A History and Annotated Account of the Benthic Marine Algae of Taiwan JANE E. LEWIS JAMES N. NORRIS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES BER 29 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology in these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 29 A History and Annotated Account of the Benthic Marine Algae of Taiwan Jane E. Lewis and James N. Norris SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1987 ABSTRACT Lewis, Jane E., and James N. Norris. A History and Annotated Account of the Benthic Marine Algae of Taiwan. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 29, 38 pages, 1 figure, 1987.—Records of the benthic marine algae of the Island of Taiwan and neighboring islands have been organized in a floristic listing. All publications with citations of benthic marine green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Phaeophyta), and red algae (Rhodophyta) in Taiwan are systematically ar- ranged under the currently accepted nomenclature for each species. The annotated list includes names of almost 600 taxa, of which 476 are recognized today. In comparing the three major groups, the red algae predominate with 55% of the reported species, the green algae comprise 24%, and the browns 21%. Laurencia brongniartii}. Agardh is herein reported for Taiwan for the first time. The history of modern marine phycology in the Taiwan region is reviewed. Three periods of phycological research are recognized: the western (1866-1905); Japanese (1895-1945); and Chinese (1950-present). Western phycologists have apparently overlooked the large body of Japanese studies, which included references and records of Taiwan algae. By bringing together in one place all previous records of the Taiwanese marine flora, it is our expectation that this work will serve as a basis for further phycological investigations in the western Pacific region. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic Coast of eastern North America. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lewis, Jane E. A history and annotated account of the benthic marine algae of Taiwan. (Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 29) Bibliography: p. Includes index. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.34 : 29 1. Marine algae—Taiwan—Classification—Bibliography. 2. Marine algae—Taiwan—Bibliography. 3. Marine algae—Research—Taiwan—History. I. Norris, James N. II. Title. III. Series Z5356.A6L48 1987 Olrj.5894'0951 '249 86-600251 [Qk575.T28] Contents Page Introduction 1 Historical Review 1 Geographic and Oceanographic Features 4 Discussion 6 The Annotated List 6 Conclusion 7 Acknowledgments 7 Benthic Marine Algae from Taiwan 7 CHLOROPHYTA 7 ULOTRICHALES 7 ULOTRICHACEAE 7 CHAETOPHORALES 7 CHAETOPHORACEAE 7 ULVALES 7 ULVACEAE 7 CLADOPHORALES 8 CLADOPHORACEAE 8 CAULERPALES 8 CODIACEAE 8 UDOTEACEAE 9 CAULERPACEAE 9 BRYOPSIDACEAE 10 DERBESIACEAE 10 SIPHONOCLADALES 10 SlPHONOCLADACEAE 10 VALONIACEAE 10 ANADYOMENACEAE 1 DASYCLADALES 1 ACETABULARIACEAE 1 PHAEOPHYTA 1 ECTOCARPALES 1 ECTOCARPACEAE 1 CHORDARIALES 1 CORYNOTHLAEACEAE 1 SPHACELARIALES 1 SPHACELARIACEAE 1 DICTYOTALES 1 DlCTYOTACEAE 1 SCYTOSIPHONALES 12 ISHIGEACEAE 12 PUNCTARIACEAE 12 SCYTOSIPHONACEAE 13 FUCALES 13 CYSTOSEIRACEAE 13 SARGASSACEAE 13 111 IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES RHODOPHYTA 14 GONIOTRICHALES 14 GONIOTRICHACEAE 14 BANGIALES 14 ERYTHROPELTIDACEAE 14 BANGIACEAE 14 NEMALIALES 15 ACHROCHAETIACEAE 15 DERMONEMATACEAE 15 LIAGORACEAE 15 CHAETANGIACEAE 15 BONNEMAISONIACEAE 16 GELIDIALES 17 GELIDIACEAE 17 GELIDIELLACEAE 17 CRYPTONEMIALES 17 DUMONTIACEAE 17 RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE 17 PEYSSONNELIACEAE 18 CORALLINACEAE 18 ENDOCLADIACEAE 18 CRYPTONEMIACEAE 18 GIGARTINALES 19 SOLIERIACEAE 19 HYPNEACEAE 19 PLOCAMIACEAE 20 GRACILARIACEAE 20 SPHAEROCOCCACEAE 21 SARCODIACEAE 21 PHYLLOPHORACEAE 21 GlGARTINACEAE 21 RHODYMENIALES 21 RHODYMENIACEAE 21 CHAMPIACEAE 21 CERAMIALES 21 CERAMIACEAE 21 DELESSERIACEAE 22 DASYACEAE 22 RHODOMELACEAE 22 INCERTAE SEDIS 23 WURDEMANNIACEAE 23 Literature Cited 24 Index 34 A History and Annotated Account of the Benthic Marine Algae of Taiwan Jane E. Lewis and James N. Norris Introduction Historical Review The history of recognizing, naming, and using marine algae in China extends far back into the early Chinese literature. Although of uncertain antiquity, the specific mention of marine algae goes back at least to the publication of the Er Ya* or Literary Expositor (Tseng and Chang, 1961), a dictionary that dates to the 3rd century B.C. (Needham, 1970). Application of Latin binomials to the Taiwan marine flora, however, began only in the late 19th century (Mar- tens, 1866). After a period of European collections and reports, a period of extensive Japanese studies during the early to mid-20th century followed. The third, or current, period is one in which the activities of Chinese investigators predominate. The first report of benthic Taiwan algae that followed Linnean taxonomy appeared in Georg von Martens' Die Tange (1866), based on the botanical explorations from the German expedition to East Asia, 1860 to 1862. During this voyage von Martens' son Eduard, chief zoologist for the expedition, collected marine and freshwater algae from Java, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other East Asian areas. In this work, the elder von Martens reported seven marine species from "Tamsui" (Danshui), a northeast Taiwan seaport, including three marine algal species, Ulva lactuca f. lapathifolia, Grateloupia filicina f. filiformis, and Caulacanthus ustulatus var. fastigiatus, not again recorded from Taiwan. During a second German expedition to East Asia (1886- 1888) Dr. Warburg made phycological collections that were later published by Heydrich (1894) and De Toni (1895, 1905). This expedition covered the East Indian Ocean, the Mollucca Islands, China, Java, the southern Japanese is- lands, and a brief stop at Taiwan. Taiwan collection loca- tions were noted as Jilong (a northeast seaport), south Taiwan, the east coast and "Long-kiau' on the south coast. Among Warburg's Taiwanese algal collection, Heydrich identified 43 taxa, consisting of 24 red (Rhodophyta), 12 brown (Phaeophyta), and 7 green (Chlorophyta) species. In continued studies of the algae from this expedition, De Toni (1895) reported 36 taxa from Taiwan and in 1905 another two species. As a result of these early European investigators, over 60 marine benthic algae were reported for the Taiwan region, including many new to science. The history of the exploration of Taiwan marine algae, as with other sciences and indeed all aspects of life, was greatly shaped during the 50-year period, beginning in 1895, of Japanese political dominance in Taiwan. Volumi- nous studies on the Japanese flora and fauna, then including Taiwan, were undertaken. It was during this time that exploration of the Taiwan marine flora was most intensive, dominated by the work of K. Okamura (e.g., 1900-1902, 1907-1942) and his student, Y. Yamada (1930-1944). The first publication of this period, "New or Little Known Algae From Japan" (Okamura, 1895), included two new records of species from Taiwan. Many publications specifi- cally addressed the Taiwan flora (Okamura, 1915b, 1931, 1935b; Oshima, 1915; Ariga, 1919, 1920, 1921; Horikawa, 1919; Yamada 1925a, 1925b, 1936a; Yamada and Tanaka, 1934; Tokida, 1941), but most references to the Taiwan flora were included as distributional notes or collection sites within general Japanese floristic works (Okamura, 1930, 1936; Yamada, 1928, 1934). Three important series con- Jane E. Lewis, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, and East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. James N. Norris, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. * Throughout this text, Chinese place names and words not enclosed in quotation marks are spelled according to the Pin Yin romanization system. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES taining numerous, but scattered, references to Taiwan algae are Illustrations of the Marine Algae of Japan (Okamura, 1900-1902) and Icones of Japanese Algae (Okamura, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1915a, 1921, 1923, 1932, 1934b, 1935a, 1937, 1942); Yamada's "Notes on Some Japanese Algae" (1930, 1931a, 1932b, 1933, 1935, 1936b, 1941, 1944b); and Yendo's "Notes on Algae New to Japan" (1909, 1914, 1915, 1916a, 1916b, 1918). From an early time the Japanese were interested in flor- istic comparisons, sometimes speculating on the reasons for disjunct species distributions or factors that might cause adjacent areas to have divergent floras (Ariga, 1920, 1921; Okamura, 1915b, 1919). One of the first comparative phy- togeographic studies of the western Pacific region (Yamada, 1926) included Taiwan as one of its eight floristic areas. Of the 42 taxa compared in the region, 16 were present in Taiwan. Japanese monographs included new or additional records of taxa for Taiwan. Among these were studies of the Cor- allinaceae (Segawa, 1941; Yendo, 1902) and the Florideo- phyceae (Tanaka, 1944), and the genera Gelidium and Pter- ocladia (Okamura, 1934a), Galaxaura (Tanaka, 1935, 1936), Hypnea (Tanaka, 1941), Laurencia (Yamada, 1931b, 1936c), Liagora (Yamada, 1938a), Porphyra (Ueda, 1932), and Sargassum (Yamada, 1942). Many of the papers written specifically on Taiwan's ma- rine flora are in Japanese. Ariga (1919) describes a 14-day collecting trip and lists 43 taxa collected. Horikawa's (1919) "Marine Algae of Taiwan" reports 20 red, 10 brown, and 15 green species, based on determinations by Okamura of specimens that had been collected by Horikawa, Nagasawa, Maki, and their students at locales around Taiwan, includ- ing Danshui and Jilong in the north, Elanbi (Olanpi) in the south, Xiao Liuqiu (Shao Liou Chou) and Lan Yu, and the Penghu (= Pescadores) Islands. In another study a year later, Ariga (1920) reported 69 taxa for the Penghu Islands and compared them with his records from "Amoy," a small island off Fujian (= Fukien) Province, southeast China coast. Although only about 135 km of the shallow Taiwan Strait separate the two sites, the floras were found to be drastically different in composition. Even when the same species oc- curred in both places they often exhibited marked morpho- logical or seasonal differences. It was speculated that tidal fluctuation or substrate type may have effected these differ- ences. In determining species names, Ariga (1919, 1920) relied heavily on the papers of Yendo and Okamura. The papers of Ariga (1919, 1920) and Horikawa (1919) were subsequently overlooked by later authors, perhaps due in part to having been written in Japanese. Both 1919 papers use the Latin scientific names and authors of the species followed by Japanese names. Ariga, in his subsequent paper (1920), uses these Japanese names almost exclusively. Few cases are known in other languages where common names apply solely to a single species. In the course of our research, however, these Japanese names were found to be a special case because they are not common names but a Japanese version of the scientific name (Lai Chuen-fu, personal com- munication). When Latin binomials were introduced to Japan, the Japanese erected equivalent Japanese scientific names, one for each taxon, which were different from the Japanese common names. Because the Japanese names are listed with their Latin binomials in Okamura's flora (1936), it has been possible to translate Ariga's names into the binomial form for inclusion in the current listing. Yamada's studies on the Chlorophyceae (1925a) and the Phaeophyceae (1925b) of Taiwan, representing his under- graduate thesis at Tokyo University under K. Okamura, are frequently cited in later publications. Most of the spec- imens of these papers were collected by