis', Chysissp., #1586(1,3)- Temperate "plant". The stalks are chewed by boys who want to lengthen their penises. They are "hot". (4)-The stalks are chewed once a day for three days. They are considered more effective than wild yams for this purpose. ?at kotomaltik, nphr(n4d of n5). large expanse of tat kotom. 9at kotomtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of lat kotom. 9at k'ok*, nphr(n4f of nld). flame. ?at nab, nphr(n4f of n5). 'river penis', land snail Turitella?. The shell of this lowland and highland snail may be used by men who want to torment a woman who refuses all advances. The snail's shell is passed over her meal. Its "heat" is said to inflame her passions so that she provides a spectacle for all. A man who has a male enemy may pass the snail shell over his enemy's posol so that he will lust after many women. 9at nab, nphr(n4f of n5). 'lake penis', dotted smartweed Polygonum punclatum, #2031(17). Highland "plant". 9at vakas 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'bull penis vine', Prestonia sp., #2658(20). Lowland "vine" ?at vesal, nphr(n4f of n3d). fly of pants. 9atil, n3d. penis /infr/. la^am 9at, sterile, cf. ^aeain. came-9at, centipede, cf. cam. ?at(2) T. 9at, tv. count up, consider. ?at, iv. be counted /chaplet/. 9at 909on, vphr(tv // n). wonder, fret, be anxious. Ritual speech; cf. k'opohes ")oion. i9oc ta 9at-9o?on ti eake ta smule. He has become worried that he will be caught for his crime. t sat yo9on yu9un yil. He is worrying about his debt. 9at-9o9on t sak' si ti mi mu sa skol yahcamel. They say it causes anxiety when one's patient isn't recovering. 9at hoi, vphr(tv // n). worry, be anxious. t sat shol yo9on yu9un yiltak. He is worried and he is fretting over his debts. 9atan, tv. count /plu/. 9atanan, tv. count one after another. 9atob, nlf. table or tablecloth on which money is counted. ?atobil, nlf. cf. tatob. 9atol, nle. counting. ta yatolal 9u. on a fixed date /fiesta/. 9atolah, iv. count up. 9atulan, tv. keep counting. ?atulanan, tv. keep counting /plu/. 9atvan, iv. count people. h?atol, agn. counter. h9atolahel, agn. counter, hoatvaneh, agn. person who counts others. Totol, nle. cf. tatol. h?otol, agn. cf. hiatol. 9at(3) prob N. 9atiltas, tv. bathe /child, patient, corpse, horse/. 9atiltasan, tv. wash /children, horses/. 9atiltasob, n4f. water for washing corpse or patient. 9atiltasobil, n4f. cf. latiltasob. 9atiltasvan, iv. wash person, get person wet /rain/. ?atimol, vn5. washing /not ceremonial/. 9atin, tv. be soaked by /rain/, be stained, dirtied or begrimed by. t skatin eaeal vo9. I am soaked by the rainstorm. t satin Tik'ubal. It is getting dirty. 9atin, iv. wash self, be washed. 9atin-kasa, vn(iv & ncpd)5. washing of steward's coffer. 9atinahebal, n3d. bathing place, half gourd for "flower water". Ritual speech, shaman when bathing patient, and referring to each of the wells from which "flower water" is drawn; ta smaki ta skevu ti yatinahebe ti seebinahebe ti c"ul-totile ti c"ul-me9ile. He /the patient/ will share, will enjoy the bathing place, the shampooing place of the holy fathers, the holy mothers. 9atinan, tv. be stained or dirtied by /people/. 9atintas, tv. cf. latiltas. 9atintasan, tv. cf. latihasan. 9atintasob, n4f. cf. latiltasob. 9atintasobil, n4f. cf. laliltasob. 9atintasvan, iv. cf. latiltasvan. h9atiltasvaneh, agn. rain that wets people, person who washes corpse, shaman who washes patient. h9atimol, agn. bather /not ceremonially/. h9atintasvaneh, agn. cf. hiatiltasvaneh. ?atah 9atah, cabbage, greens, cf. 9itah. 9atu9 9atu9, cat. cf. karur 9at' 9at', sprinkle, cf. 9ac'(2). 9av(l) N. 9av 9a9al, nphr(n4f of n4d). water storage jug, fontanel. 9av 9abtel, nphr(n4f of nld). callous. If a man arrives in the afterworld with no callouses on his hands it is said that he will be given tools to work with until the blood pours from his hands. Likewise, a woman whose hands bear no mark of having woven cloth will be given a loom to work on until blood pours from her hands. 9av 9ae"am, nphr(n4f of nld). saltcellar. 9av 9ak'al, nphr(n4f of nla). censer. 9av 9e, nphr(n4f of n4d). bite /dog, snake, spider/. 9av 9okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). footprint. ■)av 9ol, nphr(n4f of n4d). uterus. 9av 9unen, nphr(n4f of n5). uterus. 9av bino, nphr(n4f of nld). chalice. 9av e'uiltasbil vo9, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/5). bowl for holy water. 9av cob, nphr(n4f of nld). corn field /unplanted/. 9av htotik sakramentu, nphr(n4f of nphr/agn type n5/). ciborium. 9av kantela, nphr(n4f of nla). candlestick. 9av kas, nphr(n4f of nla). petroleum lamp. 9av k'abil, nphr(n4f of n3d). bladder, chamber pot. 9av k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, bruise made by blow of the fist. 9av lastima, nphr(n4f of nla). scar. 9av limosna, nphr(n4f of nla). alms box. 9av me9 k'ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). fingerprint. 9av na, nphr(n4f of nld). house lot. 9av nab, nphr(n4f of n5). dry lake bed. 9av pom, nphr(n4f of nld). priest's censer, net or shoulder bag for carrying incense. 9av tak'in, nphr(n4f of nla). wallet, billfold, inan. poss.; drawer /of table/. 9av ve9el, nphr(n4f of n4d). stomach and intestines. 9av vo^, nphr(n4f of n5). water storage jug, fontanel. 9av vo£', nphr(n4f of n4d). crop. Male joking speech; stomach. 9avil, n3c. place, booth. ba hkuc'tik tal ta yavil. Let's go bring it from where it is made (or) where it grows (or) where it is permanently established. ha9 kav h'9e. This is my seat. •>avin, tv. use, make, or possess as a booth. t savin yok t savin sk'ob. His foot is bruised, his hand is bruised. 9av(2) T. 9av, tv. plant corn. t sav scob. He is planting his cornfield. Eggs, snails, or fish should not be eaten before planting corn lest the roots of the corn plants take their form and be unable to withstand the force of a strong wind. 9av, iv. be planted /corn field./ 9av, nc. corn planting /infr/. 9avan, tv. plant corn fields. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 49 9avel, nc. corn planting /infr/. 9aven, nla. replanting of corn one week after initial planting, replanted corn. inan. poss.; corn for replanting. 9avenah, iv. replant corn. 9aventa, tv. replant corn. t skaventa hcob. I am replanting my corn field. 9aventaan, tv. replant much corn. ?aventaobil, n4f. corn for replanting. 9avol, nla. corn planting. 9avolah, iv. plant corn. vavolahebal, n3d. net or shoulder bag for seed corn and beans. 9avolahebal te9, nphr(n type n)5. digging stick /archaic/. 9avulan, tv. keep planting corn. 9avulanan, tv. keep planting a lot of corn /if corn does not come up/, hiaven, agn. replanter of corn. 9ovol, nla. corn planting, newly planted corn. 9ovolah, iv. cf. lavolah. 9ovoltik, n5. planting season. h9ovol, agn. com planter. 9av(3) N. 9avan, iv. shout /to person/, yell, hoot, or scream (drunk), roar (tiger), howl (coyote), yelp (dog), ache. t sfravan kok. My leg is aching. ■Javavet, av. screaming /in fear VI: 7/. 9avavet ta lok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing without cease /in church/. 9av9on, av. shouting (drunk), howling (coyote), yelping (dog V2: 19). 9av9on ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). howling (baby). 9a vet, av. shouting (drunk), roaring (tiger), screaming (siren V3: 11, woman EKL 258: 2-17), howling (coyote). 9an c'an 9avetel. Oh, stop shouting! 9avet ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing /in church; accusing Others of causing sickness/. 9avetah, iv. howl (drunk, coyote). wlah, av. shouting (drunks), howling (coyotes). 9avlahet, av. shouting (plu) /when playing, working contentedly, or drunk/, howling (dogs, coyotes). 9avlahetik, av. shouting (plu) (people). 9avluh, av. yelping suddenly (dog), screaming suddenly /fear, pain/. 9avte9avte, av. howling or shouting from place to place (person), howling from place to place (coyote, lost dog), h^avanel, agn. shouter /infr/. ?apta, tv. shout at, call to, recall soul /infr/. ■Japta baik, rv. call to or shout at each other. 9apta vun, vphr(tv & nld). read aloud /proclamation, list of names/. ■mptaan, tv. shout at or call to /many people/. laptael, vn5. ceremony to recall soul. ■Mptaluh, iv. recall /soul/. 9aptaobil, n4f. gourd for recaUing souls. 9aptaob-baiL vn(n & rpncpd)5. recaUing of soul. 9aptavan, iv. shout at person, recall person's soul (shaman). h?aptael, agn. person who is shouted at. lmptavaneh, agn. person who shouts at another. ?ov, n5. shouting, vavariente N(Sp, aguardiente). lavanen te, nla. cane liquor, warto N(Sp, albarda). ?avarto, nla. packsaddle. 9avartoin, tv. saddle /horse/. Tavasena N(Sp, aguacen). 9avasena, nla. patent medicine /drunk by poor Chamulas as a substitute for cane liquor/. Tivena N(Sp, avena). ■Javena, n. wild oat Avena fatua var. fatua, #593(1). Highland "plant". The seeds are sown by ladinos in the rainy season. They are eaten by ladinos. (3)-They are "cold". 9aver Pt(Sp, a ver). 9aver, pt. let's see. 9avranaka ■Javrahaka, basil, cf. lanahaka. 9avril N(Sp, avril). 9avril, n5. April. 9avyon N(Sp, avion). 9avyon, nla. airplane. yavyonal 9ak' k'ok'. warplane. 9ay(l) I. 9a, iv(contr of lay), went /acts as auxiliary verb/. 9a stam tal. He went and brought it. 9ay, iv. go and return /restricted to past tense/. mi 9ay nas. Did he come this morning? /person no longer present/. bu Ia9ay. Where did you go or where have you been? /asking person who has returned/. 9ay(2) O. 9ay, excl. ugh!, ow! /exclamation of disgust, annoyance, pain or fear/. 9ayayet, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19). 9ay9on, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19). 9aylahet, av. squealing (hungry puppies). 9ayluh, av. squealing suddenly (dog in pain or fear). 9aytcayte, av. shouting about (drunk). 9ayan 9ayan, birth, cf. 9oy(l). 9e(l) Pt. 9e, pt. oh /phrase or sentence initial term, allowing pause for thought, or expressing doubt/. 9e mu hna9 k'u si. Oh, I don't know how. var., ie /lengthened vowel/, he. ■>e(2) N. ■)eal, n3b. mouth /person, animal, flute/, voice, notch /warping bar/, grinding surface /metate/, blade /knife, axe, hoe/, speech, tooth /person, animal, comb/, fever sores /in mouth/, mortise. ye nos. He is just talking big. lok'an tal ye e"i9, lok'an tal ye 9inatab, lok'an tal ye ka9, lok'an tal ye vakas. Come out dog's tooth, come out iguana's tooth, come out horse's tooth, come out cow's tooth /said by mother to induce growth of strong new tooth when she tosses her child's baby tooth on the roof/. 9ein cak, vphr(tv // n). Scolding speech, generally between women; accusing person of refusing to tell the truth. mi ha9 avein 1 acake. Was it your ass you were quoting? 9einbe 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). misquote. iyeinbe ye li buc'u ta slooilahe. He misquoted the person who was talking. 9e(3) N. ■?eah, iv. carry burden a short distance /infr/. 9ean, tv. carry burden a short distance /either on one's back or by mule/. •Jeanan, tv. carry burdens 9eanluh, iv. carry burden a short distance. 9ehan, tv. cf. lean /infr/. 9eovah, iv. carry burden by mule. 9eoval, nld. pack trip. h9eaneh, agn. person carrying burden a short distance. h9eoval, agn. muletrain, muleteer /accompanying loaded mules/. 9e(4) Pt. 9e, pt. too. restricted to yec 9e nuk: that too / Vo'i-bie/. 9e9 O. 9e9, onom. grunt /mule/. 9e9luh, av. gasping suddenly (falling child). 9e9on, av. saying "oh, oh" when jogged (infant being carried), cooing (baby EKL 258: 2-21). 9ee» N. 9ee", n4e. echo. 9ee"an, iv. echo. 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 t sTCe'an ke. My voice echoes. 9ee'an9ee'an, iv. echo and reecho. S9ee'an9ee'an ye ti prove 9une. The poor fellow's voice is echoing and reechoing /drunk shouting/. We P. 9ecahtik, aj. cf. tecel /plu/. ■?ecan, tv. cause to lie on one's back /woman/. 9ecan ba, rv. lie on one's back. 9ec9on, av. lying on back and moving from side to side straining to get up (baby, drunk). ?ecec yalel, vphr(av & dr). faUing over backwards /from sitting or squatting position/. 9ecel, aj. lying on back (drunk). •Jecet, av. lying on back and moving (baby, drunk, woman). ■Jecetik, av. cf. tecet (plu). 9eclah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu). 9eclahet, av. lying and moving /in sexual relations (plu)/, falling down and getting up repeatedly. 9eclahetik, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu). 9ecleh, nld. lying on back. 9ecluh, av. falling on one's back suddenly. 9ec'(l) I. tec', iv. pass by, pass (sickness, grief, time, fear), abate (rain), leak (pot, house). ?ec' 909on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). do everything in one's power, try one's best. i9ec' ko9on ta h-mek pero muk' 9onos kol 9un. I did everything I could but he did not recover. 9ec' yo9on isk'opon li eebe pero muk' sk'ane. He tried his best and talked to the girl but she spurned him. 9ec" wun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). recover /from sickness/, win /fight/, endure. 9ec' yu9un ti 9utele. He endured the tongue-lashing. 9ec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). pass by person, leave person behind. 9ec'-helanhelan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone behind. 9ec' ta 9abtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). carry out a religious post. tec' ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj). share equally. 9ec' ta lek, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). pass safely (sickness), turn out well. 9ec' ta lek li balamil ?un a9a to, si ti mi lek li balamil t smane. "The land certainly turned out well", one says if the land that is being bought is good. ?ec' nos ta mas lek li eebe. The girl turned out to be just beautiful. 9ec' ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). be excessive or extreme, overdo, go too far, get out of hand. 9ec" ta mas ti ye. lit., his mouth went too far, i.e., He spoke intemper- ately. 9ec' ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5). marry in the church. 9ec'9ec', iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly. ■Jec'iec'tik, iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly. 9ec'el, nc. time, planting /1-2/, meal, round /drinking/. ?ak'o sa 9otro h-?ec"eluk. Pass it around another time. ta slah ta h-9ec"el veiel. It will last for only one meal. 9ec'el lec'el, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). passing by frequently (drink-pourer, constable repeatedly summoning person, rain). 9ec"om , nphrfaj & n)Id. last year's /corn, beans, waterme lon squash/. tei'om te, nphr(aj & n4d). overtalkative. 9ec'om-ta9ah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become overcooked (cabbage, beans), become hard-boiled (eggs). ?ec'om tok'on, ajphr(aj & aj). hard-boiled (egg), overripe (fruit). Tec'omah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), become a spinster. 9ec'omtah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), cf. tec'omah. h?ec'el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5). traveller, passerby. ?et'es, tv. avoid, dodge /rock, blow/. ?et'esbon tal 9abolahan. Please pass it to me. 9et'es 9O9on, vphr(tv // n). satisfy one's desire, glut. iyet'es yo9on ta tui'-pos". He glutted himself with drink, iyet'es yo9on ta 9avanel. He shouted to his heart's content. 9et'es k'op, vphr(tv & n5). translate, interpret. 9et'es ta 9abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). advance in office /advance funds so that family member can. carry out his religious office/. 9et'esob, nlf. instrument for dodging, avoiding, or parrying /toreador's cape, overhang that provides shelter from rain, food and drink given to musicians so they will play./ 9et'esobil, nlf. cf. tet'esob. 9et'esvan ta 9abtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). advance person in office /advance money to family member so that he can carry out his religious office/. h9et'esvaneh ta 9abtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who advances money to family member so that he can carry out his religious office. ec'el, dr. auxiliary verb expressing movement away from. 9ec'(2) N. 9ec', nla. air pine . 9ec'tik, n5. expanse of air pines on many trees. 9aneil 9ec\ nphr(natt & n)5. 'female tec", Vriesea werckleana, #447(1,2). Temperate "plant" (5)-An unattested variety is used in major curing ceremonies. It is "cold". (16)-An unattested variety is used to decorate a patient's ceremonial bed. eahal ?aneil 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). see below, k'os eahal 9aneil ^ec", nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Tillandsia bulzii, #399(1,3). Highland "plant" c'is* 9aneil 9ec', nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). Pitcairnia purpusii, #1065(1,3,5). Highland "plant". 9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & n)5. Tillandsia vicentina, # 139(1,2,4,5). Highland plant". Children should avoid putting this plant in their mouths, lest they become mute or begin to stutter. Tillandsia bulzii, #B9525 (5,5a). Highland "plant". Tillandsia fasciculata, #2122(7,11). Temperate plant". Pitcairnia sp., #B9501(5,5a). Highland "plant". Pitcairnia breedlovei, #1662(7). Highland, temperate, and lowland plant" 9uma9 9ec'tik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of 9uma9 lee'. 9aneil 9uma9 ?ec', nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). Pitcairnia karwinskya- na, #498(1,2). Highland "plant", k'os 9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tillandsia capitata, #1858(1,16). Highland "plant". bae"i 9ec', nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Same as krus tec'. bik'tal 9ec\ nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1,2,3,4,5). Highland plant". Same as krus tec'. (S'is tei', nphr(n type n). 'spiky tec", Tillandsia rodrigueziana, #711(1,2). Temperate "plant". Pitcairnia breedlovei, #1662(14). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant", kilon tei', nphr(x type n)le. 'long tec", cf. below, kilon 9ed'tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of kilon tec'. eahal kilon te£\ nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, #669(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". Thirty-six plants are gathered by the stewards on Monday of Holy Week. Ideally, each steward provides three plants. If the quota has not been met, those stewards who provided less than three must fill the quota the following day. These plants, which are used indiscriminately with the white variety, are hung on the branches of the two pine trees which flank the cross on Good Friday. sakil kilon tet', nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, #522(2,5). Temperate and highland "plant" Same use as eahal kilon tec'. krus ?ec', nphr(n type n)le. 'cross tec", Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1,2,3,4,5), #1849(1,16), #2243(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". This is one of the basic ingredients of "flower water". It is "cold". Three plants are used to decorate the house cross and each shrine at a TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 51 curing ceremony. For each flower change the stewards gather 900 plants. (23)-800 plants are provided by the senior steward in charge; 500 of these to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence. Forty plants are provided by each of the other senior stewards. Sixty plants are provided by the senior steward to decorate his coffer. (5)-An unat-tested variety is gathered by the stewards-royal every Saturday to decorate the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas and their coffers. The elders decorate the altar of the grand alcalde every two weeks. (23)-Forty plants are provided by each steward on the Seventh Posada to decorate the creche. (l)-Thirty-five of an unattested variety are used for the above purpose. (1 et al)-The plants are sold by San Feliperos at Christmastime in San Cristobal, Chiapa, and Tuxtla. cf. eis tuc, c'ib. krus ■Jec'tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of krus lei'. k'os 9ec\ nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatenwlensis, # 141 (1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Same as krus tec'. vohton 9ec\ nphr(n type n)le. 'ear of corn tec", Tillandsia ponderosa, #140(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". For major curing ceremonies fifteen plants are gathered. Three are added to the basic ingredients of "flower water' They are "cold". One each is also placed at the altar of each of the three churches in Zinacantan center, one at each of the six mountain shrines, one on the house entrance cross, and two at the top of the arch at the entrance to the patient's ceremonial bed. The number used may vary. To make the roof cross of the creche, three plants are gathered by the stewards on the Sixth Posada and stored in the church for two days. The red leaves and flowers are alternated with white corn husk leaves. They are bound to a small wooden cross. The plants are sold by Chamulas and San Feliperos in San Cristobal during the Christmas season, cf. eis tuc. (RML)-One plant is placed at each corner of the roof of the creche, vohton ?ec'tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of vohton tec'. k'os vohton 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Tillandsia seleriana, #722(1,2), #775(1,2,3,5). Temperate "plant". Tillandsia fasciculala, #2122(1). Temperate "plant". 9ec' •>antivo, nphr(n4f of n5). Tillandsia fasciculala, #2122(14). Temperate "plant" Teh 9eh, carry burden a short distance, cf. t^Q). 9ek O. 9ek, onom. squawk /chicken/. 9ekek, av. squawking in fright. 9ekeket, av. squawking in fright. 9ek")on, av. squawking in fright (chicken). •Jeklah, av. cf. tekek (plu). 9eklahet, av. cf. tekton (plu). ickluh, av. giving sudden squawk (chicken). 9ekte9ekte, av. squawking about. lekel N. ?ekel, nld. merchandise for resale, trade goods. Tekelta, tv. resell, trade /corn, flowers, fruit/ (middleman, trader). lekeltaan, tv. resell or trade much /corn, flowers, fruit/. hiekel , agn(nphr/n of n/5). middleman, trader /corn, flowers, fruit/. teklesa ?eklesa, church, cf. eklisya. Teklisa ';eklisa, church, cf. TOklisya. wklisya N(Sp, iglesia). ?eklisya, n5. church. ?ek'el N. ■Jek'el, nla. axe, hatchet. ?ek'lal ka?, nphr(n4f of n5). branding-iron, brand. ?ek'en N. lek'en, nla. metate platform /heavy raised piank on which metate stands/. wk'l 9ek*l, branding iron, brand, cf. lek'el. te\ X. 9ebon, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty /face/. 9elelet, av. moving greasily /fat on surface of liquid/. 9elet, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty /face/. 9ellahet, av. cf. tehon (plu). 9elte9elte, av. walking about with greasy or sweaty /face, hair/. 9elamonis N(Sp, limones). ■?elamonis, nla. lime. 9elamonisaltik, n5. large lime grove. ■>elamonistik, n5. lime grove. te9el lelamonis, nphr(natt & n). 'lime tree', lime Citrus aurantifolia, #300(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The seeds are planted by ladinos in June. The fruit is harvested in October. Lime juice is used together with chili, mint, coriander, and salt to flavor beef broth. It is also used to flavor cabbage, amaranth, rattle-box, and deadly nightshade. It is "cold". To ease chest pains /met vinik/, a glass of the sweetened juice is drunk. Ladinos use limes for limeade. •>elan I. lelan, iv. be like. k'u sa^elan. How are you? /plu/. k'u yu^un sana9 S9elan tol t sak' vo9e. Why do you think it is raining as much as it is? meleano ti k'u sfrelan t sale. Make it the way he says. li sftelan li be li->i mu stak' sisanavotik lek. The way the path is now we can't walk easily. yan 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). awful, disgusting, yan lelan 9aii, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). be disgusted with. yan lelan 9o9on, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d). be worried or anxious. 9elav N. 9elav, n5. diversion. ■>elav, n4d. in front of, facing, opposite. ta kelav. opposite me. vo9one yelav be to ta h-mek. I was right there facing the road. mu sa sna1) k'u sielan yelav li sves lune. He no longer knew the inside from the outside of his pants. 9elavah, iv. divert oneself aimlessly, be pleased or amused by /another's discomfort/. ■Jelavahebal, nlf. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc. •Jelavta, tv. look at /spectacle, fight, etc./. ?elavtaan, tv. look at many things /without buying any/. ■Jelavtaobil, n4f. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc. 9elavtavan, iv. watch person making a fool of himself. hielav, agn. spectator. h9elavtavaneh, agn. person watching another making a fool of himself. ?eleksyon N(Sp, eleccion). ?eleksyon, n5. election. ■?elek' N. lelek'il, n3a. stolen goods. h"?elek', agn. robber. 9elk'ah, iv. steal. 9elk'an, tv. steal. 9elk'anan, tv. steal many times. mukul-9elk'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). snitch. 9elk' ■>elk', steal, cf. lelek'. 9elom N. 9elom, n4d. a good thing that has been noticed and will be sought again /object or girl/. ?elomta, tv. notice a good thing that will be returned to. ■>elomtaan, tv. notice good things that will be returned to. 9elomtavan, iv. watch girlfriend. 9em prob P or P(2). 9em-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced. 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9emahtik, aj. cf. leme! /plu/. 9em?em, aj. cf. lemel. 9em9on sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking with fat face. 9emel, aj. fat (face), lemelik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/. ?emet sat, vphr(av & n4d). idle and fat-faced, lemleh, nld. fatness /face/. 9emte9emte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with fat face. 9empac N(Sp, empache). 9empac, nla. blemish /dark markings on skin/. ?en(l) prob P or P(2). 9en-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. chubby. 9en-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced. 9en9en c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot). 9en9on c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy). ?enel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot). 9enlah, av. toddling with chubby (bellies) /puppies/. 9enlahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lemon c'ut (plu). fenlahetik, av. toddling (children). ■Jentoente c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby belly. 9en(2) prob P or P(2). 9en9on, av. glowing, smarting. 9enel, aj. glowing, •fenlahet, av. glowing. 9enero N(Sp, enero). 9enero, n5. January. ■Jenerotik, n5. sometime in January. 9cnhenyero 9enhenyero, surveyor, cf. 9ihinyero. 9enkahe N(Sp, encaje). 9enkahe, n5. ammi Ammi majus, #972(1,3). Highland plant" A few Zinacantecs plant the seeds in their yards during the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. Conium maculatum, #362(1,2). Highland "plant". Same use as above. 9eno 9eno, well, good. cf. ben(2). 9entero A(Sp, entero). 9entero, aj. very, real, exactly, really, completely. 9entero mol. very old man. 9entero k'op. a real argument. 9entero yec sftelan. exactly alike. 9entero camel, sickness not caused by witchcraft. 9enterotik, aj. almost exactly. 9entre Pt(Sp, entre). 9entre, pt. among /infr/. ta 9entre skotol. by (or) for everyone. 9entrokal N(Sp, entregar). 9entrokal, n5. presentation, var., lenirukal. Scolding speech; 9entrokal ti k'u yepal stohole. Hand over as much as it is worth. 9ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over, hand over to. 9ak' ba 9entrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, present oneself. 9entmkal 9entrukal, presentation, cf. 9eDtrokal. 9ep A. 9ep, aj. a lot of, many. 9ep ta 9ec'el (or) 9ep ta bwelta. many times. 9epah, iv. increase, grow bigger (tear, wound). t S9epah kriscano. There are more people /at fiesta, etc./. 9epahes, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/. 9epal, n4f. many, much. k'u yepal. how many, how much, how many?, how much? 9epal, aj. a lot of, many. 9epal ka9. a lot of horses. 9epal nab. large lake, many lakes. 9epal 9ok con, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 'many-legged bug', millepede. 9ep9ep, aj. quite a lot. 9ep9eptik, aj. quite a lot. 9epub, iv. increase, grow bigger. 9epubtas, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/. h9epal-9e, agn(aj & ncpd). gossip. tol h9epal-9e slo9ilta ec'el ta yan kriscano. He is a terrible gossip - he will tell it to somebody else. h9epal-hol, agn(aj & ncpd). liar. bae>i h9epal-hol Ie9e tol syul ta shol k'u snopilan. He is a real liar - he thinks up all sorts of lies. ■>ep' O. 9ep', onom. creak, squeak (door). ?ep'9on, av. creaking or squeaking frequently (bed), making dry scraping sounds (bags of toasted tortillas being carried on muleback). Creaking beams are considered a sign that the house was built in a dangerous place. ■)ep'ep', av. creaking or squeaking (door). 9ep'ep'et, av. squeaking or creaking constantly (door, bed, tree, oxcart). 9ep'et, av. squeaking slowly (door, tree). 9ep'lah, av. creaking or squeaking (oxcart), making dry scraping sound (toasted tortillas in bag). 9ep'lahet, av. creaking or squeaking (trees, oxcart). 9ep'luh, av. giving sudden squeak or creak (door). 9ep'om to, nphr(aj & n)5. squeaking or creaking tree. 9era N(Sp, era). 9era, nla. threshing floor, 'ennano N(Sp, hermano). 9ermanoil, n3d. cousin. nam-tal 9ermanoil. distant cousin. 9es(l) N. 9es, n4d. way of life. Denunciatory speech; k'usi aves k'usi avabtel. lit., What is your way of life, what is your work, i.e., What kind of person are you? 9esin, tv. do, restricted to; ma9uk t skesin, ma9uk t skabtelan. That's not what I do, that's not my work /person refusing to return to town hall to conclude dispute/. •>es(2) X. 9es9on, av. dragging feet. 9esel k'obol, nphr(aj & n)5. paromychia /yeast infection that causes fingers and palms of women to split from too much laundering/. 9eseltik, aj. cracked (earth, hands), split. 9eset, av. sitting listlessly, working reluctantly. 9eset yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub). 9esomah, iv. harden and flake off (skin disease). 9espanyol N(Sp, espaiiol). 9espanyol, n5. Spaniard /of mythic times/. 9espara N(Sp, espada). 9espara, nld. sword. 9este Pt(Sp, este). 9este, pt. the /hesitation form used when searching for correct word/. ta 9este 9este hna. to the, the, my house. 9es I. 9es, iv. split and become powdery (limeX sPut open (corn when boiled twice for posol). 9es9on, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash). 9eseah, iv. crumble and fall. 9eses yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub). 9eseset, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash). 9eset yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub that does not adhere). 9esk'uh, iv. crumble and fall. 9eslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping and falling in many places (daub). 9eslahet, av. burning without flame (dry logs). 9eslahet yalel, av. slipping down (daub). 9esluh yalel, av. slipping down suddenly (daub). 9esp'uh, iv. cf. lesk'uh. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 53 ■>es"te9es'te yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down here and there. veskanya N(Sp, escano). 9es"kanya, nla. bench /of civil authorities and elders/, var., leskenya. ?eskenya 9eskenya, bench, cf. ?eskanya. Tespulal N(Sp, espuela). lespulal 9ok, nphr(nlf of n4d). dewclaw. Tetel(l) N. letelil, n3d. Female speech; vagina. Scolding female speech; yetel nos li ?anee. lit., The woman has just a vagina, i.e., She does not know how to work. ietel(2) N. 9etel, n4a. thread marker for chicken. ?etelin, tv. get thread marker for chicken. let' 9et\ dodge, avoid, glut, etc. cf. 9ec'(l). ■>ey E. 9ey, excl. okay! /exclamation of assent when asked to do something, acknowledgment when object is being handed to person, response to hailing cry/. 9i(l) Pt(Sp, y). 9i, pt. and. 9i(2) E. ?i kahval, nphr(excl & n5). Female speech, exclamation of surprise or dismay; Oh my god! var., liy kahval. 9iy, excl. principally Female speech, exclamation of dismay; Oh! 9ii O. W9on, av. chatting, gabbing, blabbing. s9i99on S9a99on. lit., He is saying "yes, yes", i.e., He is mumbling to himself (drunk). cf. hft. wet, av. whining (car), grumbling (stomach). 9i9i9et, av. buzzing (bee, cicada, saw EKL 259: 1-1), whining (heavily laden truck, mosquito), moaning (train EKL 252: 1-1). wlah, av. walking and chatting (plu). wlahet, av. cf. 9f99on (plu). wlahetik, av. chatting or gabbing (plu). wluh, av. farting suddenly, grumbling suddenly (stomach). 9i9te9i9te, av. grumbling time and again (stomach). ?i9i Pt. 9i9i, pt. no /nasalization of vowel/. 9i9itik, pt. not quite. ?ib(l) N. 9ib, nld. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus /archaic/. 9ib(2) X. 9ibah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). be filled with disgust, be horrified, revolted, or nauseated. t S9ibah yo9on ti mi 9u k'u yatinoh sk'u9e. He is horrified when something has stained his clothes. Tibal 9o9on, nphr(n4e of n4d). disgust, ■ribbon 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feehng nauseous. Tibet 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. 9ibib ?o9on, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea. 9ibibet 7O9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. 9ibil, aj. queasy. 9ibluh 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea. 9ibte9ibte 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. h9ibal-'?o?on, agn(n & ncpd). squeamish person /about food/. 9ibel N. Tibel, n4b. root /tooth, plant, vine, tree/, wall, side, foot of wall /house, cave/, foot of /rock, mountain/. yibel 9osil. bank. yibel vinahel. horizon. Scolding speech; e"un avisim, e"un avibel kere. lit., Plant your roots, plant your roots, son, i.e., Become strong like a tree /taunt implying, "Let's see if you can witch me"/. 7ibes N. libes, cf. cenek'. 9ieni9alril N. 9ieni9aleil, nld. brother-in-law, sister-in-law /archaic term of address between those married to two brothers or sisters/, var., lienhalein. r>ieni9alein 9ieni"?alein, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, cf. 9ieni9aleil. oieompi N. 9ieompi, nld. son sapote Licaniaplatypus, #1705(1,4,7,11,12). Lowland "tree". Slips are transplanted by ladinos in the rainy season. The fruit is sold in Zinacantan center during the fiesta of St. Lawrence. It is "hot". 9ieompitik, n5. grove of son sapotes. 9ie"in N. ■ne'inal, n3d. male's younger brother /reference and address/, younger /of men/Junior /term used to distinguish the less prestigious of a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of junior official, fourth sacristan, and to less prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpacoletik, angels, mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the smaller of the two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/. absolute form; term of address used by senior of paired religious officials to his junior colleague. 9ie'inal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. member /but not leader/ of group that accompanies visiting saint. 9ie"inin, tv. acquire younger brother (boy). 9ic N. 9ic(I), nla. bile. 9ic(2), nla. chili, inan. poss.;yicil: chili seasoning, lime mixed with tobacco. Chili, when eaten in large quantities, is believed to cause sexual excitation. If, when a person burns chili, he smells the smoke instantly, it is believed that his guardian animal is right behind his house. 9ictik, n5. field of chilies. bak ii&, nphr(aj & n)la. 'skinny chili', chili Capsicum annuum, #2653(1,3,15,20), #3018(11). Lowland "plant". The chilies are sold at market. They are eaten raw or put in food for seasoning. They are "hot". (l)-The seeds are sown in July and the chilies are harvested in December and again in June of the following year. (3)-The seeds are sown in May and the chilies are harvested at the end of August and in the beginning of September. (ll)-The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in August of the following year. bak 9ictik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of bak lie. bik'it bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #2653(21). Lowland "plant". k'os bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #3018(1,4,5). Lowland "plant" (4)-The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in September. muk'ta bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #2652(1,3). Lowland "plant". (l)-The seeds are sown in July and the chilies are harvested in December and again in June of the following year. (3)-The seeds are sown on May 15 and the chilies are harvested in the beginning of November. eo9 mut 9i6, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)la. 'bird shit chili', wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #1325(1,3,4,5,8), #2654(20). Lowland "plant*. The chilies are eaten raw with a meal or brewed in the pot of food. They are "hot". (RML)-The alternate name for this chili, tempic tic, is used indiscriminately by the same speakers who recognize it to be a single variety of chili. eo9 mut 9i£tik, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. expanse of wild chili, k'os eo9 mut 9ii£iD N. Ticin, n5. great-horned owl Bubo virginianus. It is not eaten. The person whose name it calls out reputedly is doomed to certain death. The appearance of this owl in Zinacantan portends many deaths. Ticon N. Ticonil, n3b. in front of, opposite, the front side. Ritual speech; cf. e"el. ta kicon. in front of me. Tic' T. Tic', tv. receive, carry, take. Toast; kic'ban! Tic'o!. I take it first! Take it! bu savic' cobtik. Where can you find corn fields? /in place where they have long since disappeared/. Tic', nc. rest, pause, swig. Tic' , vphr(tv & vn5) be . t sic' conel. be sold. t sic' hok'anel. be hung up. Tic' Tabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to job hunt. Tic' Takusa, vphr(tv & n5). be injected, ■we' Tic', vphr(tv & tv). get a little /sick/. Tic' Tik', vphr(tv & n5). breathe. •nS Tilel, vphr(tv & vn5). be given curing ceremony. Tic' ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). take seriously, pay attention to, take to heart. iyic' TO yoTon li hal icuke. He took to heart the long imprisonment. Tic' ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5). be responsible, act virtuously or conscientiously, take seriously. iyic' sba ta kwenta mu sa masuk syakub. He became responsible; he didn't get drunk much any more. mu siC sba ta kwenta ti k'u paltae. He doesn't take the faults serious- iy- iyii' sba ta kwenta iscan rason. He was responsible and had learned the right way to live. Tic' ba ta muk', vphr(rv & prep & aj). be responsible, act virtuously or conscientiously, take seriously. mu sic' sba ta muk' tol syakub. He isn't responsible; he gets drunk too much. lek iyic' sba ta muk' isk'opon kahvaltik. He lived virtuously, he prayed to Our Lord. mu si£' sba ta muk' ta yabtel. He did not serve conscientiously in office. Tic' bahel, vphr(tv & vn5). be bled. Tic'-bail ta kventa, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). responsibility, conscientiousness. Tic'-bail ta muk', nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & aj). responsibility, conscientiousness. Tic' bentisyon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). be blessed. TiC eacal, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4f). become strong (pot), become fluffy (wool clothing), become firm (daub). Tic' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). take. Ti£' holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave. Ti£' hufi'neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind /corn/. Ti£' kehanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be forced to kneel. Tic1' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). calculate. iyiC* kwenta lek stohol yahTabtel. He calculated carefully the wages TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 55 of his workers. Tic' k'isnael, vphr(tv & vn5). be wanned by smoke cure, be warmed by medicine /woman in labor/. Tic' lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). be drawn out (sickness). Tic' moanal, vphr(tv & n4d). be poor. Tic' melol, vphr(tv & n40- correct itself (weaving). mu sic' smelol. He does not know right from wrong. Tic' nihanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be pulled face down by the hair (unruly child). Tic' nopel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be decided /in common/, be elected /magistrate/. iyic" nopel ti su? sic' conel li Tosile. It was decided that the land could be sold. yic' nopel ti t STOC skantelae. lit., It was decided that candles should enter, i.e., It was decided that a (curing) ceremony should be held. Tic' pas-vah, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). learn to make tortillas. Tid' pek\ vphr(tv & n5). be whipped. Tic' rios, vphr(tv & n5). take communion. •hi' ta Tak'-fiamel, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & vn/tv & vncpd/5). invite witchcraft /persistent demands for return of long-standing debts/. Ti£' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). pay attention to, take seriously, be aware of. muk' sic' ta kwenta k'u t sTalbat. He never paid attention to what he was told. yic'oh ta kwenta skotol ti k'utik paltae. He was aware of all the faults. Tic' ta k'ak'al, vphr(tv & prep & n5). rely on. ■nc' ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj). care for, help, care about, treat well, be good to. yic'oh ta k'us sc'amaltak. His children have been treated well. lek sic' ta k'us hpas-Tabteletik sak'be ta c'om stak'in. He is good to office holders; he lends them money. mu sic' ta k'us yisim naka sconel. He doesn't care about his corn; he sells it right off. Tic' ta mahvaneh, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to beat up someone. Tic' ta milvuneh, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to kill someone. Tic' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep & aj). pay attention to, take seriously, show concern for, heed. mu sic' ta muk' yahcamel. He shows no concern for his patient. mu sic' ta muk' svayic. He pays no attention to his dreams. Tic' ta pletu, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be provoked into the desire to fight. Tic' tak'in, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cost, receive payment. Tic' tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring. Tic' tohel, vphr(tv & vn5). earn money. Tic' VOT, vphr(tv & n5). be baptized. A baby receives its soul (c'ulel) and its name at baptism. If it dies before baptism it is buried with its head to the east in a special graveyard and is believed to become a som-breron. Tic'an, tv. receive, carry, take /plu/. mu savic'an Tabtel. Don't bother (or) Don't take the trouble. Tic'anan, tv. cf. ">ic'an. Tic'anTic'an, tv. take, carry or receive one after another. Tic'anTic'anan, tv. cf. lic'aniic'an. Tic"be, tv. receive from. TicT>e Tip, vphr(tv & n4e). take a rest. TicT>e hap, vphr(tv & n4d). calculate amount of person's free time. Tic"be k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). ask permission, inquire if. t sic"be sk'op hmilvaneh. lit., He asks permission to be a murderer, i.e., He asks for authority to kill a person. Tifbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn to behave, learn the right way. mu sic'be smelol rason k'u sTelan sk'opoh. He has never learned how to speak wisely. TicT>e tuk'il, vphr(tv & n4f). aim, sight /shooting, measuring land/. Tic'el, nc. pause, time /taking dispute to court/. Tic'et TuTun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying /weapon for self-protection, key/. Tic'et ta kompisyon, nphr(av & prep & n5). being interrogated. Tic"ob, n4e. direction. ta yic'obal. in the direction of. Tid'ob Tipal, nphr(n of n)5. resting place /where funeral party or group accompanying visiting saint traditionally stops briefly to rest/. Tic'ob rason, nphr(n of n)5. wise or trustworthy person. Tic'ob VOT, nphr(n of n)5. baptismal font. Tif'ob VOT, nphr(n4f of n5). baptismal banquet. skastoal yic'ob VOT. money to provide for the baptismal banquet, svunal yid'ob VOT. baptism receipt. Tic'olah, iv. consume one's funds. Tii'omal, nld. treasure, wealth, assets /penis, testicles, vagina/. TiX'teTic'te TuTun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying about /weapon, key/. Tic'ulan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving. Tic'ulanan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving /plu/. Tii'van, iv. consume one's funds (religious post). hTid'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). betrayer, person who passes on another's confidences to his enemy. hTic'-pus, agn(tv & ncpd). person taking sweatbath. hTic'vaneh ta kompisyon, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). interrogator /civil authority/. bat ta Tic'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband's house permanently. Tic'ak N. Tic'ak mis, nphr(n4d of n5). 'cat's claw', prickly ash Zanthoxylum folio-sum, #B9266(5,5a), #157(1,2,4,5). Highland vine" #2218(1,3,4). Highland "tree". prickly ash Zanthoxylum culantrillo, #2016(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "vine" A bunch may be tied with a two meter long blue or green ribbon and left on the trail where one's prospective girlfriend will pass by. If she picks it up this indicates she will accept the boy's advances. Tic'ak mistik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yic'ak mis. k'os Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mimosa adenantheroides, #2980(1). Temperate "tree". muk'ta Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Machaerium biovula- turn, #2896(1,4,14). Lowland "tree". (14)-It is used for firewood. sakil Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solatium oaxacanum, #860(1,2). Lowland "vine" Tic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). young bean pod /stage piecedingpak'ayom/. Tic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). 'bird claw', lilac fuschia Fuschia pankulata, #420(1,2,5), #939(1,3). Highland "tree". Oreopanax xalapensis, #170(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree". k'anal Tic'ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). gold shower Galphimia glauca, #2092(1). Temperate "tree". Deppea grandiflora, #509(1,2). Highland "tree". Tic'ak mut Tak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Lonicera mexicana, #26(1,3,4). Highland "vine". Valerianascandens, #97(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "vine". Combretum fruticosum, #175(3). Lowland "vine". Tic'ak mut e'iTlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). lilac fuschia Fuschia paniculata, #566(2,5). Temperate plant" Tid'ak mut to, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). shrub groundsel Senecio uspantanensis, #534(2,5). Temperate "tree" Tif'ak sinfiail, nphr(n4f of n3d). braided fringe of sash connecting body of sash to cord. Tic'akil, n3d. claw, toenail. Toy sa shol yic'aktak ti k'ope. lit., The dispute now has extra claws, i.e., The dispute has reached alarming proportions. niT Tic'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). toenail, fingernail, tendril. Tin O. Tih, excl. oh! /gasping in pain/. TihTon, av. whimpering (puppy V2: 19 bitch calling puppy, sleeping person or dog), giggling. Tihet, av. gasping /pain/. Tihihet, av. whinnying (stallion V2:11 & 12, V4: 2), neighing (horse EKL 252: 1-18). Tihlahet, av. giggling (plu). Tihlahetik, av. giggling (plu). 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9ihteiihte, av. walking about gasping /enduring pain in leg or foot/. ■Jihinycro N(Sp, ingeniero). ?ihinyero, agn. road-engineer, surveyor, var., lenhenyero. lihu-laein 9iho-lacin, son of a bitch! cf. hiho. ?ik T. 9ik, tv. hold up, prop up /drunk, patient, tree/, grab /stake/. yikoh scukbenal. with his hands on his hips. yikoh shol. with his hand supporting his head. yikoh ssat. with his chin resting on his hand. yikoh spat shol. with his hands clasped behind his head /sitting or standing/. 9ik baik, rv. prop each other up. Tikan, tv. bolster (food, curing ceremony). 9ikan ba, rv. recover slightly. 9ikbe, tv. hold up, prop up. Ritual speech, parents of wedding couple to each other; t sikbe sc'ulel t sikbe yanima ti cib ^alabe ti cib nic'nabe. They (the tutelary gods) will sustain the souls, sustain the spirits of the two children (born of) woman, the two children (born of) man. 9ikob, nld. handhold. •Jikobul, nig. handhold. ■Jikobil, nlf. place to lean against. 9ikta, tv. abandon, leave, give up, renounce. 9a li preserentee iyikta ta h-moh scotleb. The magistrate renounced his post permanently. 9ikta ba, rv. quit, stop doing something /wrong/, give up. iyikta sba ta 9ov. He stopped shouting. iyikta sba ta sanbal. lit., He stopped his travels, i.e., He gave up his trading activities. 9iktaan, tv. abandon or leave /plu/. ?iktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. abandonment, divorce. ■Jiktaob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. end of dispute. ?iktavan, iv. abandon or leave person. Tikulan, tv. keep propping up /tree/, likulan baik, rv. keep propping each other up. Tikvan, iv. prop up person /drunk/, sustain person (tutelary gods) /keep in good health/. hTik-nicim, agn(tv & ncpd). petitioner who holds bouquets at wedding. h?iktavaneh, agn. man who abandons wife. h9ikvaneh, agn. Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods; sustain-er. h9ikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector. 9ikac N. ■Jikaeil, n3b. burden, load. c'abal yikae cobtik. The corn did not bear fruit. 9ikaein, tv. carry a burden. h?ikaik'-eilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple or black (face from cold or strangling, rotten meat). 9ik'-eo')an, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (mud-covered clothes). ■Jik'-eonan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (pubic hair, hair under armpits, daddy long legs). lik'-eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (puppy, lamb). 7ik'-eu?an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dirty wrinkled clothing). ■?ik'-eukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dirty black (clothes, anus). Joking speech; dirty black (sky). ■»ik'-e'aban, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (horse), lik'-e'anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). muddy (expanse of water, puddle). •Jik'-e'apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (thorn in foot). ■Jik'-e'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (mule). 9ik'-e'ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (hair). ■Jik'-e'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (eye of person watching another). ■>ik'-e'isan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (cave, pit), vik'-e'otan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (braided wool, mule's halter), lik'-e'uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (skunk's, anteater's, or armadillo's nose). ?ik'-e'uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (cherries in cluster, black-dyed palm, hair of young girl). ■)ik'-ca9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (buzzards, caterpillars). 9ik'-caban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black /dirty face, dark complexion, cloud, sheep/. 9ik'-cahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (beans in net or basket). 9ik'-capan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (coiled water snake lik'-nab). 9ik'-cavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dog, lamb). 9ik'-cecan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (smoke-blackened net, shoulder bag). 9ik'-6enan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). black and blue (eye). 9ik'-cepan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (large patch of skin on face). 9ik'-cesan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black palm for hat), muddy (fallen drank). 9ik'-cevan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (child's face with fright). 9ik'-cevan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (improperly dyed palm). 9ik'-cihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (hair, pubic hair). 9ik'-cinan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (cow). ■>ik'-co9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (complexion), black (hair). ■Mk'-cohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (clusters of fruit). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 57 •rik'-colan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (row of telephone posts). 7ik'-£unan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (com silk). ■rik'-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (blood blister). Tik'-c'eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (pinched face of deathly ill person). lik'-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wool, hair, dirty clothes, dog barely visible at night). •rik'-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bones of dead horse, burned foot). 9ik'-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (smooth road). 7ik'-halan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (pit, cave). ■nk'-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (deep pit, cave). ■nk'-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (heart of boat-tailed grackle, green jay, steller jay or unicolored jay). lik'-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (corn in large piles). 9ik'-het'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (chicken flesh). •rik'-hmn, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (sand, expanse of rocks). ?ik'-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (face of badly pecked chicken, face of woman who has had illegitimate child). Tik'-homan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (deep valley, pass). ■Hk'-hoyan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black and blue (eye). Tik'-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roof poles blackened by smoke). ■nk'-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (face of drunk lying in sun, person who has strangled or choked). 9ik'-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (well-burnt field). Tik'-kaman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dense beard). 9ik'-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (baby's hair). 9ik'-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (rain cloud). ■Hk'-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (circles under eyes). ■Jik'-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (inside of house, standing mule barely visible at night). ■Jik'-koyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (legs covered with robe). Tik'-kuean, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). black (five o'clock shadow). ?ik'-kuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). pitch black (narrow cave or house). 9ik'-kuhan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (young girl's hair, cradle cap). lik'-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (child's hair). •rik'-kusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree). Tik'-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (horizontal stripe, snake, animal broadside in distance). ■rik'-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stretched out black clothing). Tik'-k'oian, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye, face). •rtk'-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bee and wasp grubs, edible caterpillars, muddy seat of pants). ■nk'-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (spherical object, soap). Tik'-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (thom in skin). 9ik'-laean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (piled logs). ■nk'-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillar hairs). ■rik'-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (flock of sheep, mules). ■rik'-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bruised lips, ears with cold). 9ik'-lek'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (sunburn). tik'-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (birthmark). ■rtk'-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (scar of cin). 9ik'-let'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (small number of beans on bottom of bowl or basket). 9ik'-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (fallen drunk, vagina). lik'-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black clothes spread out to dry). •Tik'-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (thread hung up). 9ik'-lo7an, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple. ■rik'-lohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (clusters of fruit). ■>ik'-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (many buzzards, ripe cherries or caterpillars). •rik'-lopan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (eye). •ttk'-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roll of barbed wire, coiled snake). ■tik'-luman, n(aj & ncpd)5. at dawn. ■»ik'-lumantik, n(aj & ncpd). at dawn. Tik'-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (frost-bitten and wilted plants, grimy old hat). Tik'-mae'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (old firewood). lik'-mafian, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (dusk). 9ik'-ma£'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (monkey's face). •Jik'-mahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillars, ear of corn hanging downwards). 9ik'-mas"an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dirty face). ?ik'-meean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree lying on ground). 9ik'-mekan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (child's hair). ?ik'-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (hair). ?ik'-melan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (moustache). Tik'-mit'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (gourd). Tik'-mocan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (coiled snake). ■nk'-moc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scrawny dog). ■>ik'-mokan, aj(aj & prob P, P/2/cpd)., black (bald head). •nk'-mok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (new skirt, burned trees, face of black-man). ■Jik'-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (cloud). 9ik'-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (five o'clock shadow, hairy woman). Tik'-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (whiskers, curly hair). ■Mk'-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5. crested guan Penelopepurpurescens, white-tipped brown jay Psilorhinus mexicanus. 9ik'-nab con, cf. con. •>ik'-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (eyes glaring angrily). •nk'-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (hair sprouting on head). fik'-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stripe of charcoal). 9ik'-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). black (fruit on tree). ■>ik'-nuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (floppy old hat). ■?ik'-nusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (many lice). •?ik'-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (folded black clothing). 9ik'-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (cliffs, large tree). 9ik'-peean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (forked stump). 9ik'-pecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (lips). 9ik'-petan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (cin). 'Mk'-pie'an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., muddy and sopping (clothing), grimy (clothing of people of Vcn-bie). 9ik'-pic'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of dirty clothes). •ftk'-pic'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (caterpillars). ■>ik'-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). glossy black (pot, gourd, stones) ■nk'-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old leaves on tree). 9ik'-pok'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black eye, bruise, birthmark). "?ik'-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blackberries, cherries). ■Mk'-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (strips of burned land not uniformly burnt). 9ik'-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy clothing). 9ik'-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (cave). 9ik'-pukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy lake, river). 9ik'-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (house, land). 9ik'-p'atan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (beans in pods). 9ik'-p'ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (house made with tarred cardboard). ■Jik'-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (open fly with pubic hair showing, crack of darkness seen through door). 9ik'-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (cracked lips). 9ik'-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (hair). 9ik'-p'osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (burnt log). 9ik'-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (roasted meat, toasted tortilla). 9ik'-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (many cherries on tree). ■nk'-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blemish on person afflicted with pinta, legs or head of black vulture). ■?ik'-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (ring around mule's eye, circular pinta marks). 9ik'-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (anus). •?ik*-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (too deeply dyed pom-pom). 9ik'-sihan, aj(aj & Xcpd). black (thorn in foot, cavity). •?ik*-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., dark gray (animals). 9ik'-sot'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (grimy clothes). 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 lik'-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (child's hair). Tik'-sut'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (wrapped up object, tortilla wrapper). Tik'-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (sliced black sapote). 9ik'-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (dirty pot, old gourd, ground, face with pinta). ■rii'-sotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., dark (leg), black (erect horse's penis). 9ik'-sovan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (filthy clothes). Tik'-suc'an, aj(aj & Ncpd). sooty (spook, negro, burned log). Tik'-Sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (old hat, ensign-bearer's hat). ?ik'-sup'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (sunburnt skin), lik'-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (uniformly burned land). ?ik'-te?an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (large standing tree partially consumed by fire, erect penis). 9ik'-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). dark or dirty 0egs)> black (fallen burned trees). •Jik'-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (rain cloud). ■?ik'-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (thighs, face drawn with sickness, vagina). ■>ik'-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman's hair when beautifully thick). 9ik'-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dog's tail). Tik'-toman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (dirty hank of thread). Tik'-tue'an, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., black (burnt, fallen tree). lik'-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). black (corn silk). Tilc'-tuman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dark-skinned (thighs), dirty (neck). 9ik'-t'aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman's gleaming black hair, long coat of sheep). Tii'-t'as'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scab). ?ik'-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (seam sewn with black thread on-white material). ?ik'-t'ihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (jug). 9ik'-t'oban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (t'of). ?ik'-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (scab, patch on clothing). ■Jik'-t'ohan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (coffee or coca-cola being poured, puddle of dirty water). 9ik'-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). muddy (water). 9ik'-va9an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (stump). ?ik'-vaean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wild hair, thick moustache, thick eyebrows). 9ik'-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (pock-marks). ?ik'-vak'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dyed palm frond). 9ik'-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old hat with upturned brim). 9ik'-velan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (lips). 9ik'-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (testicles). 9ik'-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pubic hair, daddy-long legs, wool). 9ik'-voc"an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (many fruit on tree; cherries, berries of thyme-leaf coriaria, dogwood), ■nk'-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (grapes, scrotum, cherries), ■nk'-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (person, devil, or object dimly seen at night). •nk'-voman, aj(aj & P, T/2/cpd)., pitch black (cave, anus). 9ik'-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., black (pot, blisters), •nk'-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (leg). 9ik'-yaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark-skinned. ■?ik'-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (corn in pile), •rik'-yioan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of charcoal). 9ik'-yo9an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (raised head of boa constrictor or iguana). Tik'-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (complexion of deathly ill person). 9ik'akil puy, cf. puy. Tik'al, n4d. dark skin, dirt covering one's clothes. ?ik'al 9aha-e:on, cf. con. •nk'al 9akov, cf. 9akov. 9ik'al ?inatab, cf. 'inalah. •>ik'al wsil, cf. 9osil. Tik'al eukum, cf. eukum. ?ik'alcil, cf. cil. 9ik'al c'is' tot, cf. c'is tot. 9ik'al hcabahom con, cf. con. 9ik'al hoi sulem, cf. sulem. ?ik'al kuyel, cf. kuyel. 9ik'al k'ovis, cf. k'ovis. •Jik'al k*u9 pale, cf.'k'u1). ?ik'al k'u9ul, cf. k'u9ul. 9ik'al lum, cf. lum. tik'al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. black phoebe Sayornis nigricans. 9ik'al na, cf. na. 9ik'al pepen, cf. pepen. 9ik'al pisalal, cf. pisalal. 9ik'al sat e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. white lantana Lantana hirta, # 1366(3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". As a remedy for stomachache, a handful is brewed and a cup of the tea is drunk be fore breakfast. It is "hot". #1909(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". Same use as above. (4)-The tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. Lippia bracteosa, #659(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" As a remedy for malaria, (4)-a small handful of tips, or (2)-the entire plant, is brewed. A small cup of the tea is drunk to end the chills. It is 'hot". 9ik'al san, cf. san(l). 9ik'al sinic, cf. sinii. 9ik'al sulem, cf. sulem. 9ik'al taiv, cf. taiv. 9ik'al talel, nphr(aj & vn)ld. persistence of evil habits. 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & n)5. silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, #B9527(5,5a), # 1263(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree". It is used by travellers for firewood, orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #2522(21,22). Temperate "tree", glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, #49(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree". Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree". bik'it 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #1223A(7). Temperate "tree". It is used for brush fences. Cestrum nocturnum, #2844(7). Lowland "tree", k'os 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, #397(1,3). Highland "tree". Ehretia luxiana, #2441(1). Temperate "tree". muk'ta 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(7). Temperate "tree". It is used for brush fences and for firewood. #2441(20). Highland "tree". Same use as above. sakil 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). sweet leaf Symplocos verni-cosa, # 1543(11,12). Temperate and highland "tree". Cestrum nocturnum, #2844(4,5). Lowland "tree". •>ilc'al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. unidentified highland tree. ?ik'al vonon, cf. vonon. ?ik'9ik'tik, aj. rather black, dark, dirty, or muddy. 9ik'ub, iv. grow dark (sky, woman's face temporarily after childbirth), become dirty. 9ik'ubal, nib. dirt, dust, mud, dirty deed. mu sabal aba ta tik'ubal kere. lit., Don't cover yourself with dirt, son, i.e., Don't get involved with a loose woman. 9ik'ubel, vnle. eclipse, yik'ubel 9osil. evening. nas yik'ubel. eight to nine p.m. An eclipse is explained as the attempt by the souls (c'ulel) of evil people to kill the sun or the moon when they are overburdened by our sins; to prevent this, people make a great outcry, shouting and banging on tables, etc. An eclipse is thought to forecast famine and sickness. A solar eclipse signifies the death of men, an eclipse of the young moon, the death of young women, and an eclipse of the full moon the death of older women. During a lunar eclipse a bowl of water is put outside the house so that the moon can wash her face. hiik'al, agn. spook or supernatural blackman, spook /lesser player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was a constable of the previous year, Carnival character/. ibat ta 9ik'alil. He went out dressed up as a spook /during Cami- TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 59 val/. hTik'al-k'uT, agn(aj & ncpd). buzzard, Chamula. hTik'ubtasvaneh, agn. person who soils or blackens another (child). ■rtk'(3) T. Tik\ tv. take, marry, call. Tik' ba, rv. come. Tik' baik, rv. marry, have sexual relations /polite expression/, call each other. Tik' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). lead away. Tik' ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). arrest. Tik' tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring /people, animal/. Tik'an, tv. take or call /plu/. Tik'an baik, rv. take each other (many people). Tik'Ton, av. calling repeatedly /chickens , sheep/, trying to lead home /drunken husband/, trying to take back /eloped daughter, wife who has returned to her parents/. Tik'be c'ic'el, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., call one's pulse, i.e., suck one's veins (shaman). Tik'be c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). recall one's soul. Tik'et TuTun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along /child, horse/. Tik'lahet, av. cf. iik'")on (plu). Tik'lahetik, av. cf. Ti/t'Ton (plu). Tik'ob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld. gourd for recalling soul. Tik'ob cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer caller", tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, # 1572(1,3,11,12). Lowland and temperate "tree". The stem is used as a deer whistle. #2094(1), #2553(1,4). Temperate "tree" (l)-Same use as above, also used as a toy. #1953(1,3,4), #2289(3,4). Temperate "plant". Tik'ob hcan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). nine o'clock bell to summon school children. Tik'obil hcan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. lik'ob hcan-vun. Tik'teTik'te TuTun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along everywhere /child, dog/. Tik'ulan, tv. keep calling, taking or summoning. Tik'ulan baik, rv. keep taking each other /hunting, etc./, keep remarrying (man and separated wife), keep having sexual relations together /polite expression/. Tik'ulanan, tv. keep summoning /relatives to house of fiancee/. Tik'van, iv. call, marry, or take person, pick up person (car). hTik'vaneh, agn. summoner. tak ta Tik'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon. Tik'tiT N. Tik'tiTil, n3d. Ritual speech; suffering. ti vokolile ti Tik'tiTile. the hardship, the suffering. Tik'os N(Sp, higo). Tik'us, nla. fig Ficus carica, #390(1,4). Highland "tree". The slips are planted in their yards by a very few Zinacantecs during the rainy season. The fruit, which is harvested in August, is eaten raw or sold at market in San Cristobal. The ladinos make fig candy. Figs are "cold". 9il(l) N. Tilil, n3d. debt. k'u yepal kil. How much do I owe? hTilavil supul, cf. supul. TOC ta Til, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted. Til(2) T. Til, tv. see, observe. Tilo. lit., See it, i.e., Take it! Til avil (or) Tilo m avil. lit., See you see, i.e., That's up to you! /implies speaker's disapproval/. Til ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). know a person intimately, know person's character. Til TU, vphr(tv & n5). have menstrual period. A man who has intercourse with a woman during her period is believed liable to suffer cramps. A woman's menstrual blood is thought to cease its flow during pregnancy because it forms the flesh of the foetus. Til ba, rv. see one another illicitly. Til be, vphr(tv // n). watch where one is going. Til-na, vn(tv & ncpd)5. house-viewing /visit by the players to the houses of the elders and the ensign-bearers during the fiesta of St. Sebastian, and by the cantors, judge ordinary, and sir spook to the houses of the ensign-bearers, stewards, and elders where they are given cane liquor in exchange for chicha/. Tilbe ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). take unfair advantage of, know person's character. tol silbe yoTon yahTabtel mu snaT mas skus ti mi kaheah yabtele. He takes unfair advantage of his workers; he does not rest when the work is over /when, during planting, etc., end of row is reached/, kilohbe yoTon leTe mu ssutes yil. I know what he is like, he won't return his debt. Tilbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). see. mu s"a bu ikilbe ssat. I never saw him. li pose ha1? Toy skilbetik ssat yilel aTa. We certainly seem to see cane liquor Tileb, n5. path. Ritual or Denunciatory speech; path. ta hun be ta hun Tileb. on one path, on a single path. Tilebal, n5. inspection, examination. Tilel, vn5. curing ceremony, curing power. mu snaTik k'usi Tilel. They do not know what a curing ceremony is. Tilel, nc4e. viewing of ritual paraphernalia. Tilel, vn4f. it seems, it appears. lek yilel. It seems to be good. Tilel to, nphr(vn4f & pt). not for a long time. yilel to kom kabtel. I still have a lot of work to do. Tilob, n4d. nest egg /stone put in hen's nest to induce laying/, testicle. Tilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. inspection, examination. Tilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. formidable task. Tilobil, n4f. liquor given by outgoing elders, constables, publicans and stewards-royal to their successors the day before they enter office; liquor given by players to guardian of ritual paraphernalia. Tiluk ToTon, vphr(tv // n). desire. kiluk koTon batikon. I would like to go. Tilulan, tv. keep seeing. hTil-Toion, agn(tv & ncpd). sickness that knows the limits of one's resources, hiil-k'inahel, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator coming from, going to, or at fiesta. hTilol, agn. shaman. Shamans are considered to be acting as lawyers for the defense, representing their clients before the tutelary gods, bat ta Tilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman), lek Til, vphr(aj & tv). be lucky. mu Tilbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not seen, never seen, impossible to see. mu Tilbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu Mlbah. muk'ta Tilel, nphr(aj & vn)5. major curing ceremony. It requires visits to at least four mountain shrines and the three churches of Htek-lum. loh rios, exclphr(tv/contr of yiloh/ & n5). lit., God has witnessed it, i.e., I swear to God! vi, tv(contr of avil). see! vi sTelan. lit., See how it is, i.e., Is that right? /appreciative comment of person listening to a narrative/. yiluk yil, exclphr(excl & exel). never mind, forget it, what's the use? yavil, pt. since, on purpose, purposely. yavil ti laTaye. You left on purpose, yiyil, excl. never mind, forget it, what's the use? Til(3) N. Til, n5. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, initiating formal discussion; scolding. mu hnaT mi Til van mi pletu van savaTi. I do not know whether you think I am scolding you or quarreling with you. Tila^ah, iv. be squeamish (midwife, woman who doesn't want to clean baby after it defecates). TilaTal, n4d. Female speech; disgustingness, looseness. Tilan, tv. disown, reject (midwife or parent who feels squeamish about 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 newborn baby, rabbit or bird that abandons nest after it has been meddled with). ■nlanvan, iv. disown or reject person /newborn baby that might arouse midwife's disgust, person's soul or companion animal spirit that offends the tutelary gods/. lilbah, n5. nuisance, molestation. Ritual speech, person referring in prayer to another suspected of causing his tribulations; ■nlbah siyil t avalabe t anic'nabe. Your child, your offspring thinks me a nuisance. ■nlbahin, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment /by witchcraft/, molest /women/. tol silbahin k'osetik ta canob vun ti mi mas muk' sa li stuke. He picks on the children at school when he is bigger than they, iyilbahin nun eeb ta yec mu sk'an sik'. He molested the girl for nothing; he doesn't want to marry her /sexual relations are not necessarily implied/, 'ftlbahinan, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment or molest many times, ■nlbahinvan, iv. bother, molest, pester, persecute or trick person, torment person /by witchcraft/, ■rilet, av. be grumpy. "rilin, iv. scold, reprove, "rilta, tv. demand restitution or restoration /loan, loaned object/. Polite speech when loaning an object; mu k'usi skilta 90 mu^nuk t slah 9o. lit, There is nothing for me to demand restoration for; it can't end, i.e., I can't demand its restoration because it isn't breakable anyway. hiil-won, agn(n & ncpd). person who is scornful of something. hiilanvaneh, agn. person who is revolted by another, hoilbahinvaneh, agn. pesterer, rapist, tormenter /of soul/, deceiver, hfihnel, agn. person who scolds or reproves others. •?ilas N(Sp, hilaza). lilas, nla. yarn /used for tassels, for border of tunic/. ■Jilera N(Sp, hilado). lilera, nla. factory-made thread, ■rfmpyemo N(Sp, infierno). 9impyerno, n5. hell. Scolding speech, mother to child; rimpyerno bu "?onos sapocet mal k'ak'al 7un. Where were you dawdling while the sun set, in hell? Tinabo ■rinaho, fennel, cf. 9inoho. tinatab N. "rinatab, nla. iguana /general term/. All species are considered edible, "hot". Iguana fat is used to grease shotguns. Iguanas are believed to be used by the earth lord as blinders for his horses (deer), tik'al linatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Ctenasaua pectinata. This species is "hot". lit'is ?inatab, nphr(n4d of n5). whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus sp., Ameiva sp.. cf. pat is. eahal 9inatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Clenasauris similis. This species is "medium", yasal "rinatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Iguana iguana. This species is "cold". ?ineho ?ineho, fennel, cf. ?inoho. Jinolio N(Sp, hinojo). ■Mnoho, nld. fennel Foeniculum vulgare, #586(1,4), #2042(3,17,18), #2187(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". A few Zinacantecs grow fennel in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. As a remedy for mahbenal, caused by anger, the tips are brewed with white salt. One cup is drunk. It is medium". (16)-Same use as above, but one cup, without salt, is drunk at bedtime and again before breakfast. It is "cold". Fennel may be bought sometimes at market. (19)-As a remedy for chest pain /met vinik/ a half cupful of fennel tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is cold", var., Mnaho /Naben Cauk/, lineho /-)Apas/. ■>inop N. ?inop, nle. pochote ceiba. ■nnoptik, n5. grove of pochote ceiba trees. tfnteksyon N(Sp, inyeccion). tinteksyon, nla. injection, ■/inryo N(Sp, indio). ■?intyo, n5. indian. •>ip(l) A. ■rip, aj. sick, •ripah, iv. get sick. •ripahebal, n3d. moment of childbirth. •ripahes, tv. make sick /by entering house of patient, by stepping on wound, by disrupting curing ceremony (ineffective shaman), by rape, by goring shepherd/. ■Jipahesvan, iv. make spouse infertile or sterile (barren woman, sterile man). ?ip?iptik, aj. rather sick, h^ipahesvaneh, agn. rapist. h")ipel, agn. sick person /infr/. ?ip(2) N. ■)ip, n4e. strength. d'abal yipal ku-mn. lit., I haven't any strength, i.e., I haven't any corn. sk'an yipal hVuhuk. lit., He needs a little strength, i.e., He should have a curing ceremony. mu stabe yipal yahnil. lit., He doesn't match his wife's strength, i.e., He can't satisfy his wife sexually, lip, n4f. grave /illness/, strenuous /work/. yip nos loil (or) yip nos k'op. pure jest (or) pure lies. yip ?o hun. only one. ?ipal, pt. at least. 9ipal ti muk' sbat ta mas camel. At least the sickness did not become critical. 9ipal to k'op. rarely. ?ipal ...'ripuk, ptphr. if ...then. •?ipal mi lek lak'ot ouke mu •jipuk s?ilin. If you arrive on time too, then she won't scold. "Jipan, tv. subsist on. lipuk, pt. although, even though, even if. ■ripuk nos 9ilinan. even though you scold /me/. la E. ■?ir, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. 9iriret, av. exclaiming ouch" ■?iriri, excl. ouch! var., Wrfrfy. 7irluh, av. exclaiming "ouch" suddenly. ■n'rte'Mrte, av. walking about exclaiming "ouch" ■)is(l) prob O. lis^on, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire), whistling through one's teeth. ■?is?onah, iv. whistle through one's teeth. "?iset, av. hissing (green wood in fire). ■)isis vah, nphr(x type n)la. tortilla made of young corn, ■risiset, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire), •nslahet, av. cf. lision (plu). ?islahetik, av. whistling through one's teeth (plu). ■>is(2) probT. "ris kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., -Hi /more freq/. ■ristik, tv. give it to me! var., listik /more freq/. listik kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., ristik /more freq/. ■>is(3) prob A or N. •?is-ak', n(x& ncpd)la. potato. Potatoes are washed, boiled and mashed into small pieces. They are seasoned with chili and salt, or also with coriander. They may be eaten alone in soup or chowder, or mixed with a variety of foods (beans, cabbage, tomatoes, eggs, fish, shrimp, beef). Potatoes are "cold". ^i 7is-ak\ nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solanum tuberosum, # 1181(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Many Zinacantecs grow potatoes TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 61 in their yards. The young potatoes are scattered when the ground is hoed before the onset of the rainy season. Young potatoes are harvested at that time or are allowed to mature and are then harvested in August. They are sold at market. See above for culinary use. bae"i Tis-ak'iltik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. large potato field. bae"i Tis-ak'tik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. potato field, tanhero Tis-ak', cf. tranhero Tis-ak'. tranhero Tis-ak', nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)la. 'imported potato', see below, var., tanhero tis-ak'. eahal tranhero Tis-ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solatium tuberosum, #1184(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" This large variety is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. Small, whole potatoes or potatoes cut into three or four sections are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. They are planted in sheep or horse manure or in compost eight inches apart. They are harvested in August and are sold at market in San Cristobal or Tuxtla. sakil tranhero Tis-ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solatium tuberosum, #1179(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" See above for planting. Tas-ak', n(x & ncpd)5. Baby talk; potato. Tisbon N. Tisbon, nld. dogwood Cornusexcelsa, #361(1,2,3), #2314(3,4,19). Highland "tree" The bark is removed from the trunk to make hoe and sickle handles, digging sticks, machete hooks, hooks, stirring rods, and slingshots. Dogwood is also used for bed posts, transverse bed poles, crossbeams and wattle, fence posts, sheep corral rails, tethering posts, dog hobbles, and shepherds' switches. It is also used for tamale platforms. The branches are used for brush fences. Dogwood is used for firewood. Poles from which the bark has been stripped are carried as walking sticks by the prefects every Sunday and at every fiesta; by the publicans and stewards-royal on New Year's Day and at the fiesta of St. Sebastian; by the constables on December 23-25, and at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Dogwood is used for the tethering post of the l straw bull and for bows and arrows of sak-holetik and kaibenaletik at the fiesta of St. Sebastian.|Dogwoodjpoles|are|usedlas frames for the floral decorations at the church entrances. (23)-Dogwood poles have been replaced by metal reinforcing rods at the church entrances, but are still used as frames for the floral arches of the stewards and the grand alcalde. Eighteen rods are cut by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the First Posada to make the frame of the straw bull. One rod is brought by each of the twelve godfathers of the Christ Children on the Sixth Posada to make the creche in the Church of St. Sebastian, viburnum Viburnum datum, #B9254(5,5a). Highland "tree". (RML)-Same use as above. Tisbonaltik, n5. large grove of lisbon. Tisbontik, n5. grove of nisbon. Tisim N. TisimiL n3b. beard, moustache, root (tooth, tree, plant, vine). Tisim TUC, nphr(n4d of n5). 'opossum whiskers', pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #1395(9). Highland plant'. Tisim be, nphr(n4f of n5). see below, ■risim betik, nphr(n4f of n5)5. expanse of yisim be. k'anal Tisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). Cyperus hermaphroditus, #2207(1,3,4). Highland "plant". muk'ta Tisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). flat sedge Cyperus virens, #648(3,4). Highland "plant". Tisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n). 'path whiskers grass', knotroot millet Setaria geniculata, #2184(1,3,4). Highland "plant". Oplismenus burmanni, #2833(7). Lowland "plant", k'os" ?isim be hobeL nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n). Cyperus sp., #1474(3). Highland "plant". Tisim bolom, nphr(n4d of n5). 'jaguar's whiskers', Xylosma flexuosum, #406(1,4). Highland "tree". Tisim £ih, nphr(n4d of n5). 'sheep whiskers* or 'deer whiskers', Xylaria sp., #188(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom*. k'anal Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #23(1,3), #52(1,3,4,5). Highland mushroom" k'os Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #55(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" nesnestik Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 'blonde yisim cih', fairy club Clavaria sp., #54(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" sak-vayan Tisim cih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #172(4,5). Highland "mushroom". Tisim cihal k'aT-teT, nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/). see below, sakil Tisim cihal k'a-teT, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #22(1,3). Lowland, temperate and highland "mushroom" Tistampre N(Sp, estambre). Tistampre, nla. yarn. Tistola N(Sp, estola). Tistola, nld. stole, maniple. Tis N. TiSih, iv. fall out (kernels from cob). Tisim, nla. indiancorn. If a person is too choosy buying corn (smelling it and picking out the rotten kernels), or if he discards or burns corn, it is thought that the corn's soul /c'ulel/ will complain to the earth lord and to the gods in heaven. The offender soon will become destitute or will be punished in hell. If the corn's soul departs, then one's supply will be exhausted quickly, but if its soul remains, the com will last for a long time. The corn's soul is said to be male. Only highland corn is used for divination. A sick person eats only white corn, lest he be struck by mahbenal. White corn is most preferred by ladino buyers. Tik'al Tisim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Negro de Chimalten-ango race, #2754(1,4,5), #2983(1,16). Highland "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each hole during the April planting. The harvest is in December. It is "cold". (16)-The planting is in May and the harvest is in December. It is "medium", muk'ta Tik'al Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Negro de Chimaltenango race, #2754(3). Highland "plant" Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & n). 'hybrid com', see below, k'os Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, Vandefio race, #2992(3). Lowland "plant" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and fifteenth. muk'ta Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Vandefio race, #2991(3). Lowland plant" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and fifteenth. Tolotiyo, n. indian com Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2757(1,3,4). Lowland "plant" baTyi e"unubil, nphr(aj & n). 'planted early', indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2758(1,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. It is harvested in November. It is cold" eahal Tisim, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Imbricado Mixed race, #2749(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (4)-The seed is planted in April. The harvest is in December. Quicheno Rojo Mixed race, #2786(1,4,7). Temperate "plant". (1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is "cold". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seed is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in December. Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2990(3). Lowland "plant". k'oS eahal Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Rojo race, #2984(1,16). Highland "plant". It is planted with white corn. £impo Tisim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Zapalote Grande race, #3021(1,4,5). Lowland "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in November. The harvest is in January. It is "medium" var., iimpu oisim /Muk'ta 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Hok'/. cimpo k'on, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, San Marceno Mixed race, #2760(5). Highland "plant". k'anal cimpo Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, San Marceno Mixed race, #2760(1,4). Highland "plant". (4)-It is gTown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November, k'os cimpo lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(1). Highland "plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is "cold". pinto cimpo 7isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below. sakil pinto cimpo ">isim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Negro race, #2948(1,16). Highland "plant". (l)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is "cold". (16)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is 'medium" sakil cimpo ?isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(16). Highland "plant". It is planted by few Zinacantecs. The harvest is in December. It is medium", cimpu visim, cf. cimpo ?isim. cis-tei Tisim, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 'cherry com', indian com Zea mays, Quicheno Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(1). Highland "plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, on April twentieth. The harvest is in December. It is "hot" Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(16). Highland "plant" It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is "hot". Quicheno Rojo race, #2985(1,16). Highland "plant", c'ic'el hc'ul-totik ?isim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/) type n. 'god's blood corn', indian com Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2993(3). Lowland plant". hic'il bakal, nphr(aj & n). 'slender cob', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2757(5). Lowland plant", kwarentano, n. 'forty day', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2762(3,5). Highland plant". k'anal ■nsim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Yellow Quicheno Mixed race, #2754A(5). Highland "plant". San Marceno Mixed race, #2759(5). Highland "plant". fiis-te? k'anal Tisim, nphr: n(x & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Quicheno Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(16). Highland plant". The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is "medium". muk'ta k'anal "Msim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, San Marceno Mixed race, #2759(1,4). Highland "plant". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is "hot". Quicheno race modified by Teocinte, #2791(1,4,7). Temperate "plant". (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, on April tenth. The harvest is in January. It is "hot". Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(1). Highland "plant", sak-vayan k'anal ?isim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(1). Temperate plant" k'ob-e'i1?, n(n & ncpd). 'dog paw', indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro race, #2761(1,3,4). Highland "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is "cold" k'ob-e'i"? 9isiin, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(3). Highland "plant". ■Jik'al k'ob-e*i? ?isim, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(1,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole in March. The harvest is in December. It is "cold", bik'it k'ob-e'i'?, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(3). Highland "plant", sakil k'ob-e'i'), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(1,4). Highland "plant". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, in March. The harvest is in December. It is "cold". ba?yi k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'early yellow', indian com Zea mays, Yellow Quicheno Mixed race, #2754A(3). San Marceno Mixed race, #2760(3). Highland "plant". bik'it k'on lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian com Zea mays, Yellow Quicheno Mixed race, #2754A(1,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is "hot". e*akal k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'late yellow', indian com Zea mays, Quicheno Mixed race, #2748(3). Highland "plant". San Marceno Mixed, #2759(3). Highland "plant". muk'ta k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'big yellow', indian com Zea mays, Quicheno Mixed race, #2748(1,4,5). Highland plant". (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each hole, on the eighteenth or twentieth of April. The harvest is in December. It is "hot". masanil 9isim, nphr(natt & n). 'Masan com', indian corn Zea mays, Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(16). Temperate plant". Itisgrownby many Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in December. It is "medium*, bik'it masanil lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Quicheno race modified by Teosinte introgression, #3023(11). Temperate "plant" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in January and February. It is "medium". muk'ta masanil •)isim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and Zapalote Grande race, #3022(11). Temperate plant" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in December and January, napalu, x. indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(3). Lowland "plant". napalu "risim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(1,4). Lowland "plant". (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is "cold". paca, nld. 'flat', indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(5). Lowland "plant", pimil sat, nphr(aj & n). 'thick kernel', indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2758(3,5). Highland "plant". pinto •Jisim, nphr(aj & n). 'spotted corn', indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(5). Highland "plant". Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro race, #2761(5). Highland "plant". 9ik'al pinto "Jisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Negro de Tierra Caliente race, #2958(1,16). Temperate and highland "plant". (l)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole in April. The harvest is in January. It is "cold". (16)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is "medium", bik'it pinto ^isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(5). Highland "plant", povlano 9isim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(3). Lowland "plant". rokame ?isim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(1,4). Lowland "plant". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 63 Six kernels are placed in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is 'cold". sakil Tisim, nphr(aj & n). see below. bik'it sakil ■nsim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(3,5). Highland "plant". Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2762(1,4). Highland plant". (4)-It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is "cold" k'os" sakil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(1,4). Highland "plant". Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, #2976(1,16). Temperate "plant". Quicheno race modified by Teosinte introgression, #3023(1,4,5). Temperate "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold" muk'ta sakil ?isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(1,3,4). Highland "plant" Olotillo Mixed with Salpor race, #2785(1,4,7). Temperate "plant" (1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six seeds are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in January. It is "cold". (4)-The seed is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in January. Vandeno race and Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, #2971(1,16). Temperate "plant" (16)-It is grown by most Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is "cold" Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and Zapalote Grande race, #3022(1,4,5). Temperate plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold", sakramentual 9isim, nphr(natt & n). "sacramental corn', indian corn Zea mays, Imbricado race, #2747(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, on April eighteenth or twentieth. The harvest is in December. It is "cold" ton "risim, nphrfn type n). 'stone corn', see below, sakil ton lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(5). Highland plant" yihil bakal, nphr(aj & n). 'thick cob', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(5). Lowland "plant". 9isimah, iv. produce large ears of corn. ■'isimaltik, n5. corn field. 9isimtik, aj. dry (gamusa apple, maneana kinya). ■nsin, tv. shell by hand /corn/, ■nsinah, iv. shell by hand /corn/. Inisinahcl, agn. person who shells corn by hand. ■riskirvano N(Sp, escribano). ■riskirvano, agn. scribe /2/. •Jlslavon N(Sp, eslabon). •rislavon, nld. flint /used formerly to light holy fire on Holy Saturday/. -rislel N. •rislelil, n3d. male's younger sister, term of address formerly used by groom to bride, var., lislelal. "rislelin, tv. acquire younger sister. 9isperes N(Sp, vi'speras). ■risperes, n5. second day of fiesta. ■Lspusal N(Sp, esponsales). "HSpusal, n5. wedding presentation, betrothal /archaic/. ?istol N. ■ris'tol, n4d. ring, toy. ?oy kunen 9istol. lit., I have my little toy, i.e., I have a pistol, ■ris'tol "?a?i, vphr(n5 & tv). treat carelessly, waste, ruin, wreck. ■ristol iya9i sk'u? bik'itik ishatulan. He ruined his shirt; he tore it to pieces. tol ?is'tol saii 9isim li citome. The pig wastes the corn, •ristol c'o, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). 'mouse's toy', Acalypha arvensis, #1983(17). Lowland "plant". 9istol k'op, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic joking/. •ristol-k'opoh, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, banter, ■ristol Io9il, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic joking/. 9istol-lo9ilah, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, joke, banter. 9istalah, iv. waste, ruin, wreck. yec t S9istalah h-set' huteb. He just disrupts things. 9a shak' yahnil muk' stak'bat yec iyistalah stak'in. He went to petition for a wife, but he wasn't acknowledged, so his money was just wasted. iiistalah ta vakas li scobe. His corn field was ruined by cattle, yec i9istalah ti stak'ine muk' sfrec' li camele. He just wasted his money; the sickness didn't pass. yec Wistalah yu9un stak'in k'alal iyic'e mu k'usi sman 90. When he received his money, he just wasted it; he didn't buy anything (worthwhile). 9istalal, n5. ring, toy. 9istalal 9ak', nphr(n type n). 'toy vine', morning glory Ipomoea triloba, #2160(11). Temperate "vine". It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals. 9istalan, tv. fiddle around, waste, wreck, ruin, botch, bungle /when first learning/. iyistalan stak'in ta pos. He wasted his money on cane liquor, iyistalan 9ik' li hcobe. The wind ruined my corn field, t sistalan sa holob li heebe. My daughter bungled the weaving, ■ristalan ba, rv. ruin one's reputation. yec nos iyistalan sba li 9anee. lit., The woman just ruined herself, i.e., The woman had an illegitimate child and never married. 9istalanan, tv. waste /plu/. 9istalanvan, iv. deceive or trick person repeatedly. bik'itik t S9istalanvan. He tricks people all the time. 9itah N. 9itah, nla. greens, cabbage, ■ritahtik, n5. cabbage patch. 9itah con, cf. con(2). 9O9on vakas 9itah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n. cabbage Brassica oleracea, #2763(1,3). Highland "plant" For use cf. bae'i titah. (RML)-This is a tightly-headed variety. bae'i fitah, nphr(aj & n)ld. cabbage Brassica oleracea, #750(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. Seedlings are thinned and transplanted. The harvest is in October. Cabbages are sold at market in San Cristobal. Both flowers and leaves are gathered by the women. They are brewed with chili, salt, and lime juice seasoning. Cabbage is "cold". bae'i 9itahtik, nphr(aj & n)5. cabbage patch. muruc' 9itah, nphr(aj & n). 'kinky greens', cabbage Brassica oleracea, #633(1,2). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The slips are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in August. The leaves are cut by women and boiled. They are "cold". (RML)-This is a curly-leaved variety. 9itah 9antivo, nphr(n4d of n5). 'ancestor's greens', Salvia cacaliaefolia, #1374(7). Temperate "plant". 9itah con, cf. con(2). 9itah hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). 'Chiapanec's greens', see below, k'os 9itah hsoktom, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of agn/). Boldoapurpurascens, #2633(1,3). Lowland "plant". The tips are edible when boiled. (l)-They are "medium". (3)-They are "cold". sak-9itah, n(aj & ncpd)le. 'white greens', Pleurotus sp., #25(1,3,5), # 160(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is boiled, seasoned with mexi-can tea. It is "cold". Panus sp., #102(3,4,5). Highland mushroom". Same use as above. 9itah, n5. Baby talk; greens, cabbage. 9it'is N. 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Tit'is, n4f. pseudo or bastard /occurs in floral and fauna] names/. Tit'is Tahoh, cf. >ahi>h. Tit'is Takan hobel, cf. Takan hobel. Tit'is Tarvahaka, cf. larvahaka. ?it'is Tik'al pom e"unun, cf. pom r'unun. Tit'is bae*i Tasasena, cf. Tasasena. Tit'is Tinatab, cf. 'inatab. Tit'is barsin Tak', cf. barsin Tak'. Tit'is" boc, cf. boc. Tit'is bukaro, cf. bukaro. Tit'is eis Tuc, cf. ris Tuc. Tit'is eoT sulem teT, cf. eoT sulem teT. Tit'is cis-teT Tak', cf. cis-teT Tak'. Tit'is c'it, cf. c'it. Tit'is koyoy, cf. koy. Tit'is" kranata Tak', cf. kranata Tak'. Tit'is krisantema, cf. krisantema. Tit'is maneana, cf. maneana. Tit'is memela teT, cf. memela teT. Tit'is nocleb vonon, cf. nocleb vonon. Tit'is pasamum, cf. pasamum. Tit'is pomos, cf. pomos. Tit'is sal-teT, cf. sal-teT. Tit'is sikil ton, cf. sikil ton. Tit'is solom, cf. solom. Tit'is tan kaT, cf. tan kaT. Tit'is tempis, cf. tempis. Tit'is tilil, cf. tilil. Tit'is tuil teT, cf. luil teT. Tit'is voy mula, cf. voy niula. Tit'is yas-teT, cf. yas-teT. Tit'isah, iv. be jealous. Tit'isan, tv. be jealous. Tit'isanvan, iv. be jealous of person. hTit'is ToTon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous person /jealous of wealth/. hTit'isahel, agn. jealous person. hTit'isal , agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous /man, woman/, /jealous towards amorous appeal of mate or lover/. hTit'isanvaneh, agn. jealous person /infr/. Tivriro A(Sp, hibrido). Tivriro, aj. hybrid. Tiy Tiy, oh! cf. Ti(2). TO(1) Pt. TO, pt. forever, for good, different, another, the next, from it, with it, by it, because of it. ibat To. He left forever. h-kot TO. It is a different one /animal, chair, etc./. h-p'eh TO na. It is another house (or) It is the next house. Ti haT yec t sipasotik TO ta hk'uleh Tun. And in this way we will get rich from it. haT ta sc'ay TO li c'ok Tune.. He gets rid of warts with it. TO{2) TO, there is, there are. cf. Toy(l). TO(3) E. TO, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust or disapproval/. TOT(1) N. ToTil, n3d. hip, thigh /person, animal/. smuk'ul koTtik ec'el. as high as our hips /fourth developmental stage of corn/. TOT(2) O. TOT, onom. sound of gagging. ToTTon, av. gagging. ToTlahet, av. cf. TOTTO/I (plu). TOTlahetik, av. cf. ToTTon (plu). ToTlih, av. gagging suddenly. ToTteToTte, av. walking about gagging. TOT(3) TOT, water, spring, cf. VOT(3). ToTlol N. TOTIOI, nle. middle, center, medium-sized. TOTIOI, nc. half /I only/. h-ToTlol snaT h-TOTlol mu snaT. some know, some do not. TOTIOI , nphr(n5 of num4e). and a half. TOTIOI sdibal. two and a half. TOTIOI , nphr(n of n)5. middle-aged . TOTIOI Tak'ot, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint of dance marked by round of cane liquor /dance of religious officials, wedding dance/. TOTIOI Tak'ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight. TOTIOI Tama Cauk, cf. Tama cauk. TOTIOI balamil, nphr(n of n)5. center of the world /Misik' Balamil in Htek-Ium. / TOTIOI be, nphr(n of n)5. middle of the road, halfway. ToTlol e"emeniT, cf. e'emeniT. TOTIOI e'en, nphr(n of n)5. lit., mid-hole, i.e., moment when grave is half dug, or when earth is to be tossed on coffin, marked by round of cane liquor. TOTIOI hc'ul-meTtik, nphr(n of agn)5. half moon. TOTIOI k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. noon. ToTlol k'ak'altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon. TOTIOI k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. lit., half a hand, i.e., boy who can do only half a man's share of work. ToTlol k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire. Tak'o ta ToTlol k'ok'. Put it on top of the fire! TOTIOI k'op, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint in ceremony marked by round of cane liquor /curing, house dedication, formal entrance of groom into bride's home/. TOTIOI limeton, cf. limeton. TOTIOI niT k'ob, cf. niT k'ob. TOTIOI nicim, cf. nicim. TOTIOI vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov. TOTIOI vie, nphr(n of n)5. halfway up mountain. TOTIOI vinahel, nphr(n of n)5. center of heaven. Tol Tak'ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight. Tol Tak'ubaltik, nphr(n of n)5. around midnight. Tol k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. noon. Tol k'ak'altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon. Tol k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire. ToTon N. TOTon tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). 'turkey heart', puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #38(1,3). Highland mushroom" It is gathered by women and children. It is toasted on the coals or boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is cold". ToTon tuluk'tik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of puff balls. ToTon vakas Titah, cf. Titah. ToTonil, n3b. heart /person, animal, tree/, center /cross/, cf. holol. koTonuk t siTabteh. I would like to work. tey sa mu teyuk ti yoTon ibat ta Tanile. He rushed off distractedly. tey sa mu teyuk ti yoTon k'u t spas ti mi stue'ton yahcamele. He is in a frenzy about what to do if his patient is slipping away. mu ta ToToniluk. I (etc.) pay no attention to it. muk' ta koTon (or) muk' ta koTonuk. I am indifferent (or) I don't care about it. Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch (or) Denunciatory speech referring to parent who refuses prospective fiance's petition; Toy sc'ulel Toy yoTon. lit., He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e., He is evil and hard-hearted. ToTonin, tv. take seriously, be diligent, heed, show concern for, care. mu soTonin k'usi spas. He doesn't care what happens to him. ToTonta, tv. take seriously, heed, be diligent, show concern for, care. mu sfoTonta yahiamel. He shows no concern for his patient. mu soTonta yabtel. He is not concerned about his office. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 65 9o9ontavan, iv. take good care of person (wife). cib Won, vphr(num/pred/ & n4The young leaves are eaten, boiled, by many people of Muk'ta Hok\ They are "medium". The berries are crushed and used as laundry soap. 9obtik, n5. expanse of pokeberry. eahal 9ob, nphr(aj & n)5. pokeberry Phytolacca rugosa, #68(2,4,5), #1482(1,3), #1722(3), #1877(1), #2474(4). Highland "plant". manic e"i?lel 9ob, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #2358(20). Highland "plant". For use, cf. sakil fob, remarks of (1,3). sakil ?ob, nphr(aj & n)5. pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #148(1,2,3,4,5), #1483(1,3,11,12), #2037(3,17,18), #2231(1,3,4), #2358(3,4). Highland "plant". (1,3)-The young leaves are brewed and eaten by some Zinacantecs. They are "cold". A few women use the berries for laundry soap. (ll)-The leaves are 'medium". (17)-The leaves are "cold" The name of the plant should not be uttered, lest the leaves be bitter. sat ?ob, nphr(n of n). 'pokeberry berry', Phytolacca rugosa, #1722(15,16), #2474(21,22). Highland "plant". (15)-The young leaves are eaten brewed. They are "medium" The leaves are sold at market. The berries were used formerly for laundry soap. (21,22)-The leaves are cold". The berries are used for laundry soap. eahal sat 9ob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca rugosa, #2230(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". (19)-The berries are used for laundry soap. sakil sat 9ob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #2231(19). Highland plant". For use, cf. sakil lob, remarks of (1,3). 9ob(2) N. 9obah, iv. cough. TObal, nla. cough. kaheah yobal. lit., His cough has risen, i.e., he is dying. TOban, iv. cough. 9obta, tv. cough up /phlegm/, lobtavan, iv. cough at person. h?obanel, agn. coughing person, h^obtavaneh, agn. person who coughs at another. 9ohobah, iv. cough. ?obak N. ?obak, nle. soot. Toe P. 9oeahtik, aj. cf. 9oeo/ /plu/. 9oean ba, rv. form wriggling pile (tent caterpillar). 9oe9on, av. wriggling (caterpillars, worms, grubs). loa, iv. be in wriggling pile (caterpillars, worms, grubs), loelahet, av. wriggling in pile or hole (caterpillars, worms, grubs). 9oeleh, n4f. wriggling pile (worms, caterpillars). TOdehikil, n4f. cf. weleh /plu/. lodih, av. wriggling suddenly (caterpillars, worms, grubs). •Jocoeet, av. wriggling in pile or hole (caterpillars, worms, grubs). 9oeol, aj. in wriggling pile (caterpillars). ■>oc I. loi, iv. enter, go in, come in. mi 9ocuk sa me lakaltoe. Will you have more broth? 9oc 9abtel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). begin work. tot ?ak'ubal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). grow dark /in evening/. 9oc camel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). hold curing ceremony, hold each of three year renewal ceremonies, loc kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). hold curing ceremony. 9o£ kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold each of three year renewal ceremonies. 9oc kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n5/). dedicate new house. 9oc korisma, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). begin dry season. •>oi k'a9al, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). putrefy. 9ooi pletu, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have war break out. 9oc ta . vphr(iv & prep & n5). become . t S9oc ta 9elek'. He is becoming a thief. s9oc ta preserenteal. He is going to become magistrate. 9oc ta , vphr(iv & prep & vn/tv & ncpd/5). become . t S9oc ta cabi-cih. He is going to become a shepherd. 9oc ta 'Jasete, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be turned into oil. It is thought that in former times Zinacantecs were so treated by foreign enemies. loi ta 9il, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted. 906 ta 9ut vo9, vphr(iv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). enter water. ■?oc ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). be put in jail. 9oc ta c'om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). borrow, become indebted. 9od ta ka9, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be punished. In former times new prisoner was mounted and ridden by previously jailed prisoners. 9o£ ta manbel k'esol, vphr(iv & prep & vn5 of n4f). buy replacement /for horse, tool/. toi ta nicim, nphr(iv & prep & nld). enter ceremonial bed (patient). ■>o£ ta sa9bel k'esol, vphr(iv & prep & vn5 of n4f). search for replacement /for deceased wife, for tool/. ioi ta savon, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be turned into soap. It is thought that in former times Zinacantecs were so treated by foreign enemies. 9oc ta volim, nphr(iv & prep & nld). enter ceremonial bed (patient). 9oc vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn4d). fall asleep. 9oC ve9el, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). begin ceremonial meal. toian, tv. eat. mu hna9 yoc!anel. I don't eat that. 9ocebal, nlf. entrance /into religious post/, beginning /rainy season/. 9odebal son, nphr(n type n)5. entrance song played by trio when procession enters house or church. ?ocel, n4f. beginning. yodel sa t stik'el mas. Now she was beginning to interfere even more. 9o£el 9ocel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). entering frequently /jail/. toiel ta na, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). formal entrance of groom into bride's home. ?ocem i'ak, cf. £'ak(l). h9o£el, agn. incoming official. 9oc"9oc", iv. enter slightly. 9otes, tv. put inside /house/, put in /pot, bottle/, invite inside. 9otesan, tv. put inside (plu) /house, pot, bottle/. 9otesvan, iv. invite person inside. 9ot'ot'es, tv. place slightly inside. h9otesvaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). petitioner who gets suitor's party into girl's house. ocel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion into. yoCob, nle. sinkhole. 9o£enta Num(Sp, ochenta). 9odenta, nla. eighty. 9oCentatik, n5. by or in eighties, every eighty. 9o«' 90esaltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of wild blueberries or winter-green. laha-toestik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of wild blueberries or wintergreen. k'os 9aha-te9es, nphr(aj & n). wild blueberry Vaccinium confertum, #516(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Wild blueberry and wintergreen are gathered indiscriminately as a basic ingredient of "flower water , the decoction used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and stewards' coffers. A handful is crushed in cold water to make a refreshing drink. As a remedy for mahbenal, three tips are crushed in warm water containing salt. One cup is drunk. It is "cold". As a remedy for chest pain /met vinik/ or anger /k'ak'al loionil/, seven or eight tips are crushed in cold water with peperomia. A cup is drunk before breakfast. As a relief from the hot sun, a handful is pounded on a rock and rubbed on one's hair while washing it. muk'ta 9aha-te9es, nphr(aj & n). wintergreen Gaultheria odorata, #567(1,3), #1373(3), #1517(1,3), #2268(3,4). Temperate or highland "tree" The berries are eaten by shepherds. They are "cold", cf. k'os laha-tetes, and eis luc for use in "flower water". 9aha-te9is, cf. 9aha-te9es. 9ahv, n5. Ritual speech, oath of office; lord. Occurrence restricted to; 9a yaya tot 9ahvetik. Oh ancient lords. 9ahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). earth lord. 9ahval camel, nphr(n4f of vn5). witch /restricted to hostile people seen in dreams/. 9ahval htek-lum, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/). inhabitant of Zinacantan center. 9ahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5). driver or passenger /bus, car, truck/. 9ahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). civil authority. 9ahval k'in, nphr(n4f of n5). religious official with major ritual duties during fiesta. ?ahval lum, nphr(n4f of n5). inhabitant. 9ahval na, nphr(n4f of nld). wife. 9ahval rios, nphr(n4f of n5). talking-saint owner. 9ahval te9, nphr(n type n)5. 'lord tree', yaw root Stillingia acutifolia, #B9258(5,5a), #121(1,2,3,4,5), #1497(1,3,11,12), #2215(1,3,4,19). Highland "tree" (5)-The trunk is used by some people for firewood though its sap blisters one's skin. (19)-The sap is applied to warts to remove them. It is "hot". (4)-The sap is applied once a day for two days. (5)-An unattested variety is used in steam cures, cf. can-eelav eele-pat for steam cure use. 9ahval te9tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of yaw root. 9ahval tern, nphr(n4f of nld). Male joking speech; lit., lord of the bed, i.e., wife. 9ahvalil, n3b. lord. an. poss.; opponent, adversary, inan. poss.; commissioned weaver, person who looks after one's house, owner. yahval to buc'u sna9 S9elk'ahe. Only a few people steal, iseob sba yahval. His /her/ enemies were gathered in wait for him /her/ (murderers, rapists). 9ahvalin, tv. overpower (sickness, work). 9ahvalinvan, iv. overpower person (sickness, work). hsa9 9aha-pom, agn(tv & n/n type ncpd/cpd)5. honey-gatherer. kahval, n5. Ritual speech, term of address to the saints and tutelary gods; My Lord. kahval, excl. Female speech, exclamation of surprise; My Lord! kahvaltik, n5. Our Lord. This term includes the saint images on the earth and the saints in heaven, Christ, the Virgin Mary, the sun and the moon and the tutelary gods. k'ahom sna9 li kahvaltike. Only Our Lord knows. k'u si ti kahvaltike. what Our Lord wills. kahvaltik rios, nphr(n type n)5. ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross. kahvaltik riosal, nphr(n type n)4d. post of ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross. Ii9e£' ta hkahvaltik riosal. I was ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross. Tobtak 9ohtak, recognize, cf. 9ohtik. var., tohtakin /Vot-bie/. whtik X. 9ohtikin, tv. know, recognize. yohtikinbe ssat buC'u. He identified him. bae*i 9ohtikinbil Ie9e. He (or) it is famous. mu 9ohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known or recognized, never known or recognized, impossible to know or recognize. 9ok(l) N. 9ok na, nphr(n4f of nld). stick used to secure door at night. 9ok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). 'rocket stem', golden eye Vigui-era dentata, #2793(7). Temperate and lowland "plant". It is used for rockets. 9okil, n5. Ritual speech, curing prayer, shaman addressing constables of the tutelary gods; lit., foot, i.e., constable, c'ul-mayoletik, £'ul-9alvasiletik, c'ul-9okiletik, c'ul-k'obiletik. holy constables, holy sheriffs, holy feet, holy hands. 9okin, iv. run along surface of ground (water), stream (tears). 9okol, n3b. leg /person, pants, chair, table/, foot /person, cave, mountain/, post /bed/, handle /hoe, axe, spoon/, pole /flag/, body /section of cross below arms/, shaft /warping bar/, bottom /clothing/, stick /match/, trunk /tree/, main stem /plant/, stipe /mushroom/, short section of rope or leather attached to ends of tumpline, or short section of rope attached to ends of back strap, current /river/, braided TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 67 end /sash/, length /parcel of land/, trip. Ritual speech, prayer; toe. t sahtohbe hutukuk avok. lit., I will pay you a little for your legs, i.e., I will pay you a little to make the trip for me. Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk'ob ti kahvaltike. beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord, ta lahuneb kok ta lahuneb hk'ob. with my ten toes, with my ten fingers. tam 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). journey a great distance, die. yoket, nla. hearthstone or broken pot that serves as hearthstone, yoke tin, tv. use as hearthstone. 9<*(2) N. 9ok, nle. snapping turtle, turtle shell. Two turtle shells, struck with corncobs, serve as drums during the Posadas and on Christmas Eve. The turtle shell is considered the earth lord's /tanhel/ musical instrument. 9ok(3) T or T(2). •Jokelta, tv. cf. tokilta. lokilan, tv. shake. ookilla, tv. do just one thing in a hurry, var., lokelta /Voi-bie/. 7okleta, tv. do just one thing in a hurry. 9ok(4) O. 9ok9ok9ok, onom. oink /grunt of a hungry pig/. 9ok9on, av. oinking. 9oklahet, av. cf. "rolcion. 9oklih, av. giving a sudden oink. 96kte-?6kte, av. oinking here and there. lokoc N. 9okoe, nle. blue-bellied lizard Sceloporus malachiticus. This lizard's bite is reputed to cause paralysis and loss of speech. Its skin is applied to one's foot to cause an embedded thorn to fall out. 9okoe vesaL nphr(n type n)5. green velveteen knee pants /worn by ensign-bearers, cantors, groom, by elders /during Holy Week/, by angels/. ■Mktorre N(Sp, octubre). 9oktuvre, n5. October. 9oktuvretik, n5. sometime during October. ■N*'(l) N. 9ok', nld. tongue, clitoris. 9ok' f?r>, nphr(n4d of n5). 'dog's tongue', plantain Plantago hirtella, #595(1), #2029(3). Highland "plant". (5)-An unattested variety is mashed in cold water, and the water drunk to reduce fever. It is 'medium'. It is also used to remove boils /cakal/. It is cold", plantain Plantago alismatifolia, #2461(4). Highland "plant". Ruelliapu-Ae/T//a,#838(U,3,5). Lowland "plant', 'ok' e"J9tik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of plantain. 9ok' e"i9 9ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). wild pea Phaseolus atropurpu-reus, #780(1,2), #824(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine", jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #1512(1,3). Highland "Vine". Centrosema plumieri, #218(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine". Centrosema pubescens, #1823(1,4). Temperate "vine". 7ok' e"i9 e?ii\el, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). plantain Plantago hirtella, #1714(1,3). Highland 'plant". 9ok' vakas, nphr(n4d of n5). 'cow's tongue', ladies' tresses , Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1440(1), #1763(4,5), #2085(3,4). Highland "plant". #1943(1,3,4). Temperate "plant", philodendron Philodendron hedera-ceum, #2811(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". Syngonium podophyllum, #278(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". 9ok'(2) I. ?ok', iv. cry , weep, call (bird), sing (bird, cricket), drip (candle) /proof that one is being denounced in church/, pipe (flute), whistle (gourd), beat (drum), toot (cowhorn), ring (bell). t s"9ok' sni?. He snores. 9ok', n4e. when /moment in the future/. yok'al sbate. when he goes. 9ok\ nc. moment /I only/. hu-9ok'. every few minutes. h-TOk'on h-t'abelon. I am sick every few days. 9ok'el, nc. call (coyote). 9ok'el tak'in, nphr(vn type n)5. loudspeaker. 9ok'es, nla. trumpet /archaic/. ■>ok'esin, tv. blow or play /flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gourd, leaves during wedding/. ciok'esin snir It snorts (horse, deer). 9ok'et, av. watering (eyes from chili, smoke), wet (salt, sugar), swk'et ya^lel. It is moist /vagina/. 9ok'il, n5. coyote Canis latrans. Coyotes are not considered edible because they live on all animals and consequently their flesh is rank. They are notorious for attacking sheep. Coyotes are believed to be the companion animal spirits of fat, strong, and beautiful people, but in folk tales they are the dupes of the rabbit. When a coyote is heard barking, its name should not be uttered nor should it be scolded, lest that provoke it to attack. TOk'il e"i?, cf. i^i?. 9ok'il to, nphr(n type n)le. 'coyote tree', cypress Cupressus lusitanica, #673(1,2,3,4). Temperate and highland "tree". It is grown in yards and fencerows by a few Zinacantecs. Slips are transplanted in the rainy season. In the temperate zone it grows wild in second growth. The trunk is used for the eight house mainposts. It is split to make fence posts. #1921(1,3,4,16). Temperate "tree" (16)-It is also used for boards. Ladinos use the sprigs to put in altar vases. #2090(3,4), #2399(20). Highland "tree" juniper Junipems gamboana, #1921(1,3,4,16). Temperate "tree". Same use as above. 9ok'il totik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of cypress or juniper trees. 9ok'ita, tv. bewail. 9ok'ita ba, rv. sob to oneself. •Jok'ita kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). wail and pray. 9ok'itaan, tv. bewail many things. 9ok'itabil camel, cf. camel. 9ok'itavan, iv. cry at someone (owl, whining child). 9ok'lahet, av. wet (salt, sugar) /in a number of containers/. 9ok'oc, nle. puddle in depression of rock. h-9ok'oh h-9ok'oh, nphr(n/num & ncpd/5 & n/num & ncpd/5). every few minutes. 9ok'ok'et, av. watering badly (eyes from chili or smoke), very wet (salt, sugar). S9ok'ok'et ya9lel. It is very moist (vagina). 9ok'olet, av. sobbing to oneself, howling or baying (dog). ■Jok'oletik, av. cf. lok'olet (plu). 9ok'te96k'te, av. howling here and there (lost dog), running about dissolving (wet salt or sugar). h^ok'el, agn. mourner, crybaby. h9ok'esineh-9ama, agn(vn & ncpd). flutist. h9ok'esineh-eu, agn(vn & ncpd). gourd blower /shaman's assistant who blows gourd to recall soul/. h9ok'esineh-musika, agn(vn & ncpd). musician. h9ok'esnom-tak'in, agn(vn & ncpd). loudspeaker. h9ok'itaeh-kahvaltik, agn(vn & ncpd). person wailing when praying. h9ok'itavaneh, agn. crybaby. 9ok'ob N. 9ok'ob, nle. tomorrow, man. poss.; yok'omal. ta yok'omal. on the next day. 9ok'obon 6a9ehon. I am here tomorrow and the day after /i.e., life is fleeting/. 9ok'om 9ok'om, nphr(n4f & n4f). daily /hen laying eggs/. Tok'om ■Jok'om, daily, cf. 9ok'ob. ?ol(l) A. 7ol, aj. heavy. 9ol9oltik, aj. rather heavy. 9al-poean, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb. ■fal-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb. 9alal, n4b. weight. 9aleah, iv. be speechless /with fear/, be numb /with fear or cold/. 9alean, tv. numb (medicine). 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9aleanvan, iv. cause person to be numb or speechless (spider or snake bite). 9alet, av. reticent, wordless /unable to respond quickly/. 9allahet, av. cf. talet (plu). 9alub, iv. grow speechless /with fear/, grow numb /with fear or cold/, become heavy. wlubtas, tv. make heavy, weigh down. 9alubtasvan, iv. encumber person. 9ak' lalal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/. 9ol(2) N. 9olil, n3d. female's child, offspring /of female animal/, yol lum. newly sprouting weeds, ta yol balamil. in the open /not in a building/. 9olin, iv. recover from sickness, recover from childbirth. 90I0I, n5. child, person younger than speaker. Implies helplessness of person, may be used as pejorative term of address to someone who has committed a crime. 9alab, nld. Female or Ritual speech; female's child. kalab, hnic'nab. my child /of woman/, my child /of man/. ?alah, iv. give birth (animals). mu sna1? S9alah. She is barren. 9alahel, vn5. birth. 9ikol ta 9alahel. She gave birth. hialnom, agn. woman who has given birth. hiaJnom vonon, cf. vonon. 9ol(3) X. 9olin, iv. reside in borrowed house. TOuntas, tv. lend house. ?olintasvan, iv. lend house to person. 9ol(4) X. 9ola, tv. wind thread around heddle rod. 9olinab, nla. thread wound around heddle rod. 9olinab te?, nphr(n type n)la. heddle rod. 9ol(5) 9ol, noon, midnight, cf. w?lol. 9olak Pt. rolak, pt. could it be? 9olak vo?ot Romin. Could it be you, Dominic? 9olnob N. 9olnob, nla. lead tree . See below, var., lonob /Htek-lum/. 9olnobaltik, n5. large grove of lolnob. 9olnobtik, n5. grove of lolnob. bae"i 9olnob, nphr(aj & n)5. lead tree Leucaena leucocephala, # 204( 1,2,3,4,5), # 790( 1,2,3,5). Lowland " tree". All lowland ladinos grow lead trees in their yards. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The tips are eaten raw. The beans are harvested in October. They are "cold". It is said that if a person eats iguana, chicken, or eggs, and later in the day eats lead tree beans, his hair will fall out. ba^i 9olnobaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large grove of lead trees. bae"i 9olnobtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of lead trees, eahal ?olnob, nphr(aj & n). lead tree Leucaena brachycarpa, #1126(1,4,5), #1582(1,3,11,12,13), #2303(3,4,19), #2558-(1,4,21,22). Temperate "tree". (l)-The trunk is considered to be the strongest kind of wood for ax handles. It is used also for mainposts, fence posts, digging sticks, hoe, pick and billhook handles. The tips and beans are eaten. They are "hot". (11)-The edible parts are "medium". The trunk is used also for firewood. The heartwood is used for ax handles c'is 9olnob, nphr(n type n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(7,14). Lowland "tree" paka9 9olnob, nphr(n type n). lead tree Leucaena collinsii # 1275(1,3,4,5) # 1991(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "tree" (1,3,4,5)-The pods are peeled and the beans are eaten raw. They are "hot". They are sold at market. The tips and buds are eaten by some Zinacantecs at weeding time. They are eaten raw with tortillas. They are 'cold" The trunk is used for pick and digging stick handles, (16)-Same use as above. The trunk is also used for fence posts, mainposts, and ax handles, sakil wlnob, nphr(aj & n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(11,12). Lowland "tree". 9olnob e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'lolnob plant', see below, k'anal 9olnob e'frlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia unijlora, #2622(20). Lowland "plant" yasal 9olnob e'frlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). coffee senna Cassia occidentals, #2646(20). Lowland "plant". 9olnob cih, nphr(n4d of n5). 'deer's lolnob', coffee senna Cassia occiden-talis, #887(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'tree". Acacia anpistissima, #1386(9). Highland "tree". 9olnob c'is 9ak', cf. c'is 9ak\ 9olnob c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 'mouse's tolnob', bundle flower Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus, #1305(1). Lowland "plant", senna Cassia cf. stenocarpoides, #2570(21,22). Temperate "plant". Tephrosia cinerea, #2638(21). Lowland "vine". Aeschynomene compacta, #2408(20). Highland "plant" muk'ta 9olnob c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, #2646(1,3). Lowland plant" senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(21). Lowland "tree", senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(21). Lowland "plant". 9olnob ka1?, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse's tolnob', puerto rican fairy duster Caltiandraportoricensis, #2611(1,3). Temperate "tree". Acacia angustis- sima, #1234(7). Temperate and highland "tree" 9olnob te9, nphr(n type n). 'tolnob tree', senna Cassia reticulata, #234(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree", k'os 9olnob te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild senna Cassia biflora, #2128(11). Temperate "tree", yasal 9olnob te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(20). Lowland "tree". 9olnob vet, nphr(n4d of n5). 'fox's tolnob', coffee senna Cassia occidental-is, #2646(21). Lowland plant" 9olon N. 9olon, nib. beneath, before, West. ">ec" ta kolon. It passed between my legs, ta 9olon ec'el (or) ta yolon ec'el. down there, stam ?olon 9ak'ol. lit., He is taking (himself) down and up, i.e., He is going wherever he pleases. t sibat ta 9olon. I am going to the lowlands (or) I am going west, ta yolon k'in. before the fiesta, ta 9olon tal. in past times. yolon cobtik. in the cornfield /under the growing plants/. Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk'ob ti kahvaltike. beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord. 9olon 9osil, nphr(n type n)5. lowlands. 9olonah, iv. make trips to the lowlands. t s9olonah sa. He makes trips to the lowlands now (young boy), mu sna9 t s?olonah. He does not make trips to the lowlands (salt merchant). 9olonahebal, n3d. article used for trips to the lowlands /old hat, old clothes/. 9olontik, n5. Mexico City. h9olon, agn. person who lives to the west /plu form is most freq/. h9olonahel, agn. person going to, from, or temporarily in the lowlands. 9olotiyo N(Sp, olotillo). 9olotiyo, indian com. cf. tisim 9om N. 9om, nle. spider /general term/. eahalwm, nphr(aj &n)5. lowland spider. It is possibly a black widow spider. Its bite reportedly causes diarrhea, vomiting, paralyzation of mouth and limbs followed by death within a half hour. The antidote is a brew of thirteen splinters of pine boiled in water and drunk immediately. A cup of chili sauce may substitute for the pine tea. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 69 Tam, n5. spider /name for spider, repeated when spider is killed so that person won't become a stutterer or mute/. Timbre Tombre, be reasonable, cf. ■ximpre. ■Himpre E(Sp, hombre). Tdmpre, excl. lit., man! i.e., be reasonable! come on! /restricted to attempt to convince someone/, var., ibmbre. Tompre mu sapas yec. Be reasonable don't be like that. 9on N. Ton, n I a. avocado. (5)-The pit of an unattested variety is brewed and the decoction drunk as a remedy for bloody dysentery. It is cold'. •Jontik, n5. grove of avocado trees. ba^i Ton, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #391(1,3). Highland "tree". It is grown in the yards. The pits are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in January and sold at market in San Cristobal. It is eaten raw with salt and tortillas as part of the meal. It is "cold" c'ail Ton, nphr(aj & n). "bitter avocado', avocado Persea americana, #642(1,2). Highland "tree*. It grows in yards and in heavy forest. The trunk is used for firewood. muk'ta ion, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #626(1,2,3). Highland "tree" Same use as han't ion, but harvested in February. yas-Ton, n(aj & ncpd)la. avocado Persea americana, #224(1,2,3,5), #3016(1,4,5,11). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos and grows wild along the river's edge. The pit is planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in June, July, and August. It is sold at market. It is "cold". (4,ll>The fruit is harvested in August. Ton teT, nphr(n type n)5. madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #B9273(5,5a). Highland "tree" (5)-The nut of an unattested variety is eaten. It is said that if the madrone has many blooms, the mangos will bear many fruits. Ton teTaltik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of madrones. Ton teTtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of madrones. Tit'is Ton teT, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). summer holly A rctostaphylos lucida, #55(1,2,3), #554(1,3), #2346(3,4). Highland "tree" It is used for firewood. (5)-The tips of an unattested variety are used in the steam cure. They are "hot". k'os Ton teT, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Chimaphila umbellata, #1850(1). Temperate plant' nap'ap' Ton te*>, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 'sticky madrone', madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #B9497(5,5a), #47(1,2,3). Highland "tree" Three tips are burned on the griddle and the ash is bound to a bone break. They are "hot". The trunk is used for house construction and fence posts. (5)-An unattested variety is used in the steam cure. sakil Ton teT, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #637(1,2). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. TODob Tonob, lead tree. cf. Tolnob. TODOS Pt. Tonos, pt. still. mi t sabat Tonos. Are you still going? liTay Tonos. I did go. Tora N(Sp, hora). Tora, nla. time, watch, hour, season, luck. yasal Tora. good luck. cahal Tora. bad luck. mu yorauk. He has no time left /death imminent/. ta Tora. right away, quickly, suddenly, soon. yora TO no van. it is no good if (or) it is not right that. Tora te k'u sTelane. according to one's luck. maTuk yora ta e'unel. It is not the season for planting it. stal ak'elon k'u Tora. Come see me sometime. t stal ta Tora capluk nos li skaTtake. He will come as soon as his mules are ready. bae'i lek Tora ta tael To k'ulehal. It is a great opportunity to get rich. Ritual speech, referring to return from visit to shrines; k'usi Tora k'usi k'ak'al sivalk'uh tal sisutp'ih tal. Whenever I return, whenever I come back. Tora mut, nphr(n type n)5, Tiour bird', yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor/Htek-lum, Pat lOsil/. Cuckoos are considered edible. They are "cold". Because the cuckoo is known to call at sunset, on cloudy days its call is a signal for quitting work. Torail, n4d. luck. yorail Tane. lit., woman's luck, i.e., boy baby, good fortune possessed by woman which is thought to ensure good production of her husband's com crop. yorail vinik. lit., man's luck, i.e., girl baby, good fortune ensuring good production of corn crop. Toratik, n5. right away, every few days. Torasi E(Sp, ahora si). Torasi, excl. at last! Torasi lek ibat. At last it turned out well. Toregano N(Sp, oregano). Toregano, n. oregano Origanum vulgare, # 1044(1,3,5). Highland "plant" It is grown by Chamulas in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The leaves are used by ladinos for seasoning chicken and turkey. (l)-It is "medium". (3)-It is "hot" Toresyon N(Sp, oracion). Toresyon, nle. prayer, var., lorisyon. Toresyon, n5. dusk, vesper bell, var., lorisyon. Toresyontik, n5. dusk. Toresyon mut, nphr(n type n)5. 'orison bird', brown-backed solitaire Am- ygdestes obscurus. Torisyon e'iTlel, nphr(n type n). yellow evening primrose Oenothera lacini- ata, #616(1,2,3), #1429(1). Highland "plant". Torisyon mut, cf. Toresyon mut Torisyon Torisyon, dusk, vesper bell, prayer, cf. Toresyon. wkana N(Sp,6rgano). Torkana TUIOT, nphr(n4d of n5). accordion. Tornamentu N(Sp, ornamento). Tornamentu, n5. visiting saint, var., lornomentu. Toraomentu Tornomentu, visiting saint, cf. ornamentu. Toro N(Sp, oro). Toro, nle. gold. yoroal ke. my gold tooth. yoroal sik'alal. tinfoil of cigarette pack. Toro, aj. golden, yellow, red and green-striped (candle). Torotik, aj. rather golden (markings on face of captain). Torten N(Sp, orden). Torten, nla. authorization, legal power, law. Tak' Torten, vphr(tv & n5). authorize. Tosil N. Tosil, nla. land, daylight, day, forest. yosil totil meTil. inherited land. yosil Htek-lum. communal land. makal Tosil. cloudy. muk' bu kaTi Tosil. lit., I never felt the daylight, i.e., I never woke up. k'usi Tosilal. What day of the week is it? mol Tosil. heavy forest. Tosilah, iv. be publicized, come to light, cf. vinah. Denunciatory speech; ta svinah ta sTosilah ti smule ti skoloTe. His crime, his evil will come to light, will be publicized. losilaltik, n5. open air, outside. Tosiltik, n5. forest, open expanse of land, open air, outside. t svay ta Tosiltik. He sleeps in the open. Tik'al Tosil, nphr(aj & n)5. darkness, night. Tunen Tosil, nphr(aj & n)5. land with low second growth. 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 9unen 9osilaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of land with low second growth. 9unen 9osiltik, nphi(aj & n)5. expanse of land with low second growth. 9osol N. 9osol, nle. bird mite. •>osov N(Sp, oso). 9osov, n5. bear. ?os(l) Num. ?os , n(num & nccpd)le. three. 9os-9u, n(num & ncpd)le. 'three months', Sageretia elegans, #710(1,2). Temperate " vine". The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers. The fruit is eaten by birds. #2444(1,20). Temperate and highland "tree" (20)-The fruit is edible. It is "cold" (RML)-The name is derived from the belief that if one steps on the thorn of this vine the thorn will remain embedded for three months. 9os-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. three-sided /fruit, stem/, ws-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. lit., tripartite blanket, i.e., wedding blanket. TOs-histaobil, n(num & ncpd) 4f. yarn-embroidered shoulder seams of woman's blouse. 9os-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. thirteen, ■tos-lot, n(num & nccpd)5. constellation comprised of the three stars of orion's belt; delta, epsilon, xi. 9os-lot h9elek', nphr(n/num & nccpd/4d of agn). constellation; comprising theta, 1, d of orion. It is thought that only robbers can see it. 9os-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over three times /bridal headdress, rope/. 9os-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. sixty. 9os9os , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in threes, every three. ?osios-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by sixties, every sixty. 9oseh, nle. three days from now. 9oshe, nle. three days ago. 9oshe9oshe, n5. about three days ago. wshetik, n5. about three days ago. 9osib, nle. three. 9osib letanya, cf. letanya. 9os(2) Pt. 9os, pt. particle expressing completed time. 7Ot(l) N. 9ot, n4a. tortilla. yec kote. That's the way my tortillas are /reply of host to guests after receiving thanks for meal/. 9Ot(2) 9ot, put in, invite inside, cf. 9oc. 9Ot(3) 9ot, count, cf. iat(2). 9otot N(N, ototl). 9otot, n5. common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris, #324(8). Lowland "tree" (5)-The trunk of an unattested variety is used by ladinos for the wattle of sugar mills. 9ototaltik, n5. large bamboo grove. 9otottik, n5. bamboo grove. 9olro A(Sp, otro). 9otro, aj. another. 9otro h-9ec'el. another time (or) again. 9of(1) 9ot', place slightly inside, cf. 9oc. 9ot'(2) prob P or P(2). 9ot'ol, aj. protuberant (many cin or yuy). 9ot'olik, aj. cf. lot'ol /plu/. 9ov(l) prob N. 9ov 9osil, nphr(n4f of n5). dew. 9OT(2) 9ov, corn planting, cf. 9av(2). ?ov, shout, cf. 9av(3). 9overo A(Sp, overo). 9overo, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk). 9overotik, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk). 9ovispo(l) N(Sp, avispa). 9ovispo, nle. wasp Polistes sp.. cf. cak-lakan tet. 9ovispo(2) N(Sp, obispo). 9ovispo, n5. bishop. 9ovlikasyon N(Sp, obligation). 9ovlikasyon, n5. grace. t stal li 9ovlikasyon. We will become smart. Ritual speech, prayer; c'ul-limusna, c'ul-9ovlikasyon. holy alms, holy obligation /candles/. Ritual speech, prayer; mi 9o to c'ul-karira mi 9o to c'ul-9ovlikasyon. Is there still divine charity, is there still divine grace? 9oven N. 9oven, n5. avocado. See below. The trunk is used for gunstocks, and house construction. The fruit is "cold". k'os 9oven, nphr(aj & n). Ilex brandegeana, #416(1,2,5). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 9oven te9, nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana, #412(1,4). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for gunstocks. 9OVOS 9ovos, hog plum. cf. hovos. 9oy(l) N. 9oy, n5. there is, there are, sometimes, there is a possibility that, var., to. mu hna9 mi 9o t sa9abolah. I do not know if there is a possibility of your doing the favor. Ii9 9oyon ta hna. I am at home. 9oy scat ta 9olon. Sometimes he goes to the lowlands. 9oy sk'ak'al ko9on. I am angry (or) envious. 9oy sk'opoh ta bae"i k'op Ii9 toe. Is there anyone (or) someone here who speaks Tzotzil? 9oy ... 9oy, n5.,.n5. sometimes ... sometimes, var., 9O...9O. 9oy sk'ot 9oy mu sk'ot. Sometimes it comes true, sometimes it does not (dream). 9oy 9u9un, nphr(n5 of n4d). have, be rich, var., lo iw>un. mu k'usi 9oy ku9un. I do not have anything. 9oy to 9os, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). there was, there were, once there was. var., 90 to los. 9oy9oytik, n5. there are some (or) he, etc., has some. 9oyuk, n5. if there were, may. var., lok. 9oyuk htak'ine t sakak'be. If I had any money, I would give you some. Ritual speech, person requesting another to serve as ritual assistant; 9oyuk yo 1 avokol 9oyuk yo 1 avik'ti9 t sahc'amun t sahmaki hbankil kie"in. May you take the trouble, may you endure the hardship, that I may borrow you, that I may share you, my elder brother, my younger brother. 9ayan, iv. be born (animals, Christ), come from, originate, appear. k'u 9ora i9ayan li hc'ul-me9tike. When did the Virgin appear? 9ayan 9ahnil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/. ti k'al 9ayan avahnil. when you were married. 9ayan malal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/. 9ayan ninyo, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). Christmas Eve. 9ayaneb, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. vok'eb. 9ayanebal, nld. last few days of pregnancy. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. vok'ebal. 9ayanel, vnle. birth (people, animals). 9ayantas, tv. give birth to. 9ayantasob, n5. medicine to induce birth. 9ayantasobil, nlf. cf. tayantasob, 9ayantasvan, iv. give birth to child. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 71 lmyanel, agn. newborn child or animal. hiayantasvaneh, agn. woman who gives birth. ?o, cf. oy. 10...10, cf. toy...toy. ?o 9u9un, cf. toy itfJun. ?o to 70s, cf. foy to 9oS. 9ok, pt(contr of to & -uk). cf. toyuk. 9u k'u, nphr(n5 & pt). there is anything. mu hna? mi 9u k'u sak'an. I don't know if there is anything you want. 9oy(2) N. 9oy, nla. post /fence, house, bed/. 9oy balamil, nphr(n4e of n5). cosmic pillar. It is believed that there are four pillars, represented by four individuals supporting the earth on their shoulders, or by four serpents supporting the earth with their tails. An earthquake is thought to occur when the world is shifted from one shoulder to the other. 9oy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5). 'sky post', Lemaireocereus sp., #839(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #2007(16). Lowland "tree". Scirpus vaiidus, #2496(4). Highland "plant". Toy vinaheltik, nphr(n4e of n5)5. expanse of yoyal vinahel. puh 9oy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/). California bullrush Scirpus californicus, #11(1,3,4). Highland "plant" 90(1) N. 9u, nle. moon, month, inan. poss.; month of /fiesta, birth of child/, yual hk'intik. August. Ritual speech, oath of office; mi lekil htunelot mi lekil hbainelot ta lahceb 9u ta lahceb k'ak'al. Will you be a proper dignitary, will you be a good witness for twelve months, for twelve days? 9uiltik, n5. moonlight. 9il 9U, vphr(tv & n5). have a menstrual period. 9o(2) N. 9u pok\ nphrjnle of n5). white neckerchief /worn by ensign-bearer/, white collar /dog, laughing falcon/. 9u te9, nphr(nle of n5). stick fastened to dog's neck to prevent it from chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from marauding the corn field. 9ual, nld. chaplet or rosary /necklace with coin pendants and a pendant cross in the center, placed on the saints' images/. 9ual bakel, nphr(n type n)ld. collarbone. 9uan, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet/. 9uan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). bind limb to body /broken arm, front legs of dog to prevent it from eating corn ears/. 9uil, n3d. necklace of woven palm /palm distributed on fiesta of St. Peter Martyr/, necklace made from thread /used to wipe off saints when they are bathed/. Tuin, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet, scarf/. 9u, there is anything, cf. 9oy. 9119 O. 9u99on, av. roaring (jaguar). 9u9et, av. howling (coyote, child, jaguar). 9u9etah, iv. howl (coyote). 9u9etik, av. howling (children). 9u9lah, av. howling (coyotes). 9u9lahet, av. howling (coyotes). 9ii7te9u9te, av. walking about howling (coyote, child). TU9u9et, av. howling (child), roaring (car V3: II). 7O9IU1 N. TuTunil, n3b. noun that acts as a possessive pronoun or emphasizes subject. When occurring asyuiun it may also mean because, on account of, concerning, regarding. kuTun. mine. 9oy ku9un. I have. su9 ku9un. I can do it (or) I can win (or) I am wealthy. mu seak kinun. I cannot catch it (or) I cannot hold it. k'usi smul avu9un. What did he do to you? k'u no 90S yu9unot. What is it to you? ta ko9one ku9un. I feel that she is mine. mu sa yu9unuk ta ko9on. I do not care about it anymore. lok' ku9unbe komel yot. I finished making his tortillas for him. skuc ku^untik. We can bear it. isk'an pavor yu9un yil. He sought forbearance regarding his debt. isk'an pavor yu9un 9abtel. He sought preferential treatment concerning the religious office /e.g., prompt appointment to office/. yu9un me. Is that so! /redundant exclamation used by listener to encourage narrator to continue/. ■)u9unin, tv. take possession of /wife/. t S9u9uninat ta balamil li 9unene. The earth (lord) has taken possession of the baby. Ritual speech, shaman when beginning meal; t skic' t sku9unin t asohobale t anak'obale. I receive, I take possession of Thy sunbeams, Thy shade. Ritual speech, shaman receiving cane liquor; t skic't sku9unin ti h-set'e ti hutebe. I receive, I possess forever, the drop, the trifle. 9u9 nan, nphr(n4f/contr of tioun/ & pt). then maybe. 9u9 van, nphr(n4f/contr of wun/ & pt). Do you think? How could.... 9u9n, n4f(contr of futunj. cf. lutunil. 9u9n 9o ka, nphr(n/contr of tuiun/ 4f & pt & x). It is true! 9u9n 9o no ka, nphr(n/contr of tutun/ 4f & pt & pt & x). It is true! 9u9n 9onos ka, nphr(n/contr of luoun/ 4f & pt & x). It is true! 9u9nuk, n4f(contr of lutun). if /condition contrary to fact/. 9u9nukuk, n4f(contr of Tuoun). cf. owinuk, 9ub N. 'ub, n5. singing quail Dactylortyx thoracicus. The singing quail is eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. It is medium'. In fields near woods it scratches up the seed com. To cure a baby's diarrhea its feathers are boiled and the brew is drunk. Alternatively, its feathers may be toasted and the baby passed through their smoke, ■me A. 9ue, aj. good. ta 9ue ta kolo9 talem. lit., It was caused by /seeming/ good, by evil, i.e., It was caused by witchcraft. 9ue9ue 9unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). pretty, beautiful. 9uee, pt. fortunately. 9uee ibat. Fortunately, he left. 9ueilal, nlf. goodness, greatness. 9uein, tv. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient when patient enters bed; feel good. cf. lekin. ta slekin ta suein ti spate ti ssokone. His back, his side will feel well, will feel good. 9ue"o, pt. by the grace of god, thank god. var., tue^u /more freq/. 9ue"o litale. Thank god I came. 9ue'(l) N. 9ue* 9alalil, nphr(nld & n3d). first cousin. 9ue'u, n3d. younger sibling of man or woman. luz'in baik, rv. be younger siblings, in the same family. h9ue"nom, agn. elder of two babies who refuses to be weaned. 9uc'(2) X. 9ue"9on, av. sniffing (dog). 9ue*et, av. sniffing (dog). 9ue"etah, iv. sniff. 9ue"i, tv. sniff at (person, horse, dog). 9ue"iel, nc. sniff. r)ue'lah, av. cf. tue'ton (plu). Tue'lahet, av. cf. tue'ei (plu). 9ue>tOue'te, av. sniffing about (dog). 9ue"o 9ue"o, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. 9ue. 9|K'U 9ue'u, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. 9ue. 9UCW X. 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 •Jue'ue', aj. cheap /more for less money/. lue'ue' ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be in misery /sick, poor/. Usually occurs only in Ritual speech as tabol hba lue'ue* hba: I am suffering, I am in misery. ■me'uer' ni?, nphr(aj & n)le. false chameleon Anolis sp.. A false chameleon is applied to a thorn embedded in one's foot so that the thorn will fall out. lue'ue'ib, iv. become cheaper, lessen (sickness). 9ue'ue'tik, aj. rather cheap. 9uc(l) N. 9uc, n5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis. The opossum is hunted and eaten. It is "hot". Its tail is roasted and ground to a powder that is used to heal wounds. Opossums are credited with the ability to survive skinning. If a person touches an opossum it is thought that his debts will multiply. Opossums are the companion animal spirits of scrawny, weak, and ugly people. e'al-ne "me, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis. c'is 9uc, nphr(n type n)5. mexican porcupine Coendu mexicanus. The porcupine is considered edible, "hot". Its quills are boiled and the broth is drunk to cure whooping cough. 9uc(2) N. 9uc, n5. black sapote Diospyros digyna, #2820(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland "tree" The fruit is sold at market. It is "medium". (3)-It is "hot". (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and for firewood, •mcaltik, n5. large grove of black sapotes. 9uctik, n5. grove of black sapotes. k'os ?uc, nphr(aj & n). rose apple Eugenia jambos, #726(1,2). Temperate "tree". It is used for firewood. Croton guatemalensis, #293(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" It is used for firewood. 9uc(3) N. 9uc, nle. haze, drizzle. t syal 9uc. It is hazy (or) It is drizzling /on sunny day/. 9uc(4) A. 9ucul, aj. blue gray (chicken, sick baby's excrement), ■niculib, iv. become blue gray (sick baby's excrement). ?uc(5) prob A. ■me, n4e. seared, yellowed. t smuy yucal. They have been yellowed (corn or potato plants), t syal yucal. They have been yellowed (peaches that drop before developing). 9ucib, iv. become yellow (corn leaves). 9ucibtas, tv. sear /com leaves/. ■TUC'(I) N. TUC', nla. louse. 9uc' mas, nphr(n4d of n5). 'monkey louse', paroquet bur Triumfetta semi-triloba, #2839(3,4,5). Lowland "plant". #2438(20). Highland "tree", wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus, #461(1,2,5). Highland "tree" The bark is used as lashing for house construction. It is used by children for traps. Triumfetta speciosa, #932(1,3). Highland "tree". It is used to make traps. Triumfetta sp., #1872(1,16). Highland "tree". ?uc' mastik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yuc' mas. bik'it ?uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2542(21,22). Temperate "tree". k'ak'al 9uc" mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Bidens triplinervia var. mollis, #2388(20). Highland "plant", k'anal 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2673(20). Lowland "plant". k'os 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2438(1). Highland "tree", paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2542(1,4). Temperate "tree". #2673(1,3). Lowland "plant". Acaena elongata, #1022(1,3,5). Highland "plant", sakil 7uc" mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). false mallow Kearnemal- vastrum lacteum, #1775(15). Highland "plant". 9uc' mas pos, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Acaena elongata, #1812(15,16). Lowland, temperate and highland "plant". (16)-As a remedy for diarrhea and "wind", a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch for one day. It is "hot" 9uc'(2) T. ?uc", tv. drink. iyuc' yisim. He drank his posol (or) his corn gruel. Polite speech after drinking gift of corn gruel; kol aval ku£' 9isim. Thank you I drank corn. ?uc\ iv. absorb moisture (ground), seep. 9uc", nc. drink. h-9uc* ta vo9. posol-drinking time /nine a.m./. 9uc'-vo9, vn(tv & ncpd)le. ceremonial coffee-drinking. 9uc'an, tv. drink many /glasses, cups, etc./. 9u5'9on, av. swallowing slowly (horse drinking salt water, child drinking corn gruel). 9uc'9uc' yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground). •mc'bahel, n5. drinks. 9uc'balal vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. well for drinking water. 9uc'ben, n4e. drink given to Chamula workers. skwenta yuc'benal. lit., for /buying/ a drink, i.e., surplus money. 9uc'bolah, iv. be drinking. 9uc'bolil, n3d. alcoholic drink, inan. poss.; yuc'bolal. 9uc'ebal, n3d. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., drinking place, i.e., fireside, cf. vegetal. 9uc'ebal, n5. lit., time of absorption, i.e., onset of rainy season when house absorbs moisture. 9uc'el, nc. swallow. ■we'et, av. absorbing moisture (ground), seeping. 9uc"ilan, tv. keep drinking. 9uc'ilanan, tv. keep drinking /plu/. 9uc"imo9, nla. posol. It is "cold", var., 9»c'omo9. 9uc"lahet, av. cf. lui'lon (plu). 9uc"lahetik, av. cf. luc'non (plu). 9ud'ob, nlf. drinking utensil /glass, cup, gourd/. 9uc'ob bino, nphr(nle of nld). chalice. 9uc'obil, nlf. cf. tuc'ob. 9uc'obil bino, nphr(nle of nld). cf. tuc'ob bino. 9uc'omo9, cf. tuc'imot. 9u£'te9uc'te, av. walking along drinking. 9u£'uc'et yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground). 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(x type n). 'drinking water receptacle (?)', orchid. 9u6'ul vo9altik, nphr(x type n)5. large expanse of orchids. 9uc"ul vo9tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of orchids, bik'it 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrumsp., #2125(1). Temperate "plant", bik'tal 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Odontoglossum egertonii, #545(1,3). Temperate "plant". kilahtik 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'long orchid', Epidendrum ibaguense, #704(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". The stalk is used as a toy whistle by shepherds. Epidendrum parkinsonianum, #980(1,3). Highland "plant" k'anal 9uc"'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Lycaste cruenta, #1205(1,3,4,5). Temperate " plant *. k'os 9u£'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum ochraceum, #43(1,2), #991(1,3). Highland "plant". Thirsty shepherds chew the bulb. It is cold". Epidendrum sp., #2125(11). Temperate "plant". Leochiluspygmaeus, #138(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant", muk'ta 9u6'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum arbuscula var. radioferens, #42(1,2). Highland "plant" Chamulas sell the flowers. Epidendrum arbuscula, #544(1,3). Temperate "plant". #935(1,3), #984(1,3). Highland "plant". Children play with the flowers. Epidendrum cochleatum, #1073(1,3,5). Highland plant". #2115(1). Temperate "plant". Epidendrum sp., #134(1,4). Highland "plant". Salvia cacaliaefolia, #2723(4,5). Highland "plant". (RML)-Proba-bly a misidentification. muk'ta nai'al vo9 ta lumtik, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/) & prep & n. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 73 Targe terrestrial orchid', Epidendrum varicosum, #699(1,2,3,5). Highland'plant*. The bulb is boiled by school children and used for glue. pec'ahtik ?uc'ul v«, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'flat orchid', Odon- toglossum stellatum, # 135(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant", sakil Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum varicosum, #2340(3,4). Highland plant', setahtik Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'disk-like orchid', Meir- acyllium trinasutum, #1272(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant", volahtik Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'spherical orchid', Epidendrum ochraceum, #137(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Tuc'ul vo1? Tantivo, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'ancestor's orchid', Epidendrum sp., #2125(14). Temperate "plant". Tuc'ul vo1) bolom, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'jaguar's orchid', Odon-toglossum bictoniense, #2252(19). Highland "plant" Tuc'ul vo? e"i?lel, nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n. dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1446(10). Highland "plant". Tuc'ul vo? cue, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'squirrel's orchid', Epidendrum cochleatum, #2115(14). Temperate "plant". Tuc'ul vo? h-Hk'al, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of agn). 'spook's orchid', Epidendrum cochleatum, #2115(7). Temperate "plant" Tuc'ul vo? te?, nphr(nphr/x type n/)4e of n. 'tree orchid', Epidendrum varicosum, #2340(19). Highland "plant" Tuc'ul vo?al ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/ type nphr/n of n/). 'rock-top orchid', Odontoglossum bictoniense, #2252(3,4). Highland "plant". Ble-tia sp., #1587(1,3). Temperate "plant" Tuc'ul vo?al ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n. 'rock orchid', ladies' tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1569(1,3). Temperate and highland "plant". Tuc'van, iv. sap person's strength (sickness, work). ha1) sa iTuc'van ta pos li sibnelale. The (girl's) elder brother drank cane liquor now. c'ul-Tuc'ebal, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., holy eating place, i.e., fireside, cf. c'ul-vevebal. hTuc'-trago, agn(tv & nepd). drunkard. h?uc'-vo?, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit, the drinker of water, Le., envious person, cf. hvtnel hwc'vaneh ta vo?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). man who secretly accepts drink from boy and promises daughter or sister in marriage without her knowledge. momo?, n5. baby talk; posol. ■rah O. TuhTon, av. hooting (mut bolom, peal horned owl). Tuhlah, av. hooting (plu). Tuhlahet, av. cf. -nifrton (plu). Tnk(l) O. TukTon, av. grunting (pig V2: 18). Tuket, av. grunting (pig). Tuketah, iv. grunt Tuklah, av. cf. lukuk (plu). Tuklahet, av. cf. "nikton. ?uklih, av. grunting suddenly (pig). ?ukte?ukte, av. walking about grunting. Tukuk, av. running and grunting (pig). Tukuket, av. grunting (pig). TQk(2) Pt. Tuk, pt too, also. t sibat ?uk. I'm going too. vo?on ?uk. me too. ■rakun N. sTukun, nle. chiapan coral bean Erythrina chiapasana, #360(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree". Slips are planted in fencerows in the rainy season. The trunk is used for fence posts, for the dudes' masks, and for spoons. The flowers are brewed alone or together with beans. They are "cold". The flowers are sold at market in San Cristobal, goldman's coral bean Erythrina goldmanii, #1999(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "tree". (1,4)-Tlie trunk is used for stools. s?ukunaltik, n5. long row of coral beans. s?ukuntik, n5. row of coral beans. Tuk'um N. Tuk'um, nle. small river, stream. Tuk'umah, iv. wash clothes at stream. Tuk'umaltik, n5. stretch of river. h?uk'umahel, agn. person who washes clothes in stream. Tuk'unahebal, n3d. place along stream where woman customarily washes her laundry. Tuk'unahebal vo?, nphr(n type n)5. waterhole for washing clothes. ?uk'un Tuk'un, launder, cf. >uk'um. Tul(l) N. Tul, nla. corn gruel, corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without lime /for starching and strengthening thread/. ?ulultas, tv. starch /apply corn gruel on threads to strengthen them if they break during weaving/, pahal ?ul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with sugar. It is drunk on All Souls' Day and on Holy Cross Day. It is given by ensign-bearers and governors on entering and leaving office, pamal ?ul, nphr(natt & n)5. com gruel seasoned with sugar and chili. It is drunk on Maundy Thursday, pimentail TUI, nphr(natt & n)5. corn gruel seasoned with pepper. It is drunk by women after giving birth. pit-sat ?ul, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. corn gruel seasoned with marsh marigold, ginger or pepper. It is "cold", sakil ?ul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with pepper /given by stewards to sacristans during the Posadas/. Tul(2) I. Tul, iv. evaporate, dry up, melt, crystallize (salt, sugar), become penniless, boil away. ?ul?ul, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit become rather poor. TulTultik, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit, become rather poor. Tulbal, nla. irrigation ditch, irrigation. Tulel, nc. evaporation /water when cooking food/ /I-4/. Tules, tv. melt coin /money/, crystallize /salt/, dry up. iyules vo?. He (or) she dried up the well /by having sexual relations next to the well/. Tulesob, nlf. cauldron for crystallizing salt or sugar. Tulesobil, nlf. cf. lulesob. ?ulilan, iv. keep drying up (well every dry season). ?ul(3) P or P(2). ?ulahtik, aj. tiny (corn plants, puppies, children). TulTon, av. walking when tiny (puppy, child). ?uleah, iv. be stunted (corn plant). ?ulet av. walking, when tiny (puppy, child). ?uletah, iv. walk when tiny (child, puppy). ?uletik, av. cf. lulet. Tullah, av. walking when tiny (puppies, children). ?ullahet av. walking when tiny (puppy, child). ?ullahetik, av. cf. lullahet. Tulp'ih, iv. cf. luleah. ?ulte?ulte, av. walking about when tiny (puppy, child). Tulul, av. running when tiny (puppy, child). ?ulul, aj. tiny (puppy, child). TIlliT N. TuliT, nla. slingshot rubber. ?ulispipi? N. Tulispipi?, n5. dusky-capped flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer, greater pewee Ccntopus pertinax, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus. cf. p'okoyo^, p'okoyok, toe-hol mut. These flycatchers are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are "cold". They begin to call at the onset of the rainy season and so are believed to request rain. They are considered to be good birds that do not bother the seed com. 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 N. 9ulo?, n 1 d. Chamula /inhabitant of Chamula/, reciprocal term of address between Chamulas and Zinacantecs, an. poss.; visitor. ■nim(l) T. Turn, tv. sip, take a mouthful, hold in mouth, yumoh yok'cl. He is holding back his sobs, yumoh vo9. It has absorbed water (wound on foot that gets wet and festers). ?um, nc. mouthful. 7uma"), aj. mute, afflicted with stutter. Tumai 9ec\ cf. 9ec'. •mma'ttb, iv. become mute, become a stutterer. •mmantik, aj. mouthfuls at long intervals. 9um9on, av. stuttering. ?um?um, nc. single mouthful /I only/. 9umbe, tv. hold in mouth /chick/ (dog). •nimel, nc. mouthful. •nimet, av. suppressing /laughter, crying/. •Jumilan, tv. keep holding in mouth /candy, marble/. 9umlahet, av. stuttering, stammering (sing). ?umlahetik, av. cf. lumlahet (plu). 9umte9umte, av. walking about suppressing /laughter/ or stuttering. ?umul ?e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). reticent, stupid. 7um(2) P. 9umahtik, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom). 9umi, iv. be in bud. ■?umul, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom, infant boy's penis). ■mmulik, aj. cf. lumahtik. Tumpral N(Sp, umbral). Tumpral, nle. door lintel. •mn Pt. ■nin, pt. then /participle always occurring at end of phrase/. funen N. 9unen(l), nla. baby, plu.; funetik or funenetik, newness /moon, foliage, fruit/. It is believed that when a baby dies, its soul(c'ulel) is passed through the fire once as punishment for having kicked its mother when in her belly. It then becomes a flower and is tied on the cross in heaven. 9unen(2), aj. small, young, unripe, new (moon, leaf), rising (sun). 9unen 9anal, cf ?anal. 9unen 9osil, cf. ">osil. ■rnnen 9osilaltik, cf. ?osil. ?unen 9osiltik, cf. 9osil. 9unen cenek', cf. cenek'. ?unen k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le. 'tiny hand', land snail Drymaeusghiesbregh-tii Pfeiffer USNM 678744, slug. It is believed that a person who passes by a land snail without noticing it will lose his fingernails. There is no known remedy. 9unen mu, nphr(aj & n)la. 'little delicious', deadly nightshade Solanum off. douglasii, #76(1,2,3,4,5), #1451(3,11,12), #1749(3,15,16), #2047(3,17,18), #2357(3,4,20), #2500(4,21,22). Highland "plant" It grows in yards. The seeds are sown occasionally at the onset of the rainy season. The greens are brewed with salt and are eaten by all Zinacantecs. They are "hot". The greens are sold in Zinacantan center and at market in San Cristobal. The plant is brewed without salt, and the decoction is drunk to cure dysentery /sakil sim-nak'al/. The berries are chewed raw for fever sores, deadly nightshade Solanum no-diflorum, #1495(3,11,12). Highland "plant". (ll)-Same use as above, but the greens are "medium", deadly nightshade Solanum nigrum, #321(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". It grows in yards and in corn fields. Same use as above. ?unen mualtik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of deadly nightshade. ?unen mutik. nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of deadly nightshade, c'ail 7unen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'bitter tunen mu', deadly nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(1,3). Highland "plant*. te9tikil ?unen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 'forest lunen mu', deadly nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(7). Highland "plant". lunenah, iv. wane, fail to mend properly (broken bone that reportedly becomes painful when moon wanes). ■mnenal, nlf. center /of young corn or cabbage/. Ritual speech, bone-setter prayer; 9unenal bak 9unenal C'usuv. The center of the bone, the center of the muscle, i.e. the growing part. 9unenaltik, n5. land with low second growth. 9unentas ba, rv. feign youth. 9unenub, iv. feign youth, become weak /from illness/. 9unenubtas ba, rv. feign youth. leklek ?unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). cute. ton leklek avunen ba s'wlan t sapase. That's a cute thing you are doing! /sarcastic/. luneh, iv. dissolve , melt (wax, lard, resin). 9uneh won, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be persuaded /to sell or give/. mu s-mneh ti yo7on sak' ti seeb 9un a9a. He certainly can't be persuaded to give away his daughter. 9unehes, tv. dissolve, melt /wax, lard, resin/. 9unin, aj. cf. •)unen(2). 9unin k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le. cf. tunen k'obol. 9unin mu, cf. lunen mu. 9unkaro N(Sp, hiingaro). 9unkaro, n5. gypsy. 9UP'(1) X. 9up'9on, av. glowing fiercely (tinder). 9up'lahet, av. glowing fiercely (tinder). 9iip'te')up'te, av. glowing here and there (tinder). 9up'(2) X. ■ftip'up'et, av. splintered, splintering (bone). 9ur E. •mr, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. ■mret, av. saying "ouch". ■mrlahet, av. saying "ouch" (plu). ■mrlahetik, av. saying "ouch". 9urte9urte, av. walking about saying "ouch." 9ururet, av. saying "ouch, ouch" /stepping on thorn/. 9ururuy, excl. ouch! 9US N. 9us, nle. midge, gnat, buffalo gnat, fruit fly. 9us eo9 ka9, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. 'horse manure lus'. highland gnat. This gnat swarms around horse manure. p'09-hol -His, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'bulbous-headed lus'. highland gnat. tan 9us, nphr(aj & n)5. 'gray 9i«'. lowland gnat. This biting gnat occurs only in the dry season, t'om-hol ?us, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'bulbous-headed 9UJ'. cf. p'oi-hol lus. 9uskun prob A or N. 9uskun-te9, n(x type ncpd)5. quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #1454(3,11,12), #1769(15), #2319(3,4), #2503(4). Highland "plant". It grows in the corn fields. 9uskun-te9tik, n(x type ncpd)5. expanse of quick weed, eahal 9uskun-te9, nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #2204(1,3,4). Highland "plant". sakil 9uskun-te9, nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #2319(19). Highland "plant". The greens are brewed with salt and chili. They are "cold". kuskun-te9, n(x type nepd). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #1769(16). Highland "plant" 9US(1) E. ?us9on, av. siccing dog. 9us9us, excl. sic 'em! 9usilan, tv. keep siccing dog. 9u§ilanan, tv. keep siccing dogs. 9uste9uste., av. walking about siccing dog. 9ususta, tv. sic on. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 75 TUS(2) prob P or P(2). Tusahtik, aj. sitting when chubby or fat (children, pigs). fusion, av. walking when fat (person). Tuset, av. walking ponderously (pig, woman), sitting chubbily (child). ■rasetah, iv. sit chubbily (child). Tusetik, av. cf. "mset (plu). Tusk'ih, iv. become too fat or big to walk (pig, child, pregnant woman). ■Juslah, av. running chubbily (children). Tuslahet, av. cf. miston (plu). ■mslahetik, av. cf. tusel (plu). Tusieh, nld. seated chubbily (child). Tusp'ih, iv. cf. "msk'ih. TusteTus'te, av. walking about happily (child). TusuL aj. sitting chubbily (child), sitting massively (woman), fat {pig). Tusulik, aj. cf. tusahtik. Tususet, av. walking ponderously (pig, pregnant woman). 7uskun A. Tuskun, aj. scaly (bark, skin). Tuskuntik, aj. scaly (bark, skin). msub N. ■nisub Tak', nphr(n4f type n5). monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #2025(16,17). Lowland 'vine' Tusubil, n3f. red wood /pine/, stem /fruit/, knot /wood/, penis. ■mt(l) T. Tut, tv. tell, say to, scold, criticize, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, bawl out, harm. mu savut. Leave it be (or) Don't touch it. mu k'u savut. There is nothing you can do. k'usi avutoh. What is he to you? /what relation or ritual relation is he of yours?/ k'u savut How did you do it? /a lot of work in a short time/. Tut baik, rv. scold or criticize, etc., each other. Tut-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, dispute. ta Tut-bail nos isc'ak TO sbaik. They separated just over words. •rut-bail ispasik 9o li balamil muk' sc'akohike. The land that they hadn't divided up became a source of contention. TutTon, av. scolding, criticizing, etc. TutTut-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. constant mutual scolding or criticizing, etc. Tutel, nla. scolding, criticism, etc. Toy yutelal li teTtik. There will be trouble if you cut the trees /privately owned trees/. Tutilan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc. Tutilan baik, rv. keep quarreling. Tutilanan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc. (plu). Tutilanan baik, rv. keep quarreling (plu). Tutlahetik, av. scolding or critizing, etc. (plu). Tutvan, iv. scold or criticize, etc., person. hTutvaneh, agn. person who scolds or criticizes, etc., another. Tut(2) N. "nit TaTal, nphr(n4f of n4d). in my (etc.) drinking water. Tut Tokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). sole /foot/, •nit Tuk'um, nphr(n4f of n5). in the stream. Tut Tut , nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through /forest, river, corn field, grass undergrowth/. Tut Tut balamil, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through the earth /gopher/. Tut Tut c'entik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). alongside foot of cliff, through cave. Tut Tut moktik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). from yard to yard. Tut k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). palm /hand/. Tut lum, nphr(n4f of n5). underground. mu yut lumuk t sbat. He can't go underground (criminal). Tut mok, nphr(n4f of nld). in the yard. Tut na, nphr(n4f of nla). inside the house. Tut voT, nphr(n4f of n5). in the well, in the water. Tutil, n3f. inside. ta yut. inside (or) in. Tutil, n4f. inside, restricted to. ta yutil yoTon. wholeheartedly, genuinely. Tuvenso N(Sp, Juvencio). Tuvenso, nld. Juvencio /Cobtik/. Tuy(l) O. Tuy, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear/. TuyTon, av. sobbing (child), crying (baby V2: 8). Tuyha, excl. whew! /sound of escaping breath/. Tuyhan, iv. sigh /letting breath escape through pursed lips/. Tuyhan mut, nphr(n type n)la. 'sighing bird', rufescent tinamou Cryptu- rellus cinnamoneus cf. yalak' balamil, pertis mut. Tinamous are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are "medium". Tuylahet, av. sobbing (children). Tuylahetik, av. sobbing (children). TuyteTiiyte, av. walking about sobbing (child). Tuyuh, n5. kinkajou Potos flavus. Kinkajous are not eaten. A person whose companion animal spirit is a kinkajou is believed to be especially susceptible to sickness. •>uy(2) prob P or P(2). Tuyahtik, aj. exhausted (body). Tuyahtik yaTlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/. Tuyon, av. soft and watery inside (blisters, fontanel). Tuyeah, iv. blister, become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cu- shaw, peaches), become thick (mud). Tuyk'ih, iv. splatter (mud). Tuyet, av. watery (mud). Tuylahet, av. watery (mud). Tuyp'ih, iv. cf. tuyeah. Tuyul, aj. exhausted (legs, head), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, peaches). Tuyul yaTlel. blistered. Tuyulik, aj. exhausted (body). Tuyulik yaTlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/. Tuyuy, av. sliding (avalanche). Tuyuyet, av. soft (iguana egg, undeveloped chicken egg). B ba(l) N. ba, nla. large pocket gopher Orthogeomys grandis, hispid pocket gopher Heterogeomys hispidus. Gophers are eaten occasionally. They are "cold" ba(2) N. ba Teal, nphr(nlf of n3d). front teeth. sba nos ye. He is hypocritical. ba Tol, nphr(nlf of n4d). eldest or first child /of woman/. ba Tosil, nphr(nlf of nld). high land, hilltop, ba Tunen , nphr(n of n)5. eldest or first child, ba balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). waking life /not dream/, ba be, nphr(n of n)5. in front /on path/. ba Carnal, nphr(nlf of nld). eldest or first child /of man/, ba d'en, nphr(n of n)5. top of cliff, cave, or ravine, ba k'el-k'esel, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & vncpd/). New Year's Day. ba k'el-k'in, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). main day of a fiesta, ba k'el-paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Christmas Day. ba k'el-rey, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Epiphany, ba k'el-san-hwan, nphr: n4f of vn(tv & n/aj & ncpd/). St. John's Day. ba k'o, nphr(n of n)la. bridge. ba k'ok', nphr(nIf of nld). storage place over fire, smoke pole, ba letanya, cf. lctanya. ba mesa, nphr(n If of nld). tabletop, head of table /during ritual meal/, ba misa, nphr(nlf of n5). First Posada, December 16th. ba mok, nphr(nlf of nld). fence /on side where land is highest/. ba moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along fence /on side where land is highest/. ba pok', nphr(nlf of nld). fuschia yarn /for scarf/. ba s"ik\ nphrfnlf of n5). radius of wing. When eaten it is thought to arouse jealousy. 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B ba to, nphr(nlf of nld). treetop /cut off and lying on ground/. ba te? camel, nphr(nphr/n of n/5 type vn)5. contagious disease brought from afar /chills and fever/, ba te"?con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ typen)lf. 'treetop bug', army ant. cf.bak lei con. ba veiel, nphr(n of n)5. first meal /second day of fiesta of St. Sebastian/. baba, n5. along the top of, over /lake, mountain/, baba k'op, nphrfn type n)5. derogatory remark addressed to one person when third party present is the actual target. bail, n3b. top. Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; visage. ta ba. on top of. ta bail ta satil. in the open, in sight /grievance brought to court/. Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; anicimal ba anicimal sat. Thy beautiful visage, Thy beautiful face, bailah, iv. get ahead, bain, iv. rise to surface (skin of corn kernel when boiled), perceive. Ritual speech, vacating office; litun libain. I served, I perceived, bau, tv. skim off foreign matter /from corn, water, or food/, bauan, tv. skim off much foreign matter, bauobil, nlf. whisk broom to clean foreign particles from com, gourd to skim off foreign matter from food, hba-k'el kriscano, agn(n type vn/tv & ncpd/). thief. hbainel, agn. perceiver, "flowers" of curing ceremony. Ritual speech, oath of office; lekil htunelikon lekil hbainelikon. May I be a good servant, may I be a good perceiver. hbainom, agn. one who perceives supernaturally, usually in dreams /infr/. ba9i, cf. ba'yi. ba?yi, aj. first, before, ahead, var., baii. •)ak'bon ba9yuk. Give it to me first. ba?yi e'unubil, cf. lisim. baiyi k'on, cf. iSim. ba?yih, iv. go first. ba?yihes, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. baTyihesan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. baTyihesvan, iv. place person ahead. baTyintas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. ba9yintasan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. baTyintasvan, iv. place person ahead, ba^yubtas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. ba?yubtasan, tv. send many ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. baTyubtasvan, iv. place person ahead. ba(3) N. bail, rpn3b. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. ba(4) ba, going, cf. bat. b»? O. ba1), onom. sheep call. ba?et, av. calling sheep. ba?etik, av. cf. baiet (plu). ba?lahet, av. cf. baiet (plu). ba?lahetik, av. cf. baiet (plu). ba'iulan, tv. call /sheep/. ba9ulanan, tv. cf. baiulan. ba9teba?te, av. walking about calling sheep. bart ba9i, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2). ba^yi ba?yi, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2). baeal N. baeal, n5. morning star. bae" N. bae", nld. howler monkey skin hat of Chamula carnival characters. barf A. bae'i, aj. very, real. ta bae'i skotol. among everyone (or) between everyone, bae'i ta sk'an ta h-mek. He wants it so much (or) very much. bae'i ?akan hobel, cf. lakan hotel. bae'i ^alavena, cf. lalavena. bae'i ?arvahaka, cf. ?arvahaka. bae'i 9asasena, cf. 9asasena. bae'i lei', cf. 9ec'. bae'i 7is-ak', cf. ^is-ak'. bae'i ion, cf. 'on. bae'i biil, nphr(aj & n3b) or (aj & n)3b. first name, k'usi li bae'i abie. What is your first name? bae'i eele-pat, cf. eele-pat bae'i eie, cf. tie. bae'i eis mi, cf. eis lui. bae'i eo?, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement. bae'i eukum, cf. eukum. bae'i iiiol, cf. iiiol bae'i £il habnal, cf. cil habnal. bae'i iilkat, cf. fllkat. bae'i cis-tc?, cf. iis-tei. bae'i C'aben, cf. c'aben. bae'i £'ib, cf. i'ib. bae'i i'otiv, cf. c"oliv. bae'i hobel, cf. hobel. bae'i ka1?, nphr(aj & n)5. stallion. bae'i kanelo, cf. kanelo. bae'i kranata, cf. kranata. bae'i kanelo, cf. kanelo. bae'i kranata, cf. kranata. bae'i k'obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. right hand. bae'i k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. Tzotzil language. bae'i lo^bol, cf. lo'bol. bae'i makom, cf. makom. bae'i maneana, cf. maneana. bae'i napus, cf. napus. bae'i palma, cf. palma. bae'i pasak', cf. pasak1. bae'i peles, cf. peles. bae'i po^on, cf. pwon. bae'i pom, cf. pom. bae'i potov, cf. potov. bae'i son, nphr(aj & n)5. first song of standard sets of five or six religious songs. bae'i tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. silver money. bae'i teo, nphr(aj & n)5. 'quintessential tree', oak Quercus crassifolia, #B14270(5), #396(1,3). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts and for scarlet runner bean poles. The wood is used for firewood. The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus peduncular is, unnumbered collection (S). bae'i te? moc, cf. mo£ bae'i tettik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of oak trees. bae'i toh, cf. toh. bae'i tuk\ nphr(aj & n)5. flintlock gun. bae'i-tun, iv(aj & ivcpd). be extremely useful /restricted to negative/, mu s'abae'i-tun. You are utterly useless. bae'i visobtakil, cf. rUobtakiL bae*ih, iv. become hard (work), become serious (sickness, crime), become grave or critical (situation), get worse (pain), become heavier, ibae'ih li vo?e. It rained constantly. bae*iltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). pursue an investigation, seek clues to. bacXl) O. baibacbatbat, nS. sheep call. baculan, tv. call /sheep/. baculanan, tv. cf. baculan. ba-ton. young bone, young basalt. bak, aj. bony, skinny, anemic, thin (person, animal). bak iamu£ to, nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n. 'toad bone tree', hairy-leaved clethra Clethra lanata, #1856(1). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for common rafters and for sheep corral rails. bak "?i£, cf. tit. bak-^ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. thin-legged. bak-hi£'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person). bak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person). bak mut, nphr(aj & n)le. 'bone bird' or 'skinny bird', boat-tailed grackle Cassidix mexicanus. The grackle is not considered edible. It has the reputation for scratching up newly planted corn, kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'foreign bone bird' or 'foreign skinny bird', bronzed cowbird Tangavius aeneus, red-winged blackbird Age laws phoeniceus. They are not considered edible. When they appear in large flocks they are thought to signal an impending norther. bak ni9 te1?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. 'thin-topped tree', clammy hop-seed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(14). Temperate "tree". It is used for wattle. bak-soc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). properly roasted (chunks of meat). bak tei, nphr(aj & n)5. 'thin tree' or possibly 'bone tree', clammy hop-seed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #709(1,2), #1385(3,7), #2127(1), #2530(1,4,21,22). Temperate "tree" The trunk is used for wattle. Seven to twelve dozen poles are needed. The trunk is also used for firewood. #1521(1,3,11,12). Temperate and highland 'tree' The trunk is used for roof poles also. (ll)-Between eight and ten dozen poles are needed. #2274(3,4,19), #2420(1,20). Highland "tree". bak teitik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bak ten. muk'ta bak te?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, #2152(1). Temperate "tree" muk'tik bak tei, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). snowbell Styrax argenteus, #408(1,4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for wattle, roof rods, gate rails. The berries are eaten by birds. sakil bak to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(11). Temperate "tree". It is used for wattle. bak te1? don, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. lowland and highland ant. cf. ba let con. These ants do not sting. When they walk single file on the trail it is a sign that rain will fall. bakal, nld. corncob, /ground, burnt, and powder used for gunpowder/, inan. poss.; sbaklel. cf. bak. To cure a dog of severe cough a collar of burnt corncobs is hung around its neck. If the butt of a corncob stands on end, it is believed that a visitor will arrive. Corncobs from which the seed corn has been removed are stuck in the crotches of trees because they are thought to be exhausted from having carried the burden of the corn. bakal e'i'rtel, nphr(n type n). 