Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, V G. ARTHUR COOPER and RICHARD E. GRANT NUMBER 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These pub- lications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 24 Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, V G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1976 ABSTRACT Cooper, G. Arthur, and Richard E. Grant. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, V. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 24, pages 2609- 3159, figure 42, plates 663-780.—The fifth of a six-part monograph on the brachiopods and Permian stratigraphy of the Glass Mountains and other ranges in western Texas and adjacent areas, this volume completes the systematic and descriptive part of the monograph with a discussion of the punctate groups. The Order Rhipidomellida contains 1 genus in the superfamily Rhipidomellacea, 4 in the Enteletacea, 1 in the Rhynchoporacea, 11 in the Spiriferinacea, and 2 in the Retziacea. The greatest number of species in this volume belong to the Order Terebratulida, contained in 19 genera. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 14, 231 pages, 39 figures, 23 plates. Issued 29 December 1972. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, II. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 15, pages 233-793, figure 40, plates 24-191. Issued 16 April 1974. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, III. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 19 (part 1: text; part 2: plates), pages 795-1921, plates 192-502. Issued 29 December 1975. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, IV. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 21 (part 1: text; part 2: plates), pages 1923-2607, figure 41, plates 503-662. Issued 12 February 1976. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5218. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cooper, Gustav Arthur, 1902- Permian brachiopods of West Texas. (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology, no. 14-15, 19, 21 24) Supt. of Docs: SI 1.30:19, 21, 24. Includes bibliographies. 1. Brachiopoda, Fossil. 2. Paleontology—Permian. 3. Paleontology—Texas. I. Grant, Richard E., joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology, no. 14 [etc.] QE701.S56 no. 14, etc. [QE796] 560'.8s [564'.8'097649] 72^218 Contents Page Order Rhipidomellida 2609 Superfamily Rhipidomellacea 2609 Family Rhipidomellidae 2609 Genus Rhipidomella 2609 Superfamily Enteletacea 2614 Family Schizophoriidae 2614 Genus Orthotichia 2614 Genus Acosarina 2619 Family Enteletidae 2626 Genus Enteletes 2626 Genus Parenteletes 2647 Order Uncertain 2651 Superfamily Rhynchoporacea 2651 Family Rhynchoporidae 2651 Genus Rhynchopora 2651 Order Spiriferinida 2666 Suborder Spiriferinidina 2666 Superfamily Spiriferinacea 2666 Family Reticulariinidae 2669 Genus Reticulariina 2669 Genus Altiplecus 2694 Genus Spiriferellina 2702 Family Crenispiriferidae 2709 Genus Crenispirifer 2709 Genus Metriolepis 2716 Family Paraspiriferinidae 2729 Genus Paraspiriferina 2729 Genus Callispirina 2742 Family Sarganostegidae 2743 Genus Sarganostega 2743 Family Xestotrematidae 2748 Genus Xestotrema 2749 Genus Arionthia 2750 Family Incertae Sedis 2756 Genus Scenesia 2756 Suborder Retziidina 2758 Superfamily Retziacea 2758 Family Retziidae 2758 Synoptic Key to West Texas Permian Species of Thedusia and Hustedia 2758 Genus Hustedia 2759 Genus Thedusia 2806 Order Terebratulida 2818 Superfamily Cryptonellacea 2818 Family Cranaenidae 2818 Genus Anomalesia 2818 Family Cryptonellidae 2820 Subfamily Cryptonellinae 2820 Genus Heterelasma 2820 Genus Texarina 2831 Subfamily Cryptacanthiinae 2837 Genus Cryptacanthia 2838 Genus Glossothyropsis 2840 iii IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Page Family Notothyrididae 2848 Subfamily Notothyridinae 2MB Genus Notothyris 2848 Genus Timorina 2851 Genus Chondroma 2854 Subfamily Enallosiinae 2859 Genus Enallosia 2859 Superfamily Dielasmatacea "860 Family Dielasmatidae 2860 Subfamily Dielasmatinae 2860 Genus Dielasma 2860 Genus Lowenstamia 2896 Genus Ectoposia 2898 Genus Camarelasma 2900 Genus Plectelasma 2901 Genus Aneuthelasma 2906 Family Heterelasminidae 2907 Genus Mimaria 2907 Genus Beecheria 2908 Family Pseudodielasmatidae 2910 Genus Pseudodielasma 2911 Genus Pleurelasma 2922 FIGURE 42. Orientation of Reticulariina craticula 2668 PLATES 663. Orthotichia, Rhipidomella, Leurosina, and Glossothyropsis 2925 664. Rhipidomella 2927 665. Rhipidomella 2929 666. Rhipidomella 2931 667. Acosarina and Rhipidomella 2933 668. Orthotichia and Enteletes 2935 669. Orthotichia 2937 670. Acosarina and Orthotichia ... 2939 671. Orthotichia and Geyerella 2941 672. Acosarina 2943 673. Acosarina 2945 674. Acosarina 2947 675. Enteletes 2949 676. Enteletes 2951 677. Enteletes 2953 678. Enteletes 2955 679. Enteletes 2957 680. Enteletes 2959 681. Enteletes 2961 682. Enteletes 2963 683. Enteletes 2965 684. Enteletes 2967 685. Enteletes 2969 686. Enteletes 2971 687. Enteletes 2973 688. Enteletes 2975 689. Parenteletes 2977 663. NUMBER 24 Page 690. Parenteletes 2979 691. Parenteletes 2981 692. Parenteletes 2983 693. Parenteletes and Enteletes 2985 694. Rhynchopora 2987 695. Rhynchopora 2989 696. Rhynchopora 2991 697. Rhynchopora 2993 698. Reticulariina 2995 699. Reticulariina 2997 700. Reticulariina 2999 701. Reticulariina 3001 3009 702. Reticulariina 3003 703. Reticulariina 3005 704. Reticulariina and Spiriferellina |,(" 705. Reticulariina and Callispirina 706. Altiplecus 3011 707. Altiplecus 3013 708. Altiplecus 3015 709. Spiriferellina 3017 710. Spiriferellina 3019 711. Metriolepis, Paraspiriferina, and Reticulariina 3°21 712. Metriolepis 3023 713. Metriolepis 3025 714. Metriolepis 3027 715. Metriolepis and Crenispirifer 3°2" 716. Crenispirifer 3031 717. Metriolepis, Paraspiriferina, and Crenispirifer 3033 718. Crenispirifer 3035 719. Metriolepis, Spiriferellina, Crenispirifer, and Paraspiriferina 3037 720. Paraspiriferina 3039 721. Paraspiriferina 3041 722. Paraspiriferina 3043 723. Spiriferellina and Paraspiriferina 3"45 724. Metriolepis, Scenesia, and Sarganostega 3047 3073 738. Hustedia 3075 739. Hustedia " 3077 740. Hustedia 3079 741. Hustedia ' "' 725. Sarganostega ™™ 726. Xestotrema 3051 727. Arionthia 3053 728. Reticulariina and Arionthia 3055 729. Reticulariina and Arionthia 3057 730. Reticulariina, Metriolepis, and Arionthia 3059 731. Arionthia and Reticulariina 3061 732. Hustedia 3063 733. Hustedia 3065 734. Hustedia 3067 735. Hustedia 3069 736. Hustedia and Thedusia 307| 737. Hustedia 742. Hustedia 743. Thedusia 3085 744. Hustedia and Thedusia 3087 745. Hustedia, Thedusia, Petrocrania, Metriolepis, Crurithyris, Spiriferella, Camarelasma, Attenuatella, and Tropidelasma 3089 746. Dielasma 3091 742. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Page 747. Dielasma 3093 748. Dielasma 3095 749. Dielasma 3<>97 750. Dielasma 3099 751. Dielasma 3101 752. Dielasma 3103 753. Dielasma 3105 754. Beecheria and Dielasma 3107 755. Dielasma, Heterelasma, and Plectelasma 3109 756. Dielasma, Beecheria, and Ectoposia 3111 757. Dielasma, Heterelasma, and Tautosia 3113 758. Plectelasma 3115 759. Pseudodielasma 3117 760. Pseudodielasma 3119 761. Pseudodielasma 3121 762. Pleurelasma, Aneuthelasma, Dielasma, and Ectoposia 3123 763. Pseudodielasma, Lowenstamia, Camarelasma, and Dielasma 3125 764. Camarelasma, Lowenstamia, Notothyris, Pseudodielasma, and Texarina 3127 765. Chondroma 3129 766. Chondroma and Timorina 3131 767. Enallosia, Anomalesia, and Heterelasma 3133 768. Chondroma and Heterelasma 3135 769. Chondroma and Heterelasma 3137 110. Heterelasma 3139 771. Texarina and Heterelasma 3141 772. Heterelasma, Dielasma, Glossothyropsis, and Texarina 3143 773. Texarina 3145 774. Texarina 3147 775. Glossothyropsis, Cryptacanthia, and Texarina 3149 776. Glossothyropsis 3151 777. Glossothyropsis 3153 778. Notothyris, Timorina, Plectelasma, Dielasma, Mimaria, and Glossothyropsis 3155 779. Dielasma, Pseudodielasma, Lowenstamia, Chondroma, Beecheria, Glossothyropsis, Heterelasma, and Notothyris 3157 780. Deltarina, Thedusia, Fascicosta, Allorhynchus, Dielasma, Glossothyropsis, Lirellaria, Arionthia, and Tautosia 3159 771. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, V G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant Order RHIPIDOMELLIDA Schuchert, 1913 Superfamily RHIPIDOMELLACEA Schuchert, 1913 Family RHIPIDOMELLIDAE Schuchert, 1913 Subcircular to suboval Rhipidomellacea with broad, flabellate diductor muscle scars completely enclosing the elliptical adductor field anteriorly. Brachiophores without fulcral plates. Rhipidomella is rare to common in Wolf- campian and Leonardian rocks. It does not, how- ever, survive the Leonardian in West Texas; the last species of the genus appears in the Cathedral Mountain Formation. Genus Rhipidomella Oehlert, 1890 Rhipidomella Oehlert, 1890:372.—Hall and Clarke, 1892:209; 1894:271.—Schuchert, 1913:382.—Weller, 1914:147.—Dun- bar and Condra, 1932:52.—Schuchert and Cooper, 1932: 133.—Stehli, 1954:290—Sarycheva, 1960:193.—Williams et al., 1965:H341. DISCUSSION.—Rhipidomella differs from Perdito- cardinia Schuchert and Cooper in two important features: Rhipidomella normally possesses inter- areas, and it has no fold in either valve. Perdito- cardinia has the hinge narrowed drastically, resulting in loss of interareas, rostration of the pedicle valve, and displacement of the hinge teeth G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. so that they face medially instead of anteriorly as in most species of Rhipidomella. The type species, Perditocardinia dubia (Hall), has a deep sulcus in the pedicle valve, which contains a wedge-shaped pattern of anteriorly facing tubules that expand anteriorly, as does the sulcus. This pattern of tubules is not present on any species of Rhipidomella. Narrowing of the hinge, with attendant changes in the beak area as in Perditocardinia, seemingly took place more than once in the history of Rhipi- domella. The Permian species R. hispidula, new species, exhibits several stages of this process, with some individuals in a single sample having well developed interareas, others very small interareas, and others completely lacking interareas. This species arose from the main stock of Rhipidomella during the Permian, and is thus only distantly re- lated to Perditocardinia of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. Therefore, it is necessary to observe folding of the shell, as well as narrowing of the hinge in order to identify a specimen as belonging to a species of Perditocardinia. R. E. King (1931:43-44) described four new species and one new subspecies of Rhipidomella. Later work on large collections of well-preserved material from West Texas indicates that only R. hessensis of his species actually belongs to Rhipi- domella. Stehli (1954:291) suggested that the holo- type of "R. transversa" King (1931:44, pl. 1: figs. 12a-c) is a juvenile Orthotichia hueconiana (Girty); our examination of the holotype now indicates its placement in Acosarina Cooper and Grant; a close relative of Orthotichia. One of King's cotypes of "R. leonardensis" (pl. 1: fig. 7) 2609 2610 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY is unidentifiable, and another (pl. 1: figs. 5a-b) belongs to a species of Acosarina, as evidenced by its well developed dental plates, broad interareas, narrow median septum (in pedicle valve), large transverse hinge teeth, and total lack of a flabel- liform muscle field. Rhipidomella hessensis R. E. King PLATE 663: FICURES 11, 12, 23-26, 32-68; PLATE 665: FICURES 1-66; PLATE 666: FIGURES 1-33; PLATE 667: FIGURES 27-43 Rhipidomella hessensis R. E. King, 1931:43, pl. 1: figs. 2a-d, 3a-b, 4.—Stehli, 1954:291, pl. 17: figs. 1-6. Subcircular to subtrigonal in outline; biconvex, with brachial valve more strongly convex than pedicle valve, ranging from nearly hemispherical to almost flat; maximum curvature of brachial valve near beak in flat individuals, farther anterior in those more strongly convex. Pedicle valve rel- atively flat in all individuals; both valves with slight median flattening, or with very shallow sul- cus in brachial valve. Surface finely costellate. Brachial valve with large, anteriorly opening tubules scattered over entire surface, slightly more frequent mesially, less frequent laterally; one small patch of smaller tubules on each side, ante- rior to beak near commissure. Pedicle valve with tubules somewhat smaller than on brachial valve, arranged in two wedge-shaped patterns along lateral slopes, medial part of surface entirely free of tubules; also small patch of very small tubules on side near commissure anterior to beak, corre- sponding to similar patches on brachial valve. Hinge narrow, narrowest on most strongly convex individuals, producing subtrigonal outline; flatter individuals with hinge only wide enough to inter- rupt lateral margins slightly, giving shell sub- circular outline. Pedicle valve interior trapezoidal in outline, with wide delthyrium, shallow delthyrial cavity, and small interareas. Teeth flat on mesially facing surface, flat part continuing onto side of delthyr- ium; specimens with wider hinges and larger inter- areas having hinge teeth facing anteriorly, those with narrower hinges and smaller interareas hav- ing hinge teeth facing longitudinal axis of valve. Dental plates small, rudimentary. Muscle field large, fan-shaped; diductor scars in two large, partly divided lobes; adjustor scars long and nar- row, distal to diductor scars; adductor scars on anteriorly raised, posteriorly depressed platform on anterior part of euseptum, surrounded by diductor impressions except along midline, there lying be- low delthyrial cavity and extending anteriorly as low rounded ridge as far as anterior margin of diductor scars. Some individuals without flattened platform; adductor muscle attached to posterior part of euseptum. Anterior and lateral margins of valve serrated on interior surface, serrations inter- locking with opposite pattern on brachial valve. Brachial valve interior subtrigonal to subcircu- lar in outline. Cardinalia ponderous; cardinal process bulbous, commonly trilobed, with prom- inent median projection; brachiophores long, di- vergent, bladelike, digitate on distal edges. Sockets deep, bounded proximally by brachiophores, and thin dorsal brachiophore supports. Muscle field quadripartite, divided longitudinally by low, broadly rounded median ridge. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation (Dugout Mountain, Decie Ranch, Pop- lar Tank, and Sullivan Peak members), Hess For- mation (Taylor Ranch Member), Bone Spring Formation, Cibolo Formation, Hueco Formation. LOCALITIES.—Dugout Mountain: USNM 732e, 733-1. Decie Ranch: USNM 707a, 715v, 727u. Pop- lar Tank: USNM 707h, 707ha. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707, 707b, 707c, 707d, 707g, 707-1, 713z, 714y, 722h, 722-1, 727a, 733j, 741k. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 71 lp, 714p, 720e, 720f. Skinner Ranch (top): USNM 705r, 723-1, 727f. Skinner Ranch: AMNH 520; USNM 709v, 723o, 724p, 724q, 730s. Taylor Ranch: USNM 702d, 702e, 702f, 713x, 7l6n, 7l6o. Hess: King 107, 222; USNM 726n. Bone Spring: AMNH 492, 497, 591, 624, 625, 628, 629, 631, 632, 696, 697; USNM 725c, 728e, 728f, 728g, 728h, 728t, 745, 746. Cibolo: USNM 738c, 738f, 738h. Hueco: USNM 725a. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Rhipidomella with length and width nearly equal and with brachial valve pierced by numerous pits but the pedicle valve having the pits confined to the lateral slopes. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12642, paratype: YPM 12643. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150349a; 150351a-c, f-i, n; 153755a-d; 153756a-e; 153757; 153758; 153759; 153760; 153771a-g; 153772; 153773; 153774; 153775a-l; 153776a; 153777; 153778. Mea- sured hypotypes: USNM 150349a, 150351a-j, 150354a-s, 150375a-j. NUMBER 24 2611 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 702e length brachial valve length width hinge width thick- ness 150351a 21.0 20.4 21.8 7.4? 13.2 150351b 18.8 18.6 20.0 7.1 10.3 150351c 18.2 + 18.8 19.0 7.2 10.7 150351d 15.8 15.7 15.8 7.0 8.7 150351e 15.7 15.6 15.9 6.5 9.6 15035H 14.7 14.6 15.2 5.7 8.2 150351g 150351h 13.4 11.8 13.2 11.7 14.1 12.0 5.4 4.4 7.0 5.7 15035H 10.6 10.3 10.5 4.3 4.7 150351J USNM 705a 9.7 9.6 10.0 4.0 4.3 150354a 14.0 13.8 14.2 4.0 7.9 150354b 13.7 13.8 13.8 5.3 8.7 150354c 12.3 12.1 13.6 5.3 5.8 150354d 150354e 12.0 11.7 11.7 11.3 11.5 11.9 3.5 4.0 6.6 6.3 150354f 11.8 11.4 12.5 5.0 5.8 150354g 150354h 10.5 11.4 10.3 11.0 11.3 10.8 4.0 5.2 5.8 5.8 150354i 10.3 10.0 10.5 4.4 5.6 150354J 150354k 11.4 10.8 11.0 10.7 11.8 11.4 4.7 4.2 6.5 5.7 150354-1 9.6 9.4 10.2 3.7 5.5 150354m 150354n 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.0 9.6 9.4 3.0 2.9 5.5 5.0 150354o 9.3 8.9 8.9 3.6 5.0 150354p 150354q 150354r 7.8 5.6 4.7 7.6 5.3 4.5 8.2 5.6 4.7 2.8 2.0 1.9 3.8 2.7 2.1 150354s 4.1 3.9 4.3 1.5 2.0 USNM 728e 150375a 14.0 13.6 14.6 6.3 7.6 150375b 150375c 150375d 150375e 13.2 13.8 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.5 12.2 12.3 14.0 13.5 12.4 13.3 5.7 5.7 5.2 4.7 7.9 7.8 6.4 6.4 150375f 150375g 150375h I50375i 150375J King 107 YPM 12642 12.3 11.6 10.7 10.2 9.3 18.9 12.1 11.3 10.4 9.7 9.1 18.9 12.4 12.0 10.3 9.7 9.5 18.4 4.7 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.4 7.6 6.0 6.5 5.8 5.4 4.8 11.0 (lectotype) King 222 YPM 12643 21.0 21.7 19.6 8.7 15.1 (paratype) USNM 702d 150349a 17.9 17.5 18.4 6.5 13.3 COMPARISON.—Rhipidomella hessensis differs from Pennsylvanian species of similar shape by possessing larger and more abundant tubules on the exterior surface of the brachial valve (R. E. King, 1931:43). It differs from R. hispidula, new species, of the Cathedral Mountain Formation by its larger interareas, narrower delthyrium, and con- centration of tubules on the exterior surface of the pedicle valve into two anteriorly widening lateral stripes. Considering typical specimens of each species, R. hessensis is larger and rudely elliptical in outline, whereas R. hispidula is smaller and sub- trigonal in outline. However, many individuals of each species are indistinguishable from one another on the basis of shape alone. Internally, R. hessensis differs from R. hispidula by normally possessing a widened platform on the median ridge for attachment of the adductor muscles, whereas R. hispidula normally has a uniform ridge without platform. However, some individuals of R. hessensis also lack the platform. Rhipidomella hessensis differs from R. miscella, new species, from the Neal Ranch Formation (beds 9-14), by the pattern of tubules on the ped- icle valve. A typical specimen of R. miscella has a shape like that of the flat elliptical individuals of R. hessensis; these two species have similarly de- veloped interareas, and their interior features also are similar. DISCUSSION.—R. E. King (1931:43) described two cotypes of Rhipidomella hessensis. The speci- men illustrated on his Plate 1: figures 2a-d is the best preserved and most typical of King's illus- trated specimens. It is only slightly more convex than the median of convexity for the species, al- though it is much larger than the average speci- men. We have chosen it to serve as lectotype. Rhipidomella hessensis has a wide range of variation. One extreme is represented by speci- mens like that illustrated by R. E. King (1931, pl. 1: figs. 3a-b) which is subtrigonal in outline, very convex, and has a relatively narrow hinge that produces no interruption in the slope of the out- line of the sides. The other extreme is rather flat, with the brachial valve only slightly more convex than the pedicle valve, has a relatively wide hinge and consequently an elliptical rather than subtri- gonal outline. Were it not for large collections from several localities (e.g., USNM 702e, 705a, 728e), these two varieties might have been con- sidered to be separate species, so great is their dif- ference in gross shape. Measurement of 50 speci- mens and inspection of several hundred showed a 2612 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY continuous morphologic series from the most flat to the most bulbous, with moderately convex forms most abundant. Any degree of convexity may be attained by an individual of any size, although most specimens up to 8 mm long are flat and few are bulbous. All well-preserved specimens of R. hessensis have well-developed interareas, and show the typical pattern of tubules along the sides of the pedicle valve; these features unite the variable population into a single species. It may be useful, however, to recognize King's subspecies name baylorensis for the smaller widely distributed specimens. Specimens from the Glass Mountains and Sierra Diablo answer to the definition of Rhipidomella mesoplatys baylorensis. These are common at the base of the Bone Spring Limestone in the Sierra Diablo and at the base of the Skinner Ranch For- mation in the Decie Ranch Member in the Glass Mountains. As shown in the measurements of speci- mens from these two horizons (see USNM 728e and 705a) 10 specimens selected in decreasing size order are almost identical in their measurements but they never attain the large size of specimens from the Taylor Ranch Member of the Hess For- mation. These smaller forms exhibit the same type of variation seen in the specimens from the type locality. Specimens from the Sierra Diablo (USNM 728f) appear to be somewhat more circular than those from the Glass Mountains, but the length and width measurements are identical. They are less contracted at the posterior than the Glass Moun- tains specimens and thus appear more circular in outline. These smaller forms appear stratigraph- ically earlier than those from the Hess Formation and help to make a satisfactory correlation be- tween the two mountain ranges. Rhipidomella hessensis in its typical expression and in the form of R. hessensis baylorensis char- acterize the Skinner Ranch Formation and its cor- relates. This species appears to dominate this interval but it did not survive into succeeding stratigraphic units. Rhipidomella hispidula, new species PLATE 664: FICURES 39-90; PLATE 667: FIGURES 44-65 Normally subtrigonal in outline, some sub- elliptical; biconvex, brachial valve more strongly convex; both valves slightly flattened anteriorly. Surface finely costellate, brachial valve with many large anteriorly opening tubules scattered over sur- face, and concentration of smaller tubules near commissure anterior to each side of beak; pedicle valve covered uniformly by tubules smaller than on brachial valve, and with corresponding patches of small tubules near commissure. Hinge narrow, not wide enough to interrupt slope of lateral out- line; interareas small or absent; beak of brachial valve curved into open delthyrium of pedicle valve, and beak of pedicle valve slightly curved dorsally over beak of brachial valve. Pedicle valve subtrigonal in outline, wide del- thyrium occupying most of hinge area and elimi- nating most of interarea surface. Teeth facing me- sially, subparallel to outer shell margin, supported by rudimentary dental plates. Muscle field poorly impressed, fan-shaped, with diductor scars on each side of median ridge, adjustor scars elongate, distal to diductor scars, adductor muscles attached to pos- terior part of median ridge, no platform on ridge, only occasional slight lowering and widening. In- terior surface of margins serrate to interlock with similar serrations on brachial valve. Brachial valve subelliptical in outline. Cardin- alia large; brachiophores large compared to car- dinal process, divergent, palmate, digitate on anterior edges, with small, ventrally projecting denticles, and buttressed by brachiophore sup- ports; cardinal process low, transverse, trilobed, occupying space between brachiophores and form- ing apex of V-shaped cardinalia. Muscle impres- sions shallow, divided longitudinally by low, rounded median ridge, incompletely divided transversely by two short right-angled projections. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700-1, 714w, 7l7e, 723v, 727p. Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 492, 500, 500F, 500G, 500H, 500J, 500K, 500L, 500M, 500N, 500X, 501, 504, 658; Moore 23; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702ent, 702inst, 702-low, 702un, 703a1, 703b, 703bs, 708, 721 o, 721u, 723u, 725v, 726x, 727q, 727w, 731b, 735b, 741s; YPM 104. Bone Spring: AMNH 497. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, triangular Rhipidomella with narrow hinge and reduced or obsolete interareas on the pedicle valve and with tubules scattered over the surface of both valves. NUMBER 24 2613 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 702 150322a 14.5 13.6 13.3 3.5 8.1 150322b 12.3 11.7 12.7 4.5 7.6 150322c 12.0 11.6 11.5 4.0 6.2 150322d 10.0 9.6 8.8 2.6 5.6 150322e 8.6 8.1 7.6 2.9 4.3 150322f 6.1 6.0 6.1 2.0 3.0 150332g 4.0 3.9 3.6 1.4 2.3 150322h 13.0 12-2 12.2 3.4 6.3 150322i 11.8 11.1 11.2 2.6 6.1 (holotype) 150322J 11.8 11.3 11.8 3.5 6.6 USNM 714w 150334a 11.7 11.1 10.4 3.0? 6.7 USNM 708 150331a 10.5 10.1 8.5 2.2 6.2 AMNH 658 152888 12.3 11.9 11.6 2.7 7.4 TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150322L Figured para- types: USNM 150322a, h, j; 150331a; 150334a; 153763a-c; 153764; 153765; 153766; 153779; 153780; 153781a, b; 153782a-c; 153783a. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 150322a-h, j; 150331a; 150334a; 152888. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150322b-g, 150331b, 150334b, 153783b-d, 150334 (many). COMPARISON.—Rhipidomella hispidula differs from R. hessensis R. E. King and R. miscella, new species, primarily in its narrow hinge, and other features that accompany this narrowness. Its inter- area is reduced or absent, delthyrium very wide, and its hinge teeth face mesially rather than ante- riorly as in the latter two species. It differs from many individuals of those species by its normally subtrigonal outline, although some individuals of R. hispidula are subelliptical and some of R. hessensis and R. miscella are subtrigonal. it*, hispi- dula has tubules scattered over the external sur- face of the pedical valve, as well as the brachial valve. It is like R. miscella in this feature, but dif- ferent from R. hessensis, which has tubules arranged in two lateral stripes on the pedicle valve. Internally R. hispidula differs from R. hessensis and R. miscella by its low cardinal process, and by its incompletely transversely subdivided muscle field in the brachial valve. Absence of an adductor platform on the median ridge of the pedicle valve distinguishes the pedicle interior of R. hispidula from those of R. hessensis or R. miscella. Specimens of R. hispidula in which the inter- areas are absent resemble Perditocardinia dubia (Hall) from the Mississippian (see Schuchert and Cooper 1932:135). These specimens cannot be assigned to Perditocardinia, however, because they are so obviously variant members of a population in which most individuals retain a small interarea. Apparently this is an example of homeomorphy, the main stock of Rhipidomella having given rise to more than one line of descendants that are characterized by narrowed hinge and consequently reduced or absent interareas. Rhipidomella hispi- dula differs from P. dubia (Hall) by lacking a strong fold, and by the arrangement of tubules on the pedicle valve; R. hispidula has them scattered all over the valve, whereas P. dubia has them con- centrated in one anteriorly expanding stripe down the trough of the sulcus. DISCUSSION.—Rhipidomella hispidula is not highly variable. Most specimens are subtrigonal in outline; few are subelliptical. Convexity is quite uniform, without the great range from flat to bul- bous that is seen in R. hessensis. The hinge is nar- row, but some specimens have small interareas whereas in others the interareas are reduced to disappearance. This feature in itself is not impor- tant because the shells are similar in all other respects, and the absence of interareas on some may be a function of completeness of silicification. Rhipidomella miscella, new species PLATE 664: FIGURES 1-38 Shell small, subcircular to subtrigonal in out- line; biconvex, with brachial valve more strongly convex than pedicle valve, maximum longitudinal curvature just anterior to beak; both valves with slight transverse flattening near midvalve. Surface finely costellate, both valves with randomly scat- tered anteriorly opening tubules, those on bra- chial valve slightly larger than those on pedicle valve. Hinge narrow, interareas low, beak not incurved. Pedicle valve interior trapezoidal in outline, with wide delthyrium and shallow delthyrial cav- ity. Teeth small, facing anteromesially, supported by rudimentary dental plates. Muscle field large, fan-shaped, adductor marks on widened platform 2614 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY on median ridge, diductor marks lobate, distal to adductors, adjustor marks elongate, distal to di- ductors. Median ridge low, rounded, extending anteriorly as far as anterior edge of diductor marks. Brachial valve subelliptical in outline. Cardin- alia large, cardinal process prominent, commonly trilobed, with median lobe a vertical projection; brachiophores strong, flat, digitate on anterior edges, with prominent, posteroventrally projecting socket plates. Sockets deep, bounded distally by internal edge of valve, proximally by brachio- phores and their supporting plates. Muscle field quadripartite, divided by long low median ridge and short low rounded transverse ridges at right angles to median septum. Interior margins serrated, corresponding to similar serrations in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 701d length brachial valve length width hinge width thick ness 150340a (holotype) 150340b 13.2 11.9? 12.7 11.9 13.2 13.1 5.5 5.0 7.0 6.7 150340c 8.9 8.8 8.7 3.0 5.0 150340d 5.6 5.4 5.7 2.5 3.0 USNM 721g 150347a 10.2 10.0 10.5 3.4? 5.1 150347b 10.7 10.5 11.0 3.9 5.8 150347c 11.0 10.7 10.2 3.7 5.8 150347d 9.9 9.7 10.1 3.6 5.8 150347c 8.5 8.2 9.0 3.3 4.3 150347f 8.0 7.8 7.7 3.3 4.1 150347g 150347h 8.0 7.3 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.5 3.1 2.9 3.8 3.5 150347i 5.1 4.9 5.0 2.5 2.8 150347] 3.6 3.5 3.6 1.7 2.0 USNM 716r 150345a 11.4 9.9 11.0 4.6 7.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation, Lenox Hills Formation. LOCALITIES.—Neal Ranch: USNM 701a3, 701c, 701d, 701h, 701k, 701-1, 721g, 727d, 727e. Lenox Hills: 705k, 713y, 7l6r. DIAGNOSIS.—Rhipidomella of intermediate size, resembling R. hessensis but having tubules scat- tered over the entire surface of the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150340a. Figured paratypes: USNM 150345a; I53767a-c; 153768a, b; 153769a, b; 153770a-c. Measured paratypes: USNM 150340b-d, 150345a, 150347a-j. Unfigured para- types: USNM 150345b, c. COMPARISON.—Rhipidomella miscella is similar to R. hessensis R. E. King in most features. It dif- fers by having tubules on the pedicle valve scat- tered over the exterior surface, rather than concentrated into two lateral stripes as in R. hessensis; also, the average size for R. miscella is smaller than that for R. hessensis. R. miscella differs from R. hispidula, new species, in the same features that differentiate R. hessensis from R. hispidula, the wider hinge and consequently larger interareas; however, the pat- tern of tubules on the pedicle valve of R. miscella is the same as that on R. hispidida. DISCUSSION.—Rhipidomella miscella is not as variable as R. hessensis. It is normally rather flat; only a few individuals are strongly convex, and its outline normally is subelliptical, with only a few subtrigonal individuals. Superfamily ENTELETACEA Waagen, 1884 Family SCHIZOPHORIIDAE Schuchert and LeVene, 1929 Two genera closely related to Schizophoria appear in the West Texas Permian rocks. One of these is referred to Orthotichia Hall and Clarke (1892) but the species assigned are not entirely typical of that genus, which first appears in the early part of the Pennsylvanian Period. The other genus, Acosarina Cooper and Grant (1969), is like some shells referred to Orthotichia but differs in having a sulcate dorsal valve. It is also like Schizo- phoria W. King in having a relatively low median septum in the pedicle valve. Orthotichia as here used is confined to the Wolfcamp Series but Acosa- rina ranges through the Leonard to terminate in the Road Canyon Formation. Genus Orthotichia Hall and Clarke, 1892 Orthotichia Hall and Clarke, 1892:213.—Schuchert and Coop- er, 1932:144.—Dresser, 1954:23.—Mendes, 1956:27.—Stehli, 1954:292.—Williams et al., 1965:H332. Fairly large, transversely to roundly elliptical in NUMBER 24 2615 outline with narrow hinge and maximum width near midvalve. Anterior commissure uniplicate but contours of fold and sulcus generally gentle. Sur- face multicostellate, costellae often swollen and tubular. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth having large fossettes and long, strong dental plates. Me- dian septum moderately high and rising to crest at distal end, there abruptly terminated. Septum usually not extending far beyond anterior ends of dental plates. Brachial valve interior with tusklike brachio- phores supported by strong and flaring brachio- phore plates; fulcral plates small; adductor field wtih short myophragm, and like Schizophoria. TYPE-SPECIES.—Orthis? morganiana Derby (1874: 29, pl. 3: figs. 1-9, 11, 34; pl. 4: figs. 6, 14, 15). DIAGNOSIS.—Usually large, Schizophoria-like and with a high crested median septum in the pedicle valve. DISCUSSION.—In the Glass Mountains this genus is represented by moderately large shells with the anterior commissure usually strongly folded toward the brachial valve. This valve, however, seldom has a well defined fold, although the commissure has a strong wave in it. Inside the pedicle valve the median septum usually extends slightly anterior to the ends of the dental plates and the distal ex- tremity has a high crest. In the brachial valve the structures are reminiscent of those of Enteletes but the brachiophores are less thick, are usually longer, and are seldom thickened medially to form the conspicuous shelves that occur in Enteletes. The type species of Orthotichia occurs in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks in Brazil and has been identi- fied in the Pennsylvanian of the United States. In the Permian two species occur in the Glass Moun- tains, one in the early Wolfcampian and the other in the late part of the same series. In the Sierra Diablo a species occurs in the basal part of the Bone Spring Formation and another occurs in the Hueco Formation. The latter is O. hueconiana (Girty), which is imperfectly known and the types of which seem to have been lost. Stehli (1954) identified this species in the Bone Spring Forma- tion but we are not satisfied with this assignment, believing that the Bone Spring species is quite different. Orthotichia irregularis, new species PLATE 670: FIGURES 15-33; PLATE 671: FICURES 1-18 Orthotichia hueconiana Stehli [not Girty], 1954:293, pl. 17: figs. 7-12. Large for genus, somewhat irregular in outline but usually roundly elliptical to subcircular, occasionally subtriangular. Width usually greater than length. Sides rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded to slightly emarginate. Anterior commissure uniplicate. Hinge varying from half to two-thirds maximum width. Widest at midwidth or just anterior. Valves unequal in depth, brachial valve deeper. Costellae about 4 per mm at anterior of large adults; growth lamellae strong and anteri- orly concentrated. Pedicle valve gently convex in lateral profile, greatest curvature in posterior half; anterior pro- file broadly and gently convex; median region slightly swollen. Sulcus broad and usually shallow, originating about 7 mm anterior to beak, forming short tongue at anterior margin. Flanks slightly swollen; lateral slopes short and moderately steep. Brachial valve fairly evenly and strongly convex in lateral profile, strongly domed in lateral profile and with long steep lateral slopes. Umbonal re- gion inflated; median region swollen; anterior slope long and steep. Fold poorly defined, usually appearing as indentation in the margin but occa- sionally as perceptible swelling of anterior. Flanks swollen and steep. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth having large fossettes; dental plates short, strong but usu- ally extended anteriorly to anterior ends of narrow muscle field, there curving slightly inward in some specimens. Median septum moderately thick, ante- riorly crested, not usually extending anterior to ends of dental plates. Brachial valve interior usually with small short shafted cardinal process; brachiophores short and stout; brachiophore supports flaring; myophore usually delicate, occasionally anteriorly thickened. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (lower), Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 625, 628, 631; USNM 728e, 728f, 728h. Cibolo: 738c. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Orthotichia with broad 2616 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMI LNTS (in mm).— USNM 728e length brachial valve length width hinge width thick- ness 150203a 18.7 ? 20.8 12.0 8.2 150203b 16.9 ? 18.4 8.4 7.0 150203c 19.0 ? 20.5 10.2 8.4 150203d 17.8 ? 20.5 9.6 7.7 (holotype) 150203e 19.6 j 21.6 13.3? 9.0 150203f 15.4 ? 20.6 12.3 6.4 150203g 150203h 15.2 13.2 ? ? 17.6 14.9 9.5 9.4 6.8 5.2 150203i 14.4 ? 17.3 7.9? 5.9 150203J 150203k 12.3 12.5 ? ? 15.4 14.6 9.9 6.4 5.3 ? 150203-1 11.3 ? 13.8 6.4 4.2 150203m 8.5 8.7 9.5 4.4 6.0 150203n ? 17.7 19.6 9.1 8.2 150203o ? 17.1 19.6 9.8 9.2 150203p 150203q 150203r ? ? ? 18.4 17.9 16.3 19.3 19.8 18.4 9.2 10.4 8.7 7.8 7.6 7.2 150203s ? 15.9 18.9 8.7 8.0 150203t p 13.8 15.1 8.2 6.0 15O203u ? 12.5 13.0 6.1 5.1 150203v ? 9.7 11.4 6.0 3.3 150203w ? 7.7 8.5 4.8 3.0 1502O3x ? 4.9 6.0 2.9 1.7 shallow sulcus on the pedicle valve and subparallel dental plates. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150203d. Figured paratypes: USNM 150203a-c, n; 153788; 153789a, b; 153790a-f. Measured paratypes: USNM 150203a-c, e-x. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150203e-m, o-x. Orthotichia irregularis is more rotund and less transverse than O. newelli, new species. It also is less regular in form than the Glass Mountains species. DISCUSSION.—The specimens of this species from the Sierra Diablo are all dissociated valves, many of which are considerably water worn. The orna- ment is difficult to see and the silicification has not improved the remnant of it. The species is repre- sented by juvenile as well as gerontic specimens. The interior details of both valves are excellent. The septum of the pedicle valve occasionally is bifurcated distally as in O. kozlowskii R. E. King, but this phenomenon is rare. We are unable to identify this species with Schizophoria hueconiana Girty, which is a wider and less rotund form ac- cording to Girty. Orthotichia kozlowskii R. E. King PLATE 663: FIGURES 27-31; PLATE 668: FIGURES 1-48; PLATE 669: FIGURES 1-22; PLATE 670: FIGURES 9-14; PLATE 671: FIGURES 32-36 Orthotichia kozlowskii R. E. King, 1931:45, pl. 1: fig. 14 [not figs. 15a, b]. Fairly large for genus, roundly elliptical in out- line, width slightly greater than length; sides rounded; anterior margin broadly convex to some- what truncated. Maximum width at midvalve; hinge wide, greater than half valve width. Anterior commissure with narrow wave toward brachial valve. Valves subequally deep, brachial valve slightly deeper. Surface multicostellate, costellae 4 per mm at anterior of large specimens. Tubules common, especially in anteromedian regions. Pedicle valve moderately to flatly convex in lat- eral profile, posterior part more convex; anterior profile broadly and moderately convex, median region somewhat flattened but sides with short, moderately steep slopes. Beak small, erect, in- curved; umbonal region narrowly swollen; median region moderately inflated. Sulcus shallow, narrow, originating 8 to 10 mm anterior to beak by surface measure; flanks swollen moderately. Interarea long and wide. Brachial valve strongly convex in lateral profile, umbonal and beak regions most strongly curved; umbonal and median regions strongly inflated. Fold not differentiated on evenly convex valve sur- face, but showing as narrow, rounded indentation of anterior margin. Pedicle valve interior variable with low, stout, receding dental plates reaching midvalve; median septum extending only slightly anterior to ends of dental plates, moderately elevated, attaining great- est height at distal end. Anterior slope of septum in old shells flattened, producing small hollow tri- angular, shallow chamber. Diductor scars long and slender. Brachial valve interior with strong tusklike brachiophores and widely flaring supporting plates. Sockets small. Median ridge low and slender; mus- cles like those of Schizophoria. Cardinal process not greatly thickened in old shells. Median ridge thin and delicate. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- tion (Uddenites-bearing Shale Member), Neal Ranch Formation (beds 4-14 of P. B. King), Lenox NUMBER 24 2617 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness King 92 YPM 12651 20.9 22.0 24.6 16.0? 19.0 (holotype) USNM 701g 150191a 18.8 18.3 22.7 14.7 17.2 150191b 18.0 19.1 21.1 12.8 16.3 150191c 16.0 16.5 20.5 11.7 14.2 150191d 16.5 17.0 16.9 10.0 14.4 150191e 14.8 14.1 17.2 10.9 12.8 150191f 15.5 15.7 17.4 11.3 13.0 15019lg 13.9 14.4 15.9 8.3 11.7 150191h 10.7 10.9 11.9 7.0 8.3 15019H 9.1 9.2 9.5 4.6 6.4 150191J 7.2 7.0 7.9 4.5 5.9 150191k 6.0 5.8 6.9 4.2 4.5 150191-1 4.6 4.4 5.0 2.5 3.3 150191m 3.2 3.0 3.4 1.9 2.1 150191n 17.7 18.1 22.0 13.0 14.7 150191o 14.0 14.6 18.0 10.8 10.7 150191p 14.6 15.3 18.6 13.1 12.3 150191q 14.6 15.0 18.0 10.5 9.6 150191r 15.6 15.8 18.9 10.6 13.0 150191s 13.4 14.1 13.2 7.5 15.2 Hills Formation, and Hueco Formation. LOCALITIES.—Gaptank: USNM 700, 701e, 701q. Neal Ranch: 701, 701a, 701a3, 701c, 701g, 701-1, 715b, 721g, 727e, 742c. Lenox Hills: 705k, 705m 705s. Hueco: 725a. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Orthotichia with well- developed median septum and anteriorly elon- gated flaring dental plates. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12651. Figured hypo- types: USNM 150191a, n-s; 153784a, c-q, s, u-w; 153786; 153792a-d. COMPARISON.—Orthotichia kozlowskii differs from all species of Schizophoria by its possession of a well-developed median septum and anteriorly elongate dental plates. It differs from the type species of the genus, O. morganiana (Derby), by its smaller size, greater convexity, especially of the pedicle valve, extremely faint, poorly developed muscle marks in the brachial valve, stronger growth lines and much weaker costellae, much shorter and more divergent brachiophore sup- ports, slightly lower median septum in the pedicle valve, and its nonlobate, unexpanded cardinal process. In spite of these many differences in de- tails, the shape and structure of O. kozlowskii and O. morganiana are so similar that there is no doubt that the two species are congeneric. Orthotichia kozlowskii differs from O. schucher- tensis Girty (1903:345, pl. 1: figs. 16-16b), of the Pennsylvanian in Colorado by its longer median septum, weaker costellae, more convex pedicle valve, and probably larger interareas. Among Permian species from other parts of the world, O. kozlowskii differs from O. derbyi (Waagen), as far as can be determined from Waagen's (1884:565, pl. 56, figs. 2, 5, 6) descriptions and illustrations, primarily by its shorter median septum, dental plates, and muscle area of the pedicle valve, these occupying about half the length of the valve in O. kozlowskii and about two-thirds its length in O. derbyi. Otherwise these two species appear to be similar. Grabau (1934:10, pl. 1: figs. 5-8; 1936:54, pl. 3: figs. 9-10) identified O. derbyi from the Permian of China, but his determina- tions were made on the basis of exteriors only. It is, therefore, unprofitable to compare his material with ours. Orthotichia kozlowskii differs from O. magnifica Grabau (1936:57, pl. 4: figs. 1-3) by its much smaller size (the largest specimen of O. kozlowskii is smaller than the smallest specimen of O. mag- nifica, according to Grabau's measurements of that species) and by its greater convexity. Internal differences between the two species cannot be de- termined because the interior of O. magnifica is unknown. Orthotichia kozloivskii differs from O. elongata Grabau (1936:60, pl. 4: fig. 4) by its smaller size, greater convexity, and transverse rather than elongate elliptical outline. Reed's (1944:10-11) species, Orthotichia bistri- ata and O. sulcata are so incompletely known that comparison with O. kozlowskii is pointless. Orthotichia kozlowskii was originally referred to O. hueconiana Girty by Dunbar in R. E. King (1931:45, footnote) and has generally been placed in the synonymy of that species. Stehli (1954:293) continued this association, but we do not agree that the two are the same species. Although the types of O. hueconiana are lost, the species was well illustrated, and some topotype material is present in the collections of the Geological Survey. These indicate that O. hueconiana is a more trans- verse species having a wider, shorter sulcus on the pedicle valve and a broader wave in the anterior commissure. They also indicate that O. hueconiana has more disproportionate valves, the pedicle 2618 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY valve considerably shallower than the brachial valve, and the latter not so strongly arched over the pedicle valve interarea; nor is the umbonal region so strongly swollen as in the Wolfcamp species. Orthotichia kozlowskii suggests O. irregularis, new species, in size and outline, but it is more obese, with deeper valves, and the dental plates of the pedicle valve of the Wolfcamp species flare widely unlike those of O. irregularis, which are subparallel. DISCUSSION.—The type specimen of this species is the largest one yet found but is not well pre- served. It was evidently an obese specimen but none of the details of the ornament are preserved because the entire exterior is exfoliated. The gen- eral shape of the species is clearly shown, the two valves being nearly of equal depth, the pedicle valve flattened in profile but the brachial valve strongly convex and with the beak strongly over- hanging the long and wide interarea of the pedicle valve. The anterior commissure has a narrow dor- sal wave, but the brachial valve shows no evidence of a fold. The specimen comes from bed 14 of P. B. King's (1931) section 24. It is thus from the upper part of the Neal Ranch Formation near the level of USNM 701g, from which the bulk of the National Museum of Natural History collection of this species was taken (listed under the catalog numbers of the old United States National Mu- seum: USNM). King (R. E.) believed (1931:45) that his species was the same as that referred by Kozlowski (1914: 62) to Orthotichia morgani Derby (misspelling of Derby's name of O. morganiana), from Bolivia. This assignment is extremely doubtful because Kozlowski's specimens are very large, shaped dif- ferently, and details of the interior shown in his illustrations suggest considerable difference from the Glass Mountains species. This species is represented by thousands of speci- mens of all sizes. A small patch of rock at USNM 701g is a pudding of this species and Meekella of all sizes. In a collection so numerous, variations may be detected readily. Many of the young and small specimens give the general appearance of separability into wide and round forms. However, all degrees of proportion between these forms can be seen in the collection. The range of length/ width ratio is from about 0.77 to 1.00. Generally, the small or immature specimens are fairly round, but many wide ones also are present. The same is true of adults. Many of the round adults show somewhat transverse young stages when their growth lines are traced. A feature that must be borne in mind when examining these shells is the disparity between the length of the pedicle and brachial valves. This feature must be considered in all of the Schizo- phoriidae. The young of many of these genera have the pedicle valve longer than the brachial valve, which is the usual condition among brachio- pods. With advancing growth the brachial valve becomes strongly umbonate, often with the um- bonal region extending posteriorly far beyond the hinge. Parenteletes is a good example, and many specimens of O. kozlowskii also illustrate this phenomenon, itself a good distinction between this species and Girty's O. hueconiana. Some fairly large adults of O. kozlowskii have the pedicle valve length greater than that of the brachial valve, but this is unusual. In remarks on length/ width ratios, these are all based on the pedicle valve. If the ratio were made on the brachial valve the young would appear wider and the adults or old shells would seem rounder. It is best to use the pedicle valve for this measurement because it is so used in most brachiopods, and comparisons are thus kept uniform. Growth of the internal characters is not attended by any conspicuous changes. The median septum appears in a very early stage: the smallest speci- mens are provided with it. But the delthyrium is proportionately wider and the interareas narrower in very young specimens. Inside the brachial valve the cardinal process appears in the smallest speci- mens and the brachiophores are flat plates. At no stage do the brachiophores produce the lateral shelves so characteristic of the Enteletidae. Numerous specimens in the collection are mal- formed and a few of them show the development of old age and obese characters at an early growth stage (some of these have been illustrated on Plate 668). Many specimens have barnacle borings and others are covered by worm tubules or foraminifera. NUMBER 24 2619 Orthotichia newelli, new species PLATE 475: FIGURES 16-20; PLATE 663: FIGURES 1-10; PLATE 671: FIGURES 20-31 Large for genus, wider than long, maximum width at midvalve; outline broadly elliptical; sides rounded; anterior margin gently rounded but usually narrowly and slightly indented medially. Anterior commissure with narrow dorsad wave; hinge wider than half valve width; valves un- equally deep, brachial valve much deeper. Surface costellate, costellae fine but not well enough pre- served to number; tubules scattered irregularly over surface of both valves. Pedicle valve unevenly but gently convex, pos- terior half slightly convex, anterior half flattened; anterior profile gently and broadly convex, sides sloping gently to margins. Beak small, suberect; umbonal region narrowly and moderately swollen; median region somewhat flattened. Sulcus, narrow, moderately deep, originating about 7 mm anterior to beak, deepening to anterior margin; flanks flatly convex; interarea long. Brachial valve strongly and evenly convex in lateral profile, umbonal region strongly arched over pedicle valve interarea; anterior profile strongly domed, with long steep slopes; umbonal region narrowly swollen; median region greatly in- flated. Fold usually not present, slightly indicated at front margin of some specimens. Pedicle valve with strong but low and receding dental plates and small, notched teeth; dental plates subparallel to slightly divergent. Median septum stout, usually low, with anterior slope short, blunt, seldom flattened or excavated. Brachial valve interior with thin and laterally compressed brachiophores and strongly flaring brachiophore supports. Sockets small. Muscle marks not impressed. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (base), Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Decie Ranch: USNM 707w, 708q, 715v, 727u. Skinner Ranch (base): 705a, 705b, 709v, 71 lp, 720e. Skinner Ranch: AMNH 520. Cibolo: USNM 738h, 738r. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse Orthotichia with rather deep sulcus on pedicle valve and pedicle valve shallower than the brachial one. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150217a. Figured paratypes: USNM 150217b; 153761a, b; 153793a, MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 720e length brachial valve length width hinge width thick- ness 150217a 19.3 19.6 24.0 12.0 15.0 (holotype) 150217b 16.4 16.8 21.2 13.6 13.0 150217c 17.8 18.4 24.0 12.8 14.0 1502l7d 17.9 18.8 23.3 12.0 14.3 150217e 18.2 18.7 21.9 11.4 14.1 150217f 16.6 16.7 17.4 11.5 12.9 150217g 15.2 16.5 19.3 11.7 11.6 150217h 16.2 16.7 20.0 11.4 11.2 150217i 15.0 15.5 18.2 8.6 10.6 150217J 13.6 14.0 18.0 9.9 10.1 150217k 11.8 11.9 14.6 8.0? 7.9 150217-1 11.0 11.2 13.8 7.7 7.2 150217m 9.6 9.7 12.0 7.3 6.7 150217n 7.0 7.1 8.2 4.2 4.7 150217o 6.3 6.2 7.5 4.9 4.2 1502l7p 4.7 4.6 6.1 3.4 3.4 b; 153925. Measured paratypes: USNM 150217b-p. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150217c-p. COMPARISONS.—This species is characterized by its transverse form and rounded contours. It is more transverse than either of the other two species described herein. It is like O. kozlowskii, R. E. King in having flaring dental plates in the pedicle valve but it is more inequivalve, less ro- tund, and with a deeper pedicle valve sulcus than the Wolfcamp species. Orthotichia newelli differs from O. irregularis, new species, by its generally symmetrical shells, dis- proportionate valves, and deeper less regular sulcus. DISCUSSION.—This is a thin shelled species fairly common in the Scacchinella beds (= Decie Ranch Member) of the lower Skinner Ranch Formation. Silicification of the specimens is not good, all of the material is fragile, and much of it required filling with plaster. This species seems to be local- ized in the biohermal area on the north slope of the Hess Ranch Horst. Acosarina Cooper and Grant, 1969 Acosarina Cooper and Grant, 1969:2. Small, subquadrate to transversely rectangular or elliptical in outline; hinge narrower than maxi- mum width, widest at midvalve; anterior commis- sure rectimarginate to sulcate. Valves subequal in 2620 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY depth and with interareas on both valves, pedicle valve being longer. Surface multicostellate, many costellae swollen and tubular as in other Schizophoriidae. Pedicle valve interior with short dental plates and small teeth with large fossettes. Median sep- tum low and extending usually to midvalve or slightly anterior thereto. Brachial valve with small rough cardinal pro- cess; brachiophores laterally flattened, not usually medially thickened; fulcral plates well developed and forming deep sockets; brachiophore support- ing plates flaring, strongly developed and sur- rounding adductor field which is like that of Orthotichia. TYPE-SPECIES.—Acosarina dorsisulcata Cooper and Grant (1969:2, pl. 5: figs. 19-23). DIAGNOSIS.—Small Schizophoriidae with recti- marginate to sulcate anterior commissure. COMPARISON.—The fact that species now as- signed to this genus have been placed in Rhipi- domella and Orthotichia indicates the confusion relating to it. Furthermore, the species series within the genus has important stratigraphic value, espe- cially in the Glass Mountains. Relationship to the Schizophoriidae is clearly indicated by the structure of both valves. It differs from Schizophoria W. King and Orthotichia Hall and Clarke by its rectimarginate to sulcate ante- rior commissure and the low but very long median septum of the pedicle valve. The latter feature will at once separate it from Isorthis Kozlowski in which the anterior commissure varies from recti- marginate to faintly sulcate. Furthermore, the brachial valve structures of Isorthis are not like those of Acosarina. The fairly wide hinge and well developed pal- intropes of both valves as well as the interior details separate Acosarina unequivocally from Rhipidomella. The two are actually so unlike that confusion between them should never take place although several species have been so confused in the Permian. DISCUSSION.—The small size and plump form of the species of this genus are distinctive. The valves are usually nearly equal in depth, the brachial valve having slightly greater depth and curvature than the pedicle valve. The beak of the pedicle valve is commonly slightly extended beyond the umbo of the brachial valve but many specimens have the pedicle valve beak and brachial valve umbo approximate. The anterior commissure is one of the important features of this genus and the main distinction be- tween it, Aulacophoria, Schizophoria, and Ortho- tichia. In the early species of the Wolfcampian the anterior commissure normally is rectimarginate in all stages of growth. If a sulcus is aberrantly formed in young stages it is on the brachial valve. Some specimens of A. rectimarginata, new species, have a small sulcus in the younger stages which does not affect the anterior commissure. This is flattened out in the later and more adult stages. The later Wolfcamp and Leonard species have a well marked and often strong sulcus that produces a fairly strong ventrad wave in the commissure. In the Decie Ranch Member and the basal Bone Spring Limestone, the two genera Orthotichia and Acosarina occur together; evidence indicates that they were synchronous in parts of the Neal Ranch Formation. The interiors of both valves are typical of the family in having strong dental plates, a median septum in the pedicle valve, and flaring brachio- phore plates supporting tusklike brachiophores. Differences, however, are distinctive of Acosarina. The dental plates of Acosarina are always short, and are usually not visible when the shell is viewed from the dorsal side. This is unlike Orthotichia in which the dental plates are usually long and bound almost completely to the sides of the muscle area. The median septum differs from that of Orthotichia by its low elevation and its extension far forward of the ends of the dental plates. Inside the brachial valve the brachiophores generally are compressed laterally and somewhat thinner than usual for the family. In adult and old shells they are thickened but the shelflike processes that grow medially from the inner sur- face in Enteletes were not seen in this genus. The flaring brachiophore plates and muscle marks are characteristic of the family. Acosarina appears in the Wolfcampian and ex- tends through the Road Canyon Formation. It is thus characteristic of the Wolfcampian and Leo- nardian but has not yet been seen in the Guada- lupian. In the Glass Mountains the genus is most abundant in the Neal Ranch and Road Canyon formations. NUMBER 24 2621 Acosarina baylorensis (R. E. King) PLATE 672: FIGURES 17-21 Rhipidomella mesoplatys baylorensis R. E. King, 1931:44, pl. 1: figs. 8, 9. Specimen figured for comparison with other species. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITY.—R. E. King 503. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12648. Acosarina dorsisulcata, Cooper and Grant PLATE 667: FIGURES 1-26; PLATE 673: FICURES 1-6 Acosarina dorsisulcata Cooper and Grant, 1969:2, pl. 5: figs. 19-23. Small for genus, subquadrate in outline, width slightly greater than length; valves of subequal depth but dorsal beak usually extending beyond umbonal region of pedicle valve. Sides somewhat narrowly rounded, greatest width slightly anterior to midvalve. Anterior margin variable, slightly rounded to slightly emarginate. Anterior commis- sure with slight ventrad wave. Surface multi- costellate, 3 costellae per mm in adults. Tubules scattered randomly over both valves. Pedicle valve unevenly and flatly convex in lat- eral profile, posterior half more convex; anterior profile broadly and moderately convex but with moderate slopes. Beak suberect; interarea fairly strongly curved. Umbonal region somewhat swollen; median region slightly inflated but ante- rior part flatly convex. Anteromedian region slightly swollen to form barely perceptible fold; flanks slightly swollen and dipping gently to mar- gins. Interarea long, width about equal to half valve width. Brachial valve fairly strongly but unevenly con- vex, posterior half fairly strongly convex, anterior half flattened. Anterior profile strongly domed, median region flattened slightly, sides long and fairly steep. Beak strongly incurved; umbonal re- gion narrowly swollen, median region strongly inflated; anterior somewhat flattened, forming fairly steep anterior slope. Sulcus narrow and shallow, originating on umbonal region about 3 mm (by surface measure) anterior to beak; sulcus anteriorly forming slight emargination. Flanks moderately swollen and fairly steep-sided. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and widely separated, short dental plates. Median sep- tum low, moderately thick, extending to about midvalve, well in advance of anterior ends of dental plates. Brachial valve with long stout, slightly curved brachiophores, small sockets and thick, widely flaring, brachiophore supports. Cardinal process thick and triangular. Myophragm low. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 720e length brachial valve length width hinge width thick ness 150240a 11.0 10.2 12.2 6.7 8.0 150240b 10.2 9.4 10.9 5.8 7.4 150240c 10.3 10.0 11.9 6.7 8.6 150240d 11.4 10.7 12.0 6.4 8.6 150240e 9.6 9.4 10.6 6.2 6.8 150240f 9.6 9.2 10.7 7.0 7.5 150240g 150240h 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.0 10.1 9.5 6.0 5.5 6.6 6.3 150240i 7.8 7.4 8.7 4.2 6.2 150240J 150240k 6.9 5.6 6.4 5.3 7.4 5.9 5.3 3.8 5.0 4.3 150240-1 5.3 5.0 5.5 3.5 3.9 150240m 4.4 4.0 4.6 3.0 3.2 150240n 10.5 10.2 12.5 6.7 7.5 150240o 10.2 9.8 11.1 7.7 8.7 150240p 150240q 150240r 10.0 9.6 7.6 9.2 9.6 7.6 9.5 10.4 8.7 5.9 5.4 5.7 7.2 7.7 5.5 USNM 728e 150242a 12.0 11.3 12.7 7.0 8.0 150242b 9.3 9.2 10.4 6.1 7.1 (holotype) 150242c 7.1 6.7 8.0 5.5 4.8 150242d 6.8 6.4 7.4 4.0 5.1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation, Skinner Ranch Formation (Decie Ranch, Poplar Tank, and Sullivan Peak members), Hess Formation (Taylor Ranch Member), Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 591, 625, 631, 634, 697, 699. USNM 725c, 725s, 728e, 728f, 728h, 728t, 746. Decie Ranch: USNM 707a, 714t, 715v. Poplar Tank: 707h, 707ha. Sullivan Peak: 705o, 707b, 707c, 707d, 707g, 707-1, 708e, 714y, 727a, 722h, 722-1, 733j, 739g. Skinner Ranch (base): 705a, 707w, 71 lp, 712p, 714p, 720e, 720g. Skinner Ranch: AMNH 520. USNM 700y, 709v, 2622 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 709z, 717v, 723o, 724p, 724q, 726-1. Taylor Ranch: 702d, 702e, 702m, 713x, 716n, 716o, 726n. Skinner Ranch (top): 71 Or, 727f. Cibolo: 728-1, 738r, 739m. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, subquadrate and plump Aco- sarina with a sulcus on the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150242b. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150240a, n; 150242a, e-h; 153802. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150240a-r; 150242a, c, d. COMPARISON.—This species is smaller than the other two, but specimens from USNM 728e in the Bone Spring Formation approach or equal the size attained by A. rectimarginata, new species. It is distinguished from this species by its stronger and narrower fold. Its much smaller size and stronger fold distinguish A. dorsisulcata from A. mesoplatys (R. E. King). The adult of A. dorsi- sulcata is generally more convex than specimens of similar size of A. mesoplatys, but exceptions exist in some stunted or retarded individuals. Acosarina dunbari, new species PLATE 670: FIGURES 1-8 Rhipidomella carbonaria Dunbar and Condra [not Swallow], 1932:52, pl. 2: figs. 4a-c. Small, wider than long, roundly elliptical in outline; valves subequal in depth. Hinge narrow, equal to about half valve width; sides rounded, anterior margin broadly rounded. Growth plaits strong. Anterior commissure rectimarginate to faintly sulcate. Surface costellate, costellae broadly rounded, numbering 3 per mm at anterior margin. Swollen costellae few and scattered. Pedicle valve with beak extending posterior to brachial valve umbo; lateral profile gently and unevenly convex, maximum convexity in posterior half, anterior half flattened; anterior profile broadly convex. Umbonal region narrowly swol- len; posterior half moderately swollen. Brachial valve more strongly convex in lateral profile than pedicle valve, anterior flattened to form steep slope; anterior profile fairly strongly domed. Sulcus best defined at midvalve, narrow and shallow, extending to anterior margin. Flanks moderately swollen. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Holotype USNM 150247a: pedicle valve length 10.4, brachial valve length 10.1, maximum width 12.2, hinge width 5.1, thickness 6.2, pedicle valve length/width ratio 0.85. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Wolfcampian (Hughes Creek Shale Member of Foraker Limestone). LOCALITY.—USNM 767. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, elliptical Acosarina with fairly strong costellae and strong, numerous growth lamellae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150247a. Unfigured paratype: USNM 150247b. COMPARISON.—This is a rectimarginate form that may be compared with A. rectimarginata, new species. It differs from it in having less deep valves, shorter interarea, stronger costellae, a rounder out- line, and numerous, strong lamellae of growth which are unusual on the Glass Mountains species. DISCUSSION.—This species was taken for Rhipi- domella, but its beaks, interareas and profiles are unlike that genus. This is evidently a rare species in the Hughes Creek Shale. Acosarina mesoplatys (R. E. King) PLATE 672: FICURES 1-16, 22-76; PLATE 673: FIGURES 7-35 Rhipidomella mesoplatys R. E. King, 1931:44, pl. 1: figs. 10, ?11. Rhipidomella leonardensis R. E. King, 1931:43, pl. 1: figs. 5-7. Rhipidomella transversa R. E. King, 1931:44, pl. 1: fig. 12 [not fig. 13]. Large for genus, subquadrate to subcircular in outline, length slightly less than width; valves about same depth but brachial valve more convex; sides rounded; maximum width at midvalve; ante- rior margin slightly rounded to truncated. Ante- rior commissure varying from nearly rectimar- ginate to broadly sulcate. Hinge width slightly greater than half midwidth. Costellae variable in size, 3 to 5 per mm; tubular costellae numerous, scattered over entire surface. Pedicle valve slightly convex in lateral profile, greatest curvature just anterior to umbo; anterior profile broadly and gently convex; beak small, sub- erect, protruding slightly posterior to dorsal umbo. Umbonal region slightly swollen; median and anterior parts gently swollen, median region from NUMBER 24 2623 13.0? 14.4? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Road Canyon Formation, Cibolo Formation, Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700-1, 714v, 714w, 7l4wa, 717e. Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500, 500G, 500H, 500J, 500Q, 501; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702ent, 702-low, 702un, 703b, 703bs, 708, 71 lq, 712o, 721u, 726o, 726u, 726x, 726y, 731b, 733m, 735b. Road Canyon: AMNH 503, 507; USNM 702c, 703, 703a, 703a1, 703c, 703d, 706f, 707e, 709c, 710u, 716x, 719x, 720d, 721j, 721o, 721r, 721s, 721t, 721w, 721x, 721y, 721z, 722e, 722f, 722g, 722v, 723a, 724a, 724b, 724c, 724d, 724j, 726d, 726e, 726f, 726z, 726za, 732j, 737q. Cibolo: AMNH 703; USNM 725v, 738-1. Bone Spring: AMNH 492, 658; USNM 728g. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, deep, and plump Acosarina with a broad sulcus in the brachial valve. COMPARISONS.—This is the largest species re- ferred to Acosarina in the Glass Mountains. Be- cause of its strong sulcus on the brachial valve and umbo to anterior margin slightly more swollen than flanks, forming obscure fold. Interarea long and curved. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, with anterior third somewhat flattened; ante- rior profile strongly domed, lateral slopes long, steep. Umbonal and postmedian regions inflated; anterior half forming long steep slope. Sulcus originating about 6 mm anterior to beak, shallow and narrow but widening anteriorly, remaining shallow throughout. Flanks narrowly swollen. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth having deep fossettes; dental plates erect, short, flaring anteriorly; median septum low rising to crest at distal end and extending about to midvalve, well anterior to anterior ends of dental plates. Brachial valve interior with widely flaring brachiophore supports and laterally flattened, tusklike brachiophores. Myophragm small and inconspicuous. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial thick- ness 11.4 10.8 8.8 9.9 8.9 7.9 7.4 6.6 6.3 4.7 4.7 3.7 2.8 8.6 8.8 7.1 7.7 6.8 9.2 7.8 10.4 9.6 8.4 8.3 9.0 6.4 6.1 6.4 hinge width 8.5 9.1 8.5 8.5 8.6 7.0 5.4 6.7 7.3 4.2 5.2 3.8 3.0 8.2 7.5 7.0 7.9 5.7 7.3 6.4 7.5 6.5 7.3 7.3 7.5 6.7 4.8 5.6 valve length length width 16.7 16.6 13.5 13.5 13.2 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.6 7.3 6.9 5.7 4.7 12.6 12.9 11.6 11.4 10.1 13.5 12.2 14.5 13.3 13.8 11.9 13.0 9.7 8.6 8.7 16.1 15.9 13.3 13.2 13.0 11.9 11.1 9.8 9.5 7.3 6.9 5.5 4.7 12.4 12.5 11.4 11.2 9.9 13.3 12.0 14.3 13.2 12.4 11.7 12.5 9.3 8.5 8,5 16.9 18.1 15.9 15.8 14.7 13.3 11.6 11.7 11.0 8.3 7.7 6.2 5.5 14.2 13.4 13.3 13.0 10.7 14.1 13.2 15.8 14.5 14.6 13.5 14.1 11.2 9.3 9.1 USNM 702c 150255a 150255b 150255c 150255d 150255e 150255f 150255g 150255h 150255i 150255J 150255k 150255-1 150255m 150255n 150255o 150255p 150255q 150255r 150255s 150255t USNM 703a 150264a 150264b 150264c 150264d 150264e 150264f 150264g 150264h 150264i 150264J 150264k USNM 721x 150300 USNM 702b 150253a 150253b USNM 702 150249c USNM 703d 150269a USNM 702a 150251 USNM 722g 150305 USNM 709c 150278 R. E. King 123 YPM 12680a (lectotype) USNM 710u 150282 USNM 707e 150273a 150273b 150273c 150273d 150273e brachial valve length length width 6.5 6.3 8.0 6.6 6.5 7.4 15.0 15.2 16.3 12.9 12.0 11.0 12.0 13.5 10.5 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.7 8.7 10.2 11.2 8.5 11.3 11.1 11.7 10.8 9.2 10.4 11.4 8.7 11.4 11.6 13.0? 11.4 11.5 10.8 10.1 11.2 11.1 13.0 12.8 11.7 10.8 12.5 12.2 11.5 11.6 11.2 10.2 11.3 11.4 hinge thick- width ness 4.6 4.2 4.5 8.8 6.2 6.0 6.8 5.7 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.6 7.8 6.0 6.5 4.7 5.1 6.5 5.6 4.7 12.2 7.8 7.9 6.4 6.8 7.8 6.3 8.1 8.7 9.6 8.5 7.5 7.8 8.1 7.5 8.5 2624 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY the consequent ventrad wave in the anterior com- missure it is entirely unlike A. rectimarginata, new species, of the Wolfcampian. The resemblance to A. dorsisulcata Cooper and Grant is much greater, but these two species differ in size, A. mesoplatys being larger. The sulcus of A. mesoplatys is broader and shallower than that of A. dorsisulcata. The valves of A. dorsisulcata are deeper than those of A. mesoplatys of the same size, thus the smaller A. dorsisulcata develops a rounded and fuller form than that of A. mesoplatys. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12680a. Figured para- types: T10551; YPM 12680b; 12650 (type of Rhipidomella transversa R. E. King); 12647a, b; T10498. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150264k; 150269a; 153798a-c; 153799; 153800a-n; 15380la-c; 153803a, b; 153804; 153805. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150255a-t; 150264a-k; 150249c; 150251; 150253a, b; 150269a; 150273a-e; 150278; 150282; 150300; 150305. DISCUSSION.