Yamada during a short spring collecting trip to the north and south coasts of Taiwan and to the Penghu Islands, with a few additional specimens provided by T. Aoki, then a government official in Taiwan. Economic considerations have also contributed to iden- tification of Taiwan's marine flora. Some papers were de- voted to the agarophytes in Taiwan at a time when the Japanese seaweed industry was flourishing (Okamura, 1915b, 1935b; Oshima, 1915). Taiwan's east coast was thought to possibly have a richer agarophyte flora than north Taiwan or any other coast in Japan. However, due to the presence of unfriendly aborigines (Okamura, 1915b), this hypothesis was not investigated until much later, and was found to be incorrect (Fan, 1951). Several papers discuss Taiwan algae used as foods. The island of Lan Yu (also called Kotosho, Botel Tobago, or Orchid Island) has attracted much attention because of its aboriginal population, unique biology, and its close prox- imity (61 km) to the island of Taiwan. An issue of the Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan (1931, vol. 2, no. 2) was devoted to the anthropology and biology of Lan Yu, with Okamura (1931:95-122) reporting 92 taxa of benthic algae from collections made by S. Segawa during one summer month in 1930. Only about one-third of these algae (Okamura, 1931) were also known to be on both Taiwan and Lan Yu. The Lan Yu flora was considered to be Indo-Pacific in nature, whereas no specific comments were made on the affinities of the Taiwan Island marine flora. Of the many algae presumably eaten by the "Yami" tribe on Lan Yu, Okamura listed 12 {Carpopeltis formosana, Laurencia sp., Acanthophora orientalis, Halymenia durvillaei var. formosa, Hypnea seticulosa'?, Nemalion pulvinatum, Chon- dria armata, and Dermonema dichotoma), also giving a Japa- nese transliteration of their traditional Yami names. Sub- sequently, Tokida (1939) published an almost identical list of algae eaten by the "Ami" people on Taiwan with the same common names. An identification book with photographs of Japanese seaweeds published during this period (Higashi, 1934) in- NUMBER 29 eluded 12 records of Taiwan taxa. With the high scholarly level characteristic of the Japanese picturebook genre, spe- cific names are generally considered accurate. Because these books contain records of Taiwan algae often not previously published, it is believed that distributional citations were based on Japanese herbarium material. The Japanese flora Nippon Kaiso-shi (Okamura, 1936) contains numerous reports of algal species in Taiwan. This is an invaluable reference for the identification of benthic marine algae throughout the northwestern Pacific region. In addition to the extensive Japanese publications of the period 1895-1945, some Chinese and western papers also included accounts of the Taiwan marine flora. A.D. Cotton (1915) reported nine taxa from Taiwan. Specimens of Sar- gassum were verified by K. Yendo, who visited the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, while the paper was in preparation. The lack of scientific communication between the East and West is perhaps characterized by J. Tilden's (1929) comments in "The Marine and Freshwater Algae of China." Although Professor Tilden claims to record "all species previously noted by investigators' for the algae of China, her account of Chinese phycological history only cites one non-western reference, a short paper by Okamura (1913) on "Chinese Edible Nostoc." She clearly agrees with Cotton (1915) that "Formosa [now known as Taiwan] . . . though belonging to Japan, must geographically be included with China." Though aware of Martens' (1866) account of algae, Tilden considered his determinations to be unreliable, and her account of the Taiwan marine flora was limited to only the nine taxa Cotton (1915) had reported. Apparently unaware of the Japanese literature of 1895- 1928, Tilden listed only 92 species of marine algae from the entire Chinese region, as "all that has been done in the study of Chinese algae.' If the Japanese literature (e.g., Okamura, 1909-1926) and other accounts of European expeditions had been included, she would have found over 350 published records of more than 200 species for Taiwan alone by 1928. It is easy today to see the inaccuracy of Tilden's assessment; however, her conclusions were under- standable considering the barriers of language, culture, and communication at that time. Professor C.K. Tseng, as a young botany instructor from Fujian Province, made extensive collections in the 1930's throughout China. In studies of marine Chlorophyceae from Hainan Island (1936), Chinese Chaetangiaceae (1941b), Hong Kong Polysiphonia (1944), and "New and Unrecorded Marine Algae of Hong Kong" (1945), Tseng included several Taiwan collections, many of them new records. The first publication by Chinese marine botanists on Taiwan after the Japanese occupation came from the Tai- wan Fisheries Research Institute. Y.F. Shen and K.C. Fan (1950) compiled much of the earlier literature and studied their own collections as well as specimens from the herbar- ium at the National Taiwan University made from Kotosho by Y. Yamamoto, which resulted in a list of 62 green, 50 brown, and 142 red taxa. Locations were given as "Taiwan," "Kotosho" (Lan Yu), "Kasyoto" (Lu Dao) and the "Pesca- dores" (Penghu Islands). Fan (1951) described eight species and two forms of the economic genera Gelidium and Pterocladia from Taiwan, with English translations of Dr. Okamura's (1935) four new taxa. Gelidium and Pterocladia were found to be restricted to the north and northeast part of the island. The distribu- tions of the various species were compared and found to belong to two distributional groups (a disjunct north-south distribution), but Fan concluded that "[the] chief factors that delimit the mutual exclusion of these species are at present uncertain." A list of edible marine algae (Fan, 1952) from Taiwan included 30 taxa used by Taiwan aborigines as well as those with a long Chinese tradition, with brief descriptions and localities of the algae, preparation methods, and a table of their Chinese and aboriginal names. Many species were noted to be commonly occuring only in the spring, though no reason was suggested. Since 1960, Y.M. Chiang (now a professor at Taiwan National University), has been a major investigator of the Taiwan marine algae. Studies on floristics (Chiang, 1960, 1962a,b, 1973a,b), taxonomy (Chiang, 1981; Chiang and Chen, 1982; Yang and Chiang, 1982), reproduction (Chen and Chiang, 1982; Chiang, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972; Chiang and Chen, 1982), and aquaculture (Chiang, 1981, 1982; Chiang and Chou, 1980; Liaw and Chiang, 1979; Nelson et al., 1983) have been the focus of his phycological contri- butions. Professor Chiang began phycological publications (as a student of Y.F. Shen, Botany Department, National Taiwan University) with his two-part "Marine Algae of Northern Taiwan,' the blue-green, brown, and green algae (1960), and the red algae (1962a). Included in these works were information on collection locations, habitat notes and sea- sonality of the major algae, identification keys, and taxo- nomic summaries of each of the 96 species. After a field trip of a few days to Penghu, Chiang (1962b) recorded 26 species and noted the fragmentary nature of earlier Japanese records in the Penghu Islands. Dr. Chiang began working on Taiwan's phytogeographic affinities with "Notes on Marine Algae of Taiwan" (1973a), which in- cluded north-south distributional observations and new rec- ords of six green, six brown, and nine red algae for Taiwan and its offshore islands. "Studies on the Marine Flora of Southern Taiwan" (1973b) reported on the algae at four southern localities and compared them with the north, finding that "some northern species do not occur in the southern waters. On the contrary, there are quite many species which occur in southern Taiwan but not in the northern regions." The southern flora was also considered SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES to be more depauperate than the northern and unique within Taiwan in having typically tropical elements, such as Bometella and Neomeris. The water temperatures, warmer and less variable throughout the year in the south, were suggested to be partially responsible for this difference. Because Okinawa, located slightly to the north and east of Taiwan, shares tropical genera with southern Taiwan, Chiang also suggested that the Kuroshio (or Japanese) Cur- rent is likely to be a major factor in distribution. A later series of papers focus on aspects of morphology and reproduction (Chiang and Chou, 1980; Chen, Chiang, and Chiang, 1981; Chen and Chiang, 1982; Chiang, 1982; Chiang and Chen, 1983) and vegetative reproduction in a brown alga (Chiang and Chou, 1980). These papers provide taxonomic information, some of which is new for the Tai- wan flora, and others that substantiate previous records. Taxonomic studies on Sargassum (Chou and Chiang, 1981), Liagora (Chiang and Chen, 1982), and Gracilaria (Yang and Chiang, 1982) provide additional listings with distribution, morphology and seasonality information. Aquaculture in Taiwan is a well-developed business prin- cipally of shellfish and fin fish, and in the last 10 years the culture of marine algae (Chueh and Chen, 1982), especially Gracilaria (Chen, 1976; Shang, 1976; Michanek, 1978; Ryther, 1979; Tseng, 1981a,b; Chiang, 1981; Doty, 1983), and Porphyra (Chiang, 1982), has received more attention from both growers and taxonomists. Of the numerous publications on seaweed culture, those providing records of native species in Taiwan were most appropriate for inclusion in this listing. In a review of Gracilaria culture in Taiwan, Chiang (1981) and Hansen et al. (1981) provided taxonomic infor- mation on the three native species cultured (G. edulis, G. gigas, and G. verrucosa) and the techniques employed. The seaweed aquaculture program, centered in the southwest of Taiwan, began in 1961, and by 1979 about 12,000 tons of the dry seaweed were being harvested, predominately for the domestic agar industry, and about 120 tons of fresh seaweed went as feed to abalone farms. Gracilaria is the major source of agar-agar, along with some Gelidium. Reports on seasonal variation of agar quality and quantity produced in Taiwan (Yang, 1982; Yang et al., 1981) provide records on the native agarophyte flora, and a comparison of agar from species in Taiwan and Micronesia (Nelson et al., 1983) provides information on Taiwan sites of natural populations. In contrast to Gracilaria, Porphyra culture has been small- scale and irregular. Cultivation of local species in the Penghu Islands began in 1968, but studies on the life his- tory of the local species were not initiated until 1975 (Chiang, 1982), when the "Conchocelis-stage" of Porphyra and monospore formation were investigated. This study and two on Conchocelis culture (Chiang and Chou, 1980; Liaw and Chiang, 1979) also provide taxonomic informa- tion on native Taiwan taxa. Alginates, a family of chemicals used in food preparation and with a wide variety of industrial uses, which conven- tionally are extracted from cold-water kelps, may become an industry in Taiwan, using a tropical brown alga. Research has been conducted (Liu, 1982) on improving the quality of alginates from Sargassum duplicatum, a species growing naturally along the shoreline of the southern tip of Taiwan. Green algae are also a part of Taiwan's aquaculture industry. Liu (1982) mentions use of Chlorella. Included in a report on chemical analysis and utilization of Monostroma (Wu, 1982) is information on the two native species and their distribution. The study of biological activity and natural-product chemistry (e.g., Norris and Fenical, 1985) is a recent re- search