'corncob plant', lavender sage Sahia la-vanduloides, #2527(21,22). Temperate "plant" As cough medicine the plant is brewed together with camomile. The tea is drunk once. It is "hot". bakbaktik, aj. rather thin (animal). bakel *>akan, nphr(n4f of n4d). shin. bakel dak, nphr (n4f of n4d). hipbone. bakel ioy, nphr(n of n)5. fish bone, herringbone design on brim of net. bakel hoi ?anima, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. skull /dead person/. bakel k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). wristbone. bakel nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). neck vertebrae. bakelil, n3a. bone. baklel, n4f. corncob, cf. bakal. 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B bakub, iv. grow thin, dry (meat), roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, meat). bakubtas, tv. dry /chili/, roast thoroughly /dry corn on the cob, skewered meat, meat on coals/, toast /toasted tortillas/, overwork /horse/. bakubtasan, tv. smoke, dry, roast or toast /plu/. bakubtasobil, nlf. spit /for meat/. bakubtasvan, iv. make person grow thin. baka N(Sp, vaca). baka, nle. cow /regardless of sex/. me? baka, nphr(nlf type nld). cow. Scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; cak-levan asat cak me1? baka. You are red-eyed like a cow. bakete N(Sp, baqueta). bakete, nle. ramrod. bak' I. bak', iv. move, make noise, make a sound. mu sbak'. He stands, sits (or) lies still (or) He doesn't make a sound. Male joking speech; tol sbak'. It squeaks too much (bed), t sbak' t snakav. She bustles about. bak' ie, vphr(iv & n4d). make noise (chicken). bak'bak', iv. make slight noise. bak'bak'tik, iv. make slight noise. bak'bal, n5. thrashing about /restricted to bak'bal nakbal/. bak'bon, av. moving. bak'es, tv. move /object/. bak'es ba, rv. move self. bak'esvan, iv. make person move about. bak'lahet, av. thrashing (people), moving indistinctly /imperfectly seen/. bak'lahetik, av. thrashing (people). bak'ulan, iv. keep moving or making slight noise (distant object). bak'in Pt. bak'in, pt. when? when, sometime /in the future/. bak'intik, pt. sometimes. mu bak'in, ptphr(pt & pt). not yet, not for a long time, mu to bak'in sibat. I am not going for a long time. bak'ni Pt. bak'ni, pt. when? when /in the past/. mu k'u bak'ni spas. Nothing ever happened to him. bal(l) T(2). bal, tv. round off /log/, braid /rope/, twine /thread, yarn/ /by rolling on knee with palm of hand to make strands for fringed garments/, roll up /blanket/, make /rocket/, ta hbal hte?. I will change my decorations (steward). bal, iv. lose control of self (drunk), braid, change decorations /infr/. bal ba, rv. roll over and over (fighting dogs, people), be in flower (com field), become dry (mouth). bal ba tub, vphr(rv & n4d). have mouth become dry. bal-to, vn(tv & ncpd)la. "flower change" /change of floral decorations of steward's, steward-royal's and grand alcalde's altars and the churches/. bal titil pisalal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). black strip of hat brim. balahtik, aj. round (posts). balahtik ?at kav, cf. vat kav. balahtik pek' mod, cf. pek' moel. balahtik sansan, cf. sansan. balak' voi, nphr(n type n)5. run off. balak in, iv. cause runoffs. balal, av. rolling. balal, aj. rolled up (blanket, straw mat). balalet, av. rolling over and over, boiling furiously. balalih, iv. roll playfully (horse, donkey, child). balalik, aj. in flower (corn). balalik s"a hu-huntik. A very few are in flower now /eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and t sbik'tah snii hu-huntik/ (plu). balalin, tv. roll /rock/. balalin ba, rv. roll /play, fight/. balalin ta ?arsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog. balalinan, tv. roll /plu/. balalinan ta 9arsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog /children/. balan, tv. roll up /blanket, straw mat/. balanan, tv. make round /logs/. balanbalan, tv. roll up one after the other /sleeves, blankets/. balanbalanan, tv. cf. balanbalan. balbal, aj. round (nail, beam). balbal te"> yalel. rolling down like a log. balbenal, n4f. upper part of trousers that is rolled tight, braiding of fringe. balbon, av. boiling. balbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). rolling one's head (drunk lying on ground.) baleah, iv. flower (com field). balc'uh, iv. fall a great distance, die. balfun, tv. cause to roll down a great distance, roll /heavy object/, braid /rope/j balet, av. rolling, tossing /with pain or desire/. baletah, iv. be about to roll (person). baletik, av. cf. balet (plu). ballahet, av. bubbling /in containers/. baltebalte, av. rolling about. balomah, iv. braid /rope/. hbal-bail oy sbalamilal k'usuk. I (etc.) am sick from soul-loss too. balamil, aj. Ritual speech, referring to person who is selling his enemy to B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 79 the earth; earthly. balamil hvewL balamil h9uc'-vor the earthly eater, the earthly drinker of water. bbalamil me% agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious woman. hbalamil tot, agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious man. baton N. sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd). wood agaric Collybia dryophila, #65(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is gathered by women, and boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is "cold". Collybia sp., #95(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" Same use as above. Cantharellus sp., #36(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above. Clitocybe sp., #43(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above, sak-balontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of sak-balon. muk'ta sak-balon, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Hygrophorus sp., #46(1,3). Highland "mushroom". balte N(Sp, balde). balte, nla. bucket, baltio N(Sp, baldib). baltio, agn. squatter, member of renting group responsible to landowner. balun Num. balun , n(num & nccpd)le. nine. balun-wk'es, n(num & ncpd)5. tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus. /cf. sempal/. balun-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. nineteen, baluneb, nle. nine. balbalun- , n(num & nccpd)5. in or by nines, every nine. balbaluneb, n5. in or by nines, every nine. ban P(2). ban-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-belh'ed. ban-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e. disobedient. banahtik, aj. cf., banal, /plu/. banal, aj. lying on ground (boulder, log, large fruit, squash, animal), greatly swollen. banan, tv. set down /stone, tree, large fruit, woman/, banan, av. rolling (boulder, log), bananbanan, tv. roll one after another /boulder, log/. bananet, av. walking ponderously (pregnant woman), banban, aj. over-proportioned. banban sc'ut. big-bellied. banban shol. lit., big-headed, i.e., disobedient, banbe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat /woman's rear/. banbon, av. lying helplessly (drunk, bound prisoner), banbon c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with bare stomach. banel, aj. big (stomach), banet, av. lying on ground (drunk, pig, horse), banet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). big-bellied (child), banet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). disobedient. banetik, av. lying on ground (pigs), big-bellied (pregnant woman), bani, iv. lie on bare ground, lie uncovered (drunk), bank'uh, iv. swell greatly /swelling/, roll, banlah, av. rolling (boulder, large fruit) (sing or plu). banlahet, av. cf. banbon (plu). ban leb, nld. lying on ground, banlehikil, n4f. swelling /legs, arms/. banlehkil, n4f. cf. banlehikil. bantebante c"ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with protruding belly, bantebante hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about disobediently. bantU N. bankilal, n3d. male's elder brother /reference and address/, elder /of men/, senior /term used to distinguish the more prestigious member of a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of senior official, and to more prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpacoletik, angels, mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the larger of the two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/, abso- lute form; term of address used by junior of paired religious officials to his senior colleague, bankilal, nld. chewing tobacco, bankilal k'anal, nphr(n type n)5. jupiter. bankilal hiilol, nphr(n type agn)5. chief shaman /shaman longest in service who is in charge of the three annual community-wide ceremonies/. bankilal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. person in charge of group that accompanies visiting saint, bankilal hoi 9olol, cf. hoi 10I0I. bankilal piskal, nphr(n type agn)5. first sacristan, bankilin, tv. acquire an older brother (stepbrother), hot mesa bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of (able, i.e., to right hand when facing west. banko N(Sp, banco), banko, n5. bank. banta N(Sp, banda). banta, n5. band. bantera N(Sp, bandera). bantera, nla. Hag, steward's or ensign-bearer's banner, strip of cloth to scare marauding birds, banterain, tv. make into a flag /rag/. bareno N(Sp, barrena). bareno, nld. crowbar /known only by road workers/. bareta N(Sp, barreta). bareta, nla. digging stick. baretain, tv. make into a digging stick, steal digging stick. baril N(Sp, barril). baril, nla. barrel /for chicha or cane liquor/. barsin A(Sp, barcino). barsin, aj. brindled (dog). barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2286(3,4). Highland vine" 9it'is barsin 9ak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2635(1,3). Lowland vine". (l)-It is used to lash fences. yasal barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2065(3,17,18). Lowland and temperate "vine", barsintik, aj. spotty (pinta). baso N(Sp, baso). baso, nla. glass. baston N(Sp, baston). baston, nla. staff of office /of grand alcalde, petty alcalde, magistrate, syndic, justice of the peace/. The first justice may give his staff temporarily to other justices. tombil sbastonal. He held the staff of office, bas N. bas, nle. quartz, crystal. It is used as temper for pots and griddles. basbol N. basbol, nle. industriousness, uprightness, contentment. talem sbasbolal li vinike. The man has become industrious, basbolah, iv. work hard, be industrious, basbolan, tv. work hard, be diligent or industrious. ha1) to basbolah k'al ?oy stoil ta •Jabtele. When he had a companion he worked hard. bat I. bat, iv. go, go on, elapse, last (time), turn out. Basic farewell exchange; t sibat. batan. I am going. Go! 9ep ibat k'ak'al. It lasted a long time. Mother calling to child who has not returned; bu labat. lit., Where did you go? i.e., Where are you? lek ibat. It turned out well (or) It was just (or) It was right, bat £'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). sleep, die. bat ta 9ie*el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband's house permanently, bat ta lilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman), bat ta Won, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal. 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B bat ta hak'olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride, bat ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal, become tipsy. bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). become critical (sickness), become more bitter (quarrel), become excessive or extreme, get out of hand, go too far, overdo. ibat ta mas ye. He talked too much, i.e., He incriminated himself, bat ta mas yu?un pos volhe. He overdid the cane liquor yesterday. ibat ta mas sc'ahil. He was extremely lazy, ibat ta mas smul. His crimes have gone too far. bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). have miscarriage, bat ta nab, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). be swept away /in river/. bat ta pasyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/. Polite speech; go to the bathroom /defecate/. batbat, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/. batbates, tv. move away slightly /table, pot, etc./. batbattik, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/, bateb "tot, nphr(n4f of n4d). meal /food eaten with tortilla/. bateb trago, nphr(n4f of n5). appetizer, small shot glass of cane liquor/ drunk at celebration of steward's coffer/, bateb van, nphr(n of n)5. meal /food eaten with tortilla/. batel, dr. now and then, off and on. k'al t silok' batele. When I leave now and then, batel sa t sibat. I am going still further, batel TOsil, nphr(vnlf of n5). forever, batel batel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). going frequently (constable), batel batel sc'ulel. He became unconscious frequently, bates, tv. launch /in wind or water/, lose soul unaccountably, send off another's soul. ta hbates kot ta vo?. I am washing down my tortilla, isbates scr?il ta tiiel. lit., He dispatched his friend by eating him., i.e., He prayed to the earth lord to take his friend's soul, batesobil 9a9al, nphr(n4f of n4d). appetizer, mixer /pop or coca-cola consumed along with cane liquor/, batesobil ?ot, nphr(n4f of n4d). coffee, batesvan, iv. sell person to the earth lord, batulan, iv. keep going. ba, iv(contr of bat), going /auxiliary verb, occurring only in third person singular/. t sba hk'eltikotik. We are going to look. bateria N(Sp, baten'a). bateria, nla. flashlight battery. be N. be, nld. path, road, way, trip. Ritual speech; life-span, cane liquor for return trip. cf. ")ileb, saneb. beon. I am on the path (or) I am on a trip. yu9n sa ta ssa9 sbe. because now he was looking for a way /to enter/, t sal yoTOn mi "?u k'u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened to him on the way. isok ta be. lit., It broke down on the path, i.e., It turned out badly, be 7ik', nphr(n of n)5. anus, draft, windy stretch. be 9ik'il, nphr(nlf of n3d). larynx. be ?uk'um, nphr(n of n)5. passageway for water in a fence across a stream. be ?unen, nphr(n of n)5. vagina. be eol, nphr(nlf of nld). anus, be cih, nphr(nlf of nld). opening on bottom of fence to allow sheep to pass through, sheep trail. be c'ic', nphr(n of n)5. Male joking speech; vagina, be c'ic'elil, nphr(nlf of n3d). vein. be ka?, nphr(nlf of nld). entrance to horse corral. be k'abil, nphr(nlf of n3d). urethra. be-o?, n(n of ncpd)la. lit., path of water, i.e., ravine, ditch, var., beyoi. be-oaltik, n(n of ncpd)5. many ravines or ditches. be-oMik, n(n of ncpd)5. ravine, ditch. be-Otik ?a9lel sat, vphr: n(n of ncpd)5/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with tears streaming down, be sim, nphr(nlf of nld). nostril. be sinii let, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. 'ant path tree', see below. (RML)-The name refers to the fiercely stinging ants that live in the trunk, eahal be sinic to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cor- dia Cordia alliodora, #3007(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". (4)-The trunk is used for marimbas and fence posts, sakil be sinid te"), nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cordia Cordia alliodora, #311(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree", be taiv, nphr(n of n)5. milky way in dry season, be ve^elil, nphr(nlf of n3d). esophagus, be vo7, nphr(n of n)5. ravine, milky way in rainy season, be yo1?, nphr(n of n)5. cf. be-oi, beiltas, tv. guide, lead /horse/. beiltasan, tv. guide or lead /plu/. beiltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to find out, inquire about. isbeiltasbe sk'oplal mi yec ti ")o yahmul slekome. He tried to find out if it were true that his fiancee had a lover. isbeiltasbe sk'oplal mi ?u k'u c'ayem yu'mne. He inquired if he had lost anything. beiltasvan, iv. guide person. bein, iv. go on a journey, run (liquid). Ritual speech; cf. sanav. belel, nlf. path or road to. belel Hobel (or) sbelel Hobel. the road to San Cristobal. lek sbelel stamohbe rason. He spoke wisely, hbeinel, agn. traveler, hbeiltasvaneh, agn. guide. sok ta be , vphr(iv & prep & n5). go amiss, miscarry. tu£' ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt conversation or discussion. be-) O. be1), onom. baa /sheep/. be?bon ta senel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). retching. be«?ei, n5. bleat /goat/. beWet, av. bleating (goat V2: 17), baaing (sheep EKL 255: 1-6). boet, av. baaing (sheep V2: 16). bolah, av. baaing (plu). be?lahet, av. baaing (plu). beilahetik, av. cf. benbon ta senel (plu). be'Uebe'He, av. baaing about. be* T(2). bee, tv. deliver, hand over, point, bee, iv. point. hecahtik, aj. cf. becel /plu/. becan, tv. point /penis, urine, gun, reptile's or amphibian's head/. b£6anbe6an, tv. gesticulate /with hands and feet when angry/, serve out one /bowl/ after another. becanbecanan, tv. serve out one /bowl/ after another, beianbecanbe baik, rv. gesticulate at each other one after another, becbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). peering. becbon k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). motioning with hand, gesturing, becec, av. sticking up (leg), becel, aj. sticking out or in (legs, arms). becel shol. with his head poking out. becehk, aj. gesticulating /plu/. be£et, av. sticking out or in, pointing /penis, hose/. becVuh, iv. spring up (loose board, stick), stick up (leg), beclah, av. sticking up (legs). beClahet, av. sticking out or in. sbeclahet yok sk'ob. He is thrashing his arms and legs /in spasm/, (or) He is moving his arms and legs senselessly (drunk, deaf-mute or monolingual trying to communicate), beclahetik, av. handing towards, thrashing (plu). becleh, nld. protruding. bectebecte, av. handing out one after the other. bek'(l) N. bek*, n4f. seed, pit, slingshot pellet. B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 81 bek' 9at, nphi(nlf of nld). testicles. Male speech; mi c'abal sbek* avat. lit., Haven't you any balls?, i.e. Are you scared? ic'ay sbek' yat ta s'iiel. lit., He lost his balls from fright, te to scik'inah bek' ?at 9un bi 9a. Then the balls will certainly sweat! /said to men going to the lowlands to work/, bek' 9atil( nphr(nlf of n3d). testicles. bek' k'ok', nphr(nlf of nla). flashlight battery, bek' mail, nphr(nlf of nld). watermelon squash seed /ground and the powder sprinkled on beans, tomatoes, etc., for seasoning/. They are 'cold". mi t S9oc sbek' mailal li cenek'e. Should the watermelon squash seeds be put.in the beans? bek' satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). eyeball, bek'in, tv. provide good yield (com), ton bek', nphr(n type n)Ia. 'rock seed', walnut Juglans regia, #518(1,2,3). Highland "tree". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slip is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The nut is "cold". (5)-As a remedy for menstrual failure, the leaves are brewed. The tea is "hot". bek'(2) T(2). bek', tv. brush into a pile with hand /corn kernels/, sweep up /refuse/, brush off with hand /water/, smooth back with hand /hair/. bek', iv. be swept away /by sickness/, bek', nc. pile of sweepings, small flock (sheep). bek'ahtik, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/ /plu/. bek'an, tv. brush up into piles. bek'anan, tv. cf. bek'an. bek'anbek'an, tv. brush up into one pile after another, bek'anbek'anan, tv. cf. bek'anbek'an. bek'bon, av. puffing up (cloud of incense), being spent rapidly (money), falling out (hair), sweeping up, brushing off with hand, bek'ek', av. being wafted, bek'ek'et ta ?ik', vphr(av & prep & n5). being swept by the wind (tall grass). bek'el, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/. bek'et ta 9ik\ vphr(av & prep & n5). being carried on the wind (odor, dust). bek'lahet, av. puffing up (clouds of smoke, incense), sweeping up. bek'lahetik, av. sweeping up (plu). bek'leh, n4f. entirely swept away. bek'luh, av. being carried suddenly /on the wind/, rushing out suddenly (sheep from corral), being wafted suddenly (skunk's odor), suddenly being spent entirely, bek'ob k'a^ep, nphr(nlf of nld). branches used to sweep up rubbish, forked stick to rake up corn stubble, bek'obil k'a^ep, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. bek'ob k'atep. bek'tebek'te, av. moving in one small flock after another (sheep). bek'van ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). herd everyone to jail, hbek'vaneh ta cukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who herds people to jail. bek'et N. bek'et, nld. meat, beef /"cold" when fresh, "hot" when dried/, bek'tal, n4b. flesh. sbek'tal vakas. beef, bek'tal kampor, nphrfn type n)ld. camphor /bought in pharmacy/. It is sucked by young child so that it won't get worms. It is drunk with cane liquor for "cold wind" or stomachache, bek'tal pom, nphr(n type n)la. incense /copal/. bek'tal tak'in, nphr(n type n). principal /debt/. bek'talin, tv. turn to stone (wood). bel(l) N. bel, nla. lowland and highland gnat. This biting gnat is said to be attracted by white clothing. bel(2) N. bel, n4f. contents. bel won, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. bel c'ut. bel c'ut, nphr(n4f of n4d). contents of stomach. yil nos yil ha9 nos kwenta ti mi ?oy sbel hc'ute. Never mind so long as my stomach is full. 90 sbel sc'ut 9o sbel yo9on. His stomach is full, his heart is full /shaman or witch/, belin, tv. fit into. beta belta, turn, curve, quick trip. cf. bwelta. ben(l) P. benahtik, aj. cf. benel /plu/. benan, tv. thrust out /tummy/ (child or puppy), benan ba, rv, lie down with protruding tummy (child, puppy), benben, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy), benbon, av. trotting with protruding tummy, beneah, iv. bulge (tummy), benel, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy), benelik, aj. cf. benel /plu/. benen, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppy). benenet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy), benet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy), beni, iv. be protruding (tummy of child or puppy), benk'uh, iv. cf. beneah. benlah, av. trotting about with protruding tummy (puppies). benlahet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppies), benleh, nld. protruding /tummy/, bentebente, av. trotting about with protruding tummy. ben(2) A(Sp, bien or buen or bueno). ben, aj. very. ben sonso. very stupid. ben tfii. bad (or) disobedient (person, horse). ben h9abtel. hardworking. ben hc"'uneh-mantal. very obedient, beno, excl. well! fine! var., ">eno, bweno, veno. benos, aj. very /windy, rainy, frosty, muddy, cold, hot/, benosal, aj. cf. benos. benosta, excl. Baby talk; fine! benamita N(Sp, dinamita). benami'ta, nla. dynamite. beneno N(Sp, veneno). beneno, nla. poison, var., benino. benino benino, cf. beneno. beno beno, cf. ben(2). bentisyon N(Sp, bendicion). bentisyon, nld. blessing. On Easter, seed corn, beans, water, candles and matches are blessed. It is said that without this blessing no fire will light during a solar eclipse. bero N(Sp, berro). bero, nla. watercress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, #612(l,2,4).#9OO(l,2,3,5), #1465(3), #1747(3,15,16). Highland "plant". The greens are eaten raw or boiled. They are "cold". (5,15)-It is "hot", var., beroi /Htek-lwn/. hybrid watercress Rorippa X sterilis, #975(1). Highland "plant" (l)-When boiled, watercress is flavored with chili. It is sold by Zinacantec women at market in San Cristobal. beroaltik, n5. large expanse of watercress. berotik, n5. expanse of watercress, bero me nab, cf. nic nab. bero9 beroo, watercress, cf. bero. bertulaka N(Sp, verdolaga). bertulaka, n5. common purslane Portulaca oleracea, #1301(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland "plant" var., berturaka /Pasted/. bertulakailtik, n5. large expanse of bertulaka. 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B bertulakatik, n5. expanse of bertulaka. k'os bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Bacopa sp., # 1695(1,4). Lowland "plant". muk'ta bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Boerhaavia diffusa, #338(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. It is boiled with chili and salt. It is "cold". Talinum paniculatum, #867(1,2,3,5). Lowland ■plant". The greens are boiled. They are "cold". berturaka berturaka, common purslane, cf. bertulaka. besero N(Sp, becerro). besero, nld. heifer. bet' P(2). bet', tv. stick out /tongue/. befbet', n5. Male joking speech; clitoris. befbet', aj. with tongue hanging out (rabid dog, dead rabbit). bet'bon, av. flicking tongue out. bet'el, aj. with tongue hanging out (dead dog). bet'et, av. flicking (snake's tongue). bet'et'et', av. flicking (snake's tongue). bet'luh, av. flicking out suddenly (snake's tongue). bi(l) N. biil, n3b. name. biiltas, tv. name, mention. biiltasan, tv. mention names /implicating falsely/. biin, tv. name. Christian names are chosen from the liturgical calendar but may be modified considerably to conform to the limited supply of customary names. If a child is named after either of its parents, it is believed that their souls (c'ulel) will struggle for survival until the parent dies. hoi biil, nphr(nlf of n3d). family name. Marriage with a person having the same pair of surnames is forbidden. bi(2) T. bi, tv. chafe /foot/ (sandal), skin. bi, iv. become soft (corn kernel when boiled in lime water), peel off (skin burned by lime or chafed by burden). bi ba, rv. be skinned (fruit). bibon, av. fidgeting /on chair/, wriggling (laughing girl), being chafed (mule's back). bies, tv. soften /corn kernel by boiling in lime water/, peel off /skin/ (lime, burden), scour /hair and dirt from leather/. biet, av. soft /rotten corpse, fruit/, chafed. biet vi9nal, vphr(av & n5). feeling gnawing hunger. bilahet, av. cf. bibon (plu). biulan, tv. rub back and forth. biulan ba, rv. sway hips (provocative girl), fidget /on chair/. bivan, iv. chafe person's skin, rub person uncomfortably. bi(3) E. bi, excl. of course! indeed! bie P(2). bie, nc. small hank /yarn, thread, silk/ /may be knotted/. biean, tv. leave lying (dry feces, yarn, silk thread). Mean ba, rv. lie down. bieanbi'ean, tv. leave lying one after another /feces/ (cat). bi'eanbieanan, tv. cf. hrieanbiean. biebie, aj. long, slender (pig's or mouse's tail). biebon, av. wagging (dog's tail), switching (cow's or horse's tail). sbiebon scak. Her ass is itchy /worm believed to be moving in vagina/. biebonah, iv. wag (dog's tail), wriggle. bieet, av. itchy, lying (dry feces, yarn, silk, worm), acting provocatively (g"l)- Male joking speech; te sbieet hna. My house is itchy /single woman/. bieetik, av. acting provocatively (girl). bieie, aj. provocative, sensuous. bieieet, av. wriggling (worm, piece of snake), itchy, acting provocatively (girl)- bieil, aj. long (dry feces, yam, silk, worm, sleeping drunk). hieilhi'eil, n4f. each of many hanks. bielah, av. frolicking (girls). bielahct, av. wriggling (laughing girls). bielahetik, av. acting provocatively (plu). bi'eluh, av. suddenly wiggling or swaying (worm, snake). bieomah, iv. rush up wriggling or playfully (dog, lamb). bi'etebiete, av. walking about wriggling (tail). bieulan, tv. wriggle, wiggle, wag. hie P, P(2). bic\ tv. point. bic lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). stick out (penis of young boy, canine). bicahtik, aj. sticking up (sticks), scraggly (moustache, beard). bi£an, tv. turn up /nose in anger/. bicanbican, tv. turn up one time after another /nose in anger/. bidbid, aj. pointing, sticking up (branch, stump). bidbon, av. pulsing (blood in vein), bubbling up (spring), spurting (urine), pointing, waving up and down (tips of branches being carried). te sbiebon sk'ab ilah. Then spurting its urine it died, bicel, aj. sticking out (canine), bidet, av. sticking out or in, pointing (penis, hose), with upturned (nose in anger). yec sbiebon sni7 helavel. He just passed by with upturned nose /i.e., without greeting person/. bicic, av. spurting out (pus, water, blood), sticking up /leg/, bidicet, av. spurting (water, urine, blood). bicicin, tv. squirt /urine, water with hose/. bicH, aj. pointing, sticking up 0egs> sticking out (nail), upturned (nose with anger), scraggly (moustache and beard), bicilik, aj. scraggly (moustache and beard)., sprouting, poking up (corn) /first developmental stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called lavustik and p'icilik / /plu/. bick'uh, iv. stick up (leg of drunk), spring up (board, stick), biclahet, av. thrashing (legs) /death, sexual intercourse/, spurting (urine), brandishing /sticks/. bicleh, nlf. sticking out (penis of boy or drunk). bi'eluh, av. spurting suddenly (water), bictebicte, av. brandishing about /stick/. biEtebiSte ni1?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with one's nose turned up /in anger/. bicu, tv. turn up /nose in anger/, biculan, tv. point repeatedly, swing /leg/. biculan, iv. be brandished. bik T. bikbik ea")nel, nphr(aj & vn)5. constant diarrhea, bikbon, av. wagging (tail), suffering from diarrhea, biket, av. streaming out (diarrhea), bikiket, av. streaming out (diarrhea in one long stream, cow defecating while walking). bikil ea9nel, nphr(aj & vn)5. diarrhea, biklah helavel, vphr(av & dr). spurting (semen), biklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). dripping (diarrhea), bikomah, iv. wag (tail), wiggle (dog). biktebik te, av. wagging tail about (dog scenting animal), bikulan, tv. wag /tail/, direct from side to side /water, urine/, bikil N. bikil, nld. guts, intestines, inedible pulp /squash/, bikil e'W ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'dog intestines vine', morning glory Ipomoea triloba, #2160(14). Temperate "vine". kaslan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. small intestine, tripe. bik' T. bik', tv. swallow, swallow whole, endure /anger/, bik', nc. swallow, bik'an, tv. swallow whole /plu/. bik'bon, av. swallowing slowly /mouthful after mouthful/, bik'bon won, vphr(av & n4d). longing for hopelessly. B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 83 sbik'bon yo?on sci9uk hun eeb. He was longing hopelessly for the girl. te sbik'bon yo9on muk' 9onos bu man yu9un. He was dreaming -He would never be able to buy it. bik'lahan-9al, tv(iv? & tvcpd). talk wildly or intemperately. bik'lahet, av. bragging (sing), bik'lahetik, av. bragging (plu). bik'obil, n4f. water for washing down /pill/, bik'ulan, tv. keep swallowing, hbik'-'nsim, agn(tv & ncpd). braggart /about what one, in fact, does not have/. hbik'lahan, agn. braggart /about what one, in fact, does not have/, bik'it A. bik'il, aj. little, small. bik'it to. pre-adolescent. mi 90 bik'it atak'in. Have you any small change? bik'it ssat. fine /dust, sand/, bik'it 9alkalte, cf. alkaltt. bik'it ''almul. cf. "aliuul. bik'it 9o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sensitive, quick to anger. bik'it 9ora, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). lit., have small hour, i.e., be short-lived, bik'it c'ic'el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be liable to suffer soul-loss, lit., to have small blood, bik'it hkaslan, cf. hkaslan. bik'it hsinulan, cf. hsinulan. bik'it htoy-k'in, cf. htoy-k'in. bik'it mol, nphr(aj & n)5. petty alcalde, bik'tafa, iv. diminish, decrease /in size or number/. t sbik'tah sni? hu-huntik. The tips of a very few are growing smaller /eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and balalik sa hu-huntik/. bik'tahes, tv. reduce in size, cut or break into little pieces, make change. bik'tahes ba, rv. feign youth, promise to reform, recant, bik'tal, n4d. youth. ta hbik'tal. in my youth, bik'tal, n4f. leftover /restricted to fruit/. bik'tal, aj. small. bik'tal conetik. insects. bik'tal ?abtel, nphr(aj & n)5. minor religious office, bik'tal lane, nphr(aj & n)5. young or small woman. bik'tal-9o9on, n(aj & ncpd). miserliness, bik'tal wkol, nphr(nlf of n3d). toe. bik'tal h9abtel, nphr(aj & agn)5. cheap labor, bik'tal k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). finger. hbik'tal-9o9on, agn(aj & ncpd). penny pincher. hbik'tal^ue", agn(aj & ncpd). baby that is born too soon after elder sibling. bil P(2) or T(2). bit tv. slip on. bilahtik, aj. slippery (rocks), bilbon, av. slippery /mud, slick surface/, bilet, av. slippery (mud, corn gruel). bili-hol, n(aj & ncpd). 'slippery head', unattested highland mushroom, bilil, aj. slippery. bilil 9itah, nphrfaj & n). 'slippery greens', pot herb fame flower Talinum triangulare, #1679(7). Lowland "plant" It is boiled. It is cold", k'os bilil 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pot herb fame flower Talinum triangulare, #1679(1,4). Lowland plant", bililik, aj. slippery, bililub, iv. become slippery, bililubtas, tv. make slippery. bililus, n5. see below. It is characterized by its slippery texture. 9ik'al bililus, nphrfaj & n). Russula sp., #15(1,3). Highland mushroom". Rhodophyllus sp., #15(1,3). Highlanu "mushroom", k'os bililus, nphr(aj & n). agaric Tricholomasp., #96(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Marasmius sp., #183(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom". sakil bililus, nphr(aj & n). Collybia sp., #34(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is boiled and seasoned with mexican tea. It is "cold". bilk'uh, iv. slip. billahet, av. slippery (plu). billahetik, av. slippery (plu). billuh, av. slipping suddenly. billebilte, av. slippery in many places. bilulan, tv. slip repeatedly on. bin P or P(2). bin-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-tummied (child). binahtik, aj. cf. bind /plu/. binbin, aj. protruding (tummy). binel, aj. protruding (tummy). binet, av. protruding (tummy). binil, aj. protruding (tummy). binilik, aj. cf. binil /plu/. binin, av. rolling (ball), walking with protruding (tummy). bininet, av. running with protruding (tummy). binlah, av. walking with protruding (tummy) (plu). binlahet, av. cf. binel (plu). binleh, nld. with protruding (tummy). bintebinte, av. walking about with protruding (tummy). bino N(Sp, vino). bino, n5. wine, fruit wine. bino-fruta, n(n & ncpd)5. fruit wine. bioleta N(Sp, violeta). bioleta, nld. periwinkle Vinca major, #358(1,2,3). Highland "plant", wild violet Viola nannei, #682(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" bioletailtik, n5. large expanse of periwinkles or wild violets. bioletatik, n5. expanse of periwinkles or wild violets. biolin N(Sp, violin). biolin, nla. fiddle or violin/two-stringed/. The fiddle is believed to be a gift of the devil. bis N. bis, nla. bamboo Apoclada sp., #777(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is cut by men and brought home to be used for loom rods. Shamans use bamboo for their staffs. (23)-Stewards use bamboo for the poles for their banners. (5)-An unattested variety is "hot" and that is why the women toss their loom bars outside to stop the hail. It is said that bamboo's soul went to the afterworld, where it lingered for twelve years. During this time, in the recent past, bamboo could not be found anywhere. (RML)-Shamans are instructed in their initiatory dreams to take the bamboo staff to protect themselves from watchdogs wherever they must go on their curing trips. They are told to shake the staff at the dogs, but not to strike them, lest the dogs die. bis, nla. loom bar, shaman's staff. bistik, n5. bamboo grove. ton bis, nphr(n type n). 'rock bamboo', bamboo Apoclada sp., #2964(1,16). Temperate "tree" (l)-The seeds are planted one to a hole. The bamboo poles are cut in October and sold at market. The poles are used for loom bars. (16)-The poles are also used by shamans for their staffs, ton bistik, nphr(n type n)5. bamboo grove. bis-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged, long-stemmed. bisahtik, aj. tall (reeds). bisbon, av. walking long-leggedly. bisil, aj. long (legs). bitrola N(Sp, victrola). bitrola, nle. victrola. bivora N(Sp, vivora). bivora, n5. snake. A dark brown lowland snake that is known to have a poisonous bite which can be cured if medicine is obtained within an hour's time, var., vivora. biyete N(Sp, billete). biyete, nle. bill /money/, var.; biyete. bo I. 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B bo, iv. fall out in great quantities, shed (hair), come apart (weaving). boes lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cause to fall out /hair/. boet, av. falling out in great quantities (hair). botebote, av. falling out one after another (hairs). boboh, iv. fall out gradually (hair), come apart (weaving). bobon, tv. cause to fall out gradually /hair/. boc" T. boe", tv. pull out /firebrand, thorn, fence post, penis, mired horse/, peck out /eye of dead animal/ (buzzard), unplug, release /from jail/, drag out of /house to murder person/. boe", iv. be pulled out. boe', nc. tug. boe" ba, rv. free self /if stuck in tree/. boe'an, tv. pull out /posts/. boe'anan, tv. cf. boe'an. bcVanboe'an, tv. pull out one after another /posts/. boe'anboe'anan, tv. cf. boe'anboe'an. boe'bon, av. pulling out (penis, fence post). boe"el, nc. pulling out /penis/. boe'ilan, tv. keep pulling out /fence posts, penis/. boe'lahet, av. pulling out /fence posts/, aching. boe'lih, av. popping suddenly. boe'ob lavus, nphr(nlf of nld). claw of hammer. boe'obil lavus, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. boe'ob lavus. boe'oe', av. pulling out with difficulty. boe'teboe'te, av. pulling out one after another /fence posts, bottles/. boe'van, iv. exhaust person's funds, exhaust person. boe'van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder him. boe N. boe, nla. half gourd, enamel bowl. inan. poss.; sbacal. kanel aboc. You are bald-pated. boe, nla. calabash tree Crescentia cujele, #2825(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland "tree" The fruit is used for half gourds. (12)-It is sold at market. (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood, ■rit'is' boe, nphr(n4f of n5). box-briar Randia aculeata, #298(1,2,3,5), #2618(1,3,21). Lowland "tree" It is used for firewood. #1238(1,3,4). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" #1391(3). Highland "tree" #1966(1,3,4,16,17), #2528(1,4,21). Temperate "tree" boe, nc. gourdful. boc-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald. boe pukuh, nphr(n4d of n5). 'devil's gourd', box-briar Randia aculeata, #1391(9). Highland "tree" bocboc, nc. single gourdful /I only/. bocet, av. bald. bocin, tv. steal gourd or enamel bowl. bocol, aj. bald. bocolbocol, n4f. each of many gourds. boctebocte, av. walking about with bald (head). pisis boe, nphr(x type n)la. ceremonial coffee gourd. The gourds are used by the stewards-royal when they visit each other, by the ensign-bearers when they serve coffee. Each steward offers a gourd of posol to the civil officials and sacristans at the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary at Voi-bie, and gourds of coffee during the banquet there. The gourds are used during curing ceremonies when serving coffee to those present. pisis boe te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). calabash tree Crescentia cu-jete, #1115(1,4). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos in their yards. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The calabashes are used as ceremonial gourds. boh T(2). boh, tv. cut, cut down, fell, chop, saw /tree, salt, self/, ta hboh kosil. I am going to clear my land. boh, iv. be felled (tree). boh-iosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. chopping season. boh ba, rv. cut or gash self. boh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. knife or machete fight. boh yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cut off /meat/. bohan, tv. fell /trees/. bohanan, tv. cf. bohan. bohanbohan, tv. fell one after another /trees/. bohanbohanan, tv. cf. bohanbohan. bohbalal ■'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. felled forest. bohbenalil, n3d. cut /tree/. Male joking speech; vagina. bohboh, aj. cut open, gashed (tree). Male joking speech; gashed /vagina/. bohel, nc. cut. bohel, aj. Male joking speech; gashed, bohel ave. Your mouth is gashed. bohet, av. gashed (vagina). bohilan, tv. keep cutting or sawing. bohilan ba, rv. keep cutting self. bohilanan, tv. saw or cut /plu/. bohob, nib. saw, ax, machete, knife, billhook. bohob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). machete or knife for committing murder. bohob bek'et, nphr(n of n)5. butcher knife. bohobil, nlf. cf. bohob. bohol, aj. cut open, gashed. bohvan, iv. cut person (sharp machete, murderer). hbohvaneh, agn. murderer. bokaro N(Sp, bocada). bokaro, nla. appetizer, food given to Indian merchant if he sells to Ladino at low price. bok' X. bok', nc. 400 handfuls /thatch/. bok'bok', nc. single handful /thatch/ /I only/. bol(l) N. bolil, n3d. brother-in-law /wife's brother, male's sister's husband/, hboltak (or) hbalabtak. my wife's brothers. bolin, tv. acquire a brother-in-law. bol(2) A. bol, aj. stupid. bolboltik, aj. rather stupid or foolish, bolboltik sba. He is rather foolish. bolib, iv. become foolish. bolibtas, tv. befuddle, stupefy, drug. bolibtasobil, n4f. drug /chewing tobacco/. bolibtasvan, iv. daze, befuddle or drug person, stupefy person /by having female step over one's clothes/. bolil, nld. stupidity, foolishness. skal ta hbolile.... In my ignorance I say... /deprecatory offering of advice/. bolera N(Sp, voladora). bolera, n5. boa constrictor Boa constrictor. Lowland snake known to strike far and to wrap itself around a person until he is dead. boleto N(Sp, boleto). boleto, nla. ticket /bus/. bolkan N(Sp, volcan). bolkan, nle. volcano. bolom N. bolom, nle. general term for wild felines, jaguar Panthera onca. cf. bolom con. None of the "tigers" are considered edible. Their flesh is believed to be rank because they prey on all animals. When one is heard roaring, its name should not be uttered, nor should it be scolded, lest that provoke it to attack. Jaguars are companion animal spirits of strong, fat, handsome people. eahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi. Thejag-uarundi is considered to be the fiercest of the felines. It is a companion animal spirit of thin or small people who are very evil, e'ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. ocelot Felis pardalis. The hats of the jaguar players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian are made of ocelot skins. B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 85 Ocelots are companion animal spirits of strong, fat, handsome people. k'os bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. margay Felis weidii. mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguar Panthera onca. The jaguar is rarely seen. te? bolom, vphr(n type n)5. cf. eahal bolom, cf. k'os bolom. bolom, agn. each of two players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /former ensign-bearers of the Trinity and St. Anthony/, bolom con(l), nphr(n type n)5. velvet ant Dasymutillasp.. A velvet ant, despite its awful taste, may be eaten raw to make one strong. bolom con(2), nphr(n type n)5. a religious song. ton T. bon, tv. paint, whitewash, dye /wool, thread/, anoint /with medicine/, pave, polish /ceremonial sandals/, cover /tiles with cement/. bon, nle. paint, dye, whitewash, color, bon ba, rv. soil self, get paint on one's clothes, paint one's fingernails, powder or rouge self, put on lipstick. bonan, tv. whitewash /houses/, cover /tiles with cement/, dye much /wool, thread/, bonanan, tv. cf. bonan. bonanbonan, tv. whitewash one after another /houses/, cover one after another /tiles with cement/, dye one after another /hanks of thread, containers of wool/, bonanbonanan, tv. cf. bonanbonan. bone], nc. dyeing, bonob kamosa te-?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'hat strap dye tree', tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #2576(21,22). Temperate "tree" bonobil, nlf. asphalt, shoe polish, dye. bonol, nle. paint, dye, whitewash, color, bonvan, iv. soil person. bonvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). incriminate person falsely. hbonolahel, agn. painter, dyer. bonok' N. bonok', n4d. hair /infr/, mane /infr/. boraha N(Sp, borreja). boraha, nld. borageBorago officinalis, #3025(4,5). Highland "plant" It is grown by a few Chamulas. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. Borage is sold at market in San Cristobal. As a cough remedy, three sprigs are brewed, and a cup of the tea is drunk. It is "hot", var., boreha /Htek-lum/. k'os boraha, nphr(aj & n). Cynoglossum amabile, # 2729( 1,4). Highland plant". boreha boreha, borage, cf. boraha. tos(l) P or P(2). bosahtik, aj. in piles (feces), bulging (slack flies of pants), heaping (bowl), bosbon ?e, vphr(av & n4d). ranting, bosbos, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt), boseah, iv. slip down (daub), bosel, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt), boset, av. heaping (bowl), bulging (fly), Male joking speech; bulging (vagina). bosilan fe, vphr(tv & n4d). rant. bosk'ih, iv. bulge downward (slack fly of pants, skirt), slip down (daub), bosk'in, tv. cause to bulge downward. Male speech; ta hbosk'in abikil kavron. I'll knock your guts out, bastard. bosleh, nlf. bulging downward (slack fly of pants), boslehikil, n4f. heaping /bowls/, bosol, aj. in a pile (feces), bulging, heaping, bosolik, aj. in heaps (food), bosos, av. bulging down (feces). bos(2) O. bos, onom. sound of defecation, boslih, av. making sudden sound of defecation. bot(l) N. hot, nle. hail, ice, popsicle. bo«(2) N. bot,n5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(11,14). Lowland and temperate "tree". It is used for roof poles. #2695(15,20,21,22). Lowland "tree". (20)-It is used for hoe handles and firewood. (5)-The bark of an unattested variety is used for lashing. bot lak', nphr(n type n)5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(1). Lowland and temperate "tree". The trunk is used for common rafters. The bark is used to bind thatch and to lash roof poles and wattle. #2695(1,3). Lowland "tree" bot wk'tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of bot lak' trees. bote N(Sp, bote). bote, nla. three to five liter can, corn-measuring can. botiha N(Sp, botija). botiha, nla. porcelain jug /formerly used for storing cane liquor/. botiha con, nphr(n type n)5. beetle(?). This horned black insect exudes a liquid from its shoulders which is applied to a wart that has previously been pierced with a thorn. The liquid causes blistering and removes the wart. botika N(Sp, botica). botika, nla. drugstore. io sbotikail to bu scone. There are drugstores where it is sold. totil N. botil, cf. cenek'. botil 9ak', nphr(n type n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(1). Temperate vine" #2416(1). Highland "vine". Nissoliafruticosa, # 1969(1,3,4). Lowland "vine" botln N(Sp, botin). botin, nld. high rubber boots. boton N(Sp, boton). boton, nla. button, bud, inan. poss.; sbotonal: flower bud, man. poss.; sbotonal (or) sbotonalil: its button. tot' P, P(2). bot'-hoi e'tflel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'protuberant-topped plant', self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1,3,5), #2030(3), #2352(3,4).. Highland "plant". white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1570(1,3,11,12). Temperate and highland "plant". #1840(1,4). Temperate "plant", indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #1459(11,12). Highland "plant". Dalea sericea, #2978(1). Temperate "plant" sakil bot'-hol e'blel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Gomphrena decumbens, #1311(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant" bot'-hol nicim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'protuberant-topped flower', self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1,3,5). Highland "plant" bot'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. staring /at person of opposite sex/. bot'ahtik, aj. bare-assed /plu/. bot'an ta labtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to. bot'anvan ta ^abtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to person. bot'bon, av. working industriously. bot'el, aj. wide-eyed /staring/. bot'et, av. staring fixedly. bot'et ta labtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). looking tirelessly for work. bot'etik ta labtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. bot'el ta labtel (plu). bot'ih, iv. contract and relax anus. bot'ilan, tv. keep contracting and relaxing anus (cow). bot'ilan ba, rv. keep contracting and relaxing one's anus, work ineffectually. bot'k'ih, iv. stare fixedly, expose (buttocks). bot'lah, av. walking and staring (plu). bot'leh, nld. wide-eyed. bot'ol, aj. wide-eyed /staring/, bare-assed. bot'olik, aj. wide-eyed. bot'ot', av. contracting and relaxing anus. bot'tebot'te, av. walking about staring. hbot'anvaneh ta labtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & VD5/). person who gives exhausting job to another. brasil N(Sp, brasil). brasil, n. see below, var., prasil /Caynatik, Sek'emtik, Hok' C'enom, 86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B Muk'ta HokV. Tit'is brasil, nphr(n4f of n). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, # 1706(7,11,12,14). Lowland 'tree'. (14)-The trunk is used for fence posts. (7,11,12)-It is also used for house mainposts and firewood, sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n). bloodwood tree Haemotoxylum brasiletto, #199(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fenceposts. sakil brasiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bloodwood trees. brin N(Sp, brin). brin, nla. large burlap bag for storing corn or beans, small burlap bag formerly used for salt. var.,prin, rin. cf. lona /more freq/. brinko N(Sp, gringo), brinko, n5. American, var., rinko. bu N. bu, n5. where, where?, somewhere. bu sabat. Where are you going? bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num). which, which?, whichever one, which one? /with numeral classifiers/. bu hotukal. where, where?, to (or) on which side, to (or) on which side? wherever? bu kotukal. which one /animal or table, etc./. bu •>onos, nphr(n5 & pt). where in the world? pero bu wnos t sbat. But where in the world could he go? bui nos, nphr(n5 & pt/contr of lonos/). where in the world? buk, n(contr of bu & -uk)5. wherever. buk nos, nphr(n,contr of bu & -uk & pt)5. anywhere, everywhere, buy, n(contr of bu & ioy)5 where, where?, somewhere. hna?tik buy. Who knows where it is. buy ana. Where is your house? buy yan io. somewhere else. buy ")un. but you see... /conversational phrase or sentence initial expression that implies that something contrary to what had been expected is about to be related/. buyuk, n(contr of bu & toyuk)5. wherever, muk' bu, nphr(pt,contr of mu & yui & -uk & n5). never. muk' bu sik'ot. I have never been there. ta bu nos k'alal, nphr(prep & n5 & pt & pt). phrase or sentence terminal expression indicating extraordinary degree. tal hun tik' pero ta bu nos k'alal. A wind struck, stronger than you can imagine! bur N. bue, nle. bun /woman's hair done up in a bun after washing so it will not dry before it is combed/. buc> T. bue\ tv. kiss, smoke /cigarette/, suck /candy/, cf. Iek'(l). Boy's joking speech, or Male scolding speech; bue'an kat. Kiss my penis. hue*, nc. kiss, puff /cigarette/. bue*-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. kissing. bue'an, tv. kiss /saints/ (children). biie-'anbue'an, tv. kiss one after another (children making game of kissing saint images). bue*bon, av. nursing (child), suckling (animal), sucking /candy/, butf'el, nc. kiss, bue'et, av. smoking, bue'etik, av. cf. bue'et (plu). bue'ilan, tv. suck /fruit, candy/. bue'ilanan, tv. suck /candies/. bue'lahet, av. cf. bue"bon (plu). bueiahetik, av. cf. bue'bon (plu). bue'van, iv. kiss person, hbue'vaneh, agn. person who kisses another. buc(l) N. bu£, nld. gizzard, crop. birf(2) P or P(2). buc'-'Je, n(aj & ncpd)5. with pursed lips. bucahtik, aj. protruding (mushrooms). bufel, aj. pursed. bue'et, av. pursing /lips/ /whistling/, pouting. bu£k'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). protrude (daub, boil), purse (lips). buclahct, av.. pursing (lips) /whistling/. buclih, av. gushing suddenly (blood). buitebudte lok'el, vphr(av & dr). gushing up here and there (springs). budul, aj. pursed (lips), protruding (blister). buiulik, aj. protruding (mushrooms). bui'u N. bu£'u, n5. who, who?, someone, anyone. muk' buc'u yec\ There is no one else like him. bui'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & n5). which one, which one? which person, which person? buC'uk hunukal, nphr(n/contr. of buc'u & -uk/& n5). whoever, bufutik, n5. whoever, who? /plu/. bub P. buhahtik, aj. hilly, bumpy (skin growth), buhan, tv. make protuberant. h-likel isbuhanbe yol. He made her heavy with child in a moment, buhbuh, aj. protuberant (skin growth), buhet, av. walking with great burden (horse), buhlah, av. cf. buhet (plu). buhuhet, av. walking with very swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman), buhul, aj. protuberant (skin growth). buhulik, aj. bumpy (skin growths). buhtebuhte, av. walking about with swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman). buk X. bukbon, av. puffing up (smoke, vapor). buket, av. cf. bukbon. buklahet, av. cf. bukbon (plu). buklih, av. puffing up suddenly (smoke, vapor), buktebukte, av. puffing up in one place after another, bukuket, av. puffing up in great quantities (smoke). bukaro N(Sp,7). bukaro, nld. common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #615(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Many Zinacantecs grow gladiola in humid ground and in their yards. The bulbs are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by people visiting the churches, and by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. bukaroaltik, n5. large field of gladiola. bukarotik, n5. field of gladiola. lit'is" bukaro, nphr(n4f of n). Tritonia crocosmiiflora, #16(1,3,4), #2943(1). Highland "plant". It grows wild along streams. The bulbs are planted in yards at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. <5ihal bukaro, nphr(aj & n). 'streaked gladiolus', common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #2722(1,4). Highland "plant". The flower was grown formerly to decorate altar vases. It was planted in May and June and cut in August. k'os bukaro, nphr(aj & n). Tritonia crocosmiiflora, #2943(16). Highland "plant". The flowers are put in altar vases and are sold at market. pino bukaro, nphr(aj & n). 'fine gladiolus', see below, eahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below. •Jik'-loan eahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj & nphr/aj & n/). common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #1349(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant", For use, cf. bukaro. sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #1349(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". For use, cf. bukaro. bukaro e'iilel, nphr(n type n). Lamourouxia viscosa, # 1005(1,3,5). Highland "plant". buk' N. buk', nla. weft, inan poss.; sbuk'ul. B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 87 bul(l) T. bul, tv. uproot, pull up by the roots, pull out, pluck /weeds, hair, beard, feathers/, harvest /kidney beans/. Male joking speech; fart. bul, iv. be plucked. bul, nc. harvest /beans/. bul ba, rv. overestimate one's abilities /to work or to earn money/. bul-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual trickery. bulan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/. bulel, nc. harvest (beans). bulilan, tv. keep uprooting /grass/ or harvesting /beans/, keep plucking /feathers, hair, beard/. bulilan ba, rv. keep boasting. bulilanan, tv. keep harvesting /beans/. bulilanan baik, rv. keep boasting (plu). bulob "?alak', nphr(n4f of n4d). pot used to scald chicken. bulob ■nsimil, nphr(nlf of n3d). tweezers. bulobil TisimU, nphr(nlf of n3d). cf. bulob nisimil. bulobil kaslan, nphr(nlf of n5). pot used to scald chicken. bnl(2) P or P(2). bul-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-eyed, pop-eyed. bulahtik, aj. wide-eyed /plu./. bulanan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/. bulanbiilan, tv. pull out one after another. bulanbulanan, tv. cf. bulanbiilan. bulbon, av. with bulging eyes (dead animal). bulbul, aj. wide-eyed, pop-eyed. buteah, iv. lose sight (eye). bulel, aj. wide-eyed. bulet, av. staring fixedly (impolite child). bulk'ill, iv. lose sight (eye). t sbulk'ih ssat ta Tikaeil. His eyes are bulging from /the strain of/ his burden /when person strains to keep head upright while observing/. bultebulte, av. staring at one thing after another (impolite child). buluk' sat, nphr(x & n)5. horaworm. This highland caterpillar, with eye markings, is probably the larva of a hawk moth. Both men and women are said to have a white hornworm inside them, but the presence of a brown hornworm in a woman's womb reputedly is the cause for the failure of her breasts to develop and barrenness. If such a woman does give birth, it will not be to a child, but to a hornworm. buluk' sat e^lel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n). bush sage Sahia tilliaefolia, #1518(11,12), #2059(18), #2481(21,22). Highland "plant', dayflower Commelina erecta, #1306(8). Lowland 'plant". Sahia purpurea, #2703(21). Lowland plant". buluL aj. protruding (mucous). bululik, aj. with popping eyes (frog, person from hunger or anger). bulvan ta k'elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stare fixedly at person. bnl(3) N. bul has, nphr(nlf of nld). foam of boiling corn. bulan, iv. bubble up (boning water). bulbul, nc. single brief boiling /I only/. bulel, nc /I-3/. brief boiling (fresh com). bulomah, iv. boil. bulukil, n4f. much foam /mouth of drunk/. buluc Num. buluc , n(num & nccpd)le. eleven. bulucib, nle. eleven. bulhucib, n5. in or by elevens, every eleven. bur O. bur, onom. gurgle (water or blood). burbon, av. gurgling, bubbling, dribbling (mucous), pustulating. buret, av. gushing, gurgling burlahet, av. gushing or gurgling in many places, slurping (pig V3: 4), burbling (spring EKL 255: 1-3). burlih, av. gurgling suddenly (water, blood). burur, av. gushing. bururet, av. gurgling, gushing (water, slaughtered bull's blood). bururih, iv. gurgle, make bubbling sound. bururin, tv. gurgle (child playing with drinking water). burteburte, av. gushing up here and there. burnt- N(Sp, embudo). bume, nla. funnel /used for cane liquor/. buro N(Sp, burro). buro, nld. donkey. buro, aj. stupid. bus P or P(2). bus, nc. pile (rocks, wood, earth, com). bus ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher hill. It is believed that if dirt is rubbed on one's hands right after a gopher has left, the corn will provide a good yield. busahtik, aj. in piles. busan, tv. pile. skotol isbusanbe. lit., He piled up everything against him, i.e., He accused him of everything. busanbusan, tv. make into one pile after another. busanbusanan, tv. make many piles. busantik, aj. in widely spaced piles. busbon, av. forming piles. busbus, nc. single pile /I only/. buset, av. in piles, in clusters (chicks). busetik, av. in clusters (chicks). busi, iv. be in a pile. ye£ t sbusi ta balamil li tak'ine. lit., The money is just in a pile on the earth, i.e., He is spending all his money in vain. busk'ih, iv. be wasted (money), pile up (fallen fruits). busk'in, tv. spill /solids/. busk'inan, tv. cf. busk'in. buslah, av. spilling into piles (plu). buslahet, av. in clouds (smoke), making mounds (gopher). busleh, n4f. in pile. buslih, av. spilling suddenly. bustebiiste yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling in many places. busukil, n4f. many piles, many mounds /gopher hill/. busul, aj. in a pile, accumulated (work). busulbusul, n4f. each of many piles. busus, av. spilling into piles. bususet yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling into piles. but P. butahtik, aj. with rear sticking out /plu/. k'ak'al butahtik. protruding (potatoes, tubers). butan, tv. stick out rear. butan ba, rv. throw self down with rear sticking up (drunk). butanbutan, tv. move rear from side to side (mule unwilling to accept load). butbon, av. moving rear from side to side (hard-working man), wagging rear. butbut, aj. bumpy, with mounds or knobs, low (hill). butel, aj. with rear sticking out. Scolding speech, to late sleepers; butel acak tana. Your rear is sticking out now. butet, av. walking bowed /under heavy load/, working with rear sticking out. butetik, av. cf. butet (plu). buti, iv. lie with rear sticking up. butk'ih, iv. fall over (pot), fall down (mule, drunk). butk'in, tv. knock over. butk'inan, tv. knock over /plu/. butk'inbutk'in, tv. knock over one after another. butk'inbutk'inan, tv. cf. butk'inbutk'in. butlah, av. walking bent under burden (plu). butlahet, av. staggering (sing). butlahetik, av. cf. butbon (plu). 88. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 butleh, nld. lying with rear sticking up (drunk). buttebiitte ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). hurrying along bent under burden. butul, aj. squatting or lying with rear sticking out, lying on side. butul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). go backwards or in reverse. butul-cakin, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn one's back to /in bed/. butut, av. rolling or moving slowly (boulder). bututet, av. sticking up (large burden). but' T(2). but', iv. be enclosed, be blanketed /in clouds or mist/. t shut' sa tal lunial tok. The mist is coming, blanketing /the countryside/. but'i, tv. bury, cover up /corpse, feces, coals/, fill up /hole/. but'ih, iv. be filled up (hole). but'iobil, n4f. shovel. but'ul, aj. blanketed /in mist/, but'ul 9osil. thick fog. Ritual speech, referring deprecatingly to one's offerings; mu me k'u temel mu me k'u but'ul. There is nothing piled up, there is nothing covered up. buy buy, where, when. cf. bu. bwelta N(Sp, vuelta). bwelta, nla. turn, curve, quick trip, var., belta, byelta, velta /Paste1)/. bwelta. Turn! /command to mule/. bweno bweno, well, fine. cf. ben(2). byahe N(Sp, viaje). byahe, nld. trip. byelta byelta, turn, curve, cf. bwelta. byernes N(Sp, viernes). byernes, nle. Friday. ha? ")o 9oc sbyeraesal. It was on Friday of that week, var., yernes. byernes santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Good Friday. byernestik, n5. Lenten Fridays. e ea, be accepted, cf. eak. eai ea.1, excrement, cf. ati. arm ea?n, why? cf. eal(l). eae, hair. cf. cmr(l). cac(2) cae, strength, strong, cf. eoe(2). eaeal eaea?, excrement, cf. eo">. eah(l) eah, fermenting, cf. eoh(2). «sh(2) T. eah, tv. wear for the first time /clothes/, break in /jug by filling it with lime water or pot by boiling corn starch/. eahan, tv. break in /jugs, pots/ (wife of entering religious official), eahanan, tv. cf. eahan. eahaneahan, tv. break in one after another /jugs, pots/, eahaneahanan, tv. cf. eahaneahan. eahob, nlf. lime water for breaking in jug, cornstarch for breaking in pot. eahobil, nlf. cf. eahob. eahulan, tv. break in slowly. eak T(2). eak, tv. take, seize, grab, bite, catch /animals, cold/, capture, hit (bullet, machete), hold on to. t siseak simal ?obal. I caught a cold. eake lek i kie'ine. my younger brother caught it good! seak sa vah yilel. He is eating tortillas now, it seems /convalescent/. eak, iv. be seized, grabbed or captured. eak ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). begin office. eak ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). begin work. eak ba, rv. stick, mend, be on the mend, quarrel, fight. eak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, fight. eak coy, vphr(tv & n5). fish. eak lum, vphr(tv & n5). take root, grow (young plant, child). eak semana, vphr(tv & n4d). begin one's week of office or work (elder, steward-royal, publican, scribe, constable, justice of the peace, alderman, hired laborer). eak ta ?it'isal, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & n5). become jealous. eak ta vun, vphr(tv & prep & n5). record /names/. eakak, av. sticking. eakaket, av. sticking, sticky. eakal, aj. stuck, joined, clinging (tick), busy, written, unchanged /condition of patient/, impoverished. eakal ta sk'ob hyu9el. He has the backing of the government, eakal ta totil ta me?il. He is supported by the tutelary gods. eakan, tv. catch or bite /plu/. eakan ba, rv. be on the mend (people). eakan baik, tv. catch each other (people). eakanan, tv. infect people. eakanan ba, rv. cf. eakan ba. eakaneakan, tv. catch one after another /chickens/. eakaneakanan, tv. cf. eakaneakan. eakavul, n3a. joint /limb of human or animal/. eakbe ba nuk\ vphr(tv & rpn & n4f). match tuning with that of others in group. eakbe baik, rv. pick each other's /lice/, take each other's /gifts/. eakbe cikin, vphr(tv & n4d). hold by the ears /unbroken mule so that it can be loaded/. eakbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). shake hands. eakbe nuk', vphr(tv & n4f). tune /stringed instrument/ to match others in group. eakeak ba, rv. fight each other (cats, drunks, dogs). eakeon, av. sticking (burs), furry (mouth), sticky, clinging to (child). eakel, nld. imprisonment, murder /archaic/. eakel, nc. imprisonment. eaklahet, av. grabbing /women/, holding onto /skirts/ (children). eaklahetik, av. cf. eaklahet. eakleb 9ak\ nphr(n4f of n4e). string holder /fiddle/. eakleb kurup, nphr(n4f of n4d). peg to which are attached strings holding string holder /fiddle/. eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). fish hook, fish net. eakob kumpareil, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor presented by fiance's family at house-entering ceremony to establish ritual kin ties between the two families. eakobil coy, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eakob coy. eakteeakte, av. walking about picking fights (drunk). eakulan, tv. keep seizing, taking, catching, capturing, or grabbing. eakulanan, tv. keep grabbing /girls/. eakulanan baik, rv. keep grabbing each other. eakvan, iv. catch or capture person, cause illness, bite person (dog), have coitus (rooster). heak-£oy, agn(tv & ncpd). 'fish catcher', belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon, cf. hlti-coy., snowy egret Leucophoyx thula, cf. karsa., pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps. heakol, agn. hunting dog. heakvaneh, agn. person who catches or captures another (constable). eauk, tv(contr of eak & -uk) ritual speech, prayer; take heed. eauk ?une htot eauk ?une kahval. Take heed, My Father, take heed, My Lord! eak'(l) X. eak'ak'et, av. prickly, stinging (many nettles or caterpillar hairs in skin). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 89 eak'eon, av. prickly, stinging (one nettle or caterpillar hair). cak'luh, av. pricking or stinging suddenly /nettle or caterpillar hair in skin/. eak'(2) P or P(2). eak'al, aj. strong (horse), shiny (pot, table), well-made (house), eak'eon, av. walking strongly (mule), eak'lab, av. cf. eak'eon (plu). eak'labet, av. cf. eak'eon (plu). eak'teeak'te, av. walking about strongly (mule). «J(1) Pt. eal -Juwn, ptphr(pt & n4d/3s/). why? /implies person is at fault/, ealuk, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/, earn, pt(contr of eal & yuiun) why? /implies person is at fault/, ran, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/. ean sabat. Why did you go? eal(2) T. eal, tv. flatten /ground/, level, dress /log/, trick, mu sta ealel ta k'opetik. He can't be tricked, eal, nc. levering. ealanealan, tv. dress one after another /logs/. ealanealanan, tv. cf. ealanealan. ealbil, aj. unable to carry heavy loads (mule, person), impoverished. ealbil-"?ec", iv(aj & ivcpd). graze (bullet, machete). ealel, nc. leveling, ealel, aj. be left behind /in work/. ealobil, n4f. instrument for leveling ground or dressing log /hoe, ax/. ealulan, tv. level, dress /logs/, keep tricking, ealulanan, tv. keep dressing /logs/. ealulanvan, iv. keep laying person low /sickness/, ealvan, iv. deceive person. ealvan ta camel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give sickness to /by witchcraft/, healvaneh, agn. deceiver. rahib N. ealub, n4d. cockscomb, ealub kelem, nphr(n of n). 'rooster's cockscomb', Castilleja inlegrifolia, #2171(14). Temperate "plant" •and) T(2). ean, tv. light /fire, match, lamp/, turn on /light or flashlight/, make heated /argument/. ean, iv. become heated (argument), become clear (sky) /balamil/. eanal ?osil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/. eanal balamil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/, eanan, tv. light /fires, etc./. eanesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court, eanesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). lodge more complaints against, add to the charges against. iseanesbe smul sci'Til ti mi eakbil sa ta cukele. He lodged more complaints against his companion now that he had been jailed, eanet 7u"Hin, vphr(av & n4d). flashing about /flashlight/. eanob kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). altar candlestick, match, eanob k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). kindling /pine twigs/, eanob sik'alal, nphr(nlf of nld). cigarette lighter, match, eanobil kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob kantela. eanobil k'ok*, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob k'ok'. eanobil sik'alal, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob sik'alal. eanub, iv. become heated (argument). ean(2) ean, why? cf. eal(l). ean(3) O. ean, onom. sound of bell, ding, eananet, av. ringing (bell, VI: 4, VI: 5, new pot or waterjug, cans), tootling (hand organ EKL 255: 2-13). eaneon, av. dinging (bell EKL 259: 2-11), chiming (bell EKL 255: 2-5). eanlah, av. clattering (log dragged over rocks) /sing or plu/. eanlahet, av. ringing (bells V2: 3, bell, EKL255: 2-4, EKL255: 2-6, pots, waterjugs, cans), clattering (logs dragged over rocks). eanluh, av. ringing suddenly (bell). eanuh, onom. sudden ding or ring /sound of bell, or pot/. eanulan, tv. keep making ring /new pots or waterjugs to test if they are sound/. eanulanan, tv. keep making ring many /new pots, etc./. eap prob P or P(2). eap-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with messy hair. eapahtik, aj. cf. eapal /plu/. eapal, aj. wild, unruly (hair). eapalik, aj. cf. eapal /plu/. eapeaptik, aj. rather wild or messy (hair). eapet, av. with wild or unruly (hair). eaplahet, av. cf. eapet (plu). eapleh, n4d. messy (hair). eapteeapte, av. walking about with wild or unruly (hair). eapo A(Sp, zapo). eapo, aj. short, squat (mule, donkey). eap' I. eap', iv. dry, shrink (wood, vine, corn, thatch, beans). eap'eap', iv. dry or shrink slightly. eap'eap'tik, iv. dry or shrink slightly. eap'es, tv. set in the sun to dry. eav P. eavahtik, aj. cf. eaval /plu/. eaval, aj. standing up (hair, beard, wool), chilled (sick person). eavalik, aj. prickly (beard). eavan, tv. set down /wool or pile of weeds/. eavan ba, rv. cause feathers to stand on end (hen, turkey hen), sit recuperating (sick person). eavanan, tv. set down wool or piles of weeds /plu/. eavaneavan, tv. set down one pile after another (weeds, wool). eavaneavanan, tv. cf. eavaneavan. eavav, av. feeling sudden chill. eavavet, av. feeling sudden chill. eaveav, aj. standing up (hair). eaveavul, n4f. standing up (hair;. eaveon, av. walking very slowly (sick person), moving indistinctly (goat at night), walking with thick hair (dog). eavel, aj. standing up (hair). eavet, av. approaching erectly (devil in the dark), feeling chill, feeling tipsy. eavi, iv. stand up (hair), be huddled over (sick person). eavlahet, av. prickling /sensation felt by feverish person/. eavleh, nlf. standing up (hair). eavluh, av. feeling sudden chill. eavteeavte, av. feeling chills throughout body. eavubil, aj. stealthily (robber walking). eay(l) prob P or P(2). eay-nuk', n(aj & ncpd). long-necked, bare-necked (woman). eayahtik, aj. cf. eayal /plu/. eayal, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. eayeay, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. eayeon, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman, ewe). eayel, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. eayet, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman). eaylah, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman), running and bobbing head (sheep). eaylahet, av. cf. eayeon (plu). eayteeayte, av. walking about with long or bare neck (woman), running about bobbing head (sheep). eay(2) A. eay, aj. small (girl, mule) /not having reached full stature/. eayal, aj. small (cup, pot, girl, horse, waterjug, griddle, basket) /referring to girl or horse it implies that full stature has not been reached, referring 90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 to object it occurs only in expression; mas eayal hutuk: It is a little smaller/. eayalik, aj. cf. eayal /plu/. ee A. ee, aj. unripe, undercooked. eeuetik, aj. rather unripe or uncooked, eeil, n4f. unripeness. yalem t sak' pero kapal seeil. He offers them at a low price, but unripe ones are mixed in. eeil ?osil nphr(aj & n)5. fallow land. eeil nukul, nphr(aj & n)la. untanned leather, ecrintaan, tv. laugh at /people/, eel nukul, nphr(aj & n)la. cf. eeil nukul. eeub, iv. become inedible (beans that harden, cabbage that becomes bitter when boiled). eeubtas, tv. make inedible /cenek'u! vah, pisil vah/ (pregnant woman). ee? N. ee?eh, vn5. amusement, ee^eh law, vphr(vn & tv). be amused by. ee9eh nos sa?i mi ?ipote. He is just amused when you get sick. ee?eh loil, nphr(vn type n)5. humorous conversation, joking. eeleh Io9ilotik6tik. We were talking and laughing. ee?et, av. smiling eoetik, av. cf. eeiet (plu). ee?ih lo?il, nphr(vn type n)5. cf. eeteh lotil. ee?in, tv. laugh. Laughing by girls is considered promiscuous. ee?inta, tv. laugh at. ee^intavan, iv. laugh at or mock person. hee?etel, agn. merry person. hee-mitavaneh, agn. person who mocks another or who laughs at girl. ?umet ee9in, vphr(av & tv). suppressing laughter, mukul-ee'rin, tv(aj & tvcpd). suppress laughter. eeb(l) N. eeb, nld. girl, daughter /reference and address/, woman younger than speaker /reference/. eeb vo9tus, cf. voftus. eebah, iv. become girl-like. It is believed that a molly mule can be rejuvenated three times, eebal, nla. girl, young female animal. hay-kot seebalil. How many female /chicks/ are there? ecbal, n4d. girlhood. ta seebal. when she was a girl. eebal , nphr(natt & n5). young female animal, pre-laying /hen, turkey/. eebal cih. ewe. eebal •Jane, young woman, eebal vo?tus, cf. voTtus. eebil, n5. daughter. ip'isat ta eebil. She was treated as a daughter, eebin, tv. accept as one's daughter, adopt /daughter/, eeb, n5. Baby talk; girl. eeb(2) prob A or N. eebiltas, tv. wash another person's hair, eebiltasan, tv. wash people's hair /children/, eebiltasobil, n4f. "flower water", eebiltasvan, iv. wash another person's hair. eebin, tv. wash hair with. Ritual speech, prayer begging forgiveness for physical violence; wash head with. ta heebin savon. I am shampooing my hair. ta heebinbe snicim li kahvaltike. I am washing my hair with Our Lord's flower /water/, i.e., water left over from washing steward's coffer. mi seebin ti hun sc'ic'ele mi seebin ti hun ssankre. Was his head washed in blood, was his head bathed in blood? eebin, iv. wash one's hair, eebinahebal, n3d. Ritual speech, curing prayer; shampooing place, cf. latinahebal, heebiltasvaneh, agn. person who washes another's hair (shaman, mother, women assistants of steward who wash the hair of everyone present with the water left over from washing coffer), heebnel, agn. person washing hair, heebnom, agn. person who washes hair. cek(l) N. eek, nle. scorpion. eek k'ob, nphr(n4e of n4d). whorl on ball of the thumb. cek(2) N. eek, nig. spindle whorl /clay/, partial veil /mushroom/, sheath /com, sugar cane, palm, bamboo, reed/, fruiting stalk /of banana after all the fruit have been removed/. eek hcSamu1), nphr(n of agn)5. poisonous caterpillar, cf. eukumal tok'oy. eek krus, nphr(n of n)5. velveteen cloth used to cover middle of gospel cross, eekil, n3a. skirt, inan. poss.; seekil. sk'an seekil sk'u^ilal li k'ine. There is no skirt for the party clothes, eekin, tv. steal skirt. eekin komel, vphr(tv & dr). strip corn leaves down to the sheath (hail), eek, n5. Baby talk; skirt. eel(l) P. eel, nc. large mound (logs, stones, straw, fruit, adobe), eelahtik, aj. cf. eelel /plu/. eelan, tv. make large mound /firewood, stones/. skotol ?iseelanbe. He accused him of everything, eelanan, tv. make large mounds /plu/. eelanbe ?ikae, vphr(tv & n4d). load /mule/. eelanbe ")ilil, vphr(tv & n3d). heap debts on. eelaneelan, tv. make one large mound after another, eelaneelanan, tv. cf. eelaneelan. eelel, aj. in large mound (logs, stones, straw, bags, fruit, adobe, snake), accumulated (work). eelel smuk'ul. She is pleasingly plump, eeleleelel, n4f. each of many piles. eelet, av. walking heavily burdened (person). cel(2) eel, untanned leather, cf. ee. rel(3) X. eeleon, av. rushing furiously, swirling (water), eelelet, av. rippling (water), eellahet, av. rushing (river). eel(4) X. eelelet, av. feeling cramps /in limbs/, tingling /limb that has fallen asleep/. eelteeelte, av. piercing here and there (pain of wound), eeluel, nld. cramp. eel(5) X. eelav, n4f. ridge /ground/, eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)le. 'ridged bark ?', butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, #38(1,2,3,4), #2932(3). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, rafters, roof rods, posts of wooden-walled houses, fence posts, for com bin, stile, and gate rails, for corn stubble rakes, and for firewood. If a person warms himself before a fire of butterfly bush wood it is believed that he will get cramps, var., eelo-pal /Htek-lum/. butterfly bush Buddleia chordata, #B9475(5). Highland "tree", skutch's butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #2237(19). Highland "tree" shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2048(18). Highland "tree" eele-pattik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of butterfly bushes. ?ik'al eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & nepd/). skutch's butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #2770(1,4). Highland "tree", butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, #2932(1,3). Highland "tree". ?it'is eele-pat, nphr(n4f of n/x & nepd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia amerkana, #3000(11). Lowland "tree". It is used for firewood. bae"i eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & nepd/). skutch's butterfly bush Bud- TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 91 dleia skutchii, #1768(15). Highland "tree". bik'it eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). shrubby butterfly bush Bud- dleia crolonoides, #2396(20). Highland "tree". can-eelav, n(num & ncpd). 'four-ridged', shrubby butterfly bush Bud-dleiacrotonoides, #B9259(5,5a). Highland "tree*, butterfly bush Bud-dleianitida, #B9483(5,5a). Highland "tree", butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2512(21,22). Highland "tree". can-eelav eele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/). shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #32(1,2,3,4,5), #2048(3,17), #2396(3,4), #2451(1). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, posts of wooden-walled houses, and fence posts. The sprigs are used in the steam cure that follows blood-letting or that is given to reduce swelling. Thirteen sprigs of butterfly bush are used together with thirteen sprigs of pom i'a-tei, six sprigs of yihil lanal lahan ton, a large handful of lik'alpom e'unun, a handful of sat pukuh, and a handful of lahval tei. It is "hot". For further description of steam cure cf. pus ton. butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2277(3,4), #2512(4). Highland "tree". Same use as above. hic'il ">anal eele-pat, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/). 'narrow-leaved eele-pat', Calea integrifolia, #493(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree", k'os eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia americana, #3000(1,4,5). Lowland "tree", shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2451(20). Highland "tree" butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2277(19). Highland "tree" sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia americana, #206(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree", skutch's butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #1768(4,5), #2237(1,3,4). Highland "tree". Lippia chiapensis, #B9485(5a). Highland "tree". eelleh, n5. ridge /mountain/. eellehaltik, n5. many long ridges. eellehtik, n5. long ridge. eelo-pat, cf. eele-pat eelp'un, tv. dodge /blow, bullet/. can-eelav, n(num & ncpd). four-sided. can-eelav let, nphr(n/num & npcd/type n)la. beam. hoi eel, nphr(n of n)le. ridgepole. eemen N. semen, n5. baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii. eep P, P(2). eep-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with rough haircut. eepahtik, aj. with rough haircut /phi/. eepan, tv. hack. eepaneepan, tv. hack one after the other. eepaneepanan, tv. cf. eepaneepan. eepbe, tv. hack at. t saheepbe macita. I'll hack at you with a machete. cepeon, av. hacking, walking with rough haircut /like a Chamula/. eepel hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rough haircut. eepet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with rough haircut. eepkunta, tv. hack at and abandon /tree/. eepkuntik, aj. rough (haircut), hacked (tree, ground). eeplahet, av. hacking (plu). eeplahetik, av. hacking (plu). cepluh, av. suddenly causing shallow wound. eepulan, tv. hack /with machete, axe, hoe, etc./. eepulanan, tv. hack /plu/. eepteeepte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rough haircut /hat-less/. eepen N or A. eepenah, iv. heal (wound). rib N. eib, n5. fern. eibaltik, n5. large expanse of ferns. eibtik, n5. expanse of ferns, •rik'al 9ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'black-stemmed fern', mai- denhair fern Adiantum andicola, #163(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". (5)-The leaves are crushed in water which is given to sheep suffering wind", pine fern Anemia adiantifolia, #222(1,2,3,5). Lowland plant" ■tik'al eib, nphr(aj & n). see below, muk'ta 9ik'al eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Anemia phyllitidis, #2563(1,4). Temperate "plant" eahal eib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum distans, #159(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Holly ferns are used to decorate the roof of the creche and the church of St. Sebastian on Christmas Eve. (23)-The stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary provide one hundred and fifty plants on the Seventh Posada. c'ib eib, nphr(n type n). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, #549(1,3). Temperate "plant" hamal ■'anal eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'broad-leaved fern', Elap- hoglossum longifolium, #1860(1). Highland "plant", kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & n). 'long fern', Asplenium monanthes, #160(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Polypodium angustifolium, #165(1,2,4,5). Highland plant", ■nk'al kilahtik eib, nphriaj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium angustifolium var. amphostenon, #547(1,3). Temperate plant" sakil kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium xalapense, #548(1,3). Temperate "plant" Polypodium angustifolium, #979(1,3). Highland plant" muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum pallidum, #B9270 (5,5a). Highland "plant", chain fern Woodvardia spinulosa, #161(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Anemia phyllitidis, #2563(21,22). Temperate "plant". ■?ik'al muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, #96(1,2,4,5). Highland plant" muruc' eib, nphr(aj & n). 'kinky fern', Notholaena sinuata, #102(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant" sakil ?ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). white-stemmed fem', Lopho-soriaquadripinnata, #167(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Thelypteris kun-thii, #215(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" sakil eib, nphr(aj & n). Llavea cordifolia, #95(1,2,3,4,5). Highland plant". Cheilanthes farinosa, #1063(1,3). Highland "plant", yasal eib, nphr(aj & n). Notholaena sinuata, #814(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" kilahtik yasal eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'long green fern', Dichaea sp., #1246(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant", eib habnal, cf. habnal. eibal c'ut tei, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'tree trunk fern', Polypodium angustifolium, #555(1,3). Temperate "plant". eibal k'a'Me'?, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'rotten tree fem', Polypodium munchii, #1862(1,16). Highland "plant". eoein eibal k'aMe'i, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'hairy rotten tree fem', Elaphoglossum hirtum, #1224(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" eibal ton, nphr(natt & n). 'rock fern', see below, sakil eibal ton, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Drymaria muliiflora, #1437(1). Highland "plant". eie(l) T. eie, tv. advise, punish, discipline, swear to secrecy. yaixm lek seie sc'amal mu smah sctfil ■Ji mu s^elk'ah. He disciplines his children well; they don't hit their siblings and they don't steal, mu sna9 seie sc"amal li kriscano ti mi tol k'usi stam ta yan 9o na k'al svula'Jahike. People don't know how to discipline their children if they take many things from other's houses when they visit, eie, iv. be punished, eiean, tv. advise /children/ /plu/. eieanan, tv. cf. eiean. ei'eanei'ean, tv. advise one after another /children/, ei'eanei'eanan, tv. cf. eieaneiean. eieel, vn5. advice, punishment, eieulan, tv. keep giving orders, keep disciplining, eieulanan, tv. keep giving orders to /plu/, keep disciplining /children/. 92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 eievan, iv. advise or punish person. heie-me"?el, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /woman/, heie-mol, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /man/, heieel, agn. person punished, heievaneh, agn. counselor. ek{2) N. eie(l),nla. marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #1461(11,12), #1742(15,16), #2378(20), #2499(21,22), #2584(21,22). Highland "plant" (15)-Three entire plants are ground on the metate, mixed with water, and used to flavor com gruel. (20)-The flavor is similar to cinnamon. It is sold at market in Tuxtla. (15,20,21,22)-lt is "hot". eictik, n5. expanse of marsh marigolds. bae"i eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2057(3). Highland "plant". Same use as eieal ")ul. k'os eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2499(4). Highland "plant". It is used to flavor corn gruel, but if too much is added to the gruel one can fall ill. It is "hot". muk'ta eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, # 1159(1,4,5). Highland "plant". (5)-It grows in yards. A handful is soaked in corn gruel for seasoning. It is "cold". #1894(1,3,4,16,17), #2584(1,4). Temperate "plant" (l)-It is brewed and sweetened with sugar as a substitute for coffee. (17)-The leaves are ground and used to season corn gruel. It is "hot" stentehal eie, nphr(nalt & n). 'field eie', Tagetes schiedeana, #1410(7). Highland "plant" yasal nic eie, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'blue-flowered eie', Cuphea utriculosa, #1622(11,12). Temperate "plant". eie(2), nla. avocado. This is a small, black, smooth-skinned avocado, cf. eie te->(2). eie-iat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with small testicles (boy), eie e^lel, nphr(n type n). Crusea subulata, #1887(16,17). Temperate "plant".(17)-As a remedy for stomachache /k'us loionil, k'us c'util/, a small bunch is brewed with brown sugar. One or two spoonsful are taken before meals for one day. It is "hot". Linum schiedeanum, #1048(1,3,5). Highland "plant". Tagetes filifolia, #2033(18). Highland plant". Cuphea utriculosa, #2814(7,12). Lowland "plant" k'os eie e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Linum schiedeanum, #1886(1,3,4). Temperate plant". eie pos, nphr(n type n). 'eie medicine', St. John's wort Hypericum uligino-sum, #653(1,2,3,4), #2324(3,4). Highland plant". As a remedy for swelling, a handful of plants is brewed, and a small cup of the tea is drunk from one to three times a day. It is "hot". #1383(3). Temperate "plant" As a remedy for "cold wind", a handful of stems are brewed with brown sugar, rue, and sun rose. A bowlful of the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is "hot". eie tet{\), nphr(n type n). loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #930(1,3), # 1409(3), # 1739(3). Highland plant". The stems are cut by women and the bark scraped off for use as bodkins. #1881(1,3,4). Temperate "plant", wild flax Linum mexicanum, # 1491(3). Highland "plant". Li- caria cf.peckii, #211(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for the drums of the elders and ensign-bearers. Nectandra coriacea, #1203(1,3,4,5). Lowland and temperate "tree". eie te^P), nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana var. drymifolia, #458(1,2,5). Highland "tree". It is grown in yards. The fruit is eaten raw. It is "cold". The leaves are used as seasoning for corn gruel, eieal •ml, nphr(natt & n). 'corn gruel eie', marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #1461(3), #1742(3), #2057(17), #2198(1,3,4), #2378(3,4). Highland "plant" It is ground, mixed with water and used to flavor corn gruel. It is "hot". Tagetes schiedeana, #1410(3). Highland "plant". Same use as above, eieet ^at, vphr(av & n4d). lit., sitting around with small testicles, i.e., doing nothing (boy), eieil, aj. small (testicles), eieil ?ul, nphr(natt & n). 'corn gruel eie', marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2057(18). Highland plant". aril X. eieil-iul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5. yellow-eyed junco Junco phaeonotus. cf. yukyuk mut. Juncos are eaten. They are known to scratch up nearly planted corn occasionally. eieop' N. eieop', nla. stalk of grass flower. eieop'in, tv. possess stalk of grass flower (child at play). eih(l) A. eih, aj. rank (smell of urine, goat, fox, coyote, monkey, peccary, or spook), eiheihtik, aj. rather rank, eihet, av. stinking with rank odor (child that has wet clothes, place where people have urinated). eihihet, av. stinking with rank odor /place where people have urinated/, eihil, n4f. rankness. eih(2) O. eiheon, av. clashing (cymbals), eihkaeihka, onom. ompapa (EKL255: 1-11). riklan N. eiklan, n5. hermaphrodite, var., eiklon. eiklon eiklon, hermaphrodite, cf. eiklan. ak' T(2). eik', iv. crack, split (wall, jug, griddle), eik' ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). abandon a plan or action through fear, give up. ieik' ta be muk' sk'ot. He gave up and never arrived, eik'ahtik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd), eik'eah, iv. split off (rock, cliff). eik'eon, av. painful (previous bone break), eik'es ba, rv. abandon a plan or action through fear, eik'esvan, iv. cause person to abandon plan by alarming him. eik'et, av. walking in fear. Seik'et nos ti balamile. It is frightening to walk abroad, eik'et 9a9i, vphr(av & tv). walking in fear, afraid of being unable to fulfill duties or pay expenses, eik'il, aj. cracked (pot, jug, wall). eik'ilik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd), eik'ilul, n4f. crack /griddle/. eik'luh, av. feeling sudden pain (previous bone break), eik'teeik'te, av. tingling here and there (arm or foot that has fallen asleep), heik'esvaneh, agn. person who alarms another and causes him to abandon plan. eil X. eileon, av. shivering /fear, cold/, diet, av. roaring (fire), eililet, av. roaring (fire EKL 259: 2-13), rumbling (heat lightning in rainy season), booming (blasting irons in distance), trembling /under heavy load, with cold/, straining /defecating/, eillahet, av. shivering with fear or cold (plu). eillahetik, av. cf. eillahet. eilteedte, av. walking about shivering with cold or fear. rima'i N(M-Z, eimai). eima"), n. calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #2824(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland " tree ". The fruit is used for gourds. (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. eima7, n5. large gourd for testing corn gruel, Joking speech; bald head. eima'? £'is, nphr(n type n). 'eimai thorn', box-briar Randia aculeata, #1238(7). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" eima? hobel, nphr(n type n)5. Simojovel. cin P(2) or T(2). ein, tv. tighten /burden, sandals/, make firm /post/. ta hein h£'ut. I will fasten my sash, ein ba, rv. become stuck /in crack, etc./, pack, crowd (people), become thick (clouds), harden (fruit, adobe), become taut (wire, rope), become tight (knot). sein sba ya^al. He is tipsy, sein sba yo?on. He is out of breath. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 93 ein-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding. ran ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). put in jail. einan, tv. tighten /burdens/, fix firmly /posts/ /plu/. einan ta 9abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor (magistrate). einanan ta ?abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor to many people (magistrate). einaneiiian, tv. tighten one /burden/ after another. eihaneinanan ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). jail one after another. eineah, iv. become taut, become tight. eineinein, onom. strum /guitar/. eineon, av. strumming (guitar). einet, av. tight, tipsy. einetik, av. tight, tipsy (sing). einil, aj. crowded, drunk, stuck (rock), stiff (hat brim), taut (wire), firm or secure (post), thick (fog), hard (ground), pressed tight, tight (sash), tight-fitting (sandals), einil 9ilil. with many debts. einil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5). strong or capable man. eininet, av. buzzing (ears), binding (tumpline, sandles). Male joking speech; snug (vagina). einlahet, av. banging (head on ground), strumming (guitar), banging (blasting iron). emluh, av. banging suddenly (head on ground, blasting iron), cracking (rifle fire, lightning), crowding in suddenly. einob, nlf. peg /stringed instrument, peg for tightening wire fence/, sinews /drum/, rope for tightening burden. einobil, nlf. rope for tightening burden. einulan, tv. keep tightening /strings of stringed instrument/. eisakanta N(N, tzinacantlan). einakanta, n5. Zinacantan. heinakanta, agn. Zinacantec. eirimpa N. eirimpa hoi, nphr(n type n)5. shaven-headed, with rough haircut (woman). eirimpta, tv. shave /person's head/. eis N. eis ?uc, nphr(n of n)If. 'opossum fart*, bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #B9272(5,5a), #2242(1,3,4). Highland "tree". The sprigs are a basic ingredient of "flower water" used to bathe a patient. It is "cold". Whoever takes a sweat bath boils a handful of sprigs and washes himself afterwards with it. The father of a newborn baby gathers a small handful that is brewed and used to wash the infant, (RML)-Other ingredients of "flower water" are laha-te^es, eahal nicim, krus lee', k'os, till!, visobtakil, hic'il oryihil lanal toh, bek'talpom, tenelpom. Bush laurel is also brewed in the water used to wash stewards' coffers. It is used to adorn the ceremonial bed, and crosses during curing ceremonies. eis 9u£tik, nphrfn of n)5. expanse of bush laurel. 9asus eis "me, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'garlic eis iui\ bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #2539(21,22). Temperate "tree" •rit'is eis 7uc, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). Litsea neesiana, #50(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree". It is used by corn farmers for firewood when they travel to the temperate zone. bae*i eis 9uc, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #1866(1,16), #2242(19). Highland 'tree'. Same use as eis tuc. as ?uc 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Berchemia scandens, #957(1,3). Lowland vine". eis cauk, nphr(n of n)5. 'thunderbolt fart', shrub marigold Tagetes nelso- nii, #1477(11,12), #1721(3,15,16), #2201(1,3,4,19), #2384(3,4,20), #2509(4,21,22). Highland "plant". (20)-It is eaten by sheep and horses, tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #1379(3). Temperate "tree", meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1782(16). Highland "plant". As a remedy for fever /k'ok'/, a bunch is brewed and left to cool. A half cup of the tea is drunk. It is "cold". eis caukiltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of eis cauk. eis cauktik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of eis cauk. eis cauk 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Bidens squarrosa, #2876(1,4). Lowland "vine", eis 6itom te1), nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'pig fart tree', wild senna Cassia biflora, #2678(1,3). Lowland "tree" eisil, n3d. flatulence, smell of skunk, spray of citrus rind, eisin, iv. break wind, eista, tv. break wind on. heisnom, agn. person who is breaking wind, eisan pale, nphr(n of n)le. daddy longlegs. eisan tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). bristle on chest of turkey gobbler, eisan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; man who talks racily, eisanil, n3a. pubic hair. eon N. eo9, nla. excrement, shit, guts /person, caterpillar/, inan. poss.; seaial. eo9, n4f. muscle /restricted to seoi k'obol; muscle of forearm, and se lokol: calf/. eo9 9amuc, nphr(n of n)le. algae. eo9 ?amucaltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of algae. eo9 9amuctik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of algae. eo9 9ek'en, nphr(nlf of nld). scraps of corn dough that have fallen onto the metate platform. The scraps are rubbed on a burn to soothe it. eo"> TOt, nphr(n4f of n4d). dry tortilla dust. eo9 cicaron, nphr(nlf of nld). crackling dust mixed with corn dough and fed to cats. eo"> cikin, nphr(nlf of nld). ear wax. eo9 ka9 eu, cf. eu. eo9 ka9 hay, cf. hay. eo"> kahve, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). coffee grounds, eo") k'anal, nphr(n of n)5. obsidian. Obsidian is thought to have been dropped by shooting stars as they fall and return to the sky. eo1? k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. skin disease of hands /skin dries, hardens and cracks/. eo9 k'osos, nphr(nlf of nld). dry toasted tortilla dust. eo9 mut9 9ic, cf. 9ic. eo9 ni9, nphr(nlf of nld). dried mucous. eoi sat, nphr(nlf of nld). sandman, eo") sulem te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'buzzard shit tree', lance pod Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, #2733(1,4). Lowland "tree". It is used for fence posts and firewood. 9it'is" eo9 sulem te9, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). giant senna Cassia emarginata, # 191(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fence posts. ec tan, nphr(nlf of nld). lime dust left on griddle. eo9 vah, nphr(n of n)5. dry tortilla dust. eo9 yakil vo9, nphr(nlf of nld). dregs of chicha. eo9eo9tik, aj. with excrement (on rear of chick, puppy), with sandmen. eo?eon sat, vphr(av & n4d). with tears streaming down cheeks, wiping away tears. eoiet, av. having excrement (chick). eo9et sat, vphr(av & n4d). having discharge in eyes (dogs). e67tee69te, av. excreting one time after another (puppy, chick). eo9tik, n5. expanse of excrement /paths after fiesta/. bae"i eo9, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement. ea9al 9at, nphr(n4f of n4d). Female scolding speech: child. sea9al 1 acake sea9al 1 avate. lit., the excrement of your ass, the excrement of your vagina; i.e., your child. eafal dak, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. ea">al iat. ea9al k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. accusation of licentiousness or illicit love. ea9an, iv. defecate, eawebal, n3d. privy, bathroom. ea9nebaltik, n5. place where many people defecate, camel, vn5. defecation, diarrhea. ea9ta, tv. defecate on, excrete worms, deposit maggots, excrete blood /person who is very angry and guards his anger/. eaiuiluh, iv. excrete on, deposit in. eaea1), iv. Baby talk; defecate. 94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 hea9nom, agn. defecator. yasal ea'mel, nphr(aj & n)5. greenish diarrhea of newborn babies. eo?op N. eo7op, nld. nest, bed /cat, dog/. eoiop cue, nphr(n of n)5. squirrel nest. eowpin, tv. use for nest /pine needles/ (chicken, dog, pig). cob T(2). eob, tv. gather together. eob, iv. be gathered together (objects). eob ?ol, vphr(tv // n). have illegitimate child (woman). Such women reportedly are punished by Our Lord; their faces become as black as a donkey's penis and their hair falls out until they are as bald as Hidalgo- eob ba, rv. gather together, assemble. seob sba hc'ic'eltik yalel. It feels as if our pulse is gathering together, i.e., getting weaker /when sick/. cob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde's house three times annually, secret meeting. eob k'op, vphr(tv & n4d/3p/). come to an agreement, decide together, iseob sk'opik ta smahik li hune. They decided together to beat up the other one. eob pohov, vphr(tv & n4e). become infected. eoban, tv. gather up /plu/. eobanan, tv. cf. eoban. eobaneoban, tv. gather up one after another (woman gathering up possessions when leaving husband). eobaneobanan, tv. cf. eobaneoban. eobbalal, aj. illegitimate. eobbe ?av ?ok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). retrace one's steps. The spirits of the dead are believed to return on All Souls' and All Saints' Days to retrace their steps. eobbil, aj. illegitimate (child). eobet, av. walking together. eobetik, av. cf. eobet (plu). eobilan, tv. have illegitimate children (woman), gathering together slowly. eoblebal, n3d. Ritual speech; gathering place of tutelary gods /Chapel of Lord Esquipulas, Calvary/. eobob wal, nphr(n4f of n4d). gourd for holy water. eobob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)ld. Chapel of Lord Esquipulas, customary meeting place in hamlet, meeting place. eobob eo7 ka?, vphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). basket for holding horse manure. eobob cenek', nphr(nlf of nld). cup or basket for holding beans when harvested. eobob k'ahben, nphr(nlf of nld). rake. eobob k'a^ep, nphr(nlf of nld). garbage can, old basket for garbage. eobob vo9, nphr(n of n)5. gourd for holy water. eobobil eo? ka9, nphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). cf. eobob eot kat. eobobil cenek', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob cenek'. eobobil k'alep, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob k'aiep. eobobil k'ahben, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob k'ahben. eobobil voi, nphr(n of n)5. cf. eobob vol. eobohel, nS. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde's house three times annually, secret meeting. eobol, aj. together, in a crowd. Ritual speech, prayer; gathered, eobolotik lotolotik. We are gathered, we are joined together. eobteeobte, av. walking, one group after another. seobteeobte ec'el. lit., It is leaving in groups, i.e., fluttering pulse of very ill person. eobvan, iv. gather people, summon people for meeting. heob-tak'in, agn(tv & nepd). money collector /for fiestas/. heob-vo, agn(tv & nepd). religious functionary; male who visits various springs to bring water used to bathe a patient or a steward's coffer. heobvaneh, agn. person who gathers others together /at fiesta/. eoe(l) N. eoe, nla. wool, hair, fur. seacal shol. his hair /head/ (or) its mane. eoe , nphr(n type n)3a. wool /skirt, shawl, tunic, blanket/. eoe-ni"? to, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'downy-tipped tree', viburnum Viburnum jucundum, #B9255(5,5a), #128(1,2,3,4,5), #1843(1,16). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. (l)-An unattested variety is used for house construction and fence posts. Bunchosia mon- tana, #879(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". eoe-ni1? teitik, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. viburnum grove . k'os coe-nii to, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). Brickellia guatemalensis, #52(1,2). Highland "tree". Kohleria elegans, #527(2,5). Temperate and highland "tree". Viburnum mendax, #943(1,3). Highland "tree". eoeil ?ak', nphr(aj & n). 'downy vine', morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2157(1,11). Temperate "vine". (H)-It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals. Jacquemontia pentantha, #2866(14). Lowland "vine" It is used to lash fences. Gronovia scandens, # 1687(7). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. Gonolobus barbaralus, #1671(14). Lowland vine", sakil eoeil ?ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2862(1,4). Temperate "vine", eoeil eahal to, cf. eahal tei. eoeil habnal, cf. habnal. eoeiltah, iv. become fuzzy, eoeiltik, aj. fuzzy, eoein, tv. steal wool, eoein, n4f. down, fuzz, eoein, aj. fuzzy. eoein ^ak', nphr(aj & n). 'downy vine', morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2677(1,3). Lowland "vine". eahal eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sericophyttum, #1058(1,3,5). Highland "vine", k'anal eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gaudichaudia albida, #1928(1,3,4). Temperate "vine". #2273(3,4). Highland vine". sakil eoein tak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2677(15). Lowland "vine". Desmodium sericophyllum, #1368(3). Temperate "vine" eoein eibal k'a?-te?, cf. eibal k'a'Me'). eoein e"i?lel, nphr(aj & n). 'downy plant', Bogenhardia crispa, #786(1,2). Lowland "plant", k'anal eoein e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Hieracium jaliscense var. ghiesbreghtii, #1093(1,3). Lowland and temperate plant", eoein cicol c'o, cf. cicol c'o. eoein matas, cf. matas. eoein pisolite, cf. pisolite. eoein vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov. eoeintik, aj. fuzzy, eoeiron pik'ok', cf. pik'ok'. eaeal, n4b. hair. eaeal t'ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rabbit fur grass', Panicum replans, #1656(1,4,11,12,14). Lowland "plant". Arthraxon quartinianus, #2778(1,4). Temperate "plant" eoe(2) A. eoe, aj. strong, hard, tough, loud, serious (crime), gravely /ill/, very. eoe copol. very bad. eoe W?on, nphr(aj & n4d). strong, long-enduring, uncomplaining, brave, eoe c'ic'el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be unlikely to suffer soul-loss, lit.; to have strong blood. eoeeoe, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud, eoeeoetik, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud, heoe-k'ob, agn(aj & nepd). name of supernatural figures who stole bell from Zinacantan. eaeah, iv. become serious (crime), become grave (illness), become strong (rain, current), become severe (birth pangs), become critical (situation). eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 95 ratal, n4b. strength. t sic' seaeal. It is hardening (pottery). , aj. strong. eaeal ■>&'. tempest. eaeal kar strong horse. eaeal kriscano. strong or healthy person. eaeal tak'in. steel, iron. eaeal ter hardwood tree. eaeal ton. hard rock. eaeal vo?. downpour, eaeal-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). carry out in earnest, acquire with great effort. iseaeal-k'opta h-kot ska?. With great effort he acquired a horse. eaeub, iv. become stronger (sick person, plant), harden (ground). ieaeub sa h-set' li hcamele. The sick person has become slightly stronger, eaeub ">o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become brave. poiot seaeub yoion. He is almost old enough not to be afraid. ieaeub sa yoon ta sa ssanav stuk. He has become brave, now he walks by himself /child/. eaeubtas, tv. make strong, be happy. ta heaeubtas ko?on. I will be brave, eaeubtas ba, rv. become strong, boost one's courage /with cane liquor/, regain control over oneself (drunk), eaeubtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5). make an issue of. eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court. eaeubtasobil, n4f. medicine, eaeubtasvan, iv. make person strong (medicine). eoh(l) A. eoh, n4f. interior of (nose, ear, anus), eon, aj. red, pink, orange, brown. mi eoh to anr>. lit., Is your nose still pink, i.e., Are you still a baby? eoheoh, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish, eoheohtik, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish, eahal, aj. red, pink, orange, brown. eahal ">ak', nphr(aj & n). tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2018(16,17). Lowland 'vine", breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2676(15). Lowland "vine", jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #2555(21,22). Temperate "vine". It is used to lash fences. Heteropteris beecheyana, #1642(1,4). Lowland and temperate vine". #2623(22). Lowland "vine". Agdestis clematidea, #1688(7,11,12). Lowland "vine". Des- modiumpalmeri, #1423(1). Highland "vine". bik'it eahal 9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(15). Lowland "tree", k'os eahal 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sp., # 1097(1,3). Lowland and temperate "vine", eahal Tinatab, cf. rinatab. eahal 'tolonal nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 'red lowland flower', common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(15). Lowland plant", eahal TOra, nphr(aj & n)5. bad luck, eahal bolom, cf. bolom. eahal cikin, nphr(aj & n). 'red ear', orange-brown lactarius Laclarius volemus, #67(1,4). Highland mushroom". It is boiled, seasoned with chili and mexican tea. It is 'cold". Lactarius sp., #103(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", eahal coy, cf. coy. eahal cue, cf. cue. eahal c'o, cf. c"o. eahal hobel, nphr(aj & n). muhly Muklenbergia spicijormis, #1761(4,5,15). Highland "plant". Aristida schiedeana, #909(1,3). Lowland 'plant". Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1998(16,17). Lowland "plant". #2293(19). Temperate 'plant', eahal hobeltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of eahal hobel. k'os eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). balsam scale Elyonums barbiculmis, #1190(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Rhynchelytrum rose- um, #2293(3,4). Temperate "plant". Bouteloua media, #1046(1,3,5). Highland "plant". Oplismemts burmanni, #2833(12). Lowland "plant" pec'ahtik eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'flat red grass', kno-troot millet Setaria geniculata, #1114(1,4). Lowland "plant". eahal hoi sulem, cf. sulem. eahal katal, nphr(aj &■ n)5. 'red Catherine', painted redstart Setophaga picta, slate-throated redstart Myioborus miniata. cf. katal mut. Redstarts are not eaten. When one perches on the eaves it is said to cause the inhabitants to sicken gradually. eahal lum, cf. him. eahal meria, cf. meria. eahal moral, cf. moral. eahal nil Sulem, cf. sulem. eahal nid hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Rhynchelytrum roseum, #908(1,3), # 1998(1,3,4). Lowland "plant". eahal nicim, nphr(aj & n)la. 'red flower", garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #369(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" Most Zinacantecs grow geraniums in their yards. The slips are planted by men and women at the beginning of the rainy season. As a remedy for children's fever sores, a handful of leaves are chewed. They are "medium". For a major curing ceremony, a large basket of geraniums is required to decorate the crosses. For a minor ceremony a small basket is required. * Three geraniums are brewed together with the other ingredients of "flower water" for bathing patients and stewards' coffers, cf. eis ")uc, tilil. In order to recover a person's soul, the shaman beats the ground, where the soul allegedly has been lost, with oak, yellow pine, and geranium sprigs. Sour orange leaves and geranium blooms are gathered by the wedding petitioner /hpacol/, bound in bouquets, and distributed to the wedding guests a: the dance. For the bi-weekly flower changes, the stewards provide one large basket of geraniums. (23)-The geraniums provided by the senior stewards are used to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence, while the geraniums provided by the junior stewards are used to decorate the Church of St. Sebastian. One small basket is needed to decorate the steward's altar. (l)-One large basket is provided by the stewards-royal every other Saturday to decorate the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. One medium-sized basket is required by the elders every other Saturday to decorate the altar of the grand alcalde. On Lenten Fridays, Wednesday in Holy Week, and on Good Friday each steward provides a small basket of geraniums and mayweed flowers that are tied to the saints' litters. (23)-This basket is presented on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday in Holy Week, and Good Friday. (l)-On Good Friday, the elders, holy elders, and any stewards, ensign-bearers, or former elders who so desire offer a small basket with candles, geraniums and mayweed at the base of the cross in the Church of St. Lawrence. (23)-On Pentecost each steward provides a small basket of geraniums and sakramentual nicim. On the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary and on All Souls' Day, one small basket of geraniums and aztec marigolds is provided by each steward. For the First Posada each steward brings a small basket of geraniums and sedum to decorate the litters of Joseph and Mary. On the Seventh Posada one small basket of geraniums is provided by each steward for the roof of the creche. (RML)-The roof of the creche has a vertical row of geraniums, separating rows of sedum, mountain palm, air pine, and holly fem. Three geraniums are tied to the cross on the roof of every new house. Geraniums are used to decorate house entrance crosses on all major fiestas. They are used to decorate the well crosses on the Finding of the Holy Cross. eahal ni£imaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of geraniums. eahal nicimtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of geraniums. ■Jik'iik'-loian eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). 'maroon geranium', garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #664(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The flowers are put in altar vases. sak-vayan eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). 'pink geranium', garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #625(1,2,3,4). 96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Q Highland "plant". It is grown by Zinacantecs in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season by men or women. The flowers are put in altar vases. sakil eahal nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #727(1,2). Temperate "plant". It is grown by ladi-nos in their yards. eahal nicim ta 9olon 9osil, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type n/). lowland red flower', common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(20). Lowland "plant". It is put in altar vases by lowland ladinos. cahal pok', cf. pok\ eahal sim-nak'al, cf. sim-nak'al. eahal te?, nphr(aj & n). 'red tree', shrub copperleaf Acalypha ajj. unibrac-teata, #310(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree*, leaf flower Phyllanlhus mcvaughii, #1542(1,3). Highland "tree", bittersweet bush Wimmeriapubescens, #2637(21). Lowland "tree". It is used for fence posts, shrubby tick-seed Coreopsis mutica, #B9473(5,5a). Highland "tree". Fuschia encli-andra subsp. tetradactyla, #2540(21,22). Temperate "tree", eoeil eahal te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & a/), 'downy red tree', Acalypha langiana, #1591(11,12). Temperate "plant", eahal te?tikil cih, cf. totikil cih. eahal ve?lil, nphr(aj & n)3d. chitlings. Male joking speech; vagina, eahal vokol 9ic, cf. vokol 9ic. eahub, iv. grow red (fire, chili), blush, eahubtas, tv. redden. heahal-?o?on, agn(aj & ncpd). Ritual speech, prayer; angry or envious person. eoh(2) prob T or T(2). eoh, tv. make steam. eoho tal li puse. lit., Make the steambath steam!, i.e., Turn the steam on! eoh ba ta vo9, vphr(rv & prep & n5). sweat when it rains (sick person). eohlih, av. hissing suddenly (water poured on hot rocks). cohvan, iv. cause person to sweat (rain) /sick person/, heohvaneh, agn. rain that causes person to sweat, eahahet, av. fermenting (corn gruel, chicha). eoh(3) prob O. eoheon, av. hacking (cough V2: 5). eohlahet, av. cf. eoheon (plu). eohlahetik, av. cf. eoheon (plu). eohteeohte, av. walking about with hacking (cough). cohoh N. eohoh, n. Lagascea helianthifolia, #405(1,3). Highland "plant". #568(2,5). Temperate "plant" #916(1,3). Lowland "plant". #2571(1,4), #2973(1). Temperate "tree". cok' prob T or T(2). eok'be, tv. whip. eok'eon, av. sizzling (food on bottom of pot), eok'et, av. sizzling (burning hair, grass or forest). eok'lahet, av. sizzling (corn gruel V3: 8). eok'lih, av. hissing suddenly (water on hot surface EKL 259: 2-17). eok'ok'et, av. sizzling. eok'teeok'te, av. hissing in many places (hot coals that have been doused with water). Male joking speech; c'abal aeon. You have no pubic hair. COD N(N, tzontli). eon, nld. thick hair, pubic hair. Scolding speech; eon-9isim mol. bearded old man. eon-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. bearded. eon te?, agn(nphr/n of n/)ld. each of two players of the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, dressed in Spanish moss costume /publicans of the previous year/. eon-te?, n(n of ncpd)5. 'tree's beard', Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides, #661(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". The publicans' assistants gather two bagfuls at midyear's to adorn the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. The publicans of the previous year gather enough Spanish moss to be sewn on their hats for their performance during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Men designated by the magistrate gather Spanish moss to decorate the court house on Independence Day and to decorate the three arches that are erected for a visit by the governor or the bishop. eon-te9altik, n(n of ncpd)5. large expanse of Spanish moss. eon-te?tik, n(n of ncpd)5. expanse of Spanish moss. eon-toal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). 'ground moss', moss Tkui-dium delicatulum, # 1362(1,3). Highland "moss". (23>Two bagfuls are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Sixth Posada to serve as the bed for the Christ Children. Pogonatum flexuo- sum, # 1028(7). Highland "plant". k'anal eon-toal te1), nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). Neckera urnigera, #540(1,3). Temperate 'moss". Pilotrichella rigida, #540(1,3). Temperate "moss". Renauldia mexicana, #540(1,3). Temperate "moss". eonahtik, aj. thick (moss, peperomia). eoneon(l), aj. very wooly. eoneon(2), av. moving (wooly animal; sheep, goat). eonel, aj. bearded. Scolding speech; eonel asat. Your face is wooly. eonet, av. Male joking speech; wooly (pubic hair). eonet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv). Male joking speech; tipsy /play on einet tali/. eonih, onom. sound of wooly animal moving. eonlah, av. cf. eoneon{2) (plu). eonlahet, av. cf. eoneon(2) (plu)., walking with patched clothing. eonol, aj. very furry or wooly (animal), thick (moss, bromeliads, vines), eonol yisim. His beard is thick. eonolik, aj. furry (mildew). eononet, av. walking with wooly (rear) /skunk/. eonteeonte, av. walking about with wooly (face, rear). eonok' N. eonok', nla. wax of mermeho, resin of bae"i toh /used to plug leaks in water jugs and splits in soles of feet/. eonok'al toh, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. eonok'. eonok'in, tv. gather resin. eop(l) P(2) or T(2). eop, nc. small pile /wool, rubbish, com/. eop ba, rv. become puffy (face with cold), crowd together (people), flock (sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, bees). eop-e"i?, n(aj & ncpd)5. dog covered with wooly hair. eop-c'um-te9, cf. Smn-te9. eop-d'um-te? c'o, cf. c'um-te? c'o. eopa9, n5. Baby talk; wooly dog. eopahtik, aj. cf. eopol eopan, tv. put in small pile. eopan ba, rv. crowd together (people), flock (sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, bees). eopaneopan, tv. make one small pile after another. eopaneopanan, tv. cf. eopaneopan. eopantik, aj. with widely spaced clumps /weeds not evenly cut/. eopeon, av. clustering (male dogs around bitch in heat, men serially raping woman). eopeop, nc. single small pile /rubbish, wool/ /I only/. eopeop, aj. covered with wooly hair (dog, young donkey, lamb), in clump (grass). eopel, aj. covered with wooly hair. eopet, av. moving (cloud), moving in a cloud or wisp (smoke, mist). eopetik, av. walking in group. eoplahet, av. clustering in groups (people). eoplahetik, av. cf. eoplahet. eoplebal, n3d. gathering place /corral, sleeping place of sheep/. eoplih, av. flocking around, pouring in /fight, bargain sale/. eopokil, n4f. many small piles. eopol, aj. in a clump (grass), in a small pile (wool, com, salt, earth, pine needles, stones, sand, fruit, chilis), in a tight cluster (animals, people), sparse (pubic hair), puffy (face of sheep or person from the cold). eopoleopol, n4f. each of many small piles. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 97 eopolik, aj. in tight clusters. eopop, av. moving in a group (people, animals). eopopet, av. moving in group, flocking /in air/. eopteeopte, av. walking about in small groups (people, ensign-bearers, spooks, animals). «op<2) X. eopk'ih, iv. become dispirited (horse). eot' P(2) or T(2). eot' ba, rv. shrivel (fruit, gourd, skin). eot'ahtik, aj. cf. eot'ol /plu/. eot'el, aj. shrunken. Female scolding speech, mother scolding sleepy child; eot'el acak. Your ass is shriveled. eofet, av. shriveled. eot'ol, aj. shriveled (face, peach, chayote, potato). eot'olik, aj. cf. eot'ol /plu/. eoy(l) T. coy, tv. kindle. eoy, iv. be kindled. eoyilan, tv. keep kindling. eoyilanan, tv. cf. eoyilan /plu/. eoyob k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). kindling eoyobil k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eoyob k'ok'. eoy(2) P, P(2). eoyahtik, aj. cf. eoyol /plu/. eoyan, tv. Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer; entrust. t sba hhok'anbe ">o t sba heoyanbe ->o. With this /visit/ I am going to suspend him, I am going to entrust him /to the gods/. Scolding speech to unruly child; ta heoyan avak'il ta e*am-ter I'll hang you from the rafter. eoyan ba, rv. Ritual speech; entrust self /to the gods/. eoyaneoyan, tv. hang up one after another /decorations in church/. eoyaneoyanan, tv. cf. eoyaneoyan. eoyanvan, iv. entrust person /to the gods/ (shaman). eoybe 9ak'il, vphr(tv & n4f). attach, suspend /meat, gourd/, tether /mule/. eoyeon, av. clinging (child to father when he returns home). eoyet, av. barking and lunging furiously. eoyilanbe 9ak'iL vphr(tv & n4f). attach slowly. eoylah, av. swinging (plu), lunging, clinging (children on to father when he returns home). eoylih, av. swinging suddenly. eoyol, aj. hanging, suspended (meat, gourd). eoyolik, aj. cf. eoyol /plu/. eoyoy, av. swinging, lunging (dog). eoyoyet, av. barking and lunging furiously. eoyteeoyte, av. swinging about (monkey, squirrel, child). eo N. eu, nla. gourd. eual cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n & ncpd/ld). acorn cap of live oak. •Jak' eu, nphr(n4e of n5). gourd vine . ■>ak' cutik, nphr(n4e of n5). expanse of gourd vines. bae*i eu, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1996(3). Lowland vine". The seeds are planted by many Zinacantecs in their corn fields. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They are used to store water and holy water. They are used by the cantors to store chicha. eol ka9 eu, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'horse manure gourd', gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B14260(5). Lowland "vine", muk'ta eu, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1981 (1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They are used to carry water, holy water, and chicha. (17>The gourds are used to carry holy water to the cemetery. They are sold at market, nene? eu, nphr(n type n). "baby gourd', gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1994(3). Lowland "vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field by a few Zinacantecs, at the beginning of the rainy season. The gourds are harvested in November and December. The gourd is used as a whistle to recall the soul of a person who has suffered soul-loss. As a remedy for hernia, six leaves are heated and bound to the scrotum with a rag. Three hot leaves are similarly bound to the navel. They remain for two weeks. At the end of this period the patient eats a chicken boiled with chili and pepper. The leaves are "hot". peron eu, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1995(3). Lowland "vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are used to store tortillas. They were used formerly by the stewards to carry meat on their visit to the tithing men of Vof-bie. To prepare a gourd for sale it is opened at the top with a knife and placed in the fire so that the outer layer will fall off. It is buried, then, in sand for a week. After it is dug up it is washed, the seeds are removed, and it is placed in the sun where it dries out and hardens. (19)-It is used to carry water. suy eu, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B 14275(5). Lowland "vine" /used as toys by children/. eual moy, nphr(natt & n)5. tobacco gourd. eual voi, nphr(natt & n)5. water gourd. euin, tv. steal gourd. CIP P(2). eu1? ba, rv. wrinkle (skin). eu^ahtik, aj. cf. euiul /plu/. eu'tan, aj. wrinkled (skin). eu9an mol. wrinkled old man. eu9eu9, aj. wrinkled (skin). eu^ib, iv. become wrinkled (skin). euw)et, av. stretching and contracting (rubber). euoul, aj. wrinkled (skin). cwulik, aj. cf. euiul /plu/. eub(l) prob T or T(2). eub, tv. draw tight /purse strings, bag/, mold /neck of pot/. eub(2) P. eubahtik, aj. cf. eubul /plu/. cuban, tv. make crouch /child to defecate/. euban ba, rv. crouch down, duck down, crouch (cat before leaping). eubeon, av. hopping (rabbit), bending knees without lifting feet /dancing improperly/. eubet, av. hopping (rabbit), crouching. eubetik, av. cf. eubet (plu). eubi, iv. sit (woman). eubih o£el, vphr(iv & dr). crawl under /table/. eublahet, av. hopping (plu). eubteeubte, av. hopping about (rabbit). eububet, av. walking and squatting down (person, hen being approached by rooster). eubul, aj. crouching (cat, rabbit, person). Female speech; eublan te yo?e. Sit down over there! eubulik, aj. cf. eubul /plu/. cue I. eue, iv. Ritual speech; end (term of office). inel ieue ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. It has ended, it is finished, my humble work, my lowly contribution. eueav, n4f. end of cloth or loom. eueebal, n3d. moment just before finishing (weaving), end /term of office/. Ritual speech, outgoing stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, when saying farewell to their musicians; sneleb sa me seueeb sa me ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. It is now the termination of my lowly work, of my lowly contribution. euees, tv. finish /term of office, weaving of clothes, weaving or sewing of hats/. eueesob, nlf. small bobbin. eueesobil, nlf. cf. eueesob. Ritual speech; end of office, cf. nelesobil. 98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 eueub, nla. bodkin. Ritual speech, shaman referring to lightning; d'ul-yolobetik, c'ul-eueubetik. holy bows and arrows, holy bodkins, eueub, n. wild flax Linum mexicanum, #1491(1), #2084(17). Highland "plant". (17)-The stems are used by women for bodkins, loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #1739(16). Highland "plant". #1881(16). Temperate "plant". Brickellia scoparia, #2979(1). Temperate "tree*, k'anal eueub, nphr(aj & n). wild flax Linum mexicanum HBK. #1785(4). Highland plant". euin N. euin, n5. mourning dove Zenaidura macroura. cf. euin kulahtei. It is eaten. It is "medium". The mourning dove is thought to have been a toad which transforms itself in the dry season. This is deduced from the absence of the migratory dove in the summer and of the toad in the winter. euk T(2). euk, tv. pleat, gather, imagine, lie. euk, iv. be pleated or gathered, euk ba, rv. shrivel up, wrinkle (clothing), eukahtik, aj. shriveled (fruit), eukan, tv. wrinkle /nose/ in disgust. iseukan ssat. He frowned. eukan k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. clever banter or foolish talk. eukaneukan, tv. gather /mouths of one bag after another/, eukaneukanan, tv. cf. eukaneukan. cukeon, av. bouncing, stretching and contracting (rubber, chewing gum), hard (wood that grips axe head), eukeuk, aj. pleated, wrinkled up. eukel, aj. wrinkled (nose, ass). euket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber), tugging at. euket cak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting with shriveled buttocks (old person), euketik, av. tugging at each other, eiiklih, av. bouncing suddenly, wrinkling up suddenly (face with anger), furrowing suddenly (brow). eiikteeiikte, av. running about like chicken with its head cut off. eukteeukte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shriveled buttocks (old person). eukuket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber), eukuktik, aj. pleated, shriveled (fruit), eukul, aj. wrinkled (face with anger or age, scrotum), eukulik, aj. cf. eukul. eukulin, tv. trip over, eukum, nla. caterpillar /general term/. Tik'al eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. black highland caterpillar /eats scarlet runner bean and bean leaves/. bae'i eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. tent caterpillar. These caterpillars are eaten when their bellies turn white. They may be toasted on the griddle or cooked in a covered pot containing no water and only mint and salt. korio eukum, nphr(x type n)5. 'racing caterpillar', yellow caterpillar. Its name derives from its fast movements. ti?balal eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. bae'i eukum. eukum e'ftlel, nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar plant', Acalypha arvensis, #1618(1,3,11,12). Highland plant" #1983(1,3,4,16). Lowland plant". Acalypha sp., #2731(1,4). Highland plant". Dalea versicolor, #2518(22). Temperate "plant" As a remedy for dysentery /sakil sim-nak'al/, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is 'cold". Dalea sericea, #2978(16). Temperate "plant". Hyptis suaveolens, #2804(12). Highland plant" yasal eukum e'i'rtel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). lavender sage Salvia lavanduloides, #2452(20). Temperate "plant". eukum hobel, nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar grass', knotroot millet Setaria geniculata, # 1171(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant", sand bur Cenchrus brow-nii, #1574(11,12). Lowland and temperate "plant", muhly Muhlen-bergia tenella, #2813(12). Lowland "plant". eukum nic e'tflel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 'caterpillar flower plant', Acalypha botteriana, #1432(7). Highland "plant". Hyptis suaveolens, #2804(11). Highland "plant". Barleria micans, #2805(11). Lowland "plant". Dalea sericea, #2129(7). Temperate "plant". eukum te1), nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar tree', yellow indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #1931(16). Temperate "plant" #2940(16). Highland "tree". Dalea tsugoides. #2953(16). Highland "tree". It is used for firewood, eahal eukum te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). tick clover Desmodium ampiifolium, #2447(20). Temperate "tree". eukumal tok'oy, nphr(natt & n)5. poisonous caterpillar. This is a caterpillar with poisonous hairs that feeds on willow trees in the highlands, cf. eek hcamut. eukumtik, aj. with short dense racemes (amaranth flower). eukut, nla. belly. eukutal hoi, nphr(natt & n)5. ball of hair /hair combed out by women and wadded/. It is believed that lightning deposits a treasure in the form of a ball of hair where it strikes. euk' N. euk', nld. forelock worn by boys up to ten years of age /now rare/, son /affectionate term of address to young boys/. euk' 9isim, nphr(n of n)le. corn silk. eul I. eul, iv. slip, slide (person, horse, tile, board). euleon sim, vphr(av & n4d). snuffling. euleul, iv. slip slightly. euleultik, iv. slip slightly. euleules, tv. slide slightly. eules, tv. slide, lower /price/. tailes ba, rv. slip An standing position/. eulesobil, n4f. lever. eulet, av. slipping (tree in standing position, tile). eulilan, iv. keep sliding. eullih, av. slipping suddenly. eulteeulte, av. slipping or sliding one after another. eulul, aj. expensive /restricted to market goods/. eulul yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping /in standing position/, setting (sun). eululet, av. slipping down (tile, plank). eululik, aj. cf. eulul /plu/. eun(l) P. eunahtik, aj. cf. ennui /plu/. eunan, tv. build /small house/. eunan ba, rv. huddle /sitting/. eiinaneunan, tv. mold one thing after another /with clay/. eunet, av. sitting around doing nothing in particular. eunetik, av. cf. eunet (plu). euni, iv. sit, reside. t sieuni htuk ta hna. I am living alone. eunleh, nlf. sitting. eunul, aj. sitting. te eunul ta na. He is at home. eunulik, aj. cf. eunul /plu/. eun(2) prob P or P(2). eun-e'i?, n(aj & ncpd)ld. wooly dog. eun-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired. eun-hol e'toleL nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'messy-haired plant', Ruellia inundata, #2801(12). Lowland "plant". euneun, aj. with long unruly hair, patched (clothes). euneun e'frlel, nphr(aj & n). 'messy-haired plant', indigo bush Dalea tomentosa var.ypsoraleoides, #473(1,2). Highland "plant". Hedeoma costatum, #1004(1.3,5). Highland plant". Crusea parviflora, #2834(7). Lowland "plant". sakil euneun e'nlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Evolvulus alsinoides, #1316(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, ■ #1601(1,3). Temperate "plant". euneun hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'messy-haired grass', witch grass Panicum e/v TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 99 xalapense, #684(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". eunet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with messy or windblown hair (man, woman). eunul, aj. sitting with messy or windblown hair (man, woman). eun(3) prob T or T(2). eunbe, tv. walk briskly (old person making an effort to look strong and youthful), ta heunbe ec'el ta kok. I am walking briskly. eunbe lak'ot, vphr(tv & n5). dance with proper form. euneon, av. dancing (religious officials), trotting. euneun "?anil, nphr(aj & vn5). trot /person/. eunet, av. going about minding one's business. eunetik, av. cf. eunet (plu). eunlah, av. trotting (plu). eunlahet, av. cf. euneon (plu). eunlahetik, av. cf. euneon (plu). eunteeunte, av. walking briskly about (old person). eur prob O. eururet, av. talking endearingly (woman to another woman), crying (newborn baby). ennikuk N. eurukuk, nle. screech owl (?). It is not eaten. When one calls near a house, it is believed to be the messenger of a witch, bringing sickness. c* E. e", excl. ah /disgust or disbelief/. e"ab P(2) or T(2). e*ab, tv. smoothen /fresh daub/. e"ab ba, rv. become pretty and neat (girl). e'ab-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tidying hair. e*ab ta pok\ vphr(tv & prep & n5). drink through cloth /to avoid drinking particles of foreign matter in cane liquor/. /e"abu is preferred/. u'ababet, av. fine (clothing), with smooth weave. e'abahtik, aj. polished (table). e'abal, aj. fine (weaving, woven hat), with smooth weave, smooth and straight (road), e'abalik, aj. cf. e'abahtik. sr'abbe, tv. swill, e'abe'on, av. fat and glossy (horse), polished smooth (axe, hoe or digging stick handle), skimming off. e'abet, av. smooth and polished (machete or knife blade). e"abetik, av. swilling (plu). e'ablahet, av. cf. e'abe'on (plu), pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girl). e'ablahetik, av. grinding smooth and polished /machete or knife blade/, pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girls), e'ableh, n4f. polished, e'abtee'abte, av. swilling freely. e"abu, tv. drink through cloth. ta he'abu ta boc. I am skimming it with a gourd, c'abuel, nc. skimming. e'abuobil, n4f. gourd used to skim up clean water. e"ah T(2). e'ah, tv. dip /hair, waterjug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, fingers or stirring rod in food/, soak /in water, dye or soup, corn kernels in salt water when divining soul-loss/, submerge /in mud/. e'ah, nc. container for soaking /thread or skirt in dye, starter in chi- cha/. e'ah ba, rv. submerge self /in water or mud/. c'ahah, av. floating rapidly, e'ahahet, av. feeling chill just before vomiting. cr'ahahtik, aj. cf. e'ahal /plu/. n'ahal, aj. sunk /in water or mud/, buried /in weeds/. e"ahalik, aj. cf. e'ahal /plu/. e'ahane'ahan, tv. soak one after another. e'ahbil , nphr(aj & n)5. brandied /peach, nanche, apple, quince/ /soaked in cane liquor/. e'ahe'on, av. submerging self (children playing in water). e'ahebal, n5. moment before being submerged. e*ahel, nc. soaking (1-3) /thread or skirt in dye, starter in chicha/, adding of sugar to chicha. e'ahet, av. submerged, feeling chill just before vomiting, e'ahetik, av. submerging selves /in water/ /e'ahlahet preferred/. e"ahlah, av. being submerged rapidly /in water/ /sing/. e'ahlahet, av. submerging selves /in water/, e'ahlahetik, av. submerging selves /in mud/. e'ahleh, nlf. submerged. e'ahluh, av. sinking suddenly /in water/. e"ahob yakil vot, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/ld). pot for making chicha /cantor makes chicha during Carnival/. e"ahob yakil vo-> trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). pot for making cane liquor. e"ahobil, n4f. pot used to soak vines /prior to use as lashing/. z'ahobil yakil vo9, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/ld). cf. e"ahob yakil vol. e'ahobil yakil voi trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). cf. e'ahob yakil v trago. e'ahtee'ahte, av. submerging self here and there /in water/. e"ak P(2). e"ak, tv. know, complete, set /bone/, graft. e"akbil ta li. in debt. e"ak, nla. boundary marker, boundary line, e'ak, nc. units joined horizontally, e'akahtik, aj. tied together (horses, ropes), e'akal, aj. complete (change, debt), younger (person or animal), tied (one horse tied to tail of lead horse), Ritual speech, prayer; utterly, ta e'akal. afterwards. yo e'akal e"i9on yo e'akal citomon. I am an utterly lowly dog, I am an utterly lowly pig. e'akal k'on, cf. ?isim. e'akal pat, nphr(aj & n)5. right behind. e'akal pat t sibat. I am going right behind him. e'akale'akal. n4f. each of many knots, each of many mules tied one behind the other. e'akalik, aj. complete /plu/. Denunciatory speech, parent of child who has eloped; joined. nupulik sa, e"akalik sa. They are married now, they are joined now. e'akan, tv. tie behind each other /mules/, graft /peach trees/. e"akanan, tv. tie behind each other /mules/, graft /peach trees/. e"akantik, aj. tied together here and there /broken threads of weaving/, e'akane'akan, tv. tie one behind another, tie one after another /broken threads of weaving, broken rope/, graft one after another. e'akane'akanan, tv. tie one after another /broken threads of weaving, broken rope/, graft one after another, e'akavil, n3b. joint /bones/, node /bamboo, cane, reed/. e"akavul, n3b. cf. e'akavil. e"akbe, tv. complete, set /bone/. ta he"akbe stohol. I am completing the payment, ta he"akbe yok. I will set his leg. e'akbenal, n4f. seam (between wooden planks), e'ake'ak, nc. single unit fastened together /I only/, e'ake'on, av. tieing horses together, tieing thread together, e'akebal, n5. period when bone is about to mend. c"aket, av. walking tied to lead mule (mule), e'aketik, av. cf. e'aket (plu). e*aki, iv. dress up, wear clothes for first time /new clothes, wedding clothes, clothes of angels, dudes and players/, complete contract or debt, complete life-span /if deal is made with the earth lord/. e'akiem. dressed up. e"akiebal, n3a. deadline, amount of money, food, etc., that evens out portions. e"akiel, vnlb. decoration, new clothing. e"akil 9osil( nphr(nlf of nld). boundary marker. e"akin, tv. make adjoin, round out. 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 e"akin baik, rv. adjoin (land parcels). e'aklahetik, av. tieing together /mules/ (plu). e"akleb 9O9, nphr(n4f of n4d). rump /section of slaughtered chicken/. e'akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). leaves used to speed mending of bones. e'akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). 'mender', Stevia polycephala, #2918(1,3). Temperate "plant" Same use as e'akob-bail e'inlel. e'akob-bail e"i?lel, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 'mending plant', Stevia polycephala, #465(1,2), #2265(3,4). Highland "plant". Three handfuls of young leaves are toasted on the griddle and then bound to a bone break. This is repeated three or four times. The leaves are "hot". e'akob-bail pos\ nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 'mending medicine', Stevia lucida, #1796(1,4). Highland "plant". Same use as e'akob-bail fiilel. e"akob bak, nphr(n of n). 'bone mender', Stevia lucida, # 2516( 1,4). Highland "tree". Same use as e'akob-bail e'itlel. e'akobil, n4f. thread used to mend tear in weaving, leather strip used to mend broken sandal. n'akubtas, tv. finish, complete, dress. e'akubtas ba, rv. dress up. e'akubtas kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). change the floral adornments of the shrines in the hills, churches, or officials' homes. The pine and floral decorations for the crosses are considered to be their clothes. e*akubtasobil, n4f. liquor drunk by assistants of patient when decorating shrines. e"akubtasvan, iv. dress person /wedding couple/ (godfathers). he'ak-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). bonesetter. he'akubtaseh-kahvaltik, agn(tv & ncpd). person who is changing floral adornments of shrines in the hills, churches, or officials' homes. e'ok, nc. units or ropes fastened together /tables pushed together, coupled train cars./ e'oke'ok, nc. cf. e'ake'ak. e'okole'okol, n4f. cf. e'akale'akal. e'al T(2). e'al, tv. tie in bundle /firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs/, steal. lek ise'al ec'el yikae. He did a good job of bundling his load away (robber). e'al, iv. be tied in bundle. e'al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), slightly uneven (weaving). e'al ba, rv. become ridged (weaving) /warp stands up apart/. e'al-hol te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. billy. e*al-ne ?uc, cf. 9uc(l). c'alahtik, aj. cf. e'alal /plu/. e"alal, aj. in bundle, creased (brow). e"alalet, av. becoming very ridged or uneven (weaving), rippling. e"alalik, aj. cf. e'alal /plu/. e'alan, tv. tie in bundles. e'alane'alan, tv. tie up one bundle after another quickly. e*ale'al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), furrowed (brow). e'ale'on, av. tieing in bundles slowly and ineffectively /firewood/. e"alebal, n5. moment just before tieing in bundle /firewood/. e*alel, aj. furrowed (brow) /scolding/. e'alet, av. becoming ridged (weaving), frowning, uneven /haircut/, prominent (ribs). e'allahet, av. cf. e'ale'on (plu). e'allahetik, av. cf. e'ale'on (plu). e'alob, nlf. rope /for tieing firewood/. e'alobil, nlf. cf. e'alob. e'altee'ahe, av. tieing one bundle after another. e'ol, nc. In reference to objects piled on top of one another /burdens of person or animal, "burdens" of corn stalk, i.e., one ear on top of another, bags of corn, stones/, tied bundle /firewood/. te ca'Ve'ol itaeik. There they were found on top of each other (people in flagrante delicto). e'am prob A or N. e"am-te?, n(x & ncpd)la. crossbeam. e'am-toal na, nphr(natt/x & ncpd/ & n). 'house crossbeam', Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(7). Lowland and temperate "tree". e'omol, nld. log stool. e"omol eon, nphr(n type n)5. lit., stool animal, i.e., nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. cf. kapon con. The armadillo's name is derived from a belief that the animal serves as the earth lord's stool. e"omolin, n4d. log stool. esan(l) I. e"an, iv. be conceived. mu sVan. She is barren (or) He is impotent. e"anesbe, tv. conceive /child/ (man, woman). t?an(2) P. e"an, iv. form puddles. e'anal, aj. in puddles, remaining on the bottom (cane liquor in bottle or demijohn). te e'anal ta p'in. There is some in the pot (water, corn gruel). e'anal vo?, nphr(aj & n)5. puddle. e"anan, tv. pour into /water/, make puddles. e"ananan, tv. pour into containers /with water/. e'anane'anan, tv. fill one container after another with liquid. e'anane'ananan, tv. cf. e'anane'anan. e"ananet, av. moving (wide expanse of water). e'ananob, nlf. pot for liquid. e'ananobil, nlf. cf. e'ananob. e'ane'an, iv. form a few puddles. e'ane'antik, iv. form a few puddles. e'ane'on, av. sloshing (small amount of liquid), dripping. e"anet, av. forming puddles (liquids). te se'anet ya^lel ssat. He had tears in his eyes. e'ani, iv. be sitting (liquids). e'anlahet, av. in puddles. e'anleb, n5. puddle, pool. e'ap prob P or P(2). e'ap, tv. pierce /with needle, nail or feather/, place in post hole /replacement post/. e'ap, nc. hole, perforation. e'apahtik, aj. cf. e'apal /plu/. e"apal, aj. be sticking in (arrow, nail), long and pointed (nose, stick). e'apale'apal, n4f. each of many /posts/ stuck in /ground/. e*apan, tv. stick in /nail, post, digging stick/. e'apanan, tv. stick in /nails, posts, digging sticks/. e'apane'apan, tv. stick one in after another /nail, post, digging stick/. e'apane'apanan, tv. cf. e'apane'apan. e"apap, av. piercing with force (penis). e'apapet k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (thorn). e*apbe, tv. pierce /with needle, nail, knife or feather/, stab, ise'apbe sa TOVOI. He has planted already. e'ape'ap, aj. pointed (nose, post). e'ape'on, av. piercing (pain caused by thorn, etc., in flesh). e"apel, aj. pointed (nose). e"apet, av. moving with pointed object (fox sniffing about). e*aplahet, av. piercing (bristles, thorns, flea bites). e"apleh, nlf. pointed (nose). e*apluh, av. piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn). e"apulan, tv. stick in repeatedly (finger in rotten squash, digging stick). e'apulanan, tv. stick in repeatedly in many places. e*ar A. e'aram, aj. with ridges, ribbed (flashlight, billy), uneven /haircut/, barred with stripes at right angles to top or head. cf. e'al. e'aram te1), nphr(aj & n)le. billy /carried by constables, publicans and stewards-royal/. e'aramta, tv. cut unevenly, cut ridges in. e"aramtik, aj. cf. e'aram. e'aramul, n4f. ribbing, unevenness /haircut, weaving/, Male joking speech; pig penis. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 101 e*arkun, n4e. unevenness /haircut/. e"arkun, aj. uneven (haircut), ribbed (flashlight). e'arkunta, tv. cut ridges in, cut unevenly. e"arkuntik, aj. cf. e'arkun. c-ay P(2). e"ay ba, rv. become pretty and neat. e*ayahtik, aj. cf. e"ayal /plu/. e"ayal, aj. fat and gleaming (horse). e'ayalik, aj. cf. e'ayal /plu/. e'ayay, av. running and gleaming (horse). e*ayayet, av. shimmering (water, mirror, money). e'aye'on, av. shimmering (water, mirror, horse). e"aylah, av. cf. e'ayay (plu). e"aylahet, av. flashing, gleaming (plu). e'ayluh, av. flashing suddenly and briefly (lightning). e'aytee'ayte, av. running about gleaming (horse). eV> P, P(2). e'e'an, tv. tip, tilt. ise'e')an scikin. He cocked his ears. c"e9an ba, rv. lie on one's side, dodge /blow/, e'eian-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd). sleeping on side, e'eianan, tv. tilt /beams to dry in sun/. e'e')ane'e')an, tv. tip or tilt one after another. e'e')ane'e')anan, tv. tip or tilt one after another, e'oanel, nc. tipping. e'ew'on, av. walking swinging shoulders from side to side, swaggering. e'eieiet, av. walking holding one's side /doubled over with pain/. e"eiel, aj. on one's side, leaning (sitting person), cocking (ears), tilted (moon) /indicates arrival of rain/, e'oet, av. turning aside. sVe^et k'ak'al. It was /I to 2 p.m./ afternoon. sVeiet ">ak'ubal. It was after midnight /I to 2 a.m./, walking with cocked (ears). e'oetik, av. after (noon, midnight). e*e'i, iv. be lying on one's side. e'olah, av. walking swaying from side to side (people with long burdens), e'eilahet, av. cf. e'ene'on (plu). e'olahetik, av. cf. e'ete'on (plu). e'oleh, nld. lying on side, e'eiluh, av. tipping suddenly to the side. e'e'Jp'uh, tv. turn aside /to let person pass/, tip (load), lean, turn over /in reclining position/. ie'e')p'uh sk'op ta yalel ti k'usi t sale. He changed his story inadvertently when telling what he had to say. ie'eTp'uh ye ta kavilto. He changed his story inadvertently in court. ie'Op'uh ")ak'ubal. It was after midnight /I to 2 a.m./. ie'op'uh k'ak'al. It was past noon /I to 2 p.m./. yik'al sVe^p'uh sk'ob. Perhaps he will beat him. Ritual speech, shaman; ")oy t ae'op'uhel 9oy t ahoyp'ihel ioy t avalk'uhel ?oy t asutp'ihel. You are tossing, you are turning, you are tossing, you are turning /patient/. e'op'un, tv. tip /pot, water jug/. e'eTp'unan, tv. tip or tilt /bags of corn/. e'e'>p'une'e')p'un, tv. tip or tilt one after another. e'e'Hec'e'Ke, av. walking about swaying from side to side (lame person). e'culan ba, rv. toss from side to side, swagger, e'oulanan, tv. keep rocking many times. e'eh O. e'ebc'on, av. chattering, scolding (squirrel). e'eha? N. e'eha?, nle. squirrel cuckoo Piaya cayana. They are not eaten. The squirrel cuckoo's call is thought to cause a person to twist his ankle or to trip and fall. Its call may also announce the sickness of a loved one back home, var., e'ihai /Htek-lum, Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. ea N. e*el, nib. near, next to. ta he'd, next to me. Ritual speech, shaman praying at initiation of new shaman;mi lekil htunel mi lekil hbainel ta yo 1 ae"el ta yo 1 avic'on. Is he a good servant, is he a good perceiver beside Thee, before Thee? e'emeni'' N. e'emeni'), n5. dayflower CommeUna coelestis, #2053(18). Highland "plant". Tradescentia crassifolia, #737(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". 7/7- pogandra disgrega, #2178(19). Highland "plant" e'emeni'Hik, n5. expanse of e'emeni'). ■>ik'al e'emeni'!, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2320(19). Highland "plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1809(1,4). Highland "plant" ■)09lol e'emeni'?, nphr(n type n). 'medium-sized dayflower', Tripogandra sp., #1610(1,3). Lowland and temperate "plant". Habenaria clypeata, #2124(1). Temperate plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1808(1,4). Temperate and highland "plant". bik'it e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(21,22). Highland "plant" bik'itik e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #2066(17). Highland "plant" To induce a sick child to nurse a small bunch of dayflowers is brewed and the child is bathed twice a day for two days. It is "cold". (RML)-Two unidentified plants are brewed with it. eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2053(17). Highland "plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1223(1,3,4,5). Highland plant". k'os eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra angustifo-lia, #1979(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. Tripogandra disgrega, #2178(1,3,4). Highland "plant", muk'ta eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campeiia zanonia, #1250(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" Epidendrum ibaguense, #2169(1,7). Temperate "plant". k'os e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1789(4). Highland "plant" dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2556(21,22). Temperate "plant". Aploleia multiflora, #690 (1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1808(15,16). Temperate and highland "plant". Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(4). Highland "plant" muk'ta e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). Campeiia zanonia, # 1617(1,3,11,12,13). Temperate "plant", shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis cf. jalapa, #2607(21). Temperate "plant" sakil e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina erecta, #997(3). Lowland "plant". Cerastium vulcanicum, #1236(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant", k'os sakil e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra disgrega, #2360(3,4). Highland "plant" yas-'mlan nic e'emeni'), nphr: nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n4f) type n. Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1809(15,16). Highland "plant", yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). see below. k'os yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1189(1,3,4,5), #1446(3,5), #2066(3,4). Highland "plant" dayflower Commelina erecta, #1306(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". #1585(1,3). Temperate plant" dayflower Commelina coelestis, # 1918(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". #2053(3). Highland "plant", dayflower Commelina alpeslris, #1460(3). Highland plant", muk'ta yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campeiia zanonia, #1250(7). Temperate "plant" e'emeni1) e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 'dayflower plant', Tripogandra elongata, #538(1,3). Temperate "plant", e'emenhal ba ton, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'rock-top dayflower', Cran- ichis trilobata, #1955(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant". e'emeniwl e'en, nphr(natt & n). 'cliff dayflower', Epidendrum ibaguense, #2784(1,4). Temperate ■plant". e'erel N. e"erel, n. inga Inga spuria, #1620(11,12), #3008(11). Lowland "tree" The fruit is eaten. The trunk is used for firewood. c-et(l) T. 102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 e"et, tv. cut down /tree with machete/ (person). e"et, iv. be cut down. e'etan, tv. cut down /trees/. e'etanan, tv. cf. e'etan. e'etane'etan, tv. fell one after another. e'etane'etanan, tv. cf. e'etane'etan. e'etob, nla. medium-sized to large tree being felled or having been felled when land is cleared. e"etob te9, nphr(n of n)5. axe, sickle, e'etobil te9, nphr(n of n)5. cf. e'etob let. e'etobtik, n5. expanse of forest in area suitable for corn farming. e"etulan, tv. hack at. e'etulanan, tv. hack at /plu/. e'etil) N. e"et, nld. left hand. t si"?abteh ta he'd. I work with my left hand. ta he'd k'obtik. on the left hand side, to the left. e"et(3) P. e'etahtik, aj. cf. e'etel /plu/. e'etan, tv. prick up /ears/ /eavesdropping/. e'etanbil ti cikinil. It is widely known, e'etel, aj. pricked up or cocked (ears), e'etelik, aj. cf. e'etel /plu/. e"etet, av. walking with cocked (ear). c5! prob O. e"ibe, tv. make squeak /palm being woven/, e'ie'on, av. squeaking /weaving palm/. e"iet, av. singing in high voice (woman), e'ietik, av. cf. e'iet (plu). e'ilahet, av. cf. e'iet (plu). e'ilahetik, av. cf. e'iet (plu), cf. e'ie'on (plu). e*i9(l) N. e*i9, nla. dog. se'i')al 9osil. lit., the dogs of the earth., i.e., those who are treated like dogs. Ritual speech, prayer; li yo e'iwn li yo fttomon. I am a lowly dog, I am a lowly pig. It is believed that a black dog carries the souls of the dead across a river in the underworld, therefore black dogs should not be killed. e'i"> coy, cf. coy. e*i9 hc'ul-totik, nphr(n4d of n/aj & ncpd/5). highland black and yellow wooly caterpillar. e*i9 nicim, nphr(n type n). 'dog flower', stock Matthiola incana, #35(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". The seeds are planted in pots by ladi-nos and transplanted in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in San Cristobal. e*i9al, n4d. stupidity, beastliness. e'i'Jin, tv. steal dog, take dog into one's house, lok'il e'i'), nphr(n type n)la. dog with long straight tail. ci9, n5. Baby talk; dog. c"i9(2) X. e'iile, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman), e'iilean, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman). e'iileh, iv. spoil (food, clothing), be ruined (girl), fall apart (legal case). ie"i9leh no k'al copol sbat ta bonel yu9un 9aneetik. It was just spoiled when the woman dyed it improperly. ie'iileh sa li k'ope na9tik sa smeleah ta lek. The case fell apart; who knows whether it will be properly settled now. e'iflel, nle. plant /general term/, weed. e"i9lelaltik, n5. large expanse of weeds. e'i9lelin, tv. restricted to past participle; se'nlelinoh: weed infested. e^leltik, n5. expanse of weeds. e*i9levan, iv. cause sickness /by molesting person in dream or via goat or poison/. he*i9levaneh, agn. person who bewitches another through dream or poison. e*ib N. e*ib, nla. writing skill /archaic/. Ritual speech, used by scribe. e"ib bolom, cf. bolom. e'iba, tv. write. e'ibabil. written, e'ibah, iv. write. se'ibah kahvaltik. lit.; Our Lord is writing, i.e. There is a halo around the sun /believed to be a time when Our Savior is writing down all our sins, also believed to forecast rain/, e'ibahel, n5. writing, he'ibahel, agn. writer, he'ibahom, agn. writer, e'ibal 9akov, cf. 9akov. tribal 9anal, nphr(n4f of n4f)- leaf vein, e'ibal botil, cf. cenek'. e'iba] cenek', cf. cenek'. e'ibal hoi 9anima, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/)5. cranial suture, e'ibal k'u9ul, cf. k'u9ul. e'ibal patas cenek', cf. cenek'. e'ibaltik, aj. cf. e'ibal. e"ibaron, aj. splotchy (children's faces after playing with charcoal), e'ibarontik, aj. cf. e'ibaron. e"ibin, aj. striped (bean) /Hok' C'enom./ eMe5 prob O. e'ie'et, av. squealing (pig), e'ie'ie'et, av. screaming (drunk), squealing (pig). e'ie'irin, n5. young rooster when crowing, crow of young rooster, e'ie'lah, av. walking screaming (drunks), e'ie'lahet, av. crowing (young roosters), squealing (pigs), e'ie'lahetik, av. screaming (drunks), e'l'e'tee'i'e'te, av. walking about screaming (drunk). e^ih P. e'ihahtik, aj. droopy (sick chickens). e'ihan ba, rv. listen respectfully, ponder, sit pensively with lowered head, be shamed into silence, droop (sick chicken). te se'ihan sba ti mi yic' 9utele. He listens respectfully when he is censured. e'ihan ta 9utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). shame into silence by censure, e'ihe-'on ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). chronically ill. e*ihet, av. walking droopily, listening mutely. e"ihetik, av. listening mutely, e'ihil, aj. drooping listlessly /sick/, bending over thinking, dead silent (night). e'ihil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. listening mutely, e'ihilik, aj. listening mutely /plu/. e'ihlahet ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. e'ihe'on ta camel /plu/. e"ihlahetik ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. e'ihe'on ta camel /plu/. e'ihleh, nlf. listening mutely, e'lhtee'ihte ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). falling ill one after another (chickens). e>iha9 e"iha9, cf. c"eha9. e'ik(l) T. e"ik, tv. endure /cold, pain, rain, frost/. e"ik ba, rv. fast /chili, cold water, coffee, cold" food/. e"ik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. fast. e*ikan, tv. endure /rain, cold, frost/ (plu). e'ikbe, tv. endure /another's stupidity or disobedience, pain/. e"iket 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). endure /sickness/. e'ikulan, tv. keep enduring /cold, pain/. e"ikulanan, tv. keep enduring a lot of /scolding/. e*ikulanbe, tv. keep enduring /another's stupidity or disobedience, pain/. c"ik(2) O. e"ik, onom. wheeze /sick chicken/. e"ike'on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird), wheezing (sick chicken). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 103 e'ikiket, av. squeaking (evil supernatural hummingbird, bat). e'iklahet, av. wheezing (plu). c"ik(3) prob P. e'ikan, tv. turn end up /pine or match so it will burn/. e"il(l) prob P or P(2). e"il, nc. pin-stripe /clothing/. e'il k'u9ul, cf. k'u?ul. e*i] pok', cf. pok'. e'tlahtLk sat, nphr(aj &. n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/. e'ile'il, nc. single stripe /I only/. eWon sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner). e'ilet sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner). e'ilikil, n4f. many stripes. e"ilil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner). e'ufle'ili], n4f. each of many differently colored stripes. e"ililet, av. with radiant expression, with sparkling eyes. tnlihk sat, nphr(aj & n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/. ir'illahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e'ilet sal. eMl(2) I. e'iles ba, rv. be promiscuous or foolish in love. ise'iles sba ta vinik muk' smala shak'el. She was promiscuous with men; she didn't wait to be petitioned, ise'iles sba ta meiel. He was promiscuous with women. rfnO) T(2). e"in, tv. hoard. e"in, onom. ringing (ears). e'ine'on, av. jingling, ringing (anvil, machete striking stone). e"inil unit, nphr(aj & n)5. 'tinkling bird', blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea. e"ininet, av. jingling, jangling (bell EK.L 252: 2-7) tinkling, ringing (ears) /when someone misses us or after being in crowd/, e'inlahet, av. cf. e'ine'on (plu), tinkling (glass VI: 10), clinking (bottles V1: 14, metal wheel V3: 14). e'inluh, av. jingling suddenly, jangling suddenly, shattering suddenly (EKL 259: 2-16). c'inulan, tv. jingle. e"in(2) prob A or N. e*in-te9, n(x & ncpd) la. yucca Manihol esculenta, #335(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. The tuber is boiled with sugar and eaten as candy by ladinos. It is cold" Yuccas are sold at market. e"ir O. e"irin, onom. clink, clank (metal object). e'irin mut, nphr(n type n)5. 'clink bird', bushtit Psaltriparus minimus. e*iriret, av. clinking (metal wheel V3: 14) /infr/. k'anal e'irin mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5. black-headed siskin Spinus no/a His. cf. c'iki'ik, k'anal c'ivil mut. c"is T(2). e*is, tv. sew. e'is, iv. be sewn. e"is, n4f. seam. e"isahtik, aj. cf. e"isil /plu/. e*isahtik zoi sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f & n4d/). cf. e'isil eon sat /plu/. e"isan, tv. sew /plu/. e"isanan, tv. cf. e"isan. e'isane'isan, tv. sew one after another, e'isane'isanan, tv. sew one after another quickly, e'isbenal, n4f. seam. eMsbentik, aj. mended places /sewn, not patched/. e"ise'on, av. sewing. e'isebal, n5. moment when sewing is nearly finished, e'isil, aj. sewed closed (burlap bag), e'isil eoi sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with eyelids stuck tight from discharge. e'isil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with eyelids stuck tight from discharge, unopened (eyes of newborn puppy). c'isilik, aj. unopened (eyes of newborn puppies). e"islahet, av. cf. e'ise'on (plu). e"isob k'u'ml, nphr(nlf of n3d). absolute form; seamstress or tailor's house, animate poss.; needle, thread. e'isobil k'uoul, nphr(nlf of n3d). cf. e'isob k'utul. e'isomah, iv. sew. e'isomahebal, nla. needle, sewing machine. e'isulan, tv. keep sewing. he'isom, agn. seamstress, hat sewer. e'inl) T. e'it, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger /inside of gourd or bowl/, e'it, iv. be cleaned with finger. e*itan, tv. clean /gourds, bowls/ with second joint of forefinger, e'l'tane'i'tan, tv. clean one /bowl, gourd/ after another with second joint of forefinger. e'itbe, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger, e'ite'on, av. clean with second joint of forefinger, e'itlahet, av. cf. e'ite'on (plu). e'ltlahetilc, av. cf. e'ite'on (plu). e'itulan, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger, e'itulanan, tv. keep cleaning /bowls/ with second joint of forefinger (child). e"itulanbe, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger /sibling's bowl/. eMt(2) T. e*itanbe larsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip /plu/. e*itbe larsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip, e'ite'on, av. cracking (whip), e'itlahet, av. cracking (whip, lightning). eYtluh, av. cracking suddenly (lightning, whip). e"itulanbe 9arsial, vphr(tv & n5). keep whipping. e-it(3) e'it, rear, make grow. cf. c'i. e*09(l) O. e'oi, onom. squeak. e'o'^e'on, av. squeaking (sandals, door, bed). e"o9et, av. squeaking (door V2: 2, tree, oxcart). e'o'Mlan, tv. keep causing to squeak, e'oiilanan, tv. make squeaks, e'clahet, av. squeaking (cart, sandals, beds, trees), e'owet, av. squeaking repeatedly (door, tree, oxcart V3: 10, bed), stridu- lating (automobile starter V3: 9), squeaking (car V3: 12) /braking/, rin, nla. gate, seesaw. P. e'oi-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed. e'o''-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at /girl/. e'oo-sativan, iv(tv & ncpd). wink at person. e^anbe, tv. wink at. e'oeon, av. squinting (eyes from smoke, crying). e'cel, aj. squint (eyed), e'cet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with squint-eye. e'oilan, tv. wink. e'olahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e'onet sat /plu/. e"o7ol, aj. squint (eyed). e'o'Uee'ote, av. walking about squinting. e*ob X. e'obe'on, av. aching (tooth, head, thorn, ear, neck). e"oblahet, av. aching with exhaustion (legs). c'oban N. e"oban, n. rosey globe mallow Phymosia rosea, #356(1,2,3,4). Highland " tree". As a remedy for whooping cough three flowers are brewed with the seeds of the ear pod tree. The tea is drunk once or twice. It is "hot" The flowers are strung on a necklace that is placed in a bowl and carried by the first prefect to the houses of the junior stewards on St. Rose Day. The woman who tends the incense wears it for a mo- 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 ment after it has been revered. (23)-One small basket is provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary. e'obaa e'irtel, nphr(n type n). shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, #69(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (RML)-Probably a misidentifica-tion. wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #940(1,3). Highland "plant'. As a remedy for whooping cough thirteen flowers are brewed and the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is "medium". e'oban to, nphr(n type n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #1576(11,12). Temperate "tree". Abutilon tridens, #426(1,2,3). Temperate "tree", k'anal e'oban, nphr(aj & n). Abutilon purpusii, #2137(1). Temperate "tree". k'os e'oban, nphr(aj & n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #876(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The flowers are put in altar vases by ladinos. #1914(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "tree". (16,17)-As cough medicine, a flower is brewed with sugar and a cupful of the tea is drunk twice a day. It is "cold", k'os e'oban te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #1576(1,3). Temperate "tree". e'oc'op N. eWop, n5. oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(16,17). Temperate "tree". It is used for fence posts and firewood. e*ok P or P(2). e"ok-ni7, n(aj & ncpd)5. newcastle disease. e'ok-nii mut, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n)5. groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris/Naben Cauk/. cf. htii-sip mut. e'okc'ok, aj. with a knot (rope), e'oke'on, av. aching (leg, arm). e'oklih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back), e'iklin, tv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back). e"okp'ih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back), e'oktee'okte ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sprained or twisted leg. e"ol(l) N. e*ol, nla. summer squash Cucurbitapepo, #2189(1,3,4). Highland "vine " It is planted in the corn field at the beginning of the rainy season. Five seeds are planted in each hole. It is harvested in October. It is Jcold". e'oltik, n5. expanse of e"ol. kaslan e'ol, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbita ficifolia, # 1752(3,4,5,15).highland vine". (3)-The seeds are planted in the yard at the beginning of the rainy season. Five seeds are planted in each hole. The plants are fertilized. The squashes are harvested in August. The squashes are sliced and boiled with chili, salt, and coriander. They are "cold". (15)-The flowers and young tips are also eaten. The squashes are sold at market. e»ol(2) e'ol, burden, bundle, cf. e'al. f'om c'om, log stool, armadillo, cf. e'am. e'ot P, P(2). e'ot, tv. twist, wrap in bun /hair after washing/, twine /grass to make lashing/, lash /rope/, steer /car/, lock. e'ot-'?ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted leg or foot, c'ot ba, rv. become entangled (rope, horse). ise'ot sba ta cih. He wrapped himself in a blanket /i.e., without sharing it with bedmate/. e"ot-kob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted arm or hand, e'ot-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted nose. e'ot ta makina, vphr(tv & prep & n5). grind /with meat grinder/, e'ot yalel, vphr(tv & dr). throw off balance, e'otahtik, aj. entangled (horses). e*otan, tv. twist, wrinkle up /nose, mouth/. e"otan, aj. twisted (tree trunk), e'otane'otan, tv. twine one after another /bundle of grass into rope/. e'otane'otanan, tv. cf. e'btane'btan. e'ote'on, av. spraining, twisting (leg). e'ote'ot, aj. twisted (leg nose). e'otel, aj. twisted. e'otilan, tv. keep wrapping around or lashing. e*otilan ba, rv. become entangled (thread), wrap one's rope around stake (Pig)-e'otilan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). wag hips (boy when playing). e'otilan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). twiddle arms (child). e'otk'ih, iv. sprain, twist to side (falling tree). e'otk'in, tv. sprain, twist /person's arm/, twist to side /falling tree/. e'otlih, av. spraining suddenly. e'otobil 7ak', nphr(n4f of n4e). peg /stringed instrument/. e'otol, aj. twisted, entangled, locked (house). e*otolik, aj. cf. e'otahtik. e'ototet, av. whirling furiously (twister). e'otp'ih, iv. cf. e'otk'ih. e'otp'in, tv. cf. e'otk'in. e'ottee'otte, av. walking about with twisted (leg, nose). e'otvan, iv. entangle person in rope (horse), wrap around person (snake). he'otvaneh, agn. person who lashes another (constable). e'u e'u, sprinkle with holy water, asperges. cf. e'u. e'u'7(l) P or P(2). e'u'Je'on, av. squeaking (baby mouse), yapping (puppy). e"u7et, av. singing in high voice (woman). e"u7etik, av. cf. e"utet (plu). e'uilahet, av. cf. e'ute'on (plu). e*u')lahetik, av. cf. e'uie'on (plu). e'uMih, av. giving sudden squeak (mouse being stepped on), yapping suddenly (puppy). e'u?tee'u?te, av. walking about squeaking (baby mouse). e'uiu'Jet, av. talking in polite falsetto (man), squeaking (baby mouse). e'u?(2) prob P or P(2). e'u'vsat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed. e*u9-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at (girl), e'upahtik, aj. nearly closed (eyes of newborn puppy). e'aiz'n'), aj. with nearly closed (eye). e*u?el, aj. squint-eyed. e'u'Jet, av. with squint, nearly closed (eye from beating or blindness). e"u9etik, av. cf. e"uiet (plu). e'u')tee'u9te, av. walking about squinting. eVml, aj. nearly closed (eye), squinting. e"u?ulik, aj. cf. e'uiahtik. t?wQ) T. e'u'), tv. suck /dirty cane liquor through cloth/. e*u9bal, n4f. dregs. e'uibal lum, nphr(n type n)5. river sediment. e*u9be, tv. drink /corn gruel, cane liquor/. e'u'Jbe 7a?lel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugar cane/. e'uMahetik, av. drinking /in group/. e'uiobil, nlf. cloth through which dirty cane liquor is drunk. e'tntee'u'Jte, av. walking about drinking /from one bar to the next/. e*ub PorP(2). e"ubahtik, aj. cf. e'ube'ub /plu/. e'ube'ub, aj. pointed (machete, knife, pencil). e'ube'ub sni?. with pointed end /post/. e*ubel, aj. pointed (nose). e*ubul, aj. cf. e'ube'ub. e'ubulik, aj. cf. e'ube'ub /plu/. e'uc' T. e'ue', tv. suck, drink /dirty cane liquor through cloth/, suck out. e'ue'an, tv. suck many /oranges/. e'ue'be 9a">lel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugarcane/, e'ue'e'on, av. suckling (puppy). eWel, nc. drink /sucking through cloth/. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 105 e'ue'et, av. drinking constantly /cane liquor/, sucking. eWetik, av. cf. e'ue'et (plu). eWilan, tv. keep sucking. eWlahet, av. cf. e'ue'et (plu). cf. e'ue'e'on (plu). e'ue'ob, nlf. drinking straw, cloth through which dirty cane liquor is drunk. eWobil, nlf. cf. e'ue'ob. e'ue'tee'ue'te, av. sipping here and there (hummingbird, flower-piercer). eWun, tv. suck, suck out, make sucking noise. eWun-cab, n(tv & ncpd)5. 'wax-sucker', anteater, tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Anteaters are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea, Their flesh is "hot" They are said to be companion animal spirits of Cha-mulas. e'ue'van, iv. drain person of strength (work, sickness). heW nic botil, agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cinnamon-bellied flower-piercer Diglossa baritula. heW nic cenek', agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic botil. heWuneh nic botil, agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic botil. he'ue'uneh nic cenek', agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic botil. eWup N. eWupah, iv. shout at angrily. eWupil, n3d. canine /tooth/. eWupta, tv. whistle at someone through teeth /archaic/. c*nh(l) X. e*uh, nc. only a little, a little piece. e'uhe'uh, nc. single very small amount /I only/. e>iih(2) 1(2). e"uh, iv. leak (house), drip down (candle wax, water). sVuh sbek'tal li citome. lit., The pig's flesh will leak, i.e., The pig will grow lean /if allowed to wander or walk in the sun/. «"uh ton, nphr(x type n)la. very cold northeast storm. It is believed that there is a stone that hangs in a tree in the mountains that causes the storm. e'uhantik, aj. dripping at wide intervals /blood/. e'uhe'on, av. dripping (cow urine, sap, blood). e'uhel, n5. dripping water /in house/. e'uhes, tv. empty into /cane liquor/, cause to drip /water into corpse's mouth, cane liquor, candle wax/. f'uhcsan, tv. cause to drip /cane liquor in several bottles, wax candles/. e'uhlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, tears). sVuhlahet yailel liyul. I arrived dripping wet. e'uhleb, nla. salt that adheres to bottom of salt-making pot. tf'uhub, n5. rain water. e'uhub, n4f. pot to catch rain water. e'uhubal na, nphr(natt & n)5. eavesdrop /ground on which water falls from eaves, trench dug around three sides of house to carry off rainwater/. c'uhul, aj. dewy, wet (leaves). e*uhulal, n4f. dew /on plants/. Ritual speech, song; cane liquor. tf'uhule'uhul, n4f. frequent dripping /blood/. c*uh(3) X. e'libtee'uhte, av. spreading (piercing pain). e'uhuhet k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (wound), stinging (sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun).sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun). e'uk(l) P. e'ukahtik, aj. cf., e"ukul /plu/. e'ukan, tv. turn upside down /bottle, boiled ear of com/. e'ukanan, tv. turn upside down /bottles, boiled ears of corn/. e'ukane'ukan, tv. turn one upside down after another /bottles, boiled ears of corn/. e'ukane'ukanan, tv. cf. e'ukane'ukan. e'uke'uk, aj. narrow-based (basket, pot). u'ukel, aj. small (assed). e'ukel acak dak k'aial mail. Your ass is as small as a rotten watermelon squash. e"uket £ak, vphr(av & n4f). sitting upside down (bottle). e*uket yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving. e-'uki, iv. stand on head. e-'ukil, n3d. uvula. e'uklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). cf. e'uket yalel (plu). e'ukleh, nlf. with head down /fallen drunk/. e'liklih, av. falling head first /in water/. e"ukp'ih, iv. fall head first (person). e'ukp'in, tv. overturn /person/. e'liktee likte yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving one after another. e*ukul, aj. upside down, with head down (fallen drunk). e'ukul-ni'^ih, iv(aj & ivcpd). somersault. e'ukulin, tv. trip. e"uk(2) T. e"uk ta e"isel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). baste /cloth/. e*ul e"ul, cf. c'u. e'unU) T(2). e*un, tv. plant, breed, stab. e'unbil. cultivated (or) bred. e"un, iv. be planted. e"un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). drop (foetus prior to birth). e'unahtik, aj. too heavy to lift /plu/. c'unan, tv. plant /plu/. e'unan tdk., vphr(tv & n4d). dig toes in /mud/. i.''unantfunan, tv. plant one after another. e'unbal, n4a. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes, custom, race. Scolding speech, addressing discontented or evil person; hna?tik bu talem ue'unbal. Who knows where your seed sprang from? e'unbal to, nphr(n type n)la. tree planted on both sides of processional path of saints /yellow or montezuma pine, rapanea, wax myrtle/. e'unbalal , nphr(aj & n)5. cultivated . e'unbalal c'aben, cf. c'aben. e'unbalal po9on, cf. po?on. e'unbalal rosa, cf. rosa. tr'unbaltik, n5. orchard. e'unel, nc. planting /corn, flowers, peaches/. e'unubil, n3d. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes. e'unul, aj. planted, dropped (foetus prior to birth). e"unul yalal. too heavy to lift. e'unuhk, aj. cf. e'unahtik. he"un-matas, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/). 'beggarticks planter', crane fly. It is believed that it plants beggarticks. ^un(2) O. e'une'on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird). e'unlahet, av. cf. e'une'on (plu). e'unlahetik, av. cf. e'une'on (plu). e'lintee'unte, av. squeaking here and there (beneficent supernatural hummingbird). e'unun, nle. hummingbird, esp. white-eared hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis. It is believed that there are two kinds of hummingbirds; one has a slow squeaking nocturnal song and is a messenger of the tutelary gods, the other has a rapid nocturnal song and is considered a witch. A man who wishes to engage in a fight is believed to gain agility and quicksightedness by eating a hummingbird's heart beforehand. A hummingbird may be wrapped in green ribbon and carried wherever one goes to talk to one's prospective mistress because the hummingbird is credited with the power of softening a girl's heart when she is spoken to. Hummingbirds are eaten to cure epilepsy. They are "hot". e'ununet, av. squeaking (supernatural evil hummingbird). t>up P or P(2). e*up-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-nosed (man, pig). 106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 eve e'upahtii, aj. cf. e'upe'up /plu/. e'upe'up, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, claws). e'upel, aj. long, pointed (nose), e'upul, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, claws). e'upulik, aj. cf. e'upe'up /plu/. e'w O. e'ure'on, av. whimpering (sick newborn baby). e'uret, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (man), e'urlabet, av. whimpering (plu). e'urlahelik, av. cf. e'uret (plu). e'ururet, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (woman). e'urupik' N. e'urupik', nle. lowland and highland earwig. Song, dudes; earwig. e'urupik' ariata kalarina ronka. lit, your rope's earwig, hoarse Catherine. /Earwig here is an allusive reference to clitoris, as rope is to penis. Catherine is the name of the dame/, e'usub N. e'usub, n. wild grape Vitis tiliifolia, #1702(7,11,12). Lowland "vine". Vitis bourgaeana, # 2654(21,22). Temperate ' vine ". As a remedy for eye distress /satil/, a young tip is cut and three drops of its sap is put in the eye. var., e'usum /Caynatik, Paste1)/. •Jik'al e'usub, nphr(aj & n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #2164(14). Temperate vine", muk'ta e'usub, nphr(aj & n). virgin's bower Clematis dioica, # 2625(21). Lowland "vine". It is used to lash roof poles and fences, sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(11). Temperate vine". Antigonon flavescens, #2645(20). Lowland "vine" It is used to lash wall boards and roof poles, k'os sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(14). Temperate "vine". e'usub 9ak', nphr(n type n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(7). Temperate "vine" e'usum, cf. e'usub. e'usum e'usum, cf. e'usub. e'utuh N. e'utuh, nle. corn tassel. e'utuh te9, nphr(x type n)5. hop hornbeam Ostrya guatemalensis, #430(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for house construction, for crossbeams, common rafters, and for mainposts. The trunk is also used for firewood. #467(1,2,3). Highland "tree". Same use as above, e'utuh te"?tik, nphr(x type n). grove of hop hornbeam trees. sakil e'utuh te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hop hornbeam Ostrya guatemalensis, #931(1,3). Highland "tree". Sixteen trunks are used for the common rafters of a large house, and twelve for a small house. The bark is scraped off. f'utuhin, tv. come into flower (corn). e'utuhinan, tv. come into flower (corn field). e*utuhtik, n5. corn field with tassels. e'uy P or P(2). e'uy, nla. rope used to tie loom to post, e'uyahtik, aj. cf. e"uyul /plu/. eMiyan ba, rv. slump forward (sitting drunk), e'uye'on, av. swaying heavily (branch), swaying and slumped over, e'uyet, av. swinging, swaying (branch with fruit, monkey, child, rope), bowed (head). e'uyibah, iv. swing on or in. e"uyih, iv. swing (child) /on rope/, e'uyihebal, n3d. swing. e"uyihes ba, rv. swing. e"uylah, av. cf. e'uyuy (plu). e'uylahet, av. swaying (branch with fruit). e'uylahetik, av. swinging (people, monkey). e'uylih, av. swinging suddenly. e'uyp'ih, iv. bow and nod (drunk), bow (branches laden with fruit). e'uyp'in, tv. bow down /fruit-laden branch/. e"uyul, aj. bowed over (branches laden with fruit), bowed (head of drunk), hanging in cluster (bees). e*uyul ta te1?. heavily fruit-laden. e"uyulik, aj. cf. e'uyul /plu/. e'uytee'uyte, av. swinging from place to place (monkey), falling one after another (trees, drunks), e'uyuy, av. swinging, e'uyuyet, av. swaying heavily (fruit-laden branch). isr>(X) Num. i&i , n(num & nccpd)le. two. . used with kin term of nuclear ca? , n(num & ncpd)3d. step— family and wife's brother /infr/. caMal, tv(num & tvepd). repeat /words/. ca?-"?ayan, iv(num & ivcpd). reappear. ca?-"?ik\ tv(num & tvepd). remarry. caMoc, iv(num & ivcpd). reenter. ca-?-?olin, tv(num & tvepd). acquire stepchild (woman). All other kin terms of nuclear family may take ca9-and suffix -in to produce verb form meaning acquire step . cai-iue'il, n(num & ncpd)3d. second of younger siblings after first has died. ca?-eak, tv(num & tvepd). recapture. ca^-eako ta vun. Rewrite it! cai-e'alan, tv(num & tvepd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/. ca?-con, tv(num & tvepd). resell, act as middleman. ca9-ham, tv(num & tvepd). reopen. ca?-havan, tv(num & tvepd). turn right side up again. ca"?-havin, tv(num & tvepd). split or slice in two. ca?-hot, n(num & neepd). Ritual speech, woman praying, referring to husband who conceals existence of mistress; two-faced. ca9-hot ti sbae cai-hot ti ssate. He has two countenances, he is two-faced. ca'-kil ba, rv(num & rvcpd). drag self again. ca?-koh, aj(num & neepd). homosexual, hermaphroditic. ca?-kuc, tv(num & tvepd). carry again /heavy burden/ /person rests and then carries it again, or burden is taken part way and left, then carried the rest of the way/, have homosexual relations with /man/. Sai-kusies k'op, vphr(tv/num & tvepd/ & n5). revive quarrel. da'Maean, tv(num & tvepd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/, cai-lak'ta, tv(num & tvepd). twine /thread, yarn/. ca7-lok', iv(num & ivcpd). reappear. ca?-lok'es, tv(num & tvepd). take out again. £a9-me'rin, iv(num & ivcpd). recur (sickness). ca?-me?intas, tv(num & tvepd). cause to recur /sickness/. ca9-meleah, iv(num & ivcpd). fix again, settle again /dispute/, cai-mes, tv(num & tvepd). sweep again. ca9-pah, tv(num & tvepd). replant /posts/. ca?-pakanpakan, tv(num & tvepd). fold one inside another /clothes, paper/. ca?-pusin, tv(num & tvepd). fold over, fold in two /mat, paper/, double over /with blow/. ca?-pusin ba, rv(num & rvcpd). be folded in two or doubled, kneel and bow low. ca">-sut, iv(num & ivcpd). return again. £a?-ta, tv(num & tvepd). rediscover. £aMik', tv(num & tvepd). put in again, cai-toy, tv(num & tvepd). lift up again, raise again. ca"?-vay, iv(num & ivcpd). fall asleep again. ca?-vil, iv(num & ivcpd). fly again. vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by forties, every forty. TZOTZIL-ENGL1SH 107 ca^eh, nle. day after tomorrow. ta scaiehal. on the second day after /a particular day being discussed/, hcai-hot sat, agn(nphr/num & nccpd type n5/). supernatural two-faced devil, cf. hvalo-pat tok. hca?-ku£ -?e, agn: nphr(n/num & tvcpd/ type n). person with tooth sticking out above row of teeth, cabhe, nle. the day before yesterday. ta scabheal. two days before /a particular day being discussed/, cabhecabhe, n4f. every other day. cabhetik, n5. every other day. cabcab, numS. by twos. cabcab hu-hun. two apiece. cabcab ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-twos, every twenty-two. ca?(2) prob P or P(2). ca7al, aj. occurs only in phrase; hinil catal; cluttered, messy, packed /with people/. ca?(3) X. caik, tv. be able to do, act as if. mu manbiluk sacafle li pose. You act as if the medicine was not paid for. k'u ta hca9le. How can I do it? (or) What can I do? ca7le ba, rv. pretend to be, act as if, make a show of being. mu sa sna9 sa?el smul yilel scaile sba. He pretends that he no longer knows how to make trouble. vinik sa sca?le sba. He pretends to be very manly. caiomal, nld. treasure. Joking speech; lice. k'u ca^aL ptphr(pt & pt). how?, how much?, why?, what?, like, since, what for?, why is it?, how can it be?, what's going on?, how come? k'u caial t savak'. How much does it cost? pero k'u ma £a?al. But what do you mean? k'u ca7al li s?elane. How can that be? (or) Why is it like that? k'u ca9al moletik (or) cak k'u ca?al moletik. like the elders. k'u ca^al liyule muk' bu hve?oh hunuk vah. Since I arrived I haven't eaten a single tortilla. ti k'u ami SU9. to the best of one's ability (or) as much as one can (or) as hard as one can. mu s"a k'u ca"?al svet hc'amal. There was no longer anything for my child to live on. ca?<4) ca9, basalt, cf. cai(2). cab(l) P. cab, nla. wax of ton pom. Joking speech; lek banal ta cab. lit., He is well stuck in the wax, i.e.. He is fluent in Spanish. cab-9ak', n(aj & ncpd). 