—R. E. King (1931:43, 44) described 3 species of Rhipidomella (R. leonardensis, R. mesoplatys, and R. transversa) from what now is called the Cathedral Mountain Formation. The holotype or cotypes of each species come from the same King locality 123. Examination of these shows them all to belong to the genus Acosarina. Their details also indicate that they all belong to the same species. The type specimens are frag- mentary and not one is ideal on which to base a species. Rhipidomella mesoplatys is perhaps the best preserved of the lot because it shows a fair amount of the exterior of both valves, the sulcus of the brachial valve, and all the important char- acters of the interior. It is therefore selected as the species to represent this trio. The types of R. leo- nardensis are a partial brachial valve of a small specimen and the other cotype is a small fragment of a pedicle valve. The brachial valve reveals the sulcus, and the pedicle valve shows the elongated, low median septum and short dental plates. Rhipi- domella transversa is a crushed but complete indi- vidual, its transverse character having largely been produced by the crushing. As here interpreted, A. mesoplatys is very abundant in the Cathedral Mountain and Road Canyon formations. The type of R. mesoplatys most closely resembles specimens from the Road Canyon Formation although it is said to have been found at least 500 feet below it. Naturally a species with the long stratigraphic range of this one is variable, but in spite of the variability it seems fairly homogeneous. As here interpreted A. mesoplatys has a fairly long stratigraphic range from the upper part of the Hess Formation (Taylor Ranch Member) through the Road Canyon Formation. Many speci- mens from the lower level are small and the lots meager, making some assignments doubtful. A lot from USNM 714v, however, is composed of very robust forms, some of which appear to be some- what rounder than usual. Possible revision of the forms at this level will have to await more ex- tensive collecting from strata in which this is gen- erally a rare species. Specimens from the Institella zone of the lower Cathedral Mountain Formation and to the Road Canyon Formation seem to offer fewer difficulties in identification. A common distortion of the ante- rior of this species appears at USNM 702c. This consists of short, linear, parallel, or oblique inden- tations along the margin (see Plate 672: figures 70-73) probably produced at the margin by bur- rowing parasites. In one specimen these subparallel scars were left near midvalve after the margin had been healed. Acosarina rectimarginata, new species PLATE 674: FIGURES 1-46 Medium size for genus, wider than long, maxi- mum width at midvalve; outline varying from subquadrate to broadly elliptical; sides rounded; anterior margin truncated. Valves about equal depth. Anterior commissure rectimarginate at all ages, rarely with slight wave. Hinge wider than half width. Costellae unequal in size, 4 or 5 per mm at anterior, some usually swollen and hollow. Pedicle valve moderately but unevenly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity in posterior half; anterior profile fairly strongly convex, slopes long, moderately steep. Umbonal and postero- median regions moderately inflated; anterior half gently convex. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, slightly more convex than pedicle valve and flattened somewhat anteriorly; anterior profile similar to that of pedicle valve. Umbonal region narrowly swollen; median region moderately in- flated. Sulcus not well developed, usually confined NUMBER 24 2625 to midvalve and disappearing anteriorly, not af- fecting anterior margin. Flanks moderately swollen. Pedicle valve interior with short and flaring dental plates; median septum low, with low, rounded distal extremity. Brachial valve interior with long flattened brachiophores, wide, short, flaring supporting plates, and small cardinal process. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 701k 150225a 13.2 12.4 13.9 8.6 9.4 150225b 12.2 11.7 13.2 8.2 9.0 150225c 11.1 10.6 12.7 8.0 7.8 150225d 10.4 9.8 11.9 6.7 7.2 150225e 9.7 9.3 11.0 6.2 7.0 150225f 13.1 12.2 13.5 7.0 8.8 150225g 7.8 7.7 9.4 5.5 5.6 150225h 7.2 6.9 7.8 5.0 5.0 150225i 6.0 6.0 6.9 4.1 4.0 150225J 4.9 4.8 5.9 3.5 3.5 150225k 4.8 4.8 5.6 3.9 3.2 150225-1 3.2 3.1 3.9 2.1 2.8 150225m 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.0 2.0 150225n 2.4 2.2 2.6 1.7 1.9 150225o 10.0 9.4 11.2 6.4 6.7 150225p 10.0 9.7 11.3 6.6 6.8 150225q 11.3 10.5 11.9 7.1 7.4 150225r 9.9 9.7 11.3 7.8 7.3 150225s 9.6 8.9 11.3 6.7 6.3 150225t 9.2 8.6 10.5 6.8 6.1 150225u 10.5 10.0 10.4 5.6 8.0 150225v 11.6 11.3 13.5 8.0 7.8 150225w 11.0 10.6 12.8 6.8 7.3 150225x 10.4 9.8 12.4 7.2 6.7 USNM 712w 150228a 12.4 11.8 13.9 7.1 7.8 150228b 10.7 10.0 11.7 6.9 7.4 150228c 10.3 10.0 11.5 7.0 7.3 150228d 9.3 8.7 9.6 6.0 6.5 150228e 8.5 8.5 10.2 6.4 5.5 150228f 7.7 7.3 9.1 ? 4.8 USNM 701d 150222a 11.2 11.3 12.9 6.3 7.8 150222b 11.1 10.5 12.4 6.6 7.3 150222c 11.0 9.7 12.4 6.2 7.4 150222d 8.7 8.2 10.7 7.0 5.7 150222e 8.4 8.3 9.6 5.8 5.4 150222f 8.4 8.3 9.8 5.5 5.6 150222g 8.5 8.2 9.3 6.0 5.7 USNM 701k 1537941 11.8 10.8 13.3 8.2 8.1 (holotype) 153794J 12.1 11.3 13.3 8.2 8.3 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation (beds 4-14 of P. B. King). LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701c, 701d, 701h, 701k, 712w. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Acosarina with rectimarginate anterior commissure. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 1537941. Figured paratypes: USNM 153794a-n, p, q; 153795b; 153796a, b; 153797a, b. Measured paratypes: USNM 150225a-x, 150222a-g, 150228a-f, 153794J. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153794e, o; 153795a. COMPARISON.—This species is readily dis- tinguished from those higher in the stratigraphic sequence by its rectimarginate anterior commis- sure. It also differs from A. mesoplatys (R. E. King) and A. dorsisulcata Cooper and Grant in having a lesser development of the median sulcus on the brachial valve. This seldom meets the an- terior commissure, which usually is straight. Aco- sarina rectimarginata seldom attains the large size reached by A. mesoplatys, (R. E. King) but often is larger than A. dorsisulcata. The latter is a more rotund and solid form than the Neal Ranch species. DISCUSSION.—This species occurs in great abun- dance in the biohermal beds in the middle part of the Neal Ranch Formation. Its brachial valve is characterized by unusually long, flat-sided brachi- ophores with well-developed denticles which are not, however, as large as those on A. mesoplatys. The distal ends of the brachiophores are serrated as in Rhipidomella. The dental plates of the Wolfcampian species are short and the median septum low and inconspicuous. In these respects this species contrasts strongly with the contempor- aneous Orthotichia kozlowskii. Acosarina unidentified Specimens of Acosarina not identifiable with the above species were taken from the Uddenites- bearing Shale Member of the Gaptank Formation at USNM 701p and 701v; a fine specimen with sulcate commissure was taken from the Lenox Hills Formation at USNM 716r, and others from USNM 724x. The Hueco Formation produced specimens of Acosarina at USNM 725a and 728d. 2626 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Family ENTELETIDAE Waagen, 1884 Globular or strongly biconvex Enteletacea, usu- ally strongly plicated anteriorly or atavistically smooth. Pedicle valve with strong high thin me- dian septum, which is variously modified by a cella or camera intergrown with the dental plates. Two genera, Enteletes Fischer de Waldheim (1825) and Parenteletes King (1931) occur in West Texas. Both are inherited from the Pennsyl- vanian, but the former has the longer range. Enteletes extends to the Willis Ranch Member of the Word Formation, but is not seen in West Texas in younger rocks. Parenteletes in West Texas occurs in the Gaptank Formation, ranges through the Lenox Hills Formation, and occurs in the Poplar Tank Member of the Skinner Ranch Formation. The plates of the ventral valve of Enteletes are variable. In specimens of some species, such as E. wordensis King the dental plates may unite with the base of the median septum, thus simulating Enteletella Licharew, which has a true spondylium. This feature is never constant in West Texas, and does not have the stability or persistence needed for a generic character. Genus Enteletes Fischer de Waldheim, 1825 Enteletes Fischer de Waldheim, 1825:6; 1830, pl. 6.—Waagen, 1884:550—Hall and Clarke, 1892:214; 1894:272.—Girty, 1909:290.—Schuchert and Cooper, 1932:146.—Dunbar and Condra, 1932:59.—Sarycheva, 1960:194.—Williams et al., 1965:H329. Shell biconvex, all except juveniles anteriorly plicate, completely capillate with sulcus on ped- icle valve and fold on brachial valve, open del- thyrium and notothyrium; triangular interareas on both valves. Interior of pedicle valve with strong dental plates and thin high median septum. Brachial valve interior with long, stout, scimitar- shaped brachiophores, strong flaring brachiophore supporting plates, and thick one- or two-lobed cardinal process. TYPE-SPECIES.—Enteletes glabra Fischer de Wald- heim (1830:193, pl. 26: figs. 6-7). The name Enteletes was first proposed by Fischer de Waldheim in 1825 but was not illus- trated, and no species were assigned to it until 1830, when he (p. 193) listed E. glabra in the de- scription of Plate 26, without describing or char- acterizing the species. This being the earliest mention of a species of Enteletes, it makes E. glabra Fischer de Waldheim (1830) the type species. Fischer (1825, pl. 1: figs. 10-11) illustrated a specimen that is easily recognizable as belonging to a species of Enteletes, but he called it "Chor- istites" lamarcki. The same plate was published again in 1830 as Plate 24, and the same plate de- scription was used, calling this specimen "C." lamarcki, despite Fischer's recognition that Ente- letes was a genus separate from his "Choristites." Some authors have considered "C." lamarcki to be the type species for Enteletes, but this species was not assigned to Enteletes until after mention by Fischer in 1830 of Enteletes glabra, which there- fore takes precedence as the type species. COMPARISON.—Juvenile shells of species of Enteletes up to about 5 or 6 mm long are similar externally to specimens of Schizophoria W. King or Orthotichia Hall and Clarke. Small specimens of species of Enteletes are distinguishable by their slightly lower pedicle interareas, and normally weaker costellation. Internally, the high median septum in the pedicle valve distinguishes a speci- men of Enteletes of any size from one of Schizo- phoria or Orthotichia. Adults of species of Ente- letes have anterior plications that distinguish them from specimens of these two closely related genera. Enteletes is uniplicate ("ventrisinuate" of Waagen, 1884:553). This feature distinguishes it from Parenteletes R. E. King (1931:48), and Enteletina Schuchert and Cooper (1932:247) which are sulcate ("dorsisinuate" of Waagen). Dental plates in most species of Enteletes are sub- parallel or slightly convergent anteriorly. In at least one (E. wordensis R. E. King) the dental plates converge and join at their anterior extrem- ities in some large individuals, although they re- main slightly separated through most of their course along the floor of the valve. These indi- viduals constitute the closest approach of Enteletes to the condition of the dental plates of Enteletella, in which they join the median septum to form a spondylium. DISCUSSION.—The anatomy of Enteletes is well known but the wealth of specimens showing de- tails of the interior make a few remarks on some of these features appropriate. Inside the pedicle NUMBER 24 2627 valve the important characters are the dental plates and the median septum. Both of these are high, generally flat, thin plates that usually form parallel traces on the exfoliated shell or internal molds. Viewed from the inside, the line of junction of dental plates and median septum are generally parallel but the dental plates may be bowed or inclined toward each other in a ventral direction. Some specimens of E. wordensis and plummeri R. E. King have the dental plates and septum in contact, and yet more rarely the dental plates may attach to the median septum at or just above the valve floor. In the latter case the plates simulate those of the genus Enteletella. The assignment of E. plummeri by Branson (1948:356) to Enteletella, is incorrect, however, because the majority of specimens have the plates and septa closely paral- lel but separate. Inside the brachial valve the brachiophores are usually scimitar-like and have the form of a boar's tusk at their free end. The brachiophore of the young Enteletes is generally laterally compressed, but with age it becomes thicker and a ridge is de- veloped on the anterior edge and another on the inside. The latter grows medially to form a concave shelf on each side of the brachiophore. In ex- treme cases the shelves growing toward each other may nearly unite to form a narrowly divided plat- form. This is well shown in several species, notably in E. wordensis R. E. King. These concave shelves suggest attachment of muscles, possibly pedicle muscles. Extravagant development of the brachio- phores tends to elongate the sockets, which then become somewhat tubular. The cardinal process also is extravagantly de- veloped in some species. In young specimens it is a simple ridge or septum with roughened edge and sides serving as a myophore. At its base a callosity can be seen on each side. With growth the myo- phore becomes lobate and expands enormously, occupying the entire notothyrial cavity in some specimens and becoming welded to its sides. In these examples of bizarre development the myo- phore is greatly widened and occupies the poste- rior surface of the entire expansion. The brachial valve of many species of Enteletes is devoid of any median ridge or myophragm. Some species have a threadlike ridge along the valve floor and others have a readily visible and well marked ridge. Enteletes wolfcampensis is unique in having a high and characteristic sep- tum, a flat blade rising into the delthyrial cavity. Range of individual variation is very great within species of Enteletes. Therefore, the genus is difficult to understand, and consistent criteria for distinguishing species are hard to establish. The task is formidable even when large collections of well-preserved and accurately located specimens are available (G. G. Gemmellaro, 1899:146). With small collections of poor specimens, only misunderstanding can result (e. g., Girty, 1909: 290-300). Juvenile shells of any species of Enteletes are very different from adults. Juveniles are unplicated, and most are nearly equivalved, so most criteria that are useful in distinguishing adults of one species from those of another are absent from small shells. A few species are distinguished throughout life by possession of certain details of ornamentation that are independent of adult gross form or plication. Juveniles of these species can be identified morphologically, but small shells of most species must be assigned by their associa- tion with identifiable mature specimens. Pattern of growth is important in distinguishing species of Enteletes. Study of this feature requires large collections of specimens throughout the size range of the species. Therefore, it cannot be used effectively to identify single specimens or dis- articulated valves. Other significant morphological features are quality or inequality in size of valves, depth or width of sulcus, or height and width of fold, trans- verse or elliptical outline of the pedicle valve, roundness or sharpness of plications, flexure or uniform convexity of either valve, presence and abundance of slightly larger than normal capillae that terminate anteriorly in small tubules (as in Orthotichia), distance from umbones of initial vestige of plication, size of plications, and presence of a median ridge or septum in the brachial valve. Among features that are not significant for dis- tinction of species the most obvious (and fre- quently attempted to be used) is the number of plications. This may vary greatly within a species, and some individuals have a different number on each side of the fold. Certain species have a ten- dency for more frequent asymmetry in number of plications, but the actual number is unimportant. Except for the brachial valve median ridge no in- 2628 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY ternal feature has been found to be sufficiently consistent to be useful in the discrimination of species. Internal features vary widely among indi- viduals, but consistent patterns of variation are functions of growth rather than specific differences. A variation that occurs in many species of Enteletes is the great increase in the thickness dimension of the shell, which takes place in late youth or adulthood. This generally consists of rapid growth chiefly at the anterior and sides after a sudden geniculation. Forward growth which would lengthen the shell is arrested and the incre- ments of addition tend to increase thickness at the expense of length. In E. rotundobesus, new species, this takes place in many specimens and is a char- acteristic of the species. In E. wolfcampensis R. E. King, on the other hand, it is rare and may take place before the specimen has attained a really adult dimension. In this species the type specimen is a small form that attained adult proportions by thickening at an early stage to produce a thick shell diminished in length and width. Were it not for the fact that several other specimens in the large suite from USNM 701k had also varied in the same manner, it would not have been possible to place the large normal forms in association with the abnormal holotype. Excepting only Enteletes dumblei Girty we have recognized all of the species of Enteletes that R. E. King (1931:45-48) described from the Glass Moun- tains. Considerable revision of the concepts of these species has been necessitated by informa- tion provided by our large collections. King's holo- types fit into the various species as revised, al- though some of his illustrated paratypes have been reassigned. Several Glass Mountains species of Enteletes are similar to species from the Sosio Limestone in Sicily that were described and illustrated by Gem- mellaro (1899). Diener (1903:28-30) and R. E. King (1931:47) suggested that Gemmellaro's species are too narrowly restricted, and that they may be members of a single variable species. In view of the variety of species in the Glass Moun- tains that are similar to Gemmellaro's, and con- sidering the rather large collection of good material that he had to deal with, we consider it unlikely that his species are variations within a single broad species. We have studied topotype material from his localities, and have been able to compare his species with our material. His specimens exhibit fully as much variety as ours, and analogous forms from the Sosio beds would fall well within the limits of several of our species types if gross form alone were regarded. It is not possible to equate our species with his, however, because radically different types of preservation have maintained different details of ornamentation in the two groups. Moreover, there is a high degree of ende- mism, with the two areas representing rapid local evolution of species. Enteletes angulatus Girty PLATE 676: FIGURES 31-33 Enteletes angulatus Girty, 1909:295, pl. 26: figs. 3, a.—Bran- son, 1948:357. This species is represented only by the holotype (USNM 118553), a poorly preserved pedicle valve with broken beak and side, with the anterior mar- gin poorly exposed. It is characterized by the strong angularity of the broad, strong plications. The sulcus is strongly angular and not strongly differentiated. The length is 24.5 mm and the max- imum width is 29.6 mm. The hinge is 13.8 mm wide and the interarea is unusually long. The stratigraphic level for this species is said to be Hueco Limestone but it is unlike any Hueco species in the collection and the preservation is like the coarse, angular-ribbed Enteletes from the Bone Spring Formation. Specimens like this one have been seen as variants in large series. Others like it have been taken from parts of the Bone Spring but the specimens are scattered and not enough of them are known to characterize a species. A few specimens looking like it, variants of well-characterized species in the Glass Moun- tains, have been found, but they can definitely be linked to local species. Enteletes angulatus thus is another of the Sierra Diablo species about which much doubt will exist until large series of well authenticated topotypes have been found. We do not agree with R. E. King that this is a variant of E. dumblei because we have been unable to ascertain satisfactorily the true character of that species. Branson (1948:357) notes that this species is a homonym of E. angulata Geinitz, 1866. HORIZON AND LOCALITY.—Delaware Mountain Formation, USGS 3764 (green). NUMBER 24 2629 Enteletes bowsheri, new species PLATE 693: FICURES 27-36 Large for genus, roundly elliptical in outline, valves strongly unequal in depth, pedicle valve shallower. Shell thin, sides strongly rounded; ante- rior margin broadly rounded. Maximum width at midvalve. Posterior half without plications, ante- rior half with 4 plications on each side of fold and sulcus. Capillae fine and closely crowded, 3 or 4 per mm near front of holotype. Swollen capillae numerous, elongated, and scattered over surface. Pedicle valve with anterior third curved in dor- sal direction but posterior two-thirds of profile flatly convex; anterior profile broadly and gently convex. Beak small, incurved over delthyrial apex, broadly swollen; median region gently convex. Sulcus broad, moderately deep, subangular ante- riorly but rounded posteriorly, originating 12 to 15 mm anterior to beak. Lateral plications short, subangular but crests narrowly rounded. Flanks moderately swollen, short. Interarea short, form- ing broad, low triangle. Brachial valve almost semicircular in lateral profile, strongly domed in anterior profile, and with steep sides. Umbonal and median regions strongly swollen. Sulcus originating near mid- valve, broad and low, slightly elevated; lateral pli- cations narrow, subangular, with broad spaces between fold and two largest lateral plications. Anterior angularly emarginate. Interiors not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness Bowsher 3361 150074a 28.8 30.5 37.9 17.8 27.6 (holotype) 150074b 24.2 25.0 31.0 14.7 18.9 150074c 24.6 25.2 31.0 14.2 19.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bursum Forma- tion. LOCALITY.—Bowsher 3361. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Enteletes with broad, short, low fold, and the anterior half plicated. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150074a. Figured and measured paratype: USNM 150074b. Unfigured and measured paratype: USNM 150074c. COMPARISON.—This is a large species character- ized by its subdued fold and lateral plications. It is very robust and needs, therefore, to be compared with larger species. It resembles E. andii (d'Or- bigny) but differs in having a broader fold, nar- rower and more subdued plications, and a more robust brachial valve that is more elevated urn- bonally than the Andean species. Enteletes bowsheri is almost as large as E. sub- circularis, new species, but the two species are not likely to be confused because the Bursum species is only semiplicate, the sulcus is wider, the fold lower and wider, and the lateral plications on both valves are not so strong. DISCUSSION.—This is evidently not a common species and is very different from other Wolf- campian species in having a broad, subdued fold and a large size. The long swollen capillae are well shown in this species especially on the nonplicated posterior part. It is named in honor of its discoverer, Arthur Bowsher, who helped notably in the Glass Mountain studies in 1951. Enteletes costellatus, new species PLATE 686: FICURES 1-10 Medium size for genus, roundly elliptical in outline, length slightly less than width; sides nar- rowly rounded; anterior margin moderately rounded. Anterior commissure serrate. Beak pointed; interarea long, strongly apsacline to cata- cline. Surface capillate and costate, capillae num- bering 3 to 4 per mm, and with scattered swollen, hollow ones; costae not reaching beaks, two dis- tinct costae and a short third costa on each side of fold and sulcus in anterior two-thirds. Pedicle valve gently rounded to medially some- what flattened in lateral view; anterior profile low, moderately rounded to somewhat flattened dome. Sulcus originating just posterior to midvalve, nar- row and shallow, with rounded bottom; tongue short. Flanks moderately swollen, flattened on sides and with short steep slopes. Brachial valve strongly rounded in lateral pro- file, umbonal region more narrowly swollen and overhanging delthyrium. Anterior profile a broad, moderately steep dome. Fold originating just posterior to midvalve, low, rather narrow and slightly elevated above bounding costae. Flanks swollen and with steep slopes. 2630 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Pedicle valve interior with strong and fairly long, sloping dental plates; median septum mod- erately high, with steeply sloping anterior edge. Brachial valve interior with short brachiophores and widely flaring supporting plates. Cardinal process moderately thickened. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 499b 153277a 13.5 13.6 16.2 ? 8.8 153277b 19.3 18.8 22.0 11.5 15.8 153277c 19.6 19.1 24.0 ? 18.2 153277d 21.3 22.4 25.6 13.3 22.8 153277e 23.0 23.3 27.8 17.4 23.6 USNM 725a 153278a 23.5 23.8 26.5 13.9? 20.2 153278b 26.4 25.3 32.3 17.9 24.0? USNM 725z 153814a 21.3 21.3 25.4 13.4 22.9 (holotype) 153814b 22.8 22.8 28.2 14.0 25.4 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hueco Formation. LOCALITIES.—Hueco: USNM 725a, 725z ( = 499b). DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-size Enteletes with few, low costae that originate just posterior to midvalve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153814a. Figured paratype: USNM 153814b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153277a-e; 153278a, b; 153814b. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153277a-e; 153278a, b. COMPARISON.—This species suggests E. dumblei Girty, and usually is identified with that species. It differs from the type specimen of E. dumblei, the only authentic specimen of the species avail- able, in having broader and more subdued costae, beaks of both valves smooth farther anteriorly than on E. dumblei, in having a longer interarea, and a less strongly incurved pedicle beak. Small specimens of E. bowsheri, new species, are like E. costellatus but the sulcus of that species is wider and shallower, and the interarea much shorter, so that the beaks of both valves are closely approximate. Because they have stronger costae that begin nearer the beak, E. leonardensis and plummeri R. E. King are quite unlike E. costellatus. Medium size specimens of E. rotundobesus, new species, suggest the Hueco form, but with growth they become much thicker. Enteletes stehlii, new species, is about the same size and form, but the costae be- gin farther posteriorly, the fold and sulcus are larger and stronger, and the costae are much stronger. One might expect E. wolfcampensis R. E. King to be similar, but it is a smaller, rounder species with stronger costae. Furthermore it has a tendency in its adult condition to exaggerate its thickness like E. rotundobesus and E. leonardensis, a tendency not shown by any specimens of the Hueco species. Enteletes densus, new species PLATE 675; FIGURES 1-21 Medium to large for genus, variable, width slightly greater than length but thickness usually greater than length or width in adults; sub- circular in dorsal or ventral view but usually widely elliptical in lateral view. Sides rounded; anterior commissure strongly serrate. Plications few, broadly angular, usually three on pedicle valve with occasional fourth costa in large speci- mens, same on the brachial valve, depending on size. Capillae about 4 per mm. Pedicle valve gently convex in young but almost hemispherical in old adults in lateral profile; ante- rior profile narrowly domed in adults. Sulcus originating from 5 to 10 mm anterior to beak, moderately deep and subangular, and producing moderately long, angular tongue. Flanks gently in- flated and with steep slopes. Brachial valve in lateral profile strongly convex and somewhat humped, greatest convexity in region just anterior to umbo; anterior profile highly and narrowly domed, with long taper in thick specimens; fold low, broadly angular poste- riorly; flanks slightly swollen and steep. Pedicle valve interior with high median septum having steep to nearly straight anterior slope; dental plates nearly vertical, terminating posterior to anterior end of median septum. Brachial valve with moderately flaring supporting plates and short brachiophores. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 706f, 724c, 724d. DIAGNOSIS.—Greatly thickened, sparsely plicated Enteletes with angular plications. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 152889n. Figured NUMBER 24 2631 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 724d 152889a 2.6 2.8 3.0 1.5 1.9 152889b 5.0 4.6 5.5 3.7 3.4 152889c 6.1 6.1 6.4 4.5 4.0 152889d 7.1 6.9 7.1 4.3 5.2 152889e 8.5 8.7 9.0 5.0 6.4 152889f 9.5 9.6 10.0 5.0 7.0 152889g 12.3 12.4 13.0 6.0 10.3 152889h 13.4 13.1 14.0 8.0 10.0 152889i 13.9 14.4 15.0 6.9 12.6 152889J 17.8 17.9 18.6 12.0 20.3 152889k 17.5 18.5 19.6 12.2 21.4 152889-1 21.2 21.0 20.0 13.0 24.9 152889m 21.5 21.5 22.5 14.0 26.0 152889n 22.1 23.7 27.3 ? 25.8 (holotype) 152889o 24.5 25.6 28.2 ? 20.5 152889p 22.8 23.0 24.5 ? 29.1 152889q 25.3 24.4 30.2 16.4 28.2 paratypes: USNM 152889i, k, m; 152984. Measured paratypes: USNM 152889a-m, o-q. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 152889a-h, j, 1, o-q. COMPARISON.—Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this species is its tendency to unusual thickness. In this respect it is like E. leonardensis R. E. King, E. rotundobesus, new species, and E. wolfcampensis and wordensis R. E. King. It dif- fers from the first in not being so wide or with the squat pedicle valve so characteristic of E. leonardensis. Its plications are broader and its sul- cus is narrower than the Cathedral Mountain species. Enteletes rotundobesus produces thick forms but in that species the plication starts nearer the beak and it has a deeper, more angular sulcus than the Decie Ranch form. Furthermore the umbonal regions of E. densus are much narrower than those of E. rotundobesus. Enteletes wolf- campensis is much smaller and very round in pos- terior view. It is not narrowed umbonally, but the umbo of the pedicle valve is flattened in lateral profile. Enteletes wordensis is an enormous species, far larger than any specimens of E. densus; it is costate nearer the beaks and has a fuller brachial valve than E. densus which is somewhat flattened anteriorly. DISCUSSION.—This species occurs with Coscino- phora and is often heavily coated, probably by algae, although the structure of the material has not been definitely determined. Specimens of all sizes occur in the supposed algal material. This taken with the fact that the vast majority of speci- mens have both valves in contact, suggests that the collection is in its original place of growth. The largest specimen is a badly damaged one 39 mm thick. Another specimen (USNM 152984) is unusual because of a strong median plication in the sulcus and a correspondingly narrow groove on the fold of the opposite valve. The bounding pli- cations are strong and angular. Enteletes dumblei Girty PLATE 668: FIGURES 52-54 Enteletes dumblei Girty, 1909:295, pl. 26: figs. 4a, b. This species has been widely identified at various levels in the Sierra Diablo and Glass Mountains from Wolfcampian into Guadalupian. Comparison of most of the specimens so identified with the type specimen of the species makes it clear that E. dumblei does not have such a long range and is in fact a rare species. We have found only a few speci- mens from the Sierra Diablo that give a satisfac- tory comparison with the type specimen. Girty's type specimen (USNM 27993) is incom- plete; approximately the entire anterior half is missing. The width and thickness are almost identi- cal but the hinge is fairly wide, the pedicle valve interarea long and that of the brachial valve un- usually short. The dimensions (in mm) are: length 22.8, max- imum width 27.3, thickness 26.9, width of sulcus at 22.0, anterior to the beak 6.3, hinge width 16.3. Girty's figures (pl. 26: figs. 4a, b, 5) appear to be inaccurate, the anterior having been drawn too convex. In the majority of species of Enteletes the anterior is considerably flattened in the adult. Viewed from the side the valves appear to be unequal, the brachial valve being the larger and more rounded. The pedicle valve is moderately convex in lateral profile but has the posterior half flattened. The sulcus originates about 6 mm ante- rior to the beak, is angular but narrow. It is bounded on each side by four low, narrow, sub- angular plications with interspaces about equal in width to the width of the plications. A trace of a fifth plication appears on the flanks. The length of 2632 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY the catacline interarea is about a fifth of its width. The beak is small and strongly incurved. So much of importance of the brachial valve is missing that it is difficult to characterize it. The fold originates about 7 mm anterior to the beak and is low, narrow, and subangular. It is well sep- arated from the flanking plications. The lateral pli- cations are three with an incipient fourth. The umbonal region is narrow and has steep slopes. The interarea is apsacline and strongly curved. The fine ornament of this specimen offers some difficulties. It is accurately described by Girty as consisting of fine threadlike elevated lines sepa- rated by wide interspaces. This is the reverse of the usual ornament in this genus which consists of broad, flat capillae separated by threadlike grooves. It is possible that silicification has played tricks with the ornament. A specimen from the Hueco Canyon Formation in the Hueco Mountains ex- hibits both types of ornament but the elevated threads are clearly due to silicification of an ex- foliated surface. Add to the anatomical anomalies and deficien- cies of the type specimen the fact that its strati- graphic level and locality are unknown, a condi- tion is produced that makes it almost impossible to identify any Other specimens with it. The type specimen has the appearance of a shell from the Sierra Diablo but it is not possible to decide what formation of the Sierra Diablo produced it. Girty (1909:295) states that "information obtained after this paper was in type indicates that this species and the following [E. angulatus Girty] were ob- tained not from the Guadalupian but from the upper beds of the underlying Hueco Formation." We have not, however, been able to resolve this point. Comparison of the type of E. dumblei with Hueco specimens produces no satisfactory common specific characters. Specimens from the Bone Spring Formation seem closer, as Stehli thought, but we have seen none exactly like it. The specimen figured by Stehli (1954, pl. 17: figs. 13, 14, 17, 18) approximates the dimensions of the type specimen of E. dumblei except in thick- ness, which is less in Stehli's specimen and width which is greater. That the two are not the same is clearly shown by the fact that the plications of Stehli's specimens are wider, the sulcus is wider, the fold is much broader, and the shell has dis- tinct shoulders in contrast to Girty's type. Of comparable size to Girty's type is a specimen which comes from the Hueco Limestone, but it also proves to be different. The length and width are about the same but the thickness is consider- ably less. The width of the hinge is greater in the Hueco Mountains specimen, the fold and sulcus originate farther forward than in Girty's specimen, and all plications, the fold and interspaces, are wider than those of E. dumblei. We conclude from the above that E. dumblei is a rare species at the present time. Better under- standing of it will have to await extensive collect- ing in the Hueco and immediately superjacent rocks especially at the south end of the Sierra Diablo. Enteletes exiguus, new species PLATE 668: FIGURES 49-69 Small for genus, globular in outline and profile; greatest width at midvalve; sides strongly rounded; beaks subequal in height; hinge narrow, equal to about half shell width; fold and sulcus narrow; flanks marked by 4 or 5 subdued rounded costae. Pedicle valve fairly strongly convex in lateral profile, anterior profile fairly strongly domed and steep sided. Umbonal region smooth, occupying 7 or 8 mm from beak measured on surface; sulcus appearing abruptly on anterior side of smooth umbonal region, V-shaped, and extending onto short, sharply pointed tongue. Flanks swollen and rounded and with steep slopes. Brachial valve only slightly deeper than pedicle valve, having about same lateral profile as opposite valve; anterior pro- file strongly and narrowly domed, with steep sides and small median projection caused by fold. Umbonal region smooth; fold originating on anterior side of smooth umbonal region, low, sub- angular; flanks slightly depressed below fold, swollen and steep sided. Pedicle valve interior with slightly convergent dental plates; median septum high, crest angular and extending anterior to anterior ends of dental plates. Brachial valve interior with prominent brachiophores having shelflike inner plates and short, flaring supporting plates. Cardinal process small, slightly lobed anteriorly. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. NUMBER 24 2633 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 732j 153785a 12.2 12.8 14.0 6.5 12.8 (holotype) 153785b 12.4 12.3 13.2 6.5 12.8 153785c 8.5 8.6 9.3 4.5 6.5 153785f 14.3 14.7 16.3 7.0 14.5 153785g 7.3 7.0 8.2 4.0 5.7 LOCALITIES.—USNM 732i, 732j, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Enteletes with fine crowded costae and length and thickness about equal. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153785a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153785, b-e. Measured para- types: USNM 153785b, c, f, g. Unfigured para- types: USNM 153785f, g. COMPARISON.—This species is unique in the American Permian for its small size and the gen- erally crowded costate. In these respects it is unlike any of the Glass Mountains species or those from the Sierra Diablo. It is different from young of E. plummeri R. E. King which are more strongly and more distantly costate and have a wider fold. The same is true in comparing it with young specimens of E. wolfcampensis R. E. King. Several small Enteletes occur in the Sosio Limestone of Sicily, but the only one much like E. exiguus is E. meri- dionalis Gemmellaro. It, too, is more coarsly ribbed than the American species. Enteletes globosus Girty PLATE 117: FIGURES 5-8 E. globosus Girty 1909:294, pl. 30: figs. 1, la. This species is based on a single specimen (USNM 118551) which is so badly preserved that Girty apologized for naming it but he justified his act by his belief that it belonged to a rare and unusual division of the enteletids, the dorsisin- uati of Waagen. This group of Waagen's was later described by Schuchert and Cooper (1932:148) as the Enteletina. It is characterized by having an exterior like that of Parenteletes but the interior is just like that of Enteletes. Unfortunately, as we interpret Girty's specimen, the recognition of it as belonging to Waagen's dorsisinuati seems to be an error. The specimen retains only part of the brachial valve and a small portion of the pedicle valve, both crushed and coarsely silicified. The exterior ornament is grossly thickened and is unlike that of other enteletids. The beaks of both valves are partly preserved, the pedicle valve having the three closely crowded plates characteristic of Enteletes and Enteletina. The brachial valve shows traces of the brachiophore supporting plates. Correct generic assignment of the specimen de- pends on interpretation of the fold and sulcus, and on which valve the sulcus is located. The valve with the three crowded lamellae, den- tal plates, and median septum has a narrow furrow leading directly from the ends of the plates. The furrow is deep, its depth and narrowness having been emphasized by lateral distortion. Following this furrow anteriorly, it may be traced as a tongue into contact with the largest plication on the op- posite valve. This plication is the largest and pro- trudes above all the others, 3 of which are displayed on its left side and 1 on the opposite side. A line drawn posteriorly from the center of this plication bisects the beak under which the flaring brachiophore supports can be discerned. From these remarks it is evident that the grooved valve is the pedicle valve because it has the dental plates and median septum, and the one with the largest plication is the brachial valve. The case is, unfortunately, not this simple be- cause some ambiguity attends the interpretation of the valve with the large plication. As mentioned above, one plication appears on the right side of the large one but it is set off by a space much wider and deeper than that separating the large plication and its neighbor on the left. Furthermore, a long tongue extends anteriorly from this wide groove on the right side of the large plication. This is the groove that Girty interpreted as the sulcus of the brachial valve, which would make as- signment of the specimen to Enteletina necessary. The large groove or "'median sulcus" however is not in line with the beak of the brachial valve as the large plication is. Consequently we interpret the "median sulcus'' of Girty as merely a lateral groove. Why it is so much wider than the others can only be conjectured. It may be the result of distortion or the specimen may be a freak. In any event we interpret this as a standard Enteletes. The locality and stratigraphic level in the Glass 2634 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Mountains from which this specimen was taken are not known. The locality is said to be "Comanche Canyon." This locality is probably the canyon ex- tending northeast of the pasture gate or cattle guard a mile north of the Hess Ranch house. Other species from the "Delaware Mountain" For- mation, from this canyon, were described by Girty, Chonosteges magnicostatus, for example. These specimens suggest a level in the Cathedral Moun- tain Formation, probably the Institella zone, which is so well displayed near the Old Word Ranch in what may be "Comanche Canyon." If this be true Enteletes globosus may be the rem- nant of a thickened specimen of E. plummeri R. E. King or E. leonardensis R. E. King; it is impossible to say which. Enteletes leonardensis R. E. King PLATE 680: FIGURES 1-13; PLATE 683: FIGURES 1-48; PLATE 684: FIGURES 16-20 Enteletes leonardensis R. E. King, 1931:46, pl. 3: figs. 6, 11, 12 [not fig. 10 = E. plummeri]. Enteletes dumblei R. E. King [not Girty], 1931:45, pl. 2: figs. 7-8 [not figs. 4-6]. Biconvex, inequivalved in all but the largest individuals, with brachial valve larger and evenly convex; pedicle valve evenly convex or flat and anteriorly flexed. Outline transversely subellipti- cal; anterior profile flattened; outline of sides slightly protruding at commissure, or nearly straight. Plications rounded, fold and sulcus with- out much more relief than lateral plications; fold maintaining uniform height anteriorly. Both valves costellate, pedicle valve normally with abundant large hollow tubules. Growth lines present over surface, more abundant anteriorly. Hinge line slightly more than half maximum shell width; pedicle interarea high, concave, with wide, open delthyrium forming nearly equilateral tri- angle; brachial interarea shorter, but high for genus, strongly concave, with wide, open noto- thyrium, end of beak of large individuals bilobed, opening anterior to notothyrium occupied by cardinal process. Beaks of valves hook over apex of foramen. Pedicle valve interior widely transversely sub- elliptical in outline; teeth short, stout, continuous with palintrope, attached at each side of open delthyrium, supported by high, parallel or slightly convergent dental plates that form ridges on under- side of palintrope below hinge teeth, then descend steeply to valve floor, extending anteriorly about a third length of valve. Median septum high, begin- ning in delthyrial cavity below apex of beak, ex- tending with concave upper edge to crest above point of termination of dental plates, then descend- ing steeply with straight, concave or convex ante- rior edge to valve floor, meeting it between ante- rior edges of dental plates. Adductor marks visible on sides of median septum as smooth corrugations, parallel to its anterior edge. Plications smoothly rounded, with greater relief posterior to flexure of valve than anterior to it; plications of commissure sharp, with end of sulcus projecting anterior to those of lateral plications; internal surface evenly costellate; edge of commissure minutely serrate. Brachial valve interior deeply concave, widely transversely subelliptical in outline. Brachiophores strong, tusk-shaped, ventrally curved, anteriorly divergent, originating below palintropes on each side of open notothyrium; with strong platform- like ridge along medial edge of each brachiophore of larger individuals. Brachiophore supports strong, divergent, short, meeting sides of valve and extending short distance anteriorly. Cardinal proc- ess bladelike in younger individuals, bifid or with two lobes converging posteriorly into one lobe in larger shells; cardinal process occupying small, semicircular hole in apex of beak, above noto- thyrium. Median ridge low when present, begin- ning in notothyrial cavity, discontinuous with cardinal process, terminating anteriorly between ends of brachiophore supports. Plications (repre- senting sulci of exterior) low and gently rounded, interior surface costellate. Commissure sharply plicate, with deep angular notch at anterior ter- mination of fold; edge of commissure minutely serrate. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700x. Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500, 500C, 500F, 500G, 500H, 500L, 500M, 500N, 500X; USNM 702, 702ent, 702-low, 702un, 703b, 710b, 723s, 723u, 724s, 724t, 727o; YPM 128. Bone Spring: AMNH 492. DIAGNOSIS.—Multiplicate Enteletes with trans- versely elliptical pedicle valve in the adult and plications reaching to umbonal region. NUMBER 24 2635 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).- brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness 702ent 150101a 6.8 7.0 7.8 4.5 4.9 150101b 9.6 10.0 10.3 5.8 7.0 150101c 10.5 11.0 12.0 6.8 7.7 150101d 11.9 12.9 14.0 8.5 9.5 150101e 12.4 13.3 15.4 8.0 11.0 150101f 14.3 16.0 18.9 10.0 15.0 150101g 17.0 18.5 20.8 11.3 18.7 150101h 17.0 19.0 22.0 11.4 21.5 15010H 19.2 22.9 26.2 14.0 23.0 150101J 21.0 26.0 30.0 17.0 32.0 150101k 25.0 27.4 30.7 16.4 27.7 150101-1 27.8 31.3 36.0 22.9 37.0 TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12673. Figured para- types: YPM 12671, T11034. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150101c, f, h, i, k-y. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150101a-l. COMPARISON.—Among species from the Glass Mountains, Enteletes leonardensis most nearly re- sembles E. wordensis R. E. King, mainly in its high degree of convexity and its large maximum size. Enteletes leonardensis differs from this species by being inequivalved throughout most of its life (only the smallest and largest specimens are sub- equivalved), by possessing large and abundant tubules on the pedicle valve, and by having a gently or strongly flexed pedicle valve with much more transverse outline and plications that begin farther forward on the umbones, have less relief, and are blunter than those of E. wordensis. The anterior profile of E. leonardensis is nearly flat, in contrast to the more strongly convex profile of E. wordensis. Enteletes leonardensis is readily distinguishable from E. plummeri R. E. King by its less sharp pli- cations, less prominent fold, and by being inequi- valved within the size range of E. plummeri. The latter may have a few tubules near the anterior margin of the pedicle valve, but E. leonardensis normally has large tubules that are most abundant near the beak. Despite their similarity in possession of a flexed pedicle valve with open tubules, and relatively straight sides, E. leonardensis and E. wolfcampen- sis R. E. King are different. The flexed pedicle valve and straight sides are not constant features of E. leonardensis, and tubules on E. wolfcampen- sis are relatively few and small. E. leonardensis is inequivalved within the size range of equivalved E. wolfcampensis, has a more transverse outline, and attains a greater maximum size. E. leonarden- sis has a low median ridge in the brachial valve of some specimens, but never a median septum as in E. wolfcampensis. Abundant and relatively sharp plications that begin farther back on the beaks distinguish E. leonardensis from E. liumbonus R. E. King. Furthermore it does not have the median costa in the sulcus as in E. liumbonus. Among foreign species, E. leonardensis most closely resembles E. waageni Gemmellaro (1899: 144). It differs from this species in many of the same features that distinguish it from E. wordensis, which is a close relative of E. waageni. Enteletes liumbonus R. E. King PLATE 684: FIGURES 1-15 Enteletes liumbonus R. E. King, 1931:46, pl. 3: figs. 2a-d [not pl. 2: figs. 9-11 or pl. 3: figs. la-d]. Medium size for genus, thin-shelled; valves sub- equal in depth; somewhat elliptical in outline, slightly wider than long; sides narrowly rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior com- missure uniplicate; width of hinge equal to about half shell width; greatest width near middle; costellae numbering about 4 per mm near ante- rior margin; plications low and rounded, two and incipient third on each side of fold and sulcus. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, maximum convexity just posterior to middle; anterior profile broadly and gently convex; beak incurved, about equaling level of dorsal umbo; umbo swollen; median region somewhat swollen but anterior somewhat flattened; sulcus origi- nating just posterior to middle, shallow but fairly wide, about a third valve width at anterior margin; sulcus occupied by single low costa originating just anterior to midvalve. Flanks gently convex and marked by two or three low rounded costae. Interarea catacline, curved only under beak. Brachial valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral profile, somewhat narrowly domed and with steep sides in anterior profile; beak narrow and incurved; umbo narrowly swollen, swelling con- tinuing medially to anterior margin; flanks gently 2636 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY inflated and steeply inclined to margins; fold originating near middle, low, broadly rounded and wide, marked medially by depression dividing it into two costae; flanks marked by two strong dis- tant costae. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Holotype YPM 12670: length 18.7?, brachial valve length 18.7, midwidth 22.5 (shell broken away from the sides, if restored would add at least 0.5 mm to the mid- width), hinge width 9.7, thickness 16.3. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hess Formation? LOCALITY.—King 467. DIAGNOSIS.—Subequivalve Enteletes with median costa in sulcus and narrow groove in fold. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12670. Figured para- types: YPM 12668, 12669. COMPARISON.-—This is the only species known having a sulcate fold and a costa in the sulcus. DISCUSSION.—This species is unique in its char- acters, but its stratigraphic occurrence is not cer- tainly known, as it was picked up in the float. Some of its features suggest E. costellatus, new species, from the Hueco Canyon Formation. It does not conform with any of the Glass Moun- tains specimens assigned to it by King. The name at present can apply only to the holotype. It is possible that E. liumbonus is an aberrant form belonging to one of the more common species, but until a large suite can be found that includes the characters of the type specimen, it cannot be related to any of the other species. The presence of a sulcus in the fold and a costa in the sulcus is a feature characteristic of some Pennsylvanian species such as E. lamarcki Fischer de Waldheim and E. pugnoides Newell. This char- acteristic has been observed only as a rare aber- ration in some of the Permian species and is not known to distinguish any species. Enteletes plummeri R. E. King PLATE 680: FIGURES 14-38; PLATE 682: FICURES 1-68 Enteletes plummeri R. E. King, 1931:47, pl. 3: figs. 3-8. Enteletes leonardensis R. E. King [part], 1931:46, pl. 3: fig. 10 [not figs. 6, II, 12 — E. leonardensis]. Biconvex, transversely subellipsoidal, subequi- valved, with brachial valve larger but both valves nearly evenly convex, outline transversely sub- elliptical when viewed from back or front, top or bottom; nearly circular from side. Commissure pro- truding at sides; lateral outline strongly convex, not straight. Uniplicate, with angular fold and sulcus, and 2 to 4 angular lateral plications; fold anteriorly becoming increasingly higher than lat- eral plications, these begin from 7 to 9 mm ante- rior to apex. Growth lines more deeply inscribed anteriorly; surface costellate, with few larger costel- lae terminating in tubules near anterior end; tubules normally absent. Hinge line slightly less than half as wide as shell; pedicle interareas long, moderately concave, with open delthyrium form- ing high isosceles triangle; brachial interarea short, strongly concave, with beak overhanging part of delthyrium; notothyrium open, forming semicircle bisected at apex by posterior end of cardinal process. Juvenile shells flatter than adults, and with blunter plications; otherwise very similar, and easily recognizable. Pedicle valve interior with strong, slightly con- vergent dental plates supporting stout hinge teeth at edges of delthyrium; dental plates running pos- teriorly beneath palintrope for short distance, then bending slightly to continue to floor of valve and extend anteriorly a short distance anteriorly along floor. Median septum high, beginning in del- thyrial cavity, and having straight or concave free edge, coming to point, then plunging directly to valve floor, with anterior edge straight, anteriorly concave, or convex. Adductor attachment to me- dian septum marked by faint corrugation running parallel to anterior edge of septum; other muscle marks not visible. Plications in interior low and rounded except at commissure. Anterior commis- sure strongly serrate at ends of plications, with end of sulcus extending as pointed tongue beyond ends of lateral plications; commissure edge minutely serrate, with tiny grooves and ridges interlocking with similar but opposed serrations on brachial valve. Brachial valve interior with stout, curved, ridged, slightly divergent brachiophores; notothyrial cav- ity deep; cardinal process small, strong, bladelike or bifid, supported in notothyrial cavity by two ridges extending laterally along floor of cavity and joining posterior edges of brachiophore supports. Median ridge low when present. Brachiophore supports divergent, reaching lateral floors of valve, extending only short distance anteriorly along floor. Hinge sockets deep, formed by juncture of NUMBER 24 2637 palintrope with brachiophore, completed by diag- onal fulcral plate extending from brachiophore to underside of palintrope. Internal reflection of pli- cations similar to that in pedicle valve; commissure serrated. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick length length width width ness King 104 YPM 12667 18.0? 18.0 19.3 10.0 ? (lectotype) USNM 714w 150119a 4.0 4.0 4.7 2.2 2.9 150119b 6.1 6.1 7.0 4.3 4.5 150119c 7.7 7.7 7.8 5.0 5.4 150119d 9.6 10.1 10.9 5.8 6.8 150119e 10.3 10.8 12.0 6.9 8.4 1501191 12.1 12.7 14.2 7.1 9.2 150119g 13.5 13.8 13.8 7.6 10.8 150119h 15.2 15.5 18.0 8.4 12.0 150119i 15.6 15.9 16.4 8.5 14.7 150119J 18.3 18.4 20.8 9.9 15.4 150119k 19.9 20.8 23.4 11.0 16.9 150119-1 19.6 19.5 21.9 10.6 19.8 150119m 21.9 21.4 25.0 12.7 22.0 150119n 23.9 24.2 26.8 13.6 24.2 150119o 24.4 25.0 29.8 13.6 23.9 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin Member: USNM 700-1, 700x, 714w, 717e, 723v, 727p. Cathedral Moun- tain: AMNH 500; USNM 702, 703bs, 708, 708x, 709, 712o, 713t, 713w, 721u, 724r, 724s, 727q, 730q, 731b; YPM 104. Bone Spring: AMNH 658. DIAGNOSIS.—Globular, strongly and angularly pli- cated Enteletes with nearly equal valves. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12667. Figured para- types: YPM 12666, T10407. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150118a-s. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150119a-o. COMPARISON.—Enteletes plummeri is character- ized by valves of nearly equal size that have sharp plications, transverse outline, fairly even convexity (i.e., no flexure), and by its moderately high fold that becomes increasingly higher anteriorly, rela- tive to the lateral plications. R. E. King (1931:47) has compared it to E. oehlerti Gemmellaro, saying that it is indistinguishable from the specimen, said to be that species, that was illustrated by Schell- wien (1900b, pl. 1: figs. 11-13). King may have based this opinion on study of his calcareous speci- mens, which are steinkerns or partly decorticated. His silicified specimens have much sharper plica- tions than E. oehlerti, as do ours. Enteletes plum- meri is more transverse in outline, and more nearly equivalved than E. oehlerti, although the two species seem to be fairly similar. The differences show more clearly when E. plummeri is compared with Gemmellaro's (1899, pl. 29: figs. 11-15) illus- trations of E. oehlerti, or with topotype specimens from Sicily in the National Museum of Natural History collections. These show E. oehlerti to have plications of much lower relief than E. plummeri and somewhat less than Schellwien's specimens, and to lack the prominent, anteriorly heightening fold that is one of the diagnostic features of E. plummeri. We disagree with King's (1931:47) conjecture that E. oehlerti is but one variant of a species whose population includes most of Gem- mellaro's described species; our reasons are pre- sented under the discussion of the genus Enteletes. Among species from the Permian of Texas, E. plummeri most closely resembles E. dumblei Girty (1909:295, pl. 26: figs. 4-4b), in being nearly equi- valved, evenly convex, and attaining nearly the same maximum size. Enteletes plummeri differs by its much sharper plications, higher fold that in- creases in height anteriorly, and in its more trans- verse outline which brings the valves together with a protrusion at the commissure, in contrast to the straight sides of E. dumblei. Enteletes plummeri is similar to some individ- uals of E. wolfcampensis R. E. King. It differs from these specimens in the same features that distin- guish it from E. dumblei, and also by lack of the brachial median septum conspicuous in E. wolf- campensis. Enteletes plummeri differs from the segment of the E. ivolfcampensis population most nearly resembling the type specimen (i.e., the very thick ones), by its greater width in proportion to thickness, as well as by the other features that are mentioned above as distinguishing it from the more normal elements in E. wolfcampensis. Sharply angular plications give E. plummeri a superficial resemblance to some specimens of E. wordensis R. E. King. It differs from that species by being nearly equivalved, by having a normally lower brachial interarea and attendant smaller notothyrium, and especially by its noticeably higher fold. Enteletes plummeri attains a much smaller 2638 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY maximum size than does E. wordensis, and its average size is smaller, too. But, of course, many individuals of E. wordensis in the collections are no larger than typical E. plummeri. Enteletes plummeri differs from E. leonardensis R. E. King in being equivalved, in having valves of nearly equal size, neither of which is flexed, and in lacking large abundant tubules on the pedicle valve. Enteletes leonardensis has much straighter sides, and has a flat or gently convex anterior pro- file, in contrast to the more globose E. plummeri. Angular plications, greater convexity of both valves, and absence of a median costa in the sulcus distinguish E. plummeri from the relatively smooth-shelled E. liumbonus King. DISCUSSION.—King (1931:156, pl. 3) figured and described six specimens of this species but failed to select a type. Because of the indifferent preser- vation of several of the specimens, they must be eliminated from consideration in serving as name- bearer. Another matter that must be given thought in the selection of the type specimen is the strati- graphic occurrence. Considerable uncertainty ex- ists about the stratigraphic horizon of several specimens, those from localities T.8 (not given in the locality list), T.9 and T.15. This eliminates four specimens and leaves the two Peabody Mu- seum specimens as the only possibilities. Specimen YPM 12666, (1931, pl. 3: figs. 6a, b,) is wholly de- void of shell and thus reveals none of the orna- ment and no idea of the angularity of the plications. Furthermore, it appears to have char- acters that suggest its relationship to E. leonarden- sis rather than with the species under considera- tion. This leaves, by elimination, YPM 12667 (1931, pi. 3: fig. 7) as the lectotype. This speci- men is well located stratigraphically as in the Cathedral Mountain (Institella zone) and the strong angularity of the plications is well exhibited. Unfortunately the front of this specimen is miss- ing; nevertheless, we select it as lectotype. Enteletes rotundobesus, new species PLATE 681: FICURES 1-52 Enteletes liumbonus R. E. King, 1931:46, pl. 2: fig. 9 [not figs. 10, 11] Large for genus, slightly wider than long but adults usually thicker than wide; sides usually flattened; depth of valves unequal, brachial valve deeper; greatest width at midvalve; anterior usu- ally broadly flattened. Hinge variable, usually greater than half midwidth. Plications low, sub- angular, 4 or 5 on pedicle valve and 3 or 4 on brachial valve, but number variable. Capillae flat, with threadlike interspaces, numbering 3-5 per mm. Pedicle valve with lateral profile variable, usu- ally flattened in posterior two-thirds and curved or moderately geniculated in anterior third; anterior profile low and flattened medially. Beak small, overhanging apex of delthyrium; umbo narrow and umbonal region moderately swollen; median region moderately inflated; anterior gently rounded to flattened. Sulcus originating 8 to 12 mm anterior to beak, variable, usually narrow and angular and terminating in long pointed tongue. Posterior third generally without plications; flanks narrowly rounded and steep. Brachial valve strongly and evenly convex in lateral profile; narrowly domed and with steep sides in anterior profile. Umbonal and median re- gions strongly inflated; anterior flattened. Fold low, subangular, slightly elevated above the level of neighboring plications, most elevated in ante- rior third. Pedicle valve interior with dental plates mod- erately separated and subparallel; median septum fairly low, concave on posterior edge and receding rapidly in posterior direction, anterior point pro- truding beyond edge of dental plates, anterior edge erect and forming elongated S. Brachial valve interior with stout brachiophores having inner faces thickened and forming shallow cuplike structures; sockets with fulcral plates form- ing tubes. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation (Decie Ranch, Poplar Tank, and Sullivan Peak members). LOCALITIES.—Decie Ranch: USNM 707a, 7l4t, 715a, 715c, 717i, 727u. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705b, 707z, 720j, 729j. Skinner Ranch (top): USNM 723-1. Poplar Tank: USNM 707h. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, obese Enteletes tending to- ward a rectangular outline when viewed from the posterior or anterior in adult stage and with a growth tendency that deepens the valves greatly. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150035a. Figured NUMBER 24 2639 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 707a 150035a 23.4 24.5 24.6 17.2 28.3 (holotype) 150035b 23.2 23.5 24.8 16.9 28.1 150035c 20.9 21.0 22.4 15.6 21.4 150035d 19.7 18.7 21.3 13.4 18.8 150035e 14.0 14.4 15.2 7.8 11.2 150035f 12.4 12.9 13.8 7.2 9.9 150035g 10.0 10.1 11.2 5.5 6.4 150035h 7.8 7.8 8.5 3.8 4.6 150035i 4.7 4.6 5.7 3.4 3.6 150035J 28.2 29.0 31.7 21.0 34.3 USNM 7l4t 150034g 19.2 20.4 22.0 14.5 23.6 150034h 19.0 19.9 21.6 15.7 24.8 150034i 20.6 21.0 22.0 16.5 28.0 150034J 23.9 26.2 26.0 17.0 34.4 paratypes: USNM 150034e, f, i, j; 150035g, j; 153819a, c-f. Measured paratypes: 150034g-j, 150035b-j. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150034a-d, g, h; 150035b-f, h, i; 153819b. COMPARISON.—This species tends to produce valves of considerable thickness (depth) as op- posed to its width. The plications are not strongly angular and are somewhat subdued, consequently the species is markedly different from E. plummeri R. E. King, which is usually globular and has strongly angular plications. Enteletes rotundobesus is similar to some specimens of E. leonardensis R. E. King, but it is not so transverse and elliptical in the outline of the pedicle valve and it is less strongly plicated than the younger species. Ente- letes subcircularis, new species, will not be con- fused with E. rotundobesus because it is more strongly plicated with the plications reaching to the umbonal region and it seldom develops forms with great depth. Furthermore, E. subcircularis attains a much larger size than that of E. rotundobesus. This is a much more robust species than E. stehlii with the lateral plications more subdued and the valves nearly equal in depth in the adult. DISCUSSION.—The most significant feature of this species is the tendency of the majority of adult specimens to show a trend toward great depth. This produces very large individuals but the species does not attain the large size of several other species such as E. subcircularis, new species, and E. wordensis R. E. King. An unfortunate fea- ture of the occurrence of this species is the fact that it is seldom well silicified. This is true of most of the materials taken from the Decie Ranch Member of the Skinner Ranch Formation in the Lenox Hills. The few specimens that are silicified have the internal structures poorly preserved. It would be interesting to determine the nature of the interior of some of the larger obese individuals. Enteletes stehlii, new species PLATE 688: FIGURES 1-51 Enteletes dumblei Stehli [not Girty], 1954:295, pl. 17: figs. 13-18. This name is proposed for the species of Ente- letes identified as E. dumblei by Stehli. This species differs from Girty's type specimen in hav- ing wider and stronger plications, more transverse outline in the adult and a broader fold and sulcus. This is a variable species that appears also in the Glass Mountains. Stehli's (1954) description suf- fices. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 720e 150073a 23.7 22.5 27.8 16.4 25.2 150073b 21.8 22.6 26.4 15.2 22.2 USNM 711p 150069a 21.4 23.0 25.4 14.6 22.4 150069b 22.8 22.6 28.8 18.0 19.4 (holotype) 150069c 22.8 23.2 28.4 14.5 22.0 150069d 23.3 24.0 30.2 17.8 22.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (base and Decie Ranch Member), Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 707w, 709u, 709v, 71 Id, 71 lp, 715v, 720e, 720f, 720g, 724p. Decie Ranch: 708q. Bone Spring: AMNH 624, 625, 631, 632, 634, 696, 697; USNM 725c, 725s, 728e, 728f, 728h, 728t, 741, 744, 746. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150069b. Figured paratypes: USNM 150072; 153820a-h; 153821a, b; 153822. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150069a, c, d; 150073a, b. Measured paratypes: USNM 150069a, c, d; 150073a, b. 2640 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY DISCUSSION.—This is a variable species that is fairly common in the lower Bone Spring Formation of the Sierra Diablo but is rare in the Glass Moun- tains. Stehli's figured specimen shows the strong plication characteristic of the species but aber- rancies appear in the shape of the shells, in the plications, in the hinge width, and in the place of origin of the plications. The young of the species have nearly a circular outline as shown in the measurements given by Stehli for young forms of 20 mm length or less. The adults tend to be more transverse, one large specimen 26 mm long and 33.5 mm wide being the widest in the collection. The plications are strong and broad in the ma- jority of specimens but one aberration is common. This takes the form of a diminution in size and increase in number of the plications outside those bounding the sulcus. In some cases a plication appears to be inserted so that two slender ones appear in the place of a large one, or two are crowded and paired but the two sides then not being the same. This type of variation appears in the Bone Spring specimens and is also common in the Decie Ranch Member and lower part of the Skinner Ranch Formation in the Glass Mountains. Specimens assigned to this species come from the lower Skinner Ranch Formation. These present some differences from the Bone Spring popula- tion at the two principal localities for the species. At USNM 720e the specimens do not attain as great a width as those from USNM 71 lp. The latter are close in appearance to the Bone Spring specimens but the valves are somewhat more con- vex, especially the pedicle valves. They are, how- ever, transverse and in this respect are almost iden- tical to some of the Bone Spring specimens. The collection of this species is not large, and the understanding of variation in the species will not be clarified until larger collections are made. Enteletes subcircularis, new species PLATE 675: FICURES 36-39; PLATE 676: FIGURES 1-30; PLATE 685: FIGURES 1-27 Enteletes dumblei R. E. King [not Girty], 1931:46, pl. 2: figs. 7a-c, 8a-d. Large for genus, roundly elliptical in ventral and dorsal views but subcircular in profile; valves subequally deep, umbonal regions at same level; sides strongly rounded; maximum width slightly anterior to midvalve; anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior commissure strongly serrated; umbonal region smooth for 10-12 mm anterior to beaks; surface plicated, plications subangular, 4 on each side of sulcus and 3 on each side of fold. Capillae fairly even, few swollen, numbering about 3-3.5 per mm. Pedicle valve strongly convex and swollen in lat- eral profile, broadly but moderately convex in an- terior profile; beak small, narrowly swollen; um- bonal region moderately swollen; median region and flanks inflated; sulcus narrow, subangular, originating about 10-12 mm anterior to beak, ter- minating in moderate pointed tongue. Interarea short, width equal to half valve width, catacline to slightly apsacline; beak small, overhanging apex of delthyrium. Brachial valve strongly convex in lateral profile, more so than opposite valve; anterior profile strongly domed; umbonal region narrowly in- flated; median region strongly inflated; flanks convex and steep; fold narrow, subangular, orig- inating on umbonal region about 10 mm anterior to beak, slightly elevated beyond surrounding plications, and flattening at anterior. Pedicle valve interior with dental plates strong and bowed slightly laterally; median septum strong, rising to point and descending to valve floor with fairly strong convex edge toward anterior. Brachial valve interior with thick, curved brachiophores bearing strong ridges on inner sides; brachiophores crowded toward midvalve; brachiophore supports strongly divergent. Fulcral plates small. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation (upper part and Sullivan Peak Mem- ber), Hess Formation (Taylor Ranch Member), Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch: USNM 727f. Sulli- van Peak: USNM 722-1. Taylor Ranch: USNM 702d, 702e, 702f, 702m, 713x, 716n, 716o, 722p. Bone Spring: AMNH 492. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Enteletes with subcircular out- line and profile; strong subangular plications ex- tending to the umbonal region. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150044. Figured paratypes: USNM 15004M; 150057e, f; 150063a, e; 153806; 153807; 153810; 153811a-e; 153812b; 153813. Measured paratypes: USNM 150041a-d; NUMBER 24 2641 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— surface length brachial valve pedicle brachial hinge length length valve valve width width thickness USNM 7l6o 150063a 28.6 28.6 50.0 45.0 34.0 18.0 32.6 150063b 24.4 24.4 41.0 38.0 28.3 16.9 26.3 150063c 23.5 24.2 31.0 33.0 28.0 13.7 18.2 150063d 20.7 22.0 30.0 33.0 25.8 12.7 20.4 150063e 17.3 17.6 23.5 23.5 20.7 9.3 14.0 USNM 702f 150044 (holotype) 27.6 28.9 44.0 45.0 35.4 20.6 30.5 USNM 702m 150046a 28.0 30.3 44.0 45.0 32.6 18.3 31.5 150046b 23.2 25.5 34.0 34.0 29.8 15.0 20.6 USNM 7l6n 150057a 25.8 26.6 44.0 40.0 30.5 16.0 26.2 150057b 25.4 25.5 36.0 37.0 30.0 14.0* 24.7 150057c 15.0 15.5 20.0 19.0 16.4 8.6 10.6 150057d 11.9 12.0 15.5 16.5 13.6 6.0 9.1 150057e 30.9 31.9 48.0 49.0 38.5 18.5 32.4 150057f 24.6 25.2 38.0 39.0 30.0 19.0 25.6 150057g 30.6 31.2 45.0 50.0 38.2 19.6 32.4 USNM 702d 150041a 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.5 8.0 4.6 4.4 150041b 5.9 5.9 7.0 7.5 6.5 3.6 3.8 150041c 4.1 4.1 5.0 5.5 4.6 ? 3.0 150041d 16.8 16.8 21.0 21.0 18.5 9.0 11.0 King 222 YPM 12674a 28.2 29.0 42.0 43.0 34.2 ? 27.0150046a, b; 150057a-g; 150063a-e. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150041a-c, 150057a-g, 150062, 150063b-d, 153812. DISCUSSION.—This species is one of the largest in the Glass Mountains; it shows a tendency to in- crease its depth at the expense of width. The ten- dency is not so strong as in E. rotundobesus, new species, or E. wordensis R. E. King, but when it does occur, unusually large specimens result. One of these (USNM 153806) has the following dimen- sions (in mm): length of pedicle valve 31.5, brachial valve length 35.7, maximum width 46.0, thickness (depth) 38.2. The specimen has been slightly crushed from the posterior, which accentu- ates some of the measurements, but the specimen is large nevertheless. Another feature of this species is the develop- ment and final form of the median septum of the pedicle valve. In young specimens the septum pro- trudes slightly anterior to and above the dental plates but its anterior edge is concave. With growth and adulthood the anterior edge becomes convex and the distal angle and front protrude beyond the ends of the dental plates. These plates have become nearly straight-edged but are bowed markedly in some specimens. The anterior edge of the adult septum is strongly convex and extends like a tongue in front of the edge of the dental plates. Furthermore, the proximal part of the sep- tum becomes considerably thickened and almost fills the posterior part of the delthyrial cavity. Enteletes subnudus, new species PLATE 675: FIGURES 22-35; PLATE 686: FICURES 14-29 Medium size for genus, roundly elliptical in out- line with narrowly rounded sides and broadly rounded anterior margin. Valves unequal in depth, brachial valve deeper; anterior commissure nar- 2642 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY rowly uniplicate. Surface almost devoid of plica- tions, pronounced only along anterior margin of adults, numbering three on each side. Surface capillate and with scattered tubular capillae. Pedicle valve with moderately convex lateral profile, anterior third or quarter slightly genicu- lated; anterior profile broadly and gently convex; umbonal region swollen and with small, slightly curved beak; sulcus initially shallow and narrow, originating 5-7 mm anterior to beak, deepening and widening at midvalve, occupying about one- third the width near anterior margin. Flanks swollen, steep, and nearly smooth. Anterior tongue short but angular. Hinge width equalling about half shell width. Brachial valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral profile, strongly domed in anterior profile; umbonal and median regions inflated; fold obso- lete on most of length but appearing in anterior half or third, inconspicuous, narrow and low and forming deep notch in anterior margin. Flanks swollen and steep. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth having deep fossettes; dental plates, strong, bowed in adults, usually receding; median septum strongly protruding anterior to dental plates, strongly angu- lar at apex and with gently concave to nearly straight anterior edge. Brachial valve with stout brachiophores and moderately flaring supporting plates. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial USNM 720d length valve length width hinge width thick ness 150145a 24.2 ? 30.0 14.2 10.4 150145b 20.6 ? 24.6 12.8 9.6 150145c 18.5 ? 23.5 11.8 8.4 105145d 13.8 ? 16.4 6.2 5.7 150145e 12.7 ? 15.0 6.0 5.5 150145f 7.8 ? 9.4 3.8 3.0 150I45g 150145h ? ? 17.8 17.9 20.2 19.6 10.4 11.0 8.8 9.0 150145i ? 20.4 25.5 12.0 10.8 150145J 150145k ? ? 12.4 9.6 14.3 11.4 6.6 4.2 5.0 3.3 150145m ? 21.0 24.1 13.3 10.4 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, San Andres Formation. LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 716x, 720d, 721 j, 721z. San Andres: AMNH B188-8. DIAGNOSIS.—Enteletes of fairly large size with plications confined to anterior margin and with nearly obsolete fold. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 150145m. Figured paratypes: USNM 150145b, e, 1; 153815a-f. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 150145a-k. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150145a, c, d, f-k. COMPARISON.—The nearly unplicated character of the exterior of this species distinguishes it from any other described form in the Permian of Texas and New Mexico. DISCUSSION.—The specimens available for study of this species are not good; no complete speci- mens were recovered. Nevertheless, the exterior is so distinctive that the species deserves a name. The specimens from USNM 720d are coated on one side or the other with a thin film, possibly some alga. This obscures the interior details of many of the specimens and only a few are clean on either side. Enteletes wolfcampensis, R. E. King PLATE 684: FIGURES 21-33; PLATE 687: FIGURES 1-56 Enteletes wolfcampensis R. E. King, 1931:47, pl. 3: fig. 9. Adult shell biconvex, globose to disproportion- ately thick, subequivalved, with brachial valve slightly larger, both valves more or less roundly flexed anterior to umbones, strongly geniculated in some specimens, with pedicle valve almost flat be- tween beak and flexure, then strongly flexed; brachial valve only subtly flexed or not flexed. Profile anterior to flexures nearly straight or gently convex, outline of sides straight or gently convex, with only slight protrusion at commissure in some individuals. Shell uniplicate, with fold and sulcus larger than lateral plications and interspaces; all plications subangular, normally 3 but more rarely 2 to 4 on each side of fold, beginning about 9 or 10 mm anterior to apex of beak of each valve. Growth lines normally visible only anterior to flexure, there becoming anteriorly more frequent, producing multiple sharp zigzag lines near com- missure on each valve. Both valves capillate, with pedicle valve ornamented by discontinuous, slightly stronger costellae that widen anteriorly, some solid, some hollow, terminating anteriorly in small open tubules. Outline of shell subelliptical around line of commissure, either slightly elongate NUMBER 24 2643 or slightly transverse. Hinge line a little less than half maximum shell width; pedicle valve inter- areas long, concave, with open delthyrium form- ing isosceles triangle; brachial valve interareas about a fifth as high as pedicle interareas, more strongly concave, with brachial beak overhanging part of delthyrium, and open notothyrium form- ing semicircle bisected at top by anterior end of cardinal process. Juvenile shells relatively flat, subequivalved, not flexed unless plicate, usually beginning between 10 and 15 mm in length, smallest shells uniplicated, early plications very gentle; ornamentation like umbones of adults; hinge line relatively narrow, delthyrium propor- tionately wide, forming equilateral triangle in youngest shells, becoming isosceles as shell grows; notothyrium low and wide. Pedicle valve interior characterized by three strong plates; two dental plates supporting short, stout, pointed hinge teeth projecting dorsally from interarea, at sides of delthyrium; plates run- ning ventrally and posteriorly beneath palintrope, then flexing slightly, continuing ventrally and anteriorly to valve floor, extending a fourth to a third of valve length, normally parallel to one another except at anterior extremities where in larger adults they may converge medially. Median septum high, narrow, originating immediately be- low beak, upper surface remaining nearly parallel to commissure, or curving dorsally, then plunging steeply to floor of valve, meeting floor at the same distance as anterior ends of dental plates; anterior edge of median septum may be straight, convex anteriorly, or concave anteriorly. Adductor muscle marks on sides of median septum, making faint corrugations parallel to anterior edge of septum; other muscle marks not visible, muscles probably having been inserted between dental plates. Ante- rior commissure sharply serrate where folds ter- minate, with projection from median sulcus ex- tending as tongue beyond projections from lateral folds; shell thin, with plications and capillae visible inside; commissure edge minutely serrate, having tiny ridges and grooves that interlock with their opposites on brachial valve. Juvenile valves similar to adults, except for lack of strong plications. Brachial valve interior deep, scoop-shaped, nor- mally transversely subelliptical, with deep noto- thyrial cavity. Cardinal process strong, may be bladelike, single-lobed, bifid, or posteriorly bifid with two lobes converging at apex of notothyrium to form single lobe; cardinal process extending short distance along floor of notothyrial cavity, with lobe or lobes attached to valve by short, ver- tical shaft; anterior end of process attached to valve by strong diverging callus that intersects brachio- phore supports. Brachiophores stout, divergent, scimitar-shaped, with several longitudinal strength- ening ridges, medial ones becoming shelflike in largest valves. Hinge sockets tubular, bounded by brachiophores, edges of palintrope, and diagonal fulcral plates. Brachiophore supports widely di- vergent, bending sharply dorsad to convergent brachiophores, extending to lateral floor of valve, and anteriorly about a fourth to a fifth of valve length. Median septum thin, unusually strongly elevated, extending anteriorly from base of cardi- nal process shaft to terminate about a third to a fourth of valve length, noticeably farther forward than anterior ends of brachiophore supports. Interior ornamentation similar to that of pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 701k 150084a 6.4 6.4 6.8 3.4 4.1 150084b 10.5 10.5 10.7 5.0 6.9 150084c 10.8 10.6 12.3 6.4 7.2 150084d 12.4 12.8 14.8 7.8 8.2 150084e 13.2 13.1 15.0 8.2 11.4 150084f 14.6 14.7 17.5 8.0 11.6 150084g 15.0 15.0 16.6 8.4 12.6 150084h 15.8 16.0 16.5 9.0 17.5 150084i 17.0 16.5 18.2 7.5 13.0 150084J 17.7 18.4 18.0 8.6* 21.5 150084k 18.0 18.0 21.8 11.7 16.0 150084-1 19.7 18.7 20.7 11.0 18.5 150084m 18.9 19.6 21.0 11.2 20.5 150084n 19.4 20.0 23.4 13.3 20.9 150084o 20.7 21.2 22.8 13.2 23.3 150084p 21.4 22.3 23.9 12.0 25.5 150084q 22.3 22.2 23.6 12.7 24.0 153818h 23.2 23.4 27.5 13.5 24.4 153818i 24.0 25.6 29.5 14.0 26.8 153818n 18.0 17.6 21.5 11.5 22.8 King 196 YPM 12645 16.5 16.3 16.2 10.0? 18.3 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- 2644 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tion {Ud denites- bearing Shale Member), Neal Ranch and Lenox Hills formations. LOCALITIES.—Uddeni tes: USNM 700f, 701e, 701p, 703p. Neal Ranch: USNM 701, 701a, 701a1, 701a3, 701c, 701d, 701g, 701k, 701-1, 721g, 722x, 727d, 727e. Lenox Hills: AMNH 703?; USNM 705, 705k, 705m, 705s, 706g, 707j, 709t, 709w, 716r; YPM 196. DIAGNOSIS.—Rotund Enteletes with geniculated anterior, nearly equal valves, and a strong median septum in the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12645. Figured hypo- types: USNM 153816a-d, f-i; 153818a-d, f-n. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150084a-q; 153818h, i, n. COMPARISON.—Enteletes wolfcampensis is char- acterized by its flexed ("geniculate" of R. E. King, 1931:47), "flat bottomed" pedicle valve, bluntly subangular plications, nearly equal-size valves, relatively flat anterior and lateral longitudinal outlines, and by its possession of a strongly elevated median septum in the brachial valve. It differs from E. leonardensis R. E. King of the Glass Mountains by its relatively smaller brachial valve (E. leonardensis is inequivalved, except for the largest individuals, which are much larger than the largest specimen of E. wolfcampensis), much smaller and less frequent tubules on the pedicle valve, more elliptical and less transverse outline of the pedicle valve, and by possession of a relatively high median septum in the pedicle valve. Among other species from the Glass Mountains, Enteletes wolfcampensis resembles E. plummeri R. E. King. Both of these species are equivalved or subequivalved, and attain nearly the same maxi- mum adult size. Enteletes ivolfcampensis is dis- tinguished by its nearly flat flexed pedicle valve that in many specimens bears tubules, its more blunt edged plications, its flat to gently convex anterior and lateral outlines, its less transverse pedicle valve, its elevated median septum in the brachial valve (E. plummeri has a low or myo- phragm ridge), and its fold that maintains nearly uniform height throughout its length (see dis- cussion of E. plummeri for description of its characteristic fold). Many specimens of E. wolf- campensis are immediately recognizable by their greater thickness relative to their width. This species has a wide range of variability in this fea- ture, however, and many specimens are identical in proportional thickness to E. plummeri. Enteletes wolfcampensis and E. wordensis R. E. King are dissimilar, their resemblance lying in having some individuals that are much thicker than they are wide. Enteletes wolfcampensis differs in its blunter and shallower plications that begin much farther forward on the umbonal region, its flat and flexed pedicle valve that may bear tubules, its brachial median septum, its much lower brach- ial interarea, smaller delthyrium and notothyrium, and proportionately shorter length, even in the thick individuals which resemble E. wordensis when viewed from the posterior. Enteletes worden- sis has a low myophragm in the brachial valve, but not a high median septum as in E. wolfcampensis. Enteletes wolfcampensis differs from E. lium- bonus R. E. King in its sharper plications that be- gin farther back on the umbones, its less transverse outline, its brachial median septum, flat and flexed pedicle valve, lack of a costa in the sulcus, and by its greater thickness and larger maximum size. Some specimens of Enteletes wolfcampensis bear strong resemblance to E. stehlii, new species. The population of E. wolfcampensis includes narrow, thick specimens that have both valves flexed, closely resembling King's type specimen. It also includes more nearly spherical forms in which only the pedicle valve is moderately flexed; these are similar to E. stehlii. The population also in- cludes all gradations in size and shape between these two extremes. The main differences between E. ivolfcampensis and E. stehlii are the wider hinge and lower pedicle interareas of E. stehlii, and the latter s evenly convex, nonflexed pedicle valve that bears no tubules. Enteletes stehlii has no me- dian septum in the brachial valve, but only a low median ridge or myophragm. DISCUSSION.—Some difficulty was encountered in determination of this species because the holo- type is a greatly thickened (deepened) small indi- vidual, the thickening having taken place at a fairly early stage of growth. Thickening or increase of depth of the shell appears to be one variation of many species of Enteletes which is prevalent in some but rare in others. This type of growth char- acterizes E. rotundobesus, new species, but it is apparently rarer in E. wolfcampensis because few specimens like the type have been found. However enough have been seen to indicate that the type species belongs among the shells figured herein. The situation is complicated further by the fact NUMBER 24 2645 that the type specimen is devoid of shell on most of its anterior side. The specimen is 16.4 mm long (measured on both valves), 16.4 mm wide, 10 mm at the hinge and 18.3 mm thick. Allowing for the lost shell, the length should be 16.8, the width 17.1, and the thickness 18.8 mm. The type speci- men shows the characteristic geniculation. This occurs on both valves at 13.5 mm. The number of plications is not clear and cannot be resolved, especially on the brachial valve. Where the shell is exfoliated on this valve a median septum or ridge can be seen, but its height can only be conjectured. The holotype comes from the top of the Lenox Hills Formation at King locality 196, whereas the majority of the specimens here described were taken from the Neal Ranch Formation. Neverthe- less the range of variation of the Neal Ranch forms includes the measurements of the holotype, suggesting that the species ranges through both formations. Furthermore, two specimens from USNM 705, which is well up in the Lenox Hills Formation, have the characters of specimens more normal in development than the holotype. A nearly complete developmental series of this species was obtained from USNM 701k. The most youthful specimens are almost circular and are completely smooth and capillate. At 9 mm a sulcus starts to form and plication is initiated at 10 mm. Geniculation can take place at any stage after the development of the plications. Inside the pedicle valve the dental plates of the young are short and receding and the median sep- tum protrudes anterior to their front ends. With growth the plates are subparallel and the anterior ends of the dental plates are flush with the front face of the median septum. Inside the brachial valve the brachiophore is flat and compressed forming a broad blade. On attaining adulthood these become more massive, ridged, and shelved on their inner surfaces. The strong median septum in this valve is distinctive. Enteletes wordensis R. E. King PLATE 677: FIGURES 1-50; PLATE 678: FIGURES 1-23; PLATE 679: FICURES 1-26; PLATE 686: FIGURES 11-13 Enteletes wordensis R. E. King. 1931:47, pl. 3: figs. 13-15. Biconvex, large, inequivalved to subequivalved, both valves evenly convex; outline subelliptical, not markedly transverse; anterior profile of both valves strongly convex; outline of sides convex, with slight protrusion of commissure especially in smaller shells. Plications angular in adults, with high relief, two to four on each side of fold; fold and sulcus narrow, not exceptionally prominent; both valves capillate, pedicle valve of some indi- viduals with hollow costellae opening anteriorly as small tubules. Growth lines faint, evenly spaced over most of shell, becoming more frequent ante- riorly. Hinge wide, considerably greater than half the shell width; pedicle valve interarea high, con- cave, with beak hooked over large, open del- thyrium; brachial valve interareas unusually long for genus, strongly concave, with beak hooked over large open notothyrium notched and occupied by posterior end of cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior transversely subelliptical in outline, slightly flared at lateral ends of wide hinge, teeth strong, short, slightly below surface of palintrope, supported by strong dental plates descending almost directly from slightly posterior to end of teeth, with only a slight change in slope and consequent shallow notch; dental plates con- verging to valve floor, joining with median septum at their anterior extremities in large valves but re- maining separate in smaller valves. Median septum high, almost in apex of beak, extending forward with very concave upper edge, terminating in high crest, then plunging to floor of valve, with straight, concave or convex anterior edge, meeting floor in conjunction with anterior termination of dental plates. Adductor muscle marks obscure, making gentle corrugations on sides of median septum parallel to anterior edge, other muscle marks not visible. Plications gently rounded, with high relief and sharply pointed terminations at commissure, that of sulcus forming tongue and projecting be- yond others; capillae faintly visible in some speci- mens; edge of commissure minutely serrate. Brachial valve transversely subelliptical in out- line, slightly flared at ends of hinge; notothyrium wide; penetrating apex of overhanging beak where cardinal process terminates. Brachiophores strong, ventrally curved, anteriorly divergent, tusk-shaped, protruding from underside of palintrope, with longitudinal medial ridges in large valves. Brachio- phore supports short, widely divergent, extending only short distance anteriorly after reaching side 2646 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY of valve. Hinge sockets formed between underside of palintrope, upper surface of brachiophore, and diagonal fulcral plate that braces against brachio- phore and palintrope. Cardinal process bladelike in small specimens, bifid in large specimens, origin- ating in deep notothyrial cavity. Median ridge vestigial, present in few individuals, absent from most. Plications rounded, with high relief, termin- ating at commissure in sharp points, with deep angular notch at anterior end of fold; valve edge minutely serrate. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick length length width width ness King 264 YPM 12656 19.7 20.8 22.5 12.4 20.6 (holotype) USNM 706c 150138a 7.0 6.7 7.9 3.7 5.2 150138b 8.3 8.6 8.9 4.3 6.0 150138c 10.3 9.7 10.2 5.0 7.0 150138d 11.9 12.2 13.6 7.3 9.4 150138e 13.4 14.1 15.5 8.0 13.0 150138f 14.8 15.7 18.2 8.2 11.7 150138g 19.7 20.6 22.0 13.2? 16.9 150I38h 21.5 22.0 24.3 14.0 22.7 150138i 21.2 21.2 26.0 13.5 25.9 150138J 31.9 33.8 32.8 21.4 36.8 150138k 33.7 38.1 38.8 19.7 45.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—Word: USNM 731m, 731p, 731u. China Tank: USNM 706a, 706c, 713, 726r, 726s, 733q. Willis Ranch: AMNH 506; USNM 706, 718d, 723w. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Enteletes with nearly equal valves having narrowed umbones and strongly con- vex profiles. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12656. Figured hypo- types: USNM 150l35a-h; 150137a, b; 150138k; 153808; 153809a-r. Measured hypotypes: USNM 150138a-k. COMPARISON.-—Enteletes wordensis is character- ized by the nearly equal size of its valves, propor- tionately great thickness and length in relation to width, proportionately wide hinge, long interareas in both valves, and strong, moderately sharp pli- cations but only moderately prominent fold. It can be recognized most easily in profile, where the large beaks hang over the unusually long pedicle and brachial interareas, and the strongly convex anterior profile can be seen. Among other species of the genus in the Glass Mountains, Enteletes wordensis most closely re- sembles E. leonardensis R. E. King. The average size of E. wordensis is slightly greater than that o£ E. leonardensis, and its maximum size is con- siderably greater. Enteletes wordensis is not trans- verse in outline, its plications are much higher, sharper and begin farther back on the beaks, and its anterior profile is not flat, but normally quite convex. In addition, E. wordensis is normally sub- equivalved, whereas E. leonardensis is normally very inequivalved, with only the largest individuals approaching the equivalved condition. Middle-sized specimens of Enteletes- wordensis have a shape similar to normal specimens of E. plummeri R. E. King. These can be distinguished by the prominent fold and almost exactly equal- sized valves of E. plummeri, and the nontransverse outline, higher plications, and larger, more convex brachial valve of E. wordensis. Both Enteletes wordensis and E. wolfcampensis R. E. King are nontransverse, but they differ in almost all other diagnostic features. Enteletes wordensis has no flexure in either valve, has sharper plications of higher relief, is not as equi- valved, has a proportionately wider hinge, and much higher interareas in both valves. In profile, E. wordensis is long, with convex anterior, whereas E. wolfcampensis is short, with flat anterior. Sharp plications of high relief and absence of a median costa in the sulcus distinguish E. wordensis from E. liumbonus R. E. King. Of foreign species, Enteletes wordensis most closely resembles E. waageni Gemmellaro (1899: 144, especially pl. 29: figs. 16-27). In fact, it re- sembles this species more closely than it resembles any of the other species from the Glass Mountains. Study of Gemmellaro's description and illustra- tions, and of topotype specimens of £. waageni in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History shows that E. wordensis has sharper plications, with higher relief, that begin farther back on the beaks. Enteletes waageni has more swollen beaks, greater tendency to asymmetry, including bifur- cating plications, and a greater number of pli- cations on one side than on the other side of the fold. The Sicilian specimens retain some details of surface ornamentation that may be lost in the si- NUMBER 24 2647 licified or coarse calcareous specimens of West Texas. Enteletes waageni has tiny, short, discon- tinuous capillae that are inserted between, but are not connected to, the regular capillae, and that terminate in minute anteriorly opening tubules. Specimens of E. wordensis with tubules have them opening at the ends of extra capillae that are higher than the other capillae on the valve, and that occupy the place of one of the ordinary capillae, rather than being inserted between two of them. The condition in E. wordensis is common with other species of Enteletes that have tubules, and also with those of Orthotichia that have tu- bules. This detail alone suffices to distinguish any of the West Texas species from E. waageni. DISCUSSION.—Enteletes wordensis varies mostly through growth. Specimens of the same size are very similar to one another, but may be dissimilar to a much larger or much smaller specimen of the species. Small shells have blunt plications of low relief; very large shells have valves more or less equal in size, and a gentle convex anterior profile. Normal, middle size shells are long, with strongly convex anterior profile, somewhat larger brachial than pedicle valve, and strong, sharp plications. This species has a greater tendency to asym- metry than do the others from the Glass Moun- tains, and has more individuals with four plications on each side of the fold. Enteletes waageni Gemmellaro shows similar tendencies, but to a greater degree. King (1931:47-48) placed in synonymy with Enteletes wordensis Girty's unnamed species (1909: 296-300) Enteletes species a, b, and d. We have not followed King in placing these supposed species in synonymy, because in our opinion the specimens upon which they are based are much too fragmentary for specific determination. Only Enteletes angulatus Girty (1909:295, pl. 26: fig. 3) could be construed to be a pedicle valve of E. wordensis. The depth and convexity of the valve, and the very sharp plications with high relief make it almost certain that it does not belong to E. dumblei, as opined by King (1931:45), and sup- ported by Stehli (1954:295). Until more complete specimens with similar pedicle valves are obtained from the Sierra Diablo, it probably is best to re- serve judgment on the specific assignments of Girty's fragments. Genus Parenteletes R. E. King, 1931 Parenteletes R. E. King, 1931:48.—Schuchert and Cooper, 1932:147.—Sarycheva, 1960:194.—Williams et al., 1965:H330. This genus is related to Enteletes and has all the characters of that genus within the brachial valve. It differs, however, in the exterior form and in the interior of the pedicle valve. On the exterior the pedicle valve has an angular median fold and the brachial valve is marked by a prominent median sulcus. Inside the pedicle valve the dental plates are strong and elevated like those of Enteletes but the median septum rises onto the crest of a median camera or V-shaped chamber (cella) which appears to be a response to the growing away from the sep- tum of the median part of the shell in the forma- tion of the strong fold. Inside the pedicle valve the fold produces a deep median trough over which the septum is built for some distance. TYPE-SPECIES.—Parenteletes cooperi R. E. King (1931:49, pl. 1: fig. 16; pl. 2: figs. 1-3). DIAGNOSIS.—Enteletidae having the median fold on the pedicle valve and a cella developed under the median septum of the pedicle valve. COMPARISON.—Parenteletes is identical to Ente- letina Schuchert and Cooper in external appear- ance but the latter has dental plates and median septum in the pedicle valve exactly as in Enteletes. The two genera are remarkable examples of heterochronous homeomorphy. DISCUSSION.—Although Parenteletes and Ente- letina are identical in external appearance, the two are widely separated in time. The former appears to be characteristic of the latter part of the Penn- sylvanian and Early Permian while the latter occurs in the Late Permian. Parenteletes is worldwide in its range, occurring in the United States, Japan, the Alps, China, Laos, and Sicily. In the United States the genus is known from Texas and Kansas. In the latter state it occurs in Middle Pennsylvania rocks (Stanton Formation, cf. Newell, 1934:426). In Texas it occurs in bed 10 of the Gaptank Formation, which is correlated with the Grayford Formation in the upper part of the Missouri Series, and in the Millsap Lake For- mation, Desmoines Series, North Central Texas. Parenteletes occurs again in Wolfcampian rocks in the Uddenites-bearing Shale Member, in bed 4 of P. B. King, in the lower part of the Neal Ranch Formation, and again in beds 9-14 in the upper 2648 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY part of the same formation. It is fairly common in the latter, and attains a large size. This is the stratigraphic horizon for P superbus, new species. The Lenox Hills Formation in Leonard Mountain, north of the Hess Ranch and in the Hess Ranch Horst, contains Parenteletes but it is not common, although it is very large. Its last appearance is in the lower part of the Poplar Tank Member of the Skinner Ranch Formation. Outside of North America, species of large size occur in Japan and Sicily. In the latter place two specimens in the collections of the National Mu- seum of Natural History attain a size comparable to the largest from the Wolfcamp Hills. The Si- cilian specimens are from Cosso Affumata, Lercara, in the Province of Palermo. In China, Huang (1933:10-14) described Paren- teletes sinensis and two mutants. This species be- longs to the genus Enteletina rather than to Parenteletes because it does not have a camera under the median septum. Its pedicle valve in- terior is identical to that of Enteletes thus relating the species and its "mutants" to the Salt Range genus. Furthermore the specimens were taken from Late Permian sediments rather than from Wolfcampian equivalents, which is the strati- graphic range of Parenteletes. Sokolskaya (in Ruzhentsev and Sarycheva, 1965:202) described and figured Parenteletes ruzhencevi from the Per- mian of Dzulfa. This too, proves not to belong to Parenteletes, but is a species of Enteletina because it has no cella in the pedicle valve. Parenteletes cooperi R. E. King PLATE 692: FICURES 1-29; PLATE 693: FICURES 1-26 Parenteletes cooperi R. E. King [part], 1931:49, pl. 1: figs. 16, 17a-d, 18, 19a, b, 20, pl. 2: figs. 1-3.—(?)Newell, 1934:426. Depressed, pentagonal in outline, width greater than length; pedicle valve shallow compared to brachial valve; umbonal region of adult extended posteriorly short distance beyond hinge. Sides broadly rounded and anterior subtruncate. Hinge moderately wide, 0.55 to 0.7 of width. Anterior commissure with angular sulcation. Surface semi- plicate; plications short and crowded. Capillae broad, separated by fine, threadlike striae; about 3 or 4 capillae per mm near front of large specimens. Pedicle valve flattened in anterior profile, pos- terior half slightly convex but anterior half slightly concave; anterior profile broadly and gently con- vex. Umbonal region not conspicuous, slightly convex with short, moderately steep slopes. Median region flattened. Fold low, broadening anteriorly to occupy about a third of width and elevated chiefly in anterior half; fold poorly defined or non- existent in posterior half, originating about 6 mm anterior to beak. Plications short, narrow, con- fined to anterior half, seldom defined posterior to midvalve, three per side. Brachial valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral profile; strongly and roundly convex in anterior profile; sulcus shallow at posterior, orig- inating 7 to 10 mm anterior to beak, deepening anteriorly and producing long tongue at about right angles to commissure and directed posteriorly, there articulating in reentrant left by fold of ped- icle valve. Flanks steep; lateral plications narrow, with narrow interspaces, three in number with incipient fourth. Pedicle valve interior with low, thick septum, slightly flaring dental plates and moderately deep cella. Brachial valve with long brachiophore plates, not flaring strongly; brachiophores stout and with shelflike inner thickening in adults. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— pedicle brachial valve va Ive hinge sulcus thick- USNM 701-1 length length width width width ness 150156a 23.8 28.0 33.8 18.7 16.0 21.9 150156b 24.3 26.8 32.0 19.6 13.7 20.5 150156c 18.2 20.7 25.0 14.7 9.9 16.9 150156d 12.0 13.4 13.9 7.8 6.5 9.2 USNM 701f 150155 17.4 22.0 28.3 17.0 9.6 25.8 King 199 - YPM 12679 a 18.0 24.3 27.3 ? 10.0 19.0 (lectotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- tion {Uddenites-bearing Shale Member), Neal Ranch Formation (Bed 4), Skinner Ranch For- mation (Poplar Tank Member). LOCALITIES.—Gaptank: USNM 700a, 700b. Ud- denites: USNM 701f, 701p, 701q, 701t, 70lv, 701x, 702j, 702k, 702n, 702q, 702r, 703p, 713o. Neal Ranch: USNM 701-1, 727d, 727e. Poplar Tank: USNM 741k. DIAGNOSIS.—Parenteletes of moderate size having NUMBER 24 2649 narrow, angular plications confined to the anterior half of the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12679a. Figured para- types: YPM 12678a-c, 12679b, S1494, T10465, T11475. Figured hypotypes: USNM 150149a-e; 150156a-d; 153827a-f; 153828a, b; 155124. Mea- sured hypotypes: USNM 150155, 150156a-d. COMPARISON.—To make adequate comparisons of the species of Enteletidae it is necessary to have large suites of specimens. The samples of P. cooperi leave much to be desired in this respect. It is not certain whether the range of size seen in the col- lection represents the true size range of the species. Consequently, specimens of the same size repre- senting the other species form the basis of com- parison. The striking feature of this species is the confinement of the plications to the anterior half of the pedicle valve and the fact that these plica- tions are not only shorter but are narrower and more numerous than those of P superbus, new species, of the same size. The umbonal region of the brachial valve of P. superbus extends farther posterior to the hinge than in P. cooperi and the tongue of the brachial valve tends to extend pos- terior to the anterior margin where it is inserted into the slot of the pedicle valve. The internal structures of both valves of P. cooperi are stouter than those of P. superbus of equal size or larger. Furthermore, the brachiophores are thickened on the inside to form shelflike platforms like those of many species of Enteletes. DISCUSSION.—The specimens described by R. E. King are from two stratigraphic levels and a type has never been selected from the cotypes. The most complete and least crushed adult specimen is that illustrated on his Plate 1: figures 17a-d, which is selected as type; it bears the number YPM 12679a and comes from the Gaptank Formation (Uddenites-bearing Shale Member at King locality 199). Parenteletes cooperi is a moderately large species having a narrow hinge and with the plications originating well up on the flanks of the pedicle valve but not attaining the umbonal region. The lateral profile of the pedicle valve is gently convex but the brachial valve is strongly swollen and rounded. At the anterior the growth lamellae are generally concentrated and form several angular, zigzag lines. Two young specimens are instructive. The smaller (USNM 150149a) of the two has a pedicle valve 11.5 mm long and a brachial valve 12.5 mm in length. It is 14 mm wide and 7.5 mm thick and the hinge is 7.5 mm wide. By surface measure the fold and sulcus do not appear until 8 mm anterior to the beaks. No trace of the lateral plications appears on this specimen. The second specimen (150149b) has a pedicle valve length of 13.2 mm and brachial valve length of 13.8 mm. The width is 15.2 mm, the thickness 8.5 mm, and the hinge width 6.3 mm. This speci- men has a lateral plication on each side of the fold and two by the sulcus which appeared at a length of about 11 mm. The lateral plications ap- pear later in the other species. Parenteletes superbus, new species PLATE 689: FIGURES 1-30; PLATE 690: FIGURES 1-41; PLATE 691: FIGURES 1-26; PLATE 692: FIGURES 30-34 Large, with thin and delicate shell; subpentag- onal in outline and slightly wider than long in adults. Shells strongly disproportionate in size, brachial valve longer, deeper, and more convex. Umbonal region of brachial valve extended pos- teriorly far beyond beak of pedicle valve. Hinge wide, variable, generally about 0.5 to 0.6 of width. Sides narrowly rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded. Anterior commissure angularly sulcate. Surface plicated and capillate, with 4 plications on pedicle valve, 5, with incipient sixth, on the bra- chial valve. Capillae numbering about 3 per mm near front of large specimens. Pedicle valve short and wide, variable in lateral profile from nearly flat to gently convex; anterior profile broadly arcuate. Beak small; umbonal re- gion narrow and flattened, umbonal slopes long; median region moderately convex. Fold sharply angular to subangular, strongly elevated anteriorly but low posteriorly, originating 6-7 mm anterior to beak, anteriorly forming deep, narrow angular re- entrant. Lateral plications strong, two flanking fold extending onto umbonal region; second lateral ones dying out about a third length from beak, outermost plications short. Brachial valve strongly convex in lateral profile and broadly convex in anterior profile; beak and umbo strongly curved and visible only from ven- tral side; umbonal region swollen and lengthened 2650 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY posterior to hinge; umbonal slopes steep and long. Sulcus originating in umbonal region 6 or 7 mm anterior to beak, deepening and widening ante- riorly to produce long, concave pointed tongue, width about a third valve width. Flanks steep. Pedicle valve interior with low dental plates having concave edge; median septum low, thick- ened anteriorly; cella variable, short and wide. Brachial valve interior with brachiophores long and slender; brachiophore supporting plates mod- erately flaring. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— pedicle brachial valve valve hinge sulcus thick- length length width width width ness USNM 701k 150175a 34.0 54.6 62.0* 40.0 21.0 45.0 150175b 26.9 37.8 44.0 22.3 18.0 33.8 150175c 26.0 31.0 39.0 19.2 16.0 28.7 150175d 23.7 27.2 33.5 18.4 14.9 23.4 150175e 23.3 23.0 26.8 16.5 11.3 17.0 150175f 17.2 18.9 31.3 16.1 8.2 14.3 150175g 15.9 16.6 18.0 8.7 8.9 11.7 150175h 14.6 15.1 15.9 7.3 ? 10.6 150175i 11.5 11.8 13.7 6.6 6.1 8.6 150175J 9.7 9.8 10.9 5.2 3.0? 6.7 150175k 7.2 7.5 8.3 3.9? 2.2? 5.0 150175-1 5.0 5.1 5.6 3.2 ? 3.3 150175m 4.2 4.2 4.6 2.3 ? 2.8 150175n 34.4 42.3 48.4 24.4 18.9 38.1 (holotype) 150175o 24.7 27.1 33.7 18.0 15.5 22.4 150175p 26.4 28.3 35.0 19.0 12.5 23.3 150175q 27.8 36.5 41.3 25.0 15.6 31.8 150175r 26.7 30.3 37.8 24.8 16.3 25.8 150175s 24.3 25.7 33.4 17.3 15.3 21.5 USNM 701h 150173a 33.0 44.0 52.8 31.5 21.7 39.8 150173b 33.6 48.9 54.9 33.3 22.6 43.0 150173c 29.3 37.3 45.8 25.0 24.2 33.3 150173d 29.7 33.8 38.9 21.4 18.7 28.1 150173e 20.2 21.8 26.3 11.9 12.8 15.2 1501731 19.2 20.0 23.4 12.0 10.7 14.0 150173g 18.9 20.0 22.6 11.7 10.2 14.4 150173h 12.2 12.5 16.3 7.8 5.4 8.7 1501731 12.7 12.8 15.0 7.7 5.8 8.8 150173J 8.3 8.3 8.7 3.4 ? 5.5 USNM 701c 150171a 32.0 47.2 49.0 29.1 23.0 36.8 150171b 24.2 26.4 31.7 16.8 13.7 20.0 150171c 19.6 22.3 25.5 11.3 12.5 14.7 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- tion (Uddenites-bearing Shale Member), Neal Ranch Formation, Lenox Hills Formation. LOCALITIES.—Uddenites: ?USNM 702r. Neal Ranch: 701, 701c, 701h, 701k, 701-1, 708w. Lenox Hills: 705, 705k, 705s, 706g, 709t, 709w, 713-1, 713q, 716r. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Parenteletes with strong angu- lar plications occupying three-fourths of the surface. TYPES._Holotype: USNM 150175n. Figured paratypes: USNM 150173b; 150174a, b, d, g, o, p, r-v; 150175a-d, p; 153823a, b; 153824b; 153826a-f, h. Measured paratypes: USNM 150171a-c; 150173a-j; 150175a-m, o-s. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 150173a, c-j; 150174c, e, f, h-n, q; 150175e-o. COMPARISONS.—Perhaps the most striking feature of this species is its large size and exquisite sym- metry. It is one of the largest species known. It differs from P cooperi R. E. King in this respect among others. It is distinguished from P. cooperi from the Uddenites zone by its broad angular pli- cations that begin well up on the umbonal region and are also arranged farther laterally on the sides. The beak of the pedicle valve is narrower and more elongated than that of P. cooperi and the umbonal region of the brachial valve is extended farther posteriorly than that of P. cooperi in speci- mens of the same size. Internally, the structures of the two valves are more delicate than those of P. cooperi and the brachiophores of P. superbus do not produce the lateral shelflike growths medially, as in the older species. No specimens of P. superbus have been found which are greatly deepened by anterior growth. DISCUSSION.—This species is fairly common in the biohermal beds of the Neal Ranch and Lenox Hills formations, but it is difficult to obtain good specimens from the latter formation, because none of the specimens is silicified. Two localities in the Neal Ranch Formation have yielded extensive suites of specimens from the earliest shell stage to adults of unusually large size. The enormous size of some specimens, which attain a width, large for a brachiopod, of 63.5 mm (2.5 inches), appears to be a characteristic of the genus, which produces large species elsewhere, as in Sicily. The exterior of this species is variable but not to a marked degree. Plications are not uniformly developed either in size, number, or strength. The fold and sulcus vary somewhat in width but are generally fairly uniform in the adults, usually less NUMBER 24 2651 than half the maximum width. Extension of the umbonal region of the brachial valve posterior to the hinge is variable but is usually extensive in the adults. An unusual feature of these large brachiopods is the delicacy of the shell, which is very thin and fragile. Many of the specimens when freed of ma- trix were crushed and difficult to study and many of the uncrushed ones had to be filled with plaster of Paris to preserve them. In keeping with the fra- gility of the shell is the delicacy of the interior details. The dental plates are thin and arcuate along their free edge. The septum is generally thicker than the dental plates and is a mere ridge for about half its length, after which it heightens somewhat on the crest of the cella. It is actually never strongly elevated and its maximum height is on the rising anterior edge of the cella. This structure originates after the folding of the pedicle valve has begun and the consequent trough deep- ens inside the valve. It attains a length of 11 mm in a pedicle valve having a length of 36 mm. Inside the brachial valve the brachiophores are also remarkable for their shortness and delicacy. These are constructed exactly like those of Ente- letes, but in this species they are not thickened laterally to form the prominent shelf so common in the other genus. The brachiophore plates are not widely flaring in this species, and they match the dental plates in delicacy. The median crest of the inner median fold, which corresponds to the exterior deeply angular sulcus, serves as a median ridge. The merest trace of a myophragm occurs in some specimens. GROWTH.—The length/width ratio remains fairly constant throughout the growth of the shell, if measured on the brachial valve. This ratio ranges between 0.8 and 0.9 for the brachial valve, but the pedicle valve, after attaining 12 to 14 mm becomes shorter than the brachial valve and its L/W index ranges between 0.6 to 0.8. Folding is not initiated until the attainment of 7 mm, when a faint wave toward the pedicle valve appears at the middle of the anterior commissure. The first pair of lateral plications appears at about 14 mm. The second pair appears at 18 to 20 mm all measured on the pedicle valve. The two valves have approximately the same length up to about 10 mm but between that distance and 18 mm some variability was de- tected. After 18 mm the brachial valve is the longer of the two and generally protrudes conspicuously beyond the hinge when viewed from the ventral side. The growth of interior details is not accordant with that of the exterior, because the development of the cella is delayed for a considerable period of growth after the formation of the median fold on the pedicle valve. The median septum is not strongly developed in the early stages. Two speci- mens of 13 and 15 mm in length, respectively, show no trace of the cella, but a small chamber appears in a specimen 18 mm long. Order Uncertain Superfamily RHYNCHOPORACEA Muir-Wood, 1955 Rhynchonelliform brachiopods having conjunct deltidial plates and dental plates in pedicle valve and secondarily developed apical chambers in brachial valves. Shell substance endopunctate. Family RHYNCHOPORIDAE Muir-Wood, 1955 Characters as above. Genera in West Texas: Rhynchopora King, 1865. The genus is common in the Glass Mountains, occurring in all of the formations; it is rare in the Guadalupe Mountains and the Sierra Diablo. Rhynchopora W. King, 1865 Rhynchopora W. King, 1865:124.—Davidson, 1880:286.— Waagen, 1883:411.—Hall and Clarke, 1894:210—Dunbar and Condra, 1932:295.—Sarycheva, 1960:257.—Williams et al., 1965:H632. Biconvex, rhynchonelliform, coarsely punctate; outline bluntly trigonal, pentagonal, or subellip- tical; commissure uniplicate, fold and sulcus not prominent except at commissure; valves of mature adults normally meeting at straight angle; costae strong, moderately fine, numerous, beginning at or near beaks, extending forward simply, without bifurcation or intercalation; intertroughs narrow, normally extended at anterior margins to form long, sharp spines, internally reinforced, inter- locking as valves close, barring gape of open shell 2652 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY and forming sieve. Radial capillae absent; con- centric striae weak; growth lines weak, irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve flatly convex, greatest convexity along midline, sulcus extending forward as broad tongue; beak sharp, straight to slightly curved; beak ridges short, blunt to sharp; delthyrium tri- angular, base of triangle constricted by small, nor- mally disjunct, rarely conjunct, deltidial plates, producing elongate oval foramen, sides with small widely flaring, triangular to semicircular flaps on deltidial plates; lateral pseudointerareas narrow, or absent. Brachial valve high, strongly convex trans- versely, nearly flat along fold, abruptly bent toward commissure at anterior edge of fold. Beak slightly swollen, apex within pedicle valve behind del- tidial plates. Pedicle valve interior with sides gently diverging anterior to deltidial plates, forming semicircular notch for brachial beak; hinge teeth knoblike, dental plates supporting hinge teeth, nearly verti- cal, reaching valve floor, diverging slightly anteri- orly and decreasing in height in extending forward along floor to beyond midvalve. Adductor muscle scars small, in center of muscle area, forming heart- shaped mark with point forward; diductor scars on floor of umbonal region (perhaps on proximal sides of dental plates), not subdivided into serrate marks. Brachial valve interior with large, undivided hinge plate, anterior edge shallow or deeply notched medially; apex of hinge plate perforated, with minute cardinal process extending backwards from plate into perforation in some species; apex projecting higher than apical foramen; hinge sockets deep, anteriorly widening, coarsely den- ticulate; crura short, stout, strongly curved ven- trally, gently diverging anteriorly from forward edge of hinge plate, supported by high, keellike crural bases extending along their length from dorsal side of hinge plate; crural supporting plates extending from hinge plate to top of median sep- tum, forming small cavity continuous with apical perforation; median septum high, thin, bladelike, extending forward about a third to half valve length. Muscle marks weakly impressed, posterior adductor scars widely separated, elongate, only slightly diverging anteriorly, one on each side of muscle area; anterior adductor area elongate ellip- tical, on floor of valve alongside and anterior to median septum. TYPE-SPECIES.—Terebratula geinitziana Verne- uil (1845:83, pl. 10: figs. 5a, b). COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora is characterized by its coarsely punctate and strongly but finely costate shell, outwardly flared disjunct deltidial plates, high wedge-shaped profile, elongate dental plates, undivided hinge plate with a small apical perfora- tion and in some species a small cardinal process, its well-developed crural cavity, broad and strong, sharply curved crura with high anterior keel, its high, thin, and long median septum, and peculiar muscle pattern. Internally it has been compared with Cupularostrum on the basis of the crural cav- ity, but that genus has a divided hinge plate with an auxiliary anterior median plate, short dental plates, conjunct deltidial plates, and a nonpunc- tate shell. No mention is made in the literature of flaring or alate deltidial plates of species of Rhynchopora. These probably have been overlooked because of comparatively poorly preserved specimens. Flared deltidial plates are present in all the Texas Perm- ian species of Rhynchopora, although not pre- served on all specimens, and also in the unsilicified species from the Gaptank Formation. Permian species of Rhynchopora differ from most Carboniferous species in the length and cur- vature of the pedicle beak. Carboniferous species have the beak short and rather tightly curved, with the foramen nearly filled by the brachial valve, with the resultant necessity in many species for the foramen to perforate the apex in order to provide an opening for the pedicle. Weller's (1914) descriptions of Mississippian species con- tain statements similar to the following excerpt from his description of R. hamburgensis: ". . . del- thyrium broadly triangular, partially filled by the beak of the opposite valve, communicating at the apex with the foramen which encroaches upon the beak, deltidial plates not observed" (S. Weller, 1914:228). In most Permian species the beak is long, and not so strongly curved that the foramen is filled by the dorsal beak, the deltidial plates are clearly visible, and the apex is normally not perforated or only slightly perforated by the foramen. Species from the uppermost Pennsylvanian (Gaptank), some lower Pennsylvanian species NUMBER 24 2653 (e. g., Rhynchopora magnicosta Mather), and Wolfcampian species have an abraded or rubbed appearance to the anterior and lateral surfaces that are formed by the abrupt bending of the valves toward the plane of commissure. Most species have slightly curved, rockerlike anterior surfaces, but have the lateral plications of the brachial valve uniformly rather than abruptly bent toward the margin. On the Gaptank and Wolfcampian species the change in curvature of the lateral plications is so abrupt, and the crests of the plications so suddenly flattened, that they appear to have been worn down. The abraded ap- pearance, which we have termed "levigate," is enhanced by the orientation of the punctae per- pendicular to the shell surface. The costae are sharp-crested over most of the shell, and the punctae are widely spaced and perpendicular to the surfaces of the sides of the costae. Where the costae are flattened, the punctae are crowded and more or less perpendicular to the general sphere of the shell, giving the surface its roughened abraded aspect. On Wolfcamp and Gaptank speci- mens the levigation is abrupt, forming a blunt corner where it meets the sharp crested costae. The Leonardian species are distinguished by their rather globose form, with blunt angles and rounded contours. Guadalupian species more nearly resemble Pennsylvanian or Wolfcampian species with their greater angularity. However, the Word species have the pedicle valve flanks and an- terior edge of the fold somewhat reflexed, and the pedicle beaks are longer and straighter. DISCUSSION.—Weller (1910, 1914) considered the punctate shell, high median septum, crural cavity, and undivided hinge plate to be important ge- neric characters of Rhynchopora. Hall and Clarke (1894) and Kozlowski (1914), however, described the hinge plate as being divided. The species upon which Hall and Clarke based their opinions is R. pustulosa (White), but Weller (1910, 1914) made serial sections of a representative of that species and showed it to have an undivided plate. Licha- rew (1925:115, pl. 2: figs. 8, 12) made similar sec- tions of the type species, R. geinitziana (Verneuil), showing it to have the hinge plate undivided. Only Kozlowski's Bolivian species, which he identified as R. nikitini Tschernyschew, now remains doubt- ful regarding the character of the hinge plate. His drawings (Kozlowski, 1914:85, text-fig. 22) show one specimen with the plate narrowly divided and another (fig. 22c) with it undivided. He explains in his text that, although the hinge plate normally is divided, the division may be obscured by calcar- eous deposits. Although his text-figure 22a shows the apical part of the division of the plate to be wider than the more anterior part, he does not mention the presence of the characteristic apical perforation. Possibly the apical perforation de- ceived him into believing that the plate normally was completely divided. His specimens are so typical of the genus in all other respects, however, that it is doubtful that his interpretation of a di- vided hinge plate is correct. On his text-figure 22 Kozlowski also illustrated the adductor muscle scars of the pedicle valve. Their pattern is essentially similar to that in Texas species of Rhynchopora, differing only in the more rounded anterior edge; in Texas species the anterior is more pointed, giving the pattern a heart-shaped outline. We find that the pattern of this muscle scar, and the anterior extensions of the dental plates that flank the muscle scar also are significant generic characters. Dunbar and Condra (1932:296) first called attention to the presence of a small perforation at the apex of the hinge plate and pointed out its importance as a generic character. They did not attempt to explain its function, stating that some authors supposed it to be an opening for a gut leading to an external vent. Dunbar and Condra pointed out that such an external opening would imply a profound modification of the normal aliementary tract of the articulate brachiopod. Our silicified specimens provide a less radical ex- planation for the function of the apical perfora- tion. In two of the Glass Mountain species the hinge plate may have a very low median ridge that continues posteriorly as a slight projection into the anterior part of the perforation, forming a small node that could function as a muscle attachment. Probably in these species, as well as in those with- out this process, the diductor muscles attached to the shell behind the perforation, and may have continued through the hole to attach to the inner sides of the notothyrial cavity. In some other rhyn- chonellid genera (e. g., Fascicosta Stehli) there is a median depression, or apical pit, for attach- ment of diductor muscles, and in many genera the apex of the brachial valve projects above the hinge 2654 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY plate, providing a place of attachment that offers sufficient leverage for the muscles and thus func- tions as a cardinal process. The apical perforation provides an attachment surface in the apical re- gion for muscles that entered from its posterior, rather than, as in genera like Wellerella, from the anterior. The position of the muscle attachments and the height of the brachial valve require this backward approach of the diductors toward the brachial valve beak of Rhynchopora. The muscle pattern of Rhynchopora is not like that of normal rhynchonellids, in which the small adductor scars of the pedicle valve are surrounded by large diductor scars. In Rhynchopora the ad- ductor scars are located in the usual position, al- though they are abnormally large. But the diductor muscles, instead of surrounding them, attached either to the proximal surfaces of the ex- tended dental plates or to the floor of the valve in the beak area. We have not been able to establish definitely that muscle marks are present on the dental plates. Muscle marks are present on the floor of the delthyrial cavity, although they may be those of pedicle adjustor muscles as well as those of the diductors. With either place of attach- ment of the diductors, however, they had to reach the brachial beak from a position posterior to the beak, rather than from an anterior position as in Wellerella, Phrenophoria, and other genera in which the brachial valve is low. The adductor muscles of Rhynchopora ex- tended from the rather large adductor scars on the floor of the pedicle valve to the large attachment surfaces on the floor of the brachial valve, beside the median septum. These large muscles would have to stretch a long distance from one valve to the other, and probably were powerful. The shorter diductor muscles had to act against these large and long adductors to open the valves. For this reason the additional surface provided by the apical perforation and the inner surfaces of the crural plates was necessary for attachment. Some other details of the shell anatomy are dis- cussed below because they never before have been so well revealed as in this silicified material. Be- sides details of the shell anatomy it is possible to give an account of the juvenile shell and some of the changes attendant upon growth. Unfortunately, this story is not complete. Details of the hinge plate and crura hitherto were poorly known in Rhynchopora; abundant material now permits discussion and illustration of these features. HINGE PLATE.—In most adult shells the hinge plate is flat, but in some a small median fold is developed. In accordance with the usual practice in the study of Rhynchonellida or Terebratulida, the hinge plate can be resolved into several elements. The outermost element is the socket ridge, which is almost flush with the inner parts of the plate in some specimens but in others is somewhat elevated, and it is inclined steeply me- dially and thus hangs over the socket. The socket is corrugated and the tooth of the pedicle valve is grooved at its outer junction with the valve wall, thus producing a strong articulation. The crural base, which is not distinguishable on the surface of the hinge plate, is attached directly or by a very narrow outer hinge plate to the socket ridge. The junction of the two is usually concealed by a wash of shell material. The crura are joined by a flat or slightly arched inner median hinge plate, perforated apically but usually deeply notched anteriorly. In some old specimens this inner plate is marked by a narrow median ridge that probably is a myophragm raised between the pedicle adjustor muscles, which attached to the hinge plate. The inner hinge plate fills the gap between the crural bases, the inner margin of which is defined by small triangular supporting plates that attach to the median septum. The fora- men at the apex of the inner hinge plate appears to be a characteristic feature of Rhynchopora and appears to be present in shells of all ages after the formation of the inner hinge plate. Into the apical foramen in some old specimens protrudes a small projection which may have to do with the inser- tion of the diductor muscles, as mentioned above. CRURA.—The crura are distinctive features in Rhynchopora and have been well described only by Kozlowski (1914:84). They are so strongly curved that they almost touch the edge of the den- tal plates of the opposite valve. In cross section the outside face is gently convex, but the posterior surface is nearly flat, thus forming an open hook. The gently curved outer side of the crus extends in an apical direction under the hinge plate to form a keel between the socket ridge and the api- cal chamber. Kozlowski depicts the free distal edge of the crura as serrated, but this feature was seen NUMBER 24 2655 only in the young of the Glass Mountains species. The crural base can be detected in the hinge plate by the keel, or sloping outer face, and the wall of the crural chamber, which attaches to the inner edge of the crus. APICAL CHAMBER.—In most specimens of all species this is a small triangular chamber in which the sides are attached in a ventral direction to the inner edge of the crura and in a dorsal direction to the median septum. The chamber is short in some specimens and in others is somewhat attenu- ated, but in the majority it does not extend ante- rior to the edge of the inner hinge plate which is its cover. Kozlowski (1914:85, fig. 22a) shows the median septum extending posteriorly and ven- trally into the apical chamber, but the only speci- mens from the Glass Mountains exhibiting this feature are in R. hebetata, from USNM 706f. The attachment with the median septum is variable; in some specimens it is near the valve floor, but in others it is fairly high above it, apparently a mat- ter of individual variation. In some specimens of this species the distal ends of the chamber walls attach slightly below the free edge of the septum, showing thus a slight protru- sion of the septum into the chamber. This uneven junction is usually smoothed over by callus. MEDIAN SEPTUM.—This structure is usually long and slender and extends to midvalve or beyond in the vast majority of specimens. It is usually low at the posterior, where it attaches to the apical cham- ber, but, depending upon the species, reaches a crest between the chamber and the distal extrem- ity. The anterior slope is usually fairly long and not steep. ANTERIOR SIEVE.—The device described by N. Schmidt (1937) and Rudwick (1964) for the ef- fective sieving of incurrent feeding water streams in the genera Hypothyridina and Uncinulus is well developed in Rhynchopora. The two Devon- ian genera mentioned have the same form as Rhynchopora, that of a flattened anterior and a somewhat wedge-shaped shell; it is therefore not surprising that the morphology and phenomena described by Schmidt and Rudwick should be the same in Rhynchopora. In adult Rhynchopora the intertroughs between the ribs on the outside of the shell deepen in the sulcus and on the fold, thus producing subcarinate costae on the interior. To- ward the margin these carina te ridges become more solid and attenuated and are drawn into long spines at their distal extremities. Inside the closed shell these spines lie in the grooves of the opposite valves (pl. 695: fig. 58). On the outside, the angularly tapered costae ends fit snugly. The margins of these tapered ends in well-preserved specimens are minutely serrated. When the valves gape anteriorly and laterally, the needles form a sieve that may have served to strain larger parti- cles from the food-bearing streams, and which may also have had a protective function. GROWTH.—Several localities that have produced Rhynchopora in moderate or great abundance have also yielded immature specimens. Unfortu- nately not enough of these have been found to give the full story of the inner and outer development of the various shell parts. The smallest complete specimen (of R. molina, new species, USNM 154406a; see Plate 695: figure 27), which is from USNM 721g, has a length and maximum width (anterior) of 1.5 mm and a strongly triangular out- line. The hinge is straight and the delthyrium is open and wide, about 0.4 mm at the base. Along the delthyrial margin are limy flaps at a high angle to the delthyrial edges. These deltidial flaps which persist throughout the life of an individual, are well developed and prominent in some speci- mens, but in others seem to be nonexistent, probably having been abraded away. They are a conspicuous feature of the juveniles, and with the puncta, make it possible to identify minute rhyn- chonellids positively as belonging to Rhynchopora. The costation is obscure at this stage. A brachial valve (USNM 154406b, Plate 695: figures 28-31) 1.25 mm long, about the same size as the brachial valve of the preceding specimen and from the same locality, shows the interior details. No me- dian septum or hinge plate are visible, the crura are attached directly to the socket ridges, and the pedicle valve has well-developed dental plates and alate deltidial structures. A third specimen (USNM 154406c) from the same locality is 2.9 mm in maximum width and length. This has the crura attached directly to the socket ridges, as in the pre- ceding; there is no median septum and the noto- thyrial cavity is wide. In the posterolateral areas of this cavity and at the level of the crura, delicate horizontal plates occupy each side of the cavity. 2656 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY These are the beginnings of the inner hinge plates which ultimately form the bridge between the crura in the adult. In specimens up to the 3-mm stage from USNM 72lg the brachial valve of Rhynchopora has no apical cavity and no median septum. The crura at this stage are minutely ser- rated on their distal ends. A complete specimen 3.9 mm long (USNM 148455a) from USNM 701c (Neal Ranch Forma- tion) has essentially the same structure except for the fact that the inner hinge plate is complete and a median septum has started to form. This does not reach the notothyrial region. A brachial valve (USNM 148510d) from USNM 706f (Road Canyon Formation), 3.1 mm long, al- though slightly smaller than the preceding, pre- serves the inner hinge plate well and shows clearly the suture between the medially and anteriorly growing plates. The median septum is incipient and is anterior to the notothyrial cavity, which has no apical chamber. A specimen (USNM 148488) from USNM 706b, 4.5 mm long with both valves separated, has the same features; the inner hinge plates show a median suture and there is an apical foramen. No specimens measuring 5 and 6 mm are in the collection. Specimens from 7 mm up have all adult characters well exhibited and the apical chamber well formed. A specimen from USNM 706e with a length of 8 mm shows all details of the cardinalia. These are essentially adult with the exception that they show the junction line between the inner hinge plates. Recapitulation of the growth before 5 mm shows that at the earliest stage the crus is attached di- rectly to the socket ridge and that the early crus is distally serrate. At a very early stage, before 2 mm, deposition of the inner hinge plates starts in the posterolateral extremities of the notothyrial cham- ber against the inner edge of the crura. This con- tinues, with the two plates growing anteriorly and medially, finally to unite at or before 5 mm of length is reached. No evidence of deposition of the apical chamber is seen from the earliest stage to that of 5 mm but specimens of 7 mm have the apical chamber well formed. This structure thus must appear fairly suddenly and form rapidly, per- haps to strengthen the muscle attachment surfaces on the hinge plate as the shell grows larger and heavier. Rhynchopora dossena, new species PLATE 694: FIGURES 1-10 Large for genus; coarse punctae scattered in shell except in troughs between costae; outline de- pressed, pentagonal to transversely subelliptical; commissure uniplicate; fold moderately high, nearly flat in profile, gently arched transversely, beginning to stand above flanks about 5 to 7 mm anterior to brachial beak, anterior edge abruptly bent toward commissure, meeting tongue of sul- cus nearly at straight angle; sulcus shallow, trans- versely flat, longitudinally strongly convex, extending forward into fold as broad tongue; valves meeting nearly at straight angle except along hinge, with anterior and lateral surfaces moderately levigate. Costae strong, rather coarse, blunt-crested on umbonal areas, sharp over middle regions, rounded or nearly flat and longitudinally grooved on anterior and lateral surfaces, number- ing 6 to 9, usually 8 or 9 on fold, one less in sulcus, 8 or 9 on each flank; intertroughs narrow, ex- tended at anterior margins to form pointed inter- locking pickets across gape of shell. Pedicle valve flatly convex transversely, edges sharply bent toward commissure; umbonal region slightly swollen; flanks normally not reflexed; beak short, erect, curved closely toward brachial valve; beak ridges blunt, bordering concave smooth areas adjacent to beak; delthyrium widely triangular, base slightly constricted by small, disjunct deltidial plates; foramen oval, perforating apex of beak, sides lined by small, outwardly flaring flaps of del- tidial plates; lateral pseudointerareas narrow, mostly covered by edge of brachial valve producing slight overlap of valves. Brachial valve strongly convex transversely, highly wedge-shaped in profile; umbonal region rather strongly swollen; normally not flattened or depressed; extremities of hinge fol- lowing contour of valve, normally not protruding. Pedicle valve interior with two slightly diver- gent, anteriorly extended dental plates occupying about half valve length. Other internal details not visible. Brachial valve interior with long median septum (trace visible on outer surface of valve). STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- tion (Bed 10 of King). LOCALITIES.