interest in Taiwan. For example, in a recent paper, "Pharmacological Properties of Some Taiwan Seaweeds" (Su et al., 1982), 30 species from Taiwan were screened for antimicrobial activity. Geographic and Oceanographic Features The area encompassed in this study includes the main island of Taiwan and a few of its 14 associated islands as well as the 64 islands of the Pescadores Archipelago (Figure 1). The islands most commonly referred to in the phycol- ogical literature are those of Taiwan (= Formosa) (21 °53'- 25°18'N, 120ol'-122°0'E), Orchid Island (= K6t6sho or Lan Yu) (22°0'-22°5'N, 121 °36'-121 °30'E), Green Is- land (= Kasyoto or Lu Dao) (22°38'-22°41'N, 121 °28'- 121 ° 30'E) and the Pescadores (= Penghu Islands) (23 ° 11 '- 23°46'N, 119018,-119042'E). The most frequented col- lecting sites on the Island of Taiwan have been Olanpi at the southern tip, "Tai Dung" on the east coast, and the general area of the northern tip. Bisected by the Tropic of Cancer, the Island of Taiwan is considered both tropical and subtropical. Geologically it is a continental island with a mostly sedimentary origin, and it has a coastline of roughly 1600 km. Oceanographic conditions around the island vary in to- pography, temperature, and currents. The Taiwan Strait is shallow (60 m average depth) and turbid, extending west- ward from Taiwan some 140 to 200 nautical miles to the southeast coast of mainland China. Within the Strait, the Penghu Islands are some 40 km from Taiwan. Tidal cur- rents around these islands reach almost 6 knots in places (USDD Nautical Map #94060). In the East China Sea north- east of Taiwan is the Ryukyu Island chain, beyond which are the main islands of Japan. To the south the Bashi Channel separates Taiwan and the Philippines. The east coast, often precipitous, marks the eastern edge of the continental shelf. The sharp drop-off continues some 4000 m below sea level, reaching the floor of the Philippine Basin. Along the southeast coast are areas of upwelling, with colder, nutrient-rich waters. Many benthic marine algae are found growing in the NUMBER 29 FUJIAN 25-- \ 119 \ 120 \ \ 121 EAST CHINA SEA Dan Shui (Tamsui) Taibel (Taipei) 122 Jilong (Keelung) 24-- 23-- Penghu Liedao / ■'.':''■ :.$&f (Pescadores) j£ 7 Hualian ^ o X TAIWAN / y^ #> f i ° : n f 1 ,X° .:•••# vrgesen (1905:288) as correct. According to Article 33.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Voss et al., 1983), "the combination is not validly published unless the author definitely indicates that the epithet or epithets concerned are to be used in that particular combination." Parallel to the examples, such as Eulophus, cited in the Code, B0rgesen (1905) has merely stated that "S. zollingeri" belongs here but did not actually make the combination in Cladophoropsis. The earliest valid combination we are aware of is: C. zollingeri (Kiitzing) Reinbold 1905:147. Dictyosphaeria bokotensis Yamada, 1925a:81. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925a, 1950. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskal) B0rgesen, 1932:2. Chiang, 1960, 1973b; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tseng, 1983. As "D. favulosa": Ariga, 1920; Oka- mura, 1930, 1931, 1936; Yamada, 1925a, 1926. Microdictyon japonicum Setchell, 1925:107. Chiang, 1962b; Tseng, 1983; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "Rhipidiphyllon reticulatum": Ariga, 1920; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. Remarks: Fan (1974:249-250,253-254) reviews tax- onomic problems with the genus Rhipidiphyllon Heydrich, 1894:281. The type-locality for this genus is in east Taiwan. Microdictyon nigrescens (Yamada) Setchell, 1925:107. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Fan, 1974; Ya- mada, 1950. As "Rhipidiphyllon nigrescens": Yamada, 1925a. Microdictyon okamurae Setchell, 1925:107, 'okamurai'. Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. Remarks: The correct spelling for the Latinization of Professor Okamura's name is "okamurae" and has been corrected throughout this study. Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone et Grunow ex Pic- cone, 1884:20. Ariga, 1920; Tseng, 1983. Struvea delicatula Kutzing, 1866:1. Chiang, 1960; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Oka- NUMBER 29 11 mura, 1930, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b, 1926. Valonia aegagropila C. Agardh, 1823:429. Chiang, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925a, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Valonia fastigiata Harvey in J. Agardh, 1887:101. Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950. Valonia utricularis (Roth) C. Agardh, 1823:431. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1926; Yendo, 1914. Valonia verticillata Kutzing, 1849:508. Okamura, 1930. Valoniopsis pachynema (Martens) B0rgesen, 1934:10. Chiang, 1960, 1973b; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Va- lonia confervoides": Ariga, 1920; Okamura, 1909, 1931, 1936; Yamada, 1925a. ANADYOMENACEAE Anadyomene wrightii Harvey in Gray, 1866:48. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1973b; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925a, 1926, 1950. DASYCLADALES ACETABULARIACEAE Acetabularia gigas Solms-Laubach, 1895:23. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925a. Acetabularia major Martens, 1866:25. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925a. Bometella sphaerica (Zanardini) Solms-Laubach, 1893:92. Chiang, 1973b. Neomeris annulata Dickie, 1874:198. Chiang, 1973b. PHAEOPHYTA ECTOCARPALES SPHACELARIALES ECTOCARPACEAE Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Agardh, 1847:7. Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b, 1950. Ectocarpus laurenciae Yamada, 1931a:66. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1931a. Ectocarpus spinosus Kutzing, 1843:288. Heydrich, 1894; Shen and Fan, 1950. Ectocarpus van-bossea Setchell et Gardner in Setchell, 1924:170. Yamada, 1950. Ectocarpus sp. Chiang, 1976. Feldmannia formosana (Yamada) Itono, 1973:162. As "Ectocarpus formosanus": Yamada, 1950. Giffordia mitchelliae (Harvey) Hamel, 1939:xiv. As "Ectocarpus mitchelliae": Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b. CHORDARIALES CORYNOTHLAEACEAE Leathesia difformis (Linnaeus) Areschoug, 1847:376. Taniguti, 1976. SPHACELARIACEAE Sphacelaria fur ciger a var. tenuis Yamada, 1941:196. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1941. Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini, 1840:2. Chihara, 1975; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Oka- mura, 1897, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b. DICTYOTALES DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux, 1809b:332. Yamada, 1950. Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) B0rgesen, 1920a:265. Tseng, 1983; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Neu- rocarpus repens": Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, 1896:251. Tseng, 1983. As "Haliseris undulata": Okamura, 1907. As "Neurocarpus undulata": Higashi, 1934; Okamura, 1930, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "N. undulata f. plana": Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1930, 1936. Dictyota bartayresii Lamouroux, 1809b:331. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES Dictyota ceylanica var. anastomosans Yamada, 1950:186. Yamada, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux, 1809a:42. Ariga, 1919; Higashi, 1934; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1930; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1954; Yamada, 1925b. Dictyota dilata Yamada, 1925b:252. Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Dictyota divaricata Lamouroux, 1809a:43. Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1930; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Dictyota hamifera Setchell, 1926:92. Yamada, 1950. Dictyota linearis (C. Agardh) Greville, 1830:xliii. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Horikawa, 1919. Dictyota patens]. Agardh, 1882:93. Taniguti, 1976. Remarks: Howe (1920) and Allender and Kraft (1983) consider this taxon to be a synonym of D. bartayresii Lamouroux. Dictyota spinulosa Hooker et Arnott, 1838:275. Ariga, 1920. Dilophus okamurae Dawson, 1950:83, 'okamurai'. Chihara, 1970, 1975; Fan, 1953b; Segawa, 1974; Tseng, 1983. As "D. marginatus": Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Dilophus radicans Okamura, 1916:7. Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Remarks: Fan (1953b) considers this name to be in need of synonomy since he believes D. radicans may be the prostrate form of Padina commersonii (see also Lewis et al., 1987). Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley, 1967:221. Tseng, 1983. As "Gymnosorus collaris": Ariga, 1920. As "Zonaria variegata": Heydrich, 1894. Pachydictyon coriaceum (Holmes) Okamura, 1899:39. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1976; Chihara, 1970; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950. Padina arborescens Holmes, 1896:251. Higashi, 1934. Padina australis Hauck, 1887:44. Chiang, 1960, 1962b; Okamura, 1931,1932, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Tseng, 1936, 1983; Yamada, 1925b, 1931a, 1950. Padina boryana Thivy in Taylor, 1966:355. Tseng, 1983. Remarks: Papenfuss (1977) considered both P. tenuis (C. Agardh) Bory and P. commersonii Bory to be synonyms of Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley, and rec- ognized P. boryana Thivy as the name for this taxon. Tseng (1983) apparently follows this, listing P. commer- sonii as a synonym of P. boryana, whereas Womersley and Bailey (1970) and Allender and Kraft (1983) considered P. commersonii and P. boryana to be synonyms of P. tenuis. Padina crassa Yamada, 1931a:67. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1960; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Padina durvillaei Bory, 1827:591. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1973a; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1935b; Shen and Fan, 1950. Padina japonica Yamada, 1931a:69. As "P. pavonia": Ariga, 1919; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Horikawa, 1919. Padina minor Yamada, 1925b:251. Chiang, 1960, 1962a, 1962b, 1973b, 1976; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1932, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b, 1931a, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Padina tenuis Bory, 1827:590. As "Padina commersonii": Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b, 1931a. Remarks: See "Remarks" herein under Padina boryana Thivy in Taylor. Spatoglossum pacificum Yendo, 1920:2. Chiang, 1973a. Zonaria coriacea Yamada, 1925b:249. Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Zonaria diesingiana]. Agardh, 1841:443. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1930; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b. Zonaria fiabellata (Okamura) Papenfuss, 1944:341. As "Homoeostrichus flabellatus": Taniguti, 1976. Zonaria harveyana (Kutzing) Areschoug, 1851:26. As "Homoeostrichus multifidus": Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Zonaria nigrescens Sonder, 1845:50. Heydrich, 1894; Shen and Fan, 1950. Zonaria stipitata Tanaka et Nozawa, 1962:183. Chiang and Chou, 1980. Zonaria sp. Suetal., 1982. SCYTOSIPHONALES ISHIGEACEAE Ishige okamurae Yendo, 1907:154, 'okamurai'. Chiang, 1960, 1973b; Higashi, 1934; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Ishige sinicola (Setchell et Gardner) Chihara, 1969:3. As "I. foliacea": Rho, 1958; Tseng, 1936. PUNCTARIACEAE Petalonia fascia (O.F. Miiller) Kuntze, 1898:419. As "Ilea fascia": Chiang, 1960, 1976; De Toni, 1895; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1954; Yamada, 1925b. As "Phyllitis fascia": Heydrich, 1894. NUMBER 29 13 SCYTOSIPHONACEAE Chnoospora implexa (Hering) J. Agardh, 1848:172. Chiang, 1960; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tokida, 1939; Tseng, 1983; Ya- mada, 1925b, 1950. Chnoospora minima (Hering) Papenfuss, 1956:69. Chiang, 1976; Segawa, 1974. As "Chnoospora pacifica": Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939; Yamada, 1950. Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens et Roth) Derbes et Solier in Castagne, 1851:95. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Chiang, 1960, 1976; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1930; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tokida, 1954; Yamada, 1925b, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Endarachne binghamiae J. Agardh, 1896:27. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Chiang, 1960, 1973b, 1976; Cotton, 1915; Fan, 1953a; Higashi, 1934; Horikawa, 1919; Oka- mura, 1930, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tilden, 1929; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b. Hydroclathrus clathratus (Bory) Howe, 1920:590. Chiang, 1960, 1962a, 1973b; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "H. cancellatus": De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Higashi, 1934; Okamura, 1897, 1931; Yamada, 1925b. Rosenvingea orientalis (J. Agardh) B$rgesen, 1914:26. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. As "Hydroclathrus orientalis": De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) J. Agardh, 1848:126, 'lo- mentarium'. Chiang, 1973a, 1976; Okamura, 1935b, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Tokida, 1954; Yamada, 1925b, 1928. As "S. lo- mentarius": Chihara, 1970, 1975. FUCALES CYSTOSEIRACEAE Cystoseira prolifera]. Agardh, 1848:215. Chiang, 1976. Cystoseira sp. Nizamuddin, 1970. Hormophysa triquetra (Linnaeus) Kutzing, 1843:359. Chiang, 1973a; Okamura, 1935b; Su et al., 1982. SARGASSACEAE Sargassum amabile Yamada, 1944a:l. Shen and Fan, 1950. Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:12. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Sargassum baccularia (Mertens) C. Agardh, 1824:304. Chou and Chiang, 1981. Sargassum berberifolium ]. Agardh, 1848:337. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum binderi Sonder in J. Agardh, 1848:328. Chiang, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum carpophyllum J. Agardh, 1848:304. Chou and Chiang, 1981; Yamada, 1942. Sargassum coriifolium ]. Agardh, 1889:86. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum coriifolium f. duplicatum Yamada, 1950:192. Yamada, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Sargassum coriifolium f. prolongatum (Okamura) Yamada, 1950:192. Yamada, 1950. As "S. prolongatum": Okamura, 1931, 1932, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Sargassum crassifolium ]. Agardh, 1848:326. Chihara, 1975; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1942, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Sargassum crispifolium Yamada, 1931a:72. Chiang, 1960, 1962b. Sargassum cristaefolium C. Agardh, 1820:13. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Cotton, 1915; Okamura, 1931, 1935b, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tilden, 1929. As "S. biserrula": De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. Sargassum duplicatum ]. Agardh, 1889:90. Ariga, 1921; Chiang, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Liu, 1982; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tani- guti, 1976; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum echinocarpum ]. Agardh, 1848:327. Yamada, 1950. Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:34. Ariga, 1920. Sargassum glaucescens ]. Agardh, 1848:306. Chiang, 1973a; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1935b. Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:39. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Tilden, 1929; Tseng et al., 1985. Sargassum henslowianum C. Agardh in J. Agardh, 1848:315. Chou and Chiang, 1981. Sargassum heterocystum Montagne, 1842:250. Chou and Chiang, 1981. Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:38. Ariga, 1919; Chiang, 1960; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1954; Tseng et al., 1962, 1985; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:11. Ariga, 1920; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum ilicifolium var. conduplicatum Grunow in Weber- van Bosse, 1913a:160. Yamada, 1942. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES Sargassum kasyotense Yamada, 1942:553. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1942. Sargassum kuetzingii Setchell, 1931:249. Chou and Chiang, 1981. Sargassum kushimotense Yendo, 1905:157. Chou and Chiang, 1981. Sargassum muriocystum]. Agardh, 1848:314. Ariga, 1920; De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1895, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Sargassum plagiophyllum C. Agardh, 1824:309. Yamada, 1942. Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh, 1824:304. Ariga, 1920; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950, Su et al., 1982; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1942, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "S. microphyllum": Chiang, 1976; Yamada, 1925b. Sargassum rostratum ]. Agardh, 1896:55. Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng etal., 1985. Sargassum sandei Reinbold in Weber-van Bosse, 1913a: 158. Chiang, 1960, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Yamada, 1925b; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Sargassum sandei f. heterophyllum Yamada, 1950:192. Yamada, 1950. Sargassum serratifolium C. Agardh, 1820:16. Chiang, 1973a. Sargassum siliquosum J. Agardh, 1848:316. Chiang, 1976; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b, 1942. Sargassum swartzii (Turner) C. Agardh, 1820:11. Yamada, 1942. Sargassum telephifolium (Turner) C. Agardh in J. Agardh, 1889:107. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Sargassum tenuifolium Yamada, 1942:505. Yamada, 1942. Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh, 1820:3. Ariga, 1919; Horikawa, 1919. Sargassum sp. Chiang, 1962b, 1976; Chiang et al., 1974; Chou and Chiang, 1981; Su et al., 1982. Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing, 1860:24. Chiang, 1973b; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. Turbinaria filamentosa Yamada, 1925b:243. Chiang, 1960, 1976; Fan, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1925b. As "T.filiformis": Okamura, 1936; Yosh- ikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Remarks: Fan (1974:252, 254) suggests that the char- acteristic of this species (i.e., elongate filiform receptacle) may not reflect a species difference, but rather reflect an ecological or physiological state. Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh, 1848:266. Chiang, 1960, 1962b, 1976; De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1895, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Yamada, 1925b, 1950. Turbinaria trialata (J. Agardh) Kutzing, 1860:24. Chiang, 1962b; Yamada, 1950. Turbinaria sp. Ariga, 1919; Horikawa, 1919. RHODOPHYTA GONIOTRICHALES GONIOTRICHACEAE Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh) Basson, 1979:67. As "Asterocytis ornata": Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1944, 1952. As "Asterocytis ornata f. simplex": Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1944, 1952. As "Asterocytis ramosa f. simplex": Tanaka, 1944. Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) Drew, 1956:72. As "Goniotrichum alsidii": Tanaka, 1952. Remarks: See Wynne (1985) for discussion of use of the generic name Stylonema Reinsche, and Drew and Ross (1965) on use of some generic names in the Bangiophy- cidae. BANGIALES ERYTHROPELTIDACEAE Erythrotrichia biseriata Tanaka, 1944:86. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1944, 1951, 1952. Erythrotrichia carnea f. tenuis Tanaka, 1944:92. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1944. BANGIACEAE Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh, 1824:76. Ariga, 1920. As "B. fuscopurpurea": Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Sheath and Cole, 1984; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1950, 1952; Taniguti, 1976; Tokida, 1954. Bangia yamadae Tanaka, 1944:84, 'yamadai'. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1944, 1950, 1952. Bangia sp. Chiang, 1973b. Porphyra angusta Okamura et Ueda in Ueda, 1932:28. Liaw and Chiang, 1979; Wang and Chiang, 1977. Porphyra crispata Kjellman, 1897a: 15. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a; Chihara, 1975; Dawson, 1954c; Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1952; Taniguti, 1976; Wang and Chiang, 1977; Ueda, 1932. NUMBER 29 15 Porphyra dentata Kjellman, 1897a: 13. Wang and Chiang, 1977. Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman, 1897a: 10. Okamura, 1930, 1936; Wang and Chiang, 1977. Porphyra sp. Wang and Chiang, 1977. NEMALIALES Remarks: For discussion on the correct spelling of the name of this order see Nicolson and Norris, 1983. ACROCHAETIACEAE Liagorophila endophytica Yamada, 1944b: 16. Fan, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1944b. As "Liagora orientalis": Yamada, 1938a. DERMONEMATACEAE Dermonema frappieri (Montagne et Millardet) Brgesen, 1942:42. Chiang, 1969, 1971, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Segawa, 1974; Tseng, 1983. Dermonema gracile Martens ex Weber-van Bosse, 1921:204. Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939; Tseng, 1945. As "D. dichotomum": Ariga, 1920; Chen and Chiang, 1982; De Toni, 1895; Fan, 1974; Heydrich, 1894. Dermonema pulvinata (Grunow in Holmes) Fan, 1962:337. Chen and Chiang, 1982; Chihara, 1975; Fan, 1953a Tseng, 1983; Umezaki, 1972. As "Nemalion pulvinatum" Chiang, 1962a; Chihara, 1970; Okamura, 1931, 1936 Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939. Remarks: Papenfuss (1967:96-97) points out that Der- monema Heydrich had been a nomen nudum until Hey- drich (1894:289) published D. dichotomum. The type- locality for the genus is therefore Taiwan (see also Fan 1974:249, 253). Dotyophycus yamadae (Ohmi et Itono) Abbott et Yoshizaki, 1981:225. Chiang and Chen, 1983. Liagoropsis schrammi (P. et H. Crouan in Maze et Schramm) Doty and Abbott, 1964:443. Fan, 1974. As "L. maxima": Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1944c. Yamadaella cenomyce (Decaisne) Abbott, 1970:117. Chiang, 1973b. As "L. annulata": Okamura, 1931, 1936. As "L. caenomyce': Chihara, 1975; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1941a; Yamada, 1938a. LlAGORACEAE Helminthocladia australis Harvey, 1863, pi. 272. Chen etal., 1981. Liagora boergesenii Yamada, 1938a:l 1. Chiang, 1971, 1972; Chiang and Chen, 1982; Chihara, 1975; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1938a. Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux, 1816:239. Chiang and Chen, 1982. Liagora ceranoides var. leprosa (J. Agardh) Yamada, 1938a:21. Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1938a. Liagora ceranoides var. pulverulenta (C. Agardh) Yamada, 1938a:21. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1938a. Liagora decussata Montagne, 1849:64. Chiang and Chen, 1982; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1938a. Liagora farinosa Lamouroux, 1816:240. Chihara, 1975; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1941a; Yamada, 1938a. Remarks: Recently Fan and Wang (1974:492) proposed a new generic name, Ganonema, for this taxon. However, we follow the opinion of Abbott (1976:130), and for the time being continue to recognize this taxon as a Liagora (see also Norris and Bucher, 1982:190). Liagora orientalis]. Agardh, 1896:99. Ariga, 1920; Chiang and Chen, 1982; Fan, 1974; Oka- mura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1932b. As "L. formosana": Yamada, 1938a. Remarks: Yamada (1944b: 18-19) reduced his species L. formosana (1938a:32) into synonomy with L. orientalis. Liagora rugosa Zanardini, 1851:36. Ariga, 1920. Liagora segawai Yamada, 1938a:l. Chiang and Chen, 1982. Liagora setchellii Yamada, 1938a: 13. Chiang and Chen, 1982; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1941a; Yamada, 1938a; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Liagora valida Harvey, 1853:138. Chiang and Chen, 1982; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. CHAETANGIACEAE Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskal) B0rgesen, 1932:6. Chihara, 1970, 1975; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1941b. As "Actinotrichia rigida": Ariga, 1920. Galaxaura arborea Kjellman, 1900:72. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a; Yendo, 1918; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Remarks: The taxonomy and nomenclature of this ge- nus have been confused by morphological plasticity and uncertain life histories. Since the hypothesis of an alter- nation of morphologically different sexual and tetrasporic forms of Galaxaura (Howe 1917, 1918), there has been much speculation as to which tetrasporic and sexual "spe- cies" represent stages within the same life history (e.g., Brgesen, 1920b; Chou, 1945, 1947; Dawson, 1953; 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES Taylor, 1960). We hold the opinion that until culture studies conclusively link the different reproductive stages into the life history, each reproductive form should be recognized by its previous species name. Galaxaura canaliculata Kutzing, 1849:530. Heydrich, 1894; Shen and Fan, 1950. Galaxaura clavigera Kjellman, 1900:76. Chiang, 1962b; Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936. Remarks: Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang (1982:411) consider this species to be a synonym of Galaxaura mar- ginata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux. Galaxaura distenta Harvey, 1859:331. Ariga, 1920. Galaxaura elegans Tanaka, 1935:52. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1935, 1936. Galaxaura elongata J. Agardh, 1876:529. Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936; Tseng, 1941b; Yendo, 1916b; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Remarks: Considered a synonym of G. rugosa (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux (1816:263) by Papenfuss, Mshi- geni, and Chiang (1982). Galaxaura falcata Kjellman, 1900:73. Ariga, 1919; Horikawa, 1919, Taniguti, 1976. Galaxaura fasciculata Kjellman, 1900:53. Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936; Tseng, 1941b. Galaxaura fastigiata Decaisne 1842:116. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1962b; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936; Tanaguti, 1976; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Remarks: Considered a synonym of G. oblongata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux (1816: 262) by Papenfuss, Mshi- geni, and Chiang (1982). Galaxaura filamentosa Chou in Taylor, 1945:139. Itono, 1977a. Galaxaura lapidescens (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux, 1816:264. DeToni, 1895. Galaxaura lapidescens f. villosa]. Agardh, 1876:530. Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1897; Shen and Fan, 1950. Galaxaura latifolia Tanaka, 1935:54. Okamura, 1935a, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1935, 1936. Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux, 1816:262. Chiang, 1973a, 1973b; Okamura, 1935b; Su etal., 1982. Galaxaura obtusata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux, 1816:262. Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1936; Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang, 1982; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Tanaka, 1936; Tseng, 1941b. Galaxaura pacifica Tanaka, 1935:55. Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1935a, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1935, 1936. Remarks: Considered a synonym of G. rugosa (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux (1816:262) by Papenfuss, Mshi- geni, and Chiang (1982). Galaxaura robusta Kjellman, 1900:85. Chihara, 1970, 1975; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936. Remarks: Considered a synonym of G. obtusata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux by Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang (1982). Galaxaura rudis Kjellman, 1900:43. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936; Tseng, 1941b. Remarks: Considered a synonym of G. lapidescens (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux by Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang (1982). Galaxaura marginata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux, 1816:264. Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang, 1982. As "Galaxaura tenera": Chiang, 1973a, 1973b; Okamura, 1935a; Su et al., 1982. Remarks: Material from Taiwan determined as G. te- nera was re-identified by Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang (1982) to be this species. Galaxaura veprecula Kjellman, 1900:80. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1975; Itono, 1977a; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1936; Tseng, 1983; Yendo, 1918. Remarks: Papenfuss, Mshigeni, and Chiang (1982) con- sider this species to be a synonym of G. marginata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux. Scinaia boergesenii Tseng, 1941:100. Shen and Fan, 1950. Scinaia cottonii Setchell, 1914:103. Shen and Fan, 1950. Scinaia moniliformis J. Agardh, 1885:72. Chiang, 1962a; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Scinaia pseudojaponica Yamada et Tanaka in Yamada, 1938b:127. Chiang, 1962a, 1970, 1973b; Shen and Fan, 1950. BONNEMAISONIACEAE Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan, 1845:45. As "A. sanfordiana": Ariga, 1919; Fan, 1953a; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Delisea fimbriata (Lamouroux) Montagne, 1844:155. Chihara, 1970, 1975. As "D. japonica": Cotton, 1915; Tilden, 1929. NUMBER 29 17 GELIDIALES GELIDIACEAE Gelidium amansii Lamouroux in Kutzing 1868:16. Cotton, 1915; Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1913, 1915b, 1930; Oshima, 1915; Rho, 1958; Santelices and Stewart, 1985; Tilden, 1929; Tokida, 1954. Gelidium amansii f. elegans Okamura, 1934a:56. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951. Gelidium amansii f. latioris Okamura, 1935b:443. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951; Okamura, 1935b, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gelidium "cartilagineum". Ariga, 1919; Horikawa, 1919. Remarks: As with all taxa in this paper, we are reporting the name used by the author in recording the taxon from Taiwan. We recognize that Dixon (1967) has shown the basionym Fucus cartilagineus Linnaeus (1753) to be cor- rectly Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon. How- ever, in this case, we suggest the material of Ariga (1919) and Horikawa (1919) probably belongs to Gelidium, rather than Plocamium, but cannot be sure what species it is. Gelidium crinale (Turner) Lamouroux in Bory, 1825:191. Ariga, 1920. Gelidium divaricatum Martens, 1866:30. Okamura, 1934a, 1936; Taniguti, 1976. Gelidium japonicum (Harvey) Okamura, 1901:57. Arasaki, 1964; Ariga, 1919, 1920; Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951, 1953a; Higashi, 1934; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1901, 1915b, 1930, 1934a, 1936; Oshima, 1915; Santel- ices and Stewart, 1985; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gelidium kintaroi (Okamura) Yamada, 1941:201. Fan, 1951, 1953a; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "G. clavatum": Okamura, 1934a, 1935a, 1935b, 1936. Gelidium latiusculum Okamura, 1935b:443. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951, 1953a; Okamura, 1935b, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gelidium pacificum Okamura, 1914:99. Okamura, 1915b; Oshima, 1915. Gelidium planiusculum Okamura, 1935b:442. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951, 1953a; Okamura, 1935b, 1936; Santelices and Stewart, 1985; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, 1863:139. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1951; Santelices and Stewart, 1985; Taniguti, 1976. As "Acrocarpus pusillus": Martens, 1866. Gelidium pusillum f.foliaceum Okamura, 1934a:51. Ariga, 1920; Taniguti, 1976. Gelidium subcostatum Okamura in Schmitz, 1894:1. Ariga, 1919; Horikawa, 1919. Gelidium yamadae (Okamura) Fan, 1951:10. Fan, 1951, 1953a. As "G. densum": Okamura, 1935b; Shen and Fan, 1950. Remarks: Fan (1951) considers G. densum invalid on the basis of an earlier homonym. Gelidium sp. Ariga, 1920. Pterocladia nana Okamura, 1934a:64. Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Fan, 1951. Pterocladia tenuis Okamura, 1934a:62. Arasaki, 1964; Chiang, 1962a, 1962b, 1973b; Fan, 1951, 1953a; Okamura, 1935b, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976. As "Gelidium comeum var. pinnatum": Heydrich, 1894. As "P. capilla- ceum": Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Okamura, 1915b; Oshima, 1915. GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann et Hamel, 1934:533. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Gelidiopsis rigida": Okamura, 1931. CRYPTONEMIALES DUMONTIACEAE Dudresnaya japonica Okamura, 1908:209. Shen and Fan, 1950. RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE Remarks: Placed in the Cryptonemiales By Kylin (1956), this family was later transferred by Wiseman (1975) to the Gigartinales (see also Kraft (1981) and Wynne and Kraft (1981)). However, West and Hommer- sand (1981) noted "there is no major evidence to suggest that the [Rhizophyllidaceae] is closely related to either order," and retained it in the Cryptonemiales. Chondrococcus hornemannii (Mertens) Schmitz, 1895:170, 'hornemanni'. Arasaki, 1964; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "Desmia hornemannii": Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Chihara, 1970; Su et al., 1982; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Rhodopeltis borealis Yamada, 1931a:75. Arasaki, 1964; Chihara, 1975; Nozawa, 1963, 1970; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1931a. Rhodopeltis gracilis Yamada et Tanaka in Yamada, 1935:30. Arasaki, 1964; Nozawa, 1963, 1970; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1935. Rhodopeltis setchelliae Yamada, 1935:33, 'setchellii'. Nozawa, 1963, 1970; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1935. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES PEYSSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia caulifera Okamura, 1899:8. Ariga, 1920. Peyssonnelia distenta (Harvey) Yamada, 1930:29. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1962b; Okamura, 1899, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1930; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "P. involvens": Okamura, 1909. Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Agardh, 1852:502. De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1897, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux, 1816:299. As "A. pusilla": Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "A. zonata": Chiang, 1962a. Remarks: Recently Norris and Johansen (1981:6) con- sidered A. zonata to be a taxonomic synonym of A. beau- voisii Lamouroux. Amphiroa bowerbankii Harvey, 1849b:97. De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Shen and Fan, 1950. Amphiroa ephedracea (Lamarck) Decaisne, 1842:124. Chihara, 1970; De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "A. exilis": Heydrich, 1894; Yendo, 1902. Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, 1816:298. Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Amphiroa multifida Kutzing, 1858:27. De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Shen and Fan, 1950. Amphiroa pusilla Yendo, 1902:13. Rho, 1958; Su etal., 1982. Amphiroa spp. Ariga, 1920. Cheilosporum anceps Yendo, 1902:18. Shen and Fan, 1950. Cheilosporum jungermannioides Ruprecht in J. Agardh, 1852:546. Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1941, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. As "Amphiroa cultrata var■. globulifera'': De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. As "C. cultratum": Yendo, 1902. Jania adhaerens Lamouroux, 1816:270. Chiang, 1962a, 1962b; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Taniguti, 1976. As "Corallina adhaerens": De Toni, 1905; Heydrich, 1894; Yendo, 1902. As "Corallina decussato-dichotoma": Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974. As "J. decussato-dichotoma": Arasaki, 1964; Chiang, 1962a; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976. Jania radiata Yendo, 1902:26. Chiang, 1962a. Jania tenella Kutzing, 1858:41. Chiang, 1962a. jania undulata Yendo, 1902:26. Shen and Fan, 1950. Lithophyllum perulatum Foslie, 1900:18. De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yendo, 1902. As "Melobesia pustulata": Heydrich, 1894. Lithophyllum spp. Ariga, 1920. Lithothamnium membranaceum (Esper) Foslie, 1905:72. De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "Melobesia membranaceae": Heydrich, 1894; Yendo, 1902. Lithothamnium spp. Ariga, 1920. Mastophora pygmaea Heydrich, 1894:300. De Toni, 1895; Fan, 1974; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yendo, 1902. Remarks: Fan (1974:251, 254) considers the taxonomy of this species suspect and encourages study of the type specimen and type-locality specimens to confirm the iden- tity of Heydrich's plant. Mastophora rosea (C. Agardh) Setchell, 1943:129. Chiang, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Segawa, 1974; Su et al., 1982; Taniguti, 1976; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "M. macrocarpa": Chiang, 1962a; De Toni, 1905; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yendo, 1902. Melobesia farinosa Lamouroux, 1816:315. De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yendo, 1902. Melobesia spp. Ariga, 1920. Tenarea tumidulum (Foslie) Adey, 1970:7. As "Dermatolithon tumidulum": Chiang, 1973a; Okamura, 1935b. ENDOCLADIACEAE Gloiopeltis complanata (Harvey) Yamada, 1932a:l 17. As "Endocladia complanata": Ariga, 1920. As "Gloiopeltis cervicornis:" Ariga, 1921. Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels et Ruprecht) J. Agardh, 1851:235. Chiang, 1973b; Fan, 1953a; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gloiopeltis tenax (Turner) J. Agardh, 1842:68. Chiang, 1969, 1973a; Okamura, 1935b. CRYPTONEMIACEAE Carpopeltis angusta (Harvey) Okamura, 1910:66. Ariga, 1920; Shen and Fan, 1950. Carpopeltis cornea Okamura, 1936:553. Arasaki, 1964; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su etal., 1982. NUMBER 29 19 Carpopeltis fiabellata (Holmes) Okamura, 1935a:39. Ariga, 1920; Chiang 1962a. Carpopeltis formosana Okamura, 1931:110. Fan, 1953a; Okamura 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939. Carpopeltis rigida (Harvey) Schmitz, 1895:168. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1909, 1930, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Grateloupia carnosa Yamada et Segawa in Yamada, 1938b:126. Chiang, 1962a. Grateloupia filicina (Wulfen) J. Agardh, 1851:180. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; De Toni, 1895; Horikawa, 1919. Grateloupia filicina f.filiformis (Kutzing) Pilger, 1911:310. As "G. filiformis": Martens, 1866. Grateloupia okamurae Yamada, 1941:204, 'okamurai'. Chiang, 1973a. Grateloupia ramosissima Okamura, 1913:60. Chiang, 1962a, 1973a; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Dawson, 1954c; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950. Halymenia ceylanica (Harvey) Kutzing, 1866:33. As "H. formosa": Okamura, 1909. As "H. durvillaei var. formosa": Tokida, 1939. As "H. durvillaei var. ceylanica": Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Halymenia durvillaei Bory, 1826, pi. 15. Fan, 1953a. Polyopes polyideoides Okamura, 1895:447. Chiang, 1973a, 1973b; Okamura, 1935b. Polyopes sp. Heydrich, 1894. GIGARTINALES SOLIERIACEAE Eucheuma arnoldii Weber-van Bosse, 1928:421. Kraft, 1972. As "E. cupressoideum": Shen and Fan, 1950. Eucheuma "audiolis" Tseng and Chen, 1977; Tseng, 1984. Remarks: This species name is apparently a nomen nudum (fide M.S. Doty). Eucheuma cottonii Weber-van Bosse, 1913b: 115. Tseng and Chen, 1977. Eucheuma crassum Zanardini, 1878:36. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1936a. Eucheuma crustaeforme Weber-van Bosse, 1928:415. Okamura, 1931, 1936. As "E. cottonii": Okamura, 1931. Eucheuma gelatinae (Esper) J. Agardh, 1852:628. Chihara, 1975; Doty and Norris, 1985; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Tseng and Chen, 1977; Yamada, 1936a. Eucheuma muricatum (Gmelin) Weber-van Bosse, 1928:413. Higashi, 1934; Shen and Fan, 1950. Eucheuma muricatum f. depauperata Weber-van Bosse, 1928:415. Ariga, 1920; Okamura, 1936. As "E. muricatum": Oka- mura, 1931. As "E. spinosum": Okamura, 1909, 1915b. Eucheuma okamurae Yamada, 1936a: 125, 'okamurai'. Shen and Fan, 1950. Eucheuma papulosa Cotton et Yendo in Cotton, 1914:220. Cotton, 1915; Tilden, 1929. Eucheuma serra]. Agardh, 1852:626. Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Tseng and Chen, 1977; Yamada, 1936a; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Eucheuma spp. Ariga, 1920. Meristotheca coacta Okamura, 1930:97. Arasaki, 1964; Okamura, 1930, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Meristotheca papulosa (Montagne) J. Agardh, 1876:584. Arasaki, 1964; Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Tseng, 1983. HYPNEACEAE Hypnea boergesenii Tanaka, 1941:233. Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1953a; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tan- aka, 1941; Tseng, 1983. Hypnea cenomyce J. Agardh, 1852:452. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Hypnea cervicornis]. Agardh, 1852:451. Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Hypnea charoides Lamouroux, 1813:131. Chiang, 1973b; Fan, 1953a; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. Hypnea chordacea Kutzing, 1847:776. Arasaki, 1964; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941. Hypnea chordacea f. simpliciuscula (Okamura) Tanaka, 1941:232. Chiang, 1962a; Chihara, 1975; Shen and Fan 1950; Tanaka, 1941. Hypnea cornuta (Lamouroux) J. Agardh, 1852:449. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941. Hypnea esperi Bory, 1828:157. Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941. Hypnea hamulosa (Turner) Lamouroux, 1813:44. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941. Remarks: Several authors (e.g., J. Agardh, 1852:447; De Toni 1924:477; Okamura, 1936:611; Tanaka, 1941:245; Shen and Fan, 1950:339; Weber-van Bosse, 1928:453; and Zanardini, 1858:270) have incorrectly 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES cited "Montagne 1850:n. 16 (page 9)" as the original place of publication. Hypnea japonica Tanaka, 1941:236. Chiang, 1962a; Chihara, 1970; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan 1950; Tanaka, 1941; Tseng, 1983. Hypnea nidulans Setchell, 1924:161. Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Tanaka, 1941; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Hypnea pannosa ]. Agardh, 1847:14. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka, 1941; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Hypnea saidana Holmes, 1896:256. Chiang, 1973b. Hypnea seticulosa ]. Agardh, 1852:446. Ariga, 1920; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Tokida, 1939. Hypnea spinella (Greville) Kutzing, 1849:759. Chiang, 1962a. Hypnea sp. Suetal., 1982. PLOCAMIACEAE Plocamium oviforme Okamura, 1896:23. Ariga, 1920. Plocamium serratulum Okamura, 1932:100. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. As "P. costatum": Okamura, 1923, 1931; Yendo, 1918. Plocamium telfairiae (J. Agardh) Harvey in Kutzing, 1849:885. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yendo, 1915. As "P. abnorme": Ariga, 1919, 1920; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1931. Plocamium telfairiae f. uncinatum Okamura, 1936:615. As "P. abnorme f. uncinatum": Okamura, 1913. GRACILARIACEAE Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini, 1878:37. Arasaki, 1964; Ariga, 1920; Okamura, 1936. As "C. spongioides": Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950. Gelidiopsis hachijoensis Yamada et Segawa, 1953:112. Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Gelidiopsis repens (Kutzing) Schmitz, 1895:148. Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Yamada 1932b; Yoshikwa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Gelidiopsis variabilis (Greville) Schmitz, 1895:148. Yamada, 1932b. Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini, 1858:265. Chang and Xia, 1976; Chiang, 1973a, 1973b, 1985; Okamura, 1935b; Su et al., 1982. Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey, 1853:111. Chiang, 1985; Ohmi, 1958; Yang and Chiang, 1982. Remarks: Although "G. blodgettii" has been reported from Taiwan (Chiang, 1985), the South China Sea (Xia, 1985), and southern Japan (Yamamoto, 1985), the rela- tionship between them and Caribbean type specimens of G. blodgettii Harvey is still to be resolved. Gracilaria bursapastoris (Gmelin) Silva, 1952:265. As "G. compressa": Chen, 1976; Shang, 1976. Gracilaria canaliculata (Kutzing) Sonder, 1871:56. As "Corallopsis opuntia": Arasaki, 1964; Segawa, 1974. Gracilaria chorda Holmes, 1896:253. Ariga, 1920; Chen, 1976. Gracilaria coronopifolia]. Agardh, 1852:592. Chang and Xia, 1976; Chiang, 1985; Ohmi, 1958; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1941; Yang and Chiang, 1982. As "G. lichenoides f. coronopifolia": Fan, 1953a. Gracilaria crassa Harvey ex J. Agardh, 1876:417. Chang and Xia, 1976; Chihara, 1975; Chiang, 1985; Ohmi, 1958; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1933; Yang and Chiang, 1982. Gracilaria denticulata (Kutzing) Schmitz in Mazza, 1907:138. Chiang, 1962a, 1985; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Yang and Chiang, 1982. Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, 1952:293. Nelson et al., 1983. As "G. lichenoides": Chen, 1976; Chiang, 1981; Shang, 1976. Gracilaria eucheumioides Harvey, 1859:331. Chang and Xia, 1976; Chiang, 1973a, 1985; Okamura, 1935b; Yang and Chiang, 1982. Gracilaria gigas Harvey, 1859:330. Chiang, 1981; Chen, 1976; Shang, 1976. Gracilaria incurvata Okamura, 1931:41. Chiang, 1973a; Okamura, 1935b. Gracilaria punctata (Okamura) Yamada, 1941:203. Ohmi, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1941. Gracilaria purpurascens Harvey in J. Agardh, 1885:63. Ohmi, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1938b; Yosh- ikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Gracilaria spinulosa (Okamura) Chang et Xia, 1976:148. Tseng, 1983. As "G. purpurascens f. spinulosa": Ohmi, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1941; Yoshikwa and Yoshikwa, 1977. Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh) Dawson, 1954b:4. Chiang, 1985; Yang and Chiang, 1982. Gracilaria "verrucosa". G. verrucosa sensu Chiang, 1981, 1985; Nelson et al., 1983; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Yang etal., 1981; Yang and Chiang, 1982 [non G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, 1950:195]. As "G. confervoides": De Toni, 1895; Fan, 1953a; Martens, 1866; Shang, 1976; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1954. Remarks: A comparison with type-locality (England) specimens of G. verrucosa showed the Taiwan specimens are a different species (Chiang, 1985; Abbott etal., 1985), and that the Chinese and Japanese specimens identified NUMBER 29 21 as "G. verrucosa" are the same (Xia and Yamamoto, 1985; Yamamoto, 1985; Xia, 1985) and that they too are dif- ferent from the British G. verrucosa. Recently, Zhang and Xia (1985:177) described G. asiatica for the specimens from Japan and China. Gracilaria sp. Ariga, 1920. SPHAEROCOCCACEAE Caulacanthus okamurae Yamada, 1933:278, 'okamurai'. Rho, 1958; Taniguti, 1976; Yamada, 1933. Caulacanthus spinellus (Hooker et Harvey) Kutzing, 1849:753. Chiang, 1973b; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1933. Caulacanthus ustulatus var. fastigiatus (Kutzing) Pilger, 1920:5. As "C. fastigiatus": Martens, 1866. Phacelocarpus japonicus Okamura, 1902:79. Shen and Fan, 1950. SARCODIACEAE Sarcodia ceylanica Harvey ex Kutzing, 1869, pi. 33. Chiang, 1962a; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. RHODYMENIALES RHODYMENIACEAE Chrysymenia procumbens Weber-van Bosse, 1928:470. Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Erythrocolon podagrica (Harvey ex J. Agardh in Grunow) J. Agardh ex Kylin, 1931:14. Shen and Fan, 1950. Remarks: For discussion on the complicated nomencla- ture of this taxon see Abbott and Littler (1969:168). Rhodymenia spinulosa Okamura, 1934b:33. Okamura, 1934b, 1936; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Weberella micans Hauptfleisch in Schmitz and Hauptfleisch, 1897:402. Arasaki, 1964; Okamura, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1932b. CHAMPIACEAE Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey, 1853:76. Chiang, 1962a; Higashi, 1934; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. CERAMIALES PHYLLOPHORACEAE Ahnfeltia paradoxa (Suringar) Okamura, 1934b: 13. As "Gymnogongrus paradoxus": Ariga, 1920. Gymnogongrus flabelliformis Harvey, 1856:332. Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976. GlGARTINACEAE Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, I797:xxiv. Ariga, 1920; Mikami, 1965. Chondrus ocellatus Holmes, 1896:252. Chiang, 1973b; Fan, 1953a; Tseng, 1983. As "C. ocellatus f. typicus": Chiang, 1962a. Chondrus ocellatus f. canaliculars Okamura, 1932:84. Shen and Fan, 1950. Gigartina intermedia Suringar, 1870:30. Ariga, 1921; Chiang, 1962a; Fan, 1953a; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976. Gigartina ochotensis Ruprecht in Kjellman, 1889:31. Ariga, 1920. Gigartina tenella Harvey, 1859:331. Arasaki, 1964; Okamura, 1930, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950. Rhodoglossum affine (Harvey) Kylin, 1928:49. As "Chondrus affinis": Heydrich, 1894. CERAMIACEAE Carpoblepharis schmitziana var. erecta Yamada, 1932b:273. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Carpoblepharis warburgii Heydrich, 1894:297. De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Remarks: Hommersand (1963:196) and Fan (1974) noted "C. warburgii has never been re-examined, but . . it appears unlikely that this taxon belongs in Carpo- blepharis. " Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne, 1846:140. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1962b, 1973b; Chihara, 1970, 1975; De Toni, 1895; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Yamada, 1928; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Ceramium clavulatum": Heydrich, 1894. Centroceras minutum Yamada, 1944c:42. Chiang, 1962a. Ceramium aduncum Nakamura, 1950:159. Nakamura, 1950, 1965; Itono, 1972, 1977b. As "Cer- amium clarionense": Dawson, 1954c. Ceramium ciliatum (Ellis) Ducluzeau, 1805:64, var. robustum (J. Agardh) Mazoyer, 1938:322. Nakamura, 1965; Itono, 1972, 1977b. Ceramium flaccidium (Kutzing) Ardissone, 1971:40. As "C. gracillimum var. byssoideum": Itono, 1972, 1977b. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES Remarks: See Womersley (1978:234-238) for discus- sion on the nomenclature and toxonomy of this taxon. Ceremium gracillimum (Kutzing) Griffiths et Harvey in Harvey, 1848b, pi. 206. Nakamura, 1965; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Remarks: Womersley (1979:234) considers C. gracilli- mum to be a synonym of C. flaccidium (Kutzing) Ardis- sone. Ceramium nakamurai Dawson, 1954a:6. Nakamura, 1965; Itono, 1972, 1977b. As "C. equise- toides": Nakamura, 1950. Ceramium paniculatum Okamura, 1896:36. Nakamura, 1965. Ceramium tenerrimum (Martius) Okamura, 1921:112. Chiang, 1962a; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Itono, 1972, 1977b. Ceramium tenuissimum (Lyngbye) J. Agardh, 1851:120. Ariga, 1921; DeToni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yamada, 1928. Dasyphila plumarioides Yendo, 1920:7. Arasaki, 1964; Itono, 1977b; Okamura, 1923, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Yendo, 1920. Gymnothamnion elegans (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1892:27. Itono, 1977b. As "Plumaria ramosa": Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada and Tanaka, 1934. Microcladia elegans Okamura 1907:1. Chiang, 1962a. Ptilothamnion cladophorae (Yamada et Tanaka) Feldmann- Mazoyer, 1941:375. Fan, 1974; Itono, 1977b. As "Spermothamnion clado- phorae": Okamura 1936, 1937; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada and Tanaka, 1934. Reinboldiella schmitziana (Reinbold) De Toni, 1895:35. Ariga, 1920. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey ex Hooker, 1833:337. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1975; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1913, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950. Tiffaniella codicola (Yamada et Tanaka) Doty et Mefiez, 1960:137. Fan, 1974; Itono, 1977b. As "Spermothamnion codicola": Okamura, 1936, 1937; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada and Tanaka, 1934. Wrangelia velutina Harvey, 1854:546. Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950. DELESSERIACEAE Caloglossa bombayensis Brgesen, 1933:127. Fan, 1952. Claudea batanensis Tanaka, 1967:18. Tanaka, 1967; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Haloplegma duperreyi Montagne, 1842:258. Yamada, 1936b; Tseng, 1983. Holmesia neurymenioides Okamura, 1932:98. Okamura, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Martensia denticulata Harvey, 1854:537. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Horikawa, 1919. Martensia flabelliformis Harvey ex J. Agardh, 1863:826. Chiang, 1962b; Chihara, 1975; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1936b. Nitophyllum sp. Ariga, 1920. DASYACEAE Dasya sp. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Horikawa, 1919. RHODOMELACEAE Acanthophora aokii Okamura, 1934b:35. Okamura, 1934b, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory, 1828:156. Shen and Fan, 1950. Acanthophora orientalis (Sonder) J. Agardh, 1863:820. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Fan, 1953a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Acrocystis nana Zanardini, 1872:145. Chiang, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. Amansia glomerata C. Agardh, 1822:194. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1973b; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1930, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Bostrychia tenella (Vahl) J. Agardh, 1863:869. Ariga, 1920; Chiang, 1962a; Taniguti, 1976; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Chondria armata (Kutzing) Okamura, 1907:69. Ariga, 1919, 1920; Chiang, 1962a, 1973b; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Fan, 1953a; Horikawa, 1919; Okamura, 1930, 1931, 1936; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tokida, 1939; Tseng, 1983. Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C. Agardh, 1822:350. Ariga, 1920; De Toni, 1895; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Laurencia dasyphylla": Martens, 1866. Digenia simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh, 1822:389. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Fan, 1953a; Higashi, 1934; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. Herposiphonia subdisticha Okamura, 1899:37. Chiang, 1962a; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. Herposiphonia sp. Chiang, 1962b. Laurencia brongniartii J. Agardh, 1841:20. Remarks: Specimens from Nanwan, Taiwan (collected NUMBER 29 23 by Ger Dzeng-Joung; 21 August 1979; #175-071851), were identified by J. Norris as L. brongniartii and establish the presence of this taxon in southern Taiwan. Laurencia flexilis var. tropica (Yamada) Xia et Zhang, 1982:538. Tseng, 1983. Laurencia forsteri (Mertens ex Turner) Greville, 1830:lii. Ariga, 1920. Laurencia glandulifera Kutzing, 1849:855. Ariga, 1920. Laurencia grevilleana Harvey, 1854:545. Ariga, 1920, Su et al., 1982. Remarks: Saito and Womersley (1974:839) considered L. grevilleana to be a taxonomic synonym of L. brongniar- tii]. Agardh. Laurencia obtusa var. densa Yamada, 1931b:226. Dawson, 1954c; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1931b, 1936c. Laurencia palisada Yamada, 1931b: 196. Chiang, 1962a; Shen and Fan, 1950; Su et al., 1982; Yamada, 1931b, 1936c. Laurencia papulosa (Forsskal) Greville, 1830:lii. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1975; Cotton, 1915; Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tilden, 1929; Yamada, 1936c; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Laurencia perforata (Montagne) J. Agardh, 1876:648. Ariga, 1920; De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. Laurencia pinnatifida (Gmelin) Lamouroux, 1813:42. As "L. pinnatifida var. simplex": De Toni, 1895; Heydrich, 1894. Laurencia tropica Yamada, 1931b:223. Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950; Taniguti, 1976; Yamada, 1931b, 1936c. Laurencia venusta Yamada, 1931b:203. Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1936c. Laurencia sp. Ariga, 1919; Fan, 1953a; Horikawa, 1919; Taniguti, 1976; Tokida, 1939. Leveillea jungermannioides (Martius et Hering) Harvey, 1854:539. Ariga, 1920; De Toni, 1895; Chiang, 1962b; Heydrich, 1894; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Rho, 1958; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983; Yoshikawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. As "Polyzonia jungermannioides": Okamura, 1897. Murrayella periclados (C. Agardh) Schmitz, 1893:227. Tokida, 1941. Murrayella squarrosa (Harvey) Schmitz, 1893:228. Shen and Fan, 1950; Yamada, 1936b. Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mertens ex Turner) J. Agardh, 1863:1135. Chiang, 1973b; Okamura, 1931; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tanaka and Itono, 1969. Polysiphonia harlandii Harvey, 1859:330. Segi, 1951; Tseng, 1944, 1983; Yamada, 1933; Yoshi- kawa and Yoshikawa, 1977. Polysiphonia kampsaxii B0rgesen, 1939:122. Segi, 1951. Polysiphonia pulvinata J. Agardh, 1842:124. Segi, 1951. Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg, 1901: 277. Ariga, 1920; Chiang 1962a; Chihara, 1970, 1975; Oka- mura 1930, 1931, 1936; Rho, 1958; Segawa, 1974; Shen and Fan, 1950; Tseng, 1983. As "Placophora marchan- tioides": Heydrich, 1894. Vidalia obtusiloba (Mertens) J. Agardh, 1863:1123. Ariga, 1920; Chihara, 1975; Okamura, 1931, 1936; Shen and Fan, 1950. 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Index Acanthophora aokii, 22 muscoides, 22 orientalis, 2, 22 Acetabularia gigas, 11 major, 11 Acetabulariaceae, 11 "Acrocarpus pusillus," 17 Acrochaetiaceae, 15 Acrocystis nana, 22 Actinotrichia fragilis, 15 "rigida," 15 Ahnfeltia paradoxa, 21 Amansia glomerata, 22 Amphiroa beauvoisii, 18 bowerbankii, 18 "cultrata var. globulifera," 11 ephedraceae, 18 "exilis," 18 fragilissima, 18 multifida, 18 pusilla, 18 "pusilla," 18 "zonata," 18 spp., 18 Anadyomenaceae, 11 Anadyomene wrightii, 11 Asparagopsis "sanfordiana," 16 taxiformis, 16 "Asterocytis" "ornata," 14 "ornata f. simplex," 14 "ramosa f. simplex," 14 Bangia atropurpurea, 14 "fuscopurpurea," 14 yamadae, 14 'yamadai,' 14 sp., 14 Bangiaceae, 14 Bangiales, 14 Boergesenia forbesii, 10 Bonnemaisoniaceae, 16 Boodlea "bosseae," 10 coacta, 10 composita, 10 montagnei, 10 "paradoxa," 10 siamensis, 10 van-bosseae, 10 'van-Bossei,' 10 Bometella, 4 sphaerica, 11 Bostrychia tenella, 11 Bryopsidaceae, 10 Bryopsis harveyana, 10 indica, 10 mucosa, 10 plumosa, 10 Caloglossa bombayensis, 22 Carpoblepharis schmitziana var. erecta, 21 warburgii, 21 Carpopeltis angusta, 18 cornea, 18 fiabellata, 19 formosana, 2, 19 rigida, 19 Caulacanthus "fastigiatus," 21 okamurae, 21 'okamurai,' 21 spinellus, 21 ustulatus var. fastigiatus, 1, 21 Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium f. amico- rum, 9 freycinetti var. freycinetti f. lata, 9 "freycinetti var. typica," 9 "peltata," 9 racemosa, 9 "racemosa var. chemnitzia," 9 "racemosa var. clavifera," 9 racemosa var. clavifera f. macrophysa, 9 racemosa var. clavifera f. microphysa, 9 racemosa var. laetevirens, 9 racemosa var. occidentalis, 9 racemosa var. peltata, 9 racemosa var. turbinata, 9 serrulata, 9 serrulata f. lata, 9 sertularioides, 9 sertularioides f. longipes, 9 taxifolia, 9 webbiana, 9 webbiana f. disticha, 9 webbiana f. tomentella, 9 Caulerpaceae, 9 Caulerpales, 8 Centroceras clavulatum, 21 minutum, 21 Ceramiaceae, 21 Ceramiales, 21 Ceramium aduncum, 21 ciliatum var. robustum, 21 "clarionense," 21 "clavulatum," 21 "equisetoides," 22 flaccidium, 21 gracillimum, 22 "gracillimum var. byssoideum," 21 nakamurai, 22 paniculatum, 22 tenerrimum, 22 tenuissimum, 22 Ceratodictyon spongiosum, 20 "spongioides," 20 Chaetangiaceae, 15 Chaetomorpha aerea, 8 aerea f. versata, 8 basiretrorsa, 8 brachygona, 8 crassa, 8 linum, 8 spiralis, 8 Chaetophoraceae, 7 Chaetophorales, 7 Chamaedoris orientalis, 10 Champia parvula, 21 Champiaceae, 21 Cheilosporum anceps, 18 "cultratum," 18 jungermannioides, 18 Chlorella, 4 Chlorodesmis caespitosa, 9 comosa, 9 "formosana," 9 Chlorophyta, 1, 7 Chnoospora implexa, 13 minima, 13 "pacifica," 13 Chondria armata, 2, 22 dasyphylla, 22 Chondrococcus hornemannii, 17 'hornemanni,' 17 Chondrus "affinis," 21 crispus, 21 ocellatus, 21 ocellatus f. canaliculars, 21 "ocellatus f. typicus," 21 Chordariales, 11 Chroodactylon ornatum, 14 Chrysymenia procumbens, 21 Cladophora aokii, 8 fuliginosa, 8 34 NUMBER 29 35 montagnei var. radicans, 8 patentiramea, 8 pellucida, 8 "prolifera," 8 rugulosa, 8 scitula, 8 sibogae, 8 sp., 8 Cladophoraceae, 8 Cladophorales, 8 Cladophoropsis "fasciculatus," 10 herpestica, 10 sundanensis, 10 zollingeri, 10 Claudea batanensis, 22 Codiaceae, 8 Codium adhaerens, 8 arabicum, 8 contractum, 8 cylindricum, 8 dichotomum, 8 formosanum, 8 fragile, 8 intricatum, 9 "mucronatum," 8 reediae, 9 repens, 9 tenue, 9 "tomentosum," 9 Colpomenia sinuosa, 13 "Conchocelis," 4 "Corallina" "adhaerens," 18 "decussato-dichotoma," 18 Corallinaceae, 2, 18 "Corallopsis opuntia," 20 Corynothlaeacea, 11 Cryptonemiaceae, 18 Cryptonemiales, 17 Cystoseira prolifera, 13 sp., 13 Cystoseiraceae, 13 Dasya sp., 22 Dasyaceae, 22 Dasycladales, 11 Delesseriaceae, 22 Dasyphila plumarioides, 22 Deli sea fimbriata, 16 "japonica," 16 Derbesia lamourouxii, 10 Derbesiaceae, 10 "Dermatolithon tumidulum," II Dermonema frappieri, 15 gracile, 15 dichotoma, 2 "dichotomum," 15 pulvinata, 15 Dermonemataceae, 15 "Desmia hornemannii," 17 Dictyopteris delicatula, 11 repens, 11 undulata, 11 Dictyosphaeria bokotensis, 10 cavernosa, 10 "favulosa," 10 Dictyota bartayresii, 11 ceylanica var. anastomosans, 12 dichotoma, 12 dilata, 12 divaricata, 12 hamifera, 12 linearis, 12 patens, 12 spinulosa, 12 Dictyotaceae, 11 Dictyotales, 11 Digenia simplex, 22 Dilophus okamurae, 12 'okamurai,' 12 "marginatus," 12 radicans, 12 Dotyophycus yamadae, 15 Dudresnaya japonica, 17 Dumontiaceae, 17 Ectocarpaceae, 11 Ectocarpales, 11 Ectocarpus breviarticulatus, 11 "formosanus," 11 laurenciae, 11 "mitchelliae," 11 spinosus, 11 vanbossea, 11 van-bossea, 11 sp., 11 Endarachne binghamiae, 13 "Endocladia complanata," 18 Endocladiaceae, 18 Endophyton ramosum, 7 Enteromorpha clathrata, 7 clathrata var. crinita, 7 "crinita," 7 compressa, 7 intestinalis, 7 linza, 7 prolifera, 7 sp., 7 Erythrocolon podagrica, 21 Erythropeltidaceae, 14 Erythrotrichia biseriata, 14 carnea f. tenuis, 14 Eucheuma arnoldii, 19 "audiolis," 19 cottonii, 19 "cottonii," 19 crassum, 19 crustaeforme, 19 "cupressoideum," 19 gelatinae, 19 muricatum, 19 "muricatum," 19 muricatum f. depauperata, 19 okamurae, 19 'okamurai,' 19 papulosa, 19 serra, 19 "spinosum,' 19 spp., 19 Feldmannia formosana, 11 Fucales, 13 Galaxaura, 2 arborea, 15 canaliculata, 16 clavigera, 16 distenta, 16 elegans, 16 elongata, 16 falcata, 16 fasciculata, 16 fastigiata, 16 filamentosa, 16 lapidescens, 16 lapidescens f. villosa, 16 latifolia, 16 marginata, 16 oblongata, 16 obtusata, 16 pacifica, 16 robusta, 16 rudis, 16 rugosa, 16 "tenera," 16 veprecula, 16 Ganonema, 15 Gelidiaceae, 17 Gelidiella acerosa, 17 Gelidiellaceae, 17 Gelidiopsis hachijoensis, 20 repens, 20 "rigida," 17 variabilis, 20 Gelidium, 2, 3, 4 amansii, 17 amansii f. elegans, 17 amansii f. latioris, 17 "cartilagineum," 17 "clavatum," 17 "corneum var. pinnatum," 17 crinale, 17 "densum," 17 divaricatum, 17 japonicum, 17 kintaroi, 17 latiusculum, 17 pacificum, 17 planiusculum, 17 pusillum, 17 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY pusillum f. foliaceum, 17 subcostatum, 17 yamadae, 17 sp., 17 Giffordia mitchelliae, 11 Gigartina intermedia, 21 ochotensis, 21 tenella, 21 Gigartinaceae, 21 Gigartinales, 19 Gloiopeltis cervicornis, 18 complanata, 18 furcata, 18 tenax,18 Goniotrichaceae, 14 Goniotrichales, 14 "Goniotrichum alsidii," 14 Gracilaria, 4 arcuata, 20 blodgettii, 20 bursapastoris, 20 canaliculata, 20 chorda, 20 "compressa," 20 "confervoides," 20 coronopifolia, 20 crassa, 20 denticulata, 20 edulis, 4, 20 eucheumioides, 20 gigas, 4, 20 incurvata, 20 "lichenoides," 20 "lichenoides f. coronopifolia," 20 punctata, 20 purpurascens, 20 "purpurascens f. spinulosa," 20 salicornia, 20 spinulosa, 20 "verrucosa," 4, 20 sp., 21 Gracilariaceae, 20 Grateloupia carnosa, 19 filicina, 19 filicina f. filiformis, 1,19 "filiformis," 19 okamurae, 19 "okamurai," 19 ramosissima, 19 Gymnogongrus flabelliformis, 21 "paradoxus," 21 "Gymnosorus collaris," 12 Gymnothamnion elegans, 22 Halimeda cuneata, 9 discoidea, 9 incrassata var. ovata, 9 macroloba, 9 opuntia, 9 "opuntia f. intermedia," 9 "opuntia f. renschii," 9 renschii, 9 velasquezii, 9 "Haliseris undulata," 11 Haloplegma duperreyi, 22 Halymenia ceylanica, 19 durvillaei, 19 "durvillaei var. formosa," 2, 19 "durvillaei var. ceylanica," 19 "formosa," 19 Helminthocladia australis, 15 Herposiphonia subdisticha, 22 sp., 22 Holmesia neurymenioides, 22 "Homoeostrichus" "flabellatus," 12 "multifidus," 12 Hormophysa triquetra, 13 Hydroclathrus "cancellatus," 13 clathratus, 13 "orientalis," 13 Hypnea, 2 boergesenii, 19 cenomyce, 19 cervicornis, 19 charoides, 19 chordacea, 19 chordacea f. simpliciuscula, 19 cornuta, 19 esperi, 19 hamulosa, 19 japonica, 20 nidulans, 20 pannosa, 20 saidana, 20 seticulosa, 2, 20 spinella, 20 sp., 20 Hypneaceae, 19 "Ilea fascia," 12 Ishige okamurae, 12 'okamurai,' 12 sinicola, 12 "foliacea," 12 Ishigeaceae, 12 Jania adhaerens, 18 "decussato-dichotoma," 18 radiata, 18 tenella, 18 undulata, 18 Laurencia, 2 brongniartii, ii, 22 "dasyphylla," 22 flexilis var. tropica, 23 forsteri, 23 glandulifera, 23 grevilleana, 23 obtusa var. densa, 23 palisada, 23 papillosa, 23 perforata, 23 pinnatifida, 23 "pinnatifida var. simplex," 23 tropica, 23 venusta, 23 sp., 2, 23 "Letterstedtia japonica," 8 Leveillea jungermannioides, 23 Liagora, 2, 4 "annulata," 15 boergesenii, 15 "caenomyce," 15 ceranoides, 15 ceranoides var. leprosa, 15 ceranoides var. pulverulenta, 15 decussata, 15 farinosa, 15 "formosana,' 15 "maxima," 15 orientalis, 15 "orientalis," 15 rugosa, 15 segawai, 15 setchellii, 15 valida, 15 Liagoraceae, 15 Liagorophila endophytica, 15 Liagoropsis schrammi, 15 Lithophyllum perulatum, 18 spp., 18 Lithothamnium membranaceum, 18 spp., 18 Lobophora variegata, 12 Martensia denticulata, 22 flabelliformis, 22 Mastophora pygmaea, 18 rosea, 18 'macrocarpa,'' 18 Melobesia farinosa, 18 "membranaceae," 18 "pustulata," 18 spp., 18 Meristotheca coacta, 19 papulosa, 19 Microcladia elegans, 22 Microdictyon japonicum, 10 nigrescens, 10 okamurae, 10 Monostroma, 4 latissimum, 7 nitidum, 8 NUMBER 29 37 Murrayella periclados, 23 squarrosa, 23 Nemaliales, 15 "Nemalion pulvinatum," 2, 15 Neomeris, 4 annulata, 11 "Neurocarpus" "repens," 11 "undulata," 11 "undulata f. plana," 11 Neurymenia fraxinifolia, 23 Nitophyllum sp., 22 Nostoc, 3 Pachydictyon coriaceum, 12 Padina arborescens, 12 australis, 12 boryana, 12 commersonii, 12 "commersonii," 12 crassa, 12 durvillaei, 12 japonica, 12 minor, 12 "pavonia," 12 tenuis, 12 Petalonia fascia, 12 Peyssonnelia caulifera, 18 distenta, 18 "involvens," 18 rubra, 18 Peyssonneliaceae, 18 Phacelocarpusjaponicus, 21 Phaeophyta, 1,11 "Phycoseris" "lanceolata var. angusta," 7 "lapathifolia," 8 "Phyllitis fascia," 12 Phyllophoraceae, 21 "Placophora marchantioides," 23 Plocamiaceae, 20 Plocamium "abnorme," 20 "abnorme f. uncinatum," 20 "costatum," 20 oviforme, 20 serratulum, 20 telfairiae, 20 telfairiae f. uncinatum, 20 "Plumaria ramosa," 22 Polyopes polyideoides, 19 sp., 19 Polysiphonia harlandii, 23 kampsaxii, 23 pulvinata, 23 "Polyzonia jungermannioides," 23 Porphyra, 2,4 angusta, 14 crispata, 14 dentata, 15 suborbiculata, 15 sp., 15 Pterocladia, 2, 3 "capillaceum," 17 nana, 17 tenuis, 17 Ptilothamnion cladophorae, 22 Punctariaceae, 12 Reinboldiella schmitziana, 22 "Rhipidiphyllon" "reticulatum," 10 "nigrescens," 10 Rhizophyllidaceae, 17 Rhodoglossum affine, 21 Rhodomelaceae, 22 Rhodopeltis borealis, 17 gracilis, 17 setchelliae, 17 'setchelii,' 17 Rhodophyta, 1,14 Rhodymenia spinulosa, 21 Rhodymeniaceae, 21 Rhodymeniales, 21 Rosenvingea orientalis, 13 Sarcodiaceae, 21 Sarcodia ceylanica, 21 Sargassaceae, 13 Sargassum, 2, 3, 4 amabile, 13 aquifolium, 13 baccularia, 13 berberifolium, 13 binderi, 13 "biserrula," 13 carpophyllum, 13 coriifolium, 13 coriifolium f. duplicatum, 13 coriifolium f. prolongatum, 13 crassifolium, 13 crispifolium, 13 cristaefolium, 13 duplicatum, 4, 13 echinocarpum, 13 fulvellum, 13 glaucescens, 13 hemiphyllum, 13 henslowianum, 13 heterocystum, 13 horneri, 13 ilicifolium, 13 ilicifolium var. conduplicatum, 13 kasyotense, 14 kuetzingii, 14 kushimotense, 14 "microphyllum," 14 muriocystum, 14 plagiophyllum, 14 polycystum, 14 "prolongatum," 13 rostratum, 14 sandei, 14 sandei f. heterophyllum, 14 serratifolium, 14 siliquosum, 14 swartzii, 14 telephifolium, 14 tenuifolium, 14 vulgare, 14 sp., 14 Scinaia boergesenii, 16 cottonii, 16 moniliformis, 16 pseudojaponica, 16 Scytosiphon lomentaria, 13 'lomentarium,' 13 "lomentarius," 13 Scytosiphonaceae, 13 Scytosiphonales, 12 Siphonocladaceae, 10 Siphonocladales, 10 Solieriaceae, 19 Spatoglossum pacificum, 12 "Spermothamnion" "cladophorae," 22 "codicola," 22 Sphacelaria furcigera var. tenuis, 11 tribuloides, 11 Sphacelariaceae, 11 Sphacelariales, 11 Sphaerococcaceae, 21 Spyridia filamentosa, 22 Struvea anastomosans, 10 delicatula, 10 Symphyocladia marchantioides, 23 Tenarea tumidulum, 18 Tiffaniella codicola, 22 Turbinaria conoides, 14 filamentosa, 14 "filiformis," 14 ornata, 14 trialata, 14 sp., 14 Udoteaceae, 9 Ulothrix flaccida, 7 Ulotrichaceae, 7 Ulotrichales, 7 Ulva angusta, 8 conglobata, 8 fasciata, 8 japonica, 8 lactuca, 8 lactuca f. lapathifolia, 1, 8 pertusa, 8 reticulata, 8 rigida, 8 sp., 8 Ulvaceae, 7 Ulvales, 7 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Valonia aegagropila, 11 "confervoides," 11 fastigiata, 11 "forbesii," 10 utricularis, 11 verticillata, 11 Valoniaceae, 10 Valoniopsis pachynema, 11 Vidalia obtusiloba, 23 Weberella micans, 21 Wrangelia velutina, 22 Wurdemannia setacea, 23 sp., 23 Wurdemanniaceae, 23 Yamadaella cenomyce, 15 Zonaria coriacea, 12 diesingiana, 12 fiabellata, 12 harveyana, 12 nigrescens, 12 stipitata, 12 "variegata," 12 sp., 12 REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the 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