'sticky vine', amazon vine Stigmaphyllon ellipti- cum, #1319(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine" cab-lum, npbr(aj & ncpd)5. clay, cab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. cab-ni7, n(aj & n)5. sticky and black-nosed /spook at Carnival or at fiesta of St. Sebastian/, cab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. cab-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. sticky and black-faced /spook at Carnival or at fiesta of St. Sebastian/, cabab, av. walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose), cabahtik, aj. cf. cabal /plu/. cabal, aj. sticky and dirty. cabcon, av. walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose), clayey, sticky. cabel, aj. sticky and dirty. cabet, vphr(av & n4d). walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose), cablah, av. cf. cabab (plu). cablahet, av. cf. cabel (plu). cableh, nlf. with sticky, dirty (face, nose). cabkuntik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sticky and dirty-faced (child), cabtecabte, av. walking about with sticky and dirty (face, nose). cab(2) cab, by twos, day before yesterday, cf. ca?(l). cab(3) X. caban, aj. well cared for. cabanuk i hkumale. Take good care of my comadre. cabankosuk akotolik. Best wishes to you all /used in sense of "send greetings to"/. cabi, tv. herd /sheep/, care for sick person, be in isolation /patient/, watch jealously /making sure that spouse of either sex remains faithful/. ta hcabi 9osibuk k'ak'al. I am in isolation three days. cabieh , vn(vn & ncpd)S. , herding /sheep, goat, pig/. cabiet, av. being guarded (prisoner), in isolation (patient), herding, cabiob clh, nphr(nlf of nld). place where sheep are herded, cabivan, iv. guard person /prisoner/, care for person /sick person/, hcabahom ton, cf. con. hcabi , agn(tv & ncpd). watcher of /sheep, etc., i.e., shep herd/, hcabieh , agn(vn & ncpd). watcher of /sheep, pigs, goats, road tools/ /less freq/. hcabiel, agn. person who looks after patient, an. poss.; -ahcabiel (or) -iabiel. hcabiel-6ih, agn(vn & ncpd). sheep /as opposed to deer/, hcabivaneh, agn. guard, person who looks after patient. cab<4) cab, work in cornfield, cf. cob. cacii N. caci9, nld. Parmentiera edulis, #862(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". It is planted by some ladinos at the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit is eaten raw or roasted. It is "medium" ca&9 9ak', nphr(n type n). Dioscorea convolvulacea, # 1906(17). Temperate "vine" can P(2). cah, tv. winnow by shaking in net /leftover corn, beans of poor quality/. cah, iv. become threadbare, become leafless (forest in dry season), cah ta sa?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). search thoroughly, cahah, av. moving and rattling (rattle snake), cahahet, av. drumming, rumbling (distant river), rushing (waterfall EKL 255: 2-1), sprinkling, pouring (water, rain EKL 255: 1-1, EKL 258: 1-22, corn), rattling (rattlesnake). cahahtik, aj. loose (coins, small amount of corn at bottom of pot, etc.). cahal, aj. screened, loosely woven. cahal yiloh. lit., He has seen it screened, i.e., He sees events in distant places supernaturally. cahalik, aj. loosely woven (weaving, basketry, burlap bag) /plu/. cahan, tv. place loosely /com/. Sahanan, tv. place a lot loosely /corn/. cahancahan, tv. place in one /basket, pot/ after another /corn/, cahancahanan, tv. place in one /basket, pot/ after another /com/, cahbe pus, vphr(tv & n5). throw into jail, cahcah, aj. loosely woven (burlap bag, net, weaving), cahcon, av. grating (fiddle), rattling (maraca), swishing (underbrush being cut, corn being carried), sprinkling (rain), cahel, nc. winnowing. cahet, av. winnowing /by shaking in net/, swishing. £ahi, iv. be loose (corn). cahlah, av. crashing through leaves (sing or plu). dahlahet, av. rustling (animal in forest), swishing /palm leaves in steam bath/. cahlahetik, av. cf. cahlahet. cahluh, av. crashing suddenly (rock landing in leaves at one's feet), cahobil, n4f. net for winnowing corn or beans, cahtedahte, av. rustling here and there, cahuh, onom. crash of object falling in leaves. cahulan, tv. keep winnowing /by shaking in net/, cahvan ta saiel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). search everywhere for person, hcahvaneh ta sa9el, agn(vphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who searches everywhere for another. cak(l) Pt. 108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 cak, pt. want, desire. cak htii bek'et. I want to eat meat /sometimes avoided because of homonym meaning rump/. cak k'u ca9al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). like. yos seek cak k'u ca'al heek. Her skirt was blue like my skirt. cak(2) N. cak 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). heel. cak mesa, nphr(n of n)5. foot of table /restricted to ceremonial context/. £ak mis, nphr(n & n)5. 'ass cunt', term of address for lowland biting gnat /chaquiste/. cf. c'ikil. If addressed by this name it is said that it will bite less. cak mok, nphr(nlf of nld). fence /on side where land is lowest/. cak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. length of fence /on side where land is lowest/. cak na, nphr(nlf of nld). backyard. cak sonobil, nphr(nlf type n3a). ceremonial or high-backed sandal. cak tei, nphr(nlf of n5). stump. cakcak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along the fence /on side where land is lowest/. caki ba, rv. Scolding speech, woman scolding stingy child or drunken husband; eat or drink up everything oneself /implies that he puts everything up his ass/. cakil, n3e. rump, buttocks, bottom /bottle, pot, violin, guitar, well, river, burden/, stump /uprooted/, heel /foot, sandal/, back /fence/, butt /rifle/, seat /pants/, crown /hat/, end /harp/, near end /rows of work/, far end /flute/, lower end /plot of land/. ta cakil to ihta tal. I found it on the bottom /of the pile/. cak(3) A. cak-7enan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (glowing ember, fire, boil). cak-we'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (louse eggs). cak-ioc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of flowers). cak-wlan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face) /sunburn/. cak-?op'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (pimples, gnat bites). cak-'mlan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple (flower). cak-iuyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn). cak-becan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (firebrand held out). cak-benan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (bee sting, wasp sting). cak-bet'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (clitoris). cak-bisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (legs of person who takes off wet clothes). cak-boean, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (wool). cak-bohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (inside of watermelon, virgin's urethra). cak-bosan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (mptured anus). cak-bot'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of drunk, anus, red hypomyces). cak-buean, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (hair of girl in bun). cak-bue'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (nose, nipple). cak-bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of gladiolas), yellow (expanse of aztec marigolds or bush sunflowers). cak-bulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pink eye). cak-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (anus). cak-eavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blond (hair). cak-trilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of pecked chicken). cak-coan, aj(aj & Ncpd). muddy (clothing). cak-conan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (dog). cak-eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pile of corn). cak-eukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). rust-colored (runty sheep). cak-eunan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). blond (hair). cak-e"anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). muddy (water in gourd). cak-e*apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (point of red pencil). cak-e'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eye of person staring with fear). cak-e"isan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (seam of clothing). cakVotan, aj(aj & Pcpd) red (plaited sash cord). cak-e'uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (many wild raspberries on plant). cak-cenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn). cak-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (pimple). cak-c'alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (thigh). cak-c'aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wound). £ak-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (corn silk, hair, wool). cak-c'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (sandstone). cak-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (bones of dead horse). cak-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (smooth board). cak-hapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (healthy face, comb of healthy rooster). cak-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heart of sick chicken or turkey). cak-hayan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (boil). cak-hekan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (leg of slaughtered cow or pig). cak-hi?an, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). brown (sand). £ak-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of sick chicken, cock in cockfight). cak-hu?an, aj(aj & prob Ocpd). red (whistling flame of fire). cak-huban, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood, chili water). dak-huc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (tunic of men of fApas), nose. cak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red-hot wire for perforating sandal). cak-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face with exertion). £ak-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (river pebbles, scalded pig). cak-kavan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon). cak-kiean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (urethra). cak-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (border of tunic). cak-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (rainbow). cak-kusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (glowing branch or tree, fire or stones in sweat bath). cak-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry person), cak-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (blanket stretched out), cak-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (karansa pom grubs), cak-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks of drunk), cak-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (ribbon tied to child's hair, yarn marking baby chick). cak-k'uyan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). purple (expanse of blackberries), cak-lacan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (ears), cak-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, cin). cak-lakan to, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/& n)le. wasp Polistes sp.. This wasp is credited with a very painful sting. Its grubs are not eaten. To give a painful effect to the blow of one's fist thirteen adult wasps are eaten, cak-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (gnat bites), cak-lasan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, cin). cak-le7an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (eyes of cow or mad dog, scratch, urethra). £ak-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red hypomyces). cak-lek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of turbaned religious officials, tunic worn by men of tApas, painted lips of ladinas, menses), cak-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (scar), cak-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood in puddle), fiak-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry cow, vagina, scratch), cak-levan ikom. lit., It was left red, i.e., She was deflowered. mi ?u k'usi cak-levan ikom kuiun. lit., Did I leave anything scratched? i.e., Did I hurt anyone? cak-lmn, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (brush-burn), cak-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cherries or blackberries in clusters), orange (oranges in clusters). cak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (many scarlet runner bean flowers, geraniums or gladiolas). cak-lucan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood blister), cak-lupan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (red-hot metal), cak-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blond (hair), cak-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (moustache), cak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (well-swept floor), cak-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). red, brown (hair, corn silk, wool), cak-nican, aj(aj & Ncpd). red (expanse of scarlet runner bean, geranium or gladiola flowers), cak-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (scarlet runner bean, bean /sut/, gladiola or geranium flowers in profusion). cak-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (many blossoms on gladiola plants), cak-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). red (ass), cak-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (aztec marigold blooms /eahal. voilus/ on plant). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 109 cak-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (face or ears blushing with shame), cak-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fruit of thyme-leaf coriaria). cak-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fire, sweat bath) /infr/. cak-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (setting sun, blood-stained clothing, clothing stained with red dye, tunics worn by men of nApasj, brown (stunted corn plants). cak-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (stain of pom-pom dye, dawn), cak-puk'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dye for pom-poms), cak-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood-stained clothing, red-eyed, sky or sun at sunrise, sunset). cak-p'atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (herd of horses), cak-p'ehan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (house), cak-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (open fly), cak-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (pinkeye), cak-p'itanik, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (eyes of drunk), cak-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). reddish (hair of old person), cak-p'osan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (chunk of raw meat), cak-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). ruddy (complexion). cak-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). red (chili water), cak-sanan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset). cak-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset). cak-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (chafed ankle bone). cak-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wool or yarn that does not dye proper- iy)- cak-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). red (split pine). cak-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (coati, ponchos of men of Am-atenango). cak-sulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (com silk of young corn). cak-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (hair). cak-sut'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (pom-pom on ground). cak-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon). cak-sik'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (pullet). cak-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). brown (unwashed bowl). cak-sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita). cak-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). brown (stretched out legs). cak-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (reflection of sunset on water). cak-tok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of ensign-bearers and elders wrapped in red turbans). cak-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). brown (coati tail). cak-toroc, n(aj & ncpd)le. highland red ant. This ant has a fierce sting. A person should not stare at them, lest they make their nest in one's house. cak-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). red (many geraniums), orange (many aztec marigolds). cak-t'asan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (buttocks of person defecating). cak-t'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (skin from wet clothing). cak-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (border at bottom of tunic). cak-t'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (bloody water). cak-t'oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks) /a mark of beauty/ (heads of ensign-bearers and elders wrapped in turbans). cak-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (patch on clothing). cak-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (coffee or coca-cola being poured). cak-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (bloody water). cak-vahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face flushed with drink or health). cak-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (face flushed with health, blood-spattered clothing, tunic cloth with many closely-spaced red stripes worn by men of nApas). cak-ve?an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (worm-infested pack sore). cak-velan, aj(aj & P, P/2/, T/2/cpd)., red (red hypomyces). cak-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (corn silk, single hair, sheep's coat), red (nose of person in cold, clitoris). cak-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (wool). cak-voc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (chilies on plant or in sauce, face from sunburn), orange (many oranges or thorn apples on tree). cak-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (banana on trees). cak-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (new pot or water jug). cak-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., red (burn, blister). cak-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (woman's thighs) cak-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., red (pile of corn ears). cak-ypan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (sand). cak-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cigar flower). cakal, nld. boil, tumor, growth. cakan nic, nphr(aj & n5). red-flowered /restricted to bean flower//ju»/. cakat'ob, nld. red hypomyces Hypomyces lactifluorum parasitic on Russu- la sp., # 117(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is cold". It is sold at market in San Cristobal. cakat'obtik, n5. expanse of red hypomyces. cak' O. cak'ak'et, av. jingling (money), crashing (bowl), cak'con, av. jingling (money). cak'con ni1?, vphr(tv & n4d). smacking lips or eating noisily (dog, pig), cak'et, av. jingling (money), rustling (reeds), cak'lahet, av. jingling (money), tinkling (glass VI: 10), crackling (poles V3: 2) /dragged through forest/. cak'lahet ni">, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cak'con nit (plu). cak'luh, av. jingling suddenly, cak'tecak'te, av. walking about jingling /money/, cak'tecak'te ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking about smacking lips noisily (Pig)- cak'ulan, tv. jingle /money/. cakW N. cak'ak', n5. spot flower Spilanthes americana, #1450(3), #1713(3), #2028(3), #2180(1,3,4), #2350(3,4,20), #2465(4). Highland "plant". #1372(3), #1398(3). Temperate "plant". Tridax procumbens, #907(1,3). Lowland "plant" (5>The leaves of an unattested variety are brewed and the tea is drunk by a person suffering mahbenal. It is "medium". cak'ak'tik, n5. expanse of cak'ak'. cak'ak'ultik, n5. large expanse of cak'ak'. k'os cak'ak', nphr(aj & n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #13(1,3,4). Highland "plant" va">ahtik cak'ak', nphr(aj & n). 'erect cak'ak", Scutellaria chalicophila, #1003(1,3,5). Highland "plant" cak'ak' e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #1167(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Perymeniumpurpusii, #1806(15,16). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep. calon N. calon, n. inga Inga spuria, #3008(1,4,5). Lowland "tree" (4>It is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. cam I. cam, iv. die (person, animal, tree, plant, etc.), feel ill, faint, pass out, lose strength or virility. cam-hol, n(iv & ncpd)5. ear of corn with dried silk, cam-holtik, n(iv & ncpd)5. corn field with ears that have dried silk /fourteenth developmental stage, also called men yitik/. cam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell easily (corn being flailed), camamet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/. camcam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell with difficulty (corn being flailed). came- , n(aj & ncpd)5. dead /horse, dog, etc./. came-'iat, n(aj & ncpd)lb. millepede. came-">at tak', nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). see below. sakil came-9at iak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). bush chili Capsicum pubescent, #1324(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine". (RML)-This is probably a misidentification. came-'Jat c'is, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). 'millepede bramble', mimosa Mimosa albida, #2643(15,21). Lowland "plant". #2533(21,22). Temperate "vine" camel, vnla. sickness, death, deterioration (house), camelil, vn3d. menstruation. 110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 camem, aj. dead, well-flailed, well-ground. cames, tv. grind or flail well. cames, tv. Denunciatory speech; murder. tak' to mi samilon laic' 9o mi sacameson. even if you kill me, even if you murder me. cames ba, rv. kill self. Ritual speech, person refusing further gift; mu me h-mekuk salubes sacames abaik. Don't wear yourselves out, don't kill yourselves off. camet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/. camet sat, vphr(av & n4d). have failing vision, unable to see well /entering house after being in bright sun/, camulan. iv. keep passing out or having fits, hcamel, agn. patient, sick person. Ritual speech; cf. hlahel. 9ok'itabil camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. sickness inflicted by gods on wrongdoer in answer to victim's plaint. kolo9al camel, nphr(natt & vn)5. sickness transferred to person on trail. A handful of mexican coyote brush is rubbed on patient and left on trail to infect patient's enemy. camaro N(Sp, chamarra). camaroil, n3a. black woven woolen robe, store-bought blanket, kaslan camaroil, nphr(aj & n)5. store-bought cotton blanket. canun N. camu9, n5. Chamula center. camuvtik, n5. Chamula. hcamu9ahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Chamula center. can(l) T. can, tv. learn, memorize. iscan spwersa li te9e. lit., He learned the tree's strength, i.e., He girdled the tree to test whether it would die or he would die. can, iv. learn, memorize, can 9abtel, vphr(tv & n5). learn how to work, can 9okol, vphr(tv & n3d). drill, can-celav, cf. eel. can-eelav te9, cf. eel. can holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave. can huc'neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind corn, can k'obol, vphr(tv & n3d). joust /fiesta of St. Sebastian/, practice hitting object /with rock, stick/. can-k'obol, vn(tv & ncpd)5. joust, first day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, January 19th. can vob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to play stringed instrument. can vun, vphr(tv & n5). leam to read and write, canan, tv. learn many things. canbe, tv. imitate, learn from, master, dominate, control, be able to handle. muk' scanbe yipal li ka9e ikol yu9un. He couldn't control the horse; it got loose. muk' scanbe yipal li camele ik'unib. He couldn't overcome the sickness; he grew weaker. iscanbe ye li mute. He imitated the bird. canbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn how, learn the proper way, learn to behave. lik scanbe smelol 9abtel. He is beginning to learn how to work, cancan, tv. learn or memorize a little /esp. baby talk/, cancan, iv. learn or memorize a little, cancantik, iv. learn or memorize a little, canob vun, nphr(n of n)5. school, canubtas, tv. teach, canubtasvan, iv. teach person, canulan, tv. keep learning, hcan-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). student, hcanbalahel, agn. novice, bcanubtasvaneh, agn. teacher. can(2) Num. can , n(num & nccpd)le. four. dan-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. four-sided, winged /stem/. can-eelav 9ak\ nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). 'four-ridged vine', monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #1112(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is used for lashing roof poles, fences, and fences across streams. Amphilophium paniculatum var. motle, # 1089(1,3). Lowland and temperate "vine". Quassia amara, #1295(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine'. Same use as above. can-eelav eele-pat, cf. eele-pat. can-eelav kinya, cf. kinya. can-eelav Io9bol, cf. Io9bol. can-eelav sun, cf. sun. can-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. fourteen. can-lak'ta, tv(num & tvcpd). place four together so as to make one /thread, yarn/. can-pakan, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over twice /paper, clothes/, fold into four sections. can-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). double over so as to make four /rope/. can-te9 mok, vphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n)5. fence with four rails for horse corral. can-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. eighty. cancan , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in fours, every four. cancan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by eighties, every eighty. canib, nle. four. 9oy scanibal shabilal li kreme. The boy is four years old. canib 9ok, nphr(num & n) le. marsh alligator lizard Barisia morekti. This lizard's bite is reputedly fatal. canib 9ok con, nphr(nphr/num & n/ type n)5. cf. canib lok. cantiko, nle. four-horned ram. coneh, n5. four days from today. conhe, nle. four days ago. can(3) I. can, iv. use restricted to 'fan can: oh, be quiet. lan to me can. Oh, please be quiet /perhaps derived from c'ab/. can(4) can, animal, mushroom, companion animal soul. cf. con(2). can(5) prob P or P(2). can-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged. canan, av. walking long-leggedly. cananet, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard). cancon, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard). canet 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). walking with long legs (person). canlah, av. cf. canan (plu). canlahet 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). cf. canet lakan (plu). cantecante 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). walking about long-leggedly (person, buzzard, heron). cana prob A or N. cana, cf. cenek'. cankataranka cana, cankataranka, band-backed wren. cf. cinkataranka. cap(l) T(2). cap, tv. tune /musical instrument/, harness and load /horse/, coil /rope/, prepare, explain, tell the truth. cap, iv. be ready. cap, nc. long coil, tuning, harnessing. cap ba, rv. get ready, get one's things ready, coil (snake). cap-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. preparation. cap tal, vphr(tv & dr). explain, tell one's side of the story, state one's case, get ready. 9ak'o scap tal ka7tik li hun mi ha9 nos yec t sale. Have the other one state his case, I guess, to see if he says the same thing, t sba scap tal k'usuk yu9un t S9oc ta yabtel. He went to get his things ready ~ he is entering office. £apa, tv. fold neatly /blanket/, coil neatly /rope/, load carefully /gun/, keep ready at hand /stick/. capa ba, rv. ready one's things. capah, iv. get ready. Ritual speech, referring to offerings; icapah li h-set'e li hutebe. The TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 111 trifle, the morsel is ready. capahtik, aj. ready (things). capal, aj. ready, coiled (snake). capalik, aj. ready (people). capancapan, tv. ready one after another, harness one after another. capancapanan, tv. ready one thing after another hurriedly. capakil, n4f. many coiled /worms, ropes/. capalcapal, n4f. each of many hamessed and loaded /mules/, or coiled /ropes/. capan, tv. harness and load, coil, prepare or explain /plu/. capap, av. coiling (snake). capbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell one's side of the story, state one's case, mu sa sna1) scapbe smelol ti k'utik S9elan ti k'opetik k'u s?elan iya9ie. He no longer knows how to state his case, because of all that he has heard. capcap, nc. single tuning /I only/. capcon, av. telling one's side of the story, stating one's case. capebal, n5. almost ready. capel, nc. tuning, harnessing. capet, av. telling one's side of the story, stating one's case. scapet k'otel ta kavilto. He arrived at the courthouse to state his case. capetik, av. cf., capet (plu). caplahetik, av. cf. capet (plu). capleh, n4f. change /clothing/. capob-baiL n(n & rpncpd)5. preparation. capob vob, nphr(nlf of n5). cane liquor served by ensign-bearers to musicians to induce them to tune their instruments. capobil vob, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. capob vob. capolah, iv. ready or prepare things. capulan, tv. keep tuning, harnessing, and loading or coiling. capulan ba, rv. keep getting ready. capulanan, tv. keep turning or harnessing. capulanan baik, rv. keep getting ready (office holders). capvan, iv. prepare person /office holder/ (ritual tutor, scribe, sacristan). hcapvaneh, agn. person who prepares office holder (ritual tutor, scribe, sacristan). cap{2) X. caplah, av. running emaciated (dog, cow) /sing/. caplahet, av. walking emaciated (dog, cow). Scolding speech; walking (emaciated man). captecapte, av. walking about emaciated. car prob O. carar, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake). cararet, av. rustling loudly, clattering (broken pot), rattling (broken fiddle, rattlesnake rattle). carcon, av. rustling loudly, rattling (broken fiddle, rattle of rattlesnake). carlah, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake) /sing/. carlahet, av. cf. carcon (plu). carluh, av. rattling suddenly (broken fiddle, rattlesnake rattle), clattering suddenly (broken pot). cauk N. cauk, nle. thunder and lightning, thunderbolt, inan. pos.; scaukal (or) scaukilal. Thunder and lightning are considered to be an aspect of the Earth Lord originating from caves. During the dry season thunder and lightning are believed to be off mounted on deer collecting gunpowder for use in the rainy season. The soul of a person killed by lightning is believed to be serving the Earth Lord. A tree struck many times by lightning is said to conceal a treasure under its roots. If two people eat green chilis, walnuts or coyol nuts together they may be struck by lightning, var., cavuk. caukil voi, nphr(natt & n)5. thunderstorm. an P. cav, nc. In reference to; fallen tree with uncut branches, felled branches, or scrub. cav-?akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged (pullet). cav-9akan con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. daddy longlegs. cavahtik, aj. lying with uncut branches (trees). daval, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs, harp), lying with leafless branches (trees, undergrowth), sitting unevenly (toasted tortilla). cavalcaval, n4f. each of many piles of brush. cavalik, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs). cavan, tv. set down /leafless branch/. cavancavan, tv. set down one after another /trees with leafless branches/. cavavet, av. causing tickling sensation (insect). cavSav, aj. long-legged (insect), lying (fallen tree with uncut branch-es),long-bodied (lamb). cavcav (Son, nphr(aj & n)5. daddy longlegs, any unidentified long-legged insect. Javcon, av. walking on all fours. cavel, aj. long-legged. cavet, av. groping slowly. cavlahet, av. tickling /caused by insect walking or jumping on skin/, walking on all fours (child), walking (daddy longlegs, walking sticks). cavlahetik, av. walking on all fours (children). cavleh, n5. long-legged (adolescent). cavubil sanav, vphr(aj & iv). walk gingerly. kotol caval, ajphr(aj & aj). scrambling in haste. cavit N(Sp, chahuiste from N, quiahuitl). cavit, nld. irrigated corn field. cavitaltik, n5. large irrigated corn field. cavittik, n5. expanse of irrigated corn field. cavuk cavuk, thunder and lightning, cf. cauk. cayna N. cayna nicim, nphr(n type n). ' cayna flower', mountain palm Chamaedorea nubium, #1404(7). Highland "tree' caynail e*i9lel, nphr(natt & n). Smilacina paniculata, #2849(7). Lowland "plant". cccu E. cccu, excl. whoa! ce9e Pt. ce?e, pt. then. ceb ceb, girl. cf. eeb(l). &c T(2). cec, tv. drag. ta hcec ta kavilto. I will drag him to court. cec ba, rv. drag self, cec-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pulling each other (drunks, people climbing cliff). cecan, tv. drag /plu/. cecanan, tv. pull out /branches from fence/. cecancecan ba, rv. drag one after another along, cecan&can yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drag down one after another, cecancecanan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. cecancecan yalel. ieibe baik, rv. drag branches for each other, drag each other /to court/. cec£ec, aj. long (bull testes, tumpline). ce£con, av. walking with swaying (bull testes), bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline), dragging along /drunk, child/. ieiei, av. dragging, decel, aj. long (bull testes). cecet, av. dragging, swaying (bull testes). cecet 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). dragging /child, dog/, carrying, cecet ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). dragging into court /gossip/. cecetik ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. cecet ta kavilto (plu). ceclah, av. rushing /sing/. ceclahet, av. dragging /tree/ (many people), ceclahetik, av. pulling each other along (drunks), ciduh, av. starting suddenly /in sleep/, cec'tececte, av. walking about with bouncing /burden/. 112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 ceculan, tv. tug /person/ (drunk). ceculan baik, rv. tug each other. ceculanan, tv. tug /plu/. ceculanan baik, rv. tug each other (cats, rats). cecvan, iv. drag person /to cantina/. hcecvaneh, agn. person who drags another. cecev N. cecev, nla. see below. 9ik'al cecev, nphr(aj & n). fawn-colored pluteus Pluteus cervinus, #110(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", grisette Amanita vaginata, # 106(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", ceceval baeM te9, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 'oak cecev', Russula sp., # 14(1,3), #97(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Cortinariussp., #35(1,3). Highland "mushroom" It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is cold". Mycena sp., #133(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" ceceval cihil te?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'elderberry cecev', Agrocybe sp., #7(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is "cold" ceceval cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Naematoloma sp., #28(1,3). Highland "mushroom" It grows on live oaks. 6eceval k'a?-te?, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. 'rotten tree cecev', Naematoloma sp., #27(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is toasted. It is "cold", ceceval nukul pat, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 'juniper cecev, Mycena sp., #182(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom". eahal ceceval nukul pat, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). Mar- asmius sp., #184(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom" ceceval pomos, nphr(natt & n). honey fungus Armillaria mellea, #33(1,3). Lowland and highland mushroom . It grows on wild lilacs, ceceval san-antres, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. ' San Andres cecev', agaric Tricholoma sp., #6(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is gathered at the beginning of the rainy season. It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is cold" eahal ceceval san-antres, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). orange-brown lactarius Lactarius volemus, #173(4,5). Highland "mushroom" ceceval satin, nphr(natt & n). Collybia sp., #42(1,3). Highland "mushroom" It grows on wax myrtle trees. It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is "cold", ceceval taki-te9, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'dead tree cecev', Pholiata sp., #84(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", ceceval tulan, nphr(natt & n). 'oak cecev', Naemaloloma sp., #40(1,3). Highland "mushroom" sakil ceceval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). fawn-colored pluteus Pluteus cervinus, #69(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". ceh P or P(2). cehahtik, aj. loosely woven. cehcon, av. bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline). cehel, aj. lazy /Cobtik/. cehelik, aj. loosely woven. cehlah, av. walking about with /burdens/ bouncing (plu). cehtecehte, av. walking about with /burden/ bouncing. cek cek, skirt, cf. eek(2). cek' T(2). cek', tv. pat water on top of head, cek' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack /with stick/, flail /corn/ (woman with stick). cek'an, tv. pat water on top of one's head (people), cek'ancek'an, tv. pat water on top of one's head, one after another, cek'el, aj. damp. cek'ulan, tv. keep patting water on top of head, cek'van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). whack person /with stick/. hcek'vaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who whacks another /with stick/. cemenia N(Sp, chimenea). cemenia. nle. percussion cap. var., cemenii. cement1? cemeni"), percussion cap. cf. cemenia. cen prob P or P(2). cenel, aj. bluish (eye of dying person). cenek' N. cenek', nla. bean, cradle cap. If a child has cradle cap it is thought that his father's bean fields will produce well. If beans are mistreated their soul will cry and complain to the earth lord and to the gods in heaven, thus calling down a famine upon mankind. Most beans are planted with corn in April or May. Two beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in November or December. Beans are sold at market. They are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and sometimes coriander, mexican tea or onions. They are "cold" (RML)-Only variations or elaborations of this pattern are included below. Names of different roots as libes, havas, are listed alphabetically as if they were kinds of cenek'. cenek'altik, n5. large bean field, cenek'tik, n5. bean field, cenek'ultik, n5. large bean field. 9ak'il cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'vine bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vul-garis, #2651(21,22). Lowland "vine" muk'ta 9ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(20). Lowland "vine". It is "hot". 9aros cenek', nphr(n type n). 'rice bean', rice bean Phaseolus calcaratus, #2743(1,4). Lowland vine" It grows wild. It is cold", eahal laros cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)- rice bean Phaseolus calcaratus, #3042(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". pinto laros cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2972(1,16). Temperate "vine" (16)-It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. Very little is sold at market. 9ibes, nld. see below. 9ibesaltik, n5. large field of nibes. 9ibestik, n5. field of libes. 9ik'-soman 9ibes, nphr: aj(aj & P P/2/cpd) & n., cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2767(1,4). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. ■rik'al 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3030(3,4,5). Highland vine" It is planted by Zinacantecs who own humid land. To cure a sheep of "hot wind", kidney bean leaves are mashed in cold water, salt is added, and the water is given to the sheep to drink. It is "cold" eahal 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2780(1,4), # 3029(3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. k'anal 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2145(17,11,14). Temperate and highland "vine". It is planted by some Zinacantecs, in humid ground. It is "medium". #3032(3,4,5). Highland "vine" sakil 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2402(1,20). Highland "vine". It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in January. #2780(1,4,7). Temperate vine". Same use as above. (4)-Few Zinacantecs plant it. ■Mk'al cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2311(3,4,19). Highland "vine". It is "hot" #2650(22). Lowland "vine". muk'ta 9ik'al cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2312(19). Highland "vine". It is planted in March and harvested in February. It is "hot" kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2777(1,4,7). Temperate "vine". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. (l)-It is "cold". (4)-It is "hot". #3044(3,4,5). Lowland vine", cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #B 14264(5). 9unen cenek', nphr(aj & n)la. string bean, young bean, botil, nla. see below. botilaltik, n5. large expanse of scarlet runner beans, botiltik, n5. expanse of scarlet runner beans, botil cenek', nphr(n type n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 113 #2487(21,22). Highland "vine" Same use as eahal botil. ■Jik'al botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #1178(1,3,4,5), #2326(19). Highland "vine". Some Zinacantecs plant these beans in the beginning of the rainy season in their yards or corn fields. The young leaves and flowers are boiled with young watermelon squash leaves. The beans are boiled for more than a day, together with chili, salt, and onions. They are used to make the wedding tamales. They are "cold". The beans are sold at market in San Cristobal. Bean tamales are sold at market in Cha-mula. (19)-The planting is in May, and the harvest in February, muk'ta -Jik'al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2326(3,4). Highland "vine". eahal botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #1180(1,3,4,5), #2322(19), #2487(4), #3027(3,4,5). Highland "vine" It grows wild and is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The fresh beans may be boiled after removing the pods or they are allowed to dry, are flailed, and then boiled. Some people boil the young leaves and season them with chili and salt, or uproot the whole plant, wash the roots and dry the plant for a week, at which time it is boiled. It is "cold". The beans are sold at market. (19)-Beans are planted in May and harvested in February, e'ibal botil, nphr(aj & n). 'streaked bottf, see below, eahal e'ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #3028(3,4,5). Highland "vine". The beans are planted by all Zinacantecs in the yard and in the corn field, lae botil, nphr(aj & n). 'flat botiT, see below, ■rik'al lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2310(3,4,19). Highland "vine". It is planted by many Zinacantecs in their yards and corn fields. The flowers and the beans are eaten, boiled. They are 'cold". (19)-The planting is in March, the harvest in February. Beans are "hot", scarlet runner bean Phaseolus coccineus, #2947(1,16). Same use as above. (16)-Beans are medium" pinto lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below, eahal pinto lae botil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2322(3,4). Highland vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. sakil botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2713(1,4). Highland "vine". Same use as eahal botil. eahal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2332(3,4,19). Highland "vine". #2788(1,3). Temperate vine" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The beans are used by a bride's family to make the wedding tamales. The cantors feed the spooks these beans on Carnival Monday. (23)-For Carnival each cantor provides one and a half fanegas of red beans. They may be ^ibes, stel-pat, or sk'un-pal. cenek'ul van, nphr(n type n)la. bean wedding tamale.3(14). Lowland "vine" Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting. e'ibal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2312(3,4), #2313(19). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. (19)-It is planted in March and harvested in February. It is "hot", kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2879(1,4). Lowland "vine" eMbaron cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2879(14). Lowland "vine". cana cenek', nphrfx type n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2977(1). Temperate "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is "cold". (4)-It is "medium". cimpo cenek', nphr(x type n). see below, slumil cimpo cenek', nphr(n type nphr/x type n/). see below. ?ik'al slumil cimpo cenek', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/x type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3034(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by some Zinacantecs at the end of August. It is "medium". havas, nla. broad bean . See below, havasiltik, n5. large field of broad beans. havastik, n5. field of broad beans. eahal havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Viciafaba, #2719(1,4). Highland "plant'. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in May. Two beans are placed in each hole in a row between the rows of corn. The harvest is in November. The beans are seasoned with mexican tea, chili and salt. They are "cold" The leaves are applied to burns, either ground and applied when green or burnt and the powder applied. sakil havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Vicia faba, #373(1,2,3), #2710(1,4). Highland "plant" They are grown in yards and in corn fields by all Zinacantecs. The beans may be boiled, roasted, or fried in lard. They are "cold". For burns, six tender shoots are toasted and applied to the burn. They are "cold" tanhero havas, nphr(aj & n)5. 'imported havas', broad bean Vicia faba, #2715(1,4). Highland "plant" It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. It is "cold". kantela cenek', nphr(n type n)la. 'candle bean', cow pea Vigna un-guiculata, #331(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine' It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. Two beans are planted to a hole. It is harvested in November. It is cold" ■rik'al kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna un-guiculata, #B14261(5). k'os lik'al kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata #2737(1,4). Lowland "vine", cow pea Vigna sinensis, #3040(4,5,). Lowland "vine". muk'ta kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2738(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by few Zinacantecs. sakil kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2736(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by few people, slumil kantela cenek', nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). see below. 9ik'al slumil kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2987(3). Lowland "vine" It is planted in September, five beans to a hole. The harvest is in December. totikal kantela cenek', nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 'wild candle bean', Vigna vexillata, #2897(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is not cultivated. karvensa, nla. perennial peavine Lalhyrus latifolius, #701(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". It is grown by Chamulas. The peas are planted in the rainy season, two to a hole. The harvest is in October. The peas are sold at market. They are "cold". They are seldom, if ever, eaten by Zinacantecs. karvensatik, n5. field of perennial peas, karvensa cenek', nphr(n type n)5. see above, k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(natt & n). 'corn stubble bean', see below, sakil k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #B 14266(5). k'anal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3043(3,4,5). Lowland "vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is "medium", manya cenek', nphr(n type n)la. peanut. Peanuts, especially when they are eaten fresh, are reputed to cause erections, manya cenek'altik, nphr(n type n)5. large peanut field, manya cenek'tik, nphr(n type n)5. peanut field, manya cenek' e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). Kallstroemia maxima, #807(1,2). Lowland "plant". pasku^al cenek', nphr(natt & n). 'Christmas bean', see below. ■)ik'al paskuwl cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). hyacinth dolichos Dolichos lablab, #2407(20). Highland "vine" Same use zspaskwa cenek'. paskwa cenek', nphr(n type n). ' Christmas bean', hyacinth dolichos Dolichos lablab, #2407(1). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs at the beginning of the rainy season. It is harvested in November and December. It is sold at market. It is medium". patas cenek', nphr(n type n)la. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, 114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 #B 14268(5). see below. patas cenek'tik, nphr(n type n)5. field of sieva beans. ■Jik'al patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2881(1,4). Lowland "vine*. It is planted by a few Zina-cantecs in May, and is harvested in December or January, e'ibal patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2986(3). Temperate "vine". It is planted by a few Zina-cantecs in April, and is harvested in January. sakil patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2880(1,4). Lowland "vine". It is planted by all Zinacan-tecs, in May and harvested in January. pataset, n. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2880(14). Lowland "vine". •Jik'al pataset, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2881(14). Lowland 'vine". sak-vayan cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2781(7). Temperate "vine" kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2942(1). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. #3049(3,4,5). Lowland vine'. Same use as above. #2977(16), Temperate "vine". It is planted in May and harvested in January. It is "medium". sakil cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2659(21), #2894(14), #2904(14). Lowland "vine" #2782(1,4). Temperate "vine". (l)-It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. (14)-Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting. Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting, k'os sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2790(7). Temperate "vine". muk'ta sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2313(3,4). Highland "vine". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. The pods are fed to the sheep. #2659(15,20), #2782(7), #2894(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. (15)-Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting, sak-vayan sakil cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2942(16). Highland "vine". It is planted by many Zinacantecs. It is "medium". s9ak'il cenek', nphr(n type n). see below. lik'al sWak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(1,3), #2740(1,4). Lowland "vine" (3)-It is planted on May fifteenth and harvested in early November. (l)-It is planted on May fifteenth or June thirteenth and is harvested in December. eahal sfrak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2744(1,4), #3038(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs in March. sakil s?ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2739(1,4). Lowland vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. sk'un cenek', nphr(n type n). 'soft bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2878(14). Lowland vine" It is planted in February and harvested in April, eahal sk'un, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #278(1,4). Lowland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. sakil sk'un cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2904(1,4). Lowland "vine". slumil cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'ground bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2650(21). Lowland "vine". 7ik'al slumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, # 2650(20). Lowland "vine" It is "hot". ?ik'al slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, # 1182(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs. The beans may be eaten fresh. #2650(1,3,15). Lowland "vine". It is planted by many Zinacantecs. (l)-It is planted by the people of Pastel and Na Cih at the end of August or the beginning of September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December. It is "hot". (15)-Some Zinacantecs plant it in September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold". #B14267(5). muk'ta ?ik'al slumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3035(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by some Zinacantecs at the end of August, between rows of corn. It is "medium". eahal slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #1183(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, especially in Htek-lum, and Pat lOsil. The pods are eaten by sheep. muk'ta slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(15). Lowland "vine". It is planted by about half of the Zinacantecs in September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December. sakil slumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2659(1,3,22). Lowland vine" It is planted in September and harvested in December. Five or six beans are placed in each hole when planting. sakil slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3041(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". sto-pat, nphr(aj & ncpd). 'hard pod', see below, eahal ste9-pat, nphr(n & ncpd). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2903(1,4). Lowland "vine". Sut, nla. bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(1,4), #2226(1,3,4). Highland vine". Some people eat the flowers, boiled with beans or watermelon squash shoots. They are "cold". (RML)-It is said that this bean was once cultivated, but it was so fussy, always demanding to be weeded and frequently complaining to Our Savior that, in exasperation, He banished it to the wilds, suttik, n5. expanse of sut. sut cenek', nphr(n type n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(15,16). Highland "vine". The flower is boiled alone or with meat. Only poverty-stricken people eat the beans. They are gathered by women. They are "cold" bik'it sut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #2400(20). Highland "vine". The beans are cold" k'os sut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus heterophyllus, #1053(1,3,5). Highland "vine ". It is a wild variety of bean, bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #2400(1). Highland "vine". Cologania broussonetii, #2082(17). Highland vine". svet' cenek', nphr(n type n)5. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #B 14269(5). svet'tik, n5. field of svet'. eahal svet', nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #3036(3,4,5). Lowland and temperate "vine". One bean is placed in each hole during planting. When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry, they are boiled twice. They are medium" sakil svet', nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2968(1,16). Temperate "vine". It is planted by few people. It is harvested in January. ton e"unun cenek', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'hummingbird egg bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2766 (1,4). Highland "vine". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. (l)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2790(1,4). Temperate "vine". sakil ton e'unun cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3033(3,4,5). Temperate and highland vine'. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in their yards. When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry they are boiled four times. t'oskin cenek', nphr(x type n)la. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3039(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is "medium", vara cenek', nphr(n type n)ld. unattested variety of bean. Lowland and temperate "vine". vayu"? cenek', nphr(aj & n). 'gray bean', bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2781(1,4). Temperate vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 115 vola cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'ball bean', unattested variety of bean. (5)-It is planted by all Zinacantecs. It is "hot". cenek' ?ak', nphr(n type n). jicama Calopogonium caeruleum, #221(1,2,3,5), #240(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'vine'.jack bean Canavalia hir-sutissima, #1013(1,3,5), #1512(11,12). Highland 'vine", wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2853(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland vine". Mandevilla sp., #1663(1,4,11,12). Lowland "vine'. Centrosema pubes-cens, #2091(7). Temperate "vine" Cologania gtabrior, #2297(3,4). Temperate "vine". Cologania broussonelii, #2590(1,4,21,22). Temperate "vine", sakil cenek' ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capparis flexuosa, #1330(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine' cenek' e"nlel, nphr(n type n). Cassia uniflora, #1641(14). Lowland "plant" cenek' cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer bean', Lupinus sp., #654(1,2). Highland "plant" The flowers are sold in San Cristobal. #2103(1), #2582(1,4). Temperate "plant". cenek' cih te->, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Galactia discolor, #1147(1,4). Lowland and temperate "tree", cenek' c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse bean', Cracca sp. cf. Benthamantha tube- rosa, #829(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" cenek' c'o •Jak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Cologania broussonelii, #2544(21,22). Temperate vine". cenek' to, nphr(n type n). inga Inga spuria, #213(1,2,3,4,5), #314(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". #1620(1,3). Temperate "tree", tamarind ape's-earring Pilhecellobium arboreum, #553(1,3). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers on their way to the lowlands, wild senna Cassia biflora, #1946(1,3,4,17). Temperate "tree" sakil cenek' te"), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Clitoria polystachya, #1201(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree", sakil cenek' te% nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cenek'ul vah, nphr(n type n)la. bean wedding tamale. cece?, n5. Baby talk; beans. cep(l) P. cep, nc. load /tied load of firewood, untied small burlap bag of corn/, cepahtik, aj. cf. cepel /plu/. cepan, tv. unload, cepanan, tv. cf. cepan. cepancepan, tv. set down one burden after another, cepancepanan, tv. cf. cepancepan. cepantik, aj. loads carried at long intervals. cepcep, nc. single load /I only/. cepcon cak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump moving up and down /on horseback, on roof top/, with burden bouncing up and down on person's rump. cepekil, n4f. many separate burdens. cepel, aj. sitting (wood, bags of corn, etc.), sitting, resting with burden, yec te cepel snuti9al yat ta na. lit., He is just at home with his scrotum sitting there, i.e., He never goes outside to see what is happening. cepelcepel, n4f. each of many burdens, cepelik, aj. sitting, resting with burden /plu/. cepet, av. sitting (burden), cepetik, av. sitting, resting with burden (plu). cepi, iv. sit down with burden /to rest/, ceplahet, av. landing (burdens tossed to ground), ceplahetik, av. cf. ceplahet (plu). cepIebaL n3d. place for setting down burden /high ground, board/. cepleh, n4f. whole burden, entire /beef heart with lungs and trachea attached/. cepluh, av. landing suddenly (burden tossed to ground), ceptecepte, av. setting down burden here and there. cepulan, tv. shake down several times /bag of corn to settle the corn/. cepulanan, tv. keep setting down /bags of corn/. cep(2) N(Sp, Chepe). cep, nld. Joseph, var., cepil /when young/, sosep /Voi-bie, lApas/. cep(3) prob T or T(2). cep ta mahel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). flail with stick /dog, person, corn/, cepvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). flail person with stick, hcepvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who flails another with stick. cepa N(Sp, Chepa). cepa, nld. Josephine, var., hosepa /infr/. cepil cepil, Joseph, cf. cep(2). cer prob O. cercon, av. rattling (cracked gourd), cereret, av. rattling (cracked gourd), cerlahet, av. cf. cercon (plu). cerluh, av. rattling suddenly (cracked gourd), certecerte, av. rattling about (cracked gourd or violin). ces P, P(2). ces, tv. drag /leafy branch/. ces, nc. leafy branch, frond, leaf /cabbage, turnip/, ces, aj. long-legged, adolescent. ces limete. bottle slightly smaller than a 4 quart bottle, cesahtik, aj. cf. cesel(l) /plu/. cesan, tv. dangle or stretch /legs/. iscesan yok ta ba mesa. He sat with legs dangling at the head of the table (bride's ritual tutor waiting for gifts). cesan ba, rv. stretch out (drunk). cesancesan, tv. set down one after another /leafy branch, palm frond/, cesancesanan, tv. cf. cesancesan. cesces, nc. single frond /palm/, single stalk /cabbage/ /I only/. cesces, aj. long-legged (pullet) /infr/. cescon, av. being carried with legs dangling (sick person), bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline). cesel(l), aj. lying on ground (leafy branches), lying (palm frond), dangling or stretched out in front 0egs)-cesel(2), n4d. spitting image of. scesel ilok'. He looks just like /his father/. ceselik, aj. cf. cesel(l) /plu/. ceselcesel, n4f. each of many leafy branches, fronds, or leaves, cesekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbage that fails to head/, ceses, av. dragging /branches/, ceset, av. lying on ground (leafy branches), dangling or stretched out in front (tegs)- ceslah, av. cf. ceses (plu). ceslahet, av. twitching /in sleep/, cesleh, n5. with legs stretched out or dangling, cesleh, n4f. whole leafy branch, frond, or leaf, cesleh, n4d. spitting image. cesluh, av. twitching /in sleep/, cesteceste, av. dragging one leafy branch after another, walking about with bouncing (burden), cev(l) prob T. cev, tv. grind hurriedly /com/. cev(2) P. cev, nc. leafy branch, frond. cevan ba, rv. throw oneself down /when very sick/, cevan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out (murderer), cevanan, tv. set down /leafy branches/, devancevan, tv. set down one /leafy branch/ after another. cevancevanan, tv. cf. cevancevan. devantik, aj. widely spaced (cabbage) lacking heads, devcev, nc. single stalk or frond /I only/, cevcon, av. writhing in death agony (dog), walking feebly, cevel, aj. lying (leafy branch, frond, dead dog, corpse), cevel, n4d. look just like, spitting image of. develcevel, n4f. each of many stalks or fronds, cevekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbages that fail to head/. 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 cevet, av. lying /dead dog, leafy branches/, cevi, iv. throw oneself down /when very sick/. cevlah, av. staggering, flailing about (drunk, sick person) /sing/. cevlahet, av. staggering and flailing arms (drunk), cevlahetik, av. cf. cevlahet (plu). cevleh(l), n4d. spitting image. cevleh(2), n4f. stalky /greens, cabbage that has not headed/, cevlehikil, n4f. cf. cevleh(2) /plu/. cevluh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/, cevtecevte, av. dragging self about /when very sick/. ci(l) N. ci, nla. henequen fiber Agave sp., #333(1 #2#5). Lowland "agave" or "tree" It is grown by ladinos. The fiber is bought by Zinacantecs. It is used to weave nets, and shoulder bags, and to sew hats. The fiber is also sewn on the hats of the sak-holetik for the fiesta of St. Sebastian to give them their white-haired appearance. Furcraea sp., #1075(1,3,5). Lowland and temperate "tree". It is not cultivated, ci, n4e. fiber, stringiness (chayote root), citik, n5. henequen field. komenal ci, nphr(natt & n). ' ci inflorescence', cf. ci. komenal te?tikal ci, nphr(natt & nphr/natt & n/). wild ci inflorescence', cf. temikal ci. te?tikal ci, nphr(natt & n). 'wild if, Agave sp., #1580(1,3,11,12,13). Temperate and highland "tree" ci ?ak', nphr(n type n). Celtis iguanaea, #1674(11,12). Lowland "vine", ci met, cf. met. ci vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox a", bulb stem yucca Yucca elephaniipes, #1607(11,12). Temperate "tree" ciul, n4e. splinter, string /bean pod, stem of watermelon squash or cu- shaw/. ci(2) I. ci, iv. said /used in dialogue/. sici. I said (or) I said to myself. saci. You said to yourself. si. He (or) she said. cianik. Tell them. k'usi van si ti shole. lit. What did his head say? i.e. What could have been his motive? Following verbs indicates sudden past action; c'ay si yo?on. He forgot it immediately. cot si. He sat down immediately. lah si santo ta h-mek. All Souls' Day has just ended. va9 sici. I stood up immediately. ci(3) X. cicin, tv. strain, sift. scicin sc'akil. It scratches its fleas (dog), cicinab, nle. strainer. cicinan, tv. strain or sift /plu/. cicincicin, tv. strain or sift one after another, cicinci'cinan, tv. cf. cicincicin. cicinob, nlf. chicha strainer. cicinob yakil vo?, nphr(nlf of nphr/n type n/ld). chicha strainer, cicinobil, nlf. stick for knocking down peaches, etc., cf. cicinob. cicinobil yakil vo?, nphr(nlf of nphr/n type n/ld). cf. cicinob yakil von. ci?(l) A. ci?, aj. sweet, salty. ci? ta ?ae'am. salty. cii-mae'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). very slightly sweet or salty. ci?-pik'an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). slightly salty (sweat), slightly sweet (mole). ci?ci?tik, aj. rather sweet (chicha). ci?ub, iv. become sweet or salty. ci?ubtas, tv. sweeten, add salt to. cici?, n5. Baby talk; coffee, sugar. ci?(2) N. crt, nld. nance Byrsonima crassifoiia, #322(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". For use cf. nanei1). ci?tik, n5. grove of nance trees. ci?(3) X. ci? ?okol, nphr(x of n)5. athlete's foot. ci?(4) N. ci?ilil, n3d. townsman, companion, sibling, bonus or extra little bit given when food is bought, relative, similar or identical object. ?ak'bon sci?il. Give me a little more. hci?il ta peresal. We are both Perez's. hci?il me hbatik. We are relatives. sci?il k'u ca?al avak'bone. the same as the one you gave me. sci?il ta nakleh. resident of same house or same compound. sci?il ta yut na. resident of same house. Ritual speech, person praying and referring to spouse; ti hnupe ti hci?ile. my spouse, my companion. ci?in, tv. accompany, join, be with, keep company. Ritual speech, address of bride's ritual tutor to groom's ritual tutor; join. sci?in ta lahel. He accompanies her until death /spouse/. t saci?in t salak'in ta hun smal ta hun ssakub. You will join her, you will accompany her at dusk, at dawn. ci?in ?ol, vphr(tv // n). feel nauseous from pregnancy. Scolding speech, when child does not want to eat; mi?n saci?in avol kere. lit., Is it because you are accompanying your baby, boy? i.e., Are you feeling nauseous from pregnancy? ci?in ba, rv. go together. ci?in ba ta vayel, vphr(rv & pt & vn5). sleep together. ci?inan, tv. accompany /plu/. ci?inluh, iv. accompany. ci?invan, iv. accompany. Ritual speech; join. cf. lak'invan. hci?invaneh, agn. companion. ci?uk, n4b. and, with, including, against, var., cutuk ZiApas/. ta hk'opon hci?uk. I am talking with him (etc.). sinupun hci?uk. I will marry her. iyak'ik pwersa sci?uk li skrontaike. They fought against their enemies. ci?uk k'usuk, nphr(n4f & pt). furthermore, moreover, besides. ci?ukbe, n4b. with. ha? hci?ukbe skremotik. I was with his sons. ci?uk ec'el, nphr(nlb & dr). go with. ?i ha? to hci?uk ec'el li kahnil ta hnae. And then my wife went home with me. ci?, dog. cf. eM?. cib Num. cib, nle. two. cib ?o?on, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). sad, discontented, uneasy, unhappy. cib yo?on t sbat ta ?olon ha? li ?oy yahcamele. He is not happy that he has to go to the lowlands because he has a patient (or) a sick member of the family. cib yo?on t sbat ta ?olon yu?un yan sba svayic. He is unhappy over going to the lowlands because he had a nightmare, cib k'oplal, vphr(num/pred/ & n4f). uncertain. cib sk'oplal mi sibat mi mu sibat. It is uncertain whether I will go or not. cib letanya, Second Rogation Day. cf. letanya. cib tak'in, nphr(num & n)la. twenty cent piece /two bits/, cibah ?o?on, vphr(iv & n4d). become disconsolate or depressed, become sad or unhappy. icibah yo?on muk' sbat. He grew sad that he wasn't going. icibah yo?on ti t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He became depressed because his fiancee had an affair with someone else. icibah ?o yo?on li labal k'opetike. She became unhappy over the endless quarrels /daughter-in-law/, cibal k'op, nphr(numatt & n)5. self-destructive talk, cibet ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling disconsolate or depressed, feeling sad or unhappy, feeling nauseated. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 117 scibet yo9on t sve9 ti mi mu sna? siatin s\e-) Ii senile. He feels nauseated eating with a person who doesn't wash before the meal, scibet yo?on yik' smalal. With a heavy heart she took him as her husband. cibetik Won, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cibet foion (plu). cic A. cic, aj. extremely loquacious, saying everything that occurs to one /infr/. cicaron N(Sp, chicharron). cicaron, nla. fatback /used to season beans/. cicii cici9, sugar, coffee, cf. ci9(l). iiak'ui cicik'u1?, cf. cicik'uy. cicik'ul cicik'ul, cf. cicik'uy. cicik'uy N. cicik'uy, nle. fragrant piqueria Piqueria trinertia, #1718(3,15,16), #2035(3,17,18), #2196(1,3,4,19), #2469(4,21,22). Highland 'plant-It grows in yards and corn fields. (4)-As a remedy for rabies, the tips are brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk once a day for three days. It is "cold". (16,17)-To cure a rabid dog, a small bunch is mashed in water and salt, and the water administered three or four times a day for two days. It is "cold". (21,22)-As a remedy for athlete's foot /ci wkol/, a small bunch is placed between the toes. It is "hot", var., cicik'ul /Htek-lum/, cicik'ul /->Apas/, cicilk'uy /Na Cih/. hairy piqueria (piqueria pilosa), #708(1,2,3,5), #1811(1,4,15,16). Highland "plant".(16)-It is gathered by flower growers, who wrap their bundles in it for protection during transport to market. cicik'uyaltik, n5. large expanse of piqueria. cicik'uytik, n5. expanse of piqueria. eahal cicik'uy, nphr(aj & n). see below. k'os eahal cicik'uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). fragrant piqueria Piqueria trinervia, #2938(1). Highland plant" cicilk'uy cicilk'uy, cf. cicik'uy. cicim cicim, lower head! cf. cim. ciciva N. ciciva, agn. woman who is childless, Ritual speech; term for the tutelary gods who care for companion animal souls. cicol N. cicol, nla. tomato. See below. cicolaltik, n5. large field of tomatoes or ground cherries, cicoltik, n5. field of tomatoes or ground cherries. bae"i cicol, nphr(aj & n). ground cherry Physatis philadelphica, # 1723(15,16). Highland "plant". Ground cherries are eaten, boiled, eahal cicol, nphr(aj & n). see below. bik'tal eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. cherry tomato Lyco-persicum esculentum var. cerasiforme, #264(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" It grows in corn stubble and reseeds itself. It is sold at market in San Cristobal by Zinacantecs and the people of Acala. It is eaten boiled by everyone. It is "cold". As a remedy for mumps a tomato is rubbed on the neck. k'os eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #2884(1,4). Lowland "plant" Same use as bik'tal eahal cicol. muk'tik eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #58(2,4,5), #203(1,2,3,5). Lowland and highland plant' It is grown in the yard. The seeds are sown in the rainy season, or in the lowlands in November also. Ladinos transplant and fertilize the young plants. The harvest is in late summer, or in the lowlands in March, too. Tomatoes are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and onions. Tomatoes are used to flavor jerked meat, iguana, snails, and cushaws. They are the standard fare of Zinacantecs when they are in the lowland corn fields. They are both gathered and bought. They are 'cold". As a remedy for mumps a raw tomato is rubbed once a day on the neck. It is "cold" k'os cicol, nphr(aj & n). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #2884(14). Lowland "plant" It is planted in February and harvested in April. It is sold at market. It is cold". pahal cicol, nphr(aj & n). 'sour cicor, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #1475(11,12). Highland "plant". pueul cicol, nphr(aj & n)5. 'inflated cicor, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #27(1,2,3,4), #968(1,3), #1475(3), #1723(3), #2038(3,17,18), #2211(1,3,4,19), #2394(3,4,20), #2482(4). Highland "plant" It grows in yards and rubbish heaps. It is sold at market. It is gathered by women or bought at market. Ground cherries are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and coriander. They are used to flavor greens and jerked meat. They are eaten by the stewards, stewards-royal, and elders at c'ivit krus, on the way to Voi-bie, on the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary. They are cold". A raw ground cherry is rubbed on the neck to cure mumps. It is "cold". Physalis nicandroides, #2698(15,20). Lowland "plant". Capsicum sp., #1675(7). Lowland "vine" pueul cicoltik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of ground cherries, muk'ta pueul cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ground cherry Physalis sp., # 1276(1,3,4,5). Lowland "planf. The seeds are sown by ladinos in the rainy season. The harvest is in October. Ground cherries are sold at market. The husk is removed before boiling. Ground cherries are "cold". cicol 9ak', nphr(n type n). Solanum sp., #122(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "vine". Herissantia crispa, #2838(12). Lowland "vine", pueul cicol 9ak', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Herissantia crispa, #2838(3,4,5). Highland "plant". cicol c'o, nphr(n of n). Saracha procumbens, #732(1,2,4,5), #1464(3,11,12). Highland "plant" It grows in yards, in fencerows. The tender shoots are eaten by some people. They are "cold", 'mouse cicor, morning glory Ipomoeasp., #551(1,3). Temperate "v-ine". (RML)-Probably a misidentification. ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #2482(21,22). Highland "plant" (RML)-Probably a misidentification./'Aytti/j.s sp., #2109(14). Temperate "plant", cicol c'otik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of cicol c'o. eoein cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 'downy cicol c'o', Bogenhardia crispa, #258(1,2,3,5). Lowland plant" k'os cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Isochilus linearis, #1855(1,16). Highland "plant", muk'ta cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). shrub nightshade Solanum arrazolense, #767(1,2). Temperate "plant". sakil cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, muk'ta sakil cicol c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Physalis nicandroides, #2698(21). Lowland plant", cicol c'o 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Capsicum sp., #1675(1,4). Lowland vine". cicol moletik, nphr(n of n). 'elders' cicoT, Physalis sp., #2109(7). Temperate "plant". cicol te9, nphr(n type n). Physalis sp., #3002(1,4,5,11). Lowland "tree" eahal cicol let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capsicum sp., #1623(1,3,11,12,13). Temperate "tree" cih(l) N. £ih, nla. sheep, deer, woven blanket. te"?tikal cih, nphr(natt & n)la. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana. Deer are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is "cold". Deer bones and antlers are used for corn shuckers. Chamu-las tan deer hides which Zinacantecs use for aprons, hat straps, and the breeches worn by sir spook and the dudes. Deer are believed to be the earth lord's horses, eahal te^tikal cih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana. yasal te7tikal iih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana. te'Hikil cih, cf. le'tikal cih. dihal ?anal to, nphr(natt & nphr/n4d of n5/). hedgehog gall. 118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 cihal "Jol, nphr(natt & n4d). cloth for carrying child. cihal ?unen, nphr(natt & n5). cloth for carrying child. ■Jos-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. wedding blanket, yasal cih, nphr(aj & n)5. gray blanket. cih(2) P. cih-con, cf. con. cih-con mail, cf. mail. cih-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. stripe-necked (chicken). cihal bukaro, cf. bukaro. cihaltik, aj. striped, streaked, cihan ba, rv. form long line, cihih, av. bursting forth (sunbeams). cihil, aj. sparkling (star), many-branched (tree), heavily-fruited, thick (nits), staring. Ritual speech, prayer; observe. cihil sba ssat kriscano. The people are staring /at someone who is being shamed/. cihil k'ak'al. with beams of sunlight streaming in. cihil te9, nphr(aj & n). 'striped tree ?', elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #2055(17,18), #2494(21,22). Highland "tree". For use, see bae"i cihil let. cihil te?altik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of elderberries, cihil te"?tik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of elderberries. bae'i cihil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #5(1,3,4), #1456(3,11,12), #1733(3,15,16),#2055(3), #2197-(1,3,4,19), #2376(3,4), #2494(4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for living fence posts. It is also gathered for firewood by women who are too lazy to bother going to the woods for firewood. It is used by children for their "bulls". As a remedy for a child suffering the effects of "evil eye" /k'ak'alsatill, the tips of three branches are sprayed by a shaman with water in which mashed pink evening primrose leaves have been soaked, and in which salt has been dissolved. Then the shaman "sweeps" the child's body with the tips. They are "cold". To reduce the heat of a person suffering from mahbenal, three small tips are mashed with fennel and salt in cold water, which is then drunk. To calm the tickling sensation that provokes coughing, three flowers are brewed with orange rind and aztec marigold flowers /k'anal laneil voftus/. A small cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. The flowers are 'hot". (15)-It is drunk after breakfast for two days. (16,17)-To relieve an animal with constipation, a small bunch of leaves are crushed and soaked in salt water. The water is given to the animal to drink two or three times a day. It is "cold". 1-Six-tips are gathered by the owner of a dog that has been poisoned. The tips are mashed in cold water. The dog is forced to drink the water, thus cooling the poison. Birds eat the berries. sakil cihil to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #2376(20). Highland "tree" The leaves, flowers, and berries are fed to sheep in the meadows, sutas cihil to, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. 'judas elderberry ?' or 'scarecrow elderberry ?', see below. sutas cihil textile, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. expanse of sutas cihil te1). 9ik'al sutas cihil to, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #B9543(5,5a), #386(1,4), #927(1,3). Highland "tree" It grows in fencerows. The trunk is used for poles for scarlet runner beans. A child suffering from the effects of "evil eye"/k'ak'al satil/, is 'swept" with the tips of three elderberry branches. This variety of elderberry, rather than bae'i cihil tet is used for severe cases of "evil eye". It is "cold" The tips are also used in the "steam cure", cf. eelo-pat. sakil sutas cihil tet, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #364(1,2,3), #926(1,3). Highland "tree". Slips are planted in the rainy season, alternating with fence posts, to make a living fence. The trunk is used by children for popguns that shoot out wild clover root pellets. cihilik, aj. staring, cihleh, n4f. heavily-fruited. cih(3) prob I. cih, iv. sweat (new pot or jug). cih(4) prob T or T(2). cih, tv. strain. cihcih, n5. Baby talk; rattle. ciheon, av. drumming (rain), rattling. cihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel). £ihetik, av. whishing (dry corn). cihihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel). cihlahet, av. rustling (fruit tree being shaken). cihlahetik, av. shaking /fruit tree/. cihluh, av. whooshing (bag of corn suddenly spilling over), shattering (bottle, pot). cihob, nlf. sieve. cihobil, nlf. cf. cihob. cihulan, tv. shake /rattle, sieve/, scratch /fleas/ (dog). cihavil N. cihavil, n le. lowland black wasp. It makes its nest in cave roofs. Its grubs are not eaten. cik O. cikcikta, tv. call to sheep. cikcon, av. calling sheep. ciklahet, av. cf. cikcon (plu). ciklahetik, av. cf. cikcon (plu). cikulan, tv. call sheep. ckckckckckc, excl. call to sheep. cikario N(Sp, achicoria). cikario, nla. common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #23(1,2,3,4,5), #974(1,3), #1729(15,16), #2088(3,4,17), #2380(3,4,20). Highland "plant" (5)-It grows in yards. The tender leaves and stalks are boiled or eaten raw by some people. They are "medium". (17)-They are "hot" (20)-They are eaten by sheep and horses. The owner of a lamb cuts the tender stalks and feeds them to it. var., cikaro /Naben Cauk/, cikerio /Pat lOsil/, cikoria /Htek-lum/, cikorio /Htek-lum/. cikarioaltik, n5. large expanse of sowthistles. cikariotik, n5. expanse of sowthistles. c'is cikario, nphr(aj & n). 'prickly sowthistle', prickly sowthistle Sonchus asper, #2397(3,4,20). Highland plant". (20)-It is eaten by sheep and horses, common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #1729(3). Highland "plant". cikaro cikaro, cf. cikario. cikerio cikerio, cf. cikario. cikero N(Sp, chiquero). cikero, nla. pigpen. cikil N. cikil, n4d. tickle. cikilta, tv. tickle. cikiltaan ba, rv. tickle each other (people). cikiltik, aj. tingling sensation of male orgasm. cikin N. cikin, n4e. use restricted to tatibo scikinal: lit., Understand its ears, i.e., Understand thoroughly! cikin cih, 'deer's ear' or 'sheep's ear' Fernaldia pandurata, # 1670(11,12), #2669(15). Lowland "vine". (11,12)- The plants are pulled up in the corn fields. They are chopped up and boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and lime juice. They are "medium" sakil cikin cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(20). Lowland "vine". The leaves and flowers are boiled and eaten. They are "cold" cikin cih ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(22). Lowland "vine". cikin c'o, nphr(n of n)5. 'mouse ear', wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1780(4). Highland "plant". To cool a person suffering mahbenal, a handful of the plant is crushed in warm salt water. One small cupful TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 119 is drunk. It is cold". muk'ta cikin c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Eupatorium muellen, #2548(21,22). Temperate plant", cikin £'o "!ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, #2305(19). Highland "vine", cikin c'o con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Panus sp., #26(1,3). Highland "mushroom". cikin c'o pos, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse ear medicine', wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, # 1365(1,3). Highland "plant" To cut fever /k'ok'/, a handful is crushed in warm salt water. The water is drunk. It is "cold". (4)-A small cup is drunk in the morning or afternoon. (5)-The plant is crushed in water and the water drunk to reduce the heat of mahbenal. It is "medium". sakil cikin c'o pos, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1356(1,3). Highland "plant" cikin c'otik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk. cikin h-rik'al, nphr(n of agn). 'spook's ear', see below, •rik'al cikin hiik'al, nphr(aj &. nphr/n of n/). Jew's ear Auricularia auricularis, #162(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" It is boiled with beans and flavored with coriander and chili. It is cold" k'anal cikin hTik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). Jew's ear Auricularia auricularis, #164(4,5). Highland "mushroom". Same use as lik'al cikin hiik'al. sakil cikin h9ik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). Auricularia sp., # 141(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" Same use as lik'al cikin hiik'al. cikin-ib, n(n of ncpd)5. 'armadillo ear', live oak Quercus acatenangensis, #B9257(5,5a), #508(1,2), #2229(19). Highland "tree" The trunk is split and used for sheep corral posts. It is used for fence posts. The hamlet of Naben Cauk has the responsibility of providing live oak planks for the repair of bridges in Htek-lum. The branches are used in brush fences. cikin-ibtik, nphr(n of ncpd)5. live oak or oak grove. c'ulul 7anal cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 'smooth-leaved cikin-ib', oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(1,3,4). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, boards, and firewood. The branches are used in brush fences, hayal pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 'thin-barked cikin-ib', live oak Quercus acatenangensis, #2229(1,3,4). Highland "tree" pimil pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 'thick-barked cikin-ib', live oak Quercus mexicana, #B 14275(5), #603(1,3). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus candicans, #B 14265(5). Highland "tree". Same use as above. Skin na, nphr(n of n)5. corner of house, cikin p'in, nphr(n type n)la. pot with handle, cikin tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. loudspeaker /archaic/, cikin te?, nphr(n of n)la. stake with branches /used to set or hang pots on/. cikin ton, nphr(n of n)la. 'rock ear', climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #B9498(5,5a). Highland "plant". Epiphyllum sp., #635(1,2,3). Highland "plant" The ripe fruit is peeled and eaten by some people. It is cold". i'is cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).('spiny cikin ton', climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #981(1,3). Highland plant". Children eat the fruit. Itis "cold". Epiphyllum sp., #636(1,2). Highland "plant". saki] cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #774(1,2,3,5). Temperate and highland "plant".The flowers are gathered by ladinas to put in their vases. The fruit is eaten by people and birds. #992(1,3). Highland plant". Same use as above, cikin t'ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rabbit ear grass', Cyperus spectabilis, #1433(7). Highland "plant". cikin t'ultik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk. cikinil, n3b. ear, comer /house, axe blade/, side /fiddle, guitar/, edge /cloth on loom/, rim /bell/, handle. lek e"etanbil ti cikinil iun a'te. He certainly has his ears pricked up. Ritual speech, prayer, referring to one's enemy; ha?al sni9 ha?al scikin. lit., His nose is tilted, his ears are tilted, i.e., He is haughty or rebellious. cikinin, tv. listen to carefully, cikinta, tv. listen to carefully. eahal cikin, cf. eoh. cikiti E. cikiticikiticikitici, excl. diddle-dee, diddle-dee, diddle-dee dee /while dandling child on one's knee/. cikle N(Sp, chicle), cikle, nla. chewing gum. cikoria cikoria, cf. cikario. cikorio cikorio, cf. cikario. cikote N(Sp, chikote). cikote, nla. whip. cik'(l) T. cik', tv. burn, set on fire, cik', iv. be burned or set on fire, cik' -Jak'al, vphr(tv & n5). make charcoal. cik' ba, rv. burn self, cik'an, tv. burn /plu/. cik'ancik'an, tv. burn up one thing after another (drunk who tosses his belongings in the fire), burn /corn stubble/, cik'ancik'anan, tv. cf. cik'ancik'an. cik'balal "Josil, nphr(aj & n)5. burned land, cik'ebal, n5. moment before burning /forest/. cik'el, nc. lighting /fire/. cik'et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming, cik'etik balamil, vphr(av & n5). cf. cik'et balamil. cik'ik'et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming (room), cik'il, n3d. sweat Anfr/, bubbles on side of boiling pot. cik'iltas, tv. cause to sweat /patient/ (shaman), cik'iltas ba, rv. cause self to sweat /when sick, by covering self with blanket/. cik'iltasvan, iv. cause person to sweat (shaman), cik'inah, iv. sweat. cik'ob ?ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). place or wood for making charcoal, cik'ob met, nphr(nlf of nld). place or wood for roasting maguey, cik'ob tan, nphr(nlf of nld). oven or wood for burning lime, cik'ob vilol, nphr(nlf of n5). pine bark for firing clay whistles, cik'obil ^ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob lak'al. cik'obil met, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob met. cik'obil tan, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob tan. cik'obil vilol, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. cik'ob vilol. hcik'-iak'al, agn(tv & nepd). charcoal maker /Chamula, Pastei,iElan Voi/. hcik'-met, agn(tv & nepd). maguey roaster /Chamula/. hcik'-pom, agn(tv & nepd). incense tender /woman in charge of incense, one for each of the elders and stewards/. hcik'-tan, agn(tv & nepd). lime burner /Chamula, Pastel, lElan Voi/. hcik'inahel, agn. sick person who is sweating. cik'(2) T. cik', tv. soft-boil /egg/. cik' ve^el, vphr(tv & n4d). dunk /tortilla in broth/, cik'an, tv. dunk /tortillas/ (careless woman who eats and doesn't watch food cooking). cik'ancik'an, tv. dunk in one bowl after another /tortilla/ (child), cik'ancik'anan, tv. cf. cik'ancik'an. cik'bil, aj. soft-boiled (egg), cik'el, nc. dunking, cik'lahet, av. cf. cik'con (plu). 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 cik'lahetik, av. cf. cik'con (plu). cil(l) N. cil, n5. cricket. 9ik'al cil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland black cricket. It is believed that a person who catches a cricket and lets it bite the tip of his tongue will learn the catechism and will learn to speak Spanish, yasal cil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland green cricket. It is an evil omen if a cricket sings under the eaves. cil(2) N. cilil, n3a. black woolen huipil /worn by woman at weddings or in any ceremonial capacity/. cil(3) N. cil, n4d. armadillo shell /archaic/. cil(4) prob O. cilcil, aj. rattling (seeds). cilcil e"i?lel, nphr(aj & n). 'rattling plant', pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedea-na, #2225(1,3,4). Highland plant". cilcil e"i9leltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of pitcher sages. muk'ta cilcil e'irtel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #2236(1,3,4). Highland "plant" cilcon, av. rattling (seeds), chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1-5). cililet, av. rattling (seeds). cillahet, av. rattling (seeds). cilon 9ok, nphr(n4e of n4d). spur, metal rattles /worn by the grand and pretty Spanish lords and ladies of the fiesta of St. Sebastian/. cilulan, tv. keep rattling /seeds/. cil(5) A or N. cil habnal, cf. habnal. cilianco N(Sp, chile ancho). cilianco, nla. sweet pepper. cilkat N. cilkat, n5. willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #B9278(5,5a). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cilkat. Baccharis glutinosa, #1514(11,12). Highland "tree". #2173(11). Temperate "tree". Astianthus viminalis, #853(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". cilkattik, n5. expanse of cilkat. bae'i cilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #344(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. One basket of willow groundsel flowers and one basket of white roses are provided by each pair of stewards on the fourth Friday of Lent, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, and Good Friday. The flowers are strewn on the processional path. (23)-Two baskets are provided by each steward for Maundy Thursday, k'os cilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #611(1,2,3). Highland "tree". sakil cilkat, nphr(aj & n). Baccharis glutinosa, #2173(14). Temperate "tree" cilkat te% nphr(n type n). Baccharis glutinosa, #1893(1,3,4). Temperate "tree". cilop N. cilopal, nlf. hollowness /wormeaten corn or beans/. ciJopal te?, nphr(n of n)5. splinter. ciloptik, aj. splintered. cim P. ciman, tv. bow one's head. Ritual speech, patient's assistants on return from shrines; 9a snihan ?o, ?a sciman w, ta canib syalemal yok ta canib syalemal sk'ob. He /shaman/ went to bow, he went to bow his head at Their /tutelary god's/ four thresholds, Their four altars. ciman ba, rv. bow head in hands (drunk). ciraaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bowing. Ritual speech; wedding godfather when seating bride in groom's house; 90 me nihaneh-bail 90 me cimaneh-bail. There should be bending, there should be bowing, i.e., You should show respect. cimanobil, n4f. Ritual speech, song; bowing place. 