—USNM 700, 700a. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Rhynchopora with tightly in- curved beak of the pedicle valve. NUMBER 24 2657 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 700 148415a 9.6 9.0 10.7 c.8.0 154395 13.0 12.3 16.2 13.9 148415b 14.1 12.8 17.7 16.0 USNM 700a 148417a 11.0 9.8 13.5 11.9 148417b 13.4+ 12.6 19.4 15.9 154396 (holotype) 16.7 14.9 20.9 18.0 TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154396. Figured and measured paratype: USNM 154395. Mea- sured and unfigured paratypes: USNM 148415a, b; 148417a, b. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora dossena is charac- terized by its rather large size, high brachial valve, strong costae, and short, relatively tightly curved pedicle beak. In size and outline it resembles JR. palumbula, new species, from the Word Forma- tion, differing in its shorter, closer beak, non- reflexed fold, and pedicle flanks. It is larger than R. sphenoides, new species, and is also distin- guished by its short curved beak and its levigate anterior and lateral surfaces. It is larger and more transverse than R. molina, new species, which is similarly levigate, and its beak is shorter and more curved, its brachial valve higher and more strongly wedge-shaped, and it has usually more costae on the fold and fewer on the flanks. This species is larger, higher, and more trans- verse than R. illinoisensis (Worthen), and its fold stands higher above the flanks of the brachial valve. These features also distinguish it from R. carbonaria (McChesney), and, in addition, its fold and flanks are more abruptly bent toward the commissure and its costae somewhat stronger. It resembles R. magnicosta Mather in its high dorsal valve, but differs in its finer and more numerous costae. Rhynchopora dossena is larger, more trans- verse, higher, and has more numerous costae on fold and flanks than R. nikitini Kozlowski (1914, not of Tschernyschew) from Bolivia. DISCUSSION.—This is one of the larger species found in the Glass Mountains but it is never silici- fied. Nevertheless, the preservation is fairly good although the alate plates on the delthyrial margin are not well preserved. The species is rare. Rhynchopora guadalupensis, new species PLATE 694: FIGURES 11-21 Average size for genus, coarsely punctate; out- line bluntly subtrigonal to subelliptical; commis- sure uniplicate, fold low, gently convex longitudi- nally and transversely, beginning to stand above flanks about 5 to 7 mm anterior to brachial beak, anterior edge curved toward commissure, not sharply bent; sulcus shallow, extending forward as narrow tongue into fold, producing slight indenta- tion in anterior shell margin. Costae moderately strong, fine, beginning at beaks, blunt crested, be- coming flattened and with shallow grooves only immediately adjacent to commissure, numbering normally about 5 on fold, one less in sulcus, about 10 on each flank; intertroughs narrow, extended at anterior margins to form short, pointed, inter- locking pickets across gape of shell. Pedicle valve gently convex, beak area slightly swollen; flanks gently reflexed; beak ridges blunt, short; lateral pseudointerareas narrow, overlap of valves small; delthyrium broadly triangular, base of triangle constricted by small, narrowly disjunct deltidial plates; foramen wide, sides lined by small outwardly flaring flaps of deltidial plates. Brachial valve more strongly convex; umbonal region somewhat swollen; beak bluntly pointed, apex within pedicle valve under deltidial plates; hinge slightly straighter than sides of valve, caus- ing extremities to protrude somewhat. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike hinge teeth at juncture of sides of valve with anterior edge of delthyrium, supported by nearly vertical dental plates extending forward with decreasing height to near midvalve. Muscle marks not observed. Brachial valve interior with large triangular, un- divided hinge plate, its anterior edge with shallow indentation; apical perforation fairly large; crura broad, strongly curved ventrally, supported by keels extending from dorsal side of hinge plate; sockets deep, wide, anteriorly expanding, coarsely corrugated; crural plates short, converging to top of median septum, forming small crural cavity; median septum high, thin, bladelike, extending forward about half length of valve. Muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Holotype USNM 152884 and paratype USNM 148418, respectively: 2658 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY length 11.7, 13.0; brachial valve length 11.7, 11.5; width 12.5, 13.2; thickness 6.6, 8.5. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon For- mation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 512, 600; USNM 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized Rhynchopora com- pressed and with narrow fold and sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 152884. Figured and measured paratype: USNM 148418. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora guadalupensis is characterized by its narrow outline, comparatively low brachial valve, gentle angles, few and blunt costae, slightly indented anterior surface, and com- paratively high median septum. It is less angular and less reflexed than R. palumbula, new species, also narrower, has fewer costae on the fold, and its brachial valve is lower. However, a few specimens of R. palumbula from the Glass Mountains ap- proach the form of R. guadalupensis, and perhaps when larger collections are available from the Guadalupes the two species will prove to be geo- graphic subspecies. In its relatively blunted contours R. guada- lupensis resembles R. hebetata, new species, from the Cathedral Mountain and Road Canyon for- mations in the Glass Mountains. It differs in its narrower outline, lower brachial valve and less globose form and nonflattened brachial umbonal region. It is distinguished from R. sphenoides, new species, by its narrower outline, lower brachial valve, somewhat larger size, less angularity, and inflated, nonflattened brachial umbonal region. DISCUSSION.—This species is extremely rare, only two complete specimens and three separate valves having been found in all of the materials etched from the Getaway Member by the National Mu- seum of Natural History and the American Mu- seum of Natural History. The specimens show evi- dence of having been bored and damaged before preservation. Rhynchopora hebetata, new species PLATE 694: FIGURES 22-80; PLATE 695: FIGURES 56-66; PLATE 697: FIGURES 77-81 Average size for genus, coarsely punctate except in troughs between costae; outline transversely subelliptical to bluntly subtrigonal or subpenta- gonal; commissure uniplicate, fold low, flatly con- vex longitudinally, gently arched transversely, be- ginning to stand above flanks 5 to 8 mm anterior to brachial beak; anterior margin gently curved toward tongue of sulcus, meeting nearly at straight angle; sulcus shallow, transversely nearly flat, ex- tending into fold as broad but relatively short tongue. Costae strong, moderately coarse, begin- ning at beaks, numbering 5 to 8, normally 5 or 7 on fold, one less in sulcus, 10 to 14, normally 12, on each flank, crests normally blunt, becoming rounded or flattened near margins, with short longitudinal grooves often indistinct, intertroughs narrow, extended at anterior margins to form short, acutely pointed, internally reinforced, inter- locking pickets across gape of shell. Concentric striae absent; growth lines very weak. Pedicle valve gently convex, edges bluntly bent toward commissure, flanks evenly convex to gently reflexed; beak short, sharp, somewhat attenuate, suberect; beak ridges short and blunt, bordering small, somewhat concave unplicated regions lat- eral to beak; delthyrium widely triangular, base of triangle constricted by small, disjunct deltidial plates; foramen oval, sides lined by small, semi- circular, outwardly flaring flaps on deltidial plates; lateral pseudointerareas elongate, narrow, partly covered by edge of opposite valve. Brachial valve convex transversely, profile bluntly triangular; umbonal region slightly flat- tened, normally shallowly indented along median line posterior to fold; beak bluntly pointed, not swollen, apex within pedicle valve under deltidial plates; extremities of hinge slightly protruding. Pedicle valve interior with sides diverging ante- rior to deltidial plates, forming shallow notch for brachial beak; hinge teeth knoblike; dental plates nearly vertical, supporting hinge teeth, reaching floor of valve, extending forward along floor to about midlength, decreasing in height anteriorly; diductor muscle scars not observed; adductor marks small, centered between dental plates, heart- shaped with point forward. Brachial valve interior with large undivided hinge plate with anterior edge having shallow notch medially, apex perforated, some specimens with small projection into perforation forming tiny cardinal process; hinge sockets deep, wide, anteriorly expanding, and coarsely denticulate; crura relatively narrow, slightly diverging anteri- orly, strongly curved ventrally, supported by a keel NUMBER 24 2659 extending from ventral side of hinge plate; crural supporting plates converging on edge of median septum, forming small cavity continuous with apical perforation of hinge plate; median septum moderately high, thin, bladelike, extending for- ward about half valve length. Muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 702c 148422a 2.0 1.8 2.0 0.9 148422b 6.1 5.8 5.9 2.5 148422c 7.6 6.2 7.4 6.8 148422d 9.5 8.5 9.8 7.8 148422e 12.0 10.7 13.8 11.6 148422f 15.0 13.5 17.6 13.8 USNM 703c 148428 13.2 11.8 14.9 12.7 USNM 706f 148510a 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.7 148510b 2.8 2.3 2.9 1.0 148510c 3.5 ? 3.0 1.3 148510d 3.5 ? 4.0 1.6 148510e 9.2 8.3 10.2* 4.0 14851Of 9.5 8.3 9.9 7.7 148510g 11.0 9.4 12.0 9.8 14851Oh 11.7 10.3 13.0 11.5 148510i 12.5 11.2 15.5 13.2 148510J 16.3 13.8 17.0 14.0 USNM 721x 154397a (holotype) 12.4 11.0 13.7 11.3 USNM 703a 148436 11.0 9.6 12.2 9.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation, Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: USNM 702, 702a, 702ent, 702-low, 702un, 703b, 703bs, 714w, 721u, 726o, 730q, 7311, 735b. Road Canyon: AMNH 503, 507; USNM 700v, 702c, 703a, 703c, 703d, 706f, 716x, 719x, 720d, 721j, 721s, 721x, 722g, 724a, 726d, 726z, 726za, 732i, 732j, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Globose and inflated Rhynchopora with high median septum and narrow crura. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154397a. Figured paratypes: USNM 148521a, b; 148428; 148436; 148510a, d, h, k, 1, m, n, p; 154397b, c; 154398a, b; 154399; 154400a, b; 154401; 154402a, b; 154403; 154404a-f. Measured paratypes: USNM 148422a-f, 148428, 148436, 154510a-j. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 148510b, c, e-g, i, j. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora hebetata is charac- terized by its globose and inflated shape, with blunted costae and corners, and gentle curves rather than sharp angles. The median septum is high, the crura narrow, especially near their junc- tion with the edge of tho hinge plate, giving the appearance of being constricted, and the apical perforation of the hinge plate is small and nor- mally without a cardinal process. Its blunt con- tours distinguish it readily from the angular and strongly reflexed R. palumbula, new species. It differs from R. sphenoides, new species, in its blunter contours, more transverse outline, slightly indented brachial umbonal area, higher median septum, and narrower crura. This species is distinguished from Pennsylvan- ian forms by its more rounded contours and slightly longer and less tightly hooked pedicle beak, and from the Wolfcampian species R. mo- lina, new species, by its blunter, more globose shape and lack of distinct "levigate" areas on the lateral surfaces. Of the Glass Mountain species, R. hebetata is the one most nearly resembling R. taylori Girty (1910:34), the most identified American Permian species of Rhynchopora. These two species have similarly rounded, nonangular shapes, but R. hebetata differs in its much greater thickness with higher brachial valve and more prominent fold, sulcus that begins farther forward, its more abruptly bent pedicle flanks, and in the location of its greatest width farther posterior. DISCUSSION.—This is an uncommon species even though a fair number of specimens was collected. It is usually rare at most places and the number of specimens in the collection is an expression of the large amount of material dissolved from the Cathe- dral Mountain and Road Canyon formations. The species is commonly taken from bioherms such as USNM 702c and USNM 721x but is found in cur- rent accumulations between or away from bioherms. Some of the best of the juveniles were taken at USNM 706f, the youngest complete specimen being about 1.5 mm in length and maximum width. Unfortunately no specimens of 5 or 6 mm length were found to show the development of the apical chamber. All the juveniles show large punctae generally randomly scattered in the smallest of the specimens. 2660 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Rhynchopora molina, new species PLATE 695: FIGURES 27-55; PLATE 697: FIGURES 82-84 Rhynchopora illinoisensis (Worthen) R. E. King, 1931:109, pl. 34: fig. 18. Average size for genus, coarsely endopunctate except in troughs between costae; outline trans- verse, bluntly subpentagonal to nearly elliptical; commissure uniplicate, fold low, nearly flat longi- tudinally, flat to gently arched transversely, stand- ing only slightly above flanks, beginning about 7 mm anterior to brachial valve beak, anterior mar- gin moderately to sharply bent toward commis- sure, meeting tongue of sulcus nearly at straight angle; sulcus shallow, only slightly depressed below flanks but extending forward as broad tongue into fold, transversely flat; lateral and an- terior surfaces levigate. Costae strong, moderately coarse to fine, flat and faint at beaks, stronger and sharp crested to edges, round crested immediately below edges, levigate around lateral and anterior surfaces, numbering 5 to 9, normally 8 or 9 on fold, one less in sulcus, normally 9 on each flank; intertroughs narrow, extended at anterior margins to form long, sharp, interlocking pickets across shell gape. Growth lines weak, faintly visible near margins of some specimens. Pedicle valve flatly transversely convex, edges sharply bent toward commissure; umbonal region slightly swollen; flanks slightly convex to slightly reflexed; beak short, sharp, suberect to erect, not attenuate; beak ridges blunt, bordering slightly concave smooth areas lateral to beak; delthyrium widely triangular, base slightly constricted by small, widely disjunct deltidial plates; foramen eye-shaped, normally not perforating apex of beak, sides lined by small, outwardly flaring flaps of del- tidial plates; lateral pseudointerareas elongate, narrow, partly or completely covered by edge of brachial valve: only slight overlap of valves. Brachial valve more strongly convex, high- wedge-shaped; umbonal area slightly swollen, not flattened or indented, profile of fold nearly flat, normally not reflexed; beak bluntly pointed, apex within pedicle valve; extremities of hinge follow- ing contour of valve, not protruding. Pedicle valve interior with sides widely diverg- ing anterior to delthyrium; hinge teeth strong, knoblike, corrugated; dental plates strong, nearly vertical, reaching floor of valve and continuing anteriorly with decrease in height to a third to half length of valve. Diductor muscle marks in beak area posterior to edges of high part of dental plates, on floor of valve and on proximal sides of dental plates, without subdivisions or other dif- ferentiation; adductor muscle marks between low anterior extensions of dental plates, heart-shaped with point forward. Brachial valve interior with large triangular un- divided hinge plate, anterior edge shallowly notched or not notched, apex with small perfor- ation not occupied by cardinal process; sockets wide, deep, anteriorly expanding, coarsely corru- gated; crura broad, slightly diverging anteriorly, strongly curved ventrally; crural bases keellike, ex- tending from near apex along dorsal side of hinge plate to ends of crura; supporting plates converg- ing from hinge plate to top of median septum, forming small cavity continuous with apical per- foration of hinge plate; median septum high, thin, bladelike, extending forward about half length of valve. Anterior adductor muscle scars on floor of valve on each side of median septum; posterior adductor scars narrow, short, anteriorly diverging, lying on floor of valve one on each side of muscle area. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 701d 5.5 6.2 2.3 9.4 12.5 10.0 11.4 13.6 12.0 12.0 15.9 14.2 148456a 5.9 148456b 10.4 148456c 12.5 154408b (holotype) 13.6 USNM 701c 148454a 4.0 3.3 4.5 1.8 148454b 9.5 8.3 11.0 7.3 USNM 701k 148463 16.0 14.6 18.1 14.0? USNM 701-1 148464 7.7 ? 7.6 3.0? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Gaptank Forma- tion (Uddenites-bearing Shale Member), Neal Ranch Formation, Lenox Hills Formation. LOCALITIES.—Uddenites: USNM 701e, 701q, 701u, 701 v, 713a. Neal Ranch: USNM 701a3, 701c, 701d, 701k, 701-1, 706x, 713k, 715e, 721g. Lenox Hills: USNM 705, 706g, 707j, 709t. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Rhynchopora, angular, with nearly flat anterior and lateral surfaces where costae are flattened. NUMBER 24 2661 TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154408b. Figured paratypes: USNM 148454b; 148463a; 154406a, b; 154407; 154408a; 154418a-c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 148463b, 148154a, 148456a-c. Measured paratypes: USNM 148454a, b; 148456a-c; 148463; 148464. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora molina is charac- terized by its angular shape, with nearly flat ante- rior and lateral surfaces where the costae are flattened and the puncta produce a roughened ap- pearance as though the surfaces had been ground down. This levigate appearance is shared by the Gaptank species R. dossena, new species, but R. molina is somewhat smaller, its costae lower and not as sharp, its beak not tightly curved against the brachial valve, and its shape is more angular and boxlike. Its flanks and fold normally are not reflexed, distinguishing it from the Word species R. palumbula, new species, its brachial umbo is not flattened nor indented, distinguishing it from R. sphenoides, new species. R. E. King (1931) identified this species with R. illinoisensis (Worthen), but R. molina differs in its sharper contours, transversely flatter ante- rior edge of the fold, wider outline, levigate mar- ginal surfaces, and longer, less tightly hooked pedi- cle beak. He also included in the synonymy of his "R. illinoisensis" the species from Bolivia that Kozlowski (1914) identified as R. nikitini Tscher- nyschew. Kozlowski's species closely resembles some specimens of R. molina, and may be the same, al- though this cannot be ascertained by study of the few Bolivian specimens in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History. Specimens near the norm for R. molina differ from the illus- trated Bolivian specimens in their more transverse outline, less strongly costate umbonal regions, and straighter and longer pedicle beaks. Judging from Kozlowski's description, R. molina has more costae on the fold. Kozlowski has described and illus- trated by a drawing a divided hinge plate for his R. nikitini. If his interpretation is correct, it is another point of difference from R. molina. How- ever, as we have stated above, in the discussion of Rhynchopora, we doubt that the hinge plate of Kozlowski's species is divided. DISCUSSION.—Usually found associated with bio- herms, this species is generally rare, but some speci- mens are unsurpassed for interior details. Several juveniles helped to fill out knowledge of the de- velopmental stages of the genus, although no specimens were found in the 5 to 6 mm stages. The young of this species are somewhat elliptical or very widely triangular and the alate deltidial structures are unusually large. Two of them ap- pear in the 4 to 7 mm group, the smaller has no trace of the apical chamber but in the larger it is in an incipient condition with the walls of the chamber reaching the inner hinge plate only at the apex and being low anterior to it. The cham- ber evidently formed rapidly once it started. Rhynchopora palumbula, new species PLATE 695: FICURES 11-26, 67, 68; PLATE 696; FIGURES 1-45; PLATE 697: FIGURES 1-5 Rhynchopora taylori R. E. King [part, not Girty], 1931:109, pl. 34: figs. 19, 20, 22 [not figs. 21, 23]. Large for genus, punctae coarse; outline trans- versely subpentagonal to subelliptical; commissure uniplicate, fold beginning about 5 mm anterior to brachial beak, nearly flat longitudinally therefore becoming very high anteriorly, but not greatly ele- vated above flanks, anterior margin of fold nor- mally gently reflexed, then abruptly bent toward commissure, meeting pedicle valve near straight angle; sulcus shallow except at anterior margin, there extending dorsally as high, broad tongue. Costae fine but strong, beginning at or near beaks, crests sharp, becoming flat near margins, with longitudinal groove corresponding to intertrough on opposite valve, numbering 4 to 9 on fold, nor- mally 7, rarely an even number, one less in sulcus, 9 to 12 on each flank; intertroughs narrow, ex- tended at anterior margins to form long sharp pickets. Concentric striae and growth lines weak, normally absent from silicified specimens. Pedicle valve relatively flat, strongest convexity transversely in beak area, longitudinally in sulcus; flanks normally reflexed; beak moderately long, sharp, attenuate, suberect; beak ridges short, blunt; delthyrium widely triangular, base of tri- angle constricted by small, normally disjunct, rarely conjunct deltidial plates, remainder of fora- men often flanked by small, semicircular, out- wardly flaring flaps on deltidial plates; foramen normally perforating apex of valve; lateral pseudo- interareas narrow, forming shallow trough parallel to hinge line, short, distal parts covered by edge of brachial valve. 2662 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Brachial valve convex, nearly flat in profile along fold, producing high, wedge-shaped profile; beak short, bluntly pointed, curved into pedicle valve, covered by deltidial plates; umbonal area slightly depressed along median line for short distance posterior to beginning of fold; hinge slightly protruding, somewhat straighter than flanks of shell. Pedicle valve interior with sides widely diverg- ing anterior to deltidial plates forming notch for brachial beak; hinge teeth knoblike; dental plates nearly vertical, extending to valve floor, diverging forward along floor of valve to about midvalve or slightly beyond, extreme anterior ends in large adults tending to converge slightly. Muscle area triangular, between or surrounding dental plates; adductor scars small, in central part of muscle area, forming anteriorly pointed heart-shaped mark, completely surrounded by large, less strongly impressed diductor field. Brachial valve interior with large, undivided hinge plate with shallow to deeply notched ante- rior margin, perforated at apex to provide room for small cardinal process starting as low median ridge on hinge plate, projecting slightly into apical perforation; hinge sockets deep, wide, ante- riorly expanding, coarsely denticulate; crura broad, short, diverging slightly from anterior edge of hinge plate, strongly recurved; crural keels ex- tending from underside of hinge plate along dorsal edges of crura, attached so that crura appear to have trough along their length; supporting plates proximal to crural bases on underside of hinge plate, converging to form crural cavity, meeting at posterior crest of long, high, bladelike median septum. Muscle area weakly impressed; posterior adductor scars long, narrow, widely separated, slightly divergent anteriorly; anterior adductor scars elongate subelliptical, lying beside median septum, between and anterior to posterior scars. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, Appel Ranch mem- bers, and lens between the Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members), Cherry Canyon Forma- tion (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—Word: USNM 731 u. China Tank: USNM 706c, 706z, 713, 726r, 726s, 733q. Willis Ranch: AMNH 505, 506; USNM 706, 706e, 723t, 723w, 724u, 735c. Appel Ranch: 727j. Lens: 706b. Getaway: AMNH 496; USNM 728. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 706 148481a 6.6 5.7 6.7 2.4 148481b 8.2 7.0 9.7 7.2 148481c 11.0 9.6 12.9 11.0 14848Id 12.4 11.0 15.4 12.2 148481e 14.5 12.6 17.2 13.3 14848If 15.6 13.1 c.20.0 14.8 USNM 706b 148488 4.2 3.8 4.6 1.6 USNM 706e 148500a 8.9 7.7 9.6 3.7 148500b 10.0 9.0 11.2 8.5 148500g (holotype) 12.8 11.0 16.4 14.0 DIAGNOSIS.—Large Rhynchopora with transverse outline. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 148500g. Figured paratypes: USNM 148479; 148481e, g; 148488; 148496; 148500a, c, d, e, g; 154409a-c; 154410a; 154411a, d-f; 154412a-d, f, i; 154413c, e, f-h. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 148481a-f; 148488; 148500a, b. Unfigured paratypes USNM 148481a-d, f; 148500b, f; 154410b; 154411b, c; 154412e, g, h; 154413a, b, d, e. COMPARISON.—Distinguishing characters of Rhyn- chopora palumbula are its somewhat greater than average size, transverse outline, reflexed pedicle flanks and anterior margin of the fold, narrow lateral pseudointerareas that are overlapped by the edge of the brachial valve, rather prominent but not strongly hooked pedicle beak with dis- tinct but blunt beak ridges, and its small but con- spicuous cardinal process that projects into the apical perforation of the hinge plate. It is larger, wider, and more strongly reflexed than R. sphenoides, new species, and its pedicle beak area is more strongly swollen. This species differs from most Pennsylvanian species and from R. dossena, new species, from the Gaptank Formation, in its longer and less tightly hooked pedicle beak, more reflexed fold and flanks, and less swollen brachial umbonal region. It differs from the Wolfcampian R. molina, new species, by its larger average size, more transverse outline, somewhat longer pedicle beak, stronger costae on the umbonal areas and lack of "levigate" anterolateral surfaces. A similar form is Rhynchopora taylori Girty, of Cooper (1953:47, pl. 15A, C), from the Monos For- NUMBER 24 2663 mation in Sonora, Mexico. R. palumbula differs in its normally wider outline, more strongly re- flexed fold and flanks, higher brachial valve, less swollen umbonal regions, longer and less strongly curved pedicle beak, and more numerous costae, especially on the flanks. DISCUSSION.—This is the only common species of Rhynchopora in the Glass Mountains and has the added qualities of good preservation and nu- merous interiors. Many single valves are found in the residues and many specimens that are hollow after extraction by acid can be taken apart. Juve- niles occur, but in spite of the abundance of the genus, a complete series to show all the growth stages was not obtained. Rhynchopora patula, new species PLATE 695: FIGURES 1-5 A single specimen has characters unlike those of the named species described above. It has the fol- lowing measurements (in mm): length 11, brachial valve length 10.6, midwidth 12.9, and thickness 7.7. In contrast to R. hebetata, new species, the costae of the fold, which number 5, are broad and flatly convex and those of the flanks are likewise broad and gently convex and number 7. The lat- eral profile is flatly lenticular, the sulcus is moder- ately broad and shallow, and originates just ante- rior to midvalve. The brachial valve in anterior profile is well domed and has rounded and steeply sloping sides. The umbonal and median region is flatly convex. The anterior is truncated and flat- tened, with the pedicle valve tongue long and meeting the brachial valve fold at approximately the anterior margin which is not ventrally lengthened. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (Decie Ranch Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 707a. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized Rhynchopora with broad and flattened costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 148448. COMPARISON.—In the strong and flattened char- acter of the costae this species suggests R. magni- costa Mather from the Morrow Formation but dif- fers in smaller size, less swollen brachial valve, less depth, and more narrowly rounded form. It is dif- ferent from any other of the Glass Mountains species, which all have the costae of the anterior part of the fold somewhat angulated and elevated. Rhynchopora sphenoides, new species PLATE 697: FIGURES 6-63 Average size for genus; punctae coarse, ran- domly distributed over shell except in troughs be- tween costae; outline bluntly subpentagonal to subelliptical; commissure uniplicate, fold low, transversely and longitudinally flattened, begin- ning 5 to 8 mm anterior to brachial beak, elevated above flanks only near anterior margin, there flat or slightly reflexed, abruptly bent toward commis- sure, meeting tongue of sulcus nearly at straight angle; sulcus shallow, transversely flat, forming broad tongue. Costae fine but strong, beginning at beaks, crests sharp, rounded or flattened near mar- gins, flat part of crest often longitudinally grooved, number of costae 4 to 8 on fold, normally 5 or 7, one less in sulcus, 8 to 12, normally 11 on each flank; intertroughs narrow; extended at anterior margins to form short, acutely pointed, inter- locking pickets across gape. Growth lines weak, widely and sporadically spaced. Pedicle valve moderately convex transversely, more strongly convex longitudinally; flanks slightly reflexed near extremities; beak moderately long, somewhat attenuate, normally suberect; beak ridges definite but short and rather blunt; del- thyrium moderately widely triangular, base of tri- angle constricted by small, normally disjunct, rarely conjunct deltidial plates; sides of foramen lined by thin, semicircular, outwardly flaring flaps on deltidial plates; foramen oval, not perforating apex; lateral pseudointerareas narrow, elongate, covered by edge of brachial valve except adjacent to beaks. Brachial valve more strongly convex, umbonal area slightly flattened, often forming shallow in- dentation for short distance along median line; lateral profile wedge-shaped; beak bluntly pointed, apex covered by deltidial plates; hinge line fol- lowing contour of brachial valve, not protruding. Pedicle valve interior with sides widely diverg- ing anterior to deltidial plates, forming shallow notch for apex of brachial valve; hinge teeth elongate knoblike, projecting forward; dental plates strong, nearly vertical, decreasing in height 2664 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY along floor of valve, extending forward nearly half length of valve. Muscle area not clearly ob- served; apparently lying inside of anterior exten- sions of dental plates; bulk of area occupied by diductor field; small, heart-shaped adductor field clearly visible in central part of muscle area be- tween dental plates. Brachial valve interior with large hinge plate having shallow notch at anterior median edge, ventral surface with low median ridge extending posteriorly into small apical perforation, forming minute cardinal process; sockets wide, deep, ante- riorly widening, coarsely corrugated; crura broad, short, strongly curved ventrally, supported by sharp keels extending from dorsal side of hinge along under side of crura; supporting plates join- ing at top of median septum, forming small cavity; median septum long, extending anteriorly to about midvalve, thin, moderately high, main- taining nearly uniform height almost to anterior end. Posterior adductor muscle marks elongate, anteriorly divergent, one on each side of median septum; anterior adductor muscle attachments not certainly known, extending from floor of valve onto sides of median septum. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 707e 3.4 2.8 3.5 1.4 4.0 3.3 4.1 1.8 6.0 5.3 0.1 2.0 7.4 6.1 7.9 2.8 8.4 7.3 9.0 7.1 9.5 8.2 9.9 7.9 10.5 9.1 11.0 9.7 12.3 10.5 14.2 9.1) 13.5? 12.2 16.4 13.4 11.0 10.0 13.3 11.4 148516a 148516b 148516c 148516c! 148516c 1485161 148516g 148516h 148516i 154383g (holotyp STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 509; USNM 702c, 707e, 710z, 722e, 722g, 724a, 724b, 724j. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized Rhynchopora with rounded outline and low median septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154383g. Figured paratypes: USNM 148516g; 154383a-f, h-n; 154414. Measured and unfigured paratypes: USNM 148516a-f, h, i. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora sphenoides is dis- tinguished by its elliptical and normally not strongly transverse outline, only slightly reflexed margins of the fold and pedicle flanks, flat and elongate lateral pseudointerareas, short intercostal pickets at the margins, flattened but rarely in- dented brachial umbonal area, and its relatively low median septum. It is smaller, less transverse, and less strongly convex than R. palumbula, new species, its flanks and fold not as strongly reflexed, its median septum somewhat lower, the pickets across its gape are shorter, and its cardinal process does not project as distinctly into the apical per- foration. It most nearly resembles R. molina, new species, from the Neal Ranch Formation, differing in its flattened or depressed brachial umbonal re- gion, sharper angles and more common reflexing of the fold and pedicle flanks, its stronger costae on the umbonal areas, and lack of a definitely de- marcated "levigate" area on the anterior and lat- eral surfaces of the shell. Its longer and less tightly hooked pedicle beak distinguishes it from most species in the Pennsylvanian. This species is about the same size as R. taylori Girty, of Cooper (1953:47, pl. 15A, C), but differs in its less swollen umbonal regions, sulcus that be- gins farther forward and descends more abruptly, somewhat less strongly hooked beak, and more numerous costae on the flanks. It is more angular and more strongly costate than R. taylori Girty, and its brachial umbo has a slight median flat- tening or depression that is absent from Girty's species. DISCUSSION.—Although this species is fairly com- mon at USNM 707e, it is not as favorably pre- served for study of its interior details or juvenile condition as the foregoing species. Rhynchopora sphenoides is commonly crushed, and undistorted specimens are usually rare. The same is true of the interiors. Several young specimens were obtained, but most of them were so filled with hardened mineral matter or matrix that they could not be pried apart. The size range of these is favorable for study but inability to get at the interiors de- tracts from their value. Many specimens of small size have fully adult characters and suggest specimens living in an en- vironment not entirely favorable to normal growth. Although R. sphenoides is contemporane- ous with R. hebetata, it does not attain the size of that species. The habitat of R. sphenoides, which was a black, limy, fine-grained mud, was probably not conducive to attainment of large size. NUMBER 24 2665 Rhynchopora tenera, new species PLATE 697: FIGURES 64-72 Average size for genus, coarsely endopunctate except in troughs between costae; outline elon- gate ovate to nearly circular; commissure uni- plicate, fold low except at commissure, hardly standing above brachial flanks, anterior edge abruptly bent to meet tongue of sulcus nearly at straight angle; sulcus broad, only slightly depressed below pedicle flanks, with slight median bulge, ex- tending forward into fold as broad tongue. Costae fine, relatively weak, blunt-crested except sharp at anterior edges, flattened on anterior and lateral surfaces near commissure, numbering 6 to 9 on fold, one less in sulcus, about 9 on each flank; intertroughs narrow, extended at anterior mar- gins to form sharp but relatively short interlocking pickets across gape. Growth lines weak, widely spaced over shell surface. Pedicle valve moderately and nearly evenly con- vex, edges sharply bent toward commissure except through sulcus where convexity is gentler; um- bonal region slightly swollen; flanks may be very subtly reflexed; beak short, suberect, but not tightly hooked against brachial umbo; beak ridges short, blunt; lateral pseudointerareas narrow or absent, covered by edge of brachial valve; del- thyrium broadly triangular, base of triangle con- stricted by rudimentary, widely disjunct deltidial plates; foramen oval, sides lined by large, semi- circular, outwardly flaring flaps of deltidial plates; apex of beak slightly perforated by foramen. Brachial valve high, more strongly convex; pro- file of fold gently convex; umbonal area slightly flattened; beak bluntly pointed, apex within pedicle valve, behind deltidial plates; extremities of hinge formally following contour of valve, pro- truding slightly in some specimens. Pedicle valve interior with coarsely denticulate, knoblike teeth, dental plates nearly vertical, ex- tending forward with decrease in height to about a third to half valve length; height occasionally decreasing abruptly anterior to teeth. Muscle areas in beak region and between anterior extensions of dental plates; diductor scars undifferentiated, on valve floor near beak; diductor scars heart-shaped between dental plates pointing anteriorly. Brachial valve interior with large triangular, un- divided hinge plate; anterior edge with shallow notch, posterior apex perforated by small hole, blunt cardinal process extending backwards along median line of posterior part of hinge plate, pro- jecting slightly into apical perforation; crura broad, strongly curved ventrally, supported by keels extending from dorsal side of hinge plate; sockets deep, wide, anteriorly expanding, coarsely corrugated; supporting plates short, converging at top of median septum to form small cavity con- tinuous with apical perforation; median septum moderately high, thin, bladelike, extending for- ward about a third length of valve. Posterior ad- ductor muscle scars elongate, narrow, located on valve floor, one on each side of median septum, slightly diverging anteriorly; anterior adductor marks not visible on floor of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 715i 148529a 6.0 ? 6.0 ? 148529b 11.5 10.7? 11.7 9.0? 148529c 12.5 ? 12.8 ? USNM 719z 154415b (holotype) 14.3 12.6 16.8 13.7 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Appel Ranch Member). LOCALITIES.—USNM 706d, 715i, 719z, 722t. Word: 741p. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium size, elongated Rhyncho- pora. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154415b. Figured paratypes: USNM 154415a, c. Measured para- types: USNM 148529a-c. COMPARISON.—Rhynchopora tenera is charac- terized by its slightly elongate rather than trans- verse outline, very low fold and shallow sulcus, low and blunt-crested costae, short crural cavity, and prominent cardinal process. It is smaller and much narrower than R. palumbula, new species, which occurs lower in the Word Formation, its fold and flanks are not as strongly reflexed, and its brachial valve is not as high and wedge-shaped. The species with shallow sulcus that it most nearly resembles is R. molina, new species, from the Neal Ranch Formation. Rhynchopora tenera differs in its narrower outline, longer and less strongly curved pedicle beak, lower brachial valve, and nonlevigate anterolateral surfaces. 2066 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY DISCUSSION.—This is a very rare species, and is commonly badly crushed, as are many other spe- cies at this level. Rhynchopora species A PLATE 695: FIGURES 6-10 Medium size for genus; slightly wider than long; pentagonal in outline with rounded sides and truncated anterior; posterolateral margins con- cave; beak fairly long and suberect; delthyrium open, no trace of deltidial plates. Costae sub- carinate, 7 on fold, 9 (with possible incipient tenth) on flanks. Pedicle valve shallow, gently convex in lateral profile and almost flat in anterior profile. Tongue long, geniculated at about right angle. Beak ridges not strong; umbonal region moderately swollen; sulcus originating at midvalve; flanks narrow and convex. Brachial valve flatly convex in lateral profile but strongly domed in anterior profile with steep, con- vex sides. Fold originating at midvalve, flat- topped, raised above flanks only near margin. Figured specimen: USNM 154405. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Figured specimen USNM 154405: length 11.8, brachial valve length 10.2, width 12.7, thickness 9.4. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (Cutoff Member). LOCALITY.—AMNH 678. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized, compact Rhyncho- pora with fairly long beak. COMPARISON.—This is a much more compact and narrow form than R. taylori Girty. Species A sug- gests R. hebetata and R. sphenoides, both new species, but has more sloping sides and is not pro- duced anteriorly in a dorsal direction as in these species. The open delthyrium of R. species A is almost certainly an accident of preservation and not a specific character. DISCUSSION.—This species is represented by a single specimen which is not well preserved. It is rather coarsely silicified and none of the details of the interior can be ascertained. Unless it repre- sents a young phase of a much larger species, its flattened ribs are distinctive among the West Texas species. Rhynchopora species B PLATE 697: FIGURES 73-76 Three specimens from locality L-2 (= AMNH 347) from the Lamar Member of the Bell Canyon Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains is all of this genus taken in all of the collecting in these mountains and the Delaware Basin. The lot con- sists of one pedicle Valve and two brachial valves. The pedicle valve is flatly convex in lateral pro- file, with a long tongue geniculated at about 90°. The costae are flatly rounded with 9 on the flanks and 4 in the sulcus. The beak is somewhat elon- gated and the posterolateral margins long and sloping, not producing the shouldered effect of some of the Glass Mountains species. Inside the pedicle valve the dental plates are long and widely flaring. Both brachial valves are distorted, the larger one has 6 costae on the fold but the smaller one has only 4. The flanks have 8 and 7 coarse costae, respectively. The brachial valve is deep, with well rounded sides, the fold slightly elevated and the marginal spines small. Inside, the hinge plate is short and with a deep re-entrant. The median septum is low but the septalium well formed and fairly large. The external costation and interior details are similar to R. tenera, new species, but a close com- parison is not useful, in view of the distorted and fragmentary nature of the Lamar specimens and R. tenera. Figured specimens: USNM 154416a, b. SPIRIFERINIDA, new order Punctate shells bearing transversely coiled heli- cal brachidia. Includes suborders Retziidina and Spiriferinidina. SPIRIFERINIDINA, new suborder Wide uniplicate spiriferinida, typically strongly plicated and laminated, and having dental plates and a high median septum in the ventral valve. Includes superfamily Spiriferinacea. Superfamily SPIRIFERINACEA Davidson, 1884 DIAGNOSIS.—Spiriferiform brachiopods with test NUMBER 24 2667 endopunctate, pedicle valve median septum high, dental plates discrete and meeting floor of valve, hinge usually not denticulate, cardinal process low, lamellate, spiralia spinose; most genera costate and with external spines or pustules. DISCUSSION.—As Stehli (1954) pointed out, in- ternal features of genera in this family are re- markably uniform. Therefore, nearly all generic distinctions are based on shape and external orna- mentation. The most obvious, and apparently most significant, external characters are the strength and pattern of distribution of the spines; other important generic characters are the num- ber and form of plications, strength and regu- larity of growth laminae, and in some genera, the average ratio of length to width of the shell. Ge- neric distinctions that are based on these charac- ters are necessarily rather subtle, with difficulties increased by fairly wide individual variation and differences in preservation. In addition, some significant features of the plication and shape of the shell develop only in adult shells. With few characters to consider, and with species in all periods from the Devonian to the Jurassic, inevitably some combinations of charac- ters are repeated, and convergence is common. Therefore, it is difficult to list clear distinctions by which a given specimen can be identified to genus. Population norms must be considered, along with factors of phylogeny, stratigraphic and geographic distribution, and physical association. The diversity among Permian spiriferinids prob- ably indicates that the group was able to expand into many different environmental niches not greatly separated in space. It would be difficult to credit so many genera were it not for the several species in each genus which maintain their generic characters at separated localities and through many feet of strata. Most spiriferinids are rather small compared to impunctate spiriferids like Neospirifer, and few specimens show evidence of having lived crowded enough to distort growth. Possibly they lived apart from other brachiopods, clinging to algae or other plants; few specimens are found cemented to other brachiopods, few others except for rare small individuals of species of Derbyia or Diplanus are found cemented to spiriferinids. No specimens have been found tan- gled in colonies of bryozoa, although small colonies of bryozoa are found growing on some of the brachiopods. A few specimens in our large collection have deltidial plates (in Spiriferellina and Paraspiri- ferina). Each plate is made up of three platelets; they bow outwardly and stand nearly perpendicu- lar to the interarea, nearly continuing the planes of dental ridges within the delthyrium. The im- bricated platelets, the angle of the entire plates, and their normal absence, suggest the possibility that the plates were flexible and attached to the shell by ligament rather than by calcareous at- tachment or insertion. This poses the further possibility that the pedicle in the Spiriferinidae was extensible, fleshy rather than fibrous, and that the deltidial plates were constructed to ac- commodate changes in its diameter. Further evidence that the shells lived attached by a pedicle are the lack of any evidence of ce- mentation, and the postulated position of growth. Many specimens have small corals or columnar colonies of bryozoa growing on them. Assuming that corals and bryozoans tended to grow vertically, it was possible to determine the normal orienta- tion of a suite of 19 complete shells of Reticu- lariina craticula, new species, from USNM 702c, all of which bore epifauna that apparently settled and grew while the brachiopods still lived. The organism that we considered to have grown on living shells were those that grew near the com- missure but did not grow across it, instead they conformed to the plicated shape of the commis- sure indicating that the shell actively opened and closed during their growth. Evidence from this epifauna indicates that spiriferinaceans grew with the pedicle opening down, the anterior up. Most tilted only a few degrees to the left or right, but a few tilted as much as 60°. About twice as many shells had the dorsal valve up as had the ventral valve up, but most were tilted less than 30° for- ward or backward. We hypothesize that spirifer- inids grew on the sea bottom or on plants or other perishable, nonpreservable objects, away from large colonies of bryozoa, and lived attached by a pedicle, normally maintaining an attitude lean- ning slightly forward with the dorsal valve upper- most, and tilted only slightly left or right. The apical end of the median septum is braced in most genera of the Spiriferinidae by a short plate across its upper edge and between the dental 2668 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Dorsal 9CT Rlght Left Ventral FIGURE 42.—Vertical polar projection, showing orientation of Reticulariina craticula from USNM 702c, assuming that attached epifauna grew directly vertically (see text for criteria of significance of epifauna). Imagining the pedicle attached at the center of the diagram, points represent pro- jection onto a hemisphere of the midline of the anterior commissure. Dorsal and ventral refer to directions, not to valves (i.e., a shell leaning in the ventral direction has the dorsal valve uppermost). ridges. This plate seems to arise near the junction of the dental ridges with the dental plates, and normally arches over the septum. Its length is var- iable within a species, but its arched form seems to be constant within the family. In specimens of some species it tends to be somewhat thickened by callus, which may fill in beneath or beside it and obscure the arching. Presence or absence and shape of a jugum formed by the meeting of spurs from the crura in the brachial valve have received prominent men- tion and considerable discussion by many authors who have dealt with the Spiriferinidae. Evidence from the great numbers of silicified shells in our collections minimizes the importance of the jugum in the classification of the family. It is present in some species but absent in others of Metriolepis, new genus, and of Paraspiriferina Reed. Jugal NUMBER 24 2669 processes converge strongly in some Permian species of Reticulariina Fredericks, but none were observed to meet, and in others the processes are only slightly convergent. Campbell (1959a) re- ports convergent processes that fail to meet in the type species R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten). Jugal processes in most species of the family tend to converge in varying degrees, but not to meet to form a jugum. The amount of convergence, the proximity of the ends of the processes to one another, and their meeting or failing to meet nor- mally is variable within a genus, and may be indi- vidually variable within some species. Therefore, these characters are not important to classification within the Spiriferinidae. RETICULARIINIDAE, new family Usually small, wide-hinged Spiriferinacea hav- ing large hollow spines on the exterior. Genera in West Texas: Reticulariina Freder- icks, 1916; Altiplecus Stehli, 1954; Spiriferellina Fredericks, 1924c. The most abundant representative of this family is the genus which gives its name to the family. It is abundant in the Glass Mountains, mainly in the limestone members of the Word Formation. It is also abundant in the members of the Bell Canyon Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains. Alti- plecus is rare in all regions covered by this mono- graph. Spiriferellina likewise is rare. Genus Reticulariina Fredericks, 1916 Reticulariina Fredericks, 1916:16.—Williams et al., 1965: H714. Small to average size for family, strongly bicon- vex, coarsely endopunctate with 8 to 12 punctae per mm arranged in quincunx, producing inter- ferring scalloped patterns without regard for swells and troughs of plications, averaging roughly two scallops per side of plication, punctae penetrating shell at angle slightly oblique to surface, inner openings smaller, many punctae along crests and sides (but not in troughs) of plications extended to form short tubular spines, the length, strength and frequency varying with species; outline trans- verse, sub-semielliptical to extended diamond- shaped, normally widest at hinge or immediately anterior to hinge, some species strongly alate. Commissure uniplicate at medial line, strongly plicated laterally; fastigium high, single or tripli- cate (with lateral accessory plication springing from each side of median plication some distance anterior to beak), crest rounded, flattened, or slightly depressed; sulcus deep, single or triplicate, median trough with row of spines or low spine bases in most species, coalescing in some to form low, bumpy median ridge, lateral plications rarely bifurcating, beginning at hinge line, amplitude de- creasing laterally. Pattern of fine growth lines nor- mally not preserved; coarser growth laminae irregularly and widely spaced over most of shell, stronger and more frequent near margins. Pedicle valve strongly convex longitudinally, flatly to moderately convex transversely; beak prominent but not greatly extended, moderately to strongly hooked; delthyrium triangular, nearly equilateral; interarea punctate, broadly triangular, nearly flat near hinge, becoming strongly concave toward beak, transversely marked by growth lam- inae, ends normally blunt, not pointed, anterior edge without denticles. Brachial valve moderately to strongly convex transversely and longitudinally, height and curvature of fastigium varying with species; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped; inter- area impunctate, nearly flat, low, tapering lat- erally; beak short, blunt, not curved. Pedicle valve interior with two strong, anteri- orly divergent hinge teeth with knoblike ends, supported by deep, thick dental ridges slightly convergent toward midline of valve; dental plates short, divergent anteriorly and toward floor of valve, meeting floor at inner crests formed by ex- ternal troughs lateral to sulcus; delthyrium with short thick platform in apex, covering posterior termination of long, high, thin median septum. Muscle marks distinct on sides of septum, absent from floor of valve except for thin band along base of septum; floor of valve not thickened, bear- ing faintly raised, anastomosing pallial markings in posterior along hinge line extending into alations. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets formed by socket ridges with somewhat swollen, knoblike anterior terminations; apex of noto- thyrium with elongate cardinal process, posterior part finely lamellose for attachment of diductor muscles; crural bases broad plates attached to 2670 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY socket ridges, joined to anterior part of apical callosity at midline, thus forming rather large, concave notothyrial platform; space under plat- form partly or completely filled by punctate shell material; this extension of apical callosity bisecting muscle area, extending forward along floor of valve as low, anteriorly diminishing median ridge. Crura extending forward from platelike crural bases, slightly bowed outward, slightly convergent, each with elongate jugal process near junction with end of spiralium, jugal processes with flat or digitate extensions at ends, converging toward one another but not meeting; ends of spiralia diverg- ing from junction with crura, coiling dorsoven- trally in about 15 irregularly circular or elliptical loops diminishing slightly in diameter laterally, axis of coiling curved with convexity ventral, and slanting posteriorly roughly parallel to antero- lateral margins of shell; mesial few loops on each side slightly distorted to produce large opening between the two sets of coils just behind fold in shell, distortion fading rapidly; lateral loops regu- lar. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded on each side by low, outwardly bowed ridge; muscle marks faint, undifferentiated, strong- est at sides of area just inside bounding ridges; floor of valve with branching and anastomosing pallial marks beginning narrowly just below and beside hinge sockets, those directed anteriorly fading within a few millimeters, those directed lat- erally expanding to cover one or two weak lateral plications, extending into alate part of valve. TYPE-SPECIES.—Spirifer spinosus Norwood and Pratten (1855:71-72, pl. 9: figs. la-d). DIAGNOSIS.—Spriferinacea of variable size, usu- ally transverse and having exterior marked by numerous large hollow spines. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina is characterized by its transverse outline, its coarsely punctate shell with spines or strong pustules along sides of plica- tions arranged randomly or in vague longitudinal pattern, its spines on low ridge along median trough of the sulcus, its high, rounded or slightly flattened fastigium (in some species with secon- dary plications making the fastigium triplicate), its strong lateral plications with rounded crests, and its growth laminae, which are widely and ir- regularly spaced over most of the shell, strong and freqeunt only near the margins. It differs from Paraspiriferina in its more transverse and alate shell, weaker and irregular growth laminae, coarser punctae, proportionately large pustules or spines on sides of plications and in trough of sulcus, larger size, proportionately narrower and higher fastigium, stronger lateral plications, flatter noto- thyrial platform, and its lack of a true jugum formed by the jugal processes. It is distinguished from Punctospirifer North by the same features, excepting only the difference in outline, and by its lower, more concave interarea. It is somewhat more difficult to distinguish from some of the local Texas genera. Its rounded pli- cations and fewer, coarser spines distinguish it from Crenispirifer Stehli. It differs from Altiplecus Stehli by its stronger and more numerous lateral plications, lower and more concave pedicle inter- area, and random or irregularly radial rather than concentric pattern of surface spines. DISCUSSION.—According to Kozlowski's (1914:71, text-fig. 17) reconstruction of the internal features of Reticulariina campestris (Kozlowski, not of White) the processes that lead from the crura at their junction with the spiralia meet at the mid- line of the valve to form a true jugum. We have not seen a jugum in any of the species from West Texas; the jugal processes extend toward one another, and in some specimens they approach closely, but do not meet. Chronic (1953) does not illustrate or discuss this feature in his species from the Permian of Peru. Specific characters in this genus are external; they include size, outline, strength of plications (especially the crest of the fold, termed the fastig- ium), presence or absence of secondary plications on the fastigium, and the number and strength of spines on the plications. We have observed two trends in the evolution of species of Reticulariina. One is reduction in the strength of the surface spines; they are strong and tubular in R. strigosa, new species, which occurs in the Wolfcampian, be- coming progressively reduced higher in the section until they are short, very thin, rudimentary pro- jections, apparently solid rather than tubular in Guadalupian species such as R. cerina, new spe- cies. This reduction in strength of spines is not accompanied by reduction in their number or ap- parent change in pattern of distribution. Another trend is the addition of lateral accessory plications on the sides of the fastigium. Wolfcampian species have the fastigium composed of a single median NUMBER 24 2671 plication. The fastigium of Leonardian species also is single, although a few specimens of R. craticula, new species, show the beginnings of sec- ondary plications. In species from the Word For- mation the fastigium is strongly triplicate, with one secondary plication on each side of the me- dian plication, beginning 5 to 10 mm anterior to the brachial beak, becoming higher anteriorly, and diverging from the median plication. Lateral pli- cations of some high Guadalupian species also tend to split; some specimens have them triplicate. Peculiarly enough, Chronic (1953:50) reports exactly the reverse trend in the evolution of the spinosity of species of Reticulariina from Peru. He finds that those low in the section are less spiny, and that there is an increase in spinosity in the species that occur higher. Undoubtedly this fea- ture has changed several times in the evolution of the genus, and it is not surprising that it varies in the stocks from widely separated localities. The type-species, R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), has long spines but they are usually broken off at the bases. Wolfcampian specimens from the Glass Mountains have numerous long spines, with di- ameters as great or greater than those of R. spinosa. This could be taken as evidence that the trend was toward increase in number and strength of spines from the Mississippian to the Wolf- campian, then reversed toward weaker spinosity from the Wolfcampian into the Guadalupian. Chronic's evidence, however, indicates that the trends probably are not so simple, and that if abundant Pennsylvanian species could be found they would show fluctuations in spinosity through time and from place to place. Reticulariina bufala, new species PLATE 711: FIGURES 48-58 Short for genus but very wide, mucronate; fold high, narrow, simple (with slight hint of accessory plications on adults), crest flattened; sulcus cor- respondingly deep, narrow, flat-floored; flanks costate, with about 10 distinct plications on each side decreasing in amplitude laterally, several more very low and indistinct plications on extreme ends of mucronate adults, all simple with no suggestion of bifurcation; spines few but yet definitely pres- ent, short, hollow, most distinct on floor of sulcus, most abundant on midportions of flanks, scarce near fold or hinge ends; growth laminae widely and irregularly spaced, rather weak. Pedicle valve evenly and only slightly convex longitudinally on flanks, more strongly convex longitudinally along trough of sulcus, transversely convex mesially, but nearly flat along extended hinge ends; beak proportionately short, not strongly curved; interarea low, flat, transversely scored by growth lines; delthyrium narrow, open. Brachial valve similarly convex; beak very short; interarea very low; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt hinge teeth supported by mesially slanting dental ridges; dental plates continuing from ridges, diverging to floor of valve; median septum sharp, height in- creasing anteriorly then sharply descending to floor of muscle area, extending forward about one third valve length; muscle area along septum and sulcus. Brachial valve interior with deep hinge sockets bounded by sharp socket ridges; cardinal process small, lamellate; crural plates thin, extending from undersides of socket ridges, crura projecting forward, producing jugal processes, then spiraling laterally; muscle area in trough of fold, bounded by low lateral ridges, details of muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness SNM 738-1 155057a 9.0 ? c.24.0 ? 155057b c.10.0 ? 28.5 ? 155057c 11.0 ? c.34.0 ? 155057d 12.9 10.9 33.4 10.4 155057e ? 13.5 47.0 ? 155057f (holotype) 15.5 13.4 60.5 12.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cibolo Formation (thin-bedded zone of Udden). LOCALITY.—USNM 738-1. DIAGNOSIS.—Mucronate hinge, short beak, high fold but low costae; spines short and few. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155057f. Figured paratypes: USNM 155057b, d. Measured para- types: USNM 155057a-e. COMPARISON.—The mucronate hinge of this spe- cies produces a resemblance to Reticulariina subulata, new species, from the Road Canyon For- 2672 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY mation. The mucronation of that species, however, is more extreme. In addition, R. bufala has sharper and more numerous costae, a flat crested fold, and somewhat more numerous and more slender surface spines. Reticulariina cerina, new species PLATE 698: FICURES 1-44; PLATE 730: FIGURES 22-26 Average size for genus, strongly biconvex, out- line strongly transverse, normally widest at hinge, with hinge ends attenuate but not produced, juve- niles more nearly semielliptical, not as transverse; commissure strongly plicated by high fold and lower lateral plications; fastigium triplicate, me- dian plication high, crest narrowly rounded, flat- tened or slightly depressed, profile irregularly convex, one lateral plication on each side, bifur- cating from median 5 to 10 mm anterior to bra- chial beak; sulcus broad, relatively shallow, triplicate, with 3 shallow troughs corresponding to high plications of fastigium, anterior extended as long tongue to fill high fold; lateral plications simple, rarely bifurcating, crests rounded, sep- arated by equally wide rounded troughs, num- bering 4 to 7 on each side on adults, each begin- ning at hinge line, amplitude decreasing laterally. Surface spines numerous, hollow, up to 1 mm long, growing nearly perpendicular to shell or leaning slightly forward, those on adjacent plica- tions thus pointing toward one another, arrange- ment random or vaguely radial, longest spines near anterior margins, umbonal regions nearly smooth, or with low pustules, many specimens with no spines preserved. Growth laminae weak to mod- erately strong, widely and irregularly spaced, more frequent near anterior margins. Pedicle valve moderately convex transversely and longitudinally; beak prominent, sharply pointed, strongly curved; interarea short, broadly triangular, flatly concave near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium nearly equi- laterally triangular, deltidial plates not observed, apex filled by short arched plate across median septum. Brachial valve more strongly convex in both directions; beak short, slightly protruding; interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with strong, narrow or wide, tooth or knoblike, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately strong, somewhat convergent toward midline; dental plates slightly to rather widely divergent to floor of valve, ex- tending forward along floor beside muscle area, length about average for genus, forward edge slightly behind edge of interarea, shorter in juve- niles; median septum thin, height increasing ante- riorly, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor of valve. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with strong hinge sockets formed by rather thick socket ridges, each with low knob at anterior ventral edge; hinge plates shallow, long, growing from socket ridges, curved slightly outward from anterodorsal edges of crural plates, each with ventrally pointing jugal process near juncture with spiralia, converging but not meeting; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in irregu- larly circular loops, 13 observed, size decreasing laterally, axis of coiling from anteromedian to posterolateral, leaving large chamber just inside fold. Muscle area in deep trough of fastigium, bordered laterally by low ridges, bisected by low thin ridge, extending forward slightly beyond mid- length of valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, Appel Ranch mem- bers and lenses between last two). LOCALITIES.—Word: USNM 737b. China Tank: USNM 706c, 733q. Willis Ranch: 706. Lenses: USNM 706b, 732c, 742b. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 716v, 719z, 722t, 726t, 727j. DIAGNOSIS.—Large transverse Reticulariina with numerous spines, and sulcus with median trough. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153132d'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153132i, o, v, x, h', k'-u'. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153132a-z, a'-c', e'-j'. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina cerina is character- ized by its transverse outline without strongly produced hinge ends, moderately high fastigium, sulcus with distinct median trough, numerous sur- face spines, and 4 to 7 costae on each side. Among triplicate species of Reticulariina and the new genus Arionthia from the Glass Mountains, it differs from Arionthia blothrhachis, new species, in its smaller size, lower fastigium, more numerous surface spines, proportionately higher and sharper NUMBER 24 2673 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 706b 153132a 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.3 2.0 153132b 2.6 2.3 2.7 1.9 2.0 153132c 3.2 3.2 4.0 3.4 2.9 153132d 3.6 3.3 4.4 3.6 2.9 153132e 3.8 3.3 4.7 4.2 3.2 153132f 4.0 3.7 4.9 4.1 3.0 153132g 4.4 4.0 5.4 4.5 3.6 153132h 5.0 4.4 6.4 5.9 3.8 153132i 5.1 4.5 6.6 6.5 4.0 153132J 5.9 5.0 6.9 5.8 5.2 153132k 5.7 4.9 6.9 8.7 4.5 153132-1 6.6 5.6 8.0 8.7 5.5 153132m 7.2 6.5 9.0 11.7 5.4 153132n 7.9 6.9 9.0 12.3 6.3 153132o 8.0 7.0 9.5 13.7 6.0 153132p 8.4 7.9 9.4 17.0? 7.0 153132q 9.5 8.2 11.5 19.3 7.9 153132r 9.8 8.5 11.5 16.4 7.7 153132s 9.9 8.9 10.3 15.8 7.8 153132t 10.1 9.7 11.4 17.7 9.0 153132u 12.0 10.2 13.7 19.3 10.1 153132v 12.3 11.0 13.9 27.5 10.4 153132w 12.4 11.6 15.5 27.4 12.9 153132x 12.6 12.6 15.3 27.5 11.0 153132y 13.7 12.3 16.2 27.5 12.9 153132z 14.6 12.9 16.0 27.7 12.5 153132a' 14.9 14.0 17.1 34.6 13.7 153132b' 15.2 13.8 17.6 28.5 13.0 153132c' 15.2 13.5 18.5 37.8 14.1 153132d' 15.5 14.3 17.0 40.6 13.5 (holotype) 153132e' 15.6 14.9 20.8 37.6 16.8 153132P 18.0 16.5 19.0 36.0? 