9o scimanobil 90 snihanobil. lit., There is a bowing place, there is a bending place, i.e., Everything is being done properly, cimanvan, iv. make person bow /in contrition/, cimciman tal, vphr(tv/impv/ & dr). Lower your head! /mother to child on her back, so that she can place scarf over its head/. cimcon, av. bowing head repeatedly /in greeting or prayer/, walking with bowed head. cimet, av. bowing head /in greeting/, respectful, obedient. arm, iv. bow head, cimil, aj. with bowed head. cimilul, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/, cimlah, av. walking with heads bowed, cimlahet, av. cf. cimcon (plu). cimlahetik, av. cf. cimcon (plu). cimleh, nlf. with head bowed /asleep, drunk/, cimomal, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/, ciintecimte, av. bowing successively /person bowing to one saint after another/. hcimanvaneh, agn. person who makes another bow /in contrition/, ciciman, tv(impv), Baby talk, mother to child carried on back; Lower your head! cimpo A or N(Sp,?). cimpo, nla. lowland black slumil bean, lowland corn /produces ears in forty days/, var., cimpu., cf. tisim, cenek'. cimpo "Jisim, cf. 9isim. cimpo cenek', cf. cenek'. cimpo kinya, cf. kinya. (Simpo Io9bol, cf. Io9bol. cimpo pasak', cf. pasak'. cimpu cimpu, cf. cimpo. cin(l) P. cin, nle. skin disease /grano/. scinal hoi citom. trichinosis pustule, cin-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lowered head (cow, sheep), cin-hol k'eves, cf. k'eves. (Sinahtik, aj. sitting (boulders), standing with lowered heads (cows, horses, sheep), with small knobs (log with branches lopped off). cinan ba, rv. sit /in sun/, cinanvan, iv. make person sit /in sun/ (person). cincm, aj. denuded. cincSon, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse). cinel, aj. sitting /in sun/. £inet pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with head lowered (horse, cow). £ini, iv. sit /in sun/, cinil, aj. sitting /in sun/, standing with lowered head (cow, horse, sheep), sitting (boulder). dinil vatal, ajphr(aj & aj). rocky (field), cinilik, aj. cf cinahtik. cinin, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse), cinin, nla. avocado. Lowland "tree". It grows in San Lucas. It fruits in June. It is cold". It causes burps. This is a fibrous variety, especially prized in San Cristobal, cf. koyoy. cinkan tontik, nphr(x type n)5. field littered with boulders. cinkul, aj. spiked (negrohead soncoya), bumpy (face of person suffering acne), scaly. cinkultik, aj. cf. cinkul. Sinlah, av. cf. cinin (plu). cinlahet pat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cinet pat (plu). cinlahetik, av. walking with lowered head (plu). cinleh, nlf sitting /in sun/. iihtec'inte, av. walking about with lowered head (cow, horse). «in(2) N. din, n5. affectionate term of address for young girl, ciiiam N. cinamil, n3d. brains. £inamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d). marrow /cow vertebrae/, semen. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 121 cincon N. cincon, n5. rufous-ciested sparrow Zonotrichia capensis. This sparrow is believed to have aided Christ when he descended from the cross to make the heavens, by warning him of the return of the Jews so that he could quickly resume his position on the cross. For this reason it is considered a sin to kill a rufous-crested sparrow. If one is killed it must be eaten, lest, remembering its killer, it will call frequently at dusk. cincon rios, nphr(n of n)5. cf. cincon. cinga E(Sp. chingar). cmga, excl. fuck! /exclamation of surprise/, var., cingada, cingara. cingada cingada, cf. cinga.! cingara cingara, fuck! cinkataraka cinkataraka, band-backed wren. cf. cinkataranka. einkataranka N. cinkataranka, n5. band-backed wren Campylorhynchus zonatus. It is not considered edible. It is believed that the person who imitates the call of the band-backed wren will be afflicted by skin disease/cm/, which can be cured only by seeking out the bird, imitating its call and jumping about in wren-like fashion, var., cankataranka ZiApas/, cinkataraka /Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. cintuli? N. cintuli?, nle. common bobwhite Colinus virginianus, singing quail Dactyl-ortyx thoracicus. cf. Tub, vaskis mat. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are "medium". Their song is believed to signal a change of season or the approach of rain cip prob O. cipcon, av. dripping, spurting irregularly (child's urine). cipet, av. dripping, streaming (water), cipipet, av. streaming (man's urine), gushing (water). ciplahet, av. cf. cipipet (plu). cipluh, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood). cir O. cir, onom. hiss /urine/, whistle /singing quail/, ciret, av. singing (cricket). ciriret, av. sizzling, hissing (virgin's urine), singing (cricket), cirlahet, av. chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1-5). as prob A or N. cis-tert, n(x&ncpd)la. black cherry Prunusserotina, #B9541(5,5a). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cis-tev. as-len, n(x & ncpd)5. hamlet of Chamula. cis'-totik, n(x & ncpd)5. grove of black cherry trees. bae'i cis-to, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus capuli, #67(2,4,5). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. The heartwood is used for house posts /8-16/, axe handles, the sides of guitars and fiddles, fiddle scrolls, and fiddle bows. The fruit is eaten by people and birds. It is sold at market in San Cristobal. As a remedy for bloody dysentery three chips of the inner bark of a cherry tree and three chips of the inner bark of a peach tree are brewed. The tea is set to cool and a shot glassful is drunk before breakfast and at bedtime. It is 'cold". eahal cis-te1?, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus serotina, #606(1,4). Highland "tree". It grows in yards, and in fencerows. It is 'cold". (3>It is "hot". lovbalal cis-te?, nphrfaj & n/x & ncpd/). 'edible cherry", black cherry Prunus capuli, #67(2,4,5). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cis-tei. sakil Io9balal cis-te1?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus serotina, #605(1,3). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for rifle butts and fence posts. The fruit is sold at market. It is "cold". cii-te? "?ak', nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. Jamaica cherry Muntingia cala-brura, #327(1,2,3,5), #835(1,2,3,5), #1697(1,4), #2630(1,3,15,21,22). Lowland "tree". (l>The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used to lash rafters, wattle, and roof poles. The fruit is eaten by people and iguanas. It is "cold". (15>The bark is used for lashing of field houses and houses with wooden walls. •Mt'is cis-te9 9ak', nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #712(1,2). Temperate "tree". The bark is used to lash thatch, roof rods and roof purlins of fieldhous-es. #2624(1,3). Lowland "tree" Same use as above, muk'ta cis-te9 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, #2630(20). Lowland "tree". The bark is used to lash house walls and rafters. sakil dis-te1) 9ak\ nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #1565(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used to lash field houses and houses with wooden walls. #2290(3,4). Temperate "tree", cis-te? 9isim, cf. 9isim. (Sis-te1) mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). 'bird cherry', Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, #1697(11,12,14). Lowland "tree". hcis-te9, agn(x & ncpd). inhabitant of Cis-tef>. hcis-te9ahel, agn(x & ncpd). person going to, at, or coming from Cis-tei. citom N. citom, nla. pig, pork, fruit of Cyclanthera langaei. Pork is eaten. It is "cold". Ritual speech, prayer; yo he'iial yo hcitomal. my lowly doggishncss, my lowly piggishness. tardiero citom, nphr(aj & n)la. imported pig. teitikal citom, nphr(natt & n)la. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari. Peccaries are eaten, seasoned with coriander or mint. Their flesh is "cold". Their hides are used for drums. Peccaries ravage corn fields planted near heavy forest, tctikil citom, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. te^tikai citom. tranhero citom, cf. tanhero citom. citom con, nphr(n type n)le. 'pig bug', highland sowbug. A person may stick a sowbug in a wad of cotton and put it in his ear for four or five days to cure temporary deafness, citom £'o, cf. c"o. citom k'ok', cf. k'ak'. citomin, tv. have pig live on one's land /neighbor's pig that wanders and stays at another's house/. ar x. cit'u, tv. splash by stamping /water, mud/. cit'u ba, rv. break one's bonds /prisoner/. cit'ulan 90k, vphr(tv & n4d). keep kicking leg backwards (dog after defecating). cit'ulan ba, rv. thrash or kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic). cit'uvan, iv. cause /water, mud/ to splash on person. hcit'ueh-vo9, agn(vn & ncpd). person or car that splashes water. civ P. civ-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nose wrinkled up. Sivahtik, aj. bare (trees, feet), toothed (rake). civan, tv. bare /teeth/, wrinkle /nose in disgust/, put /leafless branches /on fire/. ci'vancivan, tv. bare teeth one time after another (dog), set down one after another /bare branches/, place one after another /bare branches in fence/. civciv, aj. bare (tree top), with bared teeth (mask of dude), barefoot. civcon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). fig. baring teeth, i.e., scolding. civcon 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. fivcon nil, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose /laughing/. 6ivel, aj. wrinkled up (nose), barefoot. fiivet, av. with wrinkled up (nose) /child who does not like his food, laughing person/, with bared (teeth), with ribs sticking out (dead horse), walking barefoot. civi, iv. sitting (leafless branches) /on fire/. Civil, aj. bared. Civil sni1?. with its fangs bared (dog). 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 civil ye. with its fangs bared (dead dog), civil yok. barefoot. civilik 9e, nphr(aj & n4d). with fangs bared (dead dogs). civiv, av. groping along. civivet, av. dragging /bare branches/, baring (teeth) /dog/. civlah, av. thrashing (sing or phi). civlahet, av. groping (blindman, sleepwalker, lover), waving (legs of turtle or insect that is lying on its back). civlahet 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. civcon ">ok (plu). civlahetik, av. thrashing (feverish children). civlahetik ni9, vphr(av & n4d). cf. civcon nil (plu). civleh, nlf. bared /teeth, feet/, wrinkled /nose/. ci'vtecivte, av. walking about wrinkling (nose in laughter or disgust), dragging branches about. cMeci'vte 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking along barefoot. civu holob, vphr(tv & n4d). separate /threads after being starched/. ciTo N(Sp, chivo). civo, nla. goat, animal transformation of witch. civo lima, cf. lima. civo pos", nphr(n type n). 'goat medicine', Ageratum echioides, #1922(16,17). Temperate "plant" ckckckckckci ckckckckckci, sheep call. cf. cik. co9(l) T. &)?, tv. peel, husk, skin, trick, deceive, peel off /clothes/. co9, iv. be peeled off, skinned or husked. co9 ba, rv. deceive or fool self, rush. isco9 sba ta ^abtel. He rushed through the work. yec ta sco9 sba mu sk'ot yu?un skotol li yikaee. He is just fooling himself; he won't make it with the whole load. co9-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. rushing /working/. coi-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bareheaded (turkey). co9an, tv. peel, husk, skin or trick many. c6?anco9an, tv. peel, husk or skin one after another. co9benal, n4f. peeled section /sugar cane/. co9con, av. walking bare /headed/ (turkey, person). co9el, vn5. trick, lie. C09et, av. rushing. co9ilan, tv. keep peeling, husking or skinning. co9ilan ba, rv. keep fooling oneself. C09ilan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). masturbate. co?ilanan, tv. keep tricking (plu). co9ilanan baik, rv. keep tricking each other (plu). co9ilanvan, iv. keep tricking person. co9lah, av. cf. co9o9 (plu). co9lahet, av. cf. coicon (plu). co9o9, av. rushing along. co9ob, nlf. place where one skins /animal/ or peels /sugarcane/. co9obil, nlf. skinning knife, machete. co9omah, iv. skin /cow/. (k>9p'ih, iv. be chafed. co9p'in, tv. chafe. c69tec69te, av. rushing about. co9van, iv. trick or deceive person, impoverish person. tol sco9van mu slc'ot sk'opoh. He keeps tricking people; what he says will happen doesn't. tol sco9van li camele. lit., Sickness skins people, i.e., Sickness impoverishes people. hco9vaneh, agn. deceitful person. «»9(2) N. co9, nla. metate, gizzard, inan. poss.; scaial, ear of corn lacking kernels on one row. It is believed that when the kernels are removed from this type of ear the cob must be broken in two lest the remaining corn be ground up and lost. If one dreams of a broken metate, it is an omen of death /cf. Florentine Codex, Book 5, Appendix; chap. 34/. co9obil, n3d. premolar and molar /absolute form infr/. ca9 ton, n(n type n)le. basalt /used to make grinding stones and hand-stones/. Ritual speech, curing prayer for tooth if patient is suffering from mahbenal; 9unenal bak 9unenal ca9 ton. young bone, young basalt /i.e. center of tooth/. cob N. cob, nla. planted corn field, inan poss.; scabal. cob, vn5. hoeing. cob 9antivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). 'ancestor corn', gama grass Tripsacum laxum, #2175(14). Temperate "plant'. cobcobaltik, n5. one corn field after another. cobin, tv. take possession of planted corn field. cobtik, n5. planted corn field, western section of Zinacantan /comprising the hamlets of lAh-teitik, taynatik, Cikinibal Voi, Hok' C'enom, Hoyih-el, K'ak'et Tel, Potovtik, Sek'emtik, and Yalal £"i'9/. cobtikaltik, n5. large field of planted corn. cabah, iv. work in corn field. caban, tv. work in corn field. lah scaban ta velel skotol. He finished cutting it all down. t sahcaban ta poraso. I'll give you a good bruising! hcabahel, agn. corn-worker. hcabahom, agn. corn-worker. hcabahom con, cf. con(2). coffee snake. coc N. co£, nla. yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #2667(1,3,15,21). Lowland "tree". Stemmadenia obovata, #819(1,2,3,5). Lowland and temperate "tree". The trunk is gathered by boys or by their fathers for slingshots. The bark is removed by fire and the wood is perforated with a red hot wire. As a preventative or remedy for whooping cough, eight to ten nuts are strung on a necklace and worn by children. They are "medium". To cure a toothache, the nutmeat is crushed and a very small amount is held against the tooth. The pain is eased immediately, but if much is put in the mouth all one's teeth reputedly will fall out. Stemmadenia sp., #1973(1,3,4,16,17)). Lowland "tree", (l)-same use as above. (16)-The trunk is used for firewood. muk'ta 6oc, nphr(aj & n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata #1681(1,4,) #2667(20). Lowland " tree". (1 )-The nut is used as above for whooping cough. (20)-The trunk is used for firewood. doctik, n5. grove of coc trees. coc te9, nphr(n type n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(11,12), #2667(22). Lowland "tree". muk'ta coc te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(7). Lowland "tree". cocob N. cocob, nld. acorn. cofer N(Sp, chofer). cofer, n5. driver, var., cohver. coh(l) P, P(2). coh, tv. make into hanks. coh, nld. yoke /oxen/. coh, nc. hank /thread/, string /beads/, necklace, chaplet, yoke /oxen/, raceme /bananas/. cohahtik, aj. cf. cohol /plu/. cohan, tv. yoke, become laden with fruit (branch). cohan£6han, tv. put in one hank after another. cohancohanan, tv. cf. cohancohan. cohcoh, nc. single hank, string /beads/ /I only/. cohcoh, aj. bouncing /net with too long a tumpline/. concern, av. dripping (water or urine of baby on mother's back, water through roof), bouncing (nearly empty net). cohet, av. hanging down /scrotum of little boy playing/. cohetik, av. walking yoked. cohi, iv. hang in strings (seed corn from rafters). cohlah, av. hurrying with bouncing /net/ (plu). cohlahet, av. dripping down /juice of fruit or blood of meat being car- TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 123 ried/. eohleh, n4f. whole raceme or string /necklace/. cohob, nlf. lasso, cohobil, nlf. yoke. cohoh, av. streaming suddenly (nosebleed). cohobet, av. streaming down continuously, pouring (water, rain), cohokil, n4f. in many racemes /bananas/, in many hanks, in many strings /beads/, cohol, aj. in strings /seed com hung on rafter, passion fruit, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine/, in a cluster, coholcohol, n4f. each of many hanks, strings /beads/, or clusters (grapes). coholik, aj. cf. cohol /plu/. cohtecohte, av. walking about with bouncing /nearly empty net/. coh(2) N. cohcon,nle. bull's hom acacia Acacia comigera, #188(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The branches are used for brush fences, cohcohaltik, n5. large grove of bull's horn acacias, cohcohtik, n5. grove of bull's horn acacias. cohver cohver, driver cf. cofer. cok'an N. cok'an, n5. overly loquacious or wild-talking person /archaic/. col P, P(2). col, tv. line up, set in row, make row. col, iv. be in rows. col, nc. row /people, plants, houses, com kernels on cob/. col ba, rv. form a row, line up. col-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lining up. colahtik, aj. in many rows, colan, tv. set in rows. colancolan, tv. put in one row after another, colancolanan, tv. cf. colancolan. colanvan, iv. place people in rows, colav, n4f. row. colcol, nc. single row /I only/. colcol, aj. in rows, colcol, n5. puff ball, see below. colcol be, nphr(n of n). 'path colioT, see below. bik'it colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., #48(1,3). Highland "mushroom" To stop a wound from bleeding, a dry puff ball is broken open and the powder applied to the wound. It is "hot" k'anal colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #30(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom". Same use as bik'it colcol be. muk'ta colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., #47(1,3,4,5). Highland mushroom*. Same use as bik'it colcol be. Scleroderma sp., #77(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" sakil colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, muk'ta sakil colcol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #31(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as bik'it colcol be. It is said that a person who puts a puff ball in his mouth will become mute. colcol ?ak'ot. round dance of ensign-bearers, colcon, av. walking in a row one after another, colconah, iv. walk while holding on to support (young child), cole t, av. walking in line (people, religious officials, male dogs, soldiers), coli, iv. line up, stand in row. colilan, tv. set in rows slowly /posts/, colilan ba, rv. keep forming rows, collahet, av. walking in line, colleh, nlf. in hue. colleh, n4f. whole row. colobil, n4f. place for lining up. colol, av. walking in a row (people). colol, aj. in row, in line (religious officials, soldiers). colol ta WJlol be ikom. lit., He was left lined up in the middle of the road, i.e., He was left an orphan, homeless and penniless. cololet, av. standing in rows of equal height (young corn), walking single file. cololik, aj. in row, in line (many people). coltecolte, av. walking along one behind another. colvan, iv. place people in rows. hcol-bail, agn(vn/tv & rpncpd/)5. person standing in line. hcolvaneh, agn. person who places others in row. colo N. £olo-nuk\ n(n & ncpd)4d. neck opening of shirt or blouse. colo-nukin, tv(n & ncpd). put down inside one's blouse /money/ (woman), crawl down inside shirt (insect). compa N(Sp, chompa). compail, n3d. blue work shirt /levi/. compain, tv. steal blue work shirt. con(l) T. con, tv. sell. mu conbah. None was for sale. con, iv. be sold. con ba, rv. become deep in debt, hire self out as a servant (maid). con-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. deep indebtedness. con ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell to the earth lord. conan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord. conanan, tv. sell /plu/. conanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord. conanconan, tv. sell one after another. conbalal 7osil, nphr(aj & n)5. land for sale. concon, av. selling in secret /corn/ (wife). conilan, tv. keep selling. conilan ba, rv. keep hiring out as servant, keep falling in debt. conilan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling to the earth lord. conilanan, tv. keep selling /plu/. conilanan baik, rv. keep becoming maids (girls). conilanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling /people/ to the earth lord. conilanvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep selling person to the earth lord. ionlahet, av. cf. concon (plu). conlahetik, av. cf. concon (plu). conob, nlf. measure /corn/, selling place, booth. conobil, nlf. selling place, booth /for specific item/. conolah, iv. sell customarily (merchant). conolahebal, n3d. selling place, booth. convan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). sell person to the earth lord. hdon , agn(tv & ncpd). vendor /salt, peanut, liquor, pot tery, sandal, food/. hconilanvaneh, agn. witch. hconolahel, agn. merchant. hconvaneh, agn. witch /seller of souls/. mukul-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell in secret. con(2) N. con, nle. animal /general term/, snake, cat, insect, bug. inan. poss.; scanul. scanul ke. my cavity. Ritual speech, referring to earth lord; (S'ul-con. holy serpent Ritual speech, shaman referring to companion animal spirit during curing ceremony when companion animal /jaguarundi, jaguar, mountain lion, raccoon, coyote, skunk, gray fox, yasal saben/ has been wounded; 6'ul-con £'ul-bolom. holy animal, holy jaguar. •?aha-cbn, n(n type ncpd)5. 'lordly snake', tropical rattlesnake Crota-lus durissus. To cure the bite of this lowland snake the victim may drink a tea of Cissampelos pariera. If the victim is brave he will grab the rattlesnake by its tail and bite it until the snake's blood flows in his mouth, so acquiring the snake's strength. At the same 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 time, contact with his saliva, heated from years of eating chili, reputedly will cause the rattlesnake to swell and die. Alternately, he or a friend may seize the snake and wrap it around the victim's waist to transfer the "cold winds" to the snake and so render it immobile. The snake's skin may be sold for belts. Rattlesnake skin, being very "hot", may be kept for binding a broken bone or a severe muscular ache. To speed a long and arduous delivery, rattlesnake grease may be rubbed on the mother's belly or she may drink a cup of water in which a rattlesnake's rattle has been boiled. This is believed to heat the woman's body. Women grease their hair with its fat to make their hair grow, but it is said that when the women sleep, their hair rustles like a snake, perhaps because the snake's soul has arrived there. The rattle is placed inside a stringed instrument to make the music carry better. 9ik'al 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. rattlesnake Crotalus sp.. k'anal 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. tropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. The darker of the two kinds of rattlesnake is considered more dangerous. ?akusa con, nphr(n type n)5. 'needle snake', black snake Thamnophis sp.. A highland snake whose bite is believed to 'cut" the joints of one's legs. 9ak' con, nphr(n type n)5. 'vine snake', lyre snake Trimorphodon bis- cutatus, cf. larsial con. larsial con, nphr(n type n)5. whip snake', cf. "yak' con. A lowland snake that is believed to bite only when stepped on, and is easily frightened. 9ik'-nab con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'black river snake', lowland black water snake. It is thought to strike and to wrap itself around a person until he is dead. ?itah con, nphr(n type n)5. 'greens snake', vine snake Oxybelis ae-neus. A lowland snake that is thought to jump, bite, and wrap itself around a person until he is dead. cih-con, n(aj & n)5. 'striped snake', gopher snake Pituophis lineaticol-lis. A highland snake that is said to bite only when stepped on. Its presence at the foot of a chicken roost is considered good luck, causing the chickens to increase. Reputedly it may enter the house and lie under the metate platform like a hen or even lay its eggs in a hen's nest, setting on both clutches of eggs, but this is a sign that the house site is dangerous. Because of its habits it is also called "hen". hcabahom con, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. 'guardian snake', banded coffee snake Ninia sebae, ring-necked coffee snake Ninia diadenata. Both these highland snakes are believed to care for the corn field. To kill a coffee snake is to risk having one's corn field destroyed by wind. ?ik'al hcabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. ring-necked coffee snake Ninia diadenata. It is believed to care for fields of black com. k'anal hcabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. banded coffee snake Ninia sebae. It is believed to care for fields of yellow com. hkiletel con, agn(nphr/agn type n/). snake /general term/, kantela con, nphr(n type n)5. 'candle snake', tropical king snake Tro-pidodipsis sp., coral snake Micrurus browni. To cure a bite of the highland king snake a "hot" brew of Cissampelos pareira is drunk. The lowland coral snake will bite if angered, but it is rarely seen, k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). each of two lesser players of the fiesta St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year, k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). cf. k'uk'ul. meie\ con, nphr(n type n) le. 'old woman snake', indigo snake Drymar-chon corais. It is thought to be an inoffensive lowland snake which bites only when grabbed, but is notorious for its display of wheezing and hissing, con la, cf. la. con rios, nphr(n4f of n5). domestic animal. canul 9akov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp Vespula sp. /general term/. All of these wasp grubs are edible. They are "cold". The poison of their stings is "cold" and causes swelling. To prevent swelling two small twigs may be broken and stuck into each ear. canul 9anal cenek', nphr(n of nphr/n4f of n5/). 'bean leaf bug', bean beetle Epilachna sp.. canul 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 'corn bug', corn weevil Sitophilus ordinarius, Sitophilus zeamais. canul ?itah, nphr(n of n)5. 'cabbage bug', cabbage worm, canul bakal, nphr(n of n)5. 'corncob bug', corncob borer, cf. tusino. canul cenek', nphr(n of n)5. 'bean bug', bean weevil Acanthoscelides sp.. canul cohcoh, nphr(n of n)5. obligate acacia ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea F. Smith. This is a fiercely stinging ant that lives in the bull horn acacia, canul k'a9-te">, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5. 'rotten wood insect', betsy beetle Popilius sp.. Its grub is eaten during the dry season. It is "cold", canul k'aiil, nphr(n of n)5. edible grub. It occurs in Vof-bie in the dry season. It is medium". canul mum, nphr(n of n)5. wasp /lakov or yellow jacket adult/, canul pom, nphr(n of n)5. 'honey bug', honey bee Apis melliflora. canul te9tik, nphr(n of n)5. wild animal, mushroom or fungus /general term/. canul vale1), nphr(n of n)5. 'sugarcane bug', sugarcane borer, canul yasal te9, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. 'live tree bug', long-horn beetle Acrocinus sp.. Its grub is eaten. It is cold", canulil, n3d. companion animal spirit, animal /general term/. ti k'usi mas muk' canule. the larger animals. Companion animal spirits are distinguished by having five toes. con(3) con, four days from today, four days ago. cf. can(2). con(4) prob P or P(2). con-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. lacking many teeth (child), conahtik, aj. cf. conol /plu/. conet, av. lacking many teeth (child), conol, aj. filled with cavities, lacking many teeth, conolik, aj. cf. conol. conteconte, av. walking about lacking /teeth/ (child). cop(l) P, P(2). cop, nc. family, pair /sandals/, suit /clothes/, cycle /songs/, trio or group of people accompanied by trio, cop 9o, nphr(nc & pt). different. copantik, aj. families or groups at long intervals or widely spaced, copcop, nc. single pair, single suit /I only/, copleh, n4f. whole /suit, pair, family, group/. copokil, n4f. many pairs or suits, copolcopol, n4f. each one different. cop(2) P, P(2). copahtik, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), copcon, av. dripping. copcop, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants). (Sopel, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), copet, av. walking with baggy (seat of pants) and with top gathered, coplahet, av. dripping in many places, baggy and with top gathered (seats of pants). copleh, n5. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), coplih, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood), copopet, av. streaming down. coptecopte, av. walking about with baggy (seat of pants). cop(3) prob O. (Sopcon, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals), crunching (ceremonial sandals EKL 255: 2-23). coplah, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals) (plu). coplahet, av. thudding (ceremonial sandals). cop(4) T. cop, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain). mu s£op yulo9 li preserentee. /The stream of/ magistrate's visitors doesn't taper off. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 125 mu scop vo?. The rain doesn't let up. mu scop camel. The sickness doesn't abate, cop ba, rv. give up, slack off (visitors). copah, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain).. copbe, tv. cut down /drinking of cane liquor/, copcop, iv. slack off slightly (rain, crowd), copvan, iv. debilitate or weaken person (witch, sickness). t scopvan ta hc'uleltik li hiak'-camele. Witches weaken our souU (or) witches weaken us in our dreams. cop(5) O. copcopcop, oDom. turkey call, copcopta, tv. call turkeys. copilan, tv. call turkeys, coplahet, av. yelping (hen turkeys V2: 22). copal A. copoL aj. bad, ugly, useless, impossible. copol wi, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, resent, be hurt by, be offended by, dislike, be horrified, feel tipsy. copol t sa">i ?abtel ti mi smal ta skoltaate mi t stak'e ■Jabtehuk ta rominkoe. He dislikes work if he is let off late or if he has to work on Sundays. copol t sa9i ti mu hcabitik li hcamele. He resents it that we aren't looking after the patient. copol sa?i ti mi 7u k'u yatinoh sk'u9e. He is horrified when something has stained his clothes. copol won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). anxious, worried, grief-stricken, ill-tempered, mean (person). copol yoion mu sak' ta c'om stak'in. He is mean and won't loan money. copol yo9on ta h-mek hai cam sc'amale. He is grief-stricken because his child died. copol yo?on ta £iwel skapet no 90s. He is mean to have around — just grumpy. copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). be crazy or irresponsible, be criminal or bad. copol shol smal t skolta yalmbtel ta sak' labtehuk ta rominko. He is no good; he lets his workers off late and makes them work on Sundays. copol shol yuTun tol s?elk'ah. He is bad because he steals a lot. copol shol yu-nin tol ssa-? k'op syakub. He is bad because he fights when he gets drunk. copol shol tol sloilovan ta fabtel. He is bad; he tricks people at work, copol hoi nii, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d // tv). be tipsy, copolal, n4b. uselessness, useless thing, copolib, iv. break down (car) /infr/. copoltik, aj. rather bad, ugly or useless, pas copolal, vphr(tv & n5). blunder, botch. cor prob O. corcon, av. streaming (water, urine), coret, av. streaming (water, urine), corlahet, av. streaming in many places (water), coror, av. pouring (large quantity of trapped water that spills), cororet, av. dribbling down, pouring, streaming (water, rain EKL 258: 1-3, rivulet EKL 255: 1-3). coris N(Sp, chorizo). coris, nla. sausage. Male joking speech; penis, var., corisyo. cor is, nla. 'sausage', edible wood grub, coriso, aj. stupid, ineffective, var., corisyo. corisyo corisyo, sausage, stupid, ineffective, cf. coris. cos P. cosahtik, aj. cf. cosol /plu/. cosan, tv. dangle /legs/. cosan ba, rv. sit with legs dangling. coscon, av. being carried with (legs) dangling. coslah, av. cf. cosos (sing). coslahet, av. cf. coscon (plu). cosleh, nlf. sitting with (legs) dangling. cosol, aj. dangling (legs). cosolik, av. cf. cosol (plu). cosos, av. being carried with /legs/ dangling (person during flood, dead dog). costecoste, av. being carried about with (legs) dangling. cot P. cotahtik, aj. cf. cotol /plu/. cotan, tv. set down /child, bag/, install, mount /cannon/. Ritual speech, parents of bride when entering groom's house on wedding day; t sba hcotan t sba hvue'an ti kalabe ti hnic'nabe. I am going to set down my children, I am going to establish my children. cotan ba, rv. be confined /at home, unable to leave/. cotanan, tv. set down /bags, boundary markers/. cotanbiL aj. settled, forced to sit (prisoner). cotancotan, tv. set down one after another /bottles, boundary markers/. cotancotanan, tv. cf. cotancotan. cotanob, nlf. liquor served when bride is seated in groom's house, rockets fired when Christ Child is laid in manger. cotanobil, nlf. cf. cotanob. cotcon. av. sitting unable to stand. cotet, av. sitting. cotetik, av. cf. cotet (plu). doti, iv. sit down, be settled. Ritual speech; cf. vue'i. mu sicoti lek. lit., I am not well settled, i.e., I am not at home very often. cotilan, tv. keep setting down. cotilan ba, rv. keep lifting self off seat /with rage/. cotilanan, tv. keep setting down /plu/. cotilanan baik, rv. keep lifting selves off seats (drunken women). dotk'ih, iv. sit down unexpectedly. cotk'in, tv. push into sitting position. cotk'invan, iv. push person on his rear. cotlahet, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk). cotlahetik, av. cf. cotlahet (plu). cotlebal, n3d. seat. Ritual speech, person taking dispute before the magistrate; •Jay htabe ti sdotlebe ti svue"lebe. I went to his seat, to his chair. cotlebal con, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; lit., seat animal, i.e., vagina. cotleh, nld. seated. nal ti hcotlehtik. We have been sitting for a long time. cotleta, tv. sit and wait for. cotletavan, iv. sit and wait for person. cotlih, av. falling suddenly on one's butt. cotol, aj. seated, sitting. Ritual speech; cf. vue'ul. cotolik, aj. cf. cotol /plu/. cotot, av. falling on one's butt. cotp'ih, iv. cf. cotk'ih. cotp'in, tv. cf. cotk'in. cotp'invan, iv. cf. cotk'invan. 66tte£6tte, av. sitting down every few minutes /on path/. hcotaneh-eeb, agn(vn & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who is chosen by bride's parents to seat her in groom's house/. hdotanvaneh, agn. cf. hcotaneh-eeb. hcotk'invaneh, agn. person who pushes another on his butt. hcotleh, agn. stay-at-home. hcotp'invaneh, agn. cf. hcotk'invaneh. coy N. coy, nla. fish /general term, including shrimp/. Dried fish is eaten, especially during Lent. It is 'hot". eahal coy, nphr(aj & n)la. shrimp /unidentified/. eal, nphr(nle of n3d). fever sore /in mouth/, cupahtik, aj. blistered (person, diseased cow bladder), held in apron, cupan, tv. carry things in apron, etc. cupancupan, tv. carry one thing after another in apron, etc. £upan£upanan, tv. cf. cupancupan. cupcon, av. walking and concealing object in clothes (robber). cupcup, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), cupet w?un, vphr(av & n4d). walking and holding in clothes, cupilan, tv. carry slowly in apron, etc. £uplahetik, av. cf. cupcon (plu). £upte£upte Wun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in clothes against body. cupul, aj. held in clothes against body, baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants). te £upul ta cak vesal le1) a?a. lit., It is hidden in the seat of his pants, i.e., He is hiding a crime. cupulik, aj. baggy with top gathered (seat of pants) /plu/. cus N(Sp, Jesus). cus, nld. Jesus /infr, recently adopted/. cus O. (his1, onom. hiss /woman's urine/, fiususet, av. hissing (woman's urine). cut Cut, stomach, cf. c'ut. cuvah A. cuvah, nle. madness. io sduvahil shol. He is mad. sCuvahil trago. hangover, cuvah, agn. madman. Cuvah, aj. silly, cuvahib, iv. go mad. cuvahtik, aj. rather silly. cuy P(2). fiuy ba, rv. blister. Cuyahtik wlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). very badly blistered (bum). Cuyahtik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). very badly swollen. 128 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 cuyan ba, rv. blister. cuyeah ?a?lel, vphr(iv & n4f). blister. cuycon, av. walking flabbily. cuyet, av. walking flabbily. cuyi, iv. blister. cuylahet, av. walking flabbily. cuyleh, nlf. blistered, pleasantly plump. cuylehikil, n4f. pleasantly plump (buttocks of woman). cuyteoiyte, av. walking about flabbily. cuyul ?a?lel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). blistered (burn). cuyul cak, vphr(aj & n4d). large-hipped (woman who is no longer a virgin). cuyul situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). swollen, cuyulik ?a?lel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly blistered. cuyulik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly swollen. c c'a(l) A. c'a, aj. bitter. c'a ci?, ajphr(aj & aj). oversalty. c'ac'atik, aj. rather bitter. c'ail, n la. smoke, inan. poss.; sc'ailal, gas of dead animal, /reputedly seen by buzzards/. Ritual speech; shaman referring to patient's incense; incense. h-p'eh me yo spom h-p'eh me yo sc'ail. A chunk of his incense, a cloud of his smoke. c'ail, aj. bitter. c'ail 9uncn mu, cf. Tunen mu. c'ail e'rtlel, nphr(aj & n). 'bitter plant', brush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, #1443(10). Highland "plant". Stevia rhombifolia, #2485(21,22). Highland "plant*. c'ail kahve, nphr(aj & n)5. unsweetened coffee. c'ail makom, cf. makoui. c'ail pos, nphr(aj & n)5. 'bitter medicine', nettle-leaved calea Calea urtici-fotia, #720(1,2). Temperate "plant". (l)-As a remedy for malaria or stomachacheA/A:// likV, the tender shoots are crushed in cold water. One cup is drunk. Alternatively, the shoots may be boiled. But after the tea is drunk, the patient must not drink cold water for as many days as the shaman prescribes. It is "hot" A handful of shoots is gathered by the parents of an unruly child. The shoots are crushed in cold water. The child is forced to drink a cup so that he will vomit his anger. An unattested variety is used as a medicine for swelling. A small bunch is brewed together with a similar amount of american basil and wild basil. One cup is drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary. It warms the body, cutleaf broom baccharis Bac-charts serraefolia, #1369(7). Temperate "plant". Stevia pofycephala, #B9504(5,5a). c'ail postik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of c'ail pos. c'ailtas, rv. smoke /unoccupied house so that it will not mildew/. c'ailtasvan, iv. cense person /woman in difficult labor/. c'ata, tv. dry /green wood set next to fire/, smoke /bees, patient, new house/. c'atah, iv. dry (green wood) /next to fire/, become sooty. c'atavan, iv. cense person (bone-setter), cause smoke to get in person's eyes (green wood, person carrying torch). c'aub, iv. become bitter or sour (food). c'aubtas, tv. make bitter /food/. c'aubtasvan, iv. make bitter for person. hc'ailtasvaneh, agn. person who censes another /midwife/. c'a(2) N. c'a, n4d. Polite speech; right away. batik hc'atik ?un. Let's go right away. c'»(3) X. c'ac'on, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers). c'aet, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers). c'alahet, av. cf. c'aet (plu). £'alahetik, av. swarming (people). c'a(4) O. c"au?, onom. yelp /fox/. c'aulan ta ?utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold fiercely (woman). c'a(5) A or N. dull (knife, axe, machete). £'abc"ab, iv. calm slightly (pain), slacken (customers). d'aWabtik, iv. calm slightly (pain), slacken (customers). i'abes, tv. turn off /radio, phonograph/, put an end to an argument, stop /playing fiddle, etc./, end /pain/, c'abesob, nlf. pain-killer. c"abesobil, nlf. cf. c'abesob. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 129 c'abet, av. ending (argument, court case, pain), c'abi, iv. stop making noise, calm down, c'abulan, iv. end (pain), c'ob, n5. fast. ta c'ob siabteh. He is working on an empty stomach. For three days the patient is restricted to three peso-sized tortillas a meal, when ill and repenting sin. c'aben N. c'aben, nla. rattle-box Crotalariapumila, # 1926(17). Temperate "plant" For use, see muk'ta c'aben. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(15). Lowland 'plant', c'abenaltik, n5. large field of rattle-boxes, c'abentik, n5. field of rattle-boxes. bae*i c'aben, nphr(aj & n)5. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #225(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". It is grown by the people of Chia-pa in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The stems are broken off and boiled with salt and chili. It is "hot". It is eaten by everyone. Rattle-box is bought or stolen. (5>If a lot is eaten, one's chayote flowers will drop off. bik'it c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(20). Lowland "plant" The leaves are eaten, boiled. They are "cold". e'unbalal c'aben, nphr(aj & n)5. 'cultivated rattle-box', rattle-box Crotalaria mucronata, # 1987(1,3,4). Lowland "plant", rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(1,3). Lowland "plant". (3)-It is planted in May and harvested in July or planted in November and harvested in March. (1)-It is boiled with salt and chili. It is "hot". It is sold at market. muk'ta e'unbalal c'aben, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rattle-box Crotalaria mucronata, #1987(16,17). Lowland "plant" For use, see muk'ta c'aben. k'os c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria incana, #890(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant", rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(22). Lowland "plant". muk'ta c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(20,21,22). Lowland "plant" It is boiled with salt and chili. It is "hot". It is sold at market. sikil "tosilal c'aben, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n). 'cold country rattle-box', cultivated oat Avena saliva, #1406(7). Highland "plant". tontikil c'aben, nphr(natt & n)5. 'rock rattle-box', rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, # 1926(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". It grows in the corn fields. Some Zinacantecs gather the stalks and boil them, seasoned with salt and chili. They are "hot". #2640(1,3,21). Lowland "plant". Same use as above. (1)-The root must be removed before boiling. (5)-The greens are flavored with lime juice, c'aben 9ak', nphr(n type n). primrose jasmine Jasminum mesnyi, #21(1,3,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by ladinos along fences, c'aben lantivo, nphr(n of n). Crotalaria quercetorum, #2123(7). Temperate plant'. Lupinus sp., #2103(7). Temperate "plant". c'aben e'irtel, nphr(n type n). sweet clover Melilotus alba, # 1710( 15,16), #2389(20). Highland "plant". (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Melilotus indica, # 1186(1,3,4,5). Highland plant". It grows in yards. Lupinus sp., #2103(11). Temperate "plant", k'anal c'aben e'iflel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sweet clover Melilotus alba, #1777(15). Highland plant". 6"aben cih, nphr(n of n). 'sheep c'aben' or 'deer c'aben', Lupinus sp., #2103(14). Temperate "plant". muk'ta c'aben cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). rattle-box Crotalaria may-pwensis, #2648(21). Lowland "plant'. Lupinus sp., #2582(21,22). Temperate "plant". c'aben c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse c'aben', rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #1926(16). Temperate "plant". Same use as tontikil c'aben. #2640(15). Lowland "plant". Same use as above. Crotalaria quercetorum, #2123(14). Temperate "plant". S'aben ka?, nphr(n of n). "horse c'aben', rattle-box Crotalaria maypurensis, #2648(22). Lowland "plant", coffee senna Cassia occidentalism #2646(22). Lowland "plant". (S'aben te?, nphr(n type n). Indigofera densiflora, #2338(19). Highland "tree". i'aben vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox c'aben', hop clover Trifolium rhomboideum, #1170(1,3,4,5). c'acak N. c'acak, nie. band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata. Although it is bitter-tasting it is hunted for food. It is "hot". Band-tailed pigeons are known to feast on acorns and on the fruits of shrub nightshade and spiny nightshade, var., c'ac'ak. c'ac'ak c'ac'ak, band-tailed pigeon, cf. c'acak. c'ah(l) A. c'ah, aj. lazy, unproductive (person, land). c'ahc'ahtik, aj. rather lazy. c'ahet, av. lazing about. c'ahil, n4a. laziness, unproductiveness. sc'ahilal balamil. the unproductiveness of the land. Denunciatory speech, referring to lazy or unproductive person; sc'ahilal TOSII scahilal balamil. unproductiveness of the earth, unproductiveness of the land. c*ahil-9at, n(aj & n)5. lazy, disobedient (child). c'ahil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. useless land. c'ahlahetik, av. cf. c'ahet (plu). c'ahub, iv. become lazy or unproductive. c'ahtec'ahte, av. walking about lazily. c'ahubel, vn5. laziness. c'ahubel t scak'. He does nothing. c'ahubtas, tv. make lazy. c'ahubtas ba, rv. become lazy. c'ahubtasvan, iv. make person unproductive (sickness). Wahubtasvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person unproductive. c>ah(2) c'ah, rope. cf. c'ohon. c'ak(l) N. c'ak, n2b. flea. wcem £'ak, nphr(aj & n)5. 'entered flea', lowland chigger flea. ?ocem sc'akil kok. I have a chigger flea in my foot. After a chigger is removed from one's foot with a needle salt may be placed in the wound to calm the itchiness. p'ilom c'ak, nphr(n type n)le. 'bow and arrow flea', flea. This flea lives in houses and in lowland forests that are considered dangerous /kusul/. cf. p'itom c'ak. p'itom c'ak, nphr(n type n)5. 'jumping flea', flea. cf. p'ilom c'ak. sak-c'akil, nfaj & ncpd)la. louse. c'ak(2) T(2). d'ak, tv. divide up, separate. isc'ak komel sk'ak'alil. He set aside (or) reserved the days for it d'ak, iv. separate, divorce, be divided up. c'ak, nc. lot /land/, division /corn, etc./, group /people/. i'ak ba, rv. separate /from wife or parental family/, fork (road). ci'ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. separation, divorce. £'akakil, n4f. many divisions. ci'akal, aj. living apart, divided up. £'akan, tv. divide things up. £'akan£'akan, tv. divide up one after another. c'akanc'akan ba, rv. split up one after another /after meeting/. d'akanc'akanan, tv. cf. c'akanc'akan. c'akan^'akanan baik, rv. split up one after another (children moving out of parental house). c'akbe, tv. divide up, give one's share to. d'aki'ak, nc. single division /I only/. £'ak£'on, av. dividing up slowly and ineffectively, separating constantly (man and wife). C'akc'on dak, vphr(av & n4d). opening and closing seat /of torn pants/. d'akebal, n5. moment before dividing up. d'akcl, nc. dividing up, division. 130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 c'aki ba, rv. preen. c'aklahet, av. cf. c'akc'on (plu). c'aklahetik, av. cf. c'akc'on (plu). c'akob, nlf. cup measure. c'akob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. courthouse /place for effecting divorce/. c'akobil, nlf. cf. c'akob. d'akolah, iv. serve out in portions /food/. c'akovah, iv. preen. c'aktec'akte, av. divorcing one after another. c'akulan, tv. divide up. c'akulan ba, rv. keep separating. hc'akolahel, agn. person who serves out in portions /food/. e?ak(3) probO. c'akluh, av. shattering (EKL 259: 2-16). c"ako7 N. c'akoT, n 1 a. gourd Lagenaria siceraria. Lowland " plant", It grows in the corn fields. Children use the gourds as toys, rolling them down steep slopes. The gourds are also used as shot glasses for agricultural ceremonies. They are used by the ensign-bearers, c'akotik, n5. field of gourds. d'ako1? lak', nphr(n type n). west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #2627(22). Lowland "vine'. tfal(l) T. c'aL tv. bind /person/, wind /thread around shuttle/, wrap /bandage around limb, rope around top of bag, barbed wire around tree/ /figure eight pattern/, c'al ba vayuk, vphr(rv & iv). bind one's legs at bedtime /to prevent husband from having sexual relations/. c'alam buk\ nphr(n of nla). shuttle. c'alan, tv. wrap around /strands of barbed wire around tree/, c'alanan, tv. cf. c'alan. c'alanc'alan, tv. wrap one after another around /barbed wire around tree/. c'alanc'alanan, tv. cf. c'alanc'alan. c'alc'on, av. winding /thread around shuttle/, c'alel, nc. winding /thread around shuttle/, c'allahet, av. cf. c'alc'on (plu). c'alob buk', nphr(nlf of nld). shuttle, c'alobil buk', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. c'alob buk'. c'alulan, tv. keep wrapping around with rope or thread., cf. c'al. c'alulan ba, rv. keep binding one's legs (children). hc'aytik mu su1) htentik. It seems this is the customary way to talk together, we can't lose it, we can't discard it. £'ay, iv. lose out, become lost. C'ay wi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). forget. S'ay sa9i ti k'usi lalbil t smane. He forgot what he was told to buy. £'ay 9o"?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be unconscious or insensible, be distracted /by grief, drowsiness, deep thought, involvement in other activity/, be indecisive. fi'ay-Toionih, iv. forget, be befuddled. d'ay 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). make oneself scarce. £'ay ba, rv. defecate, make oneself scarce, fail /corn farming/, despair. (S'ay-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. defecation. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 131 c'ay hc'ul-me9tik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). disappear (moon), c'ay hc'ul-totik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). set (sun), c'ay hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). be forgetful, be befuddled /by drink/, c'ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd). forget, be befuddled. £'ay k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). waste one's time. £'ay k'ak'al, vphr(iv & n5). set (sun). c'ay k'ob, vphr(iv & n4d). lose one's skill (musician who is out of practice), c'ay-k'obih, iv. lose one's touch. ic'ay-k'obih li hvabahome. The musician lost his touch. ic'ay-k'obih li h?ovole 9ep ibat yu9un sat 9isim. The planter lost his touch; he let many corn kernels fall, c'ay k'op, vphr(tv & n5). avoid the subject, c'ay sat, vphi(iv/3s/ & n4d). be inattentive. c'ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd). be inattentive, fail to notice, misread, lose one's powers of discrimination. ic'ay-satih ta sk'elel vun. He lost his facility for reading. ic'ay-satih muk' stohob ta st'uhel li k'usi t smane. He lost his power of discrimination; he did not choose well what he was buying. ic'ay-satih ibat ta e'en li cohvere. The driver was inattentive and went into the ravine. c'ay ta 9o9on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget about, dismiss from one's thoughts. isc'ay ta yoon ti stak'in yak'oh ta c'om hayibe ha1) li mu sa S9ak'bate ta sa sic' ta 9ak'-camel. He dismissed from his thoughts the money he had loaned since it was not going to be returned to him now and would only invite witchcraft. isc'ay ta yo9on scob. He forgot about his corn field. isd'ay ta yoon ta h-moh ti yahnil -nine. He forgot about his wife completely. S'ay ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). kill /someone on the path/, c'ay ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash an investigation, put a premature end to a dispute (magistrate). c'ay ta e'en sat, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n4d). ignore /wife's love affairs/. c'ay ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget once and for all. c'ay ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be forgetful, c'ay ta k'ob, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). lose, drop, c'ay ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of nld/). forget completely. c"ayan, tv. lose or discard many things. 5'ayan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash investigations, put premature end to disputes. c'ayanan, tv. lose or discard many things. c'ayanan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). cf. c'ayan ta be k'op. i'ayanc'ayan, tv. lose or discard one thing after another, c'ayanc'ayanan, tv. cf. c'ayanc'ayan. i'ayay won, vphr(av & n4d). losing consciousness, c'ayayet, av. disappearing in distance (object or sound), d'aybe labtel, vphr(tv & n4d). prevent another from taking religious office, c'aybe w?on, vphr(tv & n4d). distract, befuddle. tol sc'aybe yo?on s£i9il ta k>9il. He keeps distracting his companion with jokes. isc'aybe yo?on ta tahimol li 9unene. She distracted the baby by playing with it. f'aybe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). make person forget, c'aybe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). interrupt a person's work. ta sc'aybe sk'ob sci9il ta ?abtel. He interrupts his friend at work, c'aybe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). distract /by waving one's arms/. isc'aybe ssat ta tahimol. He distracted him in the game. c'ayeah, iv. disappear in the distance. c'ayeaih, iv. be distracted, befuddled, confounded, confused, unnerved or astonished. te c'ayeaih ta labal k'opetik ha9 toh 9ep bud'u t slc'opoh tale. He was befuddled then by the constant arguments because too many (people) came up to talk. yec te le'ayeaih mu Sa sna9 k'u t sal. He was just confused; he no longer knew what to say. t sd'ayeaih ta 4amel mu sa sna9 k'usi t spas. He is unnerved by the sickness and no longer knows what to do. ic'ayeaih ta snel. He was dazed with fear. c'ay£'ay mul, vphr(iv & n4d). ease one's guilt partially, c'ayi'aytik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). not remember well, c'ayf'on 9o"?on, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful, c'ayc'on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful. c'ayeb 9o?onil, nphr(n of n)5. gift of four bottles of cane liquor presented to a bride's family by the groom to pass their time while the groom's party is off visiting the godfather during the house-entering ceremony. 6'ayebal, n5. Ritual speech, addressing sun in afternoon; sunset, cf. malebal. C'ayel, nc. losing, c'ayel, vn. astonished. c'ayel ik'ot yo9on. He was astonished, c'ayem, aj. lost, befuddled /by drink/, c'ayes, tv. rub out /footprint/. (2) P(2). c'e9-hol, n(aj & n)5. wild-haired. c'e9ahtik, aj. cf. c'e")el /plu/. c'e?c"on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with wild hair. c"e9el, aj. wild (hair). c'e?elik, aj. wild (hair) /sing/. c'e?et hoi, vphr(av & n4d). wild-haired (woman, patient). c'e?lah, av. cf. c'eic'on hoi (plu). c'e?lahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'eiet hoi (plu). c'e?luh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). having hair become suddenly messy. c'eMec'eite hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wild hair. c"e?ulan, tv. muss /hair/ (woman). c*eb P or P(2). c'eb-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with small face, c'ebahtik, aj. cf. c'ebel /plu/. c'ebc'eb, aj. cf. c'ebel. c'ebel, aj. with head cocked (puppy, girl watching boy), small-faced, c'ebelik, aj. cf. c'ebel /plu/. c'ebet, av. with head cocked (puppy), c'eblahet, av. small-faced (plu). 6'ebtec'ebte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with small face. c>eh T. c'eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack /with stick/ /child, dog, chicken/, flail /corn/ (woman with stick). c'ehan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /children, chickens, dogs/, c'ehanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /children, chickens, dogs/. c'ehanc'ehan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack one after another with a stick /child, chicken, dog/, c'ehanc'ehanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack one after another with a stick /child, chicken, dog/. c'ehc'on, av. thwacking (machete hitting tree or wood), clanking (hoe hitting rocks), ticking (clock EKL 252: 2-5). c'ehlah, av. cf. c'ehc'on (plu). c'ehlahet, av. crackling (poles V3: 2) /dragged through forest/, clanking (hoes hitting rocks, blacksmith's hammer VI: 7, metal EKL 252:1-19), thwacking (machetes hitting trees), rasping (violin improperly played), clacking (train EKL 252: 1-1, typewriter EKL 252: 2-7). f'ehlahetik, av. thwacking or clanking (with hoes or machete) (plu). c'ehluh, av. making sudden thwack (machete), c'ehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep whacking /tree/. c'ehulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep whacking /trees/. c'ek A. c'ek, aj. broody. a'ekc'ektik, aj. rather broody. It is thought that a person who eats a broody hen will go mad. c'ekub, iv. become broody (hen). c'el N. c'el, nle. orange-fronted parakeet Aratinga canicularis. Parroquets are eaten. They are "cold". They are known to flock together to ravage the fields when the lowland corn is ripe. c'elop N. i'elop vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox ribs', white lantana Lantana hirta, #1897(16), #2524(21,22). Temperate "tree". (16)-As a remedy for malaria, a small bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk before breakfast. It is "hot". (21,22)-As a remedy for wind", the shaman brews a small bunch. One cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is "hot", orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, #1753(15). Highland "plant" muk'ta c'elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). lantana Lantana moritzi-ana, #1949(16). Temperate "plant". Lippia chiapensis, #400(15,16). Highland "tree", c'elopil, rib, rib cage. fern A or N. c'em, cf. sok(2). e'en N. e'en, nla. hole, burrow, den, cave, ravine, cliff. Male joking speech; vagina. The person who enters a cave is thought liable to become the victim of a snake or a bull, e'en sok, nphr(n type n)le. lowland & temperate chigger. This tiny red chigger embeds itself in the skin of one's arms and legs. This tiny red chigger embeds itself in the skin of one's arms and legs. e'enahtik, aj. cf. e'ene'en /plu/. c'enal, nlf. grave. c'enal 9anima, nphr(natt & n)5. grave, c'enal voo, vphr(natt & n)5. well, Chenalho. e'ene'en, aj. hollowed out, dug (ground), depressed, deep (bowl), c'enc'enaltik, n5. great expanse of cliffs, e'ene'entik, n5. expanse of cliffs, c'enel, aj. cf. e'ene'en. c'enelik, aj. cf. c'enel /plu/. e'entik, n5. cliffs. hc'enal vo?, agn(nphr/natt & n/). inhabitant of Chenalho. hc'enal voahel, agn(nphr/natt & n/). person going to, at, or coming from Chenalho. nail e'en, nphr(natt & n5). cave. e'erem A. C'erem, aj. cracked /voice/. e'eremtik nuk', vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice. e'et P. e'et, nc. messy pile (wool, cabbage, stubble, twigs, pine needles, thatch), c'et-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired (woman), e'etahtik, aj. cf. e'etel /plu/, runty (corn plants). Cretan, tv. carry or place in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, twigs, stubble, cabbage/, build small thatch-roofed house, d'etan ba, rv. sit down. 5'etanan, tv. set in large pile, carry large pile /thatch, stubble, etc./. d'etand'etan, tv. leave in one messy pile after another. c'etan£'etanan, tv. cf. e'etane'etan. f'etbe ei'e\ ta 9ok, vphr(tv & dr & prep & n4d). walk rapidly, e'ete'et, aj. in messy piles, messy (woman's hair), c'etc'on, av. with wild hair (young girl), woman carrying /firewood, stubble, thatch/, dancing up and down. c"etekil, n4f. in many large piles /wool/. e'etel, aj. in messy piles, messy (woman's hair, thatch). (S'etel iak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). bushy-tailed. 6'etet, av. carrying /blankets/ (woman leaving husband), carrying /branches, stubble, thatch/, low-lying (fog). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 133 6'etet cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bushy tail (skunk, raccoon). t'etet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with messy hail (woman). C'etetet, av. carrying /branches, stubble or thatch/. c'eti, iv. sit with messy hair (sick person). c'etk'uh, iv. fall from pile, become dispirited (horse), stand on end (hair), become messy (clothing). I'etlahet, av. staggering and carrying /branches, thatch, or stubble/ (people). £'etleh(l), n4f. whole pile /thatch, stubble, wool, etc./. c'etleh(2), nlf. with messy /hair/, pile (wool, twigs, stubble, etc.). c'etlehikiL n4f. cf. c'etleh(l) /phi/, c'etluh, av. falling with load /stubble, etc./. c'etp'uh, iv. cf. c'etk'uh. e'ettec'ette, av. carrying one load after another /stubble, etc./. c'ettec'ette cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bushy tail, e'ettec'ette hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with messy hair (woman). C"CT prob O. c'evc'on, av. yapping (puppy V2: 19). e'evet, av. yapping, c'evlah, av. cf. e'evet (plu). c'evlahet, av. cf. c'evc'on (plu). e'evtee'evte, av. yapping here and there. n i. c'i, iv. grow up, grow (plant, animal). Denunciatory speech; hk'u9ultasohot hpak'altasohot ti lac'ie ti lak'opohe. I have clothed you, I have dressed you, so you would grow up, so you would talk. c'ic'i, iv. grow up a little, grow a little (vegetation /balamil/). c'ic'itik, iv. grow up a little, grow a lttle (vegetation /balamil/). c'iel, n4d. age. c'llahel, n4d. childhood. c'iom , nphr(aj & n5). young /horse, cow/. e'ites, tv. rear /child/, make grow /hair, penis/, e'itesan, tv. rear /children/, make grow /hair/ (women). e'itesob 9at, nphr(n4f of n5). 'penis grower', wild yam Dioscorea cf. duge-sii, #1129(1,3,4,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland vine". One root may be gathered by virgin boys. It is peeled, and eaten raw, causing the penis to swell and inducing permanent growth. It is not considered to be as effective as yal kotom. It is "cold", e'itesob holol, nphr(n of n). "hair grower', Solarium sp., # 1648(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "vine". (l)-This vine may be gathered by the father of an unmarried girl. The vine is soaked in cold water and the water is used to wash the girl's hair, so that it will grow long, and so that the boys will fall in love with her, for they think that long hair makes a good pillow. The father will also be happy to receive her suitors' cane liquor. (7,11,12,14)-Three vines are mashed and soaked in a pottery bowl. The woman washes her hair in the morning for three days. It is "cold". (4)-The woman washes her hair in the morning for five days, tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2826(7). Lowland "vine*. Same use as above, but the woman washes her hair twice a day for two or three days. Anoda cristata, #2113(11). Temperate "plant". e'itesobiL n4f. money, corn for rearing child. t'ilesvan, iv. rear child. be'itesvaneh, agn. person who rears another. eV) T(2). Sin, tv. strike /match/. ihc'ii ta hatel. I ripped it. c^ahtik, aj. cf. i'ilil /plu/. c'mn ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip /clothes/ (drunk). c'panan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5) cf. c'ftan ta hatel. i'iiani'iian ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip one after another /clothes, papers/. d'ftand'franan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. i'iianc'iian ta hatel. iSWon, av. with rump visible. c"i9eL nc. tear. d'i'tet, av. tooting (trumpet), sounding (harmonica). £'i?et cak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump visible, tooting (flatulence). i'ilinet, av. tooting (trumpet, flatulence), ripping (cloth V4: 7). c'i?il cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rump visible. c'mlik, aj. cf. c'iiil /plu/. d'Mah, av. running and tossing (rump) /mule/. d'iilahet £ak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'iiil cak /plu/. c'Muh, av. ripping suddenly (cloth V4: 7). c'ftluh cak, vphr(av & n4d). giving sudden toot /flatulence/. i'iioh k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). striking side of matchbox. i'i">db serio, nphr(nlf of nld). striking side of matchbox. (S'iiobil k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. i'iob k'ok'. i'iiobil serio, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. i'iob serio. cr'i?ttec''i7tte, av. ripping one after another /rags/. fiiulan tv., buck /rump/ (mule) keep ripping. c'i^ulanan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep ripping /plu/. » N. c'ib, nla. mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., #766(1,2). Temperate "tree". The assistants of the stewards in charge of replacing the floral adornment of the church entrances gather six hundred leaves, on their steins, for each of the two churches, and one hundred and twenty leaves for each steward's altar. Six hundred are gathered for the creche. #532(2,5). Temperate "plant". Same use as above, but four hundred leaves for the stewards' altars and three to four hundred leaves for the creche. The assistants of the elders gather one hundred for the grand alcalde's altar, every two weeks. #1041(1,3,5). Temperate and highland plant". It is scarce in the highlands. Three hundred and thirty leaves are provided by the publicans every two weeks for the decoration of the chapel of Lord Esquipulas. Thirty are given by them to the elders. Twelve hundred leaves are provided by the stewards for church adornment, and sixty for each of their altars. c'ibtik, n5. expanse of mountain palms. 9it'is d'ib, nphr(n4f of n5). Sobralia decora, #1204(1,2,3,4,5). Temperate "plant". (5)-It is used by the stewards as a substitute for mountain palm. bae*i d'ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., #1041(1,3,5). Temperate and highland "plant". For use, see c'ib. muk'ta c'ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea nubium, # 1404(3). Highland "tree". The branches are provided by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders to adorn their altars, and by the stewards to adorn the churches. c'ib eib, cf. rib. c'ibal to, nphr(natt & n). 'tree-growing c'ib', see below, k'os d'ibal let, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Isochilus iinearis, #1855(1,16). Highland "plant" i'ie N. (Tic1, nld. blood, an poss.; one's ration of blood when animal is slaughtered. i'ii' ni"), nphr(n of n). 'nose blood', large-flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(3,5), #1486(1,3,11,12), #2446(1,20). Highland "tree". (ll)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. (4)-If it is placed in the fire, it will cause nosebleeds. (20)-The branches are fed to sheep and horses. # 1904(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "tree". (17)-The flower is passed two or three times near the nose to stop nosebleeds. It is "cold", pan bo- tanrio Calliandra houstoniana, #290(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". #2285(3,4,19). Highland "tree". #2531(1,4,21,22). Temperate "tree". i'ii' ni?tik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of i'ii' nil. i'ii' nil to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). large-flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(1,4). Highland "tree". i'ii' sim-nak'al, cf. sim-nak'al. i'it'el, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; blood. ma?uk to me hmal to i'it'el, mamk to me hmal vo sankre. I have not yet drawn blood, I have not yet spilt blood. i'it'el hi'ul-tolik, cf. ?Hlm. 134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 c'ic'elil, n3d. blood. pik c'ic', vphr(tv & n5). pulse. c'iL(l) T. c'ih, tv. strike /match/, break /egg/, peck way out (chick), strike /rocks/. c'ih ba, rv. chuk (bottles, bowls), knock together (eggs). c'ihan, tv. break /eggs/. c'ihan ba, rv. clank together. c'ihanc'ihan, tv. peck way out one after another (chicks). c'lhanc'ihanan, tv. cf. c'ihanc'ihan. c'ihc'on, av. clanking (hoe on rock or hard ground), clinking (bottles). c'ihel, nc. striking /match/. c'ihihet, av. clanking (hoe striking rocks). c'ihil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. very rocky field. c'ihil tontik, nphr(aj & n)5. large rocky field. c'ihlah, av. hurrying with blinking (bottles). c'ihlahet, av. clinking (coins VI: 6, bottles), clanking (hoes). c'ihluh, av. clanking suddenly (hoe). c'ihtec'ihte, av. walking about with clinking /bottles/. c'ihulan, tv. keep striking /match, rocks/. c'ihulan ba, rv. keep clinking (bottles). c'ih(2) X. c'ih-yan, aj(x & ajcpd). uninhabited, sc'ih-yan be. empty path. c"ihet balamil, vphr(av & n5). uninhabited land. e'ik(l) T. c'ik, tv. shp in, under, or through. isc'ik na. He repaired the thatched roof. c'ik, iv. be repaired (thatch roof). c'ik ba, rv. slip in, under, or through. c'ikahtik, aj. cf. c'ikil /phi/. c'ikan, tv. repair /fence/. c'ikanan, tv. repair holes /in fence/. c'ika nc'ikan, tv. slip one object in, under, or after another, repair one hole after another /in fence/. c'ikanc'ikanan, tv. cf. c'ikanc'ikan. c'ikbe, tv. repair broken fence or thatch, stab /bull, pig, person/. c'ikc'ik, aj. cramped (land, inside of house), hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river, etc.). c'iket, av. with something slipped in or under (knife in belt). c'iketik, av. visiting constantly. c'ikil, aj. slipped in or under (needle in hat), cramped (inside of house), hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river). c'ikleh, nlf. slipping in. c'ikluh, av. slipping in suddenly (knife). c'iktec'ikte, av. slipping one after another in, under, or through. c'ikulan, tv. keep slipping in, under, or through, mending /fence, thatch/. c'ikulanan, tv. keep mending in many places. c'ikvan, iv. knife person. mukul-c'ikbe, tv(aj & tvcpd). secretly slip object to someone. 4^(2) O. c'ikc'ik, n5. 'twitter', Wilson's warbler Wilsonia pusilla, common yellow-throat Geothiypis trichas, black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. k'anal e'irin mut, k'anal c'ivil mut. var., c'ikc'ik mut /Pal tOsil, Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. i'iki'ik mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. c'ikc'ik. d'ikc"on, av. twittering (wilson's warbler, common yellow-throat, black-headed siskin/. i'ikiket, av. twittering. c'iklahet, av. cf. c'ikc'on (plu). c'ikil N. c'ikil, nle. lowland and temperate blackfly. Its ability to prevent sleep is said to exceed the best efforts of gnats and mosquitoes. tfilU) T. 6'il, tv. fry, roast on griddle. c'il, iv. be roasted or fried. Cilan, tv. roast much /coffee/. c'ilanan, tv. cf. c'ilan. c'ilbil, aj. fried, roasted. c'llanc'ilan, tv. roast one after another. c'llanCilanan, tv. cf. c'ilanc'ilan. c'ilc'on, av. frying slowly. c'ilel, nc. frying. c'ili, tv. roast on griddle. c'ililet, av. sizzling (EKL 259: 1-18). C'ilim, nla. pinole. It is "coldMt is given by ensign-bearers every fiesta /coffee may be substituted/. c"ilim "?apon, nphr(n type n)la. skin disease of infants /caused by embarrassment of mother/. c'ilim te9, nphr(n type n)ld. courbaril Hymenea courbaril, #3026(4,5). Lowland "tree" The pod is cracked open and the powder inside is licked. It is sold at market by ladinos in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. It is "cold'. c'ilob, nlf. frying pan, griddle, c'ilobil, nlf. cf. c'ilob. c'ilulan, tv. keep frying or roasting ineffectually. c'il(2) P or P(2). c'il-te9, n(aj & ncpd)lf. wooden frame /house/. i'H-ten vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 'fox rib', orange lantana Lantana glandubsissima, #71(2,4,5). Temperate and highland "plant". #1753(4,5). Highland "plant", white lantana Lantana hirta, #1799(1,4). Highland "tree". #2260(19). Highland plant". As a remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed, and a half cup drunk before breakfast. It is "hot". #2524(1,4). Temperate "tree", lantana Lantana moritziana, #828(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". As a remedy for diarrhea, a handful is brewed and several bowls of the tea are drunk. As a remedy for malaria one bowl is drunk. It is "hot". Fuschia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, # B9495(5,5a). (RML)-Proba-bly a misidentification. c'is c'il-te? vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 'prickly fox rib', orange lantana Lantana hispida, #2270(3,4). Highland "plant", muk'ta c'il-te9 vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). orange lantana Lantana hispida, #1820(1,4). Temperate "plant". #2270(19). Highland "plant". Lippia chiapensis, #400(1,3). Highland "tree". c'il-te?il, n(aj & ncpd)3a. rib. inan. poss.; sc'il-teial: splint. c'il-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. pebbly place. c'il vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox rib', orange lantana Lantana hispida, #1535(1,3,11,12). Highland plant", var., c'ili vet /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, #1492(1,3,11,12). Highland "plant" lantana Lantana moritziana, #1949(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". eahal i'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). lantana Lantana moritziana, #2155(7,11). Temperate "tree". (ll)-The fruit is eaten, muk'ta d'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). orange lantana Lantana hispida, #2415(1,20). Highland "tree". (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. sakil c'il vet, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/). white lantana Lantana hirta, # 1500(11,12). Highland "plant", white lantana Lantana achyranthifo-lia, # 1077(1,3,5). Temperate plant". Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(11). Temperate "tree". sakil 5'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). c'ilc'il, aj. ribby. (S'ilet ^e, vphr(av & n4d). smiling all the time. £'ilet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). c'ilet bakel, vphr(av & nld). with ribs sticking out. C'ilet nto, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'ilet le. (S'ili vet, nphr(n of n). cf. c'il vet. 4'ilil, aj. ribby, with wooden frame of house visible /house in construction/, bared (teeth of dead animal), i'ililet bakel, vphr(av & nld). with ribs sticking out. ?inln A. f'inin, aj. itchy. 6'inm e"i9lel, nphr(aj & n). 'itchy plant', spot flower Spilanthes ocymifolia, #2899(1,4). Lowland "plant". TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 135 c'inintik, aj. rather itchy or licentious. c'ininub, iv. become itchy. c'ininul, nla. itchiness, overplayfulness. sc'ininul smis. lit., the itchiness of her vagina, i.e., her looseness. hc'inin-9at, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently, Don Juan. hcimn-cak, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently. hc'inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)S. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently. fip T. c'ip 9av ^ak'al, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). carry censer from house to house (stewards-royal on Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Vo-bie). c'ip wl, vphr(tv & n4d). pick up and divert baby (mother), c'ip Tual, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal), c'ip Tunen, vphr(tv & n5). pick up and divert baby, c'ip ba, rv. take trip to divert one's self aimlessly /without buying or selling anything/. c'ip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual diversion. c'ip kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal). c'ip mayol, vphr(tv & n5). escort new tithing man to houses of stewards-royal (outgoing tithing man and stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary early Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Vo->-bie.) c'ipel, nc. diverting (child). c'ipet, av. diverting (baby), carrying /censer/. c'iplabet, av. cf. c'ipet (phi), c'iplahetik, av. cf. c'ipet (plu). c'ipob, nlf. toy. c'ipobiL nlf. cf. c'ipob. c'ipomah, iv. pick up and divert baby, c'iptec'ipte, av. walking about diverting /baby/. c'ipulan, tv. keep diverting, c'ipulan ba, tv. keep diverting oneself aimlessly. c'ipulanan baik, rv. keep diverting selves aimlessly, c'ipvan, iv. divert child. hc'ipom, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby. hc'ipomahel, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby. hcMpvaneh, agn. person who diverts a child. Cn prob O. c'iriret, av. sizzling (food V3: 6, V3: 7). PS P or P(2). c'is, nla. thorn, spine, quill, c'is, nc. handxpan, ear of corn, cane /sugarcane/. ian-c'is. vara. vasak-c'is. armspan. d'is(l), n5. hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #B9271(5,5a). Highland "tree". For use, cf. k'at'is. £'is(2), n. see below. eahal c'is", nphr(aj & n). thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1751(15,16). Highland "plant". Io9balal c'is, nphr(aj & n). 'edible thorn', see below, eahal lo?balal c'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1192(3). Highland "plant". The receptacle is eaten in famines. It is "cold". lo?bol c'is, nphr(n type n). 'fruit thorn', thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1751(3). Highland "plant". sakil c'is(l), nphr(aj & n). see below. eahal sakil i'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, # 1192(1,4,5). Highland "plant". Same use as eahal loibalal c'is. sakil c'is(2), nphrfaj & n). sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana, #320(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. sakil c'istik, nphrjaj & n)5. grove of sweet acacias. t'is ?ak\ nphr(n type n). see below. •Jolnob c'is lak', nphr(n type nphr/n type n/). ' lolnob thorny vine', Mimosapigra, #1111(1,4). Lowland "vine", c'is 9alavanus, cf. valavanus. c'is 'lalavena, cf. lalavena. i'is 9aneil lee', cf. ">ec?. i'i§ tei', cf. 9ef'. c'is ?u£, cf. 9ud(l). 6'is eoe, nphr(n type n)le. short and poor quality wool, inan. poss; sc'is eaeal. i'iS e"ul ?itah, cf. c*u. c'is cikario, cf. cikario. c'is cikin, nphr(n type n)5. 'spine ear', tree alligator tizardAbronia ochoter-enai. This lizard is thought to jump down one's neck and bite. Its bite is considered to be fatal. A tree alhgator lizard that crosses one's path will shorten one's life span. c'is (Sikin con, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n)5. cf. c'is cikin. c'is cikin ton, cf. cikin ton. c'is c'il-te'' vet, cf. c'll-to vet £'is hobel, nphr(n type n). 'spine grass', robust muhly Muhlenbergia robus-ta, #763(1,2). Temperate "plant". The flower stalks are used for pack-saddles. The gTass is used for thatching fieldhouses. muhly Muhlenbergia stricta, #1559(1,3). Temperate "plant". The grass is used for thatch by Zinacantecs living in the temperate zone, muhly Muhlenbergia sp. cf. emersleyi, #2256(3,4,19). Highland "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(1,3,21,22). Lowland "plant". (l)-It is used for thatch. Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1078(1,3,5). Temperate "plant", c'is hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. field of c'is hobel. lik'al c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Heteropogon contortus, #1655(1,4). Lowland-plant". eahal c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). giant muhly Muhlenbergia gigantea, #2583(1,4). Temperate "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(20). Lowland plant" It is eaten by mules, muk'ta c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #2279(19). Highland "plant". c'is k'ail, cf. k'ail. c'is-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hair standing on end. c'is-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). unripe (com) /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called hayel lahan/. c'is man a 9ok, cf. man a 9ok. c'is mosote, cf. mosote. c'is napus, cf. napus. c'is nicim, nphr(n type n). 'spike flower', Mahonia volcania, #388(1,4). Highland "tree" It grows in fencerows. Children play with the flowers. eahal i'is nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2664(20). Lowland 'plant". Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. &'i£ patil, nphr(n of n)3d. spine, spinal column. c'is pom c'unun, cf. pom r'unuii. c"i§ saho, cf. sabo"). c'is to, nphr(n type n)le. box-briar Randia aculeata, #483(1,2). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood, acacia Acacia pennalula, #2666(1,3,15,21). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. i'is te">altik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of c'is tei. , nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). box-briar Randia aculeata, #2618(20). Temperate "tree". CisS-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)le. rufous-collared robin Turdus rufitorques, wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina. They are considered edible. They are "cold". ■nk'al i'is'-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. black robin Turdus injusca-tus. It is eaten seasoned with mexican tea. It is "cold". The black 136 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 robin has a reputation for pulling up seed corn and young corn plants in fields next to woods. kaslan c'is-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. clay-colored robin Turdus grayi. 5'isi-vo, cf. vo(2). c'is voy c'is to, cf. voy i'i§ te1?. c'isa, tv. measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, clothes/. c'isaan, tv. measure many things in handspans. c'isahtik, aj. cf. c'isil /phi/. c'isal k'ail, cf. k'ail. c'isal ton, nphr(natt & n)5. 'pine thorn', poisonous caterpillar /one highland, one lowland/. To reduce the pain of its sting the caterpillar is killed and its guts are rubbed on the affected part. c'isal toh e'Mel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). yellow indigo bush Da-lea lutea var. gigantea, #2421(20). Temperate "plant". c'isaltik, aj. rough (stone, earth). c'isan, tv. make hair stand on end or bristle /with fear or anger/. c'iseah, iv. stand on end (hair). c'isc'is, nc. single ear /corn/ /I only/. c'isc'is, aj. standing on end (hair), tufted, bristly. It is believed that the souls of babies whose hair stands on end will be claimed by the earth lord. c'isel, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair). c'iset, av. walking with hair standing on end or bristling. c'isi, iv. stand on end (hair). c'isikil, n4f. many ears /corn/. c'isil, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair, beard) /naturally or with fear/. c'isil "rtsim, nphr(aj & n)5. ear of corn. c'isilik, aj. cf. c'isil /plu/. c'isis, av. hurrying with hair standing on end or bristling. c'is]ah, av. cf. c'isis (plu). fi'islahet, av. cf. c'isel (plu). c'isleh(l), n4f. whole cane /sugar cane/, whole ear /corn/. c'isleh(2), nlf. standing on end or bristling /hair/. c'islehikil, n4f. cf. c'isleh(l) /plu/. c'lsluh, av. standing on end or bristling suddenly (dog's or pig's hair). c'isp'uh, iv. stand on end or bristle (hair). c'isp'un, tv. make stand on end or bristle /hair/ (dog). c'ista, tv. measure by handspan. c'ista ba, rv. measure serf by handspan. c'ista-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual measuring by handspans. c'istaan, tv. measure many things in handspans. c'istaob, nlf. hand /for measuring/. c'istaobil, nlf. cf. c'istaob. c'istec'iste, av. walking about with hair standing on end or bristling. hc'istavaneh, agn. 'people measurer', inchworm /two varieties; one lowland, one highland/. The lowland variety sometimes ravages the corn fields. It is thought that if an inchworm walks on a child, and so "m-easures" him, the child will stop growing. c-it(l) I. i'it, iv. pop (fire, roasting com), snap (spark), squirt, splash (water, mud), fail (eyesight) /when k'anal or hc'ul-motik grows on eye, yellow spot on white of eye/. c'it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one-eyed, cross-eyed. c'itc'it, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). d'itebal, n5. moment just before splashing, sparking or popping. 5'itel, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). c'ltes, tv. splash. c'itet, av. splashing (diarrhea). c'itil, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). c'ititet, av. splashing (diarrhea), sizzling (food V4: 9). c'itlah, av. hurrying and splashing (sing or plu). c'itlahet, av. popping (com), sparking, splashing, spattering (grease). c'rtluh, av. splashing, squirting or spattering suddenly, breaking suddenly (egg). d'i'ttec'i'tte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking around one-eyed or cross-eyed, c'itulan, iv. keep splashing or sparking. d'il(2) P or P(2). d'itahtik, aj. cf. c'itil /plu/. d'itc"it, aj. with straw sticking out. c'iti'it shobelal. with its straw sticking out (scarecrow). d'itc"on ?isim, vphr(av & n4d). with up-curled whiskers. sd'itC'on tal yisim i mole, lit., The old man came with up-curled whiskers, i.e., He came bristling with anger. c"itil, aj. sticking out (thatch). C'itil 9isim, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with hair sticking up through hat /when crown is torn/, with up-curled whiskers, te fi'itil yisim ta ti9 k'ok'. He or it /cat/ is sitting there by the fireside with up-curled whiskers, c'itilik, aj. cf. c'itil /plu/. c'itleh, nlf. bristling (beard). c'lttec'itte, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with up-curled whiskers. c'it(3) N. c'it, n. Xylosma albidum, #2693(15,22). Lowland "tree". ?it'is d'it, nphr(n4f of n5). 'false c'it', laughlin's stopper Eugenia laughli-nii, # 1070(1,3,5). Lowland and highland "tree". (RML)-Its use is a mystery, vietikal c'it, nphr(natt & n). 'temperate c'it, brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2142(7). Temperate "tree" yas'al c'it, nphr(aj & n). Xylosma albidum, #2693(20). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for hoe handles, fence posts, and firewood, c'it te1?, nphr(n type n). brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #1118(1,4). Lowland " tree ". The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence rails, hoe and axe handles, and loom rods. Eugenia carranzae, # 1632(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "tree" Same use as above, also for billhook handles and digging sticks. f'ituri? N. d'iturp, n5. great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus, vermilion-crowned flycatcher Myiozetes similis, boat-billed flycatcher Megarhyncus pitangua, western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis, tropical kingbird Tyrannus melan-cholicus. cf. pahal pit. c'iv(l) P or P(2). c'ivan le, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth, c'ivan nil, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth, c'ivd'iv, aj. with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing/, d'ivet k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). with fingers widespread, d'ivet ni1), vphr(av & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/. c'ivil, aj. cold and dry (nixtamal). c'ivil ?e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared (dead dog), c'ivil ni?, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared /dead dog/. C'ivivet, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly, c'ivleh, nlf. cold and dry (nixtamal), wrinkling nose and showing teeth, c'i'vluh, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly, c'ivtec'i'vte, av. walking about wrinkling nose and showing teeth. c'iv(2) probO. c'ivc'on, av. cheeping (chick), twittering. £'iv£'onah, iv. cheep, chirp. c"ivlah, av. hurrying and cheeping (plu). £"ivlahet, av. cf. c'ivc'on (plu). d'ivlahetik, av. cf. c'ivc'on (plu). (S'l'vtefi'iVte, av. walking about cheeping. k'anal 6'ivi] mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'yellow twittering bird', black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. c'ikc'ik, k'anal e'irin mut. e'ivit N. c"ivit, n5. market. C'ivital voi, nphr(natt & n)5. cane liquor or chicha given by fiance to fiancee's family preferably on second day of large fiesta, hc'ivitahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from market. TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 137 c'o N. i'o, nle. mouse, rat /general term/, inan. poss; sc'oal or sc'aal. One should not eat the leavings of a mouse lest, subsequently, he be slandered, /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, appendix, chap 28/. eahal c'o, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. hp'itueh-be c'o. citom c'o, nphr(n type n)ld. 'pig rat', hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispi- dus saluratus. A highland, temperate, and lowland rat that is trapped with deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is "hot." cue c'o, nphr(n type n)la. 'squirrel rat', chiapan climbing rat Tylo- mys bullaris. A highland and temperate rat that is trapped with deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is "hot". Its skin is stuffed and tossed about by the spooks at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. hlut'ieh-be c'o, nphr(agn/vn & nepd/ type n)5. 'path-jumper mouse', shrew Sorex sp., Cryptotis sp.. hp'itueh-be i'o, nphr(agn/vn & nepd/ type n)5. 'path jumper mouse', shrew Sorex sp,, Cryptotis sp.. The shrew is not considered edible. When it grows old, it is believed to try to jump back and forth across a path four times. If it succeeds it will be transformed into a vampire bat and fly away. If it fails it will drop dead. It is reputed to eat corn, karansa c'o, nphr(n type n)5. 'Carranza rat', black rat Rattus rattus /cf. merikano c'o/. lumtikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5. 'ground mouse', house mouse Mus muscu-lus. The house mouse is not considered edible, but its blood is drunk or rubbed on the neck of a child with whooping cough. It is "hot", merikano c'o, nphr(aj & n)le. 'american rat', black rat Rattus rattus /cf. karansa c'o/. The black rat is not considered edible. It is said to have appeared first during the revolution. It is the rodent most destructive to clothing and com. pepen c'o, nphr(n type n)5. "butterfly mouse', vampire bat Desmodus rotundas. tontikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5. 'rock rat', cf. citom c'o, cue c'o, sak-teoval. c'o 9i£im, nphr(n type n)5. corn ear with com silk wrapped entirely around it c'o? prob O. £'o7c'on, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). c'oiet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). (5*o?lahet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). et, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). £'6?tec'6?te c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rumbling or growling stomach. fob(l) P or P(2). c'ob, nc. torch, falling star, st. elmo's fire. c'obantik, aj. with torches distant from each other, c'obc'ob, nc. single torch /I only/. d'obet ton, vphr(av & n4d). moving with torch, c'oblah, av. cf. c'obob (plu). c'oblahet toh, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'obet toh (plu). c'oblih, av. appearing suddenly with torch. i'obob, av. hurrying with torch. d'obobet, av. moving with large torch, running with torch, d'obokil, n4f. many torches, c'dbtec'obte, av. searching about with torch. ?ob(2) P. c'obahtik, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/. c'oban ba, rv. sprawl on side or back. c'obd'ob, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (jug). c'obc'on, av. moving rump back and forth (drunk trying to stand up), c'obel te, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with incurved lips, c'obet cak, vphr(av & n4d). moving rump back and forth (drunk trying to stand up). c'obleh, nlf. sprawled on side or back. c'obol, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (JUB)-lek c'obol svinah. The pucker is clearly visible /woman sitting im- modestly/. c'obol scak. His ass is puckered /drunk sprawled on the ground/. fi'oboUk, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/. c>ob<3) 6'ob, fast. cf. c*ab. i'oi'om A. c'od'omta, tv. riddle, drill repeatedly (acorn woodpecker). £'o£'omtaobil, n4f. red hot wire used to make holes in gourd sieve. <5'oc"omtik, aj. riddled with holes (gourd, sieve, clothes, wood, tree). fob T(2). i'oih, tv. dig hole, perforate /wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for chaplet/. c'oh, iv. be perforated. c'oh, nc. In reference to : hole, door, window, tear, wound, c'ohahtik, aj. cf. c'ohol /plu/. 4'ohan, tv. dig holes /for posts/. c'ohan ba, rv. open one's ass /farting/, offer self (woman). c'ohanan, tv. cf. c'ohan. c'ohanc'ohan, tv. perforate one after another, dig one hole after another, d'ohanc'ohanan, tv. cf. c'bhanc'bhan. c'ohantik, aj. with holes spaced far apart, fi'ohbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). perforate, i'ohbenal, nlf. perforation, hole, c'ohd'oh, nc. single hole /I only/, c'ohi'oh, aj. tall (building, cliff), perforated. c'ohc'oh helavel k'al hot. perforated all the way through. c'ohc'oh vor shallow well, c'ohc'oh, n5. small window. c'ohc'ohte cak, vphr(av & n4d). running here and there with anus showing (dog searching for rabbit). c'ohc'on cak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing (dog), c'ohel, nc. perforating. d'ohet cak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing (child playing, drunk). c"ohilan, tv. keep perforating. i'ohilanan, tv. keep perforating in many places, c'ohilananbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). keep perforating in many places, c'ohilanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). keep perforating, d'ohlah, av. hurrying with anus showing (heavily burdened mules), d'ohlahet, av. lying sprawled on back or side (plu). i'ohobil te9, nphr(nlf of nld). drill. c'ohobil ton, nphr(n of n)5. crowbar, pneumatic drill. d'ohokil, n4f. many holes /clothing/. 6'ohol, aj. open (door, window, grave), perforated, with open wound, lying sprawled on back or side. •)osib k'ak'al c'ohol sc'enal. Its grave is open for three days /referring to the first three days of a baby's Me that are considered especially dangerous/. c'oholik, aj. cf. c'ohol /plu/. c'ohon N. (S'ohon, nla. rope /archaic/. 4'ohon tak'in, nphr(n & aj)ld. telephone, telephone line. 6'ahnu, tv. make rope or twine. O'ahnul, n4f. rope /for binding prisoner, leashing dog, or tying firewood/. fok N. i'ok, n3a. wart, fi'okil, n4d. wart. fol T(2). 6'ol, tv. plant /beans/, pour into bag, storage pot or bin /corn, beans/, pour into bottle /liquid/. c'ol, iv. be planted (beans), be poured into bag or storage pot or bin (corn, beans), be poured into bottle (liquid). £'olahtik, aj. cf. c'olol /plu/. c'olan, tv. pour into containers /com, liquid, beans/. £'olanan, tv. cf. c'olan. c'olani'olan, tv. pour one after another. £'61an£'61anan, tv. cf. c'blanc'blan. 138 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 c'olc'on, av. pouring out (diarrhea or urine of very sick person), c'olebal, n5. moment just before pouring /cane liquor/, planting /beans/. c'olet, av. pouring. £'olilan, tv. keep pouring, c'otilanan, tv. keep pouring /phi/. c'ollahet, av. pouring in many places (rivulets), c'ollahctik, av. cf. c'ollahet. c'ollih, av. running in suddenly (fugitive, cat). c'olob, nlf. cup or gourd for pouring, e'olobil, nlf. cf. c'olob. c'olol, aj. poured. c'olol yalel, av. pouring down (water), c'ololet, av. pouring in great quantities, c'ololik, aj. cf. c'olol /plu/. c'olomah, iv. pour into bottle /cane liquor/, plant /beans/. c'oltec'olte, av. pouring in one place after another (rivulets). hc'ol-vo9, agn(tv & ncpd). tapster or bottle-filler; woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, stewards-royal, publicans, stewards when entering and leaving office, or when venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, formal entrance into bride's home, and wedding. c'oliv N. c'oliv, nla. imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, #2244(19). Highland "plant". For use, see bae'i c'oliv. c'olivaltik, n5. large expanse of dahlias, c'olivtik, n5. expanse of dahlias. bae'i c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, # 1795( 1,4), # 2244( 1,3,4). Highland "plant". Men gather the flowers to decorate the graves on All Souls' Day. A bunch of imperial dahlias, geraniums, and aztec marigolds is tied to each cross, cahal c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, # 1488(11,12), #2076(17). Highland "plant". (11)-A bunch of the flowers is used to decorate graves on All Souls' Day. #2105(11,14). Temperate plant", dahlia Dahlia australis tar. chiapensis, #2456(20). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle, bracelet-wood Jacquinea aurantiaca, #1940(16,17). Temperate "plant". (RML)-Probably a misidentification. k'os eaha) c'oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2076(3,4). Highland "plant", k'anal c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1757(15). Highland "plant", k'os k'anal c'oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2267(19). Highland "plant" k'os c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). dahlia Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, #2255(3,4), #2456(1). Highland "plant". te9tikal c'oliv, nphr(natt & n). 'wild dahlia', red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1426(10). Highland "plant". 6'oliv cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer dahlia' or 'sheep dahlia', red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2105(7). Temperate "plant". c\>m N. c'omil, n5. ritual aid. t sibat ta c'omil. I am going to assist ritually /infr/. hc'om-na, agn(rv & ncpd). person who borrows or rents another's house, hc'omil, agn. ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family of sick person prior to shaman's arrival/, an. poss.; -ahc'om. 9oc ta c'om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted, c'amun, tv. borrow. Ritual speech; cf. maki. hc'amun ak'ob. Lend me a hand, hc'amun avob. Play a tune for us. Polite speech; hc'amun ave, hc'amun atir Would you pass on a message? c'amun na, vphr(tv & nld). stay at another's house /overnight or for several days/. c'amun 9olon cob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). plant one's beans in another person's corn field. C'amunan, tv. borrow /plu/. 6'amunanan, tv. cf. c'amunan. 6'amunc'amunan, tv. borrow one after another, d'amunel, vn5. ritual aid. t sibat ta c'amunel. I am going to assist ritually. c'op T. c'op, tv. dip fingers into /food, vagina/. c'op ba, rv. dip fingers into (woman in vagina), sit idly with hands in lap. d'opan, tv. dip fingers into one after another /containers/ (child). 5'opanan, tv. cf. c'opan. 6'6pan£'6pan, tv. dip fingers into containers of /water, com gruel, etc./. fi'opS'on, av. dipping fingers into. £'opet, av. with hands in pocket. c'opilan, tv. keep dipping fingers into /sexual intercourse/. (S'opilanan, tv. keep dipping fingers into containers /water/. i'oplahet, av. cf. c'opc'on (plu), c'opet (plu). 5'oplahetik, av. cf. c'opc'on (plu), cf. c'opet (plu). C'oplih, av. dipping fingers in suddenly /searching in pockets or net/, c'optec'opte, av. dipping fingers into one after another. i'or prob O. S'orc'on, av. dribbling (water). 6'orlahet, av. cf. c'orc'on (plu). c'oror, av. dribbling, c'ororet, av. dribbling, c'ortec'orte, av. streaming here and there. c'ot P or P(2). c'otahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'otol sat /plu/. 6'otc'ot, aj. cf. c'otol. c'otet, av. hoeing randomly, peeling, chipping at. c'otet sat, vphr(av & n4d). scrutinizing, examining. £'oti, tv. peck out piece of /corn on cob, squash/ (chicken), chip off, shell /fresh corn with fingers/. 6'otilan, tv. keep hoeing /archaic/, chipping at /wood/, shelling /fresh com/, pecking at /squash/, c'otilanan, tv. keep shelling /ears of corn/, c'otlahet, av. cf. c'otet (plu). c'otlahetik, av. cf. c'otlahet (plu). 6'otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner through bars), scrutinizing, examining. c'otoUk sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'otol sat /plu/. 5'6tted/5 & prep & n5). yellow or white spot in vision. c'ul-no, n(aj & ncpd)ld. cotton thread dipped in agua florida and used to clean the crucified Christ on Wednesday of Holy Week. c'ul-rey, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; holy king. cf. c'ul-ianhel. c'ul-tot, n(aj & ncpd)5. godfather /term of address/. i'ul-totil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. godfather. c'ul-totin, tv(aj & tvcpd). become a godfather. c'ul-ve?ebaL n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech prayer; lit., holy eating place, i.e., fireside. c'ul-vinaheL n(aj & ncpd)5. shrine. t sibat ta losib c'ul-vinahel. lit.: I am going to three holy heavens, i.e., I am going to three shrines /in curing ceremony/. c'ulel, n4d. soul /of everything naturally created, and of manufactured objects that have been used and so receive soul of owner/, dream. ta hc'uleL in my dream. t sbat sc'ulel ta vinahel. His soul goes to heaven /soul of shaman or spiritualist when dreaming/. mi muk' ac'ulel. Haven't you any sense? Scolding speech, referring to shaman or midwife who has misbehaved; toy sc'ulel. He is evil. Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch, or Denunciatory speech referring to parent who refuses prospective fiance's petition; 9oy sc'ulel 7oy yo">on. lit He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e. He is evil and hard-hearted. c'ulelah, iv. dream. c'ulelal(l), n5. ghost /dead person/. At death a person's spirit is believed to depart from the body in the form of a fly. c'ulelal(2), nld. mexican savory . See below. c'ulelal nicim, nphr(n type n). 'ghost flower', mexican savory Satureja mexicana, #679(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". Itissoldby Chamulasand the people of Chenalho at market in San Cristobal. It is bought by Zinacantecs. The tender shoots are brewed as a substitute for coffee. The tea is drunk by a woman in labor pains. As a remedy for mahbe-nal, a small cup is drunk for three days. It is "hot". (5)-The tea is drunk for stomachache /k'us icffonil/. It is "medium", cf. k'os habnal, lula. c'ulelal pos, nphrfn type n)5. "ghost medicine', see c'ulelal nicim. c'ulelta, tv. dream about c'uleltaan, tv. dream many times about /women/. hc'ul-motik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. virgin /female saint/, moon, steward of Our Lady of the Rosary. The moon is believed to be the mother of the sun. She can be seen kneeling on the moon's surface. In proper feminine fashion, she walks behind the sun. If the horns of the moon point to the south, this is thought to forecast rain, but if the horns point upwards no rain will fall. hc'ul-menik rAneansyon, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Assumption /in Ixtapa/. hc'ul-me^tik Fatima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Fatima /in Naben Cauk/. hc'ul-mwtik Kantelaria, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Purification of the Virgin /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-mettik K arm en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Carmel /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-meitik Katal, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Catherine /in the Church of St. Sebastian/. hc'ul-me'Uik Lolor, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hc'ul-meniik Lolores. Wul-mcnik Lolores, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Sorrows /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc"ul-me?tik Malalena, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Mary Magdalen /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc"ul-me?tik Nativirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Nativity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-mcnik Pasku?, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. h6'ul-me9tik Purisima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-me9tik Purisma, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hc'ul-mewik Purisima. hfi'ul-me^tik Rosario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Rosary /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, two in Vcn-bieJ hc'ul-me'Hik Santa-rosa., agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Rose /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Vot-bie./ hf'ul-meotik Teresa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teresa /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hi'ul-me'nik Valalupa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Guadalupe/picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture and image in church of Naben Cauk, image in church of tApas/. hful-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. male saint, sun. hc'ul-totik rAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Gospel Cross /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik ile'mal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. Sacred Heart /small image in side chapel of the Church of SL Lawrence/, hc'ul-totik ■Jle'inal Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Sebastian /small image in the Church of St. Sebastian/, hc'ul-totik ■>Ie'inal San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/aj & ncpd/). St. Lawrence /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/, hc'ul-totik ■)Ie'inal Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/ aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Dominic /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/, hc'ul-totik ilskipula, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Our Lord of Esquipulas /in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas, picture and two images in lApas/. hfi'ul-totik IO-AOX San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Lawrence /medium-sized image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. Wul-totik Bankilal Korason, Sacred Heart /large image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik Hasinto, St. Hyacinth /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. Wul-totik Hmanvaneh, Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik Kartil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /picture in house of grand alcalde/, hc'ul-totik Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Sacred Heart /picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in Naben Cauk/. hc'ul-totik Kristo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, and two images in side chapel/. Wul-totik Krus lAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/)5. cf. hc'ul-totik lAvanhelio. hc'ul-totik Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /large image in the Church of St. Sebastian, cf. hc'ul-totik kartil/. hi'ul-totik Nasareno, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Jesus of Nazareth /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in the Church of St. Sebastian/, hd'ul-totik Ninyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ Child /two images in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence./ hC'uI-totik Papyan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Fabian /in the Church of St. Sebastian/. Wul-totik Rehirol, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Risen Jesus /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/, hc'ul-totik Sam-poro Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & n/ type nphr/n/aj & ncpd/ & n/)5. St. Peter Martyr /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/, hd'ul-totik Sakramentu, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Holy Sacrament /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/, hd'ul-totik San-antonyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Anthony /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Von-bie/. 140 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 St. Anthony is believed to be the guardian of domestic animals. hc'ul-totik San-hose, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Joseph /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik San-hwan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. John /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. St. John is considered to be the patron saint of musical instruments, having taught his children, the Chamulas, to make harps and guitars. hc'ul-totik San-martin, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Martin of Porras /in churches of tApas and Naben Cauk/, hc'ul-totik San-matyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Matthew /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik San-pegro, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Peter /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Lawrence /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in the Church of St. Sebastian, picture in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas/. To end a drought the hands of the image of St. Lawrence may be washed, but if his arms are washed it is believed that the people will be drowned by a flood. hc'ul-totik Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Dominic /image in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture in the Church of St. Sebastian/. hc'ul-totik Santoario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lord of the Sanctuary /picture in the church of tApas/. hc'ul-totik Sepetura, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in the Church of St. Sebastian/. hc'ul-totik ta Pila, Christ at the Column /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik Trinirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Holy Trinity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. hc'ul-totik T'ent'en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teponaxtle /in tElan Von/. c'ut-to, n(aj & ncpd). 'belly tree' or most probably derived from c'ul-te"), 'holy tree', Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3014(11). Lowland "tree" It is used for benches, lamp stands, shelves, chairs, tables, doors, coffers, crosses, rifle stocks, and grain measures. (5)-An unat-tested variety is believed to be a god, because of its aroma. The wood is used for saints, crosses, and coffers. (4)-It is also used for saints, drums, and crosses. c'ut-totik, n(aj & ncpd). grove of Spanish cedars, eahal c'ut-te?, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3015(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". For use, see c'ut-tet. sakil c'ut-te?, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3014(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". For use, see c'ut-tet. kampana c'ulelal, nphr(n type n). 'bell ghost', Escobedia guatemalensis, # 1382(7). Temperate "plant". e'uiltas, tv. sprinkle with holy water (priest). e'uiltasan, tv. sprinkle many times with holy water (priest). e'uiltasbil vo"7, nphr(aj & n)5. holy water. e'uiltasel, vn5. asperges. e'uiltasvan, iv. sprinkle person with holy water (priest). e'ul iitah, nphr(x type n)1a. 'blessed greens ?', princess feather Amaran-thus hybridus, #1416(7), #1444(10), #1719(15,16), #2195(19), #2393(20). Highland "plant". (20)-The greens are eaten, boiled, when tender. They are sold by Chamulas at market in San Cristobal. (19)-The root must be removed before boiling, var., e'uil titah /iA-pas, lElan Vot, Caynatik, Paste"), Voi-bie/. e'ul ?itahtik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of e'ul titah. eahal e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #610(1,4), #1416(3), #1719(3), #2395(3,4,20). Highland "plant". #2701(1,3,15,20,21). Lowland "plant". Same use as sakil e'ul titah. amaranth Amaranthus scariosus, #255(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. c'is e'ul ?itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'spiny e'ul titah', princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(17). Highland plant", c'isal e'ul Titah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'spiny e'ul titah', princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(18). Highland "plant", eahal c'is e'ul ?itah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #855(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant", princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2044(3,17). Highland "plant". sakil c'is e'ul litah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #1284(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant", sakil e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). princess feather A maranthus hybridus, # 1444(3,5), #2043(3), #2195(1,3,4), #2393(3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in the corn fields. The tips are gathered by women and children and are boiled with chili and salt. It is "cold". It is sold in the market. #2699(1,3,15,20). Lowland plant" Same use as above. tan e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'ashen e'ul titah', nettle-leaved goose foot Chenopodium murale, #733(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". The greens are boiled and eaten. They are "cold". They are sold at market. c'ub N. d'ub, n5. churchyard. c'uba, tv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty /house/. c'uba ba, rv. remove all one's possessions from house, c'ubaan, tv. tidy up thoroughly /house, yard/. c'ubaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). removal of all one's possessions from house. c'ubah, iv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty house, c'ubahel, vn. snatched up and put away. toh c'ubahel ta 9ora ti k'usuk yuiunike. Their things were snatched up and put away. c'uc'(l) N. £'ud\ nld. edible canna Canna edulis, #19(1,3,4), #1024(1,3,5). Highland "plant". It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. The tubers are planted in the rainy season. The leaves are sold to butchers in San Cristobal. Two or three leaves are required to wrap a kilo of meat. Half a leaf is needed for chitlings. Five or six leaves are gathered by the wife of a ritual assistant to wrap the chicken meat that is presented to a shaman after a curing ceremony. The leaves are sold to tamale merchants in San Cristobal. They are used to wrap fresh bean tamales /pitavul/. When a man goes to the lowlands his wife wraps a lump of posol dough in four large leaves or six small leaves and ties them with a strip of palm. Fifteen to twenty seeds are placed in a rattle, before the handle is affixed. The flowers are children's playthings, arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #2009(16,17). Lowland "plant". c'uc'tik, n5. expanse of edible canna or arrowroot, eahal c'uc', nphr(aj & n). see below. k'os eahal c'uc', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). edible canna Canna edulis, #580(1,3), #2199(1,3,4). Highland "plant". For use, seec'wc". k'os c'uc', nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #1127(1,4), # 1605(1,3). Temperate "plant". #2009(1,3,4). Lowland "plant", edible canna Canna edulis, #2199(19). Highland plant", sakil c'uc', nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #1605(11,12). Temperate plant". ak' (S'umtik, nphr(n4e of n5). field of cushaws. korneta c'um, nphr(n type n). 'comet cushaw', cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #1992(3). Lowland "vine" (RML)-This is a crook-necked variety. For use, see c'um. mail c'um, nphr(n type n)5. cushaw fruit shaped like a watermelon squash, sk'un c'um, nphr(n type n). 'soft cushaw', cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #2022(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland vine". For use, see c'um. sk'un-pat c'um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 'soft-skinned cushaw*, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #B 14256(5). Lowland "vine". For use, see c'um. te'vpat c'um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'hard-skinned cushaw", cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #B14255(5). Lowland "vine". For use, see c'um. fi'um-te?, n(n & ncpd)la. chayote Sechium edule, # 1476(11,12). Highland "vine". c'um-te^altik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of chayote vines. c'um-te'Hik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of chayote vines. eop-c'um-te9, n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). 'furry chayote', see below, sakil eop-c'um-te1?, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2722(1,4). Highland "vine" Same use as t'aras c'um-te>. vasal eop-c'um-te1*, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote 1 Sechium edule, #2773(1,4). Highland "vine" Same use as t'aras c'um-tei. sakil c'um-te9, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). see below, k'os sakil c'um-te?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2721(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in November. The fruit is sold at market. It is eaten, boiled. It is "cold". muk'ta sakil c'um-te'?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2712(1,4). Highland "vine". It is planted in April and harvested in November or planted at Christmastime and harvested in August. Six seeds are planted to a hole. The fruit is sold at market. It is cold". t'aras c'um-te'), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). 'spineless chayote', chayote Sechium edule, #2771(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. It is planted on St. Andrew's Day and harvested in November, or planted on Christmas Eve and harvested in August. Four seeds are planted to a hole, or two or three ripe chayotes are planted together, with some fertilizer. The shoots are eaten, boiled, as greens. The chayotes are "cold". They are sold at market, yasal i'um-te1), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, # 1476(3), #2709(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in their yards. The planting schedule and technique is the same as that for t'aras c'um-tev. The seeds are covered with a piece of an old pot to prevent the chickens form scratching them up. Both the fruit and the tuber are sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. Young fruits and tubers are cooked with salt and chili. Ripe fruits are boiled and eaten cold. They are "cold". Chayotes are given as offerings to the dead on All Souls' Day. Cum-to 9ak\ nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). Polyclathra cucumerina, #3012(11). Lowland "vine". Gonolobussp., #2843(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". Sicyos microphyllus, #1790(16). Highland "vine". It is eaten by sheep. Cum-to c'o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). west indian gherkin Cucumis 142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 fr/D anguria, #1314(8). Lowland "vine", 'mouse chayote', Cyclanthera bourgaeana, #963(1,3), #1169(1,3,4,5), #1463(3,11,12), #1737(3,15,16), #2060(3,17,18), #2202(1,3,4,19), #2385(3,4,20), #2508(4,21,22). Highland vine". (3)-It grows in yards and com fields. Pig owners pull up the plants in the rainy season to feed to their pigs. (20)-They are eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Echino-pepon horridus, #2166(1,7,11). Temperate "vine". Sicyos sp., #1415(3,7). Highland vine". c'um-te*) c'otik, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). expanse of c'um-tet c'o. eop-c'um-te? c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). 'furry mouse chayote', bur cucumber Sicyos microphyllus, # 1790(4). Highland "vine", k'anal c'um-te? c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). Schizocarpon attenuatum, #2593(1,3). Lowland vine". c'um-te? pos, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 'chayote medicine', west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #854(1,2,3,5), #1314(1,3,4,5), #2627(1,3). Lowland "vine" For a purgative, one fruit is gathered by a man. It is brewed. A man's dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of the middle finger. A woman's dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of the forefinger. An overdose is fatal. It is drunk once before breakfast. It is "hot". Melothriapendula, #2097(1). Temperate vine". c'un T. c'un, tv. believe, trust, agree to serve as. c'un mantal, vphr(tv & n5). obey. sc'unel nos mantal. against one's will. stak' c'unbel smantal li vinik Ie9e. That man's word can be trusted (or) relied on. c'unan, tv. agree to serve (plu). c'unanan, tv. cf. c'unan. c'unanc'unan, tv. be gullible, c'unanc'unanan. tv. cf. c'unanc'unan. c'unbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). obey someone's order, c'unilan mantal, vphr(tv & n5). keep obeying, c'unilanan, tv. keep believing everything, c'unilananbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. c'unilanbe mantal. 6'unilanbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). keep obeying someone's advice or order. c'unobil, n4f. gift given to enhance one's request, hc'uneh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). obedient child. c'upak' N. c'upak', nla see below, c'upak'tik, n5. expanse of c'upak'. 9it'is c'upak', nphr(n4f of n5). Cyclanthera langaei, #510(2,3,5), #1845(1). Highland "vine*. A handful of the tubers are crushed in cold water and a cupful is administered to rabid dogs twice a day for three days. #1800(1,4). Temperate vine". ba^i c'upak', nphr(aj & n). Cyclanthera langaei, #1187(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". It grows along fences. The roots are gathered by women. Four to five roots are crushed on a rock and used for shampoo. They are bought by the women of Vov-bie who particularly use them for laundry soap. They are used to launder woolen clothing; two to three roots for a woolen skirt or ceremonial huipil, one and a half to two for a robe, two to four for a ceremonial robe, one to two for a shawl. They are used also by the ritual laundresses for patients' clothes. •jit'is bae*i c'upak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Echeandia macrocar-pa, #2406(20). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. c'upak' ?ak\ nphr(n type n). Luffa cylindrica, #2689(20). Lowland "vine". It is eaten by horses. 5'upak' e'irtel, nphr(n type n). Cyclanthera langaei, #2390(20). Highland "vine*, c'upak' c'o ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse's c'upak' vine', Merre- mia aegyptia, #265(1). Lowland "vine". c'upak' hoh, nphr(n of n). 'raven's c'upak", Echeandia macrocarpa, #2069(17). Highland plant". #1884(16,17). Temperate plant". c'upak' te?, nphr(n type n). castor bean Ricinus communis, #299(1,2,3,5), # 2010( 16,17), # 2682(21,22). Lowland " tree". The use of the leaves is the same as of sakil c'upak' ten. (16,17)-The beans are used for laundry soap. #2269(19). Highland "tree", jimson weed Datura stramonium, #1791(16). Highland "plant", c'upak' totik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of c'upak' ten. 9it'is c'upak' te1?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #2682(15). Lowland "tree". The beans are used for laundry soap. The leaves are applied to a bone break four times a day. They are "hot". eahal fi'upak' te1), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #1378(3,7), #1832(1,4,15,16). Temperate "tree'. #2010(1,3,4), #2682(1,3). Lowland "tree". Same use as sakil c'upak' tef. jimson weed Datura stramonium, #2356(20). Highland plant". Same use as muk'ta c'upak' ten, but the tender shoots, not the beans, are ground and mixed with the dough, muk'ta c'upak' tei, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #2682(20). Lowland "tree". The beans are used to poison dogs and other animal pests that steal young corn. The beans are mixed with corn dough and bits of glass, and then stuffed into a cow intestine and hung up in the corn field. They are "hot". sakil c'upak' to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #1821(1,4), #2269(3,4). Highland "tree". To speed the mending of a broken bone three leaves are burned on the coals and bound with a rag to the break. They are "hot". (RML)-The number of times they are replaced, and the number of days they are applied varies. C'USUT N. c'usuv ?ak\ nphr(n type n). 'muscle vine', see below, k'anal c'usuv ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Mandevilla subsagittata, #2002(1,3,4). Lowland "vine". Mandevilla tubiflora, #2098(1). Temperate "vine". Gaudichaudia albida, #2435(1). Highland "vine". #2549(1,4). Temperate "vine", d'usuvil, n3a. muscle, tendon, gristle, strings /stringed instrument/. Male joking speech; penis, inan. poss.: sc'usuval. c'ut(l) N. c"util, n3b. stomach, waist, lap, middle /bottle/, body /drum, fiddle, guitar, harp/, breast /bird/, pregnancy. •)oy sa sfi'ut. She is pregnant. ta (S'ut . half way up /cliff, mountain, tree, wall/. When a pregnant woman dies an autopsy is performed and the foetus is removed and buried apart so that the mother's soul /c'ulel/ will not suffer further, c'utul, nld. diarrhea. Cut, n5. Baby talk; stomach. i'ut(2) fi'ut, Spanish cedar, cf. c*u. c'urub prob N. c'utub, nc. span of thumb and forefinger, c'utubta, tv. measure by the span of thumb and forefinger, c'utubtaobil, n4f. measuring stick whose length equals span of thumb and forefinger. D dalya N(Sp, dalia). dalya, n. dahlia . See below, dalyatik, n5. expanse of dahlias, moraro dalya, nphr(aj & n). 'purple dahlia', dahlia Dahlia variabilis, #929(1,3). Highland "plant". Same use as sakilpino dalya. pino dalya, nphr(aj & n). 'fine dahlia', see below, sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dahlia Dahlia pinnata, # 1334(1,3,4,5,7). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacan-tecs in their yards. The tubers are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by the stewards and by ladinos. They are sold at market. diablo E(Sp, diablo). D/H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 143 diablo, excl. the devil! var., diavlo, yavlo diavlo diavlo, the devil! cf. diablo. disyempre N(Sp, diciembre). disyempre, n5. December, var., lisyempre. disyempretik, n5. sometime in December. duranko N(Sp, Durango). duranko, peach, cf. turasnu. dyos dyos, god, god! cf. rios. ec'el ec'el, away from. cf. 9ec'(l). faynero N(Sp, faenero). faynero to, nphr(n type n)ld. stick used to clean out boring for dynamite /known only by roadworkers/. foko foko, flashlight, cf., hoko. foro foro, rain hat. cf., poro. fresno N(Sp, fresno). fresno, n. Peltostigma ptelioides, #432(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for rifle stocks. fnlminantp N(Sp. fulminante). fulminante, nla. percussion cap /known only by roadworkers/. G garafon garafon, demijohn, cf., karapon. gas gas, kerosene, cf., kas. gasolina gasohna, gasoline, cf., kasolina. gate gato, cat. cf. katn9. gayeta gayeta, cracker, cookie, cf., kayeta. goyyerno govyerno, government, governor, cf., kovyerno. granada N(Sp, granada). granada, n. pomegranate Punka granatum, #811(1,2). Lowland and highland vine". It is grown by Iadinos in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in April and May. It is sold at market. grnpo N(Sp, grupo). grupo, nld. group, associates, var., krupo /infr/. grwesa N(Sp, gruesa). grwesa, n5. twelve dozen /rockets/. H h cf. bun. h, one. ha E. ha, excl. oh!, what? ha9, water, diarrhea, moisten, cf. vo9(l) ha9(2) N. ha?, excl. yes, that's it! /nasalization of vowel/. ha"? me t skal. so I ask you (or) but please. ha9 ta skwenta li preserente. That's the magistrate's concern. ha9 ?o, ptphr(pt & pt). at that time, then, at that very moment, hai nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los /). that's all. ha1) nos kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los/ & n5). only if, on the condition that, so long as. ha1) nos yet, ptphr(pt & pt /contr of no & ")os/ & pt). that's all, just the same way. ha1? to, ptphr(pt & pt). not for, not until, still. ha") to hun-ab. not for a year (or) not until next year. Polite speech, greeting; mi ha1? to yecot? ha1? to yecon yaiel. Are you still the same? I seem to be the same. ha1) yet, ptphr(pt & pt). that's right, like that. ha1) yo9, ptphr(pt & pt). over there. ha9ha9tik, aj. rather like that. ha9tik, pt. yes ...almost. ha9tik nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los/). that's all. ha9uk, pt. whatever it may be. mi sak'an kahve? ha9uk. Do you want coffee? Whatever you have. 9a99on, av. muttering to self. Restricted to siiinon station: lit., saying 'yes", "yes", i.e., muttering to self (drunk). ha9(3) P(2). ha9 ba, rv. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, person complaining to magis- trale or in prayer; become haughty or arrogant, stoyoh sba sha9oh sba ti htote ti hme9e. lit., My father was stingy, my mother was arrogant, i.e., referring to any stingy or arrogant person who has wronged speaker. ha9-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; haughtiness. ha9al cikin, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). Ritual speech; haughty, cf. haial nil. ha^al ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down one's nose. Ritual speech, referring to enemy; rebellious, haoal t'omol, ajphr(aj & aj). thick and healthy (stem of squashes, chayote, turnip or water gourd). ha^alik, aj. protruding in cluster (conical flowers). ha")an ba, rv. tilt head back /when applying eye medicine/. ha?an ni"), vphr(tv // n). toss head (horse), snub /by tilting nose and looking away/. ha^an sat, vphr(tv // n). tilt head back /to look at sky/. ha9anob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; shrine where person begs forgiveness for his haughtiness. ha9et ni9, vphr(av & n4d). looking down one's nose, tilting nose (dog reaching for food). haoet sat, vphr(av & n4d). looking about. ha9ha9, aj. tilted backwards (head of baby), bent backwards (blade of hoe). ha9hon, av. looking around and calling (hen looking for place to lay), rocking head back and forth (baby being carried). ha")i, iv. tilt head back. ha9lahet, av. moving back and forth in cluster (conical flowers at tip of plant). hailahetik, av. cf. hailahel. ha"?leh, n5. with nose tilted up /in anger/. ha?luh, av. tilting head back suddenly. ha9omah, iv. look around (hen looking for place to lay). ha9teha9te, av. going about rocking head (child being carried). ha9ulan, tv. rock head back and forth /baby/ (mother), haiulan ba, rv. keep tossing head back /with haughtiness or confidence/. ha9ulanvan, iv. rock baby's head back and forth, lums N. haias, nld. mamey sapote Pouteria mammosa, #2842(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is "hot". It is sold at market. ha9astik, n5. grove of mamey sapotes. ha9as te9, nphr(n type n). see below. k'os ha'»as te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Parathesis leplopa, #452(1,2). Temperate "tree". hab(l) N. habil, n2b. year. hayib ahabilal. How old are you? ha9 sa shabilal ti t s9o£ ta yabtel. This is the year he enters his 144 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H religious post. scibal habil. two years ago. lavi habil t stal (or) t stal habil. the coming year. 9ac' habil, nphr(aj & n)5. year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/, new year's day. As the old year comes to its end everyone's body is believed to age, but the New Year brings rejuvenation. After midnight of the 31st a little food should be eaten as a salute to the old year and in thanksgiving for having safely passed another year. If a man wears dirty clothes on the first day of the year, he will surely wear dirty clothes the rest of the year. If he drinks on the first day of the year he will be drunk till the year's end. hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year, hun-abi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. last year. hab(2) N. hababet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). habah, iv. emerge from body ("cold wind") /so that patient is cured/, habahes, tv. make emerge from body /"cold wind"/. habahesob, nlf. "hot" medicine, habahesobil, nlf. cf. habahesob. haban, tv. make emerge from body /"cold wind"/. habeah, iv. emerge from body ("cold wind"). habet, av. sweating from medicine, breezy (cool breeze in lowlands), habta, tv. blow sickness on. habtaan, tv. blow sickness on /people/, habtavan, iv. blow sickness on person, hhabtavaneh, agn. person who blows sickness on another, habnal N. habnal, n. Oreopanaxpeltatus, #449(1,2). Temperate "tree" The leaves are used to wrap bean tamales and wedding tamales. The cantor needs four to five hundred leaves for Carnival Saturday. The groom's family and those in charge of the ceremonies for the Finding of the Holy Cross also need leaves for the tamales. The meat taken by the wedding godfather, from the groom to the bride's family, is wrapped in these leaves. habnaltik, n5. grove of habnal trees. ■>akusa habnal, cf. ?akusa. ■rit'is habnal, nphr(n4f of n5). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2620(20). Temperate "tree". It is used for firewood, eib habnal, nphr(n type n). 'fern habnaT, halberd fern Tectaria heraclei- folia, #223(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". eoeil habnal, nphr(aj & n). 'downy habnaT, betony Stachys radicans, #665(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in yards and fields. To relieve a person suffering from mahbenal the tender shoots are crushed in cold water together with sikil ton. A small cup is drunk. It is cold". (5)-It is medium", eoeil habnaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of betony. t\\ habnal, nphr(x type n)la. Miconia guatemalensis, #1371(7). Temperate "tree". #1519(11,12). Highland "tree" cil habnaltik, nphr(x type n)5. grove of cil habnal. bae"i cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, # 1859(1,16). Highland "tree". The branches are gathered by Cha-mulas and sold to Zinacantec women to dye wool. The leaves, together with dodder, are boiled. The wool is dyed yellow, then taken to San Cristobal where it is put in blue dye to produce green wool for sashes. cahal cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia mexicana, #692(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree". Miconia guatemalensis, #1819(15,16). Temperate "tree". sakil cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, #124(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cil habnal. Pouzolzia cf. purpusii, #1614(1,3). Temperate "plant", hic'ilik ?anal habnal, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'narrow-leaved hab-naT, Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(3). Temperate and highland "tree", kelem habnal, nphr(n type n). 'rooster habnaT or "boy habnaT, Oreopanax peltatus, #1251(7). Temperate "tree", k'os habnal, nphr(aj & n). wild basil Satureja brownii, #10(1,3,4). Highland "plant". As a remedy for women sufferingyas-cel following childbirth, a small bunch is brewed, a cup is drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary, it is "hot". As a remedy for swelling, a small bunch is brewed with basil and c'ail pos. It is "hot". The tea is drunk as above. As a remedy for cold wind" a small bunch is brewed with mexican savory and a pinch of tobacco. It is "hot". The tea is drunk as above. To cause measles to erupt, a handful is crushed in warm water. One cup is drunk. It is "hot". muk'ta habnal, nphr(aj & n). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2620(21). Temperate "tree" Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree". pamal habnal, nphr(natt&n)la. 'incense habnal', anthurium/I n/A«riH/n tetragonum, #723(1,2). Temperate "plant". The assistants of the elders gather a dozen leaves apiece before the first Lenten Friday. The leaves are used by the candle-bearers on every Lenten Friday and during Holy Week. They are wrapped around the candle and tied at the base with string, anthurium Anthurium aff. jortinense, #1599(1,3). Temperate "plant". pamal habnaltik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of anthurium. k'os" pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). anthurium Anthurium seleri, #1947(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant" hae N(M-Z, hae). hae, n4d. deferred payment. haein, tv. buy on credit. haeinan, tv. buy on credit /plu/. hac'(l) I. hae', iv. fall /sober person while walking/. hae'es, tv. push down /person/. hae'es ba, rv. fall /infr/. hae'esan, tv. push down /people/. hae'esvan, iv. make person fall. hhac'esvaneh, agn. person who makes another fall, mud or sandal, etc., that causes person to fall. hac'ulan, iv. keep falling. hac'(2) prob T or T(2). hae' is, vphr(tv // n). open mouth wide, gape (baby bird). hac'-?eal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. yawn. hac'-^ean, iv(tv & nepd). yawn. hae'et •Je, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape. hac'hon fe, vphr(av & n4d). moving lips suddenly (dying person), gaping (baby bird). hae'lahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hae'et ie (plu), cf. hac'hon ie (plu). had'luh ie, vphr(av & n4d). gaping jaws suddenly (crocodile). hac'tehac'te 9e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about yawning or with mouth agape. had'ulanbe ^e, vphr(tv // n). Scolding speech; keep shooting off one's mouth. hac'ub N. hac'ub to, nphr(n type n). 'comb tree', sycamore Platanus chiapensis, #717(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for roof purlins and common rafters of fieldhouses, bridge planks, fence posts, and firewood. (5)-The wood is used for combs, mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides, #2794(11,12). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for mainposts of fieldhouses, fence posts, and firewood. hac'ubil, n3a. comb. inan. poss.; shac'ubal. shac'ubal holobil. comb used to nap woolen fabric. hah E. haha9, excl. Male scolding speech, threatening child /the second vowel is nasalized/; watch it! hahanta, tv. threaten /child/. hahantavan, iv. threaten person /child/. hahayu, excl. Female scolding speech, threatening child; watch it! hak(l) T. hak, iv. end (work). hak ?ok, vphr(tv // n). stretch leg /convalescent taking first walk/, hurry. H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 145 hak ba, rv. end (work), be absent (sickness). hak ba ")ok, vphr(rv // n). stretch leg /convalescent, person with reflex pain in groin/, open legs wide, hakem camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. healthy, haket, av. ending (work). hak(2) prob O. hakak, aj. having frog in throat, hakhon, av. hawking, haklahet, av. cf. hakhon (plu). haklahetik, av. cf. hakhon (plu). hakluh, av. gagging suddenly. haktehakte, av. walking about gagging or hawking. bakapulga N(Sp, Acapulco). hakapulga, n5. double-edged machete, var., hakapulko. hakapulko hakapulko, double-edged machete, cf. hakapulga. hak'(l) T. hak', tv. petition /fiancee/, ask, ask about, hak' ba, rv. petition each other, hak'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. petition, hak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). inquire about initial date of fiesta (steward or cantor inquires from sacristan), hak' k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). ask about. lei' hhak' ak'oplal. I passed by to ask about you. hak' ta moc, vphr(tv & prep 4 n5). divine, cf. moc(l). hak'an, tv. ask about from place to place, hak'anan, tv. cf. hak'an. hak'anhak'an, tv. ask about from place to place, hak'anhak'anan, tv. cf. hak'anhak'an. hak'be, tv. ask someone. Polite speech; LP sahhak'be h-p'eluk arason totik mi mu savalbon bu skom lit. Now I am asking you a word of your wisdom, sir, won't you tell me where . . . i.e., Sir, would you kindly tell me where . . . hak'el, nc. asking. hak'hon, av. asking insistently or repeatedly. hak'lahet, av. cf. hak'hon (plu). hak'lahetik, av. cf. hak'hon (plu) hak'ob, nlf. saint, basket, etc., used by diviners, money or gifts for petition. hak'ob tik', nphrlaj & n)5. type of itchy skin disease. hak'obil, nlf. cf. hak'ob. hak'ol, n5. rite of petition for fiancee. hak'olah, iv. petition fiancee. hak'olahebal. n5. place where petition is made. skwenta hak'olahebal. They are for /to be worn at/ the petition (new clothes). hak'tehak'te, av. going about asking from place to place, hak'ulanbe, tv. keep asking someone. hak'ulananbe, tv. keep asking someone about many things, hhak'-k'ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). person who inquires about initial date of fiesta (steward, cantor). hhak'ol, agn. each of the three petitioners who represent prospective fiance at petition for fiancee. bat ta hak'olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride. hal(l) A. hal, aj. a long time. mu to haluk mi stoat. It may be that I will go. hal t sic'. It takes a long time, halah, iv. become scarce, halhal, aj. rather long time, halhaltik, aj. rather long time, halih, iv. take a long time. halihes, tv. delay, postpone. halihesvan, iv. delay person, halil, n4f. duration. k'u shalil. how long, how long? hhalihesvaneh, agn. person who delays another. hal(2) T. hal, tv. weave /cloth, palm/. halbat tal. woven for someone else /commissioned/, hal, iv. be woven. hal ba, rv. become interwoven or snarled (hair, thread), halam te1), nphr(n type n)la. bobbin /loom/, halan, tv. weave /clothes/, weave a lot of /palm/. halanan, tv. cf. halan. halanhalan, tv. weave one thing after another, halanhalanan, tv. cf. halanhalan. halav, iv. weave. halavebal, n3d. weaving place, tree or post where loom is fastened, halbenal, nlf. woven section /palm/, halel, nc. weaving, halomah, iv. weave, halulan, tv. keep weaving. halulananbe, tv. keep weaving a lot for someone, hhalom, agn. weaver. pec'el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). tangled (weaving), holobil, n3a. loom, cloth on loom, warp thread. When a woman dies leaving an unfinished cloth on her loom, another woman will finish it lest her soul /i'ulel/ suffer further. •>akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed rod. hit'akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing. halal, holy. cf. hand. halalalalay E. halalalalay, excl. refrain of dudes and dames. halavre N(Sp, arabia). halavre, nla. red thread for cotton tunic /archaic/. ham T(2). ham, tv. open, reveal. ham, iv. be opened, be revealed (shame), lose one's virginity (woman), begin menstruating, ham, n4f. slab of wood. ikilbe sham. I learned what to do. ham 9abtel, vphr(tv // n). reveal date of change of office (ensign-bearers) /in office/, ham '?e, vphr(tv // n). confess. iham ye ta vokol ti ha1) stamoh li tak'ine. He confessed under duress that it was he who had taken the money. ham ^e, vphr(iv & n4d). learn to talk. • ham ba, rv. declare one's intentions /when seeking permission/, leave word, spread one's legs apart. •>ay sham sba ta kavilto ti ta scon pos ta snae. He went to town hall to declare his intentions to sell cane liquor in his house, ham-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. confession. ham balamil, vphr(iv & n5). become open (land in dry season), ham be, vphr(tv & n5). lit., open road, i.e., clear road of highwaymen, ham nuk', vphr(tv // n). clear throat. ham ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into /another's house/, ham til tak'in, vphr(iv & nphr/n of n/5). resume ringing /of church bells at 10 p.m. Holy Saturday/. ham toh, nphr(n of n)5. slab of pine wood, hamal, aj. wide, open, clear. ta hamal. openly, hamal lal, vphr(aj & tv). speak openly or frankly, admit. hamal iyal ti k'usi stamohe. He admitted having taken it. hamal 9anal te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'broad-leaved tree', buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, #2152(14). Temperate "tree" The trunk is used for hoe handles, hamal ">e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). loose-tongued. tol hamal ye slo9ilah ti k'usi satie. He talks too openly about what he hears. 146 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hamal TOk, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with legs spread apart /sexual connotation/. hamal 9osil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). broad plot of land. hamal ?osil, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. clear sky. hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. large town or city. hamal sat balamil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n5/). when or where earth lord is dangerous, hamaltik, n5. open country, hamalub, iv. become wider, hamalubtas, tv. make wider, hamalubtasvan, iv. widen woman's /vagina/. hamam, av. being wafted, haman, tv. open /gates/. hamanan, tv. cf. haman. hamanhaman, tv. open one after another, hamanhamanan, tv. cf. hamanhaman. hambe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). expose completely one's misconduct or guilt. ishambe skotol smul li smalal ta kavilto yahnile. She exposed all her husband's misdeeds in court, hambe sat balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). pray to the earth lord /at unsanctioned caves/. hamet lik', vphr(av & n4f). spreading of odor or fragrance, hamham, iv. clear slightly (sky). hamhon cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling (exhausted person). hamlah, av. cf. hamhon (plu). hamlahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hamhon cak (plu). hamleh, n4d. width. hamob, nlf. opener /key, bottle opener/. hamobil, nlf. cf. hamob. hamtehamte cak, vphr(av & n4d) hobbling about, hamtehamte na, vphr(av & n4d). opening one side of door and then the other, opening one door after another /in same house/. hamulan, tv. keep opening. hamulan ba, rv. keep spreading apart one's legs. hamulanan, tv. keep opening /plu/. hamvan, iv. release /prisoner/, hhani -na, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /member of boy's party who is delegated to secure entrance of party into prospective fiancee's house/. hhamalubtasvaneh, agn. Male joking speech; penis. hhamvaneh, agn. person who releases prisoner, witch /person who lets out enemy's guardian animal from corral/. hamaka N(Sp, hamaca). hamaka, nla. woven fence hung across river, hamaka ba k'o, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. hanging bridge. hamparo N(Sp, jambado). hhamparo, agn. greedy person. pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). be greedy or lustful, exceed one's authority. han prob O. hanan, av. buzzing, hananet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly), hanet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly). hanhon, av. buzzing (person talking or praying), hanlah, av. walking and talking, buzzing (plu). hanlahet, av. buzzing (bumblebees, flies, people talking or praying), hanlahetik, av. cf. hanlahet. hanluh, av. buzzing suddenly (bumblebee, fly), hantehante, av. buzzing about, walking about farting. hanika N(Sp, fanega). hanika, nla. one hundred and eighty liter dry measure, hanika litro, cf. litro. hap T(2). hap, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banner, torch, candle, rifle, flashlight/. hap, n4f. free day, day off. hap ?osil, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass, hap cobtik, nphr(nlf of n5). space between rows of corn. hap e'en, nphr(n of n)5. ravine. hap k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). free day, day off. hap vie, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass. hapahtik, aj. narrow. hapal, aj. narrow (ravine). hapalul, n4f. split, crack /wall, roof/. hapan, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banners, torches, candles, flashlights/. hapanan, tv. cf. hapan. hapanhapan, tv. hold up or hold aloft one after another /banners, torches, candles, flashlights/, hapap, av. hurrying holding /knife/, hapapet, av. flourishing /gun, knife/. hapem camel, vphr(aj/pred/ & vn5). healthy, hapet, av. holding aloft /banner/, holding high /gun, knife, stick/. hapetik, av. cf. hapet (plu). haphon, av. being held (candles, banner, gun, knife, stick), swaying (tall and slender tree). haplah, av. hurrying holding high /banner/ (plu). haplahet, av. swaying (tall and slender trees), being held (banners, guns), haplahetik, av. blooming (girls). hapluh, av. flourishing suddenly /knife/. haptehapte, av. holding high one after another /guns, knives, sticks, torches/. hapu, tv. seize /criminal/. hapulan, tv. keep holding, hhap-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). candle bearer /old woman assigned to each of'the elders to hold their candles in church during Lenten Fridays and Holy Week/. hhapivaneh, agn. person who seizes criminal. Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods, as those who summon and watch over people; protector. hiikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector, hhapuvaneh, agn. cf. hhapivaneh /more freq/. '/ic'be hap, vphr(tv & n4d). calculate amount of free time. hap' O. hap', onom. crunch /sound/. hap'ap'et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher), grinding (teeth of drunkard, sleeping person or peccary). hap'hon, av. crunching (person eating chili or undercooked cabbage), hap'lahet, av. breaking into many pieces /old rope/, cf. hap'hon (plu). hap'lahetik, av. cf. hap'hon (plu). hap'luh, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh). har O. hararet TObal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken). haret lobal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken), harhon, av. purring, spinning /sound/. harhon ">obal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken). harlahet, av. cf. harhon (plu). harluh, av. whirring suddenly (grasshopper, hummingbird, rock), harteharte, av. walking about wheezing, whizzing by one after another (rocks). harolan, tv. keep wheezing. haragan N(Sp, haragan). haragan, agn. loafer, var., harakan. haraganil, n4d. laziness. harakan harakan, lazy. cf. haragan. haral A. haral-, aj. holy. Polite speech, person who stays at home during fiesta asking another to send greetings to the saints, haral-cabanuk hc'ul-me'Hik hc'ul-totik. Take holy care of our holy mother, our holy father. hharal-me'Hik, agn(n/aj & ncpd/). Ritual speech, referring to virgin /saint/; holy mother. H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 147 hharal-motik, agn(aj & ncpd)la. "holy mother', fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #1748(15,16). Highland "plant". (15)-As a remedy for "wind", three stalks are brewed and a cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is "hot" #2445(1). Temperate "plant". uicim hharal-me'Uik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/). 'holy mother's flower', fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #460(1,2,3), # 1466(3), # 1748(3). Highland "plant". It is grown in yards. The seeds are sown in the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. haral-tot, agn(n/aj & ncpd/). holy father, term of address for priest or bishop. halal-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask a great favor /archaic/. hhalal-rae'Jtik, agn(aj & ncpd). 'holy mother', ragweed Ambrosia cuman-ensis, #2505(21,22). To induce abortion, a small bunch is brewed and a cup is drunk twice for one day. It is "hot". harina N(Sp, harina). harina, nla. flour, corn dust /worm-eaten/. has P. hasal, aj. brimful (liquid). hasan, tv. fill to the brim /pot with liquid/. haset, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/. hashon, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/. haslahet, av. cf. hashon (plu). hasleh, n4f. brimful. haslehikil, n4f. cf. hasleh /plu/. hastehaste, av. brimful, one (pot) after another. hasinto N(Sp, jacinto). hasinto te1), nphr(n type n). 'hyacinth tree', horseradish tree Moringa oleifera, # 779( 1,2). Lowland " tree". It grows in fencerows. The flowers are used by the people of Chiapa to decorate their graves on All Souls' Day. has T(2). has, tv. card /wool/, brush hands through /hair/, wash /hands/, rub /salt on tortilla/. Polite speech before ritual meal; hhasban hk'ob. I am washing my hands first. hai, iv. be carded. has-cu1?, n(aj & ncpd). flat-breasted. has-cu? lima, cf. lima. has-pik, tv(tv & tvcpd). feel, grope. has-pikulan, tv(tv & tvcpd). keep feeling or groping /sexual inference/. has-pikulanvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). keep feeling or groping for person. has-pikvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). feel or grope for person. hasahlik, aj. cf. hasal /plu/. hasal, aj. brimful /with corn, beans/, flat (breasts), even, hasal 5a snir His nose is turned up /in anger/. hasalik, aj. cf. hasal /plu/. hasan, tv. card a lot of /wool/. hasanan, tv. cf. hasan. hasanhasan, tv. card a lot of /wool/. hasanhasanan, tv. cf. hasanhasan. hasas, av. slipping down easily /throat/. hasasta, tv. grope for. hasastavan, iv. grope for person. hasaset, av. rippling (water), breezy, slipping down easily /throat/. hasbalal eoe, nphr(aj & n)5. carded wool. hasbe, tv. let fly at someone /rock/, cause to whistle toward someone /machete, stick, bullet/, swill. hasbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). stroke head /of child to calm it/. hasbe vara, nphr(tv & n5). level with stick /corn in measure/. hasbenal, aj. carded. hasbil vara, nphr(aj & n)5. brimful /corn, beans, cane liquor/. hasebal, n5. moment just before carding is finished. hasel, nc. carding. haset, av. breaking wind, rustling. shaset ta hholtik. It is rustling around our heads /ninth developmental stage of com, also called simuketotik to/. hashon, av. slipping down (fine corn gruel), breathing through nose, groping, rustling by without speaking (angry person). hask'uh, iv. slip. hask'un, tv. slide. haslah, av. hurrying by sullenly (plu). haslahet, av. groping, rustling by without speaking, breathing through nose (plu). hasluh, av. whistling or swooshing by suddenly, slipping suddenly /on dry leaves/, cutting through suddenly /tree with one blow/, slipping down suddenly /drinking water/, walking by suddenly without speaking. hasob, nlf. card /for wool/. hasobil, nlf. cf. hasob. hasomah, iv. card /wool/. hasp'uh, iv. cf. hask'uh. hasp'un, tv. cf. hask'un. hastehaste, av. walking around sullenly. hasulan, tv. keep carding, rub lightly. hasulanan, tv. keep carding a lot of /wool/. hasulanbe hoi, vphrftv & n4d). keep stroking head /of child/. hhas-pikvaneh, agn(vn/tv & ivcpd/). person who gropes for another. hhasastavaneh, agn. person who gropes for another. hhasom, agn. person who cards wool. hat(l) T(2). hat, tv. tear, rip, deflower, break /fence/. cak hhat ka'i li eeb le?e. I would like to deflower the girl there. hat, iv. be torn or ripped. hat ba, rv. tear (one's clothing) /on branch/. hat-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; wedding night. hatahtik, aj. torn in many places. hatal, aj. torn, broken (fence). hatalik, aj. torn in many places (clothing), broken in many places (fence). hatan, tv. tear or break /plu/. hatanan, tv. cf. hatan. hatanhatan, tv. tear or break one after another. hatanhatanan, tv. cf. hatanhatan. hatbenal, n4f. tear, rip. hatel, nc. ripping, tearing. hatel, aj. broken (basket), ripped. hatet, av. torn. hathon, av. torn. hatlahet, av. torn in many places. hatobal, n3a. deerbone knife or wire used to shuck corn. hattehatte, av. walking about with torn /clothing/. hatulan, tv. keep tearing. hatulanan, tv. keep tearing /plu/. hatvan, iv. deflower. hhatvaneh, agn. deflowerer. hat(2) prob N. hatav, iv. flee, escape, run away, elope. hatviltas, tv. urge to flee. hatviltasvan, iv. urge person to flee. hhatviltasvaneh, agn. person who urges another to flee. hhatvil, agn. fugitive. hat' prob O. hat'at'et, av. farting. hat'et, av. farting (horse). hat'hon, av. farting (horse). hat'lah, av. hurrying and farting (plu). hat'lahet, av. cf. hat'hon (plu). hat'luh, av. farting suddenly (horse). hat'tehat'te, av. walking about farting. hat'ulan, tv. keep farting. hat'is prob N. 148 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hat'isah, iv. sneeze. When a man sneezes this reputedly indicates that his loved one is urinating and thinking of him, wondering if he is well. hat'isan, tv. sneeze. hhat'isahel, agn. person sneezing. ha»(l) T. hav, tv. split /wood/, split in two /orange, melon, mamey/, divide in two /plot of land/, operate (doctor). hav, iv. split, crack (foot). hav, nc. split section /orange, firewood, pine/. havan, tv. split /plu/. havanan, tv. cf. havan. havanhavan, tv. split one after another. havanhavanan, tv. cf. havanhavan. havakil, n4f. many equal slices. havalul, n4f. split /wood/. havebal, n5. moment before splitting or operating is finished. havbenal, n4f. cut /tree/. havel, nc. cutting open /melon/. havhon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). suffering from splitting headache. havlahet, av. splitting (beans that do not become soft when cooked), falling down and getting up repeatedly. havluh, av. feeling sudden splitting pain, splitting suddenly. havob, nlf. saw, axe. havobil, nlf. cf. havob. havulan, tv. keep splitting. havulanan, tv. keep splitting a lot of /wood/. havulanvan, iv. keep cutting person. hawan, iv. operate on person, perform autopsy. hhawaneh, agn. person who operates on another or who performs autopsy. hov, nc. half, equal slice, section of object split in two or three /orange, chayote, bread/. hov-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one side of face black, one side white (pope, priest in olden times). hovhov, nc. single slice /I only/. hovokil, n4f. many halves /chicken/. hav(2) P. hav ?osil, nphr(n of n)5. slope. hava, tv. measure by armspan /palm strip, tarea/, stretch out arms laterally. havaan, tv. measure by armspan /plu/. havaanan, tv. cf. havaan. havahtik, aj. cf. haval /plu/. haval, aj. face up, on one's back. haval ?ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. *axe, face up', black-capped swallow Nolio-chelidon pileata, rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, cave swallow Petrochelidon fulva, white-collared swift Streptoprocne zonaris, common nighthawk Chordeiles minor. Swallows, swifts, and ni-ghthawks are not eaten. Low-flying swallows are believed to signal the approach of rain. haval cak, nphr(aj & n)ld. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs. havalik, aj. cf. haval /plu/. havaltik, n5. eroded land. havan, tv. turn face up, cause to be face up /woman/. havan ba, rv. lie face up. havan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). stretch arms laterally. havaobil balamil, nphr(nlf of n5). measuring stick /one arm span in length, used to measure land/. havav yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or squatting position/. havet, av. lying face up and moving. havetik, av. cf. havet (plu). havhav, aj. toppling over backwards (load), set too far back (hat on head), bent outwards (hoe blade) /preventing proper hoeing/. havhon, av. lying face up. havi, iv. lie face up. havk'uh, iv. topple over backwards (person's load, mud wall, tree, fence, door), fall over backwards (person). havk'un, tv. upset /person's load/, push over backwards, topple /fence, door, wall/. havk'unvan, iv. pull person backwards /by shoulders/. havlah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (sing). havlahetik, av. lying face up (plu). havlebal, n3d. bed or place where loose woman lies waiting for next man. havleh, nld. lying face up. havp'uh, iv. cf. havk'uh. havp'un, tv. cf. havk'un. havtehavte, av. falling on one's back here and there. havtehavte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about looking around in the air. havul, nld. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs. hov, nc. armspan /woven palm, rope, vine, tarea/. havan N. havanil, n3d. sister-in-law /female's brother's wife, husband's sister/ /archaic/. havas N(Sp, habas). havas, broad bean. cf. cenek'. bay(l) N. • hay, nla. gourd, tortilla gourd. See below. haytik, n5. field of gourds. eo? kao hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. 'horse manure gourd', gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B14259(5). Lowland "vine" It is used for tortilla gourds, cf. eu. suy hay, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # B 14258(5). Lowland "vine" It is used for tortilla gourds, cf. eu. hay(2) E. hay, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear or pain/. hay 9anima, nphr(excl & n5). Female speech; oh lord! /exclamation of surprise at learning about bad thing person is doing/. hay(3) X. hayahtik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/. hayal, aj. thin (tortilla, bark, rind), shallow (basket, gourd), young-looking, slim. hayal pat cikin-ib, cf. cikin-ib. hayal pat naranha. cf. naranha. hayal pat toh, cf. toh. hayal pat tulan, cf. tulan. hayalik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/. hayay, av. swooping, gliding rapidly. hayayet, av. soaring, gliding (hawk, bluebird, buzzard, kite, paper), stretching very thin (balloon, old clothing). hayel, aj. thin-grained, unripe (corn). hayel 9ahan. unripe ear /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called c'is-mahan/. hayet, av. soaring, gliding. shayet ta mahel. recoiling from blow. hayetel con, nphr(vn type n)5. flying insects /general term/. hayetik, av. cf. hayet (plu). hayhay, aj. shallow (bowl, basket, laundry tray, frying pan). hayil to, nphr(natt & n)la. wooden laundry tray. haylah, av. cf. hayay (plu). haylahet, av. cf. hayet (plu). hayluh, av. soaring or gliding suddenly. haytehayte, av. soaring or gliding one after another. hayub, iv. become thin (clothing, sandals). hayubtas, tv. make thin /machete, wood/. hoy, aj. thin (cloth, corn kernel, bark, peel, pot, tortilla, weeds, sole, palm frond, board, adobe), shallow, young-looking. hoyhoytik, aj. rather thin (clothing, tortilla, weeds, sole), rather shallow. hay(4) prob O. hayhon, av. neighing. haylahet, av. cf. hayhon (plu). H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 149 hay(5) Num. hay , n(num & nccpd)le. how many?, several, few. hay-kot kar how many horses? (or) several horses, hay-lahun-— , n(num & num & nc)cpd5. however many, how many. hay-lahun-?ec'el. how many limes?, as many times as. hay-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. however many, how many? /implying great number/, hayib, nle. several, however many, how many? hayib 9ora. What time is it? hayib t Savak'. How much? /price/. shayibal 1 ahabilal. How old are you? mu hayuk, nphr(pt & n5). be unable to finish. mu hayuk ka9i. I could not finish (or) I could not hear everything. mu sa hayuk heakbe ti sk'obike. I could not shake all their hands. hi E. h?, excl. uh-huh! /exclamation emphasizing the truth of what one has just said/, var., hmi. be he, oh. cf. 9e(l). be9(l) E. he1), excl. hah! /exclamation of disbelief/, var., yen /Pasted/. he? bu m avati 9un. Hah, where did you hear that? be9(2) P. ho ba, rv. put forth branches and leaves. he?ahtik. aj. cf. held /phi/. he"?an ba, rv. sit with crossed legs, heieah, iv. bow down (branch), hewet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch). heiel, aj. bowed down (heavily laden branch, heavy-laden corn stalk). heielik, aj. cf. heiel /plu/. heiet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch). he^he1?, aj. bowed down, heilahet, av. swaying (heavily laden branches). heileh, n4f. bowed down. heiluh, av. swaying suddenly (heavily laden branches). ho(3) O. heiheiho, onom. cackle. he?hon, av. cackling (hen looking for place to lay), holahet, av. cf. heihon (plu). hoomah, iv. cackle (hen looking for place to lay). he?tehe9te, av. walking about cackling. bee P. heeahtik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. heean ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). remain behind, remain sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself. heeeah, iv. not heading (cabbage). heeel, aj. cross-legged, sitting with legs tucked under, not headed (cabbage). heeelik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. heeel, av. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under. heeetik, av. cf. heeel (plu). heehee, aj. not headed (cabbage). heehon, av. waddling (fat woman, duck, fat hen), swiveling along on rump (legless person), swaying from side to side (drunken woman), heei, iv. cross one's legs or tuck one's legs under oneself (woman), heelah, av. waddling slowly (plu). heelahet, av. cf. heehon (plu). heelahetik, av. cf. heehon (plu). heeleh, nlf. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), heeteheete, av. waddling about, sitting here and there swaying from side to side (drunken woman). h«(l) 1(2). hec, nc. In reference to: bags on mule's back /no more than two loaded on each mule/, end /clothing/, comer. •toy sne sca9-hecel. It has a fringe at both ends. ta h-hec cikin mesa, at one comer of the table, hec, n5. on the other side. ta hec nab. on the other side of the lake (or) river, (or) Grijalva River, ta hec 9osil. over there, heeahtik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. heceb, nle. one side heavier than the other or lower than the other /load/. inan. poss.; on the other side, heeelik, aj. large (ear of corn). hecem, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes), crooked (warp), hechec, nc. with only one bag /on horse/ /I only/. hechec, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes), hecob, nle. one side heavier than the other (or) lower than the other /load/, inan. poss.; on the other side, hecom, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes). bec(2) T. hec, tv. rip off /ear of corn/ /steal/, hec ta •Janil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). harvest rapidly. hecan, tv. rip off /ears of corn/, hecanan, tv. cf. hecan. hecanhecan, tv. rip off one after another /ear of corn/, hecanhecanan, tv. cf. hecanhecan. heeel, nc. rapid harvesting, heculan, tv. keep ripping off /ears of corn/, heculanan, tv. cf. heculan. hec' T. hec', tv. bite a piece out of /fruit, cake of sugar/ (person) or /piece of wall/ (sheep) or /salty earth/ (horse) or /potato/ (hoe), hec', nc. bite /fruit, squash/, hec'an, tv. bite pieces out of. hec'anan, tv. cf. hec'an. hec'anhec'an, tv. bite piece out of one after another, hec'anhecanan, tv. cf. hec'anhec'an. hec'be, tv. whack at someone or something /with axe or machete/, hec'benal, n4f. piece cut out of /potato by hoe/, hee'ee'et ie, vphr(av & n4d). grinding teeth (EKL 255;2-14), gnashing teeth (drunk, pig, peccary, paca, charcoal cruncher), chattering teeth (gopher, person) /with cold/, hec'hon, av. gnawing (dog eating bone or ear of corn, gopher), grazing (horse, sheep). hee'lahet, av. cf. hec'hon (plu). hee'lahetik, av. cf. hec'hon (plu). hee'luh, av. taking sudden bite out of. hec'ulan, tv. keep gnawing (dog gnawing bone), keep grazing (horse, sheep). hec'ulanan, tv. keep gnawing /plu/. hee'van, iv. bite a piece out of person (dog), hhec'vaneh ta tfrel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). dangerous dog. hefe N(Sp.jefe). hefe, n5. boss, var., hepe. hek(l) T(2). hek, tv. strip /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/, split off. hek, iv. split off (branch), hek, nc. In reference to: branch that has been broken or pulled off, leg of beef or pork. hekahtik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/. hekan, tv. strip or split off /plu/. hekanan, tv. cf. hekan. hekanhekan, tv. strip off one after another /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/. hekanhekanan, tv. cf. hekanhekan. hekekil, n4f. cf. hekel(l) /plu/. hekel(l), n4f. leg of beef or pork. hekel(2), aj. outstretched (arm, leg) /when falling/, widespread (rump, i.e., legs), hanging (meat). hekel yalel, vphr(aj/pred/& dr). with branch growing downwards, hekelik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/. 150 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H heket cak, vphr(av & n4d). with legs spread apart /person shinnying up tree, chicken hanging by one leg/, hekhek, nc. single leg of beef or pork /I only/, hckhek yalel, vphr(aj/pred/ & dr). cf. hekel yalel heklah, av. moving /legs of meat being carried/ (plu), splitting off. hekleh, n4f. whole leg /beef/. hekluh, av. splitting off suddenly, hektehekte, av. splitting off one after another. hek(2) probO. hekhon, av. gagging (dog), heklahet, av. cf. hekhon (plu). heklahetik, av. cf. hekhon (plu). hektehekte, av. walking about gagging. hel T(2). hel, tv. exchange, barter, change /money, clothes/. hel, n4b. substitute, change, hel ba, rv. be exchanged. hel baik, rv. take turns, alternate, rotate /in office/, hel-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocation, hel ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take different paths, hel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly). helahtik, aj. cf. helel /plu/. helan, tv. exchange, barter or change /plu/. helananan, tv. cf. helan. helanhelan, tv. exchange, barter or change many one after another, helanhelanan, tv. cf. helanhelan. helanhelanbe baik, rv. exchange one /bottle/ after another among each other. helbe ba, rv. exchange. heleah, iv. become unequal in length (pant legs). helean, tv. make unequal in length /pant legs/. helekil, n4f. many different. helel, aj. different. helelhelel, n4f. each of many different /wives/. helet cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /helhon cak preferred/, helhel, aj. unequal in length (leg of pants). helhel scak. standing with one leg bent at the knee. mu su? helhel t sbat li k'ope. The arguments can't be different, i.e., People in group must give the same story, helhel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly). helhon, av. changing repeatedly /clothes/. helhon cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /with sprained leg or chafing sandals/. hellahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /plu/. hellahetik, av. cf. helhon (plu). helleh, n4f. unequal in length, helob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. change of clothes. helolil, n3d. substitute /sacrificial chicken/. Ritual speech, constables referring to their replacements upon leaving office; hmuk'ul helol hmuk'ul pakol. my great substitute, my great reciprocation. Ritual speech, petitioners referring to prospective fiancee; slok'ol shelol vinahelal lane, the image, the substitute of the heavenly lady. help'uh, iv. have one side become lower (scales). help'un, tv. hang from shoulder /shoulder bag, shotgun/, help'unan, tv. hang /gourds/ from shoulder, help'unanan, tv. cf. help'unan. help'unhelp'un, tv. hang from one's shoulder one after another. help'unhelp'unan, tv. cf. help'unhelp'un. helta, tv. replace /old or dirty clothes for new or fresh clothes, old thatch for new/, change /houses/, helta ba, tv. change clothes, heltaan, tv. replace /plu/. heltaanan, tv. cf. heltaan. heltahelta, tv. replace one after another /wives/. heltaheltaan, tv. cf. heltahelta. heltasan, tv. borrow from someone to repay debt to another. heltasanan, tv. borrow from many to repay debt to another. heltavan, iv. seek substitute for person. heltehelte cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling about. helubtas, tv. move, change to. helubtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5). interpret, translate. helubtasan, tv. move /plu/, change to /plu/. helubtasanan, tv. cf. helubtasan. helubtasvan, iv. lead person across /river/, help person past obstruction on path. helulan, tv. keep changing, helulan ?ok, vphr(tv // n). hop first on one foot and then the other /dance of captain or angel/, pump /bicycle/, helulan baik, rv. keep taking turns, helulan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. repeated taking of turns, helulanan ?ok, vphr(tv // n). hop first on one foot then the other (plu). helulanan baik, rv. cf. helulan baik. helvan, iv. change places with person /in religious post/, hheltavaneh, agn. person who seeks substitute for another, hhelubtasvaneh, agn. ferryman, hhelvaneh, agn. person who substitutes for another. ?ec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). pass by or leave person behind. ?ec"-helanhelan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone behind. helav X. helav, iv. go ahead, get ahead, reach, pass by, be fast (watch). nat helavem ta yabtel. He was left way behind at work. shelavel tal. on this side of. shelavel ec'el. on that side of, beyond. sk'an t shelav li 9anee. lit., The woman wants to get ahead, i.e., The woman wants to wear the pants in the family. helav k'al Hobel. It reached San Cristobal /dispute/. ihelav ye. He shot his mouth off. helav pwersa, vphr(iv & n4d). have semenal discharge, helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj). get out of hand, become excessive or extreme, overdo, go too far. cf. lee' ta mas. helavel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion past. hem I, T(2). hem, tv. push down /earth/, fill /depression/, hem, iv. slide down, avalanche, hem, nc. avalanche, heman, tv. fill /holes/. hemanan, tv. cf. heman. hemanheman, tv. fill /hole/ one after another, hemanhemanan, tv. cf. hemanheman. hembenal, n4f. place from where earth has fallen in slide, hemeah, iv. give way (ground), hemean, tv. make give way /ground/, hemeanan, tv. cf. hemean (plu). hemel, n5. avalanche, hemel, nc. avalanche, hemem, av. giving way rapidly (ground), hemes, tv. fill, push down, hemesan, tv. push down or fill /plu/. hemesanan, tv. cf. hemesan. hemet, av. slipping, sliding (ground underfoot), hemetik, av. cf. hemet. hemhem, iv. slide down slightly, hemhon, av. slipping, sliding or spreading flat (corn or beans in pile), making ground give way. hemk'uh, iv. cf. hemeah. hemk'un, tv. cf. hemean. hemlah, av. giving way rapidly (ground) (sing), hemlahet, av. slipping, sliding down here and there (ground), making H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 151 ground give way (plu). hemluh, av. giving way suddenly (ground), hemtehemte, av. slipping or sliding down here and there. hen(l) prob P or P(2). henel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot), henet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with chubby belly (child, puppy), henhen c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot), henhon c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy), hcnlah c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon c'ut (plu). henlahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon c'ut. henlahetik c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (children), hentehente, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby belly (child, puppy). ben(2) prob O. henhen, nle. giant tropical toad Bufo horribilis. It is thought to be the earth lord's maid. henhon, av. croaking (giant tropical toad), henlahet, av. cf. henhon (plu). henuhenuhenu, onom. croak /giant tropical toad/. beoeral N(Sp, general). heneral, agn. general. hep T(2). hep, tv. split off /shoot/, chop off /branch/, chop into small pieces, give small amount /money/. hep, iv. split (wood, fingernail), hep, nc. sliver that has been pulled off /wood, incense, pine/, chip /tooth/, strip /palm frond/. hepan, tv. chop off /branches/, chop into small pieces, hepanan, tv. cf. hepan. hepanhepan, tv. chip off one after another /pieces of tile/, split off one after another /shoots/, hepanhepanan, tv. cf. hepanhepan. hepel ?ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 'axe chip', black-capped swallow Notiocheli- don pileata/Naben Cauk/ cf. haval lek'el. hepel to, nphr(aj & n)5. kindling, chip, splinter. hepelul, n4f. chip. hephep, nc. single strip /palm frond/ /I only/. hcphon, av. chopping at ineffectually, heplahetik, av. cf. hephon (plu). hepleh, n4f. whole chip, hepob, nlf. machete, hepobil, nlf. cf. hepob. hepulan, tv. keep chopping /with axe or hoe/. bepe hepe, boss. cf. befe. hep'(l) P or P(2). bep'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. small-faced, hep'el, aj. small-faced, hep'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). small-faced, hep'hep', aj. small-faced. hep'(2) prob O. hep'ep'et, av. gnawing (rat, paca, gopher, charcoal-cruncher), gnashing (drunk, peccary, pig). hep'hon, av. gnawing (rat, gopher, charcoal-cruncher), hep'lahet, av. gnawing (rats), hap'lahetik, av. cf. hep'lahet. hep'tehep'te, av. gnawing here and there. hep'ulan, tv. keep gnawing /stale tortilla/(Chamula). herinka N(Sp, jeringa). herinka, n5. syringe. herka N(Sp, jerga). herkail, n3a. woolen tunic. Like all other woolen clothing this is not placed in the coffin of its deceased owner, lest his soul be burnt, herkain, tv. steal woolen tunic, besu-knsto N(Sp, Jesucristo). hesu-kristo, n(n & ncpd)5. Jesus Christ. Ritual speech, while making sign of cross; dyos hesu-kristo kahval. God, Jesus Christ, My Lord. hes N. hes, nld. unicolored jay Aphelocoma unicolor, steller jay Cyanocitta stel- leri, green jay Xanthoura yncas. Jays are eaten. They are "cold". It is believed that when a male child is born the jays celebrate with a dance because they know that the boy will grow up and work in the fields, producing more corn for the jays to eat, but a female child causes them only sadness and anger, heshon, av. calling (jay), heslahet, av. cf. heshon (plu). heslahetik, av. cf. heshon (plu). hesluh, av. calling suddenly (jay), hesteheste, av. calling about (jay). net P. het, n4f. fork /shuttle, slingshot/, het, nc. fork /single branching of road, slingshot, tree/, het-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. waddling, hobbling, bowlegged. het te1?, nphr(n of n5). tree fork. hetan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). stand with legs widely planted, hetav, nc. fork /tree, road/, prong /2-3/. hetel cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one foot resting on rock or chair, etc. hetet cak, vphr(av & n4d). scrambling up or over, straddling. te shetet scak ta nuk' na ihta. There I caught him scrambling over the roof ledge /robber/. hethet, aj. forked (branches with one perpendicular, one at right angles), hethet cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one foot resting on rock or chair, etc. hethon, av. waddling (fat person, duck), swaggering, toddling, hobbling, walking bowleggedly. hetlahet, av. cf. hethon (plu). hetobtaan, tv. straddle over /logs, rocks/. hetobtaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leap frog, hettehette cak, vphr(av & n4d). shinnying one after another. hi(l) E. hi, excl. ohh! /phrase or sentence initial term signifying greatness or extent of size or magnitude of action/, var., hih. hi nom ibat. Ohh, it went very far! hi(2) O. hihihihihi, onom. sound used to imitate tune, comparable to humming, hihon, av. humming /restricted to children, i is nasalized/. hi(3) probO. hiet, av. snarling ferociously (dog) /i is nasalized/, hilahet, av. cf. hiel (plu)(V2: 19). hi->(l> Pt. hi*?, pt. yes. var., hihii /nasalization of vowel/. hi9hi9tik, pt. yes ... almost, lunik, pt. yes ... almost. W>(2) P(2) or T(2). hi9, tv. spread flat /beans, corn, chili, earth, stones, gravel, coffee beans, sand/, pay off entirely at one time. ishi? ")o lok'el li yak'lele. She pulled the coals out. hi"), nc. clutch /eggs/. hi9 ba, rv. slide down (rocks, corncobs), hiiahtik, aj. cf. hiiil /plu/. hmn, tv. spread flat /plu/, lay /eggs around the yard rather than in nest/, hmnan, tv. cf. hitan. hr9anhiv>an, tv. spread flat one after another, hi'ianhftanan, tv. cf. hiianhiian. hfrel, nc. spreading flat. hi"?et, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.). hifetik, av. cf. hiiet (plu). hi")hon, av. lying unwinnowed (corn, beans), spreading flat. hiw, av. spreading quickly, hiwet, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.). 152 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hiril, aj. spread flat (money, eggs). hi?lahet, av. cf. hiihon (plu). hi"?lahetik, av. spreading flat (plu). hWleh, n4f. expanse of objects spread out. hhlehikil, n4f. large expanse of objects spread out. hi'iluh, av. sliding down suddenly (rocks, corncobs). hrHehrHe, av. rolling or sliding down here and there (rocks, corncobs). hi?ulan, tv. keep spreading flat. hi?ulan ba, rv. keep spreading flat. hib X. hibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). hibibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). hie I. hie, iv. slip (knot). hie-moc", tv(iv & tvcpd). make slip knot. hiees, tv. loosen /knot/. hieesan, tv. loosen /knots/. hieet, av. slipping (knot). hiehie, iv. slip slightly (knot). hiehiees, tv. loosen slightly /knot/. hieieet, av. supping (knot). hi'riuh, av. slipping suddenly (knot). hi'etehiete, av. slipping (l°ng rope). hie" prob O. hieTion, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek'el), humming (harmonica), squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/, hie'ie', av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek'et). hie'ie'et, av. squeaking (finger rubbed on wood, glass or palm frond), buzzing or rasping (saw EKL 258: 1-6). hie'il bak, nphr(aj & n)5. yalem bek'et. hie'lah, av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek'et). hie'lahet, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek'et). hie'lahetik, av. squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/ (plu). hie'luh, av. rattling suddenly, hi'e'tehi'e'te, av. rattling about (bones of yalem bek'et), walking about humming /with harmonica/. hic'(l) P. hic'ahtik, aj. cf. hie'il /plu/. hie'eah, iv. become slender or narrow (palm strip, bottle), hie'ean, tv. make slender or narrow, hic'hic", aj. slender (stick, person). hie'il, aj. slender (thread, corn cob, hoe handle, stick, arm, leg), narrow (palm strip). hie'il snuk'. lit., His throat is slender; i.e., He sings falsetto. hie'il ssat li vo? li?e. The water here is sweet /or soft/. Male joking speech; yih pero komkom nat pero hie'il. thick but short, long but slender (penis), hie'il ?akusa e'iilel, cf. ?akusa e'ivlcl. hie'il ?anal eele-pat, cf. eele-pat. hie'il ?anal pak' cak, cf. pak' cak. hie'il lanal saho"), cf. sahov. hie'il 9anal sun, cf. sun. hie'il ''anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'slender-leaved tree', guatema-lan jessamine Cestrum guatenwlense, #441(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". cordia Cordia foliosa, #2131(11). Temperate "tree". Viburnum hart- wegii, #2102(14). Temperate "tree", hie'il -)anal toh, cf. toh. hic'il bakal, cf. ?isim. hie'il met, cf. met. hic'il te9, nphr(aj & n)la. switch /for sheep, chickens or dog/, hic'il yasal pek' me*?el, cf. pek' mcel. hic'ilik, aj. cf. hic'il /plu/. hic'ilik lanal habnal, cf. habnal. hic'ilub ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become narrower (woven palm), hic'ilubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning, woven palm, hoe handle/. hic'ilubtasan, tv. make slender /plu/. hic'ilul, n4f. slenderness. hie'leh, n4f. slenderness /unhealthy corn stalk/. hie'lehikil, n4f. cf. hie'leh /plu/. hic'ubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning//infr/. hic'(2) prob O. hic'hon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/, clopping (hobnailed sandals, shod horse), sawing (VI: 17). hic'ic'et, av. rattling (EKL 259: 1-5). hie'luh, av. grinding suddenly /sound/. hic'tehic'te, av. clattering about (charcoal-cruncher). hib hih, ohh! cf. hi. hihi> hihi, yes. cf. hi9(l). hiho E(Sp, hijo). hiho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or amazement/. hiho-la cingara, exclphr(excl & xcpd & excl). son of a bitch! /exclamation of surprise or amazement, used also to cuss out mules/, var., liho-la cingara, ho-la cingara, hiho-lela cingara. hikamo N(N, xicama). hikamo, nld. jicama Pachyrhizus erosus, #3020(1,4,5,11). Lowland vine" (4)-lt is grown by the people of Acala and Chiapa. The seeds are planted in November, one to a hole. The root is harvested at the end of December and in January. It is cold". (ll)-It is planted by a few ladinos in May and harvested in January. It is sold at market, var., hikamu /Htek-lum/. hikamotik, n5. field of jicamas. hikamo lak', nphr(n type n). wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2628(22). Lowland "vine" hikamu hikamu, jicama. cf. hikamo. hik'(l) T. hik', tv. inhale. shik' yoon. He sighs /from sadness/. hik' muyel, vphr(tv & dr). pump /water/. hik'av, iv. choke, drown (person, animal, plant). If a person drowns in a river it is believed that the rain will cease for a while because the river has gotten "its meal". hik'hon, av. sobbing, braying (V2: 13). sTiik'hon t S9ok'. braying. hik'hon w>on, vphr(av & n4d). sighing deeply and frequently /sadness/. hik'honah, iv. sigh /daily/. hik'ik', aj. suffocating, acrid. hik'ik' ec'el, vphr(av & dr). whooping and dying. hik'ik' te1), nphr(aj & n). 'acrid tree', mullein nightshade Solanum verbasci-folium, #1304(# 1,3,4,5)- Lowland "tree" #2594(1,3). Temperate "tree". Solanum erianthum, #2159(1). Temperate "tree", eahal hik'ik' tei, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Jacobinia sp., #2565(1,4). Temperate "tree" hik'ik'et, av. whooping, gasping for breath. hik'ik'ul 9obal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough. hik'lahet, av. whooping /whooping cough/, sobbing (plu). shik'lahet t siok'. It brays /donkey/. hik'lahetik, av. cf. hik'lahet (plu). hik'luh, av. giving sudden whoop. hik'ob, nlf. water pump. hik'obil, nlf. cf. hik'ob. hik'ul ?obal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough. hik'ulan, tv. pump /water/. hhik'ik'-won, agn(aj & nepd). sighing person. hhik'ik'-r>o')onal, agn(aj & nepd). sighing person. hhik'avel, agn. person who is suffocating or drowning. bik'(2) X. hik'a, tv. winnow /corn, beans/, fan. hik'aan, tv. winnow /corn/, winnow /beans/. H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 153 hik'ah, iv. be winnowed or fanned. hilc'ahiic'aan, tv. winnow one after another. hik'aob, nlf. basket for winnowing corn. hik'aobil, nlf. cf. hik'aob. hik'olah, iv. winnow. hik'omah, iv. winnow. hhik'aeMisim, agn(vn & ncpd). corn winnower. hil prob P or P(2). hil, nc. strip/fresh or jerked meat/. hil , nphr(n4f of n5). every /night, week, day, month, year/, daily, monthly, yearly, nightly, weekly. hileah, iv. be faint or dead with exhaustion. hilean ba, rv. be faint or dead with exhaustion. hileanvan, iv. exhaust person. hilc'uh, iv. become uncoiled, stretch out, open up (flower). hilc'uhem sbikil. His intestines are uncoiled /from diarrhea/. hilc'un, tv. unfold, uncoil. shilc'unohbe labal yakubel. He has become a chronic drunk. hilc'un ba, rv. uncoil (rope, snake). hilc'unan, tv. unfold or uncoil /plu/. hilc'unhilc'un, tv. unfold or uncoil one after another. hilc'unhilc'unan, tv. cf. hilc'unhilc'un. hilet, av. worn out /from sickness/, being dragged along (drunk). hilhil, nc. single strip /fresh or jerked meat/ /I only/. hilhil, aj. adolescent /fourteen to fifteen years/. hilhon tal, vphr(av & dr). arriving empty-handed, rushing about. hilic', aj. unfolded, uncoiled, open (hand). ta hlamta hba ta hilic'. I will wrap it around myself unfolded. hilikil, n4f. many strips /fresh or jerked meat/. hilil, aj. stretched out /drunk or exhausted/. hilil ec'el, av. dying /lit., being dragged away/. hililet, av. uncoiling rapidly (rolls of paper tossed at fiestas, hank of yarn being measured). hilk'uh, iv. cf. hilc'uh. hilleh, n4f. whole strip. hilluh, av. uncoiling suddenly (rope, snake). hiliehilte, av. rushing about one after another, walking about empty-handed /without bringing gifts to family/. hhileanvaneh, agn. diarrhea, vomiting. hila hila, row. cf. hilo. hilo N(Sp, fila). hilo, nla. row /cultivated plants/, var., hila /infr/. him T. him, tv. turn /handle of corn-grinder/. him, onom. ping (bullet VI: 20) /richocheting/. him, nc. shot of slingshot. him baik, rv. wrestle. him-bail ta lum, nphr(vn/tv &. rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). wrestling on the ground. him hoi, vphr(tv // n). shake head negatively or in gesture of disgust or annoyance (person, horse). him yalel, vphr(tv & dr). hurl to the ground /person/. him yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall to the ground (object falling from one's grasp). himan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /plu/. himanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. himan ec'el. hi'manhirnan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away one after another. hi'manhi'man hoi, vphr(tv // n). shake heads one after another /in disagreement/. liimanhimanan. tv. whirl away one after another. hi'manhi'manan hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. himanhiman hoi. himbe, tv. swing at someone /machete, stick/. him ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /stick, stone with slingshot/, throw aside /person/. himel, nc. turning /handle/. himet balamil, vphr(av & n5). feeling dizzy. himet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). feeling dizzy. hirrihim, nld. bullroarer. himhon, av. switching (horse's tail). himhon k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). swinging arm. himic', nld. sling /made of woven fiber and formerly used to hunt birds/. himic" sik, cf. sik. himic' te1), nphr(n type n)la. throwing stick /for knocking down fruit, chickens, wasp nests/. himic'ah, iv. shoot slingshot. himic'ta, tv. shoot slingshot at. himim, av. swirling around (dizziness). himimet, av. whirring (corn mill EKL 252: 1-21). himimet balamil, vphr(av & n5). with earth spinning around /dizziness/. himimet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with head spinning /dizziness/. himlah, av. hurrying and swinging arms. himlahet k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). cf. himhon k'ob (plu). himlahetik, av. cf. himhon k'ob (plu). hrmluh, av. whirling away, rushing away or pinging suddenly. himobil, n4f. slingshot. hi'mtehi'mte k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). walking along swinging arm. himulan, tv. twirl /pom-pom of scarf, lasso, bullroarer/, shake head /in disagreement/, swing /legs/. himulan ba, rv. twist and turn /to break away/. himulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d). switch tail (horse, cow). himulanan, tv. twirl /lassos/. himulanan baik, tv. keep wrestling (plu). himulanbe, tv. keep swinging at someone /machete, stick/. himvan, iv. make person dizzy. himvan ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5). hurl person to the ground. hhimic'ahel, agn. person who shoots slingshot. hhimvaneh ta lum, agn(nphr/vn & prep & n5/). wrestler, person who throws another to ground. hin 1(2). hin, iv. fall (cliff), roll down (rocks), fall off pile (adobe, brick, rock), topple over (tree), slide down (corn). hin ba, rv. roll down. hineah, iv. roll down, fall off pile, topple over (tree), slide down (earth, corn). hinean, tv. push down. hines, tv. push or roll down. hinesan, tv. push down /plu/. hinesanan, tv. cf. hinesan. hinesobil, n4f. lever, crowbar. hinhon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/. hinil cawl, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/. hinil vuk'ul, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/, hinil vuk'ul k'usuk yu'un. His things are in a mess, hinil vuk'ul t ssanav. He stumbles along without speaking to anyone. hinin, av. thudding (falling earth, firewood, rocks, ears of corn or adobes, etc.). hininet, av. thudding (falling earth, rocks, ears of corn being poured into bag), swooshing (corn moving by itself in corn bin). The swooshing of corn in the corn bin is thought to indicate that the corn's soul is going out to divert itself on a Sunday or that it is leaving the house permanently because of the infidelity of its owner or his wife. hink'uh, iv. cf. hineah. hink'un, tv. cf. hinean. hinlah, av. cf. hinin. hinlahet, av. cf. hinhon (plu). hinlahetik, av. cf. hinhon (plu). hinleh, n4f. fallen down. hinp'uh, iv. cf. hineah. hinp'un, tv. cf. hinean. hi'ntehinte, av. falling one after another. hinuh, onom. rumble /grinding on metate/. 154 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hinulan, tv. grind first time /corn/. hinulan, iv. keep rolling down (rocks), keep falling off pile (adobe, brick, rock), keep sliding down (corn). hip P(2), T(2). hip, tv. throw, hip ba, rv. throw oneself /on horse/, throw oneself /on ground/ (child in temper tantrum, drunk). hip ba ta 9uk'um, vphr(rv & prep & n5). jump into river, hip baik, rv. wrestle /often has sexual connotation/. hip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. throwing oneself /on ground/. hip ta pat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d) throw or put on one's back /load/, put on one's back /baby/. hip ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n4d/). forget forever. hipan, tv. hang up, hang /person to cause death or to extort confession/. hipan ba, rv. hang from /branch/, pull against rope (horse, cow), hipan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). throw things, hipanan, tv. hang up (plu). hipanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hipan ec'el. hipanhi'pan, tv. hang up one after another, hi'panhi'panan, tv. cf. hipanhipan. hipanhipan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). throw one after another, hi'panhi'panan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hipanhipan ec'el. hipanvan, iv. hang person. hipcah, iv. slip down, hipet, av. hanging, balking, clinging. hipetik, av. bouncing up and down (scales). hiphip hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). hanging down (burden falling off mule), hiphip ta cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n4d). swaying precariously low down on back /mule, person/. hiphon, av. swinging, swaying (branch, wasp nest, hammock), oscillating (pendulum), hipi, iv. cling to. hipil, aj. hung from (Christ on cross), tethered, hanging. hipip, av. swinging. hipipet, av. swaying, hipk'uh, iv. cf. hipeah. hiplah, av. swinging (sing or plu). hiplahet, av. swinging (monkeys, hanging objects). hiplahetik, av. cf. hiplahet. hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee swing', cigar flower Cuphea ae- quipetala, #2034(17). Highland "plant" Juslicia clinopodium, # 1903(17). Temperate plant". As a remedy for diarrhea and nausea a small bunch is brewed. A half cup is drunk before breakfast. It is "hot", hiplebal, n3d. hook, hipleh, nlf. swinging. hipluh, av. swinging suddenly. hipp'uh, iv. cf. hipeah. hipp'un, tv. pull down. hi'ptehipte, vphr(av & dr). swinging about (monkey, squirrel), hipuh, iv. swing from. hipuh lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). struggle out of. hipuhebal, n3d. swing. hipulan, tv. keep throwing, swing /hammock/. hipulan ba, rv. struggle wildly (unbroken horse, prisoner). hipulanan baik, rv. struggle wildly (plu). hipulanvan, iv. throw person about (car), swing person, hhipanvaneh, agn. hangman, hhipulanvaneh, agn. person who swings another. his T. his, tv. cut in strips /meat/, tear in strips /palm/, cut in chunks /squash/, strip man of strength (oversexed woman), strip off /fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles/ (rain, wind, person), saw lengthwise, pull out /nits/, his, nc. stitched section of clothing, his, onom. swish /sound of snake passing/. hisan, tv. tear in strips much /palm/, cut in strips much /meat/, strip off /fruits/. hi'sanhisan, tv. strip off one after another /fruit on tree/. hisanhisanan, tv. cf. hisanhisan. hisbe, tv. cause to whistle toward someone /bullet, stick, machete/. ishisbe smis'ik'. She tore his umbilical cord /midwife who punctures and tears cord, squeezing out the blood before the cord is cut, so that baby won't have stomachache/, hisbenal, n4f. palm already torn in strips, hiset, av. pouring (rain), hishis, nc. single section of clothing /I only/. hishon, av. whipping, stripping off /fruit/, hisikil, n4f. many sections of clothing, hisis tal, vphr(av & dr). slithering rapidly towards, approaching rapidly (heavy drizzle). hisisanbe, tv. whip repeatedly. hisiset, av. drizzling heavily, whistling (wind V3: 3), howling (wind EKL 255: 1-4). hisiset k'us'ul c'ut, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/). feeling stomach cramps. hislah, av. hurrying and whipping /mules/ (plu). hislahet, av. whipping repeatedly /mules/ (plu). hislahetik, av. stripping off /fruit/ (plu). hisleh, n4f. entire section of clothing, hi'sluh, av. falling face first (person), darting (snake), whacking or whipping suddenly. hisob, nlf. knife, needle or thread to split palm frond, saw. hisobil, nlf. cf. hisob. hisolah, iv. cut in strips /meat/, hisomal, nc. wide sewn section of clothing, histehiste, av. walking along whipping /horse/, hisulan, tv. keep cutting in strips or chunks, hisvan, iv. strip person's strength. t sliisvan li camel k'al bae"i eoe t sak'e. Sickness strips a person's strength when it is very severe. t shisvan lane ti mi toh muk'e pero ha9 ti bu yocol nos li vinike. A woman strips a person's strength if she is too large but that's only if the man is weak. hhis-bek'et, agn(tv & ncpd). butcher, hhisolahel, agn. butcher. hhisvaneh, agn. woman who strips man of strength. hit X. hituh, iv. become untied. hituhebal, n5. moment just before something becomes untied, hitun, tv. untie. Ritual speech, shaman praying for release of patient who has been sold to the earth; hitunbon tal ti yo yak'ile ti yo sc'ahnule. Untie for me his lowly cords, his lowly ropes. hitun ba, rv. untie self, untie one's bonds, free self, hitunan, tv. untie /plu/. hitunanan, tv. cf. hitunan. hitunhi'tun, tv. untie one after another, hitunhi'tunan, tv. cf. hitunhitun. hftunhi'tunanan, tv. cf. hitunhitun. hit' T(2). hit', tv. lash with vines /house and walls, corral, fence/. hit' baik, rv. form a long line /infr/. hit' na, nphr(nlf of nld). vertical pole of wooden house wall, hit'ahtik, aj. cf. hit'il /plu/. hit'ak, tv. prepare warp lashing, hit'ak, nla. warp lashing, hit'akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing, hit'an, tv. lash /fence, corral or house posts/, hit'anan, tv. cf. hit'an. hi't'anhit'an, tv. lash^ one after another, hi't'anhi't'anan, tv. ct hit'anhitan. H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 155 hifbenal, n4f. lashing. hit'bil na, nphr(aj & n)5. house with board or pole walls lashed together by vines. hit'ebal, n5. moment just before lashing is finished. hit'el, nc. lashing. hit'et, av. walking in a long line. hit'etik, av. cf. hit'et (plu). hit"hon, av. lashing /fence, house, etc./. hit'il, aj. in a long line (people). hit'ilik, aj. cf. hit'il /plu/. hit'it', av. walking in long line. hit'it'et, av. walking in a long line, standing in long rows of equal height (young com). hitlahet, av. cf. hit'hon (plu). hit'ob, nlf. vine or twilled grass for fence, etc. hit'ob na, nphr(n of n). 'house lashing', morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2157(7). Temperate "vine" hit'obil, nlf. cf. hit'ob. hit'ulan, tv. keep lashing with vines. hit'van, iv. form people in long lines. hhit'vaneh, agn. person who forms others in long lines. him hm?, uh-huh! cf. hi. bo-la ho-la, son of a bitch! cf. kiho. lw)(l) T. ho1), tv. smooth /stone, metate/. hoiel, nc. smoothing /stone, metate/. ho->hon, av. smoothing /stone, metate/. hoiilan, tv. smooth /stone, metate/. hclahetik, av. cf. hoihon (plu). boi(2) O. ho1), onom. low moan /tree or door in wind/. hoilih, av. scraping suddenly (chair), squealing suddenly (car V3: 9) /braking/. howet, av. moaning (door in wind), squealing (car V3: 9) /braking/, scraping (chair V2: 1). hotel N. nobel, n 1 d. grass, thatch. If a farmer carelessly leaves his hoe in the field it is thought that the soul /c'ulel/of the grass will beat and dull the blade of its enemy, the hoe, and simultaneously tire out the farmer. hobel, n5. San Cristobal de las Casas. hobel toh, nphr(n type n)5. Tenejapa /archaic/. hobelah, iv. make trip to San Cristobal. hobelal 9avarto, nphr(natt & n). 'packsaddle grass', gama grass Tripsa-cum lanceolatum, # 1551(1,3,11,12). Temperate plant" The stalks are cut with an axe or billhook by the Zinacantecs of Cobtik and are then bound to make packsaddles. hobelal na, nphr(natt & n)5. thatch-roofed house. hobelal na, nphr(natt & n). 'house grass*, muhly Muhlenbergia stricta, # 1559(11,12). Temperate "plant" (11)-It is used for thatch by Cobtik Zinacantecs. Between twelve and sixteen hundred are needed. They are cut with a billhook. hobelal salma, nphr(natt & n). 'packsaddle grass', beard grass Andropo-gon bicornis, #700(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" It is used by ladinos for packsaddles. beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(1,3). Highland "plant", robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #2279(3,4). Highland "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(15). Temperate "plant" sakil hobelal salma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #2258(3,4). Highland "plant". hobelaltik, n5. large grass field. hobeltik, n5. grass field. hhobel toh, agn(nphr/n type n/). Tenejapan /archaic/. hhobel tohahel, agn(nphr/n type n/). person going to, at, or coming from Tenejapa. hhobelahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from San Cristdbal. hhobelal 'Josil, agn(nphr/natt & n/)5. inhabitant of San Cristobal. bae'i hobel, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. lana hobel. hoe(l) T. hoean, tv. pull up /plu/. hoeanan, tv. cf. hoean. hoeanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). grab many /children/ by the hair. hoeanhoean, tv. pull up one after another /beans/. hoeanhoeanan, tv. cf. hoeanhoean. hoebe, tv. pull up indiscriminately (horse, person pulling up weeds, beans). hoebe hoi, vphrftv & n4d). grab by the hair, hoeel, nc. pulling of person's hair, hoehon, av. grazing. hoeilananbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hoeanbe hoi. hoeilanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). keep grabbing by the hair, hoelahet, av. cf. hoehon (plu). hoelahetik, av. cf. hoehon (plu). hoeobi], n4f. rake. hoeoeet, av. sticking (bandaid being pulled off). hoe(2) prob O. hoeet, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake), hoeoeet, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake). hoc" prob T(2). hoe5, tv. clean /well/, pull out /embers, squash seeds/, dish up /meal/, harvest /honey/, drag out /person from house to be killed/, rake, hoe* TOVOI, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn (birds, raccoon). hoe1 ba, rv. tickle one's throat to induce vomiting, hoe'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tickling of one's throat, luring of person out of home /to kill him/. hoe'an ''ovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up a lot of corn. hoe"anan ''ovol, vphr(tv & vn5). cf. hoe'an ">ovol. hoe'anhoe'an, tv. dish out one after another, hoe'anhoe'anan. tv. cf. hoe'anhoe'an. hoe'anhoe'an lovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn kernels one after another, hoe'anhoe'an lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). pull one thing out after another /from net, etc./. hoe'el, nc. digging up /clay/, dishing up /meal/, hoe'hoe'-hak', tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions, grill, pry. ta shoe'hoe'-hak'be mi sal ti k'usi smule. He grilled him to see if he would admit his guilt. tol shoehoe'-hak' bu sik'ototik. She is always nosy about where we are going. hoe'hoe' k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. inquiry, hoe'hoe'-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions, hoe'hon, av. scratching /ground/ (dog), frisking (soldier), groping /for mate in bed, for mother's breast/. hoe"ilan, tv. root around, search here and there, keep scratching up (dog, chicken). hoe'ilan ba, rv. keep tickling one's throat to induce vomiting. hoe'ilanan, tv. search here and there. hoeMahet, av. scratching ground (dogs, chickens), frisking (soldiers), hoe'lahetik, av. cf. hoe'lahet (plu). hoe'ob, nlf. spoon, ladle. hoe"ob lum, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). place where clay is dug for pottery, cup for digging earth. hoe"obil, nlf. cf. hoe'ob. hoe'obil lum, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. hoe'ob lum. hoe"olah, tv. scratch up here and there, hoe'tehoe'te, av. searching here and there, scratching ground here and there. hoeVan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder him. hhoe'-iovol, agn(tv & ncpd). animal that scratches up corn. hhoe'-ve'>elil, agn(tv & ncpd). woman who dishes out food. 156 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hhoe'ol, agn. animal that scratches up corn (raccoon), hhoe'vaneh ta na, agn(vphr/iv & prep & n5/). murderer. hoc P(2). hoc, tv. drag to court, compel to be married. ishoc ta persa yalib ta kavilto iyik' li skreme yu?un ^ep sa lahem tak'in k'alal ismelean sbaike. He compelled his (future) daughter-in-law to have a civil marriage; she married his son because he (the boy) had already spent a lot of money when they made the settlement. hoc, nc. drag /branches/. hoc ba, rv. drag oneself along, walk along feeling very ill. hocahtik, aj. cf. hocol /plu/. hocan, tv. drag with difficulty /branches, trees/. hocan ba, rv. lie or stand feebly, hocanan, tv. cf. hocan. hocanhocan, tv. drag one after another with difficulty, hocanhocanan, tv. cf. hocanhocan. hocel, nc. dragging /branches/. hocet, av. dragging along with difficulty, walking aimlessly. hocetik, av. cf. hocel (plu). hochoc, aj. too long (shorts). hochon, av. dragging oneself along, dragging along with difficulty, hurrying with flapping /sandal/, rustling, rattling (broken fiddle), flapping (bladder V4: 6) /while being inflated/, hoci, iv. stand aimlessly. hocilan, tv. keep dragging with difficulty, drag along /child/, retard another person's progress (tired wife on trail). t shocilan ta kavilto. He keeps dragging /someone/ to the town hall. hocilan ba, rv. make trip in vain. hocilanan, tv. cf. hocilan. hocilanan baik, rv. drag each other around (drunks). hoclah, av. hurrying with flapping /sandals/ (plu). hoclahet, av. cf. hochon (plu). hoclahclik, av. cf. hochon (plu). hocleh, nlf. standing aimlessly or feebly, fallen behind /on path/. hoclehikil, n4f. cf. hocleh /plu/. hoclih, av. making sudden rasping sound (canvas, corn husk or paper dragged on ground). hococ, av. dragging along with difficulty, hococet, av. scraping /sound of gobbler scraping wings on ground when displaying, of branches dragged on ground or of drunk dragged by the arms/, hocol, aj. standing aimlessly or feebly, too long (shorts, boy's smock, net). hoctehocte, av. ambling about, rattling about, hocvan, iv. drag person. hhocvaneh, agn. person who drags another along. hoc'(l) A, N. hoc', n4a. powder of worm-eaten corn, beans or wood. inan. poss.; shoe' (or) shoc'al (or) shoi'il. hoc', aj. worm-eaten (corn, beans, wood), hoc'ib, iv. become worm-eaten, hoc'ibtas, tv. riddle (weevil). hoc'ibtasan, tv. riddle /corn, beans, wood/ (weevils, wood beetles). hoc'in, iv. become worm-eaten. boc'(2) T. hoc', tv. strike /match/. hoc'an, tv. strike /matches/, hoc'anan, tv. cf. hoc'an. hoc'anhoc'an, tv. strike one after another, hoc'anhoc'anan, tv. cf. hoc'anhoc'an. hoe'et, av. scraping, hoc'hon, av. make scratching sound (dog on door, rat dragging corn husk), clanking (hoe on rock), scraping /bowl clean/. hoc'ilan, tv. keep striking /match/. hoe'lah, av. scrambling (cat up roof) (sing). hoe'lahet, av. make scratching or rustling sound (dog, rat, cat). hoe'lahet ta ti? na, vphr(av & prep & nphr/n of n/5). standing about outside door (person who is not allowed in). hoe'lahetik, av. cf. hoe'lahet (plu). hoe'lih, av. scratching or rustling suddenly. hod'ob, nlf. striking section of match box, piece of metal used to scrape up weeds. hoc'obil, nlf. cf. hoc'ob. hoc'oc'et, av. rustling, scratching, shattering (glass VI: 10), scraping (object on smooth surface EKL 259: 17), crashing (dragging logs EKL 259: 1-4). hoc'tehoc'te, av. make scratching sound here and there (mouse). boh N. hoh, nle. common raven Corvus corax. The raven is not considered edible. It is believed that a single call of a raven in the afternoon is an announcement of death. The raven is credited with great wealth because of its habit of stealing matured corn which it presumably carries to its cave. hoh, n5. ear of corn that bifurcates at top. hohhon, av. cawing. hohlahet, av. cf. hohhon (plu). hohoc' N. hohoc', nle. corn husk. If a person eats corn on the cob with the husk still attached, he is liable to become the target of someone's angry words. hohoc' vinik, vphr(n type n)5. thin man /light as a feather/. hohoc'al iuc'imo9, nphr(natt & n)5. posol wrapped in corn husk. hohoc'in, tv. take corn husk. hok T. hokan nil, vphr(tv & n4d). snort many times (frightened horse). hokanhokan ni?, vphr(tv & n4d). snort one after another (frightened horses). hokanhokanan ni"), vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hokanhokan nit. hokbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). snore. hoket, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring. hoket ni7, vphr(av & n4d). snoring, snorting (frightened horse). hoketah nil, vphr(iv & n4d). snore /restricted to third person/. hoketik, av. cf. hoket (plu). hokhon, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring. hoklahet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snoring /plu/. hoklahetik, av. cf. hoket (plu). hoklih ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snorting suddenly (frightened horse). hokoket nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring. hoktehokte, av. walking about snorting (frightened horse). hoko N(Sp, foco). hoko, nla. flashlight. var.,/o/co. hokoin, tv. steal flashlight. hok'(D T. hok', tv. dig up, harvest /potatoes, chayote root, soaproot/, dig. ishok' sc'enal 9oy. He dug a post hole, ishok' yav na. He dug a foundation, ishok' yok na. He dug under the house (dog). hok'an, tv. dig up /mud/, harvest /potatoes, etc./. hok'anhok'an, tv. dig up one after another. hok'anhok'anan, tv. cf. hok'anhok'an. hok'ilan, tv. keep digging or digging up. hok'ilanan, tv. keep digging in many places, keep digging up /plu/. hok'ob, nlf. shovel, pick, digging stick, hoe. hok'obil, nlf. cf. hok'ob. hok'olah, iv. root (pig). hok'(2) P. hok'ahtik, aj. cf. hok'ol /plu/. hok'an, tv. hang up, hang, tether. Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient for whom he is seeking divine protection; t sba hhok'anbe 9o t sba heoyanbe ^o. With this /visit/, 1 am going to suspend him, I am going to entrust him. hok'an ba, rv. hang self, pull against rope, cling to, hang from. H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 157 hok'an ba ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5). visit shrines /have curing ceremony/. hok'anan, tv. hang up /plu/. hok'aneh-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd)5. curing ceremony involving visit to mountain shrines. hok'anhok'an, tv. hang up one after another. hok'anhok'anan, tv. cf. hok'anhok'an. hok'anob, nlf. line, rope /for hanging clothes, meat, bags of toasted tortillas/, hook. hok'anobil, nlf. cf. hok'anob. hok'anvan, iv. hang person. hok'eah, iv. take a long time. hok'ean, tv. delay /a person/. hok'eanan, tv. delay /people/. hok'eanvan, iv. delay a person. hok'et, av. hanging on to, clinging to (dog attacking person, person clinging to tree). hok'etik, av. cf. hok'et (plu). hok'hon, av. clinging to (child to mother's skirts, person to tree). hok'i, iv. cling to, hang from. t shok'i ta krus kahvaltik. Our Lord is hung on the cross /Good Friday/. hokTs'ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). being pulled up /on rope/, climb /cliff/. hokic'ihel, vn5. visit to distant shrine. hokTah muyel, vphr(av & dr). clambering up (sing). hok'lahet, av. clinging to (person or people to trees). hokiahetik, av. cf. hok'hon (plu). hok'leb, nlf. place where things are hung from, hook. hok'leb eo">op e'unun, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'hummingbird nest perch*, Digiticalia chiapensis, #1932(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" hokleb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee perch', Tigridia hallbergii, #2149(14). Temperate plant" hok'lih, av. cringing suddenly to. hok'ok', av. hanging on to (attacking dog). hok'ok'et, av. hanging. hok'ol, aj. hung up, hanging, clinging (tick). hok'olik, aj. cf. hok'ol /plu/. hok'tehok'te, av. swinging about (monkey, squirrel). shok'tehok'te ta k'obk'ob to. It is swinging from one branch to another. hhok'anvaneh, agn. hangman. hhok'canvaneh, agn. person who delays another, work that delays people. hok'(3) T. hhok'-ni7, agn(tv & ncpd). snuffler. cf. hok. If a com cob burns it is thought that one's child will become a snuffler. hok'ok'et nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring loudly. hol(l) P(2) or T(2). hoi, tv. uncover, remove cloth from. hoi ba, rv. uncover self, take off one's blanket, take off one's headcover-ing (baby). holahtik, aj. cf. holol /plu/. holan, tv. uncover /plu/. holanholan, tv. uncover one after another /burden, maguey roasted underground/. holanholanan, tv. cf. holanholan. holbe, tv. uncover /often implies lifting up woman's skirt/. holet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with face uncovered (baby). holhon, av. uncovered. holilan, tv. keep uncovering or removing cloth from. holilan ba, rv. keep uncovering self, keep taking off one's blanket or taking off one's headcovering (baby). holilanan baik, rv. keep uncovering selves (sick children). hollahet. av. cf. holhon (plu). holol, aj. uncovered. hololik, aj. entirely uncovered. holteholte, av. walking about uncovering. sholteholte scak seaman. He was walking about uncovering his rump, defecating (little boy holding up his smock). holvan, iv. uncover person. hholvaneh, agn. person who uncovers another. hol(2) N. hoi ">akan, nphr(n4f of n4d). knee. hoi "Janima, nphr(n of n)5. skull /dead person/. hoi 9atil, nphr(nlf of n3d). glans penis. hoi "tttah, nphr(nlf of nld). cabbage. It is "cold." 9o shol yitah. He has cabbages. hoi fitahil pasak', cf. pasak'. hoi 9olol, nphr(n of n)5. 'child's root' or 'child's head' Dalembertia trian-gularis, #1288(1,3,4,5), #2559(1,4). Temperate "plant" Some Zina-cantecs eat the root raw when they go to weed the corn fields, bankilal hoi 9olol, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'senior child's root', Dalembertia triangularis, #2559(21,22). Temperate "plant" hoi biil, nphr(nlf of n3d). surname. k'usi shol abi. What is your last name? hoi eel, nphr(n of n)le. ridgepole. hoi eib, nphr(n of n)5. fern root. It is "cold". It is eaten during famines. hoi coy, nphr(n of n). "fish head', Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #1616(1,3,11,12), #2609(1,3). Temperate "plant" muk'ta hoi coy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #2609(20). Temperate plant" It is eaten by sheep and horses. hoi coy e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #892(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" #2609(15,22). Temperate "plant" hoi cuk, nphr(n of n)5. ridgepole; ceremony held by house owner when the walls are completed and the ridgepole is in place. hoi koy, cf. koy. hoi mesa, nphr(n of n)5. head of table /during ceremony/. hoi sila ka?, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. pommel. hoi tak'in. nphr(n of n)5. interest /financial/. hoi tern, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed. hoi tuk' if), nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'gunstock tree', Chlorophora tinctoria, # 1678(7). Lowland "tree" The wood is used for gunstocks. hoi vayebal, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed /during ceremony/. holhol, n5. along the top of /mountain/. holin, iv. form tuber, head (cabbage), accumulate (interest). holinom tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. principal. holintas, tv. exaggerate, embroider the story. holintasan, tv. charge interest to /plu/, fabricate stories to incriminate people. holol, n3b. head, tuber, hair of head, top /harp, cross, burden, hill, mountain/, heart /palm/, peak, butt /rifle/, scroll /guitar, violin/, tip /candle/, roof, condyle, cap /mushroom with conical cap/. ■>oy shol. He is able. Ritual speech, prayer; ti shole ti yo^one. his head, his heart. holol, n5. hair /in food or drink, etc./. holol WJun, vphr(n4e/pred/ & n4d). quarrelsome, picking fights constantly. holov ?akanil, nphr(nle of n3d). knee. sholoval kakantik ec'el. knee-high (corn) /fourth developmental stage/. hol(3) A. hoi, aj. scarce, infrequent. mu holuk bu sibat. I travel frequently. halan, tv. refuse to give, deny. halanvan, iv. refuse to give away daughter. hhalanvaneh, agn. person who refuses to give away daughter. hom(l) N. horn, nld. canoe, trough /for animals or salt manufacture/. horn nio, nphr(n4e of n4d). sides of nose. horn let, nphr(n type n)5. hollow tree or log. homal, nlf. gorge, narrow valley. hom(2) T. horn ta lo"?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/. 158 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H honian ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/. homanhoman ta lo^el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch one after another /weeds//sound/. homanhomanan ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. homanhoman la loiel. homhon, av. munching (cow, horse) /sound/. homilan, tv. keep munching (cow, horse) /sound/. homlahet, av. cf. homhon (plu). homlahetik, av. cf. homhon (plu). hom(3) prob P or P(2). homhom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili, meat), homhomtik, aj. with rather stale odor, rather musty (tortillas, chili meat), homom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili meat). homomib, iv. become stale smelling or musty. hom(4) T. hom, tv. rinse /nixtamal by scooping up corn in hands and sloshing in water/. homan, tv. rinse /nbitamal/. homanhoman, tv. rinse one after another /nixtamal/. homanhomanan, tv. cf. homanhoman. homilan, tv. rinse /nixtamal/. bom(S) X. hornet ta "?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running (person, constable, horse), homlahetik, av. cf. hornet ta fanil (plu). homlih, av. running suddenly. homom, av. running (person, cow), homomet, av. tearing along. homtehomte ta lanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about (person). homoc' A. homoc', aj. perforated, riddled. homoc"-9ut sekub t'ul, cf. sekub t'ul. homoc'tah, iv. become riddled (corn, wood), homoc'tik, aj. perforated, riddled. hop T. hop, tv. cup in hands, carry armfuls /weeds, stubble/, hold in tunic, clutch. hop, nc. handful /two hands/, armful /clothing/. hop baik, rv. walk with arms around each other's shoulders (drunks). hop-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. holding on to each other, hop k'a?ep, vphr(tv & n5). gather up rubbish. hop-k'a9ep, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gathering up of rubbish /by stewards and stewards-royal after redecorating their altars, by their assistants when they entrust their coffers to their successors/. hop ta 9alel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). drag up a bunch of lies. hopan, tv. hold in both arms /plu/. hopanan, tv. cf. hopan. hopanhopan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry one armful after another, hopanhopanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hopanhopan ec'el. hopel, nc. cupping in hands, holding in arms. hopet, av. holding in one's hands /money/, holding in one's arms. hophon, av. holding in one's arms, feeling up /woman/. hopilan, tv. keep holding in cupped hands /penis/, keep holding in both arms /weeds, stubble/, hopilan baik, rv. keep walking with arms around each other's shoulders (drunks). hopilanan, tv. keep holding /plu/ in cupped hands, hopilanan baik, rv. cf. hopilan baik. hoplahet, av. cf. hophon, hopel (plu). hoplahetik, av. cf. hophon, hopet (plu). hopob, nlf. straw mat for gathering rubbish, hopobil, nlf. cf. hopob. hoptehopte 'Juiun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding on to something. hop van, iv. hold person against chest /prisoner, sick person/. hhop-k'a?ep, agn(tv & nepd). religious functionary /person who gathers up rubbish for stewards and stewards-royal when they entrust their coffers to their successors/. hhopvaneh, agn. person who holds another against chest /prisoner, patient/. hor prob O. horet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person V4: 8). horhon, av. wheezing (accordion, cough), horlahet, av. cf. horhon (plu). horlahetik, av. cf. horhon (plu). hororet, av. wheezing (cough), put-putting (car V3: 12). hororet nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person EKL 258: 1-15). hortehorte, av. walking about wheezing. horkata N(Sp, horcado). horkata, nla. forked pole used to lower merchandise, branch, var., horketa. horkatain, tv. use stick to lower fruit or branch. horketa horketa, forked pole. cf. horkata. homo N(Sp, horno). horno, nla. oven /used only by ladinos/. hos(l) T. hos, tv. scrape, scrape off or clean with knife, stone or hoe. ishos sba mukenal. He cleaned off the surface of the graveyard /once a year/. hos, iv. be scraped or scratched, hosan, tv. scrape or clean /plu/. hosanan, tv. cf. hosan. hosanhosan, tv. scrape away one after another /weed/, hosanhosanan, tv. cf. hosanhosan. hoshon, av. scraping, scraping off /weeding/, hosiav cenek', nphr(n of n)5. weeding before planting corn, hosilan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off. hosilanan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off in many places, hoslahet, av. cf. hoshon (plu). hoslahetik, av. cf. hoshon (plu). hoslih, iv. be scraped (skin), hoslin, tv. scrape /leg/. hosob, nlf. scraper, pencil sharpener, hosobil, nlf. cf. hosob. hostehoste kapemal, vphr(av & n4d). walking about swallowing one's anger. hos(2) prob O. hoset, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, cat, indigo snake), hososet, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, indigo snake). hos(3) N(Sp, hoz). hos, nla. sickle. hosepa hosepa, Josephine, cf. cepa. hot P or P(2). hot, nc. side /house, face/, half /chicken/, hot ■Jo. changed, different, hot ■>o snar He knows otherwise, ta h-hot. over there (or) on that side, hot mesa ?ie'inal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. less prestigious side of table, i.e., to left hand when facing west, hot mesa bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of table, i.e., to right hand when facing west, hothot, nc. single wall /I only/. h-hothot sa li pak' nae. There is only one wall left, hotleh, n4f. entire side, hotokil, n4f. many halves /chickens/, bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). where, where?, to or on whichever side, to or on which side?, in whatever direction, in what direction?, wherever, wherever?. hot' T. hot', tv. scratch skin or insect bite /with fingernails, claws, or talons/, hot' ba, rv. scratch self (baby, monkey), hot' baik, rv. sieze each other for copulation (cats). H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 159 hot'an, tv. scratch /bites/. hot'anan, tv. cf. hot'an. hot'anhot'an, tv. scratch one after another /flea or louse bite/. hot'anhot'anan, tv. cf. hot'anhot'an. hot'hon, av. scratching self. shot'hon ta yuc'. lit., He is scratching his lice, i.e., He is lazy, hot'ilan, tv. keep scratching self, hot'ilan ba, rv. keep scratching self. hot'ilanan, tv. keep scratching in many places /bites, etc./. hot'ilanan baik, rv. keep scratching selves (children). hot'lahct, av. cf. hot'hon (plu). hot'ob, nlf. comb for napping wool cloth, hot'obil, nlf. cf. hot'ob. hot'ot'an, tv. wave arms in air to shield self (child after being struck), scratch or rub wildly (ant bites or burns). hov(l) hov, half, slice, cf. hav(l). hov(2) hov, armspan. cf. hav(2). IK>TOS(1) N(Sp, jobo). hovos, n5. hog plum Spondias mombin, #810(l,2),# 1332(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland "tree". The fruit is eaten by men and birds. It is used to flavor cane liquor. It is cold" The trunk is used for benches. The stems are debarked and used as stoppers for water gourds and powder horns, var., fovos /^Apas/. 9it'is" hovos, nphr(n4f of n5). Trichilia hirta, #3004(1,4,5). Lowland "tree" It is used for fence posts and firewood. TOVOS, cf. homs. bovos(2) N. hovos, n5. masked tityra Tityra semifasciata. hoy(l) T(2). hoy, tv. encircle, fence, hoy, iv. be encircled or surrounded, hoy 'alel, nphr(aj & vn)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for another who is present, hoy ba, rv. lit., surround self, i.e., fence one's land. ihhoy hba ta mok. I fenced my land, hoy-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. sitting around in a circle /when eating from common bowl/. hoy k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for another who is present, hoy-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). weed around each plant /leaving the rest unweed- ed/. hoyan, tv. encircle or fence /plu/. hoyan ba, rv. fence a large area of one's land, hoyanan, tv. cf. hoyan. hoyanhoyan, tv. fence one after another, hdyanhoyanan, tv. cf. hoyanhoyan. hoyebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). reincarnation. hoyet, av. walking around in circle or in small radius (person, sheep, pig). hoyetik, av. walking around in circles or in small radius (people). hoyhel, n5. quick look-around. hoyhon, av. walking around in circles, walking about in small radius. hoyhoy-?al, tv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person when third party present is the actual target. hoyhoy-?alvan, iv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person when third party present is the actual target, hoyhoy be, nphr(aj & n)5. round-about way (taken so as to avoid being seen). hoyibah, iv. twirl (child), revolve (wheel), hoyibtas, tv. spin /swift/, make revolve /sugar press/ (mule), twirl (ladino dancer). hoyibtasan, tv. spin /plu/. hoyibtasvan, tv. turn person around (pinata player), hoyih, iv. revolve, turn around /to look at something/, turn one's back, shoyih li k'evuh. The song cycle is beginning again. mu shoyih li k'evuh. They are out of tune, hoyihes, tv. turn around, hoyihes ba, rv. turn, turn one's back, hoyihesan, tv. turn around /plu/. hoyilan, tv. keep fencing. ishoyilan sbe. He went a round-about way. hoyilan ba, rv. keep fencing one's property, hoyilanan, tv. keep fencing /plu/. hoyin, tv. surround, encircle, hoyinan, tv. surround /girl's house/ (petitioners), hoyinta, tv. fence, surround, walk around, hoyintaan, tv. walk around many times, hoyintavan, iv. surround person, hoyinvan, iv. surround person, hoylahet, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu). hoylahetik, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu). hoyleb, n4g. circuit. Ritual speech, referring to the circuit of shrines; t shoylebal c'ul-totil t shoylebal c'ul-moil. at the circuit of the holy fathers, at the circuit of the holy mothers, hoyleh, n4f. around, entirely around, hoylemal, n4f. cf. hoyleb /more frequent/, hoyob, nlf. enclosure, hoyob be, nphr(n of n)5. round-about way. hoyobah, iv. go in circles around /wedding godfather/, hoyobil, nlf. detour, enclosure. hoyol, aj. surrounded. Ritual speech, prayer, addressing tutelary gods; circle. hoylanik cihlanik. Circle, observe! hoyoy, av. spinning rapidly (person from blow), hoyoyet, av. revolving (merry-go-round, swift), rolling (hoop), hoyp'ih, iv. turn over /in reclining position/, tip, return /from long trip/. hoyp'ih sa tal li habile. The new year is almost here. hoyp'ih sa tal li kahvaltike. The sun is about to rise. mu shoyp'ih lek. He isn't fluent. Ritual speech, curing prayer; 7oy t ae'efp'uhel "Joy t ahoyp'ihel. You are twisting, you are turning /patient/. hoyp'in, tv. turn over /laundry/, turn around /clothes that are back-side-to/, hoyp'in ba, rv. switch one's approach, change sides, double back. ishoyp'in sba ti mu sa skuc yu^un t sa'Me. He changes sides when he feels that he can no longer win. hoyp'in k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). switch one's approach, change sides, telephone /archaic/. ishoyp'in sk'op ta hot ")o limete isbalin. He changed sides -- the bottle worked /cane liquor has been given as an inducement/, hoyp'inan, tv. turn over /corncobs on fire, clothes drying/, change one's story many times. hoyp'inhoyp'in ba, rv. shift one's alliance from one to another, hoyp'inhoyp'inan ba, rv. cf. hoyp'inhoyp'in ba. hoyp'invan, iv. spin person around /with blow/, hoytehoyte, av. walking about in small radius. hhoyibtasvaneh, agn. person who spins another around (pinata player). hoy(2) hoy, thin, shallow, young-looking, cf. hay(3). htek htek, Zinacantan. cf. tek(l). hu(l) O. huet, av. whistling (gourd), huha, onom. roar /tiger/, shout to attract attention /travellers to and from hot country/. huhon, av. roaring (tiger), hooting (great horned owl, mut bolom). huhuy, onom. ho, ho /accompanied by derisive laughter/, hulahet, av. cf. huhon (plu). hu(2) hu, one apiece, each. cf. hun. 160 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hu(3) E. hu, excl. uh /hesitation form used when stalling or trying to recall long past event/. hu^l) T(2). hu1?, tv. crush in one's hands /medicinal herbs/, mash with spoon /chili/, hu'iahtik, aj. cf. huiul /plu/. huian, tv. rub off /mud/, crush /herbs/, mash /chihs/. hu>an ba, rv. sit and refuse to stand up (drunk). hu?anan, tv. cf. hulan. huianhu^an, tv. crush or mash one after another. hu?anhu9anan, tv. cf. hiiianhuian. hu?el, nc. crushing /medicinal herbs/. huwt, av. sitting idly (lazy woman). shu?et hsa'Jel. The searchers are searching intensively. hu?et ta sa?el, nphr(av & prep & vn5). searching intensively /for murderer or eloper/. hu-Jhon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand (patient, drunk), wallowing /in dust or mud/, rubbing /eyes/. hulhon ee9in, vphr(av & iv). fidgeting and laughing self-consciously hu?ilan, tv. keep crushing, rub /eyes/. hu?ilan ba, rv. fidget /on seat/ (child, scolding woman). huvjlanan, tv. keep crushing /plu//underfoot/. huTilanan baik, rv. fidget (drunks). huilahet, av. cf. hw>hon (plu). huilahet eelinik, vphr(av & iv). cf. hulhon eevin (plu). hu-Jlahetik ee?inik, vphr(av & iv). cf. hulhon eeiin (plu). huilebal, n3d. place where drunk sits. hufobil, n4f. bowl in which herbs are crushed. huvtehifrte ta sa?el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). searching about intensively. hu'Jul, aj. seated on ground and unable to stand (drunk), setting (hen). hirmlik, aj. seated and unable to stand (drunken women). hu?(2) prob O. hu^et, av. whistling (fire). hu?u*?et, av. whistling (fire). hub(l) T. hub, tv. blow on /fire/. A person who blows on the fire in a sweatbath is considered liable to suffer headaches, hubel, nc. blowing, hubhon, av. blowing on /fire/. shubhon ta k'ok'. He is blowing on the fire. hubilan, tv. keep blowing on /fire/. hublahet, av. cf. hubhon (plu). hublahetik, av. cf. hubhon (plu). hubob k'ok' hten-tak'in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/). blacksmith's bellows, hubobil k'ok' hten-tak'in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. hubob k'ok' hten-tak'in. hhub-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). driver of vehicle /archaic/. hub(2) P or P(2). hubet, av. slimy (mud) hububet, av. slimy, hubul, aj. slimy. hubulik, aj. cf. hubul /plu/. hub(3) T. hub, tv. beat /eggs/, shiver and shake while laying egg, row or pole /boat/. hubo ton kaslan. Beat the egg! t shub ston li me? kaslane. The hen lays an egg. hub, nc. mixing /daub/. huban, tv. beat /eggs/. hubanhuban, tv. beat one after another /eggs/. hubbon, av. shivering and shaking while laying egg. hubilan, tv. keep laying /egg/. hubob, nlf. bowl, spoon or stick for beating eggs. hubobil, nlf. cf. hubob. hububet, av. groaning (stomach with gas). hhub-hom, agn(tv & ncpd). dugout paddler. huc'(l) T. hue', tv. grind /on metate, in mill/, digest. hue' baik, rv. grind each other. It is believed that when an ear of corn lacking kernels on one row is mixed with the other corn, it will grind the corn so that it is lost. hucS'an, tv. grind /corn/. huc'anhuc'an, tv. grind one after another, huc'ilan, tv. keep grinding. hutS'neh, vnld. grinding. hud'ob, nlf. mill /for removing coffee husk, for corn, for crushing gravel or sugar cane/, huc'obil, nlf. cf. huc'ob. hu£'un, iv. grind, hue'van, iv. crush person, hhuc'nom, agn. person who grinds /on metate/, ear of corn lacking kernels on one row. cf. ccn{2). huc'(2) 1(2), P(2). hue', iv. become bedridden /patient/. huc'ahtik, aj. cf. huc'ul /plu/. huc'an ba, rv. be unwilling to stand (drunk), hue'eah, iv. become bedridden, hue'eanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness). hue'et, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk), hue'etik, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). huc'hon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand up (drunk), huc'i, iv. sit or kneel refusing to stand up. huc'k'ih, iv. cf. hue'eah. huc'k'invan, iv. cf. hue'eanvan. hue'lahet, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). hue'lahetik, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). huc'lebal, n3d. seat /where woman sits constantly, doing nothing/, hue'leh, nlf. sitting unwilling to stand, hue'lih, av. sitting down unexpectedly, huc'p'ih, iv. fall on one's seat, huc'p'invan, iv. cf. hue'eanvan. huc'tehiic'te, av. sitting down here and there (old woman visiting from house to house, drunk going from bar to bar), huc'uc' yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down in squatting position (drunk), sliding down (stump). huc'uc'ih, iv. inch along, slide slowly (rock or person sliding on leaves). huc'ul, aj. sitting unwilling to stand, huc'ulik, aj. cf. huc'ul /plu/. hhuc'eanvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person bedridden. huh O. huh, onom. imitative call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, huhhon, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, cooing (mourning dove), hooting (mut bolom). huhlahet, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian (plu), hooting (motmot). huhlahetik, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian. hul(l) T. hul, tv. puncture /blister/, vaccinate, inject, gore, be pierced /by thorn/, stab. hul ba, rv. be pierced /by stick/. hulel, nc. goring, injection, hulilan, tv. keep puncturing, hulub, nla. drill. hulvan, iv. vaccinate, gore, stab or pierce person, hhulvaneh, agn. vaccinator, person who gives injection or stabs another, bull that gores person. hul(2) P or P(2). hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'branchless bone', red brocket Mazama ameri- cana. cf. tentikal cih. Brockets are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is "cold". H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 161 hulahtik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/. huLhul, aj. branchless (standing tree), tall and skinny (person). hultehulte, av. standing here and there branchless (trees). hulul, aj. branchless (standing tree). hululik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/. hnl(3) X. hulan, aj. awake. hulav, iv. wake up. hulavebal, n3d. position of sun when person wakes up. hulem, aj. awake. hulubtas ba, rv. wake up /infr/. hulubtasvan, iv. wake up person /infr/. hulyo N(Sp, julio). hulio, n5. July. hulyotik, n5. sometime in July. hum(l) O. hum, onom. roar, swoosh. humet, av. roaring (car, plane, wind), galloping, shumet shol. He is tipsy. humet balami], vphr(av & n5). tipsy. humhon, av. roaring or popping /in ears/. humilan, tv. whirr /bull roarer/. humlahet, av. swooshing (buzzards), buzzing (June bugs), galloping (horses), roaring (car, plane, fire). hum]ill. av. making sudden roar (car V3: 9), whirring suddenly (hummingbird), whizzing suddenly (rock). humtehumte, av. swooshing or roaring one after another, whizzing along (car VI: 19, rock). humum, av. swooshing, roaring, whizzing (rock). humumet, av. roaring (car V3: 12 and 13, train EK.L 252: 1-1, plane, wind), swooshing (buzzard). hnm(2) P or P(2). humul, aj. barely sprouting (weeds, pubic hair of virgin). humulik, aj. barely sprouting (weeds). him Num. nun, num. one. pero hun vinik yec. But he is a unique man. Scolding speech; mi hun Hobel mi hun Camu7 muk' yilohon yilel. It seems as if he didn't see me either in San Cristobal or in Chamula. hun won, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). happy, contented. hun won ■>ain, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d // tv). feel happy. hun ?oM, nphr(num & n)3d. woman's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. hun c'amalil, nphr(nurn & n)3d. male's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. hun...hun, num...num. the one...the other. hun me?il, nphr(num & n)3d. aunt /maternal, paternal, wife of maternal or paternal uncle/, female cousin older than ego. hun nic'oni], nphr(num & n)3d. male's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. hun tak'in, nphr(num & n)5. one real /formerly/. hun tak'in nahelil, nphr(nphr/num & n/5 of n)5. 160 cardfuls /wool/. hun toli), nphr(num & n)3d. uncle /maternal, paternal, husband of maternal or paternal aunt/, male cousin older than ego. hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year. hun-a hi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)le. last year. hunhun, num. one only. hunhun , nphr(num & n4d). one /eared, armed, legged/. hunul won, nphr(num4f of n4d). wholeheartedly, wholehearted. muk' bu shunul yo9on sci'Juk li ?orten ?albile. He does not agree with the law. buc'u hunukal, nphr(pt & num5). which one, which one?, whichever person, which person? h , n(num & nccpd). one. hu , n(num & nccpd)5. each. hu-likel. every few minutes. hu-hun, num(num & numcpd)5. one each, apiece. hu-hun ca%vinik, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-ones, every twenty-one, hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr). each person, everyone, hu-huntik, num(num & numcpd)5. very few. hu-tob, n,um(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty. huhu hu-hun, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & num/num & numcpd/). one apiece /bowl, handful, etc./. huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty. hiinta N(Sp, junta). hiinta, nle. group in charge of band at fiestas. hhunta, agn. president or treasurer of group in charge of band at fiestas. hunyo N(Sp, junio). hunyo, n5. June. hunyotik, n5. sometime in June. hup P. hupah, iv. strain. hupan, tv. strain /defecating/. Scolding speech; strain /giving birth/. hupan ba, rv. strain /giving birth, defecating, straining of horse against pull of rope/. hupan ba ocel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze one's way through /narrow path/, hupel, aj. with bursting stomach. hupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse/, with burning pain (infection), huphon, av. burning (fever, thorn, exhaustion, infection), huplahet, av. cf. huphon (plu). hupleh, n5. with bursting stomach, hiiptehupte, av. squeezing through here and there, feeling one thorn after another. hupul, aj. with bursting /stomach/, hupup, av. entering slowly and painfully, hupupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse, defecating/, with burning pain (infection, thorn). hup'(l) O. hup', onom. crunch /sound/. hup'hon, av. crunching (person eating toasted tortillas, horse, pig, or dog eating corn). hup'lahet, av. cf. hup'hon (plu). hup'lahetik, av. cf. hup'hon (plu). hup'lih, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh), hup'up'et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher). hup'(2) I. hup', iv. get fat. hup'el, n4b. fat, grease. Scolding speech to lazy person; ba e'ah aba ta \oi ti mi yu'mn ha") cak c'ah 1 ahup'ele. Go soak yourself in water if your fatness makes you lazy /i.e., like pig/. hup'em, aj. fat. hup'en, n4e. lard, hup'es, tv. fatten /animal/, hup'esan, tv. fatten /plu/. hup'esob, nlf. mash, pig food, hup'esobil, nlf. cf. hup'esob. hup'esvan, iv. cause person's swelling, hup'hup', iv. fatten slightly, hup'hup'tik, iv. fatten slightly. bur O. hur, onom. roar (car), call of k'uk'ul conelik at the fiesta of St. Sebastian /the r is trilled/. hur ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/, huret, av. roaring (car, plane), hurlah, av. cf. hurur (plu). hurlahet, av. cf. huret (plu). hurlahetik, av. calling (k'uk'ul conelik). hurlih, av. whizzing suddenly (car, rock), hurtehurte, av. roaring along one after another (cars), whizzing by one after another (cars VI: 19, rocks), swooshing about (buzzards), hurur, av. roaring (car), whizzing (stone). 162 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H hururet, av. roaring (car). hurio N(Sp, judi'o). hurio, agn. Jew, each of the outgoing cantors who guards Christ from noon on Holy Wednesday to the time of the crucifixion on Good Friday afternoon, hus(l) O. hus, onom. whoosh of rocket. huset, av. whooshing (rocket), huset cak, vphr(av & n4d). farting. hushon ni?, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose (person, sheep, pig), huslahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. huset cak /phi/. huslahet ni1?, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hushon nit /plu/. huslih, av. whooshing suddenly (rocket), hustehuste, av. whooshing here and there (rockets). husus, av. whooshing (rocket), hususet, av. whooshing (rocket, flatus). hus(2) 1(2). hus, iv. wear off (nap), husahtik, aj. cf. husul /plu/. hushus, iv. wear off slightly (nap). hushustik, iv. wear off slightly (nap). husul, aj. with new sprouts appearing (weeds, pubic hair), husulik, aj. cf. husul /plu/. hustan N(Sp, fustan). hustan, nld. petticoat, hustisya N(Sp, justicia). hustisya, agn. civil authority /archaic/, hustisyaetik, agn. civil government /archaic/. hus T. hus, tv. sharpen blade, scrape off /dirt from metate platform or bristles from pig or paca hide /with knife or stone/, dirt from person's legs or arms /with stone/. hus, iv. have bristles scraped off (pig), hus, nla. corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without lime /used for starching thread/, corn boiled in water /pig food/, hus ba, rv. rub against (pig, horse, cow). husan, tv. sharpen /plu/, scrape off /dirt, bristles/. husan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). slide /on board or maguey leaf/ (children), husanan, tv. cf. husan. husanhusan, tv. scrape or sharpen one after another, husanhusanan, tv. cf. husanhusan. huseah, iv. become bare (land in dry season), husean, tv. denude, overgraze (grasshopper, sheep, horses), huseanan, tv. overgraze /plu/. huset cak, vphr(av & n4d). farting (sleeping person or pig). husetik, av. sliding (plu). hushon, av. rubbing against /post/. shushon yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had sexual relations in grass/. hushus, aj. denuded /in dry season only/, eroded, husilan, tv. keep sharpening. husilan ba, rv. keep rubbing against (pig, sheep, horse, cow), husilanan baik, rv. keep rubbing against (pigs, etc.). husk'ih, iv. slide, slip down, husk'invan, iv. make person slip (pebble), huslah, av. slipping and falling repeatedly (drunk or drunks). huslahet, av. rubbing against /post/(plu), sliding (sing). shuslahet yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had sexual relations/, huslahetik, av. cf. huslahet (plu). huslih, av. slipping suddenly on dry surface, busob, nlf. sharpening stone, knife of stone for rubbing bristles off pig hide, husob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). 'towel', monkey comb Pithecoctenium echina- turn, #1692(7,14). husob-bail ?ak', nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). vegetable sponge Luffa cylindrical #2689(1,3). Lowland vine". The fruit is used as a sponge, for bathing, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #2025(1,3,4). Lowland "vine", husobil, nlf. cf. husob. husp'ih, iv. cf. husk'ih. husp'in, tv. slide down /standing tree/. husp'inhusp'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another /trees/. husp'inhusp'inan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another/trees/. husp'invan, iv. push person down /slope/. hustehuste, av. sliding down far /on dry leaves/. husul, aj. eroded, shaven, overgrazed. husus yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down great distance /on dry leaves/, hususet, av. scraping (object dragged over smooth surface EKL 259:1- 17). hususet £ak, vphr(av & n4d). rubbing rear (dog rubbing rear on ground), hususih, iv. slide on dry surface (child), hususin, tv. make slide on dry surface /log/, push /fallen chair on ground/(child). hhu£k'invaneh, agn. pebble that makes person slip, hhusp'invaneh, agn. cf. hhusk'invaneh. hut Num. huteb, num. a little /I only/. Scolding speech; mi h-set' mi huteb. not a pinch, not a jot. Ritual speech, when offering liquor; c'ambon i h-set'e, c'ambon i hutebe. Accept from me the drop, accept from me the trifle, hutebal, num5. a little bit. yu? van hutebal ti ye ?une. lit., As if he had a little bit of speech! i.e., As if he hadn't a word to say! /sarcastic/. hutuk, n5. a little, almost, nearly. hutuk sa muk' slok' sc'ulel. He almost died. hutukon sa yaiel. I feel sick. hutuk mu hunuk limite. nearly one bottleful. hutukah, iv. become rare or scarce, lessen (sickness). hutukib, iv. lessen (sickness, work), hutukibtas, tv. settle or quell argument, hutuktik, aj. rather few. hiita hiita, son of a bitch! cf. pitta. hutuhu N(Ch,?). hutuhu, n. Malaxis jastigata, #12 1(7). Temperate plant". hut' P or P(2). hut'ahtik, aj. cf. hut'ul /plu/. hut'et, av. with /vagina, ass/ showing, hut'lahet, av. cf. hut'et (plu). hut'lahetik, av. cf. hut'et (plu). hut'ul, aj. visible (vagina, ass). buy T(2). huy, tv. stir, stir up /mud/, huy ba, rv. become thick (mud), huyahtik, aj. thick or slimy in many places (mud), huyan, tv. stir /corn gruel/, huyanan, tv. cf. huyan. huyanhuyan, tv. stir one /container/ after another /corn gruel/, huyanhuyanan, tv. cf. huyanhuyan. huyeah, tv. make thick /mud/, huyeah, iv. become thick (mud), become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, or peaches). huyebal, n5. moment just before corn gruel is finished being stirred, huyel, nc. stirring. huyet, av. slippery, slimy (mud, broken eggs), huyhon, av. stirring, huyhuy, aj. thick, slimy (mud), huyilan, tv. keep stirring, huyilanan, tv. keep stirring a lot. H/K TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 163 huyob, nlf. stirring rod. huyubil, nlf. cf. huyob. huyomah, iv. stir. huyul, aj. thick, slimy (mud), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw or peaches). huyulik, aj. cf. huyahtik. huyuyet, av. thick, slimy (mud). hhuy-'ml, agn(tv & ncpd). person who stirs corn gruel. hhuyinom, n5. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu. hve?es N(Sp, juez). hve?es, agn. Judge /Our Savior/. Ritual speech, stewards on Maundy Thursday; t shalal c^l-ba^i k'ob ti hve?ese. at the divine right hand of the Judge. hwes N(Sp,juez). hwes, agn. justice of the peace /infr/. hweves N(Sp, jueves). hweves, n5. Thursday. hweves santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Maundy Thursday. I i, the. cf. 1L K ka X. 7u9n "Jo ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & x/. It is true, /ka is possibly a contraction of skal/. tnfn "Jo no ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & pt & x). cf. tutn to ka. ?u?n Tonos ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & x). cf. tutn to ka. yec 9o ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). That is why. yec no ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). now I see that. yec no ka hslolo tal ?un. Now I see that he tricked me. yec nos ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). cf. yec no ka. ka?(l) N(Sp, cabaUo). ka?, nla. horse, mule. ka? diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5). 'devil's horse', walking-stick Autolyca sp.. The devil's horse is said to look like this monstrous jet black walking-stick. ka? pukuh, vphr(n4d of n5). cf. kat diavlo. ka?in, tv. take possession of horse. kaka?, n5. Baby talk; horse. ka?(2) T(2). ka?, tv. double over /stalks, corn/ (wind). Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; tal hka?be tal hpusbe ti smule ti skoloie t avalabe t anic'nabe. I have come to double over, bend, the sin, the evil of Thy child of woman, Thy child of man. ka?, iv. be doubled over (corn, trees in wind), bow down (heavily laden branch). ka? ba, rv. bend (broken wrist). ka?-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. grown crookedly (corn that has been broken and resumes growth), with repoussee nose. ka? vob, nphr(n4f of nld). fiddle bridge. ka?a?et, av. swaying (heavily laden branches). ka?an, tv. double over /plu/. ka?anan, tv. cf. katan. ka?anka?an, tv. break one after another /stalks, corn plants/. ka?anka?anan, tv. cf. katankdtan. ka?av ni?, nphr(n4f of n4d). bridge of nose. kaiavil, n3d. joint /bones/, gap, hollow, node /bamboo, cane, reed/. ka?benal, agn. each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the third and fourth prefects of the previous year. ka?bentik, aj. broken (corn plants). ka?el, nc. break (bone). ka?et, av. bowed (branches with fruit). ka?etik, av. cf. katet (plu). ka?kaf, aj. repousse (nose), with gap (mountain). ka?kon, av. see-sawing. ka?leh, n4f. gap, narrow valley. ka?obil, n4d. Ritual speech, person giving gift to another who does not wish to accept it; bending place. ?oy ?onos ska?obil ?oy ?onos spusobil. lit., One always has a bending place, a bowing place, i.e., person should give way and accept gift. ka?omal, n4d. Ritual speech; lit., bending place, i.e., knee. ?oy aka?omal ?oy apusomal lahes amul lahes akolo?. You have a bending place, you have a bowing place, repent your sins, repent your evil. ka?p'uh, iv. bow to ground (heavily laden branch). ka?p'un, tv. bow to ground /branch/. ka'mlan, tv. keep doubling /stalks, com/, (wind). ka?ulanan, tv. keep doubling much /corn/ (wind). ka?van, iv. put person on hands and knees (child sitting on another). hka?vaneh, agn. person who puts another on hands and knees. ka?kal ka?kal, fire. cf. k'ak'. kac- T(2). kae1, tv. hold /in teeth or beak/. naka no ?os mis cak skae"oh k'al slo?ilahe. lit.; He just holds cunt, ass in his teeth when he talks, i.e., He just talks about women. kae" ba, rv. nibble each other (puppies, horses, donkeys). kae'-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. mutual nibbling (puppies, etc.). kae'ae', av. walking holding object in teeth (dog). kae'al, aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina). kae'an, tv. show /anus, vagina/. kae'an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). take things in teeth or beak /plu/. kae'anan efi'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kae'an ec'el. kae"ankae"an ecel, vphr(tv & dr). take away one thing after another in teeth. kae'ankae'anan ec'el, vphrftv & dr). cf. kae'ankae'an ec'el. kae"et luiun, vphr(av & n4d). holding in teeth (dog with bone). kae'et cak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing. kae'elik, av. cf. kae'et (plu). kae'kae', aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina). kae'kon cak, vphr(av & n4d). with buttocks riding up and down while walking (fat woman). kae'lah, av. cf. kae'kon cak (plu). kae*lahet dak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kae'et cak (plu). kae'lahetik cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kae'kon cak (plu). kae'luh, av. snatching suddenly in teeth, biting suddenly. kae'ob, n4f. pipestem, cigarette holder. kae'ob te?, nphr(n type n)5. stick forced into mouth so that animal or child must drink medicine, wedge /Paste")/. kae'obil, n4f. cf. kae'ob. kae'tekae'te ?u?un, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in teeth /bone/. kae*ulan, tv. chew /candy/, open and close /scissors/, nibble. kac P, T. kaC, tv. open a crack /door, drawer/. ka£, iv. crack open (mud, wall). ikac spat. She had postpartum hemorrhaging. kai ba, rv. split open or crack (wall, mud). kacahtik, aj. cf. kacal /plu/. kacal, aj. open a crack (door), with open seam (wood). kacalik, aj. cf. kacal /plu/. ka£alul, n4f. crack (wall, wood). kacan, tv. open a crack /door/, have crack (house, crate, heel). kaceah, iv. crack open (daub). kacean, tv. make crack open (sun). kaceanvan, iv. spread woman's legs apart. kacel, aj. agape (mouth when lost in thought). kacet ?e, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape. kacet cak, vphr(av & n4d). with vagina showing. kacetik ?e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kacet te (plu). 164 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 kacetik cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kaiet cak (plu). kaci, iv. be agape (mouth when lost in thought). kackac, aj. cracked. kackon, av. loose (boards). kack'uh, iv. cf. kaceah. kack'un, tv. cf. kacean. kack'unvan, iv. cf. kaceanvan. kaclah, av. cf. kackon (plu). kaclahet, av. cracking (knuckles). kaclahetik, av. cracking /wood/ (nails). kacleh, nlf. with mouth agape, cracked (wall). kacluh, av. lifting leg suddenly (woman), splitting open suddenly (fruit). kacp'uh, iv. cf. kaceah. kacp'un, tv. cf. kacean. kacp'unvan, iv. cf. kaceanvan. kactekacte ?e, vphr(av & n4d). looking about with mouth agape /lost in thought/. kaculan, tv. open and close slightly /door, drawer/. kacimpa N(Sp, cachimba). kacimpa e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). Ludwigia octovalvis, #2418(20). Temperate "plant" kacimpa pom, cf. pom. kacu N(Sp, cacho). kacu, nla. cowhorn /used by sir spook at Carnival to hold cane liquor, used by muleteers bringing corn to announce their arrival from lowlands, used to hold salt or gunpowder/. kacu toro, nphr(n of n). 'bull hom', bucida Bucida macrostachya, #1661(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for field-house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. kacu toro te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). see below, muk'ta kacu toro te">, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). bucida Bucida macrostachya, #869(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used by ladinos for house mainposts and posts for cattle corrals. It is used by ladinos and Zinacantecs for fence posts, yasal kacu toro to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). (Godma-nia aesculifolia), #2662(20). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. kacuin, tv. take cowhorn. kacuca N(Sp, cachucha). kacuca cohver, nphr(n4d of n5). 'driver's cap', Panus sp., # 186(7). Highland "mushroom" kafuko N(Sp, cachucho). kacuko, nld. one sol of Peru or one peso of Chile countermarked with one half real of Guatemala 1894 /formerly current in Chiapas/. kah P. kah, iv. rise (sun). kah cakil, nphr(n of n)5. cuckold. kah holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). headcloth /cotton or woolen cloth folded and placed on the head for protection against the sun/. kahah, av. floating swiftly, rising (sun). kahahet, av. floating. kahahtik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/. kahahtik ssat. with its fruit lying (young squash on vine). kahal, aj. on top of, mounted, floating, kahal ta kar on horseback, kahal k'ak'al ta ba vie. The sun is riding the crest of the hill /setting/. kahalik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/. kahan, tv. put on top of, place over. kahan ba, rv. lie on top of, lean on each other's shoulders. kahan-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. Male joking speech referring to moment of success, i.e., moment when groom is about to mount bride, or moment when person is about to win out in dispute. kahanab, nla. shelf. kahanab let, nphr(n type n). 'shelf tree', Oreopanax capitatus, # 1525(11,12). Temperate and highland "tree" It is used for firewood. kahanan, tv. put on top of /plu/. kahankahan, tv. put one thing after another on top of. kahankahanan, tv. cf. kahankahan. kahanob, nib. shelf, attic, kahanobil, n4f. cf. kahanob. kaheah, iv. be on top of /tree, roof/, reach end of row /corn/, erupt (measles, smallpox). t skaheah hcik'. I am sweating. t skaheah k'ok'. I am feeling feverish. t skaheah li k'ak'ale ta ba vie. The sun is over the hill, kahean, tv. reach end of row /work/, place on top of, cause sweating. skahean scamel. He /took medicine/ so as to sweat, kaheanan, tv. place on top of /plu/. kaheanbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate, kaheankahean, tv. place one thing after another on top of. kaheankaheanan, tv. cf. kdheankahean. kaheanob, nib. medicine to cause measles to erupt, kaheanobil, nib. cf. kaheanob. kahet, av. floating on top of, riding /horse/. lek skahet k'ak'al ec'el ta ba vie. The sun is disappearing behind the hill. kahetah, iv. float, kahetik, av. cf. kahet (plu). kahi, iv. mount /horse, woman/, float. kahiebal, n5. Male joking speech referring to moment of success, i.e., moment when groom is about to mount bride or moment when person is about to win out in dispute, kahin, tv. lay across /wood when piled/, kahin, iv. rise to surface, kahinan, tv. lay many across /firewood/, kahkah, aj. flat-topped (mountain), kahkah, pt. directly, immediately. kahkon, av. floating on top of, lying on top of /sexual relations/, kahlah, av. cf. kahah (plu). kahlahetik, av. riding /horses/. kahleb samital na, nphr(n of nphr/natt & nld/). lintel of adobe house, kahiebal, n3d. platform, low shelf. kahiebal ka1?, nphr(n att & n)ld. riding horse, kahlebin, tv. mount /horse, woman/, climb over /log/. kahlebinan, tv. climb over /logs/. kahlebinvan, iv. climb on person (dog, child), kahluh, av. climbing on top of suddenly, rising to surface suddenly (turtle, fish). kahtekahte, av. floating about, kahuh, iv. rise to the surface /water/. kahulan, tv. keep repeating, kahulanan, tv. keep repeating things. hkahlebinvaneh, agn. person who climbs on another, likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. repetition. koh, nc. step, layer /mountains/, time /crime, curing ceremony, dream/, grade /religious post/, part /song/, story /building/, exchange of jokes /loko toil/. koh, n4b. the fault of, on behalf of. skoh pos. It is the fault of cane liquor. skoh camel. It is the fault of sickness. mu ta akohuk simile. It is not your fault if I am killed. Ritual speech, godfather to companion of father of child; skoh li yo yalabe li yo snic'nabe. On behalf of her humble child, his humble child. kohkoh, nc. single grade /religious post/, time /crime/ /I only/. kohleh, n4d. lameness, kohokil, n4f. many parts /song/. koholkohol, n4f. staircase, steps. kohonil, n3d. infant hernia /attributed to mother's eating "cold" foods/. To cure a child's hernia the pubic hair of a black ram is boiled and the brew is drunk. kahete N(Sp, cajeta). TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 165 kahete, nld. quince candy paste given to fiesta characters by great and petty ladinos on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. kabon N(Sp, cajon). kahon, nla. box for carrying fruit, coffin. skahonal 7anima. the dead person's coffin. kahval kahval, my lord. cf. ?ohov. kahve N(Sp, cafe). kahve, nla. coffee tree, coffee. It is "hot", var., kahvet /infr/, kape. kahvetik, n5. grove of coffee trees. kahve to, nphr(n type n). fiddle wood Citharexylum donnell-smithii, # 153(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree'. The berries are eaten by birds. Eugenia amatenangensis, #559(1,3). Temperate "tree". Casearia nitida, #1626(1,3,13). Temperate "tree" Tit'is kahve let, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Viburnum elatum, #2946(16). Highland "tree". It is used for fence posts and firewood. kahvein, tv. take coffee beans off person's tree. telel kahve, nphr(n of n). 'coffee tree', coffee Coffea arabica, #297(1,2,3,5), #439(1,2). Lowland and temperate "tree". The beans are planted in September by Zinacantecs owning land in the temperate zone. One bean is planted in each hole. The harvest is in January. The beans are sold to fellow Zinacantecs or at market in San Cristobal. They are roasted on the griddle and ground, either on a metate or in a grinder. All but the poorest people drink coffee. It is "hot". Ground coffee is sprinkled on wounds to induce clotting. The trunk is used for axe, hoe, billhook and pick handles, for slingshots, and firewood. te9el kahvetik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of coffee trees. kahvel kahvel, coffee, cf. kahve. kak P. kakahtik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/. kakak, av. sticking /in throat/. kakaket, av. sticking /in throat/, smarting (eyes with exhaustion or grit). kakal, aj. stuck /in throat or cleft/, caught or hiding /in underbrush or vines/, kakal ta W)lol. in the middle /walking order/. kakalik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/. kakan, tv. stick into /cleft/, push into /mud/. kakan ba, rv. squeeze into. kakan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hiding /in underbrush, in woods/. kakanan, tv. stick in /cleft/ /plu/. kakanbe mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). sling in face. kakankakan, tv. stick one after another in /cleft/. kakankakanan, tv. cf. kakankakan. kakanob, nib. fork in tree where horse's food is placed. kakanobil, nib. cf. kakanob. kakeah, iv. get stuck /in underbrush or mud/, stick /in throat/. kakean, tv. cause to get stuck /in mud or tree/. kakeanvan, iv. push person /in mud/, trap person (spak'in teo in agaves). kaket, av. squeezing through /fence, underbrush, crowd/ (robber), skaket hsat. my eyes are smarting. kaketah, iv. squeeze through /underbrush/. kaketik, av. cf. kaket (plu). kaki, iv. become stuck, be stuck. te skaket t sna. lit., She is stuck to home, i.e., new bride who keeps visiting parents. kakkon, av. stuck, trapped, caught. kaklah, av. hurrying through /underbrush/ (sing or plu). kaklahet, av. squeezing through /underbrush/, floundering in /mud or river/. kaklahetik, av. cf. kaklahet (plu). kakleh, nib. stuck. Female scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; k'u t sapas ta kakleh ta tyenta. What are you doing stuck in the bar? kaktekakte, av. squeezing through here and there /fence/. hkakeanvaneh, agn. person who pushes another in mud. kaka*? kaka1*, horse, cf. ka">(l). kakakola kakakola, coca cola. cf. kokakola. kakan kakan, marble, cf. kanika. kakas(l) N. kakas to, nphr(n type n)la. bird cage. kakas(2) kakas, bread, cf. kaslan. kakason N(N, cacaxtle). kakason, nla. blessed palm /distributed on St. Peter's Day and woven into strip with cross at end, worn on hat as protection from lightning/, kakason hobel, nphr(n type n). goose grass Eleusine indica, #1985(1,3,4). Lowland plant" Dactyloctenium aegyptium, #1309(1,3,4,5), #1630(1,4). Lowland "plant". k'os kakason hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Cyperus sp., #2183(1,3,4). Highland "plant". yasal kakason hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Paspalum plicatulum, #1271(1,3,4,5). Temperate plant" kakav N(M-Z, kakav). kakav te9, nphr(n type n). Oecopetalum mexicanum, #3051(5). Temperate "tree" It is grown by Chamulas. The nuts are boiled, dried in the sun, and sold at market in San Cristobal. kal prob P or P(2). kalal. av. brimming suddenly /with tears/. kalalet, av. brimming /with tears/. kalet, av. brimming /with tears/, kalkon, av. filled /with tears/, kallahet, av. brimming /with tears/ (plu). kaltekalte, av. brimming one after another /people's eyes with tears/. kalanca N(Sp,?). kalanca macita, nphr(n type n) 1 a. wooden-handled wide-bladed machete used formerly. kalas N(Sp, carda). kalas, nla. card /for wool/. kalon N(Sp, galon). kalon, nla. 20 liter can /used for water or lard/. kalpintero N(Sp, carpintero). kalpintero, agn. carpenter, var., karpintero. kalpintero mut, nphr(agn type n)5. 'carpenter bird', pale-billed woodpecker Phloeoceastes guatemalensis. The drumming of a pale-billed woodpecker on a live tree is believed to forecast rain, but on a dead tree, drought, var., karpintero mut. kaltera N(Sp. caldera). kaltera, nla. one liter dry measure, can for measuring corn and beans, coffee pot, pot taken on journey, kalterain, tv. take another's measure or coffee pot. kalto N(Sp, caldo). kalto, nla. broth, juice. kaltoal , nphr(natt & n)5. /chicken, beef, etc./ broth. kalvario N(Sp, calvano). kalvario, nla. lineage cross shrine, table in front of cross set up in church on Good Friday. kam(l) prob P or P(2). kamal, aj. filling a crack (excrement in anus, heavy beard and moustache that hides mouth). kamel, aj. with heavy beard and moustache that hides mouth, kamet, av. filling a crack (excrement in anus). karnkon, av. stuffing self (person, dog). kamlahet, av. cf. kamkon (plu). kamtekamtc eo?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with excrement in one's anus (child). kam(2) O. kamkam. onom. bark (dog). 166 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 kamkon, av. barking (dog, angry person). kamlahet, av. talking loudly (sing), cf. kamkon (plu). kamluh. av. barking suddenly. kamvan ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). barking and biting furiously at person, hkamvaneh ta ti?el, agn(nphr/vn5 & pt & vn5/). dog that barks at and bites person. kamaro N(Sp, camara). kamaro, nla. blasting iron or mortar. kamaron N(Sp, camaron) kamaron, nld. shrimp /unidentified/. It is eaten. It is "hot." kamaron coy, nphr(n type n)la. shrimp. kamaron to, nphr(n type n). 'shrimp tree', mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides, #295(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'tree*. The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. #2794(3,4,5,7). Temperate "tree" Same use as above. kamisa N(Sp, camisa). kamisail, n3d. small boy's smock, vesal kamisail, cf. ves(3). kamosa N(Sp, gamuza). kamosa, nla. buckskin strap /for hat/, kamosa maneana, cf. maneana. kamosain, tv. take another's hat strap. kampana N(Sp, campana). kampana, nla. bell. kampana, nld. (5)-unattested variety. Its leaves are applied to a bone break. They are "hot".(RML)-Probably thorn apple. eahal kampana, nphr(aj & n). hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, #2147(1). Temperate "tree". Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. kampana ?ak\ nphr(n type n). morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(7). Lowland "vine" purple bell Cobaea scandens, #960(1,3). Lowland "vine" sakil kampana ">ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Breweria sulphurea, #2735(1,4). Lowland "vine". muk'ta sakil kampana 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2872(1,4). Lowland vine". kampana e'iilel, nphr(n type n). thorn apple Datura Candida, #2282(19). Highland "plant", mullein nightshade Solanum verbascifolium, #2594(15,20,21,22). Temperate "vine" eahal kampana e'i'jlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, #2607(15). Lowland and temperate "plant", k'anal kampana e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ludwigia octovalvis, #2112(1), #2418(1). Temperate "plant". yasal kampana e"i?lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ruellia hookeriana, #1595(1,3). Temperate "plant". Achimenes longiflora, #2902(1,4). Lowland "plant". Ruellia nudiflora, #826(1,2). Lowland "plant". kampana c'o e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse's bell plant', cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #40(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" kampana c'ulelal, cf. c'ulelal. kampana nicim, nphr(n type n). 'bell flower', thorn apple Datura Candida, #392(1,4). Highland "tree " It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. Children play with the flowers. #2823(12). Lowland "tree". Bouvardia sp., #1963(16,17). Temperate "plant", bik'tal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Escobedia guatemal- ensis, #1258(1,3,4,5,7). Temperate "plant" eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, #718(1,2). Temperate "tree" It is grown in yards by ladinos who put the flowers in altar vases, shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, #1441(7). Lowland and highland "plant", k'os eahal kampana nicim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). white evening primrose Oenothera kunthiana, #2089(17). Highland "plant". ca?-koh kampana nicim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n type n/). 'two stage bell flower', thorn apple Datura Candida, #2823(7). Lowland "tree" Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. (RML)-This is a double variety. k'os kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., #1006(1,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". Escobedia guatemalensis, #1382(3). Temperate "plant". sakil kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., #1963(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" kampanario N(Sp. campanario). kampanario, n5. bell tower. kampor N(Sp, alcanfor). kampor, nla. blue gum Eucalyptus globulus, #602(1,4). Highland "tree". lus), #602(1,4). Highland "tree". It was planted formerly by ladinos. The leaves and the fruit are used by ladinos in sweat baths. Ladinos suffering from colds brew a handful of leaves. The steam serves as a decongestant. It is "hot" As a remedy for "wind", the leaves are brewed and a cupful drunk. It is "very hot", kamportik, n5. grove of blue gums. kampray N(Sp, cambray). kampray, n. cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(17). Highland "plant". Same use as eahal kampray. kampraytik, n5. expanse of cosmos. eahal kampray, nphr(aj & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(3). Highland "plant" It grows in yards and corn fields. The flowers are put in altar vases or set in handfuls at the feet of the saints, when going to church. The flowers are sold at market in Tuxtla. sak-vayan kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2315(3,4). Highland "plant" kamul N. kamul, n4f. wood chip, kamul if>, nphr(n of n)la. wood chip. kan(l) T. kan, onom. dong, bong. kananet, av. tolling (bell VI: 4 and VI: 5 on 3 3/4 speed), ring (bell), kanbe, tv. strike /with machete, rock or stirring rod/, kankon, av. ringing (axe), kanlahet, av. clanging (bell V2: 3 on 3 3/4 speed), drumming (water on metal), ringing (axes). kanlahetik, av. making clang or ring (children), kanluh, av. knocking suddenly, kanulan, tv. knock /on door/, ring /bell/. kan(2) prob P or P(2). kan-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald, kanahtik, aj. with receding hairline, kanal, aj. bald, kananbe, tv. make bald, kanel, aj. bald. kanet, av. with bald head, hatless. kankan, aj. bald, denuded, kankon, av. bare-headed (child), kank'uh, iv. become bald, kank'un, tv. shave /head/. kank'unvan, iv. make person's hair fall out (lead tree pod and eggs eaten together). kanp'uh, iv. cf. kank'uh. kanp'un, tv. cf. kank'un. kanp'unvan, iv. cf. kank'unvan. kantekante, av. walking about bald. kan(3) X. kananet 9a9lel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears streaming, kanet Wlel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears brimming. kanal N(Sp, ganar). kanal, nld. profit, kanalin, n4d. profit, hkanal, agn. laborer. pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). win, make a profit, look for work. kanaro N(Sp, ganado). kanaro, n5. cow /used only by dudes when taunting straw bull/. K TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 167 lecele toro ?ecele kanaro. Do it bull, do it cow! kanava(l) N(Sp, canoa). kanava, nla. dugout, hkanavero, agn. paddler of dugout. kanava(2) N(Sp,?). kanava ■Jak', nphr(n type n). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2635(22). Lowland "vine". Oxypetalum cordifolium, #2596(21). Lowland "vine". kanela N(Sp, canela). kanela, nla. cinnamon, kanela, n. see below. sakil kanela, nphr(aj & n). tree evening primrose Hauya elegans, #882(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, kanela ?ul, nphr(n type n)5. com gruel flavored with cinnamon, kanela te?, nphr(n type n). bittersweet bush Wimmeha pubescens, #2637(15,22). Lowland "tree", degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(15,21,22). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for house main-posts, cross beams and roof poles, and firewood, kanela te?tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of kanela ten. ■Jik'al kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #302(1,2,3,5). The trunk is used for roof poles and crossbeams of fieldhouses, for fence posts and firewood, ■rit'is kanela te?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wim-meriapubescens, #1986(17). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, hoe handles, and flails, bik'it kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wim-meriapubescens, #2637(20). Lowland "tree*. Same use asyit'iskanela ten. eahal kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(1,3). Lowland "tree". Same use as kanela ten. muk'ta kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(20). Lowland "tree". Same use as kanela ten. sakil kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild coffee Psycholria sp., #1612(1,3). Temperate "tree" ?it'is sakil kanela te?, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild coffee Psychotria sp., #1279(1,3,4,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for roof rods and ridge poles of fieldhouses, for fence rails and posts, and for hoe handles. kanelo(l) N(Sp, canelo). kanelo, n. see below, bae'i kanelo, nphr(aj & n). Rondeletia sp., #312(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. kanelo(2) kanelo, ram. cf. karnero. kanika N(Sp, canica). kanika, nle. marble, kakan, n5. Baby talk; marble. kankreh N(Sp. cangrcjo). kankreh, nla. crab. Crabs are caught in the lowlands and boiled. They are seasoned with mexican tea, mint, chili, and salt. They are "hot", kansyon N(Sp, cancion). kansyon, nld. popular song. kantela N(Sp, candela). kantela, nla. candle. On All Souls' Day four wax candles are burnt at the graves of babies that had only nursed. Two wax and two tallow candles are burnt for all other deceased persons. Tallow candles signify meat. While wax candles may be offered to saints, tutelary gods, the earth lord, and ghosts, tallow candles are offered only to ghosts and to the earth lord. skantelail na. candles for house ceremony, kantela cenek', cf. cenck'. kantela con, cf. con. kantelail, n4d. candle for person's funeral or for saint, kantelail ?anima, nphr(natt & n)5. candles for the dead, kantelail cobtik, nphr(natt & n)5. candles or ceremony for corn fields. ?oc kantela, vphr(iv & n5). hold year renewal ceremony. ?oc kantela, vphr(iv & n4d). hold curing ceremony. kantil N(Sp, candil). kantil, nla. petroleum lamp. kantilin, tv. take possession of petroleum lamp. kantina N(Sp, cantina). kantina, nld. bar. kanyon N(Sp, canon). kanyon, nla. cannon. skanyonal tuk'. rifle bore. kap(l) I. kap, iv. become angry, get mad, lose one's temper. kap hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). become angry, get mad, lose one's temper. kapan, tv. anger. kapan baik, rv. get angry with each other. kapaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. not be on speaking terms. kapanan, tv. cf. kapan (plu). kapankapan, tv. anger one after another. kapankapanan, tv. cf. kapankapan. kapanvan, iv. anger someone. kapap tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). becoming madly enraged. kapebal, n5. moment before losing one's temper. kapem, aj. angry, cross. kapet, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy. kapet ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy. kapet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy. kapetah, iv. become angry or cross. kapetik, av. cf. kapet (plu). kapkap, iv. become annoyed. kapkaptik, iv. become annoyed. kapkon, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy. kapkon ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling resentful. kapkon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, grumpy, quarrelsome. kaplahet, av. frequently irritable (plu). kaplahetik, av. cf. kaplahet (plu). kapluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger. kaptekapte, av. walking about grumpily. kapulan, iv. keep getting angry or losing one's temper. kapulan hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). keep getting angry or losing one's temper. hkapanvaneh, agn. person who angers others. kap(2) T(2). kap, tv. mix, lace /coffee/. kap, n4f. snack /food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/, supplement /mistress sought if unsatisfied with wife/, added ingredient /medicine or herb mixed with other herb/. kap, nc. any article or ingredient mixed with another, mixing. kap ba, rv. get mixed up (sheep of two different owners), get mixed together (corn), get lost in a crowd. kap-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mixing together of groups of people. kap-voe", aj(aj & ajcpd). many kinds mixed together (corn, ribbons), multitudinous. kapahtik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/. kapal, aj. mixed. kapalik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/. kapan, tv. mix many, lace much /coffee/. kapankapan, tv. mix one after another. kapel, nc. mixing. kapih, iv. get mixed up. kapin, tv. mix. kapin, n4f. article or ingredient mixed with another, snack /food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/. kapin ba, rv. mix together (other person's chickens or sheep with one's own). kapkap, nc. single mixing /daub/ /I only/. kapob, nib. cane liquor for lacing, hoe for mixing daub. kapobil, nib. cf. kapob. kapolah, iv. mix /cane liquor and water, lottery tickets/. 168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 kapomah, iv. cf. kapolah. kapon kahve, nphr(n type n)5. laced coffee. kapulan, tv. keep mixing /mud with pine needles for house com of different colors/, keep lacing /coffee/. kapulan ba, rv. lose oneself in a crowd. kapulanan, tv. keep mixing a lot /mud, corn/. kapulanob, nib. shovel or hoe for mixing cement. kapulanobil, nib. cf. kapulanob. hkap-?ac'el, agn(tv & npcd). person who mixes daub or mud for adobe. kapa N(Sp, capa). kapail, n3a. rain cape, chasuble. kapain, tv. take another's raincoat. kape kape, coffee, cf. kahve. kapitan N(Sp, capitan). kapitan, agn. captain or capitan /official in first level of religious hierarchy/. kapitan sela, nphr(n type n)5. ribbon /wide red ribbon that is worn over shirts of angels and cantors/. kapon N(Sp, capon). kapon, nla. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, castrated animal. kapon cih, nphr(n type n)la. wether. kapon citom, nphr(n type n)la. barrow. kapon con, nphr(n type n)le. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. cf. e'omol con, mail con. Armadillos are believed to be transformations of turkey buzzards. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. Their flesh is "cold". The shell is used during planting as a container for seed com. A stuffed figure, representing Judas, and hung on the church during Holy Week sports an armadillo shell container. To cause an embedded thorn to drop out an armadillo tail is burnt and ground into powder that is applied to the affected part. kapon kelem, nphr(n type n)la. capon. kaporal N(Sp, caporal). kaporal, agn. finca or ranch worker who is assigned to set example for others in work. kapote N(Sp, capote). kapoteil, n3a. blue cape worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, worn by grand and petty alcaldes on Good Friday. karabo E(Sp, carajo). karaho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/. karansa N(Sp, Carranza). karansa c'o, rat. cf. c'o. karanyon A(Sp, garanon). karanyon, aj. licentious, wildly sexual (man, stallion). karapon N(Sp, garrafon). karapon, n5. demijohn, var., garafon. karavato N(Sp, garabato). karavato, nla. forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete. karavato kni, nphr(nld of nld). wooden cleat used to tighten pack ropes. karavato te9, nphr(n type n)la. forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete. karavatoin, tv. take forked stick. karera N(Sp, Carrera). karera, n5. Guatemalan peso minted 1850-1870 and reportedly used during the revolution. kareta N(Sp, carreta). kareta, nla. oxcart. karetia N(Sp, carrctilla). karetia, nla. wheelbarrow. karetiain, tv. take wheelbarrow. karida karida, peach, cf. turasnu. karina N(Sp, cadena). karina, nla. chain, saint's medal on link chain worn by women around neck. karira N(Sp, caridad). karira, n5. Ritual speech of older women; charity. mi 9o to c'ul-karira mi ?o to e'ul-9ovlikasyon. Is there still divine charity, is there still divine grace? karida, cf. turasnu. karirat, cf. turasnu. karirat karirat, peach, cf. turasnu. karka N(Sp, carga). karka, nle. reed or horn measure of gunpowder. karkain, tv. make into gunpowder measure. karnero N(Sp, camera). kamero, nla. ram. kamero te1?, nphr(n type n). 'ram tree', mayan sea grape Coccoloba maya- na, #2681(1,3,15,22), #2803(3,4,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. (15)-It is used also for hoe and billhook handles, and for digging sticks, cherry ehretia Ehretia tinifolia, #794(1,2). Lowland "tree". Licania arborea, #292(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Coccoloba sp., #1988(1,3,4,16). Lowland "tree". (16)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. kanelo, n5. Baby talk; ram. karo N(Sp, cairo). karo, nla.