16.0 153132g' 18.9 17.0 21.9 39.8 17.8 153132h' 20.7 17.9 22.0 44.8 17.8 153132i' 23.0 18.7 23.7 43.1 23.0 153132J' 21.8 } 24.0 54.0 ? lateral costae, and its narrower, normally not ex- tended hinge ends. It differs from A. germana, new species, also in its smaller size, lower fastigium, and narrower hinge ends; although its lateral costae are about equally strong, they are more closely spaced on JR. cerina. It occurs at some lo- calities with Reticulariina senticosa, new species, differing in its triplicate fastigium, larger size, and fewer, weaker surface spines. This species also is similar to a few in the Guadalupe-Sierra Diablo region. It differs from Reticulariina roscida, new species, from the Get- away Member in its higher and more symmetri- cally triplicate fastigium, more attenuate hinge ends, normally more transverse outline, greater convexity, and narrower range of variability. It is similar to R. girtyi, new species, also from the Getaway, differing in its higher fastigium, tripli- cations that begin farther posteriorly, less fre- quently bifurcating lateral costae, and more at- tenuate hinge ends. It is proportionately shorter than R. laxa (Girty), and its fastigium is higher, hinge ends more attenuate, lateral costae higher, sharper, and more closely spaced, and its sulcus normally has a distinct median trough rather than median ridge or thickening. The fastigium of Arionthia lamaria, new species, is only indis- tinctly triplicate and low, in contrast to the high triplicate fastigium of Reticulariina cerina which also is wider, more laterally attenuate, and has sharper costae. Reticulariina cerina differs from R. sonorensis (Cooper) from the Monos Formation of Sonora, Mexico, in its normally smaller size, stronger more numerous lateral costae, more attenuate sides, stronger surface spines, less thickened shell, and more regularly and distinctly triplicate fastigium. DISCUSSION.—Reticulariina cerina is one of the most distinctive species of the genus, with little variation from the normal adult form. The only two species with which it might be confused are those from the Getaway Member in the Guada- lupe Mountains, namely, R. roscida and R. girtyi. Both of these species are more variable, and al- though individual specimens might be mistaken, a sample of about 5 specimens probably would make the differences clear. Reticulariina craticula, new species PLATE 699: FIGURES 1-79 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transversely semielliptical, widest at hinge, lateral extremities not produced, normally not tapered, juveniles proportionately narrower; com- missure plicated by moderately high median fold, rather high arched or angular lateral plications; fastigium single, moderately high, crest bluntly pointed to flattened, profile moderately to flatly convex, making fastigium stand increasingly higher toward anterior; sulcus deep, bluntly V-shaped, 2674 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY trough flat near posterior, becoming thickened and raised toward anterior of adults; lateral plications proportionately high, simple, none bifurcating, numbering 2 to 4 on each side. Surface normally with low pustules widely scattered, some with numerous pustules, some with hollow spines as long as 0.5 mm; growth laminae variable in strength, normally weak, widely and irregularly spaced, more frequent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately strongly convex; beak short, curved or hooked; interarea short, triangu- lar, flat near hinge, concave near beak, steeply apsacline; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, no del- thyrial covering observed. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak slightly protruding, interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with low, knoblike, lamellate cardinal proc- ess, expanding anteriorly. Pedicle valve interior with small knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately thick, but shallow, nearly vertical; dental plates very short, slightly divergent, meeting floor near apex of valve; me- dian septum high, thin, upper edge curved up- ward toward anterior, forward edge nearly perpen- dicular to floor, extending about a third length of valve, apical end braced by very short arched plate between dental plates. Muscle marks weakly im- pressed on sides of septum and on floor beside sep- tum, especially weak on floor, apparently in nar- row bands on sides of ridge formed by sulcus; pallial marks weak, irregularly radial, only visible on floor under interarea of some large specimens. Brachial valve interior with large sockets formed by thick socket ridges, each with knob at anterior edge; crural plates extending along length of socket ridges, rather narrow, concave, forming shallow recess, braced to floor of apex by base of cardinal process; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edges of crural plates, slender, out- wardly bowed, each with short, nearly directly ven- trally pointing jugal process near juncture with spiralium; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, loops de- creasing in size laterally, axis of coiling postero- lateral, 6 loops observed on one side (perhaps 1 or 2 broken). Muscle area in trough formed by fas- tigium, extending beyond midlength of valve, bi- sected by low, thin, short ridge in posterior part, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, one on each side; anterior adductor muscle marks narrow, elongate, on each side of median ridge; posterior adductor marks larger, occupying re- mainder of area. Pallial marks weak, irregularly radial, in posterior part of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 702c 153133a 1.1 p 1.0 0.7 0.8 153133b 1.3 ? 1.4 0.7 0.9 153133c 1.7 ? 1.9 1.0 1.0 153133d 1.8 } 2.3 1.3 1.3 153133e 2.0 1.8 2.4 1.3 1.4 153133f 2.5 2.3 3.1 2.6 1.9 153133g 2.6 2.4 3.3 2.3 1.8 153133h 3.0 2.8 3.6 2.0 1.9 153133i 3.2 3.0 4.3 3.2 2.2 153133J 3.8 3.3 4.9 4.4 3.0 153133k 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 2.8 153133-1 4.4 4.0 4.9 4.3 3.2 153133m 4.5 4.3 6.3 5.0 3.5 153133n 4.7 4.4 6.4 6.0 3.5 153133o 4.9 4.7 7.2 6.0 4.1 153133p 5.3 5.0 6.8 8.5 4.0 153133q 5.5 5.0 7.2 8.0 4.2 153133r 6.7 6.3 8.0 10.0 5.9 153133s 6.9 6.4 8.0 10.9 5.5 153133t 7.2 7.1 8.0 12.8 6.1 153133u 8.5 7.8 9.3 15.0 6.6 153133v 8.9 9.1 9.5 18.0 7.6 153133w 9.6 8.3 10.4 17.7 9.2 153133x 10.5 9.3 11.0 14.4 9.7 153133y 10.5 9.8 12.2 16.1 8.0 153133z 10.9 9.0 11.3 15.3 11.6 153133a' 11.0 10.4 11.0 19.0 10.0 153133b' 11.5 11.8 11.7 20.8 10.3 153133c' 11.8 11.3 12.5 20.4 11.0 153133d' 12.9 11.6 15.5 24.0 12.4 153133e' 13.4 13.0 14.0 24.6 12.8 153133f 15.8 14.3 17,5 24.0 15.4 153133n' 14.6 11.7 17.0 21.8 12.5 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain (Wedin Member) and Road Canyon formations. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 714w, 723v. Cathe- dral Mountain: USNM 702, 702a, 71 lq, 726o, 735b. Road Canyon: AMNH 507; USNM 702c, 703a, 716x, 719x, 721s, 721y, 726z, 726za. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Reticulariina with few spines, high plications, and short dental plates. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153133n'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153133g/-m', o'-u', 154703a-d. Measured paratypes: USNM 153133a-z, a'-f. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina craticula is charac- NUMBER 24 2675 terized by its small size, proportionately narrow outline without acute or produced hinge ends, single fastigium, few and relatively high lateral plications, low pustules or thin surface spines, and short dental plates and shallow dental ridges. It most nearly resembles other species that occur be- low the level of the Word Formation, which have the fastigium simple in adults. It differs from R. tetrica, new species, and R. newelli (Stehli) in its somewhat more transverse outline, higher fastig- ium, more angular and larger plications, normally fewer and weaker surface spines, and especially in its weaker and more widely spaced growth lines. It is smaller and less spinose than R. strigosa, new species, and its lateral costae are more broadly an- gular and the fastigium less flattened. It is wider than R. hueconiana, new species, and R. pow- wowensis, new species, is normally widest at the hinge, and also its fastigium is proportionately higher and the lateral costae wider and fewer. The same features differentiate it from the species that Kozlowski (1914) identified as "Spiriferina cam- pestris (White)"; the same differences in shape distinguish it from the type species, R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten) from the Mississippian, in addition, R. craticula has fewer and much weaker surface spines. DISCUSSION.—A few large adult specimens of this species have slight flexures in the sides of the fold and sulcus at the extreme anterior. These specimens are larger than those of Word species in which the fastigium is triplicate. Apparently the genetic factors that produced triplication were present in R. craticula, but not expressed except in this slight hint. This suggests the possibility that R. craticula may have been ancestral to the later species, in which the fastigium became trip- licate when the shell reached 5 to 10 mm in length. Variation in this species involves comparative height and amount of flattening of crest of the fastigium. Normally the flattening is only on the extreme anterior of mature adults. Height of the fastigium depends partly upon the curvature of its profile, and although normally the fastigium stands high above the lateral costae, it is only slightly above them in a few specimens. Presence of surface spines is variable, partly depending on the coarseness of silicification, but also is variable among finely silicified specimens. Normally the spines are short and thin, scattered rather widely, but they are fairly long on some, and on others they are mere pustules. Beak ridges are sharp on most specimens, but on narrow specimens that are more bulbous they are more gently rounded; their sharpness seems to depend on the relative height and width of the interarea. The outline of most specimens is widely transverse, and the hinge ends normally are acute although not strongly pro- duced. Some specimens have more rounded hinge ends, but very few are widest anterior to the hinge. Reticulariina echinata, new species PLATE 728: FIGURES 1-17 Small for genus, subpyramidal; valves unequal, pedicle valve deeper and more convex, giving shell appearance of Cyrtina. Greatest width at or slightly anterior to hinge; cardinal extremities nearly forming right angles; sides slightly rounded and slightly oblique. Anterior margin subnasute. Interarea moderately long, nearly procline, nearly flat except near beak, there concave; beak slightly incurved. Fold and sulcus narrow; flanks marked by 2 to 4 narrowly rounded plications or costae. Entire surface except interarea densely covered by large spines. Growth laminae strong, distant. Pedicle valve very gently convex in lateral pro- file, most convex in posterior third, flattened ante- riorly; anterior profile broadly but moderately domed. Sulcus narrow and deep, bounded by narrow and strongly elevated costae; flanks flat- tened and moderately steep. Tongue moderately long, narrowly rounded, faintly developed median costa in anterior third of some specimens. Brachial valve nearly flat in lateral profile, lowly arched in anterior profile. Fold very narrow and strongly elevated, widening slightly anteriorly. Flanks nearly flat, either slightly concave or slightly convex. Pedicle valve interior with large teeth having strong sockets; apical plate fairly large. Median septum fairly high but not reaching midvalve. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets bounded by strong socket ridges distally expanded. Hinge plates small, vertical; cardinal process small. No adminicula developed. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). 2676 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- 7.3 10.6 9.7 5.1 ? 8.3 8.0 ? 5.3 9.6 9.6? ? length length width width ness USNM 725f 153134a 8.2 153134b 7.8 153134c ? USNM 731 153135a 9.2 8.7 10.2 8.5 6.2 (holotype) 153135b ? 7.3 9.6 8.6 ? LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 397, 398; USNM 733, 736. Rader: AMNH 410; USNM 725f, 740a. DIAGNOSIS.—Very small Reticulariina, cyrtinoid in appearance with a nearly flat brachial valve and extremely dense spiny surface. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153135a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153134a-c; 153135b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153134a-c, 153135b. COMPARISON.—The small size and the great strength of the spines on such small shells separate this species from all those described. Reticulariina girtyi, new species PLATE 701: FIGURES 1-17 Average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline strongly transverse, widest at hinge, but without extensions of hinge; commis- sure plicated by high fold, triplicated in adults, numerous and rather strong lateral plications; fastigium beginning narrow, crest narrowly rounded, profile flatly convex, height increasing anteriorly, accessory plications beginning one on each side of median plication, normally 7 to 9 mm anterior to beak, producing distinct triplication of fastigium, sulcus rather shallow, bounded laterally by two sharp costae, triplication distinct, median trough flattened or somewhat thickened, lateral costae bluntly angular, rather strong, distal few bifurcating on some specimens, numbering 3 to 7 on each side. Surface spines normally broken, in- dicated by numerous pustules on sides and crests of plications, on some specimens (not preserved on all) growth laminae distinct, not raised, widely spaced. Pedicle valve rather shallow; beak short, blunt, curved; interarea short, triangular, flatly concave, apsacline; delthyrium rather broadly wedge-shaped, apex with short arch over median septum. Brachial valve somewhat more strongly convex transversely; beak gently rounded, slightly protruding; interarea wide, low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges shallow, moderately to strongly con- vergent toward midline; dental plates short for genus, slightly divergent, meeting floor in umbonal region; median septum thin, high, ex- tending forward about a third length of valve. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor; adductor muscle marks weakly impressed on sep- tum; diductor muscle marks on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with wedge-shaped sock- ets formed by strong socket ridges, each with small knob at anterior; hinge plates narrow, extending length of socket ridge, slightly convergent; space between hinge plates and base of cardinal process filled by small accessory plates; crura slender, ex- tending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, each with short jugal process pointing nearly directly ventrally just posterior to junction with spiralia: complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by moderately strong, flattened, flared ridges, bisected by thin low ridge; posterior adductor muscle marks incised beside median ridge, long, narrow; posterior adductor marks weak, in posterior and lateral parts of area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—Moore 31; AMNH 496, 585, 600; USNM 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Moderately large, transverse Reti- culariina, but not alate, with a fairly low fastigium becoming triplicate half its length from the beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153139. Figured paratypes: USNM 153137i, 153138b-d. Measured paratypes: USNM 153137a-j, 153138a-c. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina girtyi is character- ized by its broad outline without extended hinge ends, strong lateral costae, some of which bifurcate, moderately high fastigium that is triplicate in adults, and its numerous surface spines, most expressed as broken spine bases or pustules. It most nearly resembles Arionthia lamaria, new NUMBER 24 2677 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 732 153137a 4.0 ? 4.0 4.1 ? 153137b 4.5 4.4 5.9 4.6 4.0 153137c 4.7 4.2 5.3 7.0 4.3 153137d 4.9 4.7 5.8 7.2 4.6 153137e 6.0 4.6 6.0 7.0 4.0 153137f 7.3 6.3 7.5 12.0 5.4 153137g 8.0 ? 9.8 13.7 ? 153137h 10.4 10.2 10.8 18.9 8.0 153137i 16.0? 15.2 18.0 34.3 14.0 153137J ? 16.9 21.0 40.3 ? Moore 31 153138a 9.7 9.0 9.0 13.0 8.0 153138b 13.0 ? 15.8 30.6 ? 153138c 16.7 13.3 15.9 30.3 16.5 USNM 730 153139 12.6 10.5 14.0 23.7 9.3 (holotype) species, but differs in its stronger lateral costae, visible surface spines or spine bases, distinctly trip- licate fastigium, and its lower ridges on each side of the brachial muscle area. It also is similar to R. welleri (Girty), differing in its wider outline, lower convexity, distinctly triplicate fastigium, with trip- lication beginning about 8 mm anterior to the beak, and more numerous surface spines. It differs from R. roscida, new species, in its normally more transverse outline, somewhat coarser punctation, sharper lateral costae, and lower convexity. It is much wider than R. laxa (Girty) and has more numerous and coarser lateral costae, and higher, triplicate fastigium. It differs from the three trip- licate species from the Glass Mountains, Arionthia blothrhachis, A. germana, and Reticulariina cer- ina, all new, in its lower fastigium, normally smaller size, and greater variability in splitting of plications. Of these three, it most nearly resembles R. cerina, new species, differing in the above char- acters and its thinner, shorter surface spines, and beginning of triplication of the fastigium farther toward the anterior. DISCUSSION.—This species has rather a wide range of variation. The outline normally is strongly transverse, but the width of many speci- mens is less than twice the length; the fastigium normally is rather low, but it is high on a few specimens; triplication of the fastigium is asym- metrical on some specimens, and splitting of lat- eral costae is sporadic. The range of variation of the species seems to overlap that of R. roscida, new species, which also occurs in the Getaway Member. Reticulariina hueconiana, new species PLATE 704: FIGURES 1-17 Small for genus, rather strongly biconvex; out- line transverse, narrow for genus, widest anterior to hinge, rarely widest at hinge, sides rounded, little change in outline with growth; commissure plicated by relatively low broad fold, several strong lateral plications; fastigium low to moder- ately high, crest rounded or slightly flattened, pro- file moderately convex, no bifurcations; sulcus moderately deep, trough rounded or flattened, with median thickening at anterior of some speci- mens simulating median costa; lateral plications rather strong relative to fastigium, crests usually sharply rounded, troughs similar, numbering 3 to 5 on each side. Surface with numerous closely spaced pustules, many probably bases of broken spines, located between punctae; growth laminae strong, edges of many raised, irregularly but rel- atively closely spaced, most frequent near anterior. Pedicle valve moderately deep and convex; beak prominent, bluntly pointed, curved or hooked; interarea transversely triangular, short, set off by weak beak ridges, nearly flat and nearly procline, becoming concave toward beak, slanting pos- teriorly; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, one specimen with broken flared plate on one side of delthyrium, indicating possibility of plates similar to delthyrial plates in Spiriferellina and Paraspiri- ferina. Brachial valve more strongly convex; beak short, blunt; interarea low, proportionately very wide; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather large, knoblike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with slightly divergent dental plates, high, thin median septum; other internal features not observed. Brachial valve in- terior with strong beak ridges and narrow, concave hinge plates forming shallow recess bearing small short-shafted cardinal process. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hueco Canyon Formation. 2678 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm). brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 712e 153140a 4.7 4.5 7.5 6.0 4.0 153140b 8.0 7.0 11.4 9.3 6.9 153140c 8.8 7.5 12.9 11.0 7.0 153140d 8.9 7.0 12.7 10.6 8.0 USGS 16685 153141a* 9.5 7.5 11.4 8.4 7.7 153141b 9.0 7.8 14.0 11.7 6.4 153141c 10.7 8.6 15.1 13.9 8.7 153141d 10.8 9.6 13.9 11.3 8.0 153141e 12.0 9.0 14.4 12.0 8.2 15314H 10.0 9.1 14.9 14.0 8.0 153141g 10.5 8.8 15.5 14.2 9.9 153141h 11.3 10.1 17.0 16.5 10.2 153141J 12.6 11.0 19.5 18.4 12.9 (holotype) 153141k 12.9 11.1 + 18.4 17.5 11.1 •Deformed on one side LOCALITIES.—USGS 9999 = 16685; USNM 712e, 720b, 741h. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Reticulariina with single fas- tigium, strong lateral plications, and numerous fine spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153141J. Figured paratype: USNM 153141c. Measured paratypes: USNM 153140a-d; 153141a-h, k. Figured speci- men: USNM 154750. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina hueconiana is char- acterized by its rather convex shape, rounded out- line with greatest width normally anterior to hinge, simple fastigium, few and strong lateral plications, numerous surface pustules and spine bases (many of which appear to slant forward), and relatively small interarea. It most nearly re- sembles the species that Kozlowski (1914) iden- tified as Spiriferina campestris White, from the lower Permian of Bolivia (Newell et al., 1953). The Hueco Mountain species differs in its some- what smaller size, less transverse outline, broader lower fastigium, and fewer lateral plications. In other features the similarity of the two species is remarkable. Both of them bear close resemblance in shape to R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), the type species, as pointed out by Chronic (1953). Their primary difference is in the shorter interarea and much larger surface spines in the Mississip- pian species. The two Permian species are nor- mally somewhat more transverse, and their surface spines or pustules are more closely spaced, and although the fastigium may be flattened in some specimens, it is not indented as in some specimens of R. spinosa. It differs from R. powwowensis, new species, also from the Hueco Formation, in its smaller size, lower fastigium, more rounded pli- cations, and fewer lateral costae. Reticulariina newelli (Stehli) from the Bone Spring Formation also is similar, but R. hueconiana differs in its smaller size, fewer lateral costae, lower fastigium, narrower outline, and greater convexity. Reti- cidariina pusilla, new species, from the Hess For- mation is smaller than R. hueconiana, has nar- rower costae and larger spines. Reticulariina impressa, new species PLATE 699: FIGURES 80-94 Small for genus, width slightly greater than length; greatest width just anterior to hinge. Sides gently rounded; anterior margin subnasute. Inter- area short and broad, strongly curved, approxi- mately procline. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus strongly developed; median sulcus with median costae bearing row of large spines in some speci- mens. Flanks marked by 3 or 4 subangular plica- tions. Spines large, preserved only in patches and not uniformly exhibited. Pedicle valve gently convex in lateral profile, maximum curvature in umbonal region; anterior profile moderately high dome with moderately steep sides. Sulcus fairly deep and wide, marked medially by low costa originating posterior to mid- valve. Costa often site of row of thick spines of unknown length. Tongue short but angular. Flanks flattened, moderately steep. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile, posterior part convex, anterior flattened. Anterior profile broad, moderate dome about like pedicle valve. Fold moderately elevated above flanks ante- riorly, narrow with flattened crest bearing im- pressed medial line corresponding to costa of sulcus. Flanks moderately swollen, moderately steep. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth but- tressed by medially sloping but narrow dental ridges. Apical plate broad but short; dental plates strongly receding and very short, confined to apical NUMBER 24 2679 region. Median septum very high, not quite reach- ing midvalve. Brachial valve interior with strong socket ridges, expanded distally to articulate with socket in tooth; hinge plates broad and steep, united under short shafted cardinal process with expanded, fimbriate myophore. Adminicula low but fairly thick in adults. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial hinge length valve length width width ? ? ? ? ? J 3.0 6.7 7.8 7.4 3.7 5.3 6.4 6.4 7.3 8.7 ? 4.7 7.6 9.2 9.3 9.6 11.9 3.9 8.8 9.5 9.6 10.3 12.3 3.0 6.0 7.2 8.1 8.2 9.8 3.1 7.8 8.2 8.2 8.4 10.0 USNM 722-1 153142a 153142b 153142c 153142d 153142e 153142f 153142g 153142h 153142i 153142J 153142k (holotype) 8.3 153142-1 11.4 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (and Sullivan Peak Member). LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch (undifferentiated): USNM 707d, 722-1, 727a. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707b. DIAGNOSIS.—Very small Reticulariina having a medial row of spines in the sulcus and an im- pressed line on the fastigium. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153142k. Figured paratypes: USNM 153142c, f, j, 1, n. Measured paratypes: USNM 153142a—j, 1. Unfigured para- types: USNM 153142a-d, g-i, k, m. COMPARISON.—This is the smallest species of Reticulariina in the West Texas region and need only be compared to R. pusilla, new species, which is another very small new species. The latter is actually larger than R. impressa but it differs in other characters. The impressed line on the fas- tigium of R. impressa is lacking, as also is the me- dial row of spines in the sulcus of the pedicle valve. Reticulariina laxa (Girty) PLATE 704: FIGURES 36-46, 47-49 Spiriferina laxa Girty, 1909:377, pl. 21: figs. 3-3b. This species was described on the basis of a sin- gle somewhat indifferently preserved pedicle valve, which may be an adult or may be immature. Since the name was proposed, Spiriferina laxa has been fairly widely identified, generally incorrectly. Fur- thermore, S. haarmanni Haack has been put into synonymy with it, incorrectly in our opinion. The significant features of the holotype are its low convexity and the great breadth of the plica- tions. The latter is an unusual feature which seems to be rare in a collection that includes hundreds of spiriferinids. We have only a few disarticulated valves that seem to have the specific characters of R. laxa. A pedicle valve from the Hegler Member of the Bell Canyon Formation at USNM 731 is smaller than the holotype but has similar broad plications and narrow sulcus. The associated bra- chial valves are also broad ribbed. Girty's figure of the holotype depicts the sulcus as wider than it is on the specimen. Furthermore, the tongue at the anterior end of the sulcus had not been exposed. This proves to be short and sub- angular. The brevity of this feature suggests that the specimen is an immature form because the adult tongue is usually more drawn out. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From USGS 2930, specimen USNM 118603 (holotype): length 17.8, midwidth 22.7, hinge width 22.2, thickness 4.5?. STRATICRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—The indefinite in- formation on the occurrence of this species aptly matches the uncertainty of its morphological char- acters. It is said to come from the "dark lime- stone.' It is also said to be from "Chiefly float" but also "supposed to be from the 'dark lime- stone' immediately above the sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Formation; some of it in place." Which specimens are from in place and which from float is unknown but the horizon is possibly the Pinery Member of the Bell Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—USGS 2930 (green). Hegler: USNM 731. Pinery: USNM 736a. Rader: AMNH 403. Lamar: AMNH L-6 = 351; USNM 738b. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118603. Figured specimens (possibly hypotypes): USNM 154752a, b. DISCUSSION.—The uncertainty of important de- tails about this species might recommend that the name be confined to the type specimen. A few specimens, however, resembling the type were taken at the following localities: Hegler: USNM 731; Pinery: USNM 736a; Lamar: AMNH 351 2680 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY (= L-6), USNM 738b. All identifications are doubtful but the specimens are not in accordance with other species. Reticulariina newelli (Stehli) PLATE 731: FIGURES 28-51 Spiriferellina newelli Stehli, 1954:347, pl. 26: figs. 22-27. Slightly below average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline slightly wider than long, normally transversely diamond-shaped, max- imum width normally anterior to hinge, lateral extremities not produced, normally somewhat rounded; commissure plicated by moderately high fold but lower lateral plications; fastigium low at posterior, standing increasingly high toward ante- rior, profile only flatly convex, crest narrowly rounded at posterior, flattened toward anterior, without bifurcations; sulcus broadly V-shaped, trough flattened at anterior, slightly raised at ex- treme anterior, bearing row of large hollow spines; lateral plications rather strong, bluntly V-shaped with similar troughs, not bifurcating, numbering 3 to 6 on each side of adults. Surface with numerous closely spaced hollow spines, many normally broken, strongest on crest of anterior of fastigium and in single row along trough of sulcus, arrangement random or in short rows parallel to growth lines, some specimens with spines not pre- served; growth laminae moderately strong, irreg- ularly spaced, producing rather rugose surface on some specimens. Pedicle valve moderately convex; beak promi- nent, curved to hooked; interarea broadly tri- angular, convexity increasing toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, no covering observed (Stehli mentions complete deltidial cov- ering), apex filled by small arched plate over me- dian septum. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak gently rounded; interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with flat, knoblike, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges developed normally, slightly con- vergent toward midline; dental plates short, but about average for genus, continuous with dental ridges, divergent, meeting floor of valve then ex- tending for short distance forward along floor ad- jacent to muscle area; median septum thin, high, extending forward only about a third valve length, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor, apical end braced by arch between dental plates. Muscle marks on sides of septum and weakly impressed on floor of valve beside septum, on ridge produced by sulcus; pallial markings obscure. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent sockets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates extending from socket ridges, slightly con- cave, thin, anchored to base of cardinal process by pair of small triangular accessory plates, thus forming shallow hinge plate; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, ante- rior ends (beyond juncture with spiralia) ex- panded into elaborately digitate, flattened jugal processes, directed ventrally and convergent but not meeting; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, loops decreasing laterally, complete spiralium not ob- served. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor mus- cle median, incised, narrow, lying on each side of median ridge; posterior adductors larger, occupy- ing lateral and posterior parts of muscle area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (lower). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 625, 631. USNM 728e, 728f, 741. DIAGNOSIS.—Moderately small Reticulariina with nonplicated fastigium, usually rounded lateral ex- tremities, and numerous spines. TYPES.—Lectotype (herein designated): AMNH 27326/1:1 (Stehli, 1954, pl. 26: figs. 22, 23, 26, 27). Figured paratypes: AMNH 27326/1:2. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153145m, v, x-z, a'; 153146a; 154708a; 154709a-c. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina newelli is character- ized by an outline that is not as wide as in most other species of the genus, by its unbifurcated fas- tigium and lateral plications, and its numerous and strong hollow spines. Its small size, relatively narrow outline, and simple fastigium distinguish it from species that occur higher in the section, in the Word Formation of the Glass Mountains or the Bell Canyon or Cherry Canyon formations of the Sierra Diablo and Guadalupe Mountains. It most nearly resembles, and may have descended from, species in the Hueco Formation, R. huecon- iana and R. powwowensis, both new. It differs NUMBER 24 2681 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 728f 153145a 3.8 5.5 4.0 3.0 153145b 4.1 5.7 4.2 3.8 153145c 3.5 4.0 3.1 ? 153145d 4.1 5.9 4.0 ? 153145e 4.4 5.7 4.7 ? 153145f 5.2 7.9 6.3 ? 153145g 5.4 8.1 5.7 ? 153145h 6.5 9.2 6.7 ? 153145i 7.3 11.6 8.6 ? 153145J 7.6 11.7 9.6 ? 153145k 10.6 16.0 14.9 ? 153145-1 11.8 12.8 16.5 ? 153145m 13.2 14.2 18.6 ? 153145n ? 4.0 5.3 3.6 ? 153145o ? 4.4 5.7 4.1 ? 153145p ? 4.8 6.7 4.7 ? 153145q ? 5.5 8.2 5.5 ? 153145r ? 7.4 11.8 8.0 ? 153145s ? 8.3 16.5 14.9 ? 1531451 ? 8.9 14.5 8.0 ? 153145u ? 9.0 16.2 15.8 ? 153145v ? 11.4 17.8 16.0 ? 153145w ? 10.5 19.2 17.8 ? 153145x ? 11.3 17.9 19.4 ? USNM 741 153146 14.0 ? 13.0 16.3 ? from the former in its larger size, more transverse outline, more numerous plications, and higher fastigium. It differs from R. powwowensis in its lower convexity, more rounded plications, rounded or flattened crest of the fastigium, stronger and more numerous growth laminae, and thicker surface spines or pustules. It is not as trans- verse as R. craticula, new species, and it has nar- rower, more numerous plications, nonextended hinge ends, and thicker, more numerous surface spines or larger pustules. It is smaller and nar- rower than R. strigosa, new species, from the Wolfcamp, and has more numerous and lower plications. It resembles R. senticosa, new species, from the Word, differing in its shorter and more widely scattered surface spines, more specimens with pustules rather than spines, its lower, more numerous plications, and proportionately higher fastigium. It differs from R. tetrica, new species, from the Glass Mountains in its somewhat wider outline with more attenuate sides, weaker and more widely spaced growth laminae, and its nu- merous surface pustules or short spines. DISCUSSION.—The digitate expansions of the jugal processes recall the buccal plate of impunc- tate spiriferids such as Neospirifer. They occur in the same relative position and may have served the same function as the buccal plate, i.e., support of structures near the mouth. Variation in R. newelli is in the outline, with hinge ends attenuate to rounded, the fastigium, which is low to moderately high with rounded or flattened crest, the number of lateral costae, and the thickness and density of distribution of surface spines or pustules. Most specimens have many low pustules; a few have numerous and thick hollow spines. The shape of the shell and the density and dis- tribution of spines suggest that R. newelli is re- lated to R. hueconiana and R. powwowensis, possibly on the direct line of descent from R. spinosa in the Mississippian through similar un- named species in the Pennsylvanian (present in National Museum of Natural History collections). Reticulariina newelli may have given rise to later species in the Guadalupe-Diablo region, for in- stance, R. roscida and R. girtyi, both new. These species, however, have triplicate fastigia like equiv- alent Glass Mountains species, and unless there was complete parallel evolution there must have been some genetic interchange with Glass Moun- tain species. Specimens from the lower part of the Brushy Canyon Formation are necessary to supply possible descendants of R. newelli; these are not presently available. Reticulariina phoxa, new species PLATE 704: FIGURES 26-30 Medium size for genus, subrhomboidal in out- line, width slightly greater than length, maximum width just anterior to hinge; anterior margin nasute as seen from ventral side. Interarea long, moderately apsacline, slightly concave; beak slightly incurved. Flanks marked by five high, nar- rowly rounded plications (with trace of sixth). Surface covered by fairly large spines indicated by bases. Laminae poorly developed. Pedicle valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral profile, broadly and gently convex in ante- rior profile. Sulcus deep, widening anteriorly, and 2682 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY extended into long angular tongue. Sulcus me- dially marked by narrow depression with indis- tinct costae on each side and one in mid- dle. Flanks slightly swollen, slopes gentle. Brachial valve with unevenly convex lateral profile, convex near beak but nearly flat anterior to umbo; anterior profile broadly and slightly con- vex. Sulcus narrow to midvalve but widening rapidly anterior to midvalve; sides marked by obscure plicae near anterior producing incipient triplication, but median part strongly elevated and maintaining narrow crest. Flanks strongly de- pressed, slightly convex and with very gentle slopes. Pedicle valve interior with dental ridges long but receding, dental plates short. Median septum almost reaching midvalve. Brachial valve interior with broad shallow hinge plate and fairly well de- veloped adminicula. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality AMNH 410, specimen USNM 153494 (holotype): length 18.8, brachial valve length 14.9, width 23.6, hinge width 21.9, thickness 11.8. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 740d. Rader: AMNH 388, 410. Lamar: AMNH 38. DIAGNOSIS.—Reticulariina of medium size with long interarea, numerous costae on the flanks, and a strongly carinate and strongly elevated fold. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153494. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153131a-c. COMPARISON.—This species is unlike any de- scribed from the Glass Mountains, but the incip- ient triplication suggests R. girtyi and roscida, new species, and R. welleri (Girty). It differs in shape and the rounded hinge extremities rather than the wide, laterally attenuated form of the first two. It is shaped more like R. welleri, but differs in having a longer, less inclined interarea and a much sharper, more elevated fold. Reticulariina powwowensis, new species PLATE 700: FIGURES 1-17 Average size for genus, moderately strongly bi- convex; outline transverse but relatively narrow for genus, widest at hinge or immediately anterior to hinge, lateral extremes not produced, sides nor- mally not tapered; commissure plicated by high, sharply angular fold, lower sharply angular lateral plications; fastigium moderately high, crest rather sharp, profile gently convex, causing increase in height anteriorly, no flattening or bifurcations; sulcus deep, V-shaped trough with row of small pustules, coalescing in some to simulate median costa; lateral plications sharp, relatively high for genus, not bifurcating, numbering 3 to 5 on each side. Surface with numerous thin spines and small broken spine bases arranged irregularly in bands (not rows) along growth lines, on sides and crests of plications, not in troughs; growth laminae mod- erately strong, edges normally not raised, irregu- larly and widely spaced, most frequent near anterior. Pedicle valve flatly convex; beak short, blunt, curved or slightly hooked; interarea low triangular, nearly flat near hinge, only slightly concave toward beak; delthyrium wedge-shaped, rather wide for genus, apex with short bridge over median sep- tum. Brachial valve more strongly convex; beak short, blunt; interarea low, wide, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, protruding, toothlike cardinal process, finely lamellate for muscle attachment. Pedicle interior with strong, blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, slightly conver- gent; dental plates short, divergent; median sep- tum high, thin, posterior end braced by arched plate between dental plates; other internal fea- tures not observed. Brachial valve interior with wedge-shaped sock- ets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates extending from socket ridges, joining base of cardinal process; other internal features not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial thick- ness hinge width valve length length width ? 11.0 c.19.0 12.0 17.3 12.0 25.0? 13.8 12.2 14.0? 15.0 17.5 16.0 c.19.0 c.24.0 19.6 26.0? 25.9 11.2 11.6 12.7 14.3 14.2 AMNH 499b 153148a 153148b 153148c 153148d (holotype) 153148e 15.0 25.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hueco Canyon Formation. NUMBER 24 2683 LOCALITY.—AMNH 499b (= USNM 725z). DIAGNOSIS.—Average-sized Reticulariina with strong angular plications and numerous spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153148d. Figured paratypes: USNM 153148a-c. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina powwowensis is char- acterized by its nonattenuate hinge ends, rounded lateral outlines, high simple fastigium with sharp crest, relatively strong lateral plications, nearly flat interarea that slants posteriorly, and its nu- merous surface spines. It most nearly resembles R. hueconiana, new species, also from the Hueco Formation, differing in its larger size, sharper pli- cations, more numerous lateral plications, longer and larger surface spines, and its higher, sharper fastigium. It is in the group that includes R. "campestris" (White) of Kozlowski (1914). It is larger than that Bolivian species, and less trans- verse, has fewer but sharper plications, and longer surface spines. It also resembles the type species, R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), differing in its larger size, sharper plications, higher fastigium, and thinner surface spines. Reticulariina powwowensis is larger and less transverse than R. craticula, new species, and has sharper costae, higher fastigium, and normally stronger surface spines. Among other nontriplicate species, it differs from R. senticosa, new species, by its higher, nonflattened fastigium and thinner, less numerous surface spines, and from R. newelli (Stehli) in its sharper fastigium and costae, nor- mally larger size, and fewer but thicker surface spines. R. strigosa, new species, is similar, but R. powwowensis differs in its less transverse and lat- erally tapered outline, sharper costae, higher sharper fastigium without flattening of the crest, and its shorter and thinner surface spines. DISCUSSION.—This species occurs low in the Hueco Canyon Formation, and resembles speci- mens in the National Museum of Natural History collection from the Pennsylvanian of New Mexico. Apparently it is an early Permian representative of the group that contains the Mississippian type species, R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), and also contains R. hueconiana and R. newelli slightly higher in the Permian. Not enough specimens of this species are avail- able to chronicle its variation accurately. Available specimens vary in width (excluding extended hinge ends), in height of fastigium, and in num- ber of lateral costae. Reticulariina pristina, new species PLATE 729: FIGURES 1-15 Average size for genus, rather strongly biconvex; outline broadly transverse, widest at hinge, sides tapered but not attenuate, juveniles narrower and less tapered laterally; commissure plicated by mod- erately high, sharply arched median fold, numer- ous lower angular lateral plications; fastigium simple, without bifurcation, crest bluntly angular, profile moderately to rather strongly convex, keep- ing relative height of fastigium low; sulcus rather deep, trough flattened, with median row of swell- ings in some, coalescing to simulate median plication; lateral plications relatively strong, angu- lar, few at lateral extremes bifurcating, numbering 3 to 11 on each side. Surface with rather sporadi- cally occuring, short, thin spines, some apparently in rows along growth lines, some specimens with thicker hollow spines; growth laminae strong ir- regularly to subregularly spaced, edges of some raised, producing rough surface. Pedicle valve moderately convex longitudinally; beak normally hooked, sharply pointed; interarea broadly triangular, flat near hinge, concave near beak; delthyrium narrowly triangular, apex blocked by short arched plate over median sep- tum; delthyrial covering not observed. Brachial valve rather strongly convex; beak short, blunt; interarea very low, wide, slightly concave; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with promi- nent, narrow, toothlike, fimbriate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates short, about average length for genus, slightly divergent, extending forward slightly along floor; median septum high, thin, extending forward about a third length of valve, anterior edge precipitous. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor beside septum; ad- ductor muscle marks well impressed on sides of septum; diductor marks weak, on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with wedge-shaped sock- ets formed by strong socket ridges, each with small knob on anterior edge; hinge plates very narrow, 2684 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY elongate, along mesial edges of socket ridges, slightly convergent, traced to inner part of cardi- nal process by small triangular accessory plates; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slender, outwardly bowed, with short, ventrally pointing jugal process on each, not converging to form jugum; spiralia extending from crura near jugal processes, coiled dorso- ventrally, complete spiralium not observed. Mus- cle area in trough formed by fastigium, outlined laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by thin low ridge; anterior adductor muscle marks narrow, elongate, on each side of median ridge; posterior adductor marks weaker, in posterior and lateral parts of area. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick USNM 703d length length width width ness 153149a 3.9 3.8 4.7 6.7 3.2 153149b 4.6 4.0 5.4 8.1 3.4 153149c 4.9 4.4 6.2 8.9 3.6 153149d 5.4 ? 6.7 9.1 ? 153149e 6.0 ? 7.9 11.4 ? 153149f ? 7.2 9.3 14.7 ? 153149g 153149h 9.0 10.0 7.9 9.3 11.0 13.0 21.0? 20.9 8.4 10.9 153149i 10.0 9.8 12.3 30.0* 12.0 153149J 153149k 10.4 10.7 9.6 10.2 13.6 13.3 28.4 29.0 10.8 10.6 (holotype) 153149-1 12.0 10.6 15.0 31.2 11.4 153149m 12.3 10.6 14.7 26.4 10.7 153149n 14.0 13.2 22.3 46.0» 14.7 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 703c, 703d, 710z, 726d. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly transverse and mucronate Reticulariina with strong growth laminae and simple fastigium. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153149k. Figured paratypes: USNM 153149J, o-q. Measured para- types: USNM 153149a-j, 1-n. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina pristina is charac- terized by its broad outline with tapered sides but nonproduced hinge ends, its moderately high fas- tigium that remains simple, variable number of rather sharp lateral plications, and its rather strong growth laminae that are rather regularly spaced on some specimens. It most nearly re- sembles species from higher in the Word Forma- tion, and probably is ancestral to them. Its primary difference from R. cerina, new species, is its simple, lower fastigium. It also somewhat resembles R. craticula, new species, from the Cathedral Moun- tain Formation, differing in its larger size, wider outline, stronger growth laminae, and more nu- merous lateral plications. Except for the stronger laminae, these characters also distinguish it from R. tetrica, new species, from the Skinner Ranch Formation. The broad outline of R. pristina is similar to that of R. girtyi, Arionthia lamaria (both new), and some specimens of R. roscida, new species, but each of those species has the fastigium triplicate in adults, and few specimens are as strongly convex. Reticulariina subulata, new species, also is strongly transverse, but is proportionately much wider than R. pristina. DISCUSSION.—Reticulariina pristina has most of the features that characterize species of the Word Formation or its equivalents, except for the trip- licate fastigium. It may have been ancestral to triplicate species that occur higher in the Word. Its width is variable, as is the number of its lat- eral plications; several specimens are rather drastically asymmetrical. This species provided sufficient variation to give rise to R. cerina. Reticulariina pusilla, new species PLATE 702: FIGURES 1-15 Small for genus, length and width of pedicle valve about equal, but width of brachial valve greater than length. Valves subequal in depth. Maximum width just anterior to hinge; sides narrowly rounded and sloping medially. Anterior slightly nasute. Interarea short, nearly procline and fairly strongly curved, beak incurved. Fastig- ium moderately elevated and flanks marked by 3 or 4 moderately elevated plications separated by nearly equal intertroughs. Spines small, very nu- merous, covering all parts of shell and forming median row along middle of sulcus. Laminae ir- regular, usually not numerous. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, forming broad gentle dome in anterior profile. Umbonal region narrow; sulcus narrow, moder- ately deep and marked medially from midvalve to tip of tongue by low costa. Tongue short and sub- NUMBER 24 2685 angular. Flanks moderately swollen, gently convex and with moderate slopes to margins. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile, somewhat more convex posteriorly; anterior pro- file forming low dome, lower than profile of pedicle valve. Fold elevating and expanding mod- erately anteriorly, moderately elevated above flanks. Flanks gently convex, slopes gentle. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and nar- row dental ridges joining receding, short dental plates. Median septum high, steeply sloping ante- riorly and reaching about to midvalve. Brachial valve interior with strong socket ridges and short concave hinge plates; cardinal process with fairly long shaft, and moderately expanded myophore. Adminicula vestigial. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness 3.0 2.8 3.4 2.8 3.2 2.8 3.5 2.7 4.4 3.8 4.9 3.9 4.6 4.2 5.8 4.6 5.0 4.7 6.8 5.6 2.2 2.4 ? 3.4 3.8 USNM 726n 153150a 153150b 153150c 153150d 153150e 7.3 10.7 9.6 7.3 8.3 13.7 12.4 7.5 153150f 8.8 153150g 9.4 (holotype) 153150h 9.4 8.3 12.4 10.8 7.1 153150i 9.6 8.7 13.5 12.5 7.3 153150J 11.0 9.6 14.4 11.0 7.9 153150k 11.8 ? 15.5 14.5 ? 153150-1 ? 8.2 14.6 13.8 ? 153150m 10.2 ? 12.8 10.5 ? 153150n 11.2 9.3 11.7 9.8 8.2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (base), Hess Formation (top). LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 720e, 720f. Hess: USNM 726n. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Retiadariina with median costa in sulcus and numerous spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153150g. Figured paratypes: USNM 153150f, 1, o, p. Measured para- types: USNM 135150a-f, h-n. COMPARISON.—This is one of the smallest species yet found in the West Texas Permian and thus is not comparable to the numerous large forms found in the Word Formation of the Glass Moun- tains or in the Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon formations of the Guadalupe Mountains. The species is similar to R. newelli (Stehli) in general configuration but that, too, is a much larger shell. Reticulariina hueconiana, new species, is nearest to the size of R. pusilla, but it has more elevated, less angular plications on the flanks, does not have the costa in the sulcus, and its laminations are more numerous. DISCUSSION.—As usual in a fairly large collec- tion, some specimens do not conform to the general pattern. In the case of R. pusilla a few specimens typified by USNM 153150n is generally narrower and more quadrate than the majority and has one less costa. These narrower forms are spinose like their fellows and also have the char- acteristic costa in the sulcus. There seems no rea- son to regard them as other than variants of the species. Reticulariina tetrica, new species, has the general form of R. newelli (Stehli) and thus is like the Hess species in appearance. It is, however, larger, more lamellose, has a stronger median costa in the sulcus, and is generally narrower. Retiadariina pusilla occurs at a locality that represents the topmost Hess and is the last appear- ance of the Hess lithology in the vicinity of the Old Word Ranch. It thus has a somewhat detached stratigraphic horizon, because most Hess valvular fossils occur in the Taylor Ranch Member several hundred feet lower, but the earliest of the Cathe- dral Mountain fine pebble conglomerate is not far above. Reticulariina pusilla differs from R. impressa, new species, in its greater size, lack of an impressed line on the fastigium, and lack of a row of median spines on the pedicle valve. Reticulariina roscida, new species PLATE 700: FIGURES 18-51 Average size for genus, rather inflated; outline transverse, widest at hinge but with hinge ends not produced, flanks rarely attenuate, juveniles narrower, many semielliptical; commissure pli- cated by moderately high fold, duplicate or trip- licate in adults, lower lateral plications; fastigium moderately high, crest narrowly arched or flat- tened, profile nearly flat to strongly convex, acces- sory plications bifurcating from median plication about 7 to 15 mm anterior to beak, normally one on each side, some specimens with accessory plica- 2686 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tion only on one side, others with median plication nearly symmetrically bifurcating; sulcus similarly duplicate or triplicate, median trough thickened toward anterior, producing median ridge; lateral plications low, rather narrow, with sharply gabled crests, similar shaped troughs, numbering 3 to 7 on each side, only distal ones on large specimens bifurcating. Surface spines or pustules rather nu- merous, hollow, arranged in radial rows on sides of plications; growth laminae strong, some with raised edges irregularly spaced, more frequent near margins, producing rugose surface. Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex; beak fairly long, curved or hooked; interarea short, triangular, but long for genus, flatly con- cave, concavity increasing toward beak; del- thyrium narrowly to nearly equilaterally trigonal, no covering plates observed, apex obstructed in many specimens by thickened, arched plate over median septum. Brachial valve strongly convex; beak protruding slightly, bluntly rounded; inter- area low, nearly flat; notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with narrow, knoblike, finely lamel- late cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with strong knoblike teeth; dental ridges deep, thick, some irregularly knobby, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates short, widely divergent, meeting floor in umbonal region; extending far forward as low ridges on floor of some specimens; median septum high, thin, height increasing anteriorly, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor, extending for- ward about half length of valve. Muscle marks on sides of septum and in narrow bands on floor be- side septum, on sides of ridge formed by sulcus; pallial marks in posterior part of valve, consisting of barely perceptible radial lirae, fading toward margins. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent sockets formed by strong socket ridges, each with high knob at anterior; hinge plates rather small, along mesial sides of socket ridges, converging to- ward one another to form shallow, deeply divided notothyrial recess, joined at median line to base of cardinal process; crura extending forward from edges of crural plates, outwardly bowed, jugal pro- cesses at anterior ends not forming jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, complete spiralium not ob- served. Muscle area between low ridges in trough formed by fastigium, extending forward about half length of valve, bisected by thin low ridge, muscle marks weak; pallial marks consisting of barely perceptible radiating lirae in posterior of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness AMNH 512 = USNM 728 153151a 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.3 153151b 3.2 2.8 3.5 2.9 2.3 153151c 3.3 2.9 4.0 3.0 2.7 153151d 4.1 3.8 5.1 5.3 3.4 153151e 4.5 3.8 4.9 5.1 3.7 15315H 4.6 4.0 4.8 5.8 4.0 153151g 4.9 4.3 4.9 6.0 3.9 153151h 5.8 5.2 7.3 6.5 4.5 15315H 5.6 5.1 6.3 8.9 4.4 153151J 6.4 5.6 6.5 8.4 5.0 153151k 6.5 5.7 7.2 9.7 4.7 153151-1 6.7 5.7 7.8 10.0 5.0 153151m 6.9 6.4 8.7 12.0 5.4 153151n 7.3 6.4 8.2 11.9 5.4 153151o 8.0 7.4 9.0 12.7 5.9 153151p 7.3 6.6 9.0 15.4 6.8 153151q 8.0 6.9 8.0 12.5 6.4 153151r 8.2 7.0 8.6 13.4 6.1 153151s 9.2 8.3 9.7 13.7 6.8 15315U 9.3 8.2 9.6 14.9 7.4 153151u 10.7 9.0 10.4 16.5 7.3 153151v 10.8 9.5 13.1 23.5 9.0 153151w 11.4 9.7 11.6 17.5 8.6 153151x 11.7 10.3 12.3 17.8 8.7 153151y 11.8 10.9 12.0 21.6 9.0 153151z 11.9 10.2 12.1 17.8 8.7 153151a' 12.1 10.6 12.5 22.0 9.9 153151b' 13.9 13.5 15.1 24.0 11.6 153151c' 14.1 13.0 15.9 29.6 15.2 153151d' 15.8 14.3 16.2 25.4 13.0 153151e' 17.0 15.9 18.0 32.0? 18.0 1531511' 17.5 17.7 17.5 34.4 17.4 153151g' 17.7 16.0 20.8 37.9 17.0 153151h' 18.4 14.6 20.5 34.9 17.5 153151 i' 16.5 12.8 19.0 29.4 13.0 153151J' 20.2 16.0 25.5 37.9 14.7 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 512, 519; USNM 728. DIAGNOSIS.—-Moderately transverse Reticulariina having fairly strong convexity, with tendency to- ward triplication of the fastigium, and strong lamination. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153151J'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153151r, u, y, i'-k', m'-q'. Mea- NUMBER 24 2687 sured paratypes: USNM 153151a-z, a'-i'. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina roscida is character- ized by its comparatively narrow outline, fairly strong convexity, strong but irregular growth lam- inae that give the shell a rugose surface, pustules or spines arranged in rows, and its frequently de- formed fastigium that is triplicate in some shells, duplicate in some, and remains simple in others, up to a length of 15 mm. Most species with the fas- tigium triplicate are fairly regular, and the acces- sory plications branch off 10 mm or less from the brachial beak. It most nearly resembles R. girtyi, new species, differing primarily in its normally nar- rower outline, greater convexity, more rounded costae, and higher fastigium. It differs from R. welleri (Girty) in its lower costae with fewer bi- furcations, greatest width normally at the hinge, higher fastigium with triplication beginning far- ther posterior, and more tapered rather than rounded sides. It is smaller than Arionthia blo- thrhachis and A. germana, new species, and its fastigium is lower and hinge ends not produced. It is more irregular and proportionately narrower than Reticulariina cerina, new species, and its fas- tigium is not as consistently or as symmetrically triplicate. It is narrower and smaller than Arion- thia lamaria, new species, only its distal plications bifurcate, and its greatest width is at the hinge. DISCUSSION.—Reticulariina roscida is rather var- iable. Its outline normally is transverse, widest at the hinge, but some specimens are proportionately narrower, and have the hinge ends slightly rounded; a few are widest slightly anterior to the hinge. The fastigium ranges from low to very high, and the triplication takes place anywhere from 7 to 15 mm anterior to the brachial beak. Adults normally are 20 to 30 mm wide, but one excep- tional specimen is slightly more than 60 mm wide, and has the hinge ends slightly produced. Despite variation, the specific characters enumerated above distinguish the species, and indicate possible near relationship with R. cerina, new species. Reticulariina senticosa, new species PLATE 701: FIGURES 18-49 Small for genus, flatly biconvex; outline trans- verse but not alate, widest at hinge in adults, slightly farther anterior in juveniles; commissure plicated by moderately high fold, lower lateral plications; fastigium relatively low, crest flattened, profile flatly convex, no bifurcation; lateral pli- cations relatively high, bluntly V-shaped in cross- section, troughs similar, not bifurcating, numbering 3 to 5 on each side; sulcus broad, trough flat- tened, slightly raised in some to simulate median plica, normally with row of large hollow spines. Surface with numerous long (up to 1 mm) hollow spines, rather closely spaced, absent from bases of troughs between plications; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve flatly convex; beak rather long, attenuate, curved or hooked; interarea short, tri- angular, nearly flat except just under beak; del- thyrium nearly equilaterally trigonal, no covering observed, apex blocked by short arched plate over median septum. Brachial valve about equally convex; beak protruding slightly; interarea low, wide, concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather small, toothlike, lamellate car- dinal process. Pedicle valve interior with small rounded hinge teeth; dental ridges about average size and thick- ness; dental plates short, about average length for genus, slightly divergent, continuous with dental ridges; median septum high, thin, rather short, extending forward about a third length of valve, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor of valve. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates rather broad, slightly concave, joined at apical end to base of cardinal process, forming shallow, divided cardi- nal recess; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, convergent toward one another, complete crura or spiralia not observed. Muscle area elongate narrow, in trough formed by fastigium, bounded by low ridges, bisected by thin low ridge, extending forward about half length of valve; anterior adductor marks narrow, incised on each side of median ridge; posterior adductor marks weaker, on remainder of muscle area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 716x, 716xa. China Tank: USNM 706c, 726r. Willis Ranch: USNM 706, 706e, 718d, 723t. 2688 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 706e 153153a 4.3 3.7 5.4 4.1 3.4 153153b 12.7 ? 14.2 21.9 ? 153153c 15.7 14.0 16.7 23.0 15.0 (holotype) USNM 706 153152a 3.7 3.7 4.2 6.0 3.3 153152b 5.0 ? 4.5 7.8 ? 153152c 5.9 ? 6.0 10.3 ? 153152d 6.3 6.0 8.2 8.8 4.9 153152e 6.3 ? 7.9 9.0 ? 153152f 7.7 ? 10.5 10.3 ? 153152g 10.7 ? 14.9 12.8 ? 153152h 11.0 ? 11.2 16.3 ? 153152i 12.8 ? 14.6 22.8 ? 153152J ? 9.1 13.3 15.6 ? DIAGNOSIS.—Small Reticulariina with unbifur- cated flat-crested fastigium, and whole surface strongly spinose. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153153c. Figured paratypes: USNM 153153b, d-h; 154719a, b. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153152a-j; 153153a, b. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina senticosa is charac- terized by its relatively small size, unbifurcated fastigium with flat crest, low profile, and especially by its numerous and strong hollow spines over nearly the entire surface. These re- semble the spines of R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), the type species, but R. senticosa differs in its wider outline (normally widest at hinge), longer interarea, and higher costae. It resembles R. cerina, new species, with which it occurs, in its regular symmetry, but differs in its simple low fas- tigium, more numerous and normally thicker surface spines, fewer and sharper lateral plications, and narrower outline without produced hinge ends. It is about the same size as R. newelli (Stehli), and resembles it in several features but differs in its lower, typically flattened fastigium, strong surface spines, and its higher, sharper, and fewer lateral plications. Its spiny surface is similar to that of R. strigosa, new species, from the Wolf- camp, but R. senticosa differs in its proportion- ately narrower outline, lower and more numerous lateral spines, and trough of sulcus without strong thickening at the anterior. This species is not as transverse or coarsely plicated as R. craticula, new species, and has fewer costae, fewer and weaker growth laminae, and more surface spines than R. tetrica, new species. It is smaller, more spiny, and more transverse than R. powwowensis, new spe- cies, and more convex, more transverse and has longer spines than R. hueconiana, new species. Reticulariina strigosa, new species PLATE 702: FIGURES 40-57 Average size for genus, moderately strongly bi- convex; outline transverse, but not greatly ex- tended, hinge ends not produced, greatest width at hinge, juveniles narrower, normally widest just anterior to hinge; commissure strongly plicated by high median fold, strong lateral plications; fastig- ium high, steep-sided, crest bluntly rounded or flattened, profile gently convex, making anterior stand higher; sulcus deep, V-shaped at posterior, trough flattened farther forward, becoming raised at anterior of largest specimens; lateral plications high, bluntly V-shaped with similar V-shaped troughs, proximal ones nearly as high as median fold, especially toward posterior, nonbifurcating, numbering 2 to 4 on each side. Surface spines long (up to 1.5 mm), numerous, hollow, present on plications but not in troughs (except in sulcus), normally less abundant in posterior regions (per- haps broken there), arranged irregularly in short rows, both radially and along growth lines; growth laminae few, relatively strong, widely spaced, fine growth lines closely and irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve moderately convex; beak short, curved; interarea short, triangular, about average for genus, concavity increasing toward beak; del- thyrium high, wedge-shaped, no covering ob- served, apex filled by short arched plate over median septum. Brachial valve somewhat more convex; beak scarcely protruding; interarea low, wide, height decreasing only slightly laterally; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather prominent, knoblike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short teeth; dental ridges low; dental plates short, only in extreme apex of valve; median ridge high, thin, rather short, extending forward about a fourth to a third length of valve, height increasing anteriorly, ante- rior edge steeply sloping to floor of valve. Muscle NUMBER 24 2689 marks on sides of septum, probably also on floor of valve beside septum (not seen). Brachial valve interior with wide sockets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates rather broad, concave, along length of socket ridges, converging apically to fuse with base of cardinal process, forming shallow recess; crura extending anteriorly from edges of crural plates, becoming thinner an- teriorly, each with short jugal process near junc- ture with spiralium, pointing ventrally, slightly convergent but not meeting; spiralia coiled dorso- ventrally, complete spiralium not observed. Mus- cle area between two low ridges, in trough formed by fastigium, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor muscle marks slightly incised, median, narrow; other marks not observed, probably occu- pying remainder of area, lateral and posterior. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness 4.0 16.0 6.5 7.6 9.4 10.0 12.0 16.9 19.4 21.7 4.8 16.3 9.0 12.0 14.9 11.8 13.0 15.9 21.4 26.5 USNM 701 4.4 29.2 7.7 11.0 12.5 17.5 3.6 13.9 2.9 15.7 5.5? 6.0 6.3 7.0 153154a 153154b USNM 701b 6.7 8.6 9.0 10.7 14.0 17.7 18.5 153155 USNM 701d 153156a 153156b USNM 701c 20.5 21.8 22.7 12.0 33.7 29.0 33.5 16.8 153157 USNM 701-1 153158a 153158b 153158c 153158d (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701b, 701c, 701d, 701-1, 721g, 727e. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly and thickly plicated Reti- culariina with numerous long spines. TYPES.—Holotype: 153158d. Figured para- types: USNM 153154b, c; 153158b; 154720. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153154a, b; 153155; 153156a, b; 153157; 153158a-c. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina strigosa is charac- terized by its simple fastigium, strong but few lat- eral plications, thickened or raised trough of the sulcus, and its numerous, long, rather thick hollow spines. The numerous spines recall R. spinosa (Norwood and Pratten), but R. strigosa is larger, more convex, more strongly plicated, and its spines are normally of lesser diameter. R. senti- cosa, new species, from the Word Formation also is very spiny, but R. strigosa differs in its wider outline, stronger plications, higher fastigium, and anteriorly thickened floor of the sulcus. Some specimens of R. cerina, new species, are similarly spiny, but they have the fastigium triplicate, and normally have lower and more numerous costae. Reticulariina strigosa is not easily mistaken for other Wolfcampian species. It bears little resem- blance to R. newelli (Stehli) or R. hueconiana, new species. It is about the same size as R. pow- wowensis, new species, from the Hueco Canyon Formation, but its spines are longer, outline wider, sides tapered rather than rounded, and the trough of its sulcus is thickened. Its outline is similar to that of R. craticula, new species, from the Road Canyon Formation, but its plications normally are stronger, its spines thicker and more numerous, and its hinge ends not as attenuate. Reticulariina subulata, new species PLATE 702: FIGURES 16-39 Average length for species; strongly biconvex but outline extremely wide, greatest width at hinge, lateral extremities produced, attenuate, juveniles similarly transverse; commissure plicated by high fold, numerous low rounded lateral pli- cations; fastigium narrow, moderately high, crest narrowly rounded or slightly flattened, not bifur- cating; sulcus shallow, rather broad, trough flat- tened, becoming slightly thickened and raised toward anterior; lateral plications low, bluntly gabled or gently rounded, simple, numbering 2 to 12 on each side, normally about 6. Surface with rather stout hollow spines, preserved on few speci- mens, on sides of plications and in row along median line of sulcus; growth laminae rather coarse, irregularly spaced, producing somewhat rough surface. Pedicle valve moderately strongly biconvex; beak curved, normally not hooked; interarea very wide, short, triangular, flatly concave, increasingly concave near beak; delthyrium long, wedge-shaped, open except at apex where filled by arched plate 2690 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY over median septum. Brachial valve more strongly convex longitudinally along crest of fastigium; beak only slightly protruding; interarea much wider than high, height nearly uniform almost to hinge ends; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, protruding toothlike lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with relatively large knob- like teeth; dental ridges deep, slightly convergent, thickened in many specimens; dental plates short, rather widely divergent, buried by shell thickening in many specimens; median septum thin, high, ex- tending forward between a third and a half valve length, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor between dental plates; posterior part of adult valve thickened, marked by irregularly radial rows of shallow pits, fading toward margins. Brachial valve interior with narrowly triangular sockets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates narrow, nearly parallel to floor, braced to base of cardinal process, forming shallow recess; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slender, slightly convergent, com- plete crus or spiralium not observed. Muscle area in narrow trough formed by fastigium, extending forward about half length of valve, lateral bound- ing ridges nearly obsolete, median ridge low, thin; anterior adductor marks median, narrow, slightly incised; posterior adductor marks weaker, occu- pying lateral and posterior part of area; posterior part of valve only slightly thickened in largest individuals, no pallial pits visible. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 714v. Road Can- yon: USNM 707e, 724a. DIAGNOSIS.—Very short but wide Reticulariina having the width from three to five times the length. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153159p. Figured paratypes: USNM 153159b, d, h-1, m-p. Measured paratypes: USNM 153l59a-n. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina subulata is charac- terized by its short, extremely wide outline, rather convex brachial valve, single, unbifurcated fastig- ium, numerous low lateral costae, thickened pos- terior of pedicle valve, and numerous strong spines (or pustules where broken off) that are MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 707e 153159a ? 4.0 5.9 9.8 ? 153159b ? 4.9 6.7 14.1 ? 153159c ? 5.1 7.7 17.4 ? 153159d 5.6 ? 7.9 15.4 ? 153159e 5.7 ? 8.3 18.0 ? 153159f 7.5 ? 9.0 18.0 5.1 153159g 7.8 6.8 11.0? 24.0? 6.8 153159h 8.0 ? 11.8 27.3 ? 153159i 8.2 ? 15.0 32.7 ? 153I59J ? 8.6 16.5 39.6 ? 153159k ? 10.9 20.0 47.5 ? 153159-1 ? 10.9 24.0 61.0 ? 153159m 11.8 ? 24.0 61.0 ? 153159n 12.0 ? 18.3 43.0? ? 153159p 18.8 ? 31.0 65.1 ? (holotype) preserved only on a few specimens. Another very wide species is Arionthia germana, new species, but R. subulata is smaller, proportionately much wider, has a lower fastigium that does not bifurcate, and has surface spines. Among other species that occur in the Word, R. subulata is comparable only to R. pristina, new species, which also has the fas- tigium simple and the outline wide. Reticulariina subulata differs in its proportionately much wider outline, with sharper hinge ends, shorter adult length, and more thickened posterior of the pedi- cle valve. Reticulariina tetrica, new species PLATE 703: FIGURES 21-41 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transverse, narrow for genus, widest at or just anterior to hinge, lateral extremities not ex- tended; commissure plicated by relatively low median fold, lateral plications lower, but high for genus; fastigium low to moderately high, crest rounded to slightly flattened, profile convex in most specimens, reducing height of fastigium, flatter in others, making fastigium higher; sulcus rather deep, trough gently rounded to slightly flattened, rarely thickened or raised; lateral pli- cations rather high, bluntly angular, rarely split- ting, numbering 3 to 5 on each side, normally 4. Surface with numerous short spines or low pus- tules (spine bases) on sides and crests of plica- NUMBER 24 2691 tions, absent from troughs except sulcus; growth laminae rather strong, spaced irregularly, but more nearly regular than in most species of genus, relatively closely spaced, edges of some raised. Pedicle valve moderately convex, deep; beak short, curved or hooked; interarea transversely triangular, narrow for genus, flatly to moderately concave, set off by rounded beak ridges; del- thyrium high, wedge-shaped, apex filled by short arched plate over median septum; delthyrial covering not observed. Brachial valve somewhat flatter; beak gently rounded; interarea very low, wedging out laterally before reaching lateral ex- tremes on some specimens; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with prominent, toothlike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with rather large blunt teeth; dental ridges shallow, rounded, slightly broadened in some adults; dental plates short, meeting floor only in extreme apical region, nor- mally not extending forward along floor, not thickened; median septum high, thin, extending forward about a third length of valve, anterior edge precipitous. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor beside septum; adductor muscle marks making series of crescents on sides of sep- tum; diductor marks weakly impressed on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Pallial marks weakly vis- ible in some specimens, forming low lirae and alignments of inner openings of punctae. Brachial valve interior with wedge-shaped sock- ets formed by strong socket ridges, each with short knob at anterior edge; hinge plates small, slightly concave, apical ends fused to supporting brace of cardinal process, forming shallow recess; crura ex- tending forward from anterior edges of hinge plates, slender, outwardly bowed, anterior ends of crura and spiralia not observed. Muscle area in posterior part of trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low and obscure to rather high, flaring ridges, bisected by low thin ridge, almost bladelike in posterior, merely low thread in anterior; anterior adductor muscle marks nar- row, lying on each side of median ridge; posterior muscle marks weaker, occupying lateral and pos- terior part of area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation, Skinner Ranch Formation (Decie Ranch and Sullivan Peak members). LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 369, 625, MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 705a 153160a 5.6 5.2 7.9 5.8 4.5 153160b 5.8 5.5? 10.9 10.0 5.3 153160c 6.9 > 12.5 10.7 ? 153160d 8.9 ? 16.7 13.6 ? 153160e 9.5 9.6 16.0 13.9 8.1 153160f 10.6 ? 16.9 15.8 ? 153160g 11.7 10.6 13.5 19.0 11.0 153160h 13.1 11.7 21.5 20.9 9.0? 153160i 13.6 ? 18.5 32.0? ? USNM 720e 153161a 10.0 9.4 13.8 13.5 8.4 153161b 10.2 11.1 17.9 16.7 11.0 USNM 707a 153162a 13.0? 11.6 16.7 16.2 10.0? USNM 728e 153163a 13.5 12.5 17.3 21.4 10.3 153163b 13.7 12.4 18.4 20.2 11.6 (holotype) 153163c 13.3 ? 17.2 22.8 ? 153163d ? 12.3 17.8 21.8 ? 628, 631; USNM 728e, 728f, 728h, 741. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 720e. Decie Ranch: USNM 707a. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707d. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, non alate Reticulariina with strong growth laminae, large and abundant spines, and low, unbifurcated fastigium. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153163b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153161a; 153163a, d, e. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153160a-i; 153161a, b; 153162a; 153163a, c, d. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina tetrica is character- ized by its relatively small size, nonalate outline, strong growth laminae that are rather closely and regularly spaced on many specimens, narrow inter- area with rounded beak ridges obscuring separa- tion from remainder of valve, simple fastigium with convex profile that keeps it low, and its nu- merous surface spines. It most nearly resembles R. newelli (Stehli), to which it probably is closely related, but differs in its lower fastigium, longer surface spines, and its rough exterior produced by numerous strong growth laminae, some with raised edges. It is smaller than R. craticula, new species, and it has lower, more numerous, and more rounded lateral costae, stronger growth laminae, and its outline is narrower, without attenuate hinge ends. 2692 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Reticulariina venustula, new species PLATE 705: FIGURES 1-44 Small for genus, wider than long, hinge ex- tended in many specimens, and becoming alate. Sides sloping medially; anterior margin subnasute. Interarea fairly long, strongly apsacline, curved near beak to produce moderate concavity. Anterior commissure narrowly uniplicate. Flanks marked by two prominent, anteriorly widening and fairly broad, subangular plications, with third incipient or well developed in few specimens. Surface with moderately thick spines, as seen on one specimen; spines mostly stripped off. Pedicle valve gently convex in lateral profile, moderately strongly domed in anterior profile. Sulcus narrow and deep, widening slightly anteri- orly and flattened somewhat medially and some specimens with indistinct costa extending into elongated and narrowly rounded tongue. Flanks slightly convex, moderately steep. Brachial valve very gently convex in lateral profile but broadly and slightly convex in anterior profile. Fold narrow and subangular, very steep anteriorly and strongly elevated; flanks flattened and almost without slopes to margins. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and nar- row dental ridges; dental plates receding and very short, confined to apex. Apical plate small. Brachial valve interior with stout socket ridges and wide, uncovered sockets. Hinge plate vertical, attached medially by inner hinge plates beneath cardinal process; process long shafted and stout, with expanded, lamellate myophore. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain and Road Canyon formations. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702un, 703b. Road Canyon: USNM 702c, 703a, 707e, 710u, 719x, 721r, 721t, 726f. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, transverse Reticulariina with two strong plications on the flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153164o. Figured paratypes: USNM 153164J, m, p, q; 154738a; 154739a-c; 154740a-c; 154741a; 154747a-f. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153164a-n. COMPARISON.—The other small Reticulariinas to which this one may be compared are R. impressa, pusilla, and craticula, all new species. From the first it differs in not having the impressed line on MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 72lt 153164a 4.4 3.9 5.3 4.3 3.5 153164b 5.5 3.9 5.2 5.0 3.8 153164c 5.2 4.5 6.4 6.1 4.4 153164d 6.1 5.0 6.6 6.9 4.5 153164e 7.3 6.1 7,5 8.1 5.2 153164f 7.3 6.8 8.5 11.4 5.2 153164g 8.2 6.7 9.0 10.0 6.2 153164h 7.8 7.3 9.6 12.3 6.6 153164i 9.1 7.5 11.2 16.6 7.8 153164J 8.8 8.0 11.3 15.0 6.8 153164k 8.7 7.4 9.7 11.3 7.0 153164-1 9.6 7.8 10.1 10.7 7.2 153164m 10.0 8.5 10.2 12.7 8.1 153164n 11.4 10.0 12.0 15.7 8.5 153164o 12.6 10.8 15.0 19.2 10.8 (holotype) the fold of the brachial valve. From the second it differs in its smaller size, lesser number of plica- tions on the flanks, and its more transverse, often alate, outline. It is smaller than R. craticula and has fewer costae on the flanks. Reticulariina welleri (Girty) PLATE 703: FIGURES 1-20; PLATE 704; FIGURES 31-35 Spiriferina welleri Girty, 1909:380, pl. 14: figs. 17-19b. Somewhat smaller than average for genus, mod- erately strongly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical, rarely widest at hinge, normally widest anterior to hinge, hinge ends not extended, rounded; commissure plicated by moderately high to high median fold, triplicate in adults, several low rounded lateral plications; fastigium at pos- terior narrow and with rounded crest, widening toward anterior, crest flattening, irregular bifur- cations, on one or both sides of fastigium, begin- ning 5 to 10 mm anterior to brachial beak, making fastigium duplicate or triplicate; lateral plications normally simple except at lateral extremes where bifurcating on some specimens; rare specimens with some plications triplicate at anterior, major lateral plications numbering 3 to 7 on each side. Surface spines normally numerous up to 0.5 mm long, closely crowded on sides and crests of plica- tions, some specimens with few spines, many without spines or pustules (spine bases) preserved; NUMBER 24 2693 growth laminae normally weak, widely spaced, displacing shell only slightly, rather strong on a few specimens. Pedicle valve flatly convex, moderately deep; beak blunt, moderately curved but not hooked; interarea broadly triangular, slightly concave near beak, nearly procline; delthyrium high and nar- rowly wedge-shaped, apex filled by short arched plate across median septum, no covering plates observed. Brachial valve slightly more strongly convex; beak only slightly expressed, gently rounded; interarea low, slightly concave, nearly in plane of commissure; notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, rather strongly convergent; dental plates nearly vertical or slightly divergent, continuous with dental ridges, rather short for genus; median septum thin, high, extending forward about a third length of valve, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor beside septum; adductor muscle marks on septum, diductor marks on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with hinge sockets formed by strong socket ridges, each with small knob at anterior edge; hinge plates extending from socket ridges, thin, slightly concave, braced to base of cardinal process by pair of small tri- angular accessory plates, forming shallow recess; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slender, bowed slightly outward, each with directly pointing spur near anterior end, each jugal process with nearly horizontal ir- regularly digitate spur converging toward midline of valve, not observed to meet, but separated only by about 0.1 mm; spiralia joined to crura at point of juncture of ventrally jugal processes coiled dorsoventrally, complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by large, flattened, outwardly flared ridges, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor muscle marks median, in floor of trough beside median ridge; posterior adductor marks occupying remainder of area, lateral and posterior. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers), Capitan Formation. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 731 153165a 5.0 4.2 5.1 4.0 3.7 153165b 5.7 5.1 7.0 5.7 4.5 153165c 9.3 7.9 12.0 9.4 6.8 153165d 13.4 11.2 15.4 10.6 7.9? 153165e 14.0 12.7 19.8 16.1 9.2 153165f 15.7 13.6 21.5 18.7 14.0 153165g 18.0 14.0? 23.7 22.7 14.0 LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731. Pinery: AMNH 33, 437, 524, 528; USNM 736. Rader: USNM 725f, 725g, 725o. Lamar: AMNH 347 (= L-2). Capitan: USGS 2926 (green). DIAGNOSIS.—Moderate-sized Reticulariina with greatest width anterior to the hinge, fastigium bi- furcating or trifurcating fairly near the beak and lateral plications usually simple. TYPES.—Lectotype (here designated): USNM 118607a (Girty, 1909, pl. 14: fig. 18). Figured para- types: USNM 118607b, c (Girty, 1909, pl. 14; figs. 17, 19). Figured hypotypes: USNM 153165e; 154748a; 154749a, b; 154751a. Measured hypo- types: USNM 153165a-g. COMPARISON.—Reticulariina welleri is character- ized by its transverse outline that is narrower than that of most species of the genus, greatest width anterior to the hinge, its variable number of rather narrow and sharp lateral costae, triplication of the fastigium, with accessory plications beginning any- where from 5 to 10 mm anterior to beak, and in its relatively wide variability. The lateral plica- tions are usually simple, the outline normally somewhat rounded; some specimens have numer- ous closely spaced surface spines or pustules, some have few, widely spaced, and others have none (this condition probably a function of preserva- tion). It resembles R. roscida and R. girtyi, both new, from the Getaway Member, differing in its narrower outline, less distinctly or regularly trip- licate fastigium, numerous bifurcating lateral costae, and its proportionately narrower hinge. It differs from R. senticosa, new species, from the Word Formation in its more numerous and rounded lateral plications, fewer and shorter sur- face spines, and triplicate fastigium. It is smaller and narrower than Arionthia lamaria, new species, 2694 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY from the Lamar Member, and its plications are less consistently bifurcating. DISCUSSION.—Girty's type lot consists of three specimens: a partially preserved pedicle valve (USNM 118607b), an incomplete impression of a brachial valve (USNM 118607a), and a small, im- mature young specimen. It is impossible to be sure that the latter belongs with the other two and it does not exhibit the characters selected as specific. Of the other two, the brachial valve, although un- satisfactory, shows the trifurcation of the fastigium better than the pedicle valve and is therefore selected as lectotype for the species. All the speci- mens are so exfoliated that no idea of the exterior details can be had. This information was derived from the few silicified specimens that we refer to this species. The type specimens of this species are inade- quate and we have not recovered sufficient good specimens from the acid residues to establish this species on a firm basis. Girty gives the horizon of his specimens as 1000 feet below the top of the Capitan Formation. The species should be searched for in all Bell Canyon residues. Reticulariina species 1 PLATE 705: FIGURES 45-65 A few small shells from the Word Formation seem to belong to a separate species of Reticu- lariina, although there is insufficient material to allow proper characterization and adequate com- parison with other species. The outline is sub- trigonal, the fold rather low, the costae few, high and rounded, spines are short. Possibly these shells are somewhat variant juveniles of some species such as R. cerina, new species, but they are not enough like juveniles of other Word species to warrant assignment. Figured specimens: USNM 154747a-f. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (lens between Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members). LOCALITY.—USNM 706b. Reticulariina species 2 PLATE 730: FIGURES 1-17 Another group of small shells referable to Reticulariina seem distinctive, but are represented by too few specimens for adequate characteriza- tion. The hinge is wide, costae few and rounded, spine bases fairly numerous but scattered, and there is a tendency to asymmetry. They are illus- trated to document the genus in the Hegler Member of the Bell Canyon Formation. Figured specimens: USNM 153493a-c. LOCALITY.—AMNH 635. Genus Altiplecus Stehli, 1954 Altiplecus Stehli, 1954:349.—Williams et al., 1965:H713. Average size for spiriferinid, strongly biconvex, transverse, with greatest width at hinge, strongly endopunctate with punctae arranged in rhombs of four, producing irregular, nearly concentric and obliquely radial rows; spines few, thick, hollow, rather long as in Recticulariina, arranged con- centrically along growth lines, becoming thicker and more numerous anteriorly. Commissure unipli- cate with high narrow fold, laterally plicate with few folds decreasing in amplitude laterally; fastig- ium beginning at beak, rapidly increasing in height, crest bluntly angular to slightly flattened, without bifurcations, not greatly widening anteri- orly; sulcus beginning at beak, deepening anteri- orly, bounded laterally by a high plication on each side, trough rather narrow, floor normally flattened or with median ridge or row of nodes, anterior ex- tended as long narrow tongue inserted into fold. Growth laminae strong, irregularly spaced, raised in some species to produce rugose exterior; fine radial ornament not observed. Pedicle valve strongly convex longitudinally, moderately convex transversely; beak prominent, usually strongly curved; interarea broadly trian- gular, nearly flat at hinge, becoming cOncave be- neath beak, sharply set off from main part of valve; delthyrium long, narrow, apex filled by short callosity, sides of apex with grooves, perhaps indi- cating presence of short delthyrial cover but none preserved. Brachial valve strongly convex longi- tudinally, moderately convex transversely; inter- area short, flatly concave, bisected by broadly wedge-shaped notothyrium; cardinal callosity large, apical, strongly lamellate for attachment of diduc- tor muscles; beak low, barely protruding. Pedicle valve interior with two rather slim, long NUMBER 24 2695 hinge teeth; dental ridges low, only slightly con- vergent toward floor; dental plates short, slightly divergent toward floor, meeting floor near apex, continuous with apical parts of dental ridges; me- dian septum high, thin, bladelike, rather short, extending about a fourth total length of valve, abruptly terminated at anterior, braced at poste- rior by apical callosity or plate. Muscle area usually slightly thickened, elongate ovate, on floor of valve on each side of median septum, spreading to each side of median septum; diductor muscle marks on valve floor lateral to septum; pallial and other internal markings not observed. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets, without covering plate in apical parts, but some- what thickened there in some species; socket ridges thick, strong, anterior with small knob at end; crural plates attached to socket ridges, con- verging apically and toward one another, forming short, deeply divided concave hinge plate, medi- ally filled by base of cardinal process; crura ex- tending anterodorsally from crural plates, slightly bowed laterally; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size, number un- known, with short jugal processes slightly con- vergent. Muscle area narrow, in deep trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low median ridge, division of area into individual muscle marks not observed. TYPE-SPECIES.—Altiplecus cooperi Stehli (1954: 349, pl. 26: figs. 16-21). COMPARISON.—Altiplecus is characterized by its usually transverse outline, high fastigium, few, rel- atively low and widely spaced lateral plications, strong growth laminae that produce strong rugae in some species, relatively long and thick hollow spines that are few in number and arranged along growth lines, and internally by its stout cardinal callosity and short dental plates. Among genera in the Glass Mountains it most nearly resembles Metriolepis, new genus, but differs in its irregu- larly spaced growth laminae, fewer and larger spines, hollow spines, shorter and more concave interarea, and more and narrower lateral plica- tions. Reticulariina Fredericks also is transverse and has hollow spines, but Altiplecus differs in its fewer lateral plications, spines that are arranged concentrically instead of radially or randomly, and are fewer in number, its nonbifurcating fastigium, somewhat longer, flatter pedicle interarea, and its broader, thicker cardinal callosity. Other spiri- ferinid genera are not closely similar to Altiplecus: Paraspiriferina Reed is small, rounded, has many plications with narrow troughs, and hairlike spines; Crenispirifer Stehli has a rounded outline, sharp angular plications, and the surface covered with low pustules; Spiriferellina Fredericks is small, rotund, has low plications and low, flattened fastigium; Punctospirifer North is transverse, but its plications are like those of Paraspiriferina. Spiriferina panderi Moeller, described from the Schwagerina limestone of the U.S.S.R., the holo- type reillustrated by Tschernyschew (1902, pl. 37), resembles species of Altiplecus in its outline, high fold, and shallow sulcus with anteromedian swell- ing and long, anteriorly directed tongue. It differs in its more numerous lateral plications and pos- sible lack of surface spines. DISCUSSION.—Two genera in the West Texas faunas are closely related to Altiplecus, and may be descended from it. These are Sarganostega Cooper and Grant (1969), which occurs only in the Guadalupian, and Metriolepis, new genus, which is rare in the Leonardian and abundant in the Word. Species of each of these genera are sim- ilar to specimens of some species of Altiplecus, and it might be thought that these two new genera are merely the Guadalupian species of Altiplecus. Specimens of Altiplecus found high in the section (most in the Pinery Member of the Bell Canyon Formation) maintain the characteristics of the genus, and differ greatly from Guadalupian species of the other two genera. Altiplecus argutus, new species PLATE 706: FIGURES 1-50 Large for genus, rather strongly biconvex; mod- erately to strongly transverse, hinge ends blunt, not pronouncedly mucronate, not alate; commis- sure plicate, median fold high, lateral folds also high, but lower than median fold, amplitude de- creasing laterally, numbering 2 or 3 on brachial valve; fastigium high, angular, crest widening ante- riorly, but not flattened; sulcus fairly deep, V- shaped, with thickening of median trough only in anterior of large specimens. Growth laminae mod- erately strong, irregularly spaced, more crowded 2696 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY near margins; surface spines thin, hollow, numer- ous, arranged irregularly along growth lines, size increasing anteriorly, maximum length observed 0.5 mm (all spines broken), spines in trough of sulcus widely spaced, absent from many specimens. Pedicle valve deep, strongly convex longitudi- nally, moderately convex transversely; beak high, blunt, strongly curved, hooked over interarea of some specimens; interarea high for genus, flat near hinge, becoming increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, open, apex filled by short bridge anchoring end of median septum, grooves on each side of bridge probably contained edges of short delthyrial coverings in life. Brachial valve strongly convex longitudinally and transversely; profile of fastigium nearly flat or strongly curved, curvature increasing anteriorly, but without abrupt deflection; beak short, blunt, slightly curved in some specimens; interarea low, wide, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with thick, prominent, brushlike cardinal process, finely lamellate for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with strong hinge teeth; dental ridges beneath hinge teeth with depth in- creasing posteriorly, continuous with short, slightly divergent dental plates reaching floor of valve be- side muscle area, continuing for short distance for- ward along floor; median septum high, thin, bladelike, crest gently concave dorsally, abruptly descending at anterior, extending forward a fourth to a third length of valve. Muscle area elongate ovate, on ridge formed by sulcus, and on sides of median septum; adductor muscle marks on sides of septum, diductor muscle marks on floor of valve. Brachial valve interior with two large deep sockets, formed between edge of interarea and thick socket ridges, entirely open; hinge plates large, thin, extending from socket walls, conver- gent and curved, forming concave divided crural platform bisected by base of cardinal process; crura short, extending forward from crural plates, narrowing and outwardly bowed; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size, with short spurs near junction with crura, convergent but not meeting to form jugum. Mus- cle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by short, low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low median ridge; individual muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width width ness USNM 701d 153050a 4.4 4.0 5.0 5.0 3.2 3.3 153050b 5.0 4.7 6.4 6.4 c.4.0 4.4 153050c 5.2 4.7 7.8 6.9 5.4 4.0 153050d 6.0 5.1 7.8 c.7.0 5.4 5.0 153050e 8.3 7.2 12.0 9.0 9.3 7.7 153050f 11.0 9.2 17.7 10.6 16.0 9.5 153050g 14.5 12.5 22.1 c.13.0 18.5? 11.3 153050h 17.4 13.7? 29.0* 20.0* 29.0* 19.7 153050i 18.7 14.6 31.0 16.6 c.30.5 16.0 153050J 18.5 15.3 36.0 18.5 35.5 18.0 (holotype) 153050k 20.0 15.0 31.5 16.8 31.5 20.4 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701d. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Altiplecus with strong con- vexity and nonrugose external surface and a few spines only on the median line. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153050J. Figured para- types: USNM 153050a, c, e, f, h, i, k. Measured paratypes: USNM 153050a-i, k. COMPARISON.—Altiplecus argutus is characterized by its large size, strong convexity, relatively smooth, non rugose outer surface, small hollow spines, angular plications with 2 or 3 lateral to the fastig- ium, rather deep sulcus with the floor thickened only in large adults, and only a few spines on the median line. It most nearly resembles the type species, A. cooperi Stehli from the Sierra Diablo, but differs in its larger size, more angular plica- tions, and in its less transverse juveniles (speci- mens near the size of the holotype of A. cooperi are subelliptical rather than trans- versely mucronate). It differs from A. glebosus, new species, which occurs in the Skinner Ranch Formation in its some- what larger size, smaller spines, less transverse out- line, and especially in its smoother surface without rugosity produced by thickening or raising of the growth lines on the crests of plications. It differs from A.? deltosus, new species, which occurs in the Pinery Member, by its larger size, normally more transverse outline, stronger plications, higher fas- tigium, and its larger and more numerous spines. NUMBER 24 2697 Altiplecus cooperi Stehli PLATE 706: FIGURES 51-65 Altiplecus cooperi Stehli, 1954:349, pl. 26: figs. 16-21. This species is characterized by its considerable width but short shell body. It is a very rare species and not enough specimens have yet been found to establish its true characters. The National Museum of Natural History collection contains 5 lots total- ling 17 specimens. These few specimens indicate a considerable amount of variation or possibly more species than have hitherto been detected. Two specimens from AMNH 625 and 631 indicate a variant much less extended along the hinge but with the rest of the characters suggestive of A. cooperi. Four specimens from USNM 728f are strongly lamellose but have no spines nor are any bases of spines evident. These may be different specifically from the type lot. Topotypes indicate a strongly transverse species with narrow fold on the brachial valve, mucronate lateral extremities, and a moderately deep sulcus on the pedicle valve, which is extended as a long tongue, a trough of which becomes rounded and convex. Spines are evident from their broken bases, but their true length is not known. Two costae appear on each side of the fold and sulcus, one strong but the outer one poorly developed. The lateral profile of the brachial valve nearly is flat to slightly convex. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 728e 153051a 6.9 6.4 9.6 17.3 4.7 153051b 12.0 10.9 13.0 22.9 8.9 153051c 13.0 11.4 14.2 22.3 10.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 625, 628, 631, USNM 728e, 728f. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly transverse Altiplecus with one strong costa on each side of the fold and sulcus and strong development of concentrically arranged spines. TYPES.—Lectotype (here designated): AMNH 27325/1:1 (Stehli, 1954, pl. 26: figs. 16-19). Fig- ured paratypes: AMNH 27325/1:2, 3. Figured and measured hypotypes: USNM 153051a-c. COMPARISON.—The distinction between A. cooperi and A. glebosus, both new, is discussed under the latter species. Altiplecus? deltosus, new species PLATE 707: FIGURES 1-40 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline subtrigonal with greatest width at hinge, sides curved or tapering, anterior margin extended forward; hinge ends rarely slightly produced, nor- mally bluntly pointed; commissure plicated by high median fold, very low lateral plications; fas- tigium low for genus, crest rounded, profile nearly flat, anterior extended forward; sulcus shallow, trough flattened near posterior, thickened and raised at anterior, extended far forward to meet fold; lateral costae rather high near midline, amplitude of distal costae very low, numbering 1 to 3, normally 2 on each side. Growth laminae distinct, weak, irregularly spaced; surface spines not observed. Pedicle valve moderately convex; beak short, slightly curved; interarea somewhat wider than high, triangular, nearly flat, slightly concave near beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, open, apex obstructed by bridge over median septum. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak only slightly pro- truding; interarea wide, low, nearly flat; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with small, toothlike, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with small, flat, blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges low, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates short, divergent, meeting floor in apical region, not extending for- ward; median septum high, thin, short, extending forward about a fourth length of valve, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor. Muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum and on floor beside septum, on ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with narrow wedge- shaped sockets formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates extending along length of socket ridges, slightly convergent toward midline, space between crural plates and base of cardinal process bridged by small accessory plate, forming shallow crural recess; crura extending forward from ante- rior edges of crural plates, slightly bowed out- wardly, then converging, each with slender, ven- 2698 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY trally pointing jugal process converging toward midline, nearly meeting; spiralia coiled dorsoven- trally from juncture with crura, loops decreasing in size posterolaterally; complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area on floor, just anterior to crural recess, in trough formed by fastigium, bi- sected by low, thin, short ridge, bounded on each side by low, outwardly bowed ridge; anterior ad- ductor marks weakly impressed along median ridge; posterior adductor marks weaker, occupying remainder of muscle area. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 736 153052a 2.7 2.7 3.1 c.4.5 2.5 153052b 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.1 2.8 153052c 3.4 3.0 3.9 4.0 3.0 153052d 3.8 3.7 4.4 5.7 3.0 153052e 6.6 5.9 6.0 8.6 4.9 153052f 8.5 7.8 7.4 10.4 7.0 USNM 733 153053a 4.0 3.4 4.0 8.0 3.3 USNM 731 153054a 6.9 p 6.6 13.8 p 153054b 7.9 7.6 7.8 11.2 6.0 153054c 9.3 ? 9.5 14.3 p USNM 725n 153056a 10.5 8.9 9.3 10.6 6.4 153056b 9.9 8.2 9.7 10.8 + 5.9 USNM 725f 153055a 10.5 7.7 8.7 13.2 6.6 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 524, 635, USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 398; USNM 725n, 733, 736, 736a. Rader: AMNH 404, 410, USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Altiplecus, narrow and bra- chial valve of low convexity. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153055a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153055b-g; 153056a, b. Mea- sured paratypes: USNM 153052a-f; 153053a; 153054a-c; 153056a, b. COMPARISON.—Altiplecus? deltosus is character- ized by its small size, relatively narrow (for genus) triangular outline, thickened anterior part of sulcus, low, flat fastigium, flat interarea, and lack of surface spines. The latter character may be due to preservation; if the spines or pustules are very small, the relatively coarse silification may have destroyed them. Whether they are absent or merely very small, however, is abnormal for species of Altiplecus; therefore generic identification of this species is tentative. It differs from A. argutus, new species, from the Neal Ranch Formation, and A. glebosus, new species, from the Skinner Ranch Formation, in its smaller size, lower fastigium, narrower outline, and lack of surface spines. Its dental plates are short, but nevertheless slightly longer than in the other two species. The pedicle valve of this species is similar to that of species of Sarganostega Cooper and Grant, but A.? deltosus differs in its finer punctation, lower convexity, lower fastigium with flat profile, and longer dental plates. Altiplecus extensus, new species PLATE 708: FIGURES 14-26 Small for genus, wide along hinge, ears sharp; sides slightly concave and strongly oblique; ante- rior margin narrowly nasute. Anterior commissure narrowly plicate. Beak long and with long, strongly apsacline to catacline interarea. Delthyrium open. Surface costate, with one costa on each side of fold and sulcus. No spines seen. Pedicle valve flatly convex in lateral profile but broadly and gently convex in anterior profile. Sul- cus originating at beak, narrow but widening anteriorly and extended into long, narrow tongue. Sulcus with median costa originating near mid- valve. Flanks gently concave but strongly depressed below costae bounding sulcus. Brachial valve nearly flat in lateral profile, broadly extended, nearly flat in anterior profile; fold very narrowly rounded and greatly extended anteriorly; flanks flattened and depressed. Pedicle valve interior with strong dental ridges but short, receding dental plates. Apical plate strongly developed; median septum high, reach- ing to about midvalve. Brachial valve interior with thick cardinal process; socket ridges strong; hinge plates strongly concave, uniting under cardinal process, anteriorly excavated. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 732a, specimen 152983d (holotype): length 8.5, brachial valve length 7.3, midwidth 9.0, hinge width 15.4, thickness 5.8. NUMBER 24 2699 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: USNM 725h. Rader: USNM 740a. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, widely extended Altiplecus with catacline interarea and width about twice the length. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 152983d. Figured paratypes: USNM 152983c, f, g. Unfigured para- types: USNM 152983a, b, e. COMPARISON.—This species is most like A.? del- tosus, new species, but it is much more extended and has fewer costae. DISCUSSION.—A very rare species. The young are similar to the adult in form. Altiplecus glebosus, new species PLATE 707: FIGURES 41-59 Average size for genus; strongly transverse, hinge ends normally mucronate but not strongly alate; commissure plicate, with high dorsal median fold, 1 to 3 low lateral plications, amplitude decreasing laterally; fastigium high, sides only slightly con- vergent, crest blunt through most of length, ante- riorly flattened in some specimens, profile gently curved in posterior part, more strongly curved anteriorly, becoming sharply deflected at extreme anterior of mature adult specimens, where growth laminae are added without corresponding increas- ing length of shell; sulcus shallow, broadly V- shaped, normally with flattened or swollen median trough, swelling producing low, thick median costa toward anterior, extending as long tongue to fill high fold. Growth laminae strong, irregularly spaced, slightly raised on crests of some plications, producing lumpy surface; spines thick, hollow, relatively numerous for genus, arranged randomly toward posterior, becoming oriented more nearly along growth lines toward margins, size increasing anteriorly, length unknown, many specimens with row of widely spaced spines in trough of sulcus. Pedicle valve moderately convex transversely and longitudinally; beak prominent, curved but not strongly hooked; interarea short to moderately long, flat near hinge, becoming increasingly con- cave toward beak; delthyrium high, narrow, wedge- shaped, open, apex blocked by short bridge attached to crest of median septum. Brachial valve more flatly convex, except for high fastig- ium; beak short, sharp to blunt, not curved; inter- area wide, low, flat or flatly concave; notothyrium broad, apex with thick, broad or rather narrow cardinal process, finely lamellate for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with two strong hinge teeth, supported by low dental ridges continuous with short, apical dental plates, slightly divergent, meeting floor of valve lateral to muscle area; me- dian septum high, short, thin, crest curved upward anteriorly, abruptly precipitate at anterior, ex- tending forward about a fourth length of valve, apical end braced by short thin bridge bearing against dental plates and apex of valve. Muscle area narrow, on floor of valve and on sides of sep- tum; adductor muscle marks on sides of septum; diductor muscle marks on floor, indistinct. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets, formed by thick socket ridges and edge of noto- thyrium; crural plates extending from socket ridges, curved mesially parallel to floor of valve to form shallow, concave platform bisected by ven- tral brace of cardinal callosity; crura extending anterodorsally from anterior edges of crural plates, bowed laterally; spiralia attached to ends of crura, with short convergent jugal processes pointing ventrally but not meeting to produce true jugum, main ribbon coiled dorsoventrally in loops of lat- erally decreasing size. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low median ridge, apical part covered in some specimens by callosity continuous with cardinal processes, filling apex of valve and supporting concave hinge plate; marks of individual muscles not observed. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation (base). LOCALITIES.—USNM 705a, 705b, 715v, 720e. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse Altiplecus with numerous spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153057-1. Figured paratypes: USNM 153057p-t. Measured paratypes: USNM 153057a-k, m-p. COMPARISON.—Altiplecus glebosus is character- ized by its normally transverse outline at all stages of growth, rugose surface caused by irregularly spaced growth lines that are slightly raised at the crests of plications, raised or thickened median trough of the sulcus, and its relatively numerous 2700 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm). brachial USNM 705a length valve length mid- width hinge width thick- ness 153057a 4.1 3.9 5.9 4.8 3.4 153057b 6.7 ? 6.6 11.7 ? 153057c 7.2? ? 8.3 12.7 ? 153057d 8.7 8.2 9.0 13.1 7.8 153057e 8.0 ? 9.5 15.5 ? 153057f 8.6 ? 10.8 19.7 ? 153057g 153057b 12.0? 11.5 10.0 12.0 10.0 11.0 18.6 20.0 8.5? 8.9 153057i 11.7 ? 15.0 39.8 ? 153057J 153057k 14.8 16.3 12.4 14.7 12.8 16.2 27.4* 27.5 9.0 15.0 153057-1 19.9 16.8 16.9 28.8* 16.9 (holotype) 153057m 17.8 15.6 16.6 27.8 14.3 153057n 18.2 16.8 19.4 35.7 16.6 153057o 21.5 17.3 16.4 c.32.0 20.3 153057p 20.0 ? 21.0 39.5 19.0? and thick hollow spines. It differs from the type species, A. cooperi Stehli from the Sierra Diablo, in its normally more acute plications, larger adult size, and especially in its normally 3 lateral pli- cations (on brachial valve) and rugose surface. The same features distinguish it from A. argutus, new species, except that it is normally smaller, not as convex or thick, and is narrower. It is larger, more rugose, more transverse, its spines thicker and more numerous, and its fastigium higher than in A.? deltosus, new species. Spiriferina mongolica Grabau (1931a), which probably belongs in Altiplecus, is much smaller than A. glebosus, is not rugose, and has broader and fewer plications. Grabau mentions no surface spines, but they may have been stripped from his calcareous specimens when the specimens were broken from their matrix. Altiplecus periosus, new species PLATE 708: FIGURES 1-6 Very large for genus, moderately strongly bi- convex; outline transverse, widest at hinge or just anterior to hinge (possible hinge extensions not preserved on calcareous molds); commissure pli- cated by high median fold, and broad, low lateral plications; fastigium high, normally simple, crest bluntly angular, profile nearly flat, resulting in great increase in height toward anterior; sulcus shallow, anteriorly broad, trough flattened near posterior, increasingly swollen toward anterior, simulating median plication; lateral plications low, broadly rounded, normally not bifurcating, num- bering 3 to 6 on each side. Surface not preserved; spines and strength of growth laminae undeter- mined. Pedicle valve gently convex transversely and longitudinally; beak prominent, curved; interarea moderately long, apsacline; delthyrium narrow. Brachial valve broadly convex in anterior view; beak blunt; interarea short. Pedicle interior with moderately long dental plates, high thin median septum. Other internal features not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 738a, specimens 153058a and b (holotype), re- spectively: length 23.8, 34.0+ ; brachial valve length 23.0, (?); maximum width 41.4*, 53.2*; hinge width 38.0*, 51.0*; thickness 16.2, (?). STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Capitan Forma- tion. LOCALITY.—USNM 738a. DIAGNOSIS.—Exceptionally large Altiplecus with elongated, angular tongue in pedicle valve and high angular fastigium. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153058b. Unfigured paratype: 153058a. COMPARISON.—Altiplecus periosus is character- ized by its large size, high angular fastigium, shal- low sulcus with trough thickened toward anterior, and low rounded lateral plications. Specimens are preserved as calcareous internal molds or ex- foliated calcareous shell replacements; only one specimen has a small patch of punctate shell. The preservation makes their possible similarity to silicified shells difficult to evaluate; it most nearly resembles that of similarly preserved species from the Ural Mountain region, illustrated by Tscher- nyschew (1902). The nearest is the species that Tschernyschew (pl. 37: figs. 1-2) identified as Spiriferina cristata Schlotheim (which clearly does not belong in that species). The Texas species has the crest of the fastigium angular rather than strongly flattened, its lateral plications are seldom split, and the shell convexity appears to be lower. The most similar Texas species is A. trapezoid- alis, new species, which also has broad plications and the outline somewhat diamond-shaped but NUMBER 24 2701 Altiplecus periosus is larger, the tongue sharper, and the fold wider anteriorly than in A. trapezoidalis. Altiplecus trapezoidalis, new species PLATE 708: FIGURES 7-13 Large for genus, width greater than length, sides usually greatly extended laterally; sides sloping strongly medially; anterior strongly nasute. Inter- area moderately long, varying from nearly flat to posteriorly concave; beak moderately to strongly incurved. Valves unequal in depth, brachial valve deeper. Surface pauciplicate, flanks bearing two to four narrow, subangular plications, broadening anteriorly. Imbrications usually distant. Spines and pustules not seen. Pedicle valve unevenly and moderately to gently convex, posterior part curved but anterior and tongue somewhat flattened in lateral profile. An- terior profile broadly arched, sides somewhat con- cave, median region somewhat protruding. Sulcus narrow and moderately deep in posterior half, be- coming wider and swelling medially anteriorly; median region and long, slender, narrowly rounded tongue occupied by narrow to broad plication. Flanks slightly concave laterally but with moderate slopes. Brachial valve flatly to moderately convex in lateral profile, broadly and gently convex in ante- rior profile. Fold narrow, strongly elevated, height increasing anteriorly, untrifurcated. Flanks some- what swollen adjacent to fold. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and short, poorly developed apical plate; median septum long, reaching to near midvalve; dental ridges prominent and joining receding dental plates ex- tending only about a fifth valve length. Diductors occupying troughs on each side of anterior end of median septum. Long deep sockets bounded by strong socket ridges terminating in thick knobs; hinge plates narrow, concave, meeting short fimbriate boss of cardinal process. Adminicula slightly developed. Median ridge small. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Pinery and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Pinery: AMNH 398, 437; USNM MEASUREMENTS (in mm).- brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 748 153059a 5.9 5.0 6.9 6.8 4.6 153059b 10.7 ? 14.2 11.5 ? 153059c 13.9 ? 18.5 18.8 ? 153059d 18.7 ? 23.0 29.2 ? 153059e 19.0 16.3 19.0 33.8 14.8 (holotype) 153059f 26.0 ? 27.9 40.0* p USNM 725f 153060a 12.1 11.2 17.5 19.1 8.8 153060b 18.0 ? 19.0 29.6 ? 153060c ? 15.5 24.2 41.7 p 153060d p 15.5 20.6 30.8 ? 733, 736, 748. Rader: AMNH 404; USNM 725f, 740a. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Altiplecus with long rounded tongue and broad interarea. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153059e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153059f, 153060d. Measured paratypes: USNM 153059a-d, f; 153060a-d. COMPARISON.—The only species comparable to this one is Altiplecus periosus, new species, from the Capitan Limestone, which is much larger and has a sharper tongue, less extended lateral areas, more curved interarea, and much broader fold. DISCUSSION.—This is a very variable species, a condition often true of widely extended forms. An interesting feature is the variability of the young. At USNM 748 the young are nearly equal in length and width but become extended laterally with growth. The stages from nearly equilateral to widely extended can be traced in the same indi- vidual by study of the growth laminae. At USNM 725f, on the other hand, the young are somewhat wider than specimens of similar size from USNM 748. A few brachial valves are abnormally wide. Altiplecus species 1 PLATE 708: FIGURED 31-32 A fifth species of Altiplecus is represented by three specimens, two of which are strongly trans- verse but the third is fairly narrow compared to the others. The ornament of the narrow form ap- pears to be the same as that of the wider ones. All three specimens have a strong costa developed in the median sulcus of the pedicle valve near mid- 2702 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY valve. Two costae flank the fold and sulcus, the outer one of which is poorly developed. The speci- mens suggest small A. cooperi Stehli except for the strong development of the costa in the sulcus. Figured specimen: USNM 153061a. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 723-1, specimens 153061a and b, respectively: length 11.7, 9.6; brachial valve length 10.2, 8.2; midwidth 12.3, 9.5?; hinge width 20.0, 11.8; thick- ness 9.7, 8.0. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation. LOCALITY.—USNM 723-1. Altiplecus species 2 PLATE 708: FIGURES 27-30 Three small specimens of a transverse Altiplecus were taken from the Road Canyon Formation at USNM 706f and 720d. Figured specimen: USNM 154633a. Genus Spiriferellina Fredericks, 1924 Spiriferellina Fredericks, 1924c:299.—Williams, et al., 1965: H714. Small, biconvex, finely to moderately coarsely punctate, with punctae arranged in rhombs, pro- ducing crisscrossing rows; somewhat wider than long, with maximum width at hinge or slightly an- terior, hinge ends not extended. Commissure uni- plicate, median fold high, lateral plications nearly as high, decreasing in amplitude laterally; fastig- ium anteriorly widening, crest blunt or flattened; sulcus broad, floor flattened or slightly convex transversely; troughs between lateral plications slightly narrower and sharper than plications; all plications beginning at beaks or hinge lines, re- maining simple without bifurcation. Surface of shell smooth or with low pustules capping fillings in punctae, or between punctae, depending on type of preservation, growth laminae normally rather weak, irregularly spaced, becoming stronger and more crowded toward margins; fine radial orna- mentation absent. Pedicle valve moderately deep, beak blunt, prominent, curved; beak ridges well defined; interarea triangular, flat near hinge, becoming concave toward beak; delthyrium high, wedge- shaped; deltidial cover, when present, formed of several imbricating platelets widely gaping, nor- mally not preserved. Brachial valve not as deep, flatly convex transversely and longitudinally; beak short, broad, blunt; interarea low, flat to slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped; car- dinal process muscle attachment in apex of noto- thyrium, broad and lamellate in some species, nar- rower and more toothlike in others. Pedicle valve interior with blunt hinge teeth, diverging anteriorly; dental ridges low, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates short, divergent anteriorly and toward floor of valve, meeting floor at sides of muscle area, continuous with dental ridges near apex; median septum high, extending anteriorly about a third length of valve, abruptly terminated at anterior. Muscle area on sides of median septum and on floor of valve ad- jacent to septum; adductor muscle marks on sides of septum, diductor marks on floor, none deeply impressed. Pallial or other internal markings not observed. Brachial valve interior with two widely divergent sockets, formed by strong socket ridges, with small anterior knob on each; hinge plates growing from socket ridges, broad, curved toward midline, form- ing shallow cuplike, deeply divided hinge plate well within valve and dorsal to sockets; crura ex- tending from anterior of crural plates, narrowing, bowing laterally, having hooklike jugal processes convergent toward one another but not meeting to form jugum; spiralia attached to crura posterior to hooked spurs, coiling dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size, number unknown. Mus- cle area elongate, fusiform, may be bisected by low median ridge, located primarily within furrow formed by fastigium, extending forward about half length of valve; pallial or other internal markings not observed. TYPE-SPECIES.—Terebratulites cristatus Schlo- theim (1816:16, pl. 1: figs. 3a-c) by original desig- nation of Fredericks (1924c:299). COMPARISON.—Spiriferellina is characterized by its typically small size, transversely rounded out- line, relatively few lateral plications, with fastig- ium only slightly higher and with flattened crest, irregularly spaced growth lines, surface smooth or with many small low pustules, normally narrow cardinal process, and broad crural plates that make a little platform. Among associated genera it most NUMBER 24 2703 nearly resembles Paraspiriferina Reed, differing in its fewer and more angular costae, higher fastigium with flattened crest, deeper sulcus with flattened or raised floor, its smooth or pustulose surface, somewhat more transverse outline, irregularly spaced growth laminae, and adminicula greatly re- duced or lacking. Punctospirifer North is normally somewhat larger, appreciably more transverse, but otherwise is distinguished from Spiriferellina by the same characters that differentiate Paraspiri- ferina. Another pustulose genus is Crenispirifer Stehli, but it is much larger than Spiriferellina and has high angular plications. Altiplecus Stehli and Reticulariina Fredericks are strongly trans- verse and have large hollow spines. Metriolepis, new genus, has regularly spaced growth laminae, but they are much stronger and farther apart than in Spiriferellina; furthermore, its plications are fewer and proportionately lower. DISCUSSION.—Fredericks (1924c) named Tere- bratulites cristatus Schlotheim (1816) as type species for the genus Spiriferellina. However, he did not cite any of Schlotheim's works, but re- ferred only to description and illustrations by Tschernyschew (1902) for this species and for all but one of the other species that he assigned to the new genus. Fredericks cited one of Kozlowski's (1914:70-73) species; although he did not mention it by name, there is but one species on the pages to which he referred. That species is Spiriferina campestris (White), from the Permian of Bolivia. According to Chronic (1953:100) Kozlowski's species belongs not to Spiriferellina but to Reticulariina Fred- ericks (1916). We agree with this assignment and have discussed it further under that genus. Since then, Spiriferellina has been a catch-all genus for punctate spiriferids, along with Puncto- spirifer. Many species were assigned to it without regard to the characters of its type species, S. cristata. Campbell (1959a) clarified the characters of that species by presenting a complete descrip- tion and modern photographs of specimens that were in Schlotheim's original collection, and other topotypes. We have a few topotypes from Possneck, Germany, which we have studied along with Campbell's analysis. Now it is possible to assign species more reasonably, and we find that only a few of the many species of punctate spiriferids properly belong to Spiriferellina. Campbell (1959a) presented evidence that the many small pustules on the surface of the type species of Spiriferellina are original, not just the protruding ends of fillings in the punctae. Accord- ing to him, however, they do occur at the ends of the punctae, whereas in our silicified specimens they are between them. The punctae are not filled and appear as holes in the shell. If the pustules originally were at the ends of the punctae, and these have been dissolved away, the highest parts of the surface necessarily are between the punctae, at the junctions in the network that remains. The pattern of these junctions is the same as that of the punctae, so the pattern of pustules is the same whether they are located at the ends of punctae or between them. Only one specimen in our collections of Spiri- ferellina has a deltidial plate preserved; it is on one side of the delthyrium of a specimen of S. hilli (Girty). The structure is formed of three small, imbricating platelets; a fourth may have been present but was broken off. The platelets may have allowed some flexibility in the size and shape of the delthyrial opening; they stand nearly perpen- dicular to the interarea in the single specimen, and would have allowed a maximum gape. Similar del- tidial plates were observed on one specimen of a species of Paraspiriferina on which both plates were preserved. The rarity of preservation of this type of delthyrial covering leads to the hypothesis that they were attached to the shell only by liga- ment or other fleshy tissue, and are preserved only by fortuitous silification. Spiriferellina hilli (Girty) PLATE 704: FIGURES 18-25; PLATE 709: FIGURES 18-71 Spiriferina hilli Girty, 1909:379, pl. 30: figs. 15-15b. Average size for genus, biconvex; outline sub- ovate to transversely subelliptical, hinge wide, ends normally rectangular, not extended; commissure plicated by rather low fold, 3 to 5 (normally 3) lower plications on each flank, separated by nearly equally wide troughs, all beginning at beaks or along hinge; fastigium widening anteriorly, re- maining rather low, crest flattened at beak, re- maining flattened toward anterior; sulcus shallow, cross section somewhat quadrate, median trough flattened or slightly swollen to form gentle ridge. 2704 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Surface with low pustules between punctae, pre- served on few specimens, no spines; growth lam- inae strong, widely and irregularly spaced, some- what more crowded near margins; fine growth lines and radial ornament absent. Pedicle valve moderately deep; beak prominent but elongate or attenuate, apex bluntly pointed, moderately to strongly curved; interarea broadly triangular, apsacline, concavity increasing toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, apex with small bridge across median septum; deltidial plates, when present, gaping, made of several im- bricating platelets. Brachial valve flatly convex, profile of fastigium nearly flat; beak bluntly pointed, interarea wide, low, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike cardinal process, finely lamellate for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with short, knoblike teeth; dental ridges moderately strong, tapering anteri- orly, converging slightly toward midline of valve; dental plates short, in apex of valve, continuous' with dental ridges, meeting floor, fused to sides in juveniles and in extreme apex of adults; median septum high, thin, abruptly sloping at anterior, ex- tending forward a third to a fourth valve length. Muscle marks on sides of septum and floor of valve adjacent to septum; adductor marks on septum, crescent-shaped with concave side facing postero- ventrally, not occupying entire surface of septum; diductor marks in elongate spindle-shaped area on floor, not deeply impressed. Brachial valve interior with wide sockets, formed by thick socket ridges, each slightly elevated ante- riorly; hinge plates attached to socket ridges, bent strongly, converging and fusing along midline to form concave hinge plate bisected by cardinal pro- cess; crura extending forward from hinge plates, bowed outward then converging toward one another; jugal processes near junction with spi- ralia, converging but not meeting to form jugum; spiralia attached to crura, coiling dorsoventrally in loops decreasing in size laterally: anterior curve of descending lamellae of loop with short spines; com- plete spiralium not observed. Muscle area elongate, spindle-shaped, bisected by obscure median ridge in some specimens, individual muscle marks not differentiated. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 706e 153176a 2.0 1.9 2.4 1.9 1.5 153176b 2.5 2.4 3.1 2.3 1.9 153176c 3.0 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.1 153176d 3.3 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.6 153176e 3.9 4.1 5.0 4.0 3.3 1531761 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.3 3.3 153176g 4.3 3.8 5.8 4.8 3.2 153176h 4.8 4.3 6.0 5.3 4.3 153176i 5.0 4.5 6.8 6.2 4.3 153176J 5.4 5.0 7.0 6.5 4.1 153176k 6.0 5.5 8.0 7.0 4.6 153176-1 6.5 6.0 8.9 8.3 5.7 153176m 7.4 6.5 8.7 7.8 6.2 153176n 7.4 6.5 9.8 9.0 5.8 153176o 8.0 7.2 9.8 9.3 6.8 153176p 8.0 7.3 11.0 9.6 7.0 USNM 706 153177a 6.9 5.7 8.0 7.5 5.4 153177b 7.4 7.1 10.3 10.0 6.3 USNM 706c 153178a 5.7 5.0 7.4 6.9 4.7 153178b 8.0 6.7 10.3? 9.3 6.3 153178c 8.7 7.0 9.3 8.7 6.5 members and lenses between the last two). LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 706c, 713, 726r, 726s, 733q. Willis Ranch: AMNH 505, 506; USNM 706, 706e, 718d, 723t, 724u, 735c. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 722t, 727j. Lenses: USNM 706b, 732c, 732s, 742b. DIAGNOSIS.—Transverse to nearly equidimen- sional Spiriferellina with rather flat brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118605. Unfigured (by Girty) but described paratype: USNM 153045 (figured here, pl. 704; figs. 22-25). Figured hypo- types: USNM 153176q-x; 153177d, e; 153178c-i. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153176a-p; 153177a, b; 153178a-c. COMPARISON.—Spiriferellina hilli is characterized by its transverse to nearly equidimensional out- line, low fastigium with flattened crest and flatly convex profile, sulcus with flattened or slightly ridged trough, rather flat brachial valve, and its rather few and low lateral plications. It is similar to S. cristata (Schlotheim), the type species, dif- fering in its slightly larger size, lower and more rounded lateral plications, proportionately lower fastigium and shallower sulcus, and its less convex brachial valve. It is somewhat smaller and narrower NUMBER 24 2705 than S. tricosa, new species, from the Road Canyon Formation and has fewer lateral plications, wider fastigium with more flattened crest, lower surface pustules that are less frequently preserved, and not as pronounced and narrow a median ridge in the trough of the sulcus. Spiriferellina nasuta, new species PLATE 723: FIGURES 1—15 Small for genus, deeply conical; outline trans- versely semielliptical to subelliptical, greatest width normally near midlength of brachial valve; hinge moderately wide, ends rectangular or somewhat rounded; commissure plicated by moderately high, normally flat crested fold and 3 or 4 lower sub- angular plications on each side; fastigium rather low, moderately widening anteriorly, crest flattened, profile flatly convex bringing anterior end some- what higher above flanks; sulcus broadly angular in cross section, trough slightly flattened in most specimens, especially toward anterior. Surface pus- tules not observed (probably function of preserva- tion; punctae also poorly visible); growth laminae rather strong, normally widely and irregularly spaced, rather regular on few specimens, increas- ingly frequent near margins. Pedicle valve deeply conical; beak long, only slightly curved at end, bluntly pointed; interarea long, triangular, nearly flat, strongly to moderately apsacline, concave near apex only; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, completely open, without apical callosity or observed deltidial plates. Bra- chial valve moderately convex, beak short, sharp; interarea low, wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with small, toothlike cardinal process, finely lamellate for muscle attachment. Pedicle valve interior with short, rather sharp teeth; dental ridges weak, rounded, slightly ex- panded near apex, there convergent; dental plates greatly reduced, present only in extreme apex of valve, continuous with dental ridges, converging to fuse to sides of median septum in some specimens, reaching floor of apex in others; median septum high, thin, anterior edge abruptly sloping to floor of valve, extending forward about a third length of valve. Adductor muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum; diductor marks on floor of valve beside septum, on ridge formed by sulcus, anteriorly widening, extending forward to anterior edge of septum. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent sockets, formed by thick socket ridges, each with knob at anterior ventral corner; hinge plates ex- tending dorsally from socket ridges, broad, slightly concave, forming shallow concave hinge plate, bi- sected by shaft of cardinal process; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edges of crural plates, short, slightly convergent, each with short, ven- trally projecting spur, not converging toward one another; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally from junc- tion with crura; complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed adminicula, bisected by rather broad, low, rounded ridge; muscle marks on each side of ridge, beginning about 1 mm anterior to crural cavity, expanding anteriorly as median ridge tapers, ex- tending about a third length of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 701 153179a p 3.0 3.1 2.0 ? 153179b 5.5 5.1 6.0 3.8? 4.9 153179c 5.9 5.0 6.2 4.9 4.6 153179d 5.6 5.1 6.5 c.6.0 5.1 153179e 6.5 5.0 6.7 6.0 6.0 (holotype) 153l79f 7.0 5.9 8.7 6.8 6.8 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701c, 727e. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Spiriferellina with elongated interarea and beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153179e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153179f-i. Measured paratypes: USNM 153179a-d, f. COMPARISON.—Spiriferellina nasuta is character- ized by its small size, deeply conical pedicle valve with relatively flat and long interarea, low fastig- ium with flattened crest, rather few lateral costae, and its strong growth laminae, normally irregu- larly spaced. Surface pustules were not observed, but they may have been present before silicifica- tion. The conical shape distinguishes this species from all other known species of the genus. It is included with the genus because it has the char- 2706 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY acteristically flattened fastigium, widely and irreg- ularly spaced growth laminae, and resembles other species of the genus in most features. DISCUSSION.—Typical specimens of S. nasuta have the growth laminae rather widely and irregularly spaced, as they are in other species of the genus. One notable specimen in the National Museum of Natural History collection has all the other specific and generic characters of S. nasuta, but its growth laminae are rather regularly spaced, as in species of Metriolepis, new genus. Their regularity could be a coincidence of individual variability, or might indicate a relationship to Metriolepis. Inasmuch as its stratigraphic position is in the Neal Ranch Formation, possibly it is near the phylogenetic di- vergence between the two genera. Spiriferellina nuda, new species PLATE 709: FIGURES 1-17 Small, cyrtinoid, unequally biconvex and un- equal in depth, pedicle valve deeper. Widest at or near hinge. Cardinal extremities ranging from slightly acute to slightly obtuse. Sides gently rounded; anterior margin nasute. Interarea mod- erately long, procline to strongly apsacline; beak slightly incurved. Fold and sulcus prominent. Flanks marked by two strong, subangular plica- tions. No granules seen. Pedicle valve flatly convex in lateral profile; an- terior profile forming moderately strong, rounded dome. Sulcus deep and subangular, widening slightly anteriorly and occupied by poorly defined but distinct costae originating near midvalve. Tongue short and subangular. Flanks flattened, moderately steeply sloping. Brachial valve gently and evenly convex in lat- eral profile; anterior profile broad gentle dome; fold narrow and strongly elevated, anteriorly wid- ening slightly, separated from flanks by spaces wider than plications. Flanks gently swollen. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and thin dental ridges; apical plate large, wrapped over me- dian septum and in some specimens protruding from delthyrium. Dental plates short and receding. Median septum high but short, extending about a third valve length. Brachial valve interior with strong socket ridges bearing distal node; hinge plates steep, concave, uniting beneath stout posteriorly expanded car- dinal process. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 731 153180a 3.6 3.3 4.5 4.5 3.0 153180b 3.8 3.3 4.6 4.0 2.9 153180c 4.6 4.0 5.2 5.0 3.7 153180d 5.6 4.7 6.6 6.3 4.7 153180e 6.0 5.4 6.8 6.5 4.3 153180E 6.5 5.5 7.0 6.2 4.6 153180g 7.9 7.7 9.7 9.5 5.9 153180h 11.3 ? 11.0 10.3 ? 153180i ? 8.7 11.6 10.5 ? AMNH 25 153181a 6.2 5.6 8.4 8.4 5.0 153181b 9.6 8.7 12.3 12.3 7.6 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731. Pinery: AMNH 33, 435, 437, 537, 636; USNM 725h, 725n, 748. Rader: AMNH 403; USNM 725g. Lamar: AMNH 347 (= L-2), 348 (= L-3), 25, 373; USNM 725e, 728p, 738, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Spiriferellina with gently con- vex brachial valve and usually two plications on the flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153181b. Figured paratypes: USNM I53180g, h. Measured para- types: USNM 153180a-i, 153181a. COMPARISON.—Spiriferellina paucicostata and S. tricosa, new species, are much larger than S. nuda and need not be compared. Spiriferellina nuda has different proportions than S. hilli (Girty), a flatter brachial valve, and less plications on the flanks. The only species near the size of S. nuda is S. nasuta but that new species has a longer inter- area, a more convex brachial valve, and more nu- merous plications on the flanks. Spiriferellina paucicostata, new species PLATE 710: FIGURES 1-23 Fairly large for genus, wider than long, widest at hinge; sides oblique; anterior margin pointed; cardinal extremities of pedicle valve acute; inter- area long, strongly apsacline, nearly flat, beak NUMBER 24 2707 slightly incurved. Flanks marked by 2 or 3 plica- tions, outermost one nonexistent or weak. Surface with trace of small scattered pustules. Pedicle valve subconical, lateral profile gently convex, median region somewhat flattened, poste- rior region slightly curved, and anterior somewhat geniculated; anterior profile narrow, subangular dome with steeply dipping, flattened sides. Sulcus moderately deep, originating at beak, widening an- teriorly, floor produced into fairly long, narrow subangular tongue. Plications narrowly rounded, strong, those bounding sulcus moderately elevated; intertroughs about equally wide. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile, somewhat flattened medially; anterior profile broadly and flatly domed. Fold widening anteri- orly, fairly strongly elevated above flanks and separated from flanks by deep sulci. Flanks low, slightly convex. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth buttressed by strong dental ridges joining dental plates pos- teriorly; dental plates long, slightly divergent ven- trally. Median septum reaching about to midvalve. Apical plate thick. Brachial valve interior with small but thick hinge plates; sockets bounded by thick socket ridges; hinge plates narrow, not united medially. Median ridge short and threadlike. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 715i 153182a 7.2 ? 7.4 6.8 ? 153182b 8.7 ? 10.1 11.4 ? 153182c 12.8 ? 12.8 15.7 6.9 153182d 12.3 p 12.3 15.7 6.0 153182e ? 8.4 12.6 12.4 3.0? 153182f ? 10.0 14.1 12.7? 5.1 USNM 706b 154691a 16.3 12.5 21.0* 21.0? 12.8 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Appel Ranch Member and lens between Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 719z. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Spiriferellina with wide sulcus, few costae, and wide hinge. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154691a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153182c-f, 154691a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153182a-f. COMPARISON.—This species is the largest and most strongly plicated species, and is thus readily distinguished from S. hilli (Girty), and from S. nasuta, and S. tricosa, both new species. Its plica- tions are stronger and less crowded than those of S. hilli or S. tricosa, and usually the cardinal ex- tremities are more angular. DISCUSSION.—This is a very rare species. Spiriferellina tricosa, new species PLATE 710: FIGURES 24-82 Average size for genus, biconvex; outline trans- versely semielliptical to subelliptical; hinge rel- atively wide but not alate: greatest shell width just anterior to hinge in most specimens; commissure plicated by moderately high fold and 3 to 5 (nor- mally 4) lower, rather sharp lateral plications with similarly sharp troughs; fastigium beginning rather low, crest somewhat flattened, profile of anterior portion nearly straight, making fastigium stand increasingly high above flanks; sulcus shallow, depth increasing anteriorly, trough with low me- dian ridge. Surface with low pustules between punctae, no long spines; growth laminae moder- ately strong, irregularly spaced, increasingly fre- quent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately strongly convex; beak prominent but not extended, rather strongly hooked, umbonal region slightly swollen; inter- area broadly triangular, increasingly concave to- ward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, apex with very short bridge across median septum; no deltidial plates seen. Brachial valve less strongly convex; beak bluntly pointed, protruding only slightly; interarea low, very wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike cardinal process, with finely lamellate myophore. Pedicle valve interior with short, knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, only slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates diver- gent, short, located only in apex, continuous with dental ridges, meeting sides of valve; median sep- tum high, thin, steeply sloping at anterior, extend- ing forward a third to half length of valve. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor; adductor 2708 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY marks weakly impressed on septum, longitudinal and concave toward ventral edge of septum; di- ductor marks on floor adjacent to septum, on sides of ridge formed by sulcus, weakly impressed. Brachial valve interior with elongate divergent sockets, formed by broad socket ridges with small anterior knob; hinge plates broad, thin, extending from socket ridges, curved toward midline, fused at posterior to support shaft of cardinal process, form- ing broad, open, gently concave hinge plate; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, narrowing, outwardly bowed, jugal pro- cesses converging only slightly, not observed to meet; spiralia joined to crura just behind jugal processes, coiling dorsoventrally, loop decreasing in size laterally; complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, thin, rounded admini- cula, barely visible in most specimens; bisected by low, thin ridge; extending forward a third to slightly less than half length of valve; individual muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 702c length brachial valve length width hinge width thick- ness 153183a 0.8 c.0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 153183b 1.0 c.1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 153183c 1.1 c.1.1 1.2 0.7 0.7 153183d 1.3 c.1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 153183e 1.4 c.1.4 1.5 1.0 0.8 1531831 1.6 c.1.6 1.9 1.2 0.9 153183g 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.2 1.1 153183h 2.0 1.9 2.3 1.7 1.4 153183i 2.3 2.0 2.7 2.3 1.6 153183J 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.0 1.8 153183k 2.7 2.6 3.2 2.6 2.0 153183-1 3.2 2.9 4.2 3.6 2.5 153183m 3.6 3.3 4.6 4.0 2.8 153183n 3.7 3.3 5.0 4.6 3.0 153183o 4.2 3.8 4.8 3.8 3.0 153183p 153183q 153183r 4.9 5.2 6.0 4.4 P 5.7 6.0 7.0 8.3 4.6 6.2 7.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 153183s 6.5 5.8 8.4 7.3 5.0 153183t 6.9 6.2 9.4 8.7 5.9 153183u 7.7 7.3 11.0 10.6 7.0 153183v 8.5 8.0 11.9 11.3 7.1 153183w 8.9 7.7 12.7 12.0 7.3 153183x 9.0 8.1 12.3 11.7 7.8 153183y 10.6 9.2 16.0? 14.0? 9.8 USNM 703a 1546981 10.7 8.7 12.0 11.0 8.0 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin Member: USNM 714w. Ca- thedral Mountain: AMNH 500, 501; USNM 702, 702a, 703a1, 703b. Road Canyon: 702c, 703a, 703c, 703d, 709c, 719x, 721j, 721t, 721x, 732j. DIAGNOSIS.—Transverse Spiriferellina with wide hinge and usually with abundant pustules. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154698f. Figured paratypes: USNM 153183b, c, t-w; 154698a-e, g-j. Measured paratypes: USNM 153183a-y. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 154698a-e. COMPARISON.—Spiriferellina tricosa is character- ized by its rather transverse outline, wide hinge, slightly flattened fastigium with flatly convex pro- file, relatively strong lateral plications, narrow low ridge in trough of sulcus, abundant and frequently well preserved surface pustules, and rather strong growth laminae, especially near the margins. It differs from the abundant Word species S. hilli (Girty) in its wider outline, stronger plications, less flattened fastigium but with a flatter profile that makes it stand higher above the flanks, its somewhat greater average size, and normally 4 rather than 3 costae on each side. It is larger and less trigonal in outline than S. cristata (Schlo- theim), normally has more lateral plications, and its fastigium is slightly more rounded in cross section, flatter in profile. Spiriferellina vescula, new species PLATE 719: FIGURES 15-35 Shell small for genus; outline semielliptical, widest at hinge but not alate; surface finely pus- tulose; fold moderately high, crest rounded but becoming flattened at anterior of adults; costae proportionately rather strong, beginning at beaks, numbering normally 4 on each side; sulcus with slight median swelling toward anterior of adults; punctae minute, closely spaced; growth laminae weak in juveniles, becoming very strong and some- what imbricated in some adults. Pedicle valve fairly strongly convex; beak mod- erately to strongly curved, producing convex to conical valve profile; interarea wider than high, curvature reflecting that of beak; delthyrium nar- rower than high, open and unmodified. Brachial NUMBER 24 2709 valve somewhat less strongly convex except for strongly curved beak; interarea low; notothyrium wide. Pedicle valve interior with short sharp teeth; dental ridges rounded or flattened, supported in extreme apex by short thin dental plates; median septum high, crest paralleling dental ridges about to midlength of delthyrium, there plunging steeply to valve floor; muscle marks very weakly impressed on floor and sides of septum. Brachial valve in- terior with narrow elongate cardinal process, lamellate at end; sockets open, socket ridges end- ing in large knobs; socket plates curving to join just below proximal end of cardinal process; crural plates extending forward from socket plates, proximal ends of crura visible, but remainder of spiralium absent from available specimens; muscle area in trough of fold, marks very weak, bisected by very low median ridge about a third length of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 732j 155068a length 4.5 brachial valve length ? width 6.2 thickness p 155068b 6.1 5.3 8.5 4.9 155068c 6.9 p 8.4 ? 155068d ? 6.0 9.5 ? 155068e ? 7.2 10.0 ? 155068f 7.6 7.1 9.2 6.9 155068g (holotype) 8.6 7.4 9.8 7.2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 732j, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, strongly biconvex (not strongly conical), fold rounded, about 4 costae on each side, widest at hinge. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155068g. Figured paratypes: USNM 155068a-f. Measured paratypes: USNM 155068a-f. COMPARISON.—This species most nearly resem- bles S. hilli (Girty) from the Word Formation, differing primarily in its greater biconvexity, shorter and more strongly curved beak, stronger costae with narrower intertroughs, and its stronger growth laminae. It has more and bolder costae than S. nuda, new species, and fewer costae, nar- rower outline, and stronger convexity than S. tricosa, new species. CRENISPIR1FER1DAE, new family Wide-hinged, lamellose Spiriferinacea having pustulose surface. Genera in West Texas: Crenispirifer Stehli, 1954; Metriolepis, new genus. Genus Crenispirifer Stehli, 1954 Crenispirifer Stehli, 1954:347.—Williams et al., 1965:H713. Average size for spiriferinacean, strongly bi- convex, moderately to coarsely punctate with 6 to 10 punctae per mm, arranged in quincunx pro- ducing interfering scalloped mosaic pattern, pene- trating shell nearly perpendicular to surface, not piercing inner surface but piercing outer surface only because of absence of thin outer shell layer; shell surface between punctae raised into low, rounded granules, also arranged in quincunx, also probably at least partly covered by outer shell layer, few or many pustules slightly extended to form short spines; outline transversely subellipti- cal with rounded hinge ends. Commissure unipli- cate with high angular fold, strongly plicate lat- erally with plications high, angular, sharp-crested, those immediately adjacent to fastigium only slightly lower than fastigium; sulcus deep, V- shaped, beginning at beak, extending around anterior margin as sharp tongue filling fold. Growth lines weak, fairly closely spaced, becoming more laminated near margins; light radial orna- ment absent. Pedicle valve rather strongly convex longitud- inally, less convex transversely; beak bluntly pointed, fairly strongly hooked over delthyrium; interarea triangular, flatly concave near hinge, concavity increasing to beak; delthyrium long, wedge-shaped, strongly apsacline and without covering; apex filled by small deposit of callus at apical termination of median septum. Brachial valve slightly more strongly convex transversely than longitudinally, crest of fastigium gently curved; interarea short, slightly concave, impunc- tate; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex filled by large cardinal callosity, coarsely lamellate for attachment of diductor muscles; beak hardly protruding, not curved. Pedicle valve interior with two strong hinge teeth,' one on each side of delthyrium, diverging 2710 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY from apex, trace of forward growth forming edges of delthyrium; dental ridges weak, deepening only slightly toward anterior; dental plates very short, only in extreme apical part of valve, slightly diver- gent, reaching valve floor, extending forward only slightly along floor, median septum high and bladelike, abruptly terminated anteriorly, extend- ing forward about a third median length of valve. Muscle marks on median septum and on steep slope of ridge caused by sulcus; adductor muscle marks occupying most of surface of median sep- tum; diductor muscle marks narrow, elongate, on floor of valve near base of septum; pallial or other internal markings not observed. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets, one on each side of notothyrium, bounded me- sially by high socket ridges, with greatest height at anterior end; crural bases nearly horizontal, form- ing small platform buttressed against socket ridges and base of cardinal callosity; crura narrowing and thinning anteriorly, converging toward one another but remaining widely separate, anterior ends extending as convergent jugal processes, not meeting to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorso- ventrally from ends of crura, in two sets of loops decreasing in size laterally. Muscle area small, sub- ovate, outlined laterally by one low, outwardly bowed ridge on each side, bisected by low median ridge beginning at underside of plate formed by crural bases, and apparently continuous with base of cardinal callosity; adductor muscle marks on floor of valve, visible at sides of muscle area on ele- vations adjacent to deep trough formed by fold, not visible on sides or bottom of trough, in me- dian part of muscle area. Pallial and other inter- nal markings not observed. TYPE-SPECIES.—Spiriferina angulata R. E. King (1931:122, pl. 42: figs. 12-13) by original designa- tion of Stehli (1954:348). DIAGNOSIS.—Spiriferinacea with strong angular plications. COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer is characterized by its rather rotund outline and profile, high angu- lar plications, relatively widely spaced punctae with pustules or short hollow spines between them, giving the surface a closely granulose ap- pearance, and its comparatively large cardinal process. It differs from Reticulariina Fredericks in its higher and more angular plications, with the lateral ones more nearly the height of the fold, narrower outline without extended hinge ends, and especially in its low and closely spaced pus- tules rather than long, strong, hollower, more widely spaced spines. It is distinguished from Metriolepis, new genus, also in its high angular plications, its lack of thick growth laminae, and, although that genus has low pustules, they are not as closely or as uniformly spaced as in Crenispirifer. Small specimens resemble adults of Spiriferellina Fred- ericks, but differ in their fewer, higher, more angu- lar plications without the flattened crest of the fastigium or flattened trough of the sulcus, and in its stronger pustules and weaker growth lines. The relatively few and high angular plications dis- tinguish it from Punctospirifer North and from Paraspiriferina Reed. Furthermore, the former has no pustules nor spines, the latter has tiny hair- like spines that project anteriorly, and both have characteristically stronger growth laminae. It dif- fers from Altiplecus Stehli in its more angular pli- cations, higher lateral plications, narrower out- line, and in its low and numerous pustules rather than few hollow spines. DISCUSSION.—Crenispirifer is distinctive and easily identified among spiriferinids. Its rather few and variable features make it difficult to establish specific characters; adult size is the only obvious character among the West Texas repre- sentatives of the genus. The evolutionary trend in the group is toward reduction in adult size. Late Wolfcampian specimens in the Glass Moun- tains are similar in all ways to those in the Bone Spring Formation in the Sierra Diablo, and we agree with Stehli (1954) that they all are C. angu- latus (R. E. King). This situation is not the rule; normally the forms in the two mountain ranges belonging to a particular genus are specifically dis- tinct. Specimens high in the section, however, are small and belong to species other than C. angulatus. Crenispirifer angulatus (R. E. King) PLATE 716: FIGURES 1-70; PLATE 717: FIGURES 23-43; PLATE 719: FIGURES 41-47 Spiriferina angulata R. E. King, 1931:122, pl. 42: figs. 12-13. Crenispirifer angulatus (King) Stehli, 1954:348, pl. 26; fig. 28, pl. 27: figs. 1-7. Average size for genus, moderately to strongly NUMBER 24 2711 biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical, hinge ends rounded to bluntly pointed; commissure strongly plicated by high angular fold and 3 to 5 high angular lateral plications, amplitude de- creasing laterally; fastigium high, angular, stand- ing moderately above lateral plications in some specimens, considerably higher in others, profile flatly to strongly convex; sulcus deep, V-shaped, without modification of trough, extending anter- iorly as long angular tongue to fill fold. Surface covered with low, closely spaced pustules, arranged in quincunx between punctae, many produced into thin hollow spines about 1 mm long perpen- dicular to shell surface; growth laminae moderately strong, irregularly spaced, becoming stronger and more crowded toward margins. Pedicle valve deep, moderately to strongly con- vex longitudinally, moderately convex trans- versely; beak prominent, moderately to strongly curved, bluntly pointed; interarea rather low, triangular, flatly concave near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium wedge-shaped, nearly equiangular, only slightly higher than wide, open, with rudimentary deltidial plates along edges, apex blocked in some specimens by short bridge supporting median septum. Brachial valve flatly to strongly convex longitudinally, moder- ately convex transversely; beak protruding slightly, bluntly pointed, slightly curved; interarea low, flatly concave; apex of notothyrium with large, swollen, finely lamellate myophore. Pedicle valve interior with large, anteriorly di- verging, knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges deep, thick, convergent toward midline; dental plates very short, slightly divergent, reaching sides of valve near apex; median septum high, thin, extending forward slightly more than a third length of valve, abruptly terminated anteriorly, apical end braced by short bridge between dental plates. Muscle area on median septum and sides of ridge formed by sulcus; adductor marks on sides of septum, strongly impressed, making series of curved lines from base to upper edge of septum; diductor marks narrow, in semicircular pattern, somewhat weaker. Brachial valve interior with large sockets, one formed between edge of valve and large vertical socket ridges with knob at anterior end; hinge plates moderately wide, curved to form deeply divided, concave hinge plate, bisected by sup- porting callosity; crura extending forward from hinge plates, narrowing anteriorly, bowed slightly outward; anterior ends converging as rather long spurs, not meeting to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size. Muscle area narrow, rather elongate, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low thin median ridge, occupying floor and sides of trough formed by fastigium, extending forward about a third length of valve; individual adductor muscle marks not differentiated. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— hinge width 7.6 8.4 22.5 32.0? 24.5 29.0 thick- brachial valve mid- length length width 6.9 7.5 14.5 18.7 15.0 17.7 6.1 6.7 19.5 17.0? 18.2 20.8 8.3 8.9 17.9 23.6 19.7 21.2 12.2 12.5 26.2 37.8 26.5 26.6 USNM 705a 153063a 153063b 153063c 153063d 153063e AMNH 625 153064 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation, Skinner Ranch Formation, Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 497, 625, 628, 631, 697; USNM 725c, 728e, 728f, 728h, 728t, 742. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 715v, 720e, 720g. Skinner Ranch: AMNH 520; USNM 724q. Cibolo: USNM 728-1, 738r, 738s. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Crenispirifer having high con- vexity and strong, high, angular plications. TYPES.—Holotype: YPM 12301 (King, 1931, pl. 42: fig. 12). Figured paratype: T 10675 (King, 1931, pl. 42, fig. 13). Figured hypotypes: AMNH 27327/1:1-4 (Stehli, 1954, pl. 26: fig. 28, pl. 27: figs. 1-7); USNM 153062 b-f, h-k; 153063a, c-e, g, h; 153064a-f; 154065a; 155058a, b. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153063a-e, 153064. Unfigured hypotypes: USNM 153062a, g. COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer angulatus is charac- terized by its moderately large size, strong con- vexity, high angular plications numbering 3 to 5 on each side of fold and standing slightly to moderately higher than the fastigium, and its scattered hollow spines. It differs from C. effrenus, C. myllus, and C. jubatus, all new, in its greater size, less prominent fastigium, greater convexity, thicker spines, and larger dental plates. 2712 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY DISCUSSION.—This species is common in the Bone Spring Formation of the Sierra Diablo and in the Skinner Ranch Formation in the Glass Mountains. Generally few species occur in both ranges of mountains, but populations of C. angu- latus in the two are indistinguishable. Variation in this species involves numbers of costae on each side (some individuals are asym- metrical, with the number different on each side), size and convexity, rounding of the hinge ends, and height of the fastigium relative to the lateral plications. Internal variation is in the length of median septum and muscle areas, thickness of den- tal ridges, shape and size of cardinal callosity, and the length and convergence of the crural spurs. Crenispirifer effrenus, new species PLATE 718: FIGURES 16-29 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical; hinge ends rounded, rarely pointed; commissure strongly pli- cated by high fold and 3 or 4 high lateral plica- tions, amplitude decreasing laterally; fastigium standing only moderately high above adjacent plications, profile flatly convex; sulcus deeply V-shaped without flattening or other modification of trough. Surface covered with small, low pustules or short spines, closely crowded, on spaces between punctae; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, somewhat more frequent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately strongly convex; beak prominent, apex pointed, strongly hooked over interarea; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, open, apex with small bridge bracing median septum; interarea broadly triangular, nearly flat at hinge, increasingly concave toward beak. Brachial valve shallower; beak short, slightly protruding; inter- area wide, low, flatly concave; apex with small, low, toothlike cardinal process, finely lamellate for attachment of diductor muscles. Pedicle valve interior with short teeth; dental ridges weak; dental plates short, divergent, meet- ing sides of valve in apex, partly or completely fused to sides in some specimens; median septum high, thin, extending about a third length of valve, steeply sloping at anterior, posterior braced by small bridge between dental plates in apex of delthyrium. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor, on ridge formed by sulcus; adductors weakly impressed on septum; diductors in narrow region on floor. Brachial valve interior with large sockets, with high socket ridges terminating anteriorly in low prominences; hinge plates extending from socket ridges, bending to form broad and shallow cardi- nal process shaft, median, between hinge plates, splitting at proximal end, sending one short ex- tension out each side to fuse against hinge plates and slightly enlarged small platform; crura ex- tending forward as slender apophyses, slightly bowed outwardly, ends projecting as short jugal processes not meeting to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, complete spiralium not ob- served. Muscle area narrow, in and on sides of trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by very low, thin median ridge, individual muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness SNM 732 153065a 3.5 153065b 3.9 153065c 4.7 153065d 6.9 153065c 7.5 153065f 8.4 (holotype) 153065g 9.0 3.2 4.7 3.8 3.0 3.7 5.6 4.6 3.6 4.2 6.5? 6.2? 4.1 6.2 10.1 8.5 5.3 6.7 10.6 8.7 6.0 7.7 12.5 9.8 7.7 7.7 7.9 12.8 10.9 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Crenispirifer with fairly broad plications and low surface spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153065f. Figured paratypes: USNM 153056e, g. Measured para- types: USNM 153065a-e, g. COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer effrenus is character- ized by its small size, relatively broad plications with lateral plications nearly as high as the fastig- ium, low surface spines (normally just pustules), reduced dental plates, narrow cardinal process. It is smaller than the type species, C. angulatus (King), and less convex. It most nearly resembles C. myllus, new species, differing in its lower fas- tigium with flatter profile, more angular crests of NUMBER 24 2713 plications, slightly better developed dental plates, and larger crural platform partly formed by ex- tensions from the base of the cardinal process. It differs from C. jubatus, new species, in its normally 4 rather than 3 lateral plications, reduced surface spines, broader plications with sharper crests, more obvious growth laminae, and slightly dif- ferent crural platform. Crenispirifer jubatus, new species PLATE 715: FIGURES 35-101 Small for genus, moderately biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical, hinge ends rounded; commissure strongly plicated, by high angular, normally bluntly pointed plications; fastigium moderately high, profile flatly convex, lateral plications only slightly lower, numbering 3 or 4 on each side of fastigium, amplitude decreasing lat- erally; sulcus deep, narrowly V-shaped, without flattening or other modification of floor, extending anteriorly to fill fold. Surface covered with slender, hollow or solid spines, about 0.5 mm long, many broken with bases forming low pustules between punctae, arranged in quincunx like punctae; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, only slightly stronger and more frequent near margins. Pedicle valve deep, moderatley convex; beak prominent, slightly attenuate, bluntly pointed, slightly curved; interarea low to moderately high, broadly triangular, flat near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium high, wedge- shaped, open, apex with short bridge across top of median septum. Brachial valve shallower; beak nearly flat, hardly protruding; interarea low, widely triangular, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with prominent car- dinal process, finely fimbriate for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike teeth sup- ported by rather thick and deep dental ridges; dental plates rudimentary, only in extreme apex of valve, continuous with dental ridges; median septum high, thin, bladelike, extending forward about a third length of valve, apical end braced by short bridge between dental plates in peak of del- thyrium. Muscle area on septum and on floor of valve on steep ridge formed by sulcus; adductor marks well impressed on sides of septum, making series of anteroventrally curved crescents; diductor muscles on floor of valve, in narrow ovate area, weakly impressed. Brachial valve interior with two proportionately large sockets formed between edge of interarea and large socket ridges with expanded anteriors; hinge plates broad, bent horizontally to form large, concave hinge plate bisected by shaft of car- dinal process; crura extending anteriorly from crural plates, slightly bowed outwardly, termi- nating in short, ventrally pointing and slightly convergent jugal processes; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size, full spiralium not observed. Muscle area elongate, narrow, in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low median ridge; individual muscle marks not observed; pallial markings possibly ex- pressed by irregularly radial alignment of internal ends of puncta in posterior part of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 736 153066a 2.1 2.1 3.0 2.8 1.7 153066b 2.4 2.3 3.4 3.1 2.0 USNM 733 153067a 3.3 3.3 4.7 3.9 3.0 153067b 3.6 3.4 5.0 4.4 3.1 153067c 4.1 3.9 5.6 4.6 3.6 153067d 4.4 4.0 6.4 5.5 3.5 153067e 5.9 5.5 9.5 8.4 5.3 153067f 7.4 6.4 10.6 10.0 6.0 153067g 8.0 7.3 12.3 12.0 6.3 153067h 8.4 7.6 13.0 11.7 7.3 153067i 9.5 7.7 c.13.5 c.12.0 9.0 153067J 10.2 8.8 13.8 12.8 9.1 USNM 736a 153068 6.7 5.7 8.4 6.9 5.4 AMNH 410 154646b 12.5 10.0 17.7 15.6 10.5 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33, 398, 435, 437, 524, 528, 537, 636; USNM 725h, 725n, 733, 736, 736a, 748. Rader: AMNH 403, 410; USNM 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Crenispirifer with moderate convexity and small hairlike spines. 2714 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154646b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153067a, d, e, g, h, j; 153068a; 154646a, c, d; 154647a-c; 154648a; 154649a. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153066a, b; 153067a-j; 153068. COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer jubatus is character- ized by its moderate convexity, proportionately low fastigium that stands only slightly above ad- jacent plications, bluntly angular plications, nu- merous hairlike spines, and especially by its small adult size. These features distinguish it from C. angulatus (King), the type species. It more nearly resembles C. myllus, new species, in size, but differs in its greater convexity, more curved profile of fastigium, numerous hairlike spines, its fewer lateral plications, and better developed den- tal plates. It also differs from C. effrenus, new spe- cies, in its fewer lateral plications and better de- veloped surface spines, but its dental plates are about the same. Crenispirifer myllus, new species PLATE 718: FIGURES 30-85; PLATE 719: FICURES 36-40 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical; hinge ends rounded; commissure strongly plicated by high fold, somewhat lower lateral plications with am- plitude decreasing laterally, numbering 4, rarely 3, on each side of brachial valve; fastigium mod- erately high, with rather flat profile causing relative height above lateral plications to increase anteriorly; sulcus widely V-shaped, some specimens with flattened floor. Surface with closely spaced low pustules between punctae, presumably ex- tended into short hairlike spines in life, but these not preserved; growth laminae moderately strong, widely and irregularly spaced, more crowded near margins. Pedicle valve shallow to moderately deep; beak short, strongly curved over interarea, bluntly pointed; interarea flatly concave near hinge, in- creasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, open, apex with very small brace for median septum. Brachial valve less convex, beak very short, slightly swollen; interarea low, wide, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with narrow, prominent cardinal process finely lamellate for attachment of diductor muscles. Pedicle valve interior with short, strong, knob- like hinge teeth, one on each side of delthyrium; dental ridges slight; dental plates very short, nor- mally cemented to sides of apex of valve, thus appearing to be absent; median septum high, thin, bladelike, abruptly terminated anteriorly, extending forward about a third length of valve, apical end braced by short bridge. Muscle marks not observed, presumably on median septum and on floor adjacent to septum as in other species of genus. Brachial valve interior with large hinge sockets, formed between edge of interarea and strong socket ridges with knoblike anterior termination; hinge plates attached to socket ridges, curved to form shallowly concave platform bisected by shaft of cardinal process; crura extending anteriorly from crural plates, slightly bowed laterally, ter- minating in short, convergent jugal processes, not meeting to form jugum; spiralia attached to crura posterior to spurs, coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size; no complete spiralium observed. Muscle area in trough and on sides of furrow formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, extending forward about a third length of valve; individual adductor muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 738 153069a 3.2 3.3 4.0 3.4 2.7 153069b 4.4 4.0 5.7 5.2 3.6 153069c 4.9 4.5 6.6 5.3 3.8 153069d 5.4 5.1 7.6 6.3 4.7 153069e 5.6 5.1 8.2 7.2 4.7 153069f 6.0 6.0 9.0 7.3 5.3 153069g 6.3 5.9 9.0 7.8 5.3 153069h 6.8 6.0 9.7 8.2 5.6 153069i 7.4 6.2 10.0 7.6 6.7 153069J 7.9 6.8 10.8 8.2 5.8 153069k 8.5 7.4 12.0 9.3 8.4 153069-1 9.5 8.0 12.3 10.3 7.4 153069m 9.6 8.4 14.4 12.1 7.9 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Rader and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Rader: USNM 725f, 725g, 725o. NUMBER 24 2715 Lamar: AMNH 25, 37, 38, 40, 347 (= L-2), 348 (= L-3), 351 (= L-6); USNM 725e, 728i, 728q, 728p, 738, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Crenispirifer of moderate size with very short dental plates and 3-4 plications on each side of the fastigium. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153069m. Figured paratypes: USNM 153069J; 154656a, b; 154657a-j; 155060a-c. Measured paratypes: USNM 153069a-l. COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer myllus is character- ized by its rather small size, lack of preserved sur- face spines, very short dental plates that normally are fused to sides of valve, and its 3 or 4 lateral plications on each side of fastigium. The small size and lower convexity distinguish it from C. angulatus (King). It most nearly resembles C. jubatus, new species, differing in its absent (or at any rate shorter and less frequently preserved) sur- face spines, reduced dental plates, and greater number of lateral plications. It differs from C. effrenus, new species, in its somewhat higher fas- tigium, more angular plications, smaller dental plates and hinge plate. This is the youngest spe- cies of Crenispirifer in West Texas, and culmi- nates the trend in the genus toward reduction of the dental plates. Crenispirifer sagus, new species PLATE 718: FIGURES 1-15 Moderate size for genus, flatly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical to semielliptical, hinge ends rounded, greatest width anterior to hinge; commissure plicated by several strong, angular pli- cations; fastigium sharp, high, but standing only slightly above lateral costae, profile flatly convex, anterior part nearly straight; sulcus deep, V- shaped, reflecting fastigium; lateral costae propor- tionately high, sharp, profiles only slightly more convex than profile of fastigium, numbering 4 or 5 on each side, amplitude decreasing laterally. Growth laminae weak, widely and irregularly spaced, most frequent near anterior margins; sur- face covered by numerous, closely spaced, low rounded pustules, occupying spaces between punc- tae; spines absent. Pedicle valve moderately convex, greatest con- vexity near beak, flatly convex transversely; beak fairly long, somewhat attenuate, curved or slightly hooked; interarea triangular, wider than long, nearly flat near hinge; increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, without observed delthyrial covering plates, apex obstructed by short arch over median septum. Brachial valve flatly convex, umbo slightly swollen; beak protrud- ing only slightly; interarea very low, wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with prominent lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short knoblike teeth; dental ridges shallow with rather rounded cross section, slightly deepened in rare specimens; dental plates very short, only in extreme apex of valve; median septum high, thin, anterior edge concave forward, nearly perpendicular to floor, length of septum about a third length of valve; muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum, probably also on floor beside septum (not observed). Brachial valve interior with narrowly wedge- shaped sockets, widely divergent, formed by strong socket ridges with small knob at anterior edge of each; hinge plates extending from socket ridges, slightly concave, forming shallow recess; crura slender, extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slightly bowed outwardly, each with short jugal process not observed to meet and form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally from crura: complete spiralium not observed; muscle area not observed, probably similar to other species of genus. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- AMNH 369 length length width width ness 153070a 5.6 5.5 8.6 7.0 5.3 153070b 7.2 6.6 10.0 9.0 6.0 (holotype) 153070c 7.4 6.5 10.6 8.0 6.0 153070d 7.9 7.6 11.2 8.4 6.9 153070e 9.5 8.0 12.9 10.7 8.0 153070f 10.0 8.3 12.9 11.3 6.7 153070g 10.3 8.5 12.6 10.1 7.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITY.—AMNH 369. DIAGNOSIS.—Moderate-sized Crenispirifer with extremely fine pustules. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153070b. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153070d, f. Measured paratypes: USNM 153070a, c-g. 2716 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY COMPARISON.—Crenispirifer sagus is character- ized by its moderate size, fastigium that is nearly as low as the adjacent lateral costae, rather numerous costae for the size of the shell, reduced dental plates, and low surface pustules. It is much smaller than C. angulatus (King) which also occurs in the Bone Spring Formation of the Sierra Diablo, and in the Wolfcampian of the Glass Mountains. It is about the same size as C. myllus, C. effrenus, all new, all of which occur higher in the section in the Guadalupe Mountains; but differs from C. effrenus in its narrower costae and somewhat flat- ter convexity, from C. jubatus in its lack of surface spines, and from C. myllus in its proportionately somewhat lower fastigium, and its slightly nar- rower outline and flatter convexity. Metriolepis, new genus Small to average size for spiriferinid, moderately to strongly biconvex; finely to moderately strongly endopunctate, with punctae arranged in staggered rows (or quincunx) penetrating shell obliquely to surface; surface with low rounded pustules, varying in abundance with species but normally few, lo- cated between punctae, normally arranged in rows roughly parallel to growth laminae; outline nor- mally transverse, widest at hinge, some species strongly alate at some stages in growth. Commis- sure plicated by rather high fold and few low, rounded lateral plications, with amplitude drastic- ally decreasing laterally; fastigium beginning im- mediately anterior to apex of beak, flanked by two low plications beginning at beak, height of fasti- gium increasing anteriorly, crest rounded, profile flatly to rather strongly convex; sulcus broad, rela- tively shallow, trough rounded, flattened or slightly raised. Growth laminae strong, imbricated, regu- larly spaced, with slight steady increase in spacing toward anterior reflecting increase in size of shells; edges of laminae slightly raised in some species, surface between laminae slightly convex in many, effect of laminae crossing plications resembling tiled roof; finer growth lines and radial ornamen- tation not observed. Pedicle valve normally deep, nearly conical in some species; beak with flatly convex umbonal re- gion in some species, swollen and convex in others, apex sharply pointed; interarea flat near hinge,- remaining flat in some species to produce sharply conical valve, becoming moderately concave in those with swollen umbones and curved beaks; del- thyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, apex with short plate curving over edge of median septum, block- ing part of delthyrial opening, otherwise unob- structed; delthyrial plates or other covering not observed. Brachial valve more strongly convex, much shallower than pedicle valve, greatest con- vexity normally in umbonal region; beak not pro- truding, bluntly pointed; interarea low, broad, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike or broadly flattened cardi- nal process, coarsely lamellate for diductor attach- ment. Pedicle valve interior with large, knoblike or small pointed hinge teeth; dental ridges nearly parallel to one another, deepening toward poste- rior; dental plates small, short, continuous with dental ridges, located only in apex of valve, diver- gent, meeting sides or floor of valve, lower edges extending only short distance anteriorly along floor; median septum high, thin, height increasing anteriorly, abruptly sloping at anterior edge, apical end braced by arched plate extending from sides of dental plates; muscle marks on septum and on floor of valve beside septum; adductor marks shal- low, making low ridges and troughs in parallel crescentic patterns on sides of septum; diductor marks weaker, in narrow bands on sides of ridge formed by sulcus; pallial marks radial, in posterior half of valve, forming low ridges and shallow troughs. Brachial valve interior with large, widely diver- gent hinge sockets formed by strong socket ridges with short thick knobs on anteroventral edges; hinge plates broad, extending dorsally from soc- ket ridges, joined to base of lamellate cardinal process by small, triangular accessory crural plates nearly perpendicular to hinge plates, forming small, poorly defined platform; crura extending forward from edges of hinge plates, bowed slightly outward, short convergent jugal processes near junction with spiralia meeting in some species to form anteriorly pointing V-shaped jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreas- ing size, axis of coiling posterolateral, toward hinge ends. Muscle area bounded laterally by two, outwardly bowed adminicula, bisected by low ridge, occupying trough formed by fastigium, ex- tending forward beyond midlength of valve in NUMBER 24 2717 some species, beginning somewhat forward of beak. TYPE-SPECIES.—Metriolepis pulvinata, new spe- cies. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis is characterized by its generally transverse outline, normally somewhat conical pedicle valve with flat or flatly concave interarea, moderately high fastigium, few, low and normally rounded lateral plications, broad, flat- tened or raised trough of the sulcus, and especially by its regularly spaced strong, imbricating growth laminae and its few low surface pustules arranged parallel to the growth laminae. Among genera that occur in the West Texas Permian it most nearly resembles Altiplecus Stehli (1954), differing in its lower and broader fastigium, more numerous but somewhat weaker lateral plications, regularly spaced and less rugose growth laminae, and its low pustules rather than long hollow spines along the surfaces between laminae. Species of Reticulariina Fredericks (1916), such as R. newelli (Stehli), have rather regularly spaced growth laminae, but differ in their more numerous and stronger plica- tions, fastigium with straighter profile and flatter crest, and especially in their numerous hollow spines arranged radially rather than concentric- ally. Growth laminae of Paraspiriferina Reed (1944) also are regularly spaced, but are much more closely spaced and less strongly imbricating; furthermore, the shells are less transverse, with hinge ends rounded and surface covered with nu- merous low pustules. Metriolepis attains larger size, has fewer lateral plications, a lower fastigium, and the trough of the sulcus normally is flattened or raised. No other known genus of Spiriferinacea is similar to Metriolepis. DISCUSSION.—The hinge plates in other genera of the Spiriferinacea are themselves curved toward the median line, forming a shallow crural cavity. In Metriolepis they are more nearly straight, con- tinuous with the socket ridges, and the crural cav- ity is floored by a small triangular plate on each side that fills in the gap between the edge of the hinge plate and the base of the cardinal process. Pallial markings are not preserved in most gen- era of the Spiriferinacea that we have observed. They are weak in Metriolepis, and seem to conform to the radial pattern of the costation, with canals in the internal costal troughs, and ridges on the ridges. The latter are sinuous, and appear to in- volve some alignment of the space between punc- tae, and consequently, also a rough alignment of punctae that is not visible on the exterior of the shell. The differences in internal and external pattern are produced by the nonuniform oblique penetration of the punctae. Metriolepis carotica, new species PLATE 724: FIGURES 1-35 Small for genus, biconvex; outline strongly trans- verse, widest at hinge, not alate but with lateral extremities attenuate; commissure plicated by high fold, lateral plications absent or weak, numbering up to 2 on each side; fastigium high, narrow, crest rounded, profile flatly convex; sulcus shallow, rather narrow, floor flattened near posterior, be- coming raised toward anterior, simulating median costa at anterior of largest specimens, rather greatly extended anteriorly in some specimens. Growth laminae rather weak for genus, closely spaced, spacing regularly increasing toward anterior, edges not raised or raised only slightly; pustules not ob- served, probably absent. Pedicle valve moderately deep and convex; beak area somewhat swollen, apex sharply pointed, curved so as to point nearly directly posteriorly; interarea broad, rather low, triangular, nearly flat, concave near beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge- shaped, deltidial plates not observed, apex with short brace over median septum. Brachial valve flatly to moderately convex, beak short, pointed; interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, protruding, toothlike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short, blunt or pointed hinge teeth; dental ridges slight to moder- ately deep, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates continuous with dental ridges in apex of valve, very short, slightly divergent, meeting sides or floor of apex, reduced nearly to absence in many specimens; median septum high, thin, abruptly downsloping at anterior, extending for- ward a third to half length of valve. Adductor muscle marks on sides of septum; diductor muscle marks forming elongate oval area on floor beside septum. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent hinge sockets; socket ridges thin, each with thick- ened knob, at anterior edge; hinge plates thin, 2718 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY extending dorsally from socket ridges, slightly con- cave; small triangular accessory plates filling space between hinge plates and base of cardinal process, forming shallow recess; crura extending forward from anterodorsal corner of hinge plates, slightly bowed outwardly, short jugal processes near ante- rior ends converging to meet on midline of shell, forming anteriorly V-shaped jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally from crura, in loops decreas- ing in size laterally, axis of coiling toward postero- lateral corners of shell, 3 or 4 loops observed. Mus- cle marks in elongate oval area, outlined by low, flattened ridges; anterior adductor marks median, separated by low median ridge, surrounded later- ally and posteriorly by larger posterior adductor marks. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 702un 153071a 2.3 1.9 1.8 3.0 1.8 153071b 2.7 2.6 3.1 5.0 2.3 153071c 3.0 2.9 6.0 5.2 2.6 USNM 703b 153072a 3.4 3.4 3.9 5.2 3.5 153072c 5.6 5.4 9.8 13.5 5.9 (holotype) USNM 703bs 153073a 4.1 4.0 5.0 10.0 3.6 153073b 4.2 3.8 4.6 6.9 3.9 153073c 4.9 4.9 5.5 8.2 4.3 153073d 5.3 5.1 6.4 10.3 5.0 153073e 5.6 5.4 6.5 9.6 7.0 153073f 6.0 5.8 6.6 11.0 5.4 153073g 5.7 5.5 6.7 13.3 5.9 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation, Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500G, 500H; USNM 702, 702b, 702ent, 702un, 703b, 703bs. Cibolo: USNM 725v. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Metriolepis transverse with a few low rounded lateral plications. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153072c. Figured par- atypes: USNM I53071e-j, 153072c, 153073c-e. Measured paratypes: USNM 153071a-c, 153072a, 153073a-g. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153072a, b. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis carotica is character- ized by its small size, transverse outline, relatively weak growth laminae, attenuate lateral extremi- ties, somewhat swollen pedicle beak, and especially by its few and low, rounded lateral plications. It most nearly resembles juveniles of M. tegulata, new species, with which it occurs at several locali- ties, but it differs in its weaker growth laminae, less rugose surface, somewhat smaller dental plates, and fewer, lower lateral plications. It is smaller and less strongly laminated and plicated than M. irenae (Stehli), M. scrupea, new species, or adults of M. tegulata. It is much smaller and less strongly plicated, more transverse, and proportionately shallower than M. pulvinata, new species, and also probably differs in its lack of pustules (although their absence in M. carotica may be a matter of preservation). It is much more transverse and less convex than M. larina, new species, and larger and more transverse than M. pedicosa, new species. Metriolepis diabloensis, new species PLATE 711: FIGURES 1-41 Small for genus, transverse, widest at hinge; sides oblique; anterior margin narrowly rounded; interarea long, curved and procline; delthyrium open except for small apical plate. Costae sub- angular, numbering 2 or 3 on each side of fold and sulcus. Surface covered by several strong lamel- lae, crowded anteriorly. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, broadly domed in anterior profile, with long moderately sloping flat sides. Umbonal region sul- cate, sulcus continuing to anterior margin, there drawn into short narrowly rounded tongue. Sulcus from about midvalve to anterior extremity of tongue, occupied by rounded costa increasing in strength anteriorly. Flanks of pedicle valve occupied by two costae. Brachial valve gently and evenly convex in lateral profile, broadly and gently convex in ante- rior profile. Fold originating at apex, widening anteriorly to front margin, somewhat flattened along apex. Sulci bounding fold, deep. Flanks de- pressed, convex, and marked by 3 costae, outermost not prominently developed. Pedicle valve interior with short receding dental plates, almost vestigial. Median septum strong, elevated, not reaching midvalve, angular crest near midpoint of septum. Apical plate strong and mod- erately long. Brachial valve interior with wide and deep soc- kets, stubby and thick socket ridges, concave NUMBER 24 2719 crural bases. Crura moderately long, jugal process well developed, jugum possibly complete (see discussion). MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness AMNH 591 153491a 7.2 6.0 8.4 10.7 6.8 (holotype) 153491b 8.4 ? 9.3 13.3 4.6 153491c ? 5.9 8.5 10.0 2.6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring (low- est of reef lenses, 40 feet above base). LOCALITY.—AMNH 591. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, coarsely lamellose Metriole- pis with wide hinge and relatively short interarea. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153491a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153491b, c; 155061a, b. Unfig- ured paratype: USNM 153491a. COMPARISON.—Except for Metriolepis larina, M. nabis, and M. pedicosa, all new, this is the smallest species of this genus. It is larger than M. larina but also differs in being wider and more coarsely lamel- lose. It is completely unlike M. nabis, which has an elongated interarea with oddly modified del- thyrium. Metriolepis pedicosa is also differently shaped than M. diabloensis as it has a much longer interarea, less mucronate cardinal extremities, and does not have the hemipyramidal form of the Bell Canyon species. DISCUSSION.—This is an uncommon species but the few specimens obtained from the residues fur- nish information on the interior. The brachial valve of the holotype preserves the descending elements of the spire. The jugal process exhibited extends laterally beyond midvalve and suggests that the jugum was complete. Metriolepis exserta, new species PLATE 712: FICURES 22-54 Average size for genus, rather deeply conical or strongly biconvex; outline transverse, widest at hinge, hinge ends sharp, somewhat produced but not strongly alate, less attenuate in adults; commis- sure plicated by moderately high narrow fold and 1 to 3 lower plications on each side, distal ones scarcely visible; fastigium with bluntly pointed to gently arched crest, profile moderately convex; sulcus broad, shallow, median trough flat in poste- rior, rather strongly raised toward anterior, simu- lating median costa. Growth laminae moderately strong, closely spaced for genus, edges slightly raised, spacing gradually increasing toward ante- rior; pustules small, few, arranged in single rows along laminae, normally present only on anterior mesial regions of shell. Pedicle valve normally deeply conical; beak bluntly pointed, slightly curved or straight; inter- area long, triangular, normally flat, concave near curved beaks; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, open except for short apical bridge over median septum; deltidial plates not observed. Brachial valve moderately to strongly convex; beak short, blunt; interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with large knoblike cardinal process, longitudinally lamellate for di- ductor insertion. Pedicle valve interior with short knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges deep, slightly convergent to- ward midline of valve; dental plates short but rather long for genus, continuous with dental ridges, divergent toward floor of valve; median septum high, thin, extending forward slightly about half valve length, height increasing anteri- orly, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor of valve, posterior end braced to dental plates by arching apical bridge. Adductor muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum; diductor marks on floor of valve beside septum, in narrow, slightly widening bands. Brachial valve interior with strong, widely diver- gent sockets bounded by fairly thick socket ridges, each with knob at anterior edge; hinge plates short, thick, concave; accessory plates reduced to small, elongate trigonal ridges, connecting to base of cardinal process, completing shallow recess; crura extending anteriorly from edges of crural plates, slender, outwardly bowed, each with short, medially-ventrally directed jugal processes near junction with spiralia, not observed to converge to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, com- plete spiralium not observed. Muscle area about two-thirds length of valve, in depression made by fastigium, bisected by low thin ridge, bounded laterally by low, flattened, outwardly bowed ridges on sides of trough; muscle marks weakly impressed. 2720 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness AMNH 512 (= USNM 728) 153074a 5.3 ? c.5.5 c.7.8 ? 153074b 5.6 ? 6.9 12.4 ? 153074c 7.7 7.6 7.3 16.1 7.6 153074d 8.9 8.8 8.7 14.8 10.0 153074g 10.6 9.1 12.7 15.8 9.5 (holotype) 153075a 9.7 9.4 10.3 19.7 10.6 153075b 9.8 9.6 11.0 c.17.0 10.0 153075c c.10.0 ? 12.9 20.5 ? 153075d 12.0 12.2 13.4 15.0 13.2 USNM 732 153076 12.5 ? 14.9 18.8 ? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon For- mation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—Moore loc. 31; AMNH 496, 512, 519, 600; USNM 728, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Deeply conical Metriolepis with few lateral plications and rugose exterior. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153074g. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153074d, e, h-n. Measured para- types: USNM 153074a-d, 153075a-d, 153076. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis exserta is character- ized by its deeply conical pedicle valve with long and straight interarea and relatively long dental plates, its few and rather low lateral plications, closely spaced and slightly raised growth laminae, giving the shell a rugose surface, and by its pointed but not strongly alate hinge ends. A few speci- mens resemble M. pulvinata, new species, but even they are normally deeper and more rugose; most specimens have fewer and lower lateral plications and more convex brachial valves, with the profile of the fastigium higher and more convex. M. exserta is less transverse than M. tegulata, new species, larger and narrower than M. carotica, new species. It is larger and deeper than M. pedi- cosa, new species, and larger and less globose than M. larina, new species. Metriolepis irenae (Stehli) PLATE 712: FIGURES 55-72 Punctospirifer? irenae Stehli, 1954:346, pl. 26: figs. 12-15. Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transverse, widest at hinge but not alate; commissure plicated by high fold, 2 to 4 low lateral plications; fastigium rather low, crest rounded or slightly flattened, profile moderately convex; sulcus proportionately wide, moderately deep, trough flattened but not raised. Growth laminae strong, spacing regularly increasing toward anterior, sur- faces between laminae flat or slightly swollen, edges of laminae somewhat ragged, slightly raised; pustules few, low, rounded, between punctae, arranged along lines of growth. Pedicle valve moderately convex, not deeply conical; beak bluntly pointed, rather strongly curved but not hooked; interarea short for genus, flatly concave, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium wedge-shaped, apex with short brace for median septum; deltidial plates not observed. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak blunt, slightly protruding; interarea low, laterally tapered, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with broad, knoblike, lamellate, cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short, knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges deep, nearly parallel; dental plates short, slightly divergent; median septum high, thin, height increasing anteriorly, abruptly descending at anterior edge, extending forward a third to half length of valve, apical end braced by arching plate from dental plates, somewhat thickened by callus in some specimens. Adductor muscle marks forming successive weak crescents on sides of median septum; diductor marks weakly impressed in bands on sides of ridge formed by sulcus, widening anteriorly, forward extent equal to length of septum. Brachial valve interior with large, widely diver- gent hinge sockets, formed by thick socket ridges, each with low knob at anteroventral corner; hinge plates thin, concave, continuous with socket ridges; space between hinge plates and base of cardinal process filled by small accessory plates to form shal- low recess; crura extending forward from antero- dorsal edges of crural plates, thin, outwardly bowed: spiralium not observed. Muscle area be- tween low ridges, elongate elliptical, bisected by low thin ridge, muscle marks weak, undifferenti- ated, extending forward to near midlength of valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (lower). LOCALITY.—USNM 728f. DIAGNOSIS.—Moderately small, transverse but not NUMBER 24 2721 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial mid- hinge length valve length width width USNM 728f 153077a ? 4.6 9.4 c.10.0 153077b ? 5.0 8.2 c.12.0 153077c ? 7.0 10.0 13.0 153077d 6.5 ? c.10.5 c.16.0 153077e ? 8.0 12.8 17.0 153077f ? 8.3 11.5 16.5 153077g 8.2 ? 11.5 14.3 153077h ? 9.9 12.0 c.19.0 alate Metriolepis with flattened fastigium crest and sulcus floor. TYPES.—Lectotype (here designated): AMNH 27324/1:1 (Stehli, 1954, pl. 26: figs. 12, 14, 15). Figured paratype: AMNH 27324/1:2 (Stehli, 1954, pl. 26: fig. 13). Figured hypotypes: USNM 153077c-g. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153077 a-h. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis irenae is character- ized by its rather small size, transverse but not alate form, rather shallow pedicle valve, few and low lateral plications, and somewhat flattened crest of the fastigium and floor of the sulcus. Its size is near that of M. scrupea, new species, but it differs from that species in its less attenuate hinge ends, less ragged growth laminae, normally more nu- merous lateral plications, and its longer dental plates. It differs from M. tegulata, new species, in its smaller size, fewer plications, and shallower pedicle valve. Its smaller size and shallower pedicle valve also differentiates it from M. pulvinata, new species, as well as its fewer pustules, more rugose surface, less pointed hinge ends, and more concave interarea. It is larger and much more transverse than M. larina or M. pedicosa, new species; larger, less transverse and more strongly plicated than M. carotica, new species. Metriolepis larina, new species PLATE 712: FIGURES 1-21; PLATE 715: FIGURES 29-34 Small for genus, strongly biconvex, globose; out- line narrowly to broadly transverse, widest at or slightly anterior to hinge, sides of wide specimens not attenuate or alate; commissure plicated by moderately high narrowly rounded fold, normally 2 lower plications on each side, proximal one fairly strong, distal one very low; fastigium moderately high, narrow, profile flatly convex; sulcus shallow, floor flattened or slightly thickened. Growth lami- nae strong but not ragged, edges of laminae near anterior slightly raised, spacing steadily but slightly increasing toward anterior; surface pustules not observed. Pedicle valve deep, convex; beak somewhat swollen, normally hooked, apex sharply pointed; interarea narrowly to moderately broadly triangu- lar, concavity increasing toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, open except for short bridge in apex, deltidial plates not observed. Bra- chial valve moderately to strongly convex, beak short, blunt; interarea low, slightly concave; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with fairly strong, protruding, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with hinge teeth pointed or blunt; dental ridges only slightly developed, forming low rounded ridges along undersides of delthyrial edges; dental plates absent from many specimens, slightly developed in others; median septum thin, high, short, extending forward less than a third length of valve; anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor. Adductor muscle marks weak on sides of septum; diductor marks not ob- served, probably on floor beside septum as in other species of genus. Brachial valve interior with deep, widely diver- gent sockets; socket ridges thick, each with anterior knob; hinge plates rather broad, shallowly concave, lying nearly parallel to floor, forming shallow re- cess; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edges of hinge plates, slightly bowed outwardly, with short jugal processes near anterior ends (not observed to meet to form jugum); spiralia coiled dorsoventrally from ends of crura: complete spi- ralium not observed. Muscle area elongate oval, weakly delimited by low lateral ridges, bisected by threadlike lira, located in umbonal region, or in some specimens, nearly in center of valve floor; anterior adductor muscle marks slightly impressed along median line of area, elongate, narrow; pos- terior adductor marks too weak to be observed, presumably occupying remainder of muscle area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member), Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700x, 714w, 717e, 2722 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).- brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 714w 153078a 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.2 2.4 153078b 4.9 4.7 5.4 6.0 4.8 153078c 5.9 5.3 6.3 7.0 6.4 153078d 6.6 5.9 7.0 7.4 6.8 153078e 6.9 5.8 7.3 8.0 7.9 (holotype) USNM 703a 153079a 5.6 4.9 6.4 6.9 5.2 153079b 6.2 5.6 6.3 6.8 5.1 153079c 6.8 5.2 6.3 5.8 6.5 153079d 7.0 6.1 7.4 7.7 6.0 USNM 708 153080a 4.7 3.6 5.0 5.2 3.9 153080b 5.0 4.4 5.9 5.9 4.6 153080c 5.4 4.6 6.0 7.0 5.4 153080d 5.4 5.4 7.7 6.6 5.5 153080e 5.9 5.6 7.1 6.9 6.4 153080f 6.5 6.0 7.2 8.7 7.3 727p. Cathedral Mountain: USNM 702b, 703bs, 708, 721 u. Road Canyon: USNM 703a. DIAGNOSIS.—Small strongly convex Metriolepis with swollen and hooked beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153078e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153080e, g-i; 154638a; 154639. Measured paratypes: USNM 153078a-d, 153079a-d, 153080a-f. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis larina is character- ized by its small size, rather great convexity, nor- mally relatively narrow outline, swollen and hooked pedicle beak, weakly developed dental ridges, absent or stunted dental plates, crural recess nearly parallel to floor of brachial valve, and rather forwardly located dorsal muscle area. It is smaller and less transverse than M. pulvinata, M. scrupea, and M. tegulata, all new, and M. irenae (Stehli). It is about the same size as M. carotica, new species, but much less transverse, and more strongly plicated. It is similar in size to M. pedi- cosa, new species, but thicker, more strongly pli- cated, and more convex. Metriolepis nabis, new species PLATE 713: FICURES 1-26 Small for genus, deeply conical; outline trans- versely semielliptical, normally widest anterior to hinge, not alate; commissure plicated by low me- dian fold, proportionately high lateral plications; fastigium relatively low, crest gently rounded, pro- file rather strongly convex; sulcus broad, very shal- low, floor flattened; lateral costae very low and broad on pedicle valve, higher, more sharply rounded on brachial, numbering 1 or 2 on each side. Growth laminae moderate to weak for genus, spacing regularly widening anteriorly, each lamina slightly thickened producing gently concave sur- face; pustules very short, apparently only slight swellings between punctae; spines absent. Pedicle valve deeply conical, somewhat corali- form; beak blunt, normally slightly twisted or bent laterally, apex slightly curved over interarea in some specimens; interarea triangular, longer than wide, nearly flat transversely, slightly wavy or flat longitudinally; delthyrium elongate, narrowly wedge-shaped, apex obstructed by slight thickening of median septum; delthyrium nearly completely covered by longitudinal series of small, irregular, imbricated plates, numbering 3 to 7 pairs, some near apex apparently single, most plates growing from sides of delthyrium, meeting at midline and fusing or overlapping; small opening remaining to accommodate brachial beak, apex closed or with opening up to 2 mm long, probably for pedi- cle. Brachial valve small, convex, fitting like cap over conical pedicle valve; beak not protruding; interarea very low, proportionately wide; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, toothlike, finely fimbriate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with long, knoblike teeth; dental ridges very long, extending along underside of interarea at edges of delthyrium, flattened nearly parallel to interarea, forming small platform on each side for bearing of edges of delthyrial cover- ing plates, deepening apically to form short to moderately long (for genus) dental plates nearly parallel to median septum; median septum long, extending forward more than half length of valve, high, thin, anterior edge concave anteriorly; mus- cle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum and on narrow, slightly thickened bands on floor immediately adjacent to septum. Brachial valve interior with deep, wedge-shaped sockets formed by thick, short socket ridges; hinge plates thick, extending nearly parallel to one another forward from socket ridges; crura slightly convergent; complete crura and spiralia not ob- NUMBER 24 2723 served. Muscle area in trough formed by fastig- ium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low, thin, short median ridge extending from base of cardinal process, muscle area short, less than a third length of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 748 153081 4.5 4.4 5.1 4.6 8.0? USNM 738b 153082a 7.5? ? 8.8 7.6 ? AMNH 410 153083a 7.2 7.2 9.0 7.3 9.6 USNM 731 153084 4.5 4.0 5.2 5.2 4.6 (holotype) USNM 725f 153085a 4.3 4.3 6.0 6.0 7.0 153085b 4.6 4.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 398; USNM 725n, 733, 736, 748. Rader: AMNH 403, 410; USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740i. Lamar: USNM 728p, 728q, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly conical to subcoraliform Metriolepis. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153084. Figured para- types: USNM 153081a; 153082a; 153083a; 153085a, b; 154641a; 154642a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153081; 153082a; 153083a; 153085a, b. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis nabis is characterized by its small size, deeply conical pedicle valve with long flat interarea and nearly completely covered delthyrium, caplike brachial valve with stronger plications, short stubby hinge sockets and crural plates, and short muscle area. The brachial valve resembles that of species of Sarganostega Cooper and Grant (1969), but differs in its finer puncta- tion, narrower outline, and rounded rather than pointed hinge ends. This species differs from all other species of Metriolepis in its deeply conical valve and relatively small size. An abnormal speci- men of M. pulvinata, new species, from the Word Formation is similarly conical, but is much larger, more transverse, and has more numerous costae. The dominant trend in evolution of this genus is toward increasingly deep pedicle valves, and M. nabis seems to have carried it to the extreme. Metriolepis pedicosa, new species PLATE 717: FIGURES 1-17 Small for genus, biconvex; outline slightly trans- verse, widest at hinge but not alate, wider than long when young, ratio diminishing with growth; commissure plicated by low fold, 1-2 lateral plica- tions, proximal one fairly strong, rounded, distal one usually very low; fastigium low to moderately high, crest rounded, profile flatly convex; sulcus narrow, rather deep, trough flattened. Growth laminae weak for genus, spacing regularly increas- ing toward anterior, edges ragged or papillose, sur- face otherwise without pustules. Pedicle valve moderately deeply conical; beak long but evenly tapered, not attenuate, bluntly pointed, curved but not hooked; interarea long, triangular, normally flat; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, open except for short brace over median septum in apex (delthyrial plates not pre- served). Brachial valve flat to moderatly convex; beak scarcely protruding; interarea low, flat; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather large, protruding, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short strong hinge teeth; dental ridges deepest just behind hinge teeth, convergent toward midline of valve; dental plates reduced, meeting floor at extreme apex of valve; median septum high, thin, short, extending forward about one-third valve length, anterior edge abruptly downsloping. Muscle marks not ob- served, probably on septum and on floor beside septum as in other species of genus. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets formed by thick socket ridges, each ridge with prominent thick knob at anterior edge; hinge plates thinner, rather small, extending dorsally from socket ridges rather small, extending dorsally from socket ridges, slightly concave, forming shallow recess without aid of accessory plates; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edge of crural plates, rather short, slender, outwardly bowed; jugal proc- esses and spiralium not observed. Muscle area in deep recess in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by low ridges, bisected by low ridge; ante- rior adductor marks median, small, on each side of 2724 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY median ridge, surrounded laterally and posteriorly by larger posterior adductor marks. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From USNM 736 specimens 153086a (holotype) and 153087, respec- tively: length 7.0, 4.3; brachial valve length 6.9, 4.3; midwidth 8.7, 5.7; hinge width 11.2, 6.8; thick- ness 9.0, 4.0. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: USNM 725h, 725n, 733, 736, 736a. Rader: AMNH 397; USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, triangularly conical Metrio- lepis with widely spaced laminae and the brachial valve having a nearly flat profile. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153086a. Figured paratypes: USNM 154643a, 154644a. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis pedicosa is one of the smallest species of the genus. Its outline is similar to that of M. pulvinata, new species, but it is much smaller, shallower, has fewer lateral plications, and shows no surface pustules. It is narrower in outline than M. tegulata, M. carotica, M. scrupea, or M. irenae (Stehli), all new, and not globose like M. larina, new species. Metriolepis pinea, new species PLATE 719: FIGURES 1-14; PLATE 745: FICURES 35-39 Average size for genus, shallowly to moderately deeply conical; outline transverse, widest at hinge; hinge ends of some slightly extended, but normally mucronate only in juveniles; fold moderately high, crest narrowly rounded, rather strongly convex in profile, costae proportionately much lower, begin- ning at beaks, numbering 3 to 5 on each side; sul- cus flanked by two high costae, floor slightly con- vex or flat; growth laminae strong, imbricated, spaced about 2 per mm, interval slightly and steadily increasing anteriorly; punctae very fine and closely spaced; surface pustules few along mid- line of sulcus, otherwise very minute and corre- sponding to ends of punctae. Pedicle valve flatly convex longitudinally, mod- erately convex transversely; beak nearly straight or slightly curved at end; interarea high, with open delthyrium bridged internally only at apex. Bra- chial valve more strongly convex longitudinally, flatter transversely; interarea very low; notothyr- ium broad, with prominent cardinal process at apex, lamellate end projecting so as to be essen- tially external. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt teeth; dental ridges deep, convergent toward midline; dental plates rather short, continuing from dental ridges but diverging to floor of valve; median sep- tum thin, moderately high, long, extending half distance from apex to anterior end of sulcus; mus- cle marks weak on floor and sides of septum. Bra- chial valve interior with open sockets; socket ridges nearly parallel to commissure, continuous, with slightly concave hinge plates joining and fusing at midline; crura and spiralia not observed; muscle field rather large, outlined by low ridges and bi- sected by low median ridge, extending anteriorly in trough formed by fold beyond midlength of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial length valve length width thickness USNM 732j 155067a 9.0 8.0 13.9 7.4 155067b (holotype) 15.0 13.0 20.7 15.0 155067f 3.7 3.6 7.6 3.2 155067g 7.7 6.0 10.8 6.1 154516 12.5 11.8 20.8 12.3 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITY.—USNM 732j. DIAGNOSIS.—Hinge only slightly extended, beak nearly straight and interarea consequently flat and high, growth laminae numerous, not strongly imbricated, costae strong and rather few. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155067b. Figured paratypes: USNM 155067a, c-e. Measured para- types: USNM 155067a, f, g; 154516. COMPARISON.—This species differs from the other Road Canyon species, M. ziczac, new species, in its more conical pedicle valve, more numerous costae, and narrower hinge. It differs from M. tegulata, new species, which also extends into the Road Canyon Formation, primarily in its much less ex- tended hinge, but also by its more deeply conical pedicle valve and weaker growth laminae. NUMBER 24 2725 Metriolepis pulvinata, new species PLATE 714: FIGURES 32-63; PLATE 730: FIGURES 18-21 Average size for genus; some specimens deeply conical, others shallow; outline transverse, widest at hinge, normally not strongly alate, but hinge ends of juveniles slightly more attenuate than those of adults; commissure plicated by high, rather narrow fold, 2 to 4 low rounded plications on each side; fastigium standing high above flanks, crest rounded, profile rather strongly convex; sul- cus narrow and relatively deep near beak, widen- ing and with trough flattened, then raised toward anterior. Growth laminae strong, spaced at steadily and slightly increasing intervals toward anterior; surfaces between edges of laminae slightly convex; pustules low, elongate or rounded, fairly evenly spaced in narrow bands along growth laminae, some apparently hollow, with open ends toward anterior. Pedicle valve normally moderately deep, some specimens very deeply conical; beak bluntly or sharply pointed, nearly straight to rather strongly curved; interarea long, flat near hinge, continuing flat in some specimens, becoming concave toward beak in most; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, entirely open (deltidial plates not observed; apical brace over median septum very short). Brachial valve moderately convex; beak blunt, only slightly protruding; interarea low, flat or concave; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather wide, prominent cardinal process, finely lamellate for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with short, sharply or bluntly pointed teeth; dental ridges deep, slightly convergent toward midline, meeting at apex; den- tal plates short, but rather long for genus, only slightly divergent to floor of valve; median septum high, thin, rather short, extending forward about half length of valve, anterior edge nearly perpen- dicular to floor, apical end braced by short plate arching from mesial sides of dental plates. Adduc- tor muscle marks weakly crescentic on sides of me- dian septum; diductor marks weakly impressed in narrow bands, beside septum on floor of valve. Brachial valve interior with large, widely diver- gent sockets; socket ridges thick, each with knob at anterior edge; hinge plates broad, concave; ac- cessory plates very small, contributing little to recess; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edges of crural plates, slightly bowed outwardly, convergent jugal process at anterior ends not ob- served to meet and form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size, axis of coiling directed toward posterolateral corners of shell, complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area elongate, subovate, lateral bounding ridges flattened and lying nearly parallel to floor, forming part of muscle attachment surface, re- mainder of surface in trough formed by fastigium, area bisected by low, threadlike ridge beginning beneath cardinalia, extending forward slightly beyond midlength of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— USNM 706 length brachial valve length mid- width hinge width thick ness 153088a 3.0 ? 3.6 4.6 ? 153088b 3.6 3.5 4.4 6.3 3.2 153088c 4.9 4.5 5.0 6.0 4.1 153088d 7.6 7.6 10.3 16.2 8.0 153088e 11.0 9.6 13.7 14.7 10.4 USNM 706e 153089a 5.0 4.9 6.0 8.3 4.2 153089b 11.8 10.7 15.6 16.4 13.7 USNM 706c 153090a 6.0 6.1 8.0 10.4 6.3 153090b 9.3 8.2 10.3 10.3 8.2 153090c 10.0 9.3 12.0 20.4 12.0 153090d 13.8 12.4 16.3 22.0? 12.4 153090e 14.8 12.6 16.0 24.0 14.6 (holotype) 153091 12.9 12.8 21.4 20.7 19.3 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch members and lens between the last two). LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 706c, 726r, 726s. Willis Ranch: AMNH 506; USNM 706, 706e, 723t, 723w, 724u. Lens: USNM 706b. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 727j. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse, subalate Metrio- lepis with deeply conical valve and strong concen- tric lamellae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153090e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153088e-g, 153089c-f, 153090c, 154701. Measured paratypes: USNM 153088a-e; 153089a, b; 153090a-d; 153091 . COMPARISON.—Metriolepis pulvinata is charach 2726 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY ized by its transverse outline with acutely pointed but not strongly alate hinge ends, its deep coni- cal pedicle valve with high interarea and conse- quently long (for the genus) dental plates inside, its strong growth laminae with relatively smooth and slightly concave surfaces between, its high rounded fastigium with convex profile, by its few low, rounded lateral plications, and its neat rows of low pustules, concentrically arranged, some elongate and with hollow ends. It is about the same size as M. tegulata, new species, from the Cathedral Mountain Formation, but differs in its deeper pedi- cle valve with higher interarea, less raised edges of laminae and consequent less rugose surface, its fewer, broader and lower lateral plications, and its relatively higher fastigium. It is larger than M. scrupea, new species, and more alate, less rugose, its fastigium is higher and proportionately nar- rower, and its sulcus narrower, with the trough more raised. It is larger and more transverse than M. larina, new species, more alate, and less globose. It has more and stronger lateral plications than M. carotica, new species, and is larger, less alate, proportionately longer, and has stronger growth laminae separated by slightly convex surfaces. It also is larger and less rugose than M. irenae (Stehli), its hinge ends are more acute, and its pedicle valve is deeper, with higher interarea. Metriolepis scrupea, new species PLATE 714: FIGURES 1-31 Average size for genus, flatly biconvex; outline broadly transverse, normally widest at hinge, but not alate; commissure plicated by broad, relatively low fold, 2 or 3 low rounded plications on each side; fastigium low for genus, rounded cross sec- tion, rather broadly expanding toward anterior, profile moderately convex; sulcus broad, especially at anterior, shallow but bounded by rather high and sharp plication on each side, trough rounded, flattened, or slightly swollen. Growth laminae strong, edges slightly raised and ragged, giving shell rugose appearance, spacing regularly increasing toward anterior, surfaces of laminae slightly con- vex; surface pustules possibly present, obscured by preservation of shell and ragged laminae. Pedicle valve shallow, convexity transverse, in- creased by high plications bounding sulcus; beak short, bluntly pointed, bent but not hooked, pro- truding only slightly; interarea broad, low for genus, nearly flat; delthyrium narrowly wedge- shaped, open, delthyrial plates not observed, apex with short bridge across median septum. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak protruding only slightly; interarea broad, low, flat, or slightly concave; noto- thyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with narrow, protruding, toothlike, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt teeth; dental ridges rather shallow, nearly perpendicular to floor of valve; dental plates short, only slight extension of dental ridges in extreme posterior of valve, extending slightly forward along floor in few specimens; median septum high, thin, height increasing anteriorly, extending only about a third length of valve, forward edge nearly perpendicular to floor. Adductor muscle marks crescentic, on sides of median septum; diductor marks weakly impressed, some specimens with slightly thickened muscle area on floor of valve on each side of septum. Brachial valve interior with strong, wide, ex- panding, widely divergent sockets; socket ridges thick, with strong knob on anterior edge; hinge plates rudimentary, forming only slight extension of socket ridges; accessory plates well developed in some specimens, forming floor of shallow recesses adjacent to supporting stem of cardinal process; crura extending forward from anterodorsal edges of hinge plates; complete crura and spiralium not observed. Muscle area subcircular, in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by out- wardly bowed, flattened ridges; anterior adductor muscles paired, median, beginning slightly anterior to posterior edge of area; posterior marks not clearly shown, probably occupying remainder of muscle area, surrounding median marks laterally and posteriorly. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (base and Sullivan Peak Member). LOCALITIES.—Base: USNM 705a, 715v, 720e. Sul- livan Peak: 722-1. DIAGNOSIS.—Transverse, rugose Metriolepis with low lateral plications. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153092e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153092f, h-k; 153093b. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153092a-d, f-h; 153093a, b. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis scrupea is character- NUMBER 24 2727 MEASUREMENTS (in mm). brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 705a 153092a ? 4.5 5.5 7.0? ? 153092b ? 5.6 10.3 9.0 ? 153092c ? 6.0 9.5 15.9 ? 153092d 6.2 ? 8.4 10.4 ? 153092e 6.8 6.7 8.0 12.7 5.9 (holotype) 153092f 6.5 ? 8.9 14.5 ? 153092g 6.8 ? 9.5 16.1 ? 153092h ? 7.5 10.9 16.4 ? USNM 720e 153093a 11.5 ? 14.0 19.0 ? 153093b 12.0? ? 17.7 27.0 ? ized by its transverse outline, rugose surface, broad sulcus and fastigium, and few, low lateral plica- tions. Normally the distal lateral plication is barely discernible. It most nearly resembles M. tegulata, new species, in size and rugosity, but differs in its lower convexity, shallower pedicle valve with low interarea, and especially its broad sulcus and fastig- ium and few lateral plications. It also is similar to M. irenae (Stehli), differing in its weaker lat- eral plications, broader sulcus and fastigium, and rounded rather than slightly flattened crest of the fastigium. It is smaller, more rugose, more trans- verse, shallower, and more weakly plicated than M. pulvinata, new species, and larger, more trans- verse and less convex than M. larina. M. caro- tica, new species, also is weakly plicated, but M. scrupea differs in its larger size, more rugose sur- face, broader sulcus and fastigium, and less ex- tended hinge ends. M. pedicosa, new species, has few lateral plications, but these slightly more prominent than in M. scrupea which also differs in its larger size, more transverse outline, propor- tionately shallower pedicle valve, and broader fastigium and sulcus. Metriolepis tegulata, new species PLATE 711: FIGURES 15-41; PLATE 713: FIGURES 27-51 Average size for genus, biconvex, some speci- mens forming shallow cone; outline transverse, widest at hinge, smallest individuals (up to 2 mm long) with hinge ends slightly extended, juveniles and some adults moderately alate, most adults widest at hinge but not alate; commissure plicated by moderately high fold, relative height increasing with growth, and 2 to 5 lower, simple plications on each side; fastigium narrow, relative height in- creasing rapidly in first 5 mm, then more gradually toward anterior, producing convex profile with maximum convexity in umbonal region, crest nar- rowly rounded; sulcus broad, shallow, median trough flattened or slightly raised. Growth laminae strong, imbricated, spacing regular, gradually widening toward anterior, edges of laminae perfo- rated by puncta; surface pustules low, rare, most abundant near anterior of largest specimens. Pedicle valve moderately deep, moderately con- vex transversely and longitudinally; beak short, bluntly pointed, curved but not hooked; umbonal region not swollen; interarea high, flat, slightly concave only near beak; delthyrium high, wedge- shaped, open except for short brace over median septum in apex; delthyrial plates not observed. Brachial valve somewhat more strongly convex; beak short, barely protruding; interarea low, wide, concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with broad, lamellate cardinal process (narrow and toothlike in juveniles). Pedicle valve interior with knoblike or pointed teeth; dental ridges only slightly convergent toward midline, converging toward apex; dental plates short, continuous with dental ridges, meeting sides of floor of valve; median septum high, thin, ex- tending forward a third to half length of valve, braced at apex by short plate bridging between dental plates. Adductor muscle marks on sides of septum, weakly impressed in successive crescentic lirae; diductor muscle marks on ridge formed by sulcus in narrow bands, beside septum; pallial marks weak, radiating, fading toward margins. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent hinge teeth formed by strong socket ridge; hinge plates broad, extending dorsally from socket plates, joined to base of cardinal process by small acces- sory plates, thus forming shallow cavity; crura slightly bowed anterior to hinge plates, short jugal processes not forming jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally but complete spiralium not ob- served. Muscle area elongate subelliptical, laterally bounded by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by thin low ridge, muscle marks weakly impressed, extending' forward beyond midlength of valve; pallial marks radiating, fading toward margins. 2728 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 702b 153095d 5.4 5.4 6.7 10.9 7.1 153095e 8.2 8.3 9.2 12.8 8.2 USNM 702 153094a 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.9 2.0 153094b 3.5 3.4 4.5 8.0 3.5 153094c 5.0 4.3 5.5 7.7 4.7 153094d 10.5 10.6 12.5 18.8 11.5 153094e 12.6 12.0 16.9 26.6 15.0 153094f 12.9 12.8 15.0 25.5 14.6 (holotype) 153094g 16.0? ? ? 39.0 17.0? USNM 702un 153096 10.5 10.3 14.5 c.22.0 10.7 USNM 703b 153097a 11.2 10.7 12.8 22.0 12.0 153097b 11.2 10.5 14.2 20.8 12.9 153097c 12.5 12.0 15.0 26.0 12.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation; Road Canyon Formation; Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500, 500D, 500F, 500G, 500J, 500L, 500X, 504; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702un, 703a1, 703b, 703bs, 708u, 712o, 721u, 723k, 726u, 726x, 733m, 735b. Road Canyon: AMNH 503; USNM 703, 703a, 703c, 703d, 719x. Bone Spring: AMNH 658. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse, strongly lamellose Metriolepis. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153094f. Figured paratypes: USNM 153094h, i; 153095f; 153096b, c; 154645a, b; 155062a-g; 155063a, b. Measured para- types: USNM 153094a-e, g; 153095d, e; 153096; I53097a-c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153096a. COMPARISON.—Metriolepis tegulata is character- ized by its sharply angular hinge ends that are alate only in half-grown juveniles, its rugose sur- face produced by strongly imbricated growth lami- nae, its relatively high fastigium and numerous lateral plications, long flat interarea, sharp and rather straight pedicle beak, flattened or only slightly raised trough of the sulcus, and relatively flat intervals between growth laminae. Its size is similar to that of M. pulvinata, new species, from the Word Formation, but it differs in its more transverse outline, more numerous lateral plica- tions, flat areas between laminae, less raised trough of sulcus, and more alate juveniles. It is larger and more transverse than M. larina, new species, and has a flatter interarea, more lateral plications, and more widely spaced and stronger growth laminae. Juveniles are similar to adults of M. carotica, new species, also from the Cathedral Mountain Forma- tion, but differ in their somewhat narrower and less alate outline, stronger, sharper and more nu- merous lateral plications, and less swollen pedicle umbonal region. It differs from M. scrupea, new species, which is only slightly smaller, by its more and sharper lateral plications, narrower sulcus and fastigium, and less ragged edges of the growth laminae. It differs from M. pedicosa, new species, in its larger size, wider outline at all stages of growth, and more numerous and stronger lateral plications. It is larger than M. irenae (Stehli), more strongly plicated, and its fastigium and sulcus are less flattened in cross section. Metriolepis ziczac, new species PLATE 715: FIGURES 1-28 Large for genus, wider than long, maximum width along hinge; sides sloping strongly medially; cardinal extremities acutely angular; anterior mar- gin truncated. Interarea long, strongly apsacline to procline, slightly curved near beak. Surface marked by two plications on each side of fold and sulcus, outside ones poorly developed to indistinct, but some specimens with third distal indistinct plication. Laminae strong, fairly widely spaced, about 5 in 5 mm at front. Pedicle valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral profile, anterior profile arch somewhat nar- rowly rounded in middle. Sulcus bounded by strong plications elevated well above flanks, nar- rowly rounded and moderately deep. Flanks flat- tened and gently sloping. Brachial valve evenly and strongly convex, maxi- mum convexity near midvalve; anterior profile gently convex arch. Fold strongly elevated, nar- rowly rounded to subangular, widening slightly anteriorly. Flanks flattened and with gentle slopes. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth; dental ridges moderately developed; dental plates reced- ing and flaring slightly before meeting valve floor. Median septum not strongly elevated, reaching about to midvalve. NUMBER 24 2729 Brachial valve interior with strong socket ridges somewhat bulbous distally; sockets partially covered by roofing plates. Hinge plates thick and concave, partly supported by callus medially. Car- dinal process short, wide, and stout with broad, striated myophore. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 707e 153098a 14.0 12.8 18.0 23.8 12.9 153098b 11.4 11.0 15.5 24.5 11.7 (holotype) USNM 721j 153099a 8.7 8.2 11.6 15.5 8.4 USNM 721z 153100a 10.6 9.6 11.4 16.1 8.7 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, San Andres Formation. LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: AMNH 509; USNM 707e, 706f, 716x, 720d, 721j, 721y, 721z, 722e, 722f, 723x, 724b, 724c, 726d, 732i, 732j. San Andres: AMNH B188-8? DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse Metriolepis with two distinct plications on each side of the narrow fold. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153098b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153098a, 153099a-c, 153100a. COMPARISON.—This species may be compared to the two largest species of Metriolepis. It is a shorter, wider form than M. pulvinata, new species, has a much narrower fold, and a more strongly apsacline, less curved beak than the Word species. Metriolepis tegulata, new species, is similarly shaped but has a shorter, more curved interarea, one or two more distinct plications on each side of the fold, and a less rounded profile to the brachial valve, that of the Cathedral Mountain species being nearly flat near midvalve but strongly curved in the umbonal region. PARASPIRIFERINIDAE, new family Compact, narrow-hinged Spiriferinacea having fine lamellose surface with lamellae bearing fine hair-like spines. Genera in West Texas: Paraspiriferina Reed, 1944; Callispirina Cooper and Muir-Wood, 1951. Genus Paraspiriferina Reed, 1944 Spiriferina (Paraspiriferina) Reed, 1944:252. Normally small for spiriferinacean, some species about average size, strongly biconvex, finely en- dopunctate, with rows of punctae fanning out from troughs between plications, penetrating sur- face of shell obliquely; thin, hairlike, short hollow spines abundant on surfaces of growth laminae, growing anteriorly, abundance increasing anteri- orly; outline transverse to elongate subelliptical. Commissure uniplicate at midline, with broad, low, rounded simple fold, laterally scalloped by numerous, relatively narrow, low, rounded plica- tions; fastigium beginning at beak, widening ante- riorly, rounded without median crest; sulcus broad, moderately deep but with narrow median trough in some species. Growth laminae rather strong, closely and regularly spaced; fine radial ornament absent. Pedicle valve strongly convex longitudinally and transversely; beak prominent, curved, bluntly pointed, without distinct beak ridges; interarea rather narrow, triangular, nearly equilateral, con- cave, with concavity increasing toward beak; del- thyrium high, narrow, wedge-shaped; delthyrial plates widely disjunct, made of several separate imbricating platelets on each side of delthyrium, normally not preserved. Brachial valve not as deep, moderately convex transversely and longitudinally; crest of fastigium with moderately curved profile; interarea low, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with small, flat cardi- nal callosity finely lamellate for diductor attach- ment; beak short, blunt, not protruding. Pedicle valve interior with slender, knoblike hinge teeth; traces of growth forming edges of delthyrium; dental ridges deep, thin, narrowly convergent ventrally; dental plates slightly diver- gent, meeting floor of valve at sides of muscle area, normally rather short, extending only a short dis- tance along floor beside muscle area, upper parts continuous with apical parts of dental ridges; me- dian septum high, long (occupying up to half valve length), thin, bladelike, height increasing anteriorly, then abruptly descending, apical end braced by small apical callosity or plate, in many specimens forming bridge between dental plates. Muscle area narrow, on sides of median septum 2730 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY and on floor of valve immediately adjacent to sep- tum; adductor marks on septum, diductor marks on floor. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets, apical part bridged by small plate in some speci- mens; hinge plates strong, terminating anteriorly as high blade or thin knobs; crural bases extending from socket ridges, broad and thin, remaining nearly in plane of socket ridges, outlining large, open chamber in posterior of valve; crura leading off from anterior dorsal edge of bladelike crural plates, slightly bowed laterally, extending forward to near midlength of valve where spiralia attach; spiralia coiled in small loops, decreasing in size posterolaterally, with rather long, ventrally point- ing jugal processes converging toward one another near junction of spiralia with crura, forming ju- gum in some specimens of certain species. Muscle area narrow, elongate, bisected by low thin me- dian ridge, bounded laterally by thin plates, rather high in some species, connected to large crural plates, arrangement analogous to dental plates and ridges of pedicle valve; pattern of individual adductor muscle marks not observed. TYPE-SPECIES.—Spiriferina (Paraspiriferina) ghun- diensis Reed (1944:252, pl. 33: figs. 1-lb, 2-2c). DIAGNOSIS.—-Shell rotund, plications rounded, growth laminae distinct, regularly spaced, with tiny hairlike spines, punctae small and closely spaced. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina is characterized by its rotund shape, broad fold and sulcus and smaller lateral plications, all gently rounded or bluntly angular, narrow triangular interarea without dis- tinct beak ridges, small punctae, regular and rather strong growth laminae closely spaced with small, anteriorly pointing, hollow, hairlike spines growing in bands on each lamina, its large, flat crural bases that unite with the bordering plates of the brachial muscle area, and its proportionately long crura and small-looped spiralia. The pattern of plications, with the rather large fastigium and numerous smaller lateral plications, is similar to that on Punctospirifer North. Paraspiriferina dif- fers in its normally somewhat smaller size, greater convexity, rounded hinge ends and resultant small triangular interarea, more regular growth lami- nae, finer punctae, and numerous small spines. Another genus with regular growth laminae and small spines is Metriolepis, new genus. Paraspiri- ferina differs in its rotund outline with maximum width anterior to the hinge, finer and more numer- ous spines, stronger growth laminae and plications, proportionately broader and lower, more gently rounded fastigium, and more nearly vertical plates joining the bounding plates of the muscle area rather than converging to form a little cardinal platform. A genus with similarly rounded outline is Spiriferellina Fredericks, but Paraspiriferina differs in its normally more numerous and less angular lateral costae, broader, more rounded and less prominent fastigium, sulcus without flattened floor, narrower hinge, higher ventral median sep- tum, longer dental plates, more vertical dorsal soc- ket ridges, and especially in its regularly spaced growth laminae, and numerous, small spines ar- ranged in bands along the surfaces of the laminae. Paraspiriferina is distinguished from Crenispiri- fer Stehli by its normally smaller size, lower, more numerous and less angular plications, regularly spaced growth laminae with hairlike spines, finer punctae, and lack of closely spaced pustules over the entire surface. The other Permian punctate spiriferinas, Altiplecus Stehli and Reticulariina Fredericks, are larger, have wide hinges, large, long hollow spines, and greatly different plications. Evolution in West Texas species of Paraspiri- ferina produced an increase in size, with tiny P. amoena, new species, in the Neal Ranch Forma- tion and many larger species in the Word and Capitan equivalents. Species from the Guadalupe Mountain region show a trend toward increase in height and angularity of the fastigium, with corre- sponding angularity and depth of the sulcus, and increase in sharpness of the median trough of the sulcus. Other features such as proportional length or width, number or strength of costae, and strength of growth laminae and surface pustules vary among species but show no systematic trends. Paraspiriferina amoena, new species PLATE 720: FIGURES 1-35 Small, moderately strongly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical; hinge of juveniles nar- row, ends rounded, becoming wider and sharper in adults; commissure plicated by low rounded fold, 3 or 4 low, rather broadly rounded plications on each side; fastigium low, rounded, rather widely NUMBER 24 2731 expanding, becoming flattened about 3 mm from beak, slightly indented about 4 mm from beak. Sul- cus shallow, with flattened or slightly swollen trough in largest adults. Surface with short, hair- like spines arranged in rows along growth laminae, those near beaks normally broken, very short, those near margins somewhat longer, all pointing anteriorly; growth laminae weak, not distinct un- less outlined by spines, normally regularly and closely spaced. Pedicle valve strongly convex, umbonal region swollen, beak strongly curved, with sharp but stubby point; beak ridges well defined; interarea small, nearly equilaterally triangular, only slightly concave; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, del- tidial plates not observed. Brachial valve flatly con- vex; beak short, abruptly pointed; interarea low, nearly flat; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with small, toothlike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short hinge teeth; dental ridges shallow, rounded; dental plates short, in apex, fused to sides of valve in most specimens; median septum high, thin, abruptly downsloping at anterior, extending about a third length of valve from apex; muscle marks on sides of septum, pre- sumably also on floor adjacent to septum as in other species of Paraspiriferina. Brachial valve interior with proportionately normal size sockets, bounded by socket ridges with low knobs on anterior dorsal edge; hinge plates flat, originating from anterodorsal part of socket walls, outlining broad, shallow cavity in apex of valve; crura remaining flat, proportionately wide, bowed outwardly, only slightly above valve floor; spiralia coiling dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size; complete spiralium not observed, slender jugal processes at junction of spiralium with crura, converging but not meeting. Muscle area bounded by low adminicula, bisected by low median ridge, extending forward about a third length of valve; individual muscle marks not ob- served. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation (beds 2-14). LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701a3, 701b, 701k. DIAGNOSIS.—Very small Paraspiriferina with low, rounded fastigium and shallow sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153102b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153102g-j; 153103e-l. Measured MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- USNM 701k length length width width ness 153101 2.0 2.0 2.6 1.3 1.8 USNM 701 153102a 2.2 2.2 2.9 1.8 1.9 153102b 2.7 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.4 (holotype) 153102c 3.1 2.9 3.9 2.6 2.7 153102d 3.5 3.4 4.0 3.0 3.0 153102e 3.7 3.5 4.6 3.6 3.3 153102f 4.1 3.7 4.8 3.5 3.4 USNM 701 aa 153103a 4.7 3.8 4.7 3.9 4.0 153103b 4.4 3.8 4.0 3.1 3.7 153103c 4.0 3.3 4.3 3.7 3.5 153103d 3.9 3.2 3.7 2.9 3.3 paratypes: USNM 153101; 153102a, c-f; 153103a-d. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina amoena is charac- terized by its small size, pedicle valve more strongly convex than the brachial, short, somewhat swollen pedicle umbonal region, few and low lateral plica- tions, its low, rounded fastigium and shallow sul- cus, its weak but regularly spaced growth laminae, and especially by its slight dental ridges and re^ duced dental plates that normally are so small as to appear to be missing. It is the smallest known species of Paraspiriferina, and its size, few and low plications, flattened trough of the sulcus, weak growth laminae but numerous and relatively long surface spines, and its reduced dental plates distin- guish it from all other species of the genus. The low plications, regularly spaced growth lines, rounded fastigium, and small triangular interarea distinguish it from small species of Spiriferellina that are similar in outline and in the flattened trough of the sulcus. The tendency for the crest of the fold to be indented in adults is similar to that in Spiriferina elegantissima and S. toulai of Gem- mellaro (1899). Paraspiriferina amoena is smaller, narrower, and has fewer and more rounded lateral plications than either of the Sosio species. Paraspiriferina billingsi (Shumard) PLATE 711: FIGURES 42-47; PLATE 717: FIGURES 18-22; PLATE 719: FIGURES 64-67; PLATE 721: FIGURES 1-17 Spiriferina billingsii Shumard, 1859:294; 1860:391; Girty, 1909:374, pl. 13: figs. 16-19d, 21-21b, 24-24c, pl. 14: figs. 15-16. 2732 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Not Punctospirifer billingsii R. E. King [not Shumard], 1931: 124, pl. 24: figs. 15a-c, 17 a, b [= Paraspiriferina setulosa, new species]; or fig. 16 [= Metriolepis species undeter- mined]; or figs. 18a-c [= Paraspiriferina laqueata, new species]. Fairly large for genus, strongly biconvex; out- line elongate subovate to transversely subelliptical; hinge ends rounded; commissure plicated by high angular fold, 5 to 9 plications on each side, lower than fold, normally sharply angular; fastig- ium sharply angular to broad, but normally with sharp crest; sulcus deep to shallow, with sharp me- dian trough. Surface with short hairlike spines or low pustules where spines are broken; growth lami- nae distinct, regularly spaced, somewhat more crowded near margins. Pedicle valve deep, strongly convex; beak rela- tively short, only gently curved, bluntly pointed; interarea nearly equilaterally triangular, flatly con- cave near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, deltidial plates not observed. Brachial valve slightly less convex, umbonal region somewhat swollen; beak promi- nent, bluntly pointed, slightly curved; interarea low, broad, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, with small, flat, lamellate cardinal callosity in apex. Pedicle valve interior with short teeth; dental ridges deep, tapering anteriorly, convergent api- cally and toward midline, continuous with rela- tively long dental plates, median septum high, thin, long, abruptly sloping at anterior, braced at posterior by short bridge between dental plates, extending forward somewhat more or less than half length of valve. Adductor muscle marks on sides of septum; diductor marks on floor of valve beside septum. Brachial valve interior with large sockets formed by rather high socket ridges, each with knob at anterior; hinge plates large, anteriorly widening, nearly vertical, continuous near apex with bound- ing ridges of muscle area, slightly bowed to form notothyrial cavity; crura extending forward from anterior dorsal edges of crural plates, jugal proc- esses at ends of crura; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size; complete spi- ralium not observed. Muscle area narrow, elongate, between relatively high, thin lateral ridges, bi- sected by low thin ridge, extending anteriorly about half length of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- USGS 2926 length length width width ness 118599a 7.3 7.3 9.0? 6.6 6.0 118599b 9.7 9.2 12.1 7.5? 9.8 118599c 12.0? 11.0 14.8 11.7 12.5 118599d 14.0? 12.6 18.6 12.0? 13.5? USNM 740 153104a 9.0? 8.3 11.3 8.8 9.0 153104b 12.5? 12.0 16.7 8.0? 13.8 153104c 12.5? 10.0 14.4 9.0? 13.0 AMNH 410 153105a 5.5 5.5 8.6 7.0 5.6 153105b 15.0? 12.4 18.6 11.0? 13.0 USNM 739 153106 10.2 8.6 11.5 6.8 8.2 AMNH 847 153107 14.5 12.2 17.0? 10.0? 13.0 USNM 737a 153108 16.0 13.5 20.4 14.0 15.1 USNM 725k 154669a 10.2 7.8 10.9 7.5 8.1 (neotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers), Capitan Formation. LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: USNM 725h. Rader: AMNH 403, 410; USNM 725g, 740a, 740i, 740j. Lamar: AMNH 25, 37, 38, 39, 347, 430, 528; USNM 728i, 728p, 728q, 738, 738b. Capitan: AMNH 804, 830, 847; USGS 2926; USNM 725i, 725k, 725-1, 725p, 732q, 737a, 739, 740, 740k, 740-1, 740n, 750a, 750b, 750f. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Paraspiriferina with a high angular fastigium and numerous lateral plications. TYPES.—Holotype lost. Neotype (here desig- nated): USNM 154669a. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153105b-e, 154671a-c, 155064a-c, 155065 a-b. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina billingsi is char- acterized by its large adult size, normally high, sharp-crested fastigium, deep sulcus with narrow median trough, rather short pedicle beak without strong curvature, and its short dental plates which are, however, rather long for a species of Paraspiri- ferina. The lateral plications are rather numerous, but variable in height and angularity. It is larger than typical for P. laqueata or P. setulosa, new species, and its fastigium and sulcus are sharper. It most nearly resembles P. cellulana, new species, from the Word Formation, and P. paginata, new NUMBER 24 2733 species, from the Getaway Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation, differing primarily in its nor- mally higher and sharper fastigium, more pro- nounced median trough in the sulcus, more nu- merous lateral plications, and proportionately shorter median septum. Paraspiriferina billingsi occurs with P. evax (Girty) but differs in having a narrower outline and especially in having stronger and more numer- ous lateral plications and stronger concentric lamellae. Its rather high and sharp fastigium is similar to that of Spiriferina margaritae Gemmel- laro (1899), but the Texas species has a narrower fastigium, more numerous lateral plications, stronger and more regularly spaced growth lami- nae, more bulbous outline, and nonprotruding hinge ends. Gemmellaro's species appears to be more nearly related to Spiriferellina cristata (Schlotheim) in its lack of regularly spaced growth laminae, lack of surface spines, and in the tendency for the crest of its fastigium to be flattened. DISCUSSION.—Shumard's types of P. billingsi are lost, but the species concept has been based on usage by Girty since publication of his Guadalu- pian paper in 1909. Girty's illustrated specimens are in the National Museum of Natural History collection, and constitute the basis for identifica- tion of this species in faunas of the Guadalupian. We have no reason to question his interpretation of this species of Shumard, as we have had with that of some of the others. This species has proved to be variable, and the collection is not large enough or the material well enough preserved to establish the trends of varia- tion satisfactorily. Possibly P. evax (Girty) and P billingsi retusa (Girty), both of which come from the same locality, are not valid species or subspecies of P. billingsi. We have only a few specimens that have the characters of P evax and none were taken that compare with P. b. retusa. Larger collec- tions, especially from the Capitan, will be needed to resolve this question. Paraspiriferina billingsi retusa (Girty) Spiriferina billingsi var. retusa Girty, 1909:376, pl. 13: figs. 20-20d. A single specimen representing this aberration, from USGS 2926 in the Capitan Limestone, is characterized by a procline interarea and small incurved beak (the tip of which is missing). Ac- cording to Girty the costae are not so strongly ex- pressed as in characteristic forms. Inasmuch as this is the only specimen with this peculiar form in an otherwise variable species, it is probably a sport with no taxonomic value. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118600. Paraspiriferina cellulana, new species PLATE 720: FIGURES 49-59 Average size for genus, strongly biconvex; out- line transversely subelliptical, greatest width ante- rior to hinge, near midlength; hinge wide, ends rounded; commissure plicated by moderately high, angular fold, and 4 to 6 (normally 5) moderately sharp, lower plications on each side; fastigium with bluntly angular crest, rather convex profile, not standing high above flanks; sulcus moderately deep, trough bluntly angular. Growth laminae strong, rather regularly spaced, somewhat more crowded near margins; surface with fine pustules between punctae. Pedicle valve moderately deep, beak prominent but not attenuate, apex bluntly pointed, rather strongly curved; interarea broadly triangular, concavity increasing toward beak; delthyrium nar- rowly wedge-shaped, open except for short deep-set bridge bracing median septum in apex, no speci- men with deltidial plates preserved. Brachial valve slightly less convex; beak bluntly pointed; inter- area low, wide, slightly concave, bisected by broadly wedge-shaped notothyrium with small, toothlike, lamellate cardinal process in apex. Pedicle valve interior with short slender teeth; dental ridges deep, thin, anteriorly tapered, slightly convergent toward midline of valve, meeting at apex; dental plates short, but rather long for genus, continuous with dental ridges, divergent, meeting floor of valve, and extending slightly for- ward along floor in some specimens; median sep- tum thin, high, steeply sloping at anterior, extend- ing forward about half length of valve; adductor muscle marks on sides of septum; diductor marks in narrow bands along base of septum, on ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with widely divergent 2734 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY sockets, bounded mesially by high socket ridges, each with knob at anterior end; hinge plates wide, gently concave, meeting at apex, forming broad, poorly defined notothyrial cavity; crura extending forward from anterodorsal corners of crural plates, full length not observed; spiralia not observed. Muscle area bounded laterally by rather high, thin, outwardly bowed adminicula, fused at posterior ends with apical portion of dorsal edge of hinge plates; median ridge low, thin; muscle marks weakly impressed between and on proximal sides of adminicula, extending forward a third to nearly half length of valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness 4.0 8.0 13.0 21.5 USNM 707e 3.0 6.0 9.7 14.7 3.0 6.0 9.6 12.2 2.5 5.5 8.2 11.8 2.5 4.5? 7.5? 15.5 153109a 153109b 153109c 153109c! (holotype) USNM 706f 153110 12.4 12.6 11.8 12.2 17.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Cibolo Formation. LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 706f, 707e, 720d, 722e, 724c, 724j, 726d, 731e. Cibolo: USNM 738g, 738-1. DIAGNOSIS.-—Paraspiriferina with low rounded fastigium, usually 5 lateral plications and strong laminae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153109d. Figured paratypes: USNM 153109e, f; 153110b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153109a-c, 153110. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina cellulana is char- acterized by its blunt-crested but relatively low fastigium with convex profile, coarse growth lami- nae, and normally 5 rather sharp lateral plications on each side. It most nearly resembles Paraspirifer- ina convexa (Cooper, 1953), but is much smaller, more transverse, and has sharper plications. It dif- fers from P. laqueata, new species, in its more transverse outline, broader and fewer lateral plica- tions, more distinct growth laminae, and sharper fastigium and sulcus. It differs from P. evax (Girty) in its lower and blunter fastigium, shallower pedi- cle valve with shorter and more strongly curved beak, and fewer lateral plications. Paraspiriferina evax (Girty) PLATE 720: FIGURES 36-48 Spiriferina evax Girty, 1909:376, pl. 13: figs. 22-22d. Spiriferina sulcata Girty, 1909:377, pl. 13: figs. 23-23b. This species has been fairly well characterized by Girty. It is distinguished from the general run of P. billingsi by a somewhat more rounded form and much subdued plication on the flanks. Actu- ally typical specimens of P. billingsi of similar size have essentially the same proportions as Girty's type specimen. Furthermore the type is consider- ably worn, which may account in part for the sub- dued ornament. A few silicified specimens, how- ever, have the same subdued ornament. These might have been worn before silicification but the point cannot be established definitely. Conse- quently, we are recording Girty's species but share with him the feeling that it may be only an aber- ration of P. billingsi. A good silicified specimen from USNM 738b pre- serves the jugum in place, although the remainder of the spire has collapsed. This suggests that a jugum was probably present in P. billingsi. We interpret Spiriferina sulcata Girty to be a young specimen of S. evax, and therefore place it in the synonymy of that species. The specimen is nearly completely devoid of shell material, which tends to emphasize its smoothness, but so is the type specimen of S. evax. We are thus comparing like with like; S. evax has very subdued ornament and the same is true of S. sulcata. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USGS 2926 (green) 118601 15.5 14.0 17.6 9.5 12.8 (holotype; beak slightly damaged) USNM 738b 153111a 9.4 8.0 10.7 7.0 7.6 USNM 740 153112 9.5 8.5 10.0? 6.4 6.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Lamar Member), Capitan Formation. LOCALITIES.—Lamar: USNM 738b. Capitan: USGS 2926 (green); USNM 728r, 738a, 739, 740. DIAGNOSIS.—Subcircular Paraspiriferina with weak costae on the flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118601. Figured NUMBER 24 2735 hypotypes: USNM 153111a, b; 154680a. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153111a, 153112. Holotype of Spiriferina sulcata Girty: USNM 118602. Paraspiriferina formulosa, new species PLATE 721: FIGURES 18-40 Average size for genus, somewhat quadrate in outline, width slightly greater than length; sides gently rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded; valves of unequal depth, pedicle valve deeper. Interarea moderately long, moderately curved, apsacline. Beak incurved. Flanks marked by 5 or 6 narrowly rounded plications separated by troughs narrower than plications. Laminae variable. Sur- face marked by hairlike spines oblique to surface and extending anteriorly. Pedicle valve unevenly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity in posterior third and umbo- nal region. Anterior profile forming broad, gentle dome with moderately steep sides. Sulcus moder- ately wide with bounding plication only slightly larger and more elevated than adjacent ones. Sul- cus floor flattened, forming broad U. Tongue short, narrowly rounded. Flanks slightly inflated but with steep posterolateral slopes. Brachial valve gently and evenly convex in lat- eral view, greatest convexity near midvalve. Ante- rior profile broadly and moderately convex with moderately sloping sides. Fold moderately wide at anterior, only moderately elevated above flanks and separated from them by narrow grooves. Flanks moderately swollen. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth buttressed by strong dental ridges joining long dental plates, these extending for about a third valve length from apex; apical plate short. Median septum long, extending to midvalve, with anterior point and deeply reentrant anterior slope. Brachial valve interior with thick socket ridges bounding long narrow sockets; hinge plates steep, narrow, buttressed anteromedially to short-shafted cardinal process, but not united with low, thick adminicula extending anterior to midvalve. Me- dian ridge threadlike but long. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Park City Forma- tion (Franson Member). LOCALITIES.—USNM 760, 762. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized, transverse Paraspiri- MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 760 153113a ? 4.7 7.5 7.0 ? 153113b ? 6.1 9.4 8.2 ? 153113c ? 6.4 8.1 7.6 2.8 153113d 6.4 ? 6.8 6.0 ? 153113e 6.9 ? 8.1 6.6 3.4 153113f 8.5 ? 9.4 7.5 4.0 153113g 9.0 ? 11.0 9.4 4.6 153113h 10.5 ? 12.1 10.9 5.5 153113i 8.5 6.7 9.9 8.6 5.9 (holotype) 153113J 7.5 6.2 9.1 7.7 5.0 ferina with numerous crowded costae on the flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 1531131. Figured paratypes: USNM 153113g, h, j; 154672a-d. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153113a-h, j. COMPARISON.—The crowded costae and presence of hairlike spines make this species unique. It is similar to P. rotundata, P. laqueata, and P. setu- losa, all new, in its general size and proportions, but it has more costae than the first, and the costae are less strong than in the last two. Paraspiriferina laqueata, new species PLATE 721: FIGURES 41-67 Punctospirifer billingsii R. E. King [part, not Shumard], 1931:124, pl. 42: figs. 18a-c. Average size for genus, strongly biconvex; out- line elongate subovate to transversely subelliptical; hinge ends rounded; commissure plicated by broad, low, rounded fold and 5 to 10 (average 7) lower rounded lateral plications and narrow troughs on each side; fastigium beginning at beak, low to mod- erately high-arched, profile of crest gently convex; sulcus rather deep, width about equal to that of fastigium. Surface with short spines or low pus- tules, mostly along growth laminae; growth lami- nae distinct, regularly spaced, somewhat more crowded near margins. Pedicle valve strongly convex; beak prominent, bluntly pointed, strongly hooked; interarea tri- angular, nearly equilateral, flatly concave near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyr- ium high, wedge-shaped, open except for brace across median septum in apical half, vertical del- 2736 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tidial plates on each side, widely gaping, each com- posed of 3 small imbricating platelets. Brachial valve somewhat less convex; beak prominent, bluntly pointed, slightly curved; interarea low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, with flattened cardinal callosity, lamellate for di- ductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with short blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges thin, moderately deep, nearly vertical; dental plates short, but relatively long for genus, continuous with dental ridges, slightly convergent, then divergent toward floor of valve; median septum high, thin, steeply sloping at ante- rior, extending forward between a third and half valve length. Adductor muscle marks on sides of septum, forming low troughs and ridges roughly parallel to anterior edge; diductor muscle marks on floor of valve beside septum, in narrow elongate area on slopes of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with two large sockets bounded mesially by high socket ridges terminat- ing anteriorly in low knobs; hinge plates large, slightly bowed, forming large notothyrial cavity in apex of valve, apical parts continuous with adminicula, somewhat analogous to dental plates in pedicle valve; crura extending forward from dorsal edge of hinge plates, bowed outwardly; jugal processes convergent, meeting in some speci- mens to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing size. Muscle area bounded laterally by rather high, thin adminicula, continuous at posterior with broad crural plates, height decreasing anteriorly, bisected by low, thin ridge extending forward about half length of valve; muscle marks weakly impressed, undifferentiated. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members and lens between Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—Word: USNM 73lu, 732s. China Tank: USNM 706c, 706z, 713, 726r, 733q. Willis Ranch: AMNH 506; USNM 706, 706e, 723t. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Paraspiriferina with numerous lat- eral plications and long dental plates. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153114h. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153114g, i, j; 153115a-d; 154673a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153114a-f; 153115a-m. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina laqueata is char- acterized by its numerous lateral plications, surface spines that are short and rarely preserved, normally MEASUREMENTS (in mm).-— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 706c 153114a 10.4 8.8 13.0 10.7 9.4 153114b 10.8 9.2 11.6 8.8 10.3 153114c 11.2 8.6 11.8 10.0? 8.6 153114d 11.6 9.7 14.4 10.7 9.4 153114e 14.4 ? 13.4 11.4 ? 153114f ? 11.0 14.3 9.5 5.5 153114h 11.0 8.6 13.1 11.5 9.4 (holotype) USNM 706 153115a 5.8 5.5 7.9 5.9 5.3 153115b 8.0 7.0 9.6 6.5 6.6 153115c 9.1 7.7 11.0 8.5 8.2 153115d 11.3 ? 12.2 10.0 ? 153115e 12.0 ? 15.0 10.9 ? 1531151 12.8 ? 14.2 12.2 ? 153115g 14.4 ? 16.4 12.8 ? 153115h ? 8.1 10.7 8.4 ? 153115i ? 9.6 13.5 12.0 ? 153115J ? 11.0 15.5 11.0 ? 153115k ? 12.3 17.3 ? ? 153115-1 14.0? ? 19.6 15.0 ? 153115m ? 13.9 19.4 14.4 ? present only as surface pustules, and compara- tively long dental plates. It most nearly resembles P. setulosa, new species, differing in its larger aver- age size, more numerous lateral plications, pustules instead of spines, and longer dental plates. It is smaller than Paraspiriferina convexa (Cooper, 1953), its growth laminae are less distinct, and its fastigium proportionately lower. It is about the same average size as P. evax (Girty), but differs in its lower and more round-crested fastigium, shal- lower and more rounded sulcus. Its dental plates are proportionately similar to those of P. cellu- lana, new species, but it differs in its smaller and more numerous lateral plications, lower and rounder fastigium, shallower and more rounded trough of the sulcus, and its less transverse outline. DISCUSSION.—A specimen of Paraspiriferina la- queata is the only one in the National Museum of Natural History collection of this genus to have the deltidial plates preserved. They are rather thick, erect, line the entire length of each side of the delthyrium, and are composed of several small imbricating platelets: three on each side in the observed specimen. The plates are wide open, more or less continuing the outward flare of the NUMBER 24 2737 dental plates. It does not seem, however, that this is necessarily their permanent postition; they may have been mobile, able to open and close the del- thyrium. The imbricated platelets may have been connected to one another by ligament rather than firmly cemented as they now are in this single silici- fied specimen. The rarity of preserved plates in- dicates that perhaps they also were attached to the shell by organic rather than shelly matter in order to allow them to move. The position of the pedicle in the delthyrium is not known. To judge from the slight bowing of the deltidial plates in this one specimen, however, it seems to have protruded obliquely between the beaks of the two valves. Perhaps the pedicle was extensible, with the plates accomodating the resultant thickening and thin- ning that would accompany shortening and lengthening. Paraspiriferina paginata, new species PLATE 722: FIGURES 44-64 Large for genus, strongly biconvex; outline rarely elongate subelliptical, normally transversely subelliptical; hinge ends rounded, greatest width near midlength; commissure plicated by moder- ately high to high median fold, low, undulating lateral plications; fastigium rather prominent above flanks, crest sharply rounded, profile moder- ately convex; sulcus broad, rather shallow, median trough bluntly V-shaped, normally barely percepti- ble; lateral costae low, rounded, separated by similarly shaped troughs, numbering 5 to 8, nor- mally 6 on each side. Growth laminae rather strong, closely and regularly spaced, but somewhat more crowded near margins; each lamina covered by numerous fine spine bases producing pustulose surface to shell. Pedicle valve deep, strongly convex; beak promi- nent, blunt, gently curved to rather strongly hooked; interarea triangular, nearly equilateral to transverse, flat near hinge, rather strongly concave toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, no delthyrial covering observed. Brachial valve slightly less strongly convex, umbonal region slightly swollen; beak short, gently rounded to rather sharply pointed; interarea low, wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with small, toothlike, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short, thin hinge teeth; dental ridges convergent toward midline of valve, moderately deep, deepening toward poste- rior, continuous with dental plates; dental plates only slightly divergent, rather short, meeting floor in umbonal region, not extending forward along floor; median septum high, thin, anterior edge nearly perpendicular to floor, normally concave forward. Muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum, not visible on floor of valve, but prob- ably muscles attached there. Brachial valve interior with elongate wedge- shaped sockets formed by strong socket ridges, each with low knob at anterior; hinge plates extending dorsally from socket ridges, broad, slightly concave, forming deeply divided notothyrial recess; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slender, outwardly bowed, each with short jugal process at anterior edge: spiralia not ob- served. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by rather high thin ridges, height increasing posteriorly to form slight admini- cula to hinge plates at extreme posterior; area bi- sected by low, thin, relatively short ridge; area extending about half length of valve; muscle marks weak, undifferentiated. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 728 153116a 153116b 153116c 153116d 153116e 153116f 153116g 153116h (holotype) 153116i 153116j 153116k 4.4 ? 5.5 4.3 ? ? 5.0 7.0 4.9 ? ? 6.7 9.2 7.0 ? ? 7.2 9.7 6.4 ? 8.0 6.0 7.8 6.6 6.3 8.2 6.9 9.6 7.8? 7.6 8.8 8.0? 10.5 6.9 7.9 9.6 7.8 10.0 7.3 8.6 ? 12.0 17.4 11.6 ? ? 13.0 20.0 15.9 ? 15.0 ? 21.8 18.5 ? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon For- mation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 496, 512, 519, 585, 600; Moore 31; USNM 728, 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Paraspiriferina with transverse adult outline and shallow sulcus. 2738 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153116h. Figured paratypes: USNM 153116i, j; 154681a, b; 154682a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153116a-g, i-k. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina paginata is char- acterized by its relatively large maximum size, transverse outline of adults (transverse or elongate outline of juveniles), strong growth laminae that are spaced closely and rather regularly, numerous fine spine bases and pustules on each lamina, rather high but blunt fastigium, and its sulcus with only a shallow median trough. It most nearly resembles P. laqueata, new species, from the Glass Mountains, differing in its somewhat more sharp- crested fastigium, broader sulcus with shallow me- dian trough (rather than no median trough), and its slightly fewer lateral costae that are separated by troughs of nearly the same width rather than by narrow grooves. It differs from P. evax (Girty) in its lower, blunter fastigium and much weaker median trough in the sulcus, as well as by its higher, shorter median septum and more widely separated lateral costae. It differs from P. cellulana, new species, from the Word Formation in its more numerous and weaker lateral costae, normally somewhat broader outline, lower blunter fastigium, and sulcus without sharp median trough. It is larger and has more lateral costae and weaker sur- face spines than P. setulosa, new species, from the Word Formation. Paraspiriferina pulchra, new species PLATE 719: FICURES 48-63; PLATE 722: FICURES 1-7 Median size for genus, length and width nearly equal, or slightly wider than long; hinge narrow, sides rounded; maximum width near midvalve; anterior margin rounded. Interarea long, strongly curved, strongly apsacline; beak narrow and long; surface marked by closely spaced narrowly rounded plications, 6 or 7 on flanks. Imbrications strong and closely spaced; pustules coarse, indistinct. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, major convexity in posterior third, anterior somewhat flattened. Anterior profile moderately domed, center of dome deeply indented by sulcus, flanks flattened, steep. Sulcus narrow but deep, bordering plications narrowly rounded and mod- erately elevated. Tongue moderately long, narrowly rounded. Brachial valve shallower than pedicle valve, rounded posteriorly in lateral profile but median part flattened. Anterior profile fairly strongly domed with slightly inflated, steep flanks. Fold originating at beak, narrowly rounded, widening slightly anteriorly and becoming fairly strongly elevated anteriorly. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and slen- der median septum reaching to midvalve. Dental plates short; septum braced by short apical plate. Brachial valve interior with deep, long sockets bounded by distally thickening socket ridge. Hinge plates nearly vertical, separated by apical callosity. Adminicula small and low. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 724a, specimen 153117a (holotype): length 13.6, brachial valve length 10.8, midwidth 13.7, hinge width 8.7, thickness 11.0. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 716x, 720d, 721j, 721z, 724a, 726e, 732i, 732j, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Rotund Paraspiriferina with length and width nearly equal and with high fold and deep sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153117a. Figured paratypes: USNM 154683a; 155066a, b. COMPARISON.—This species has the form and outline of P. laqueata and P. rotundata, new species. It differs from the former in its generally rounded outline, higher fold, and narrower deeper sulcus. It differs from P. rotundata in its generally larger size, rounder outline, stronger plications and much higher narrower fold. Paraspiriferina setulosa, new species, has the general form of P. pulchra, but, besides the fine pustules, it has a lower fold, broader and stronger plications on the flanks, and a less elevated fold. Paraspiriferina rotundata, new species PLATE 722: FIGURES 8-43 Small, usually rounded in outline but width usually slightly greater than length; cardinal ex- tremities rounded; sides convex, slightly oblique; anterior margin broadly rounded. Maximum width near midvalve. Valves subequal in depth. Interarea short, curved, strongly apsacline to nearly procline. Beak strongly incurved. Surface NUMBER 24 2739 marked by closely crowded plications with flanks marked by 6 or 7; fastigium low, rounded moder- ately elevated above flanks. Pedicle valve strongly and evenly convex in lat- eral profile, greatest convexity near midvalve; ante- rior profile strongly domed, with steeply sloping sides. Sulcus originating at beak, moderately wide and deep; plications bounding sulcus not strongly elevated; flanks flat to gently convex and steeply sloping. Brachial valve fairly strongly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity near midvalve; ante- rior profile strongly domed to about same degree as opposite valve. Fold low and widening gradu- ally; flanks slightly swollen and moderately steep. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth; dental ridges strong and deep, uniting with short and re- ceding dental plates attaching to valve floor in apex. Median septum long and thin, crest near midvalve, anterior forming steep slope to reach slightly anterior to midvalve. Apical plate small, short. Brachial valve interior with long, narrow sockets bounded by strong socket ridges, partly closed by proximal cover plates. Hinge plate large, steeply inclined toward midvalve and uniting posteriorly with adminicula, these strongly elevated and ex- tending well beyond midvalve. lugal processes long and slender, not united. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 706b 153118a 3.7 3.6 4.5 3.0 3.0 153118b 4.0 3.9 5.0 3.7 3.4 153118c 4.8 4.5 6.1 4.4 4.2 153118d 5.2 4.6 6.4 4.8 4.6 153118e 5.9 5.5 7.3 5.1 5.4 153118f 6.6 6.2 8.5 5.8 6.0 153118g 7.6 6.5 8.9 7.8 6.4 153118h 8.9 7.7 9.8 7.8 8.4 (holotype) 1531181 9.2 8.2 11.2 9.0 8.7 153118i' 10.1 8.0 10.5 8.0 8.7 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Willis Ranch Member and lenses between Willis and Appel Ranch members; Appel Ranch Member). LOCALITIES.—Willis Ranch: USNM 723t. Lenses: USNM 706b, 732c. Appel Ranch: USNM 704, 714o, 715i, 7I6v, 719z, 722t, 727j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, strongly biconvex, costae nu- merous and narrow for Paraspiriferina. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153118h. Figured paratypes: USNM 153118f, g, i-q. Measured para- types: USNM 153118a-g, i'. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina rotundata is dis- tinguished from P. laqueata, P. setulosa, and P. pulchra, all new, by its generally smaller size and the slender, crowded plications on the flanks. Paraspiriferina sapinea, new species PLATE 723: FIGURES 16-33 Maximum size somewhat large for genus, strongly biconvex; outline transversely subelliptical with rounded hinge ends; commissure plicated by low, rounded to bluntly angular fold, numerous low, rounded plications; fastigium low to moderately high, rounded, some with bluntly angular crest, profile moderately convex, greatest convexity in umbonal region; sulcus broad, rather shallow, me- dian trough slightly deepened, narrow, some indi- viduals without distinct median trough; lateral costae rounded, simple, separated by slightly nar- rower troughs, numbering 5 to 10 on each side of adult shells. Surface with numerous very small pustules between punctae, no spines; growth lami- nae narrowly and evenly spaced, strong laminae widely and irregularly spaced, normally only 2 or 3 per shell. Pedicle valve strongly convex; beak blunt, rather deep, curved or slightly hooked; interarea triangular, normally about twice as wide as high, moderately concave, greatest concavity near beak; beak ridges distinct but blunt; delthyrium higher than wide, without covering plates (none ob- served), apex obstructed by median septum and short arched brace over septum. Brachial valve somewhat less convex, umbonal region rather strongly swollen; beak rounded, only slightly pro- truding; interarea very low, proportionately wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with broad, relatively flat, finely lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short knoblike hinge teeth;,dental ridges very deep, slightly convergent toward midline of valve; dental plates narrowly 2740 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY divergent, meeting floor near median septum, ex- tending forward about a fifth length of valve, con- tinuous with dental ridges; median septum high, thin, anterior edge concave forward, nearly per- pendicular to floor, meeting upper edge at acute angle, braced in apex by short bridge or arch be- tween dental plates. Muscle marks weakly im- pressed on sides of median septum and in narrow bands on floor beside septum, on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with narrow wedge- shaped sockets, widely divergent, formed by strong socket ridges, each with low knob at anterior, each socket bridged in apical part by thin plate; hinge plates thin, gently concave, extending from socket ridges to form shallow, deeply divided noto- thyrial recess, meeting one another at midline just dorsal to cardinal process; crura extending forward from crural plates, slender, outwardly bowed, each with short jugal process or digitate plate near anterior end, meeting to form jugum in some specimens; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally from ends of crura: complete spiralium not observed. Muscle marks in trough formed by fastigium, bounded on each side by high thin plate, conver- gent toward apex, height increasing toward apex, there continuous with apical parts of crural plates; median ridge low, thin, extending entire length of muscle area, about half length of valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731. Pinery: AMNH 33, 398, 435, 437, 524, 537, 636; USNM 725h, 725n, 733, 736, 736a, 748. Rader: AMNH 403, 404; USNM 725f, 725g, 725o. Lamar: AMNH 40; USNM 725e. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Paraspiriferina having a transverse outline, a low blunt fastigium, and sulcus with shallow but distinct median trough. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153127a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153126a, 153127a, I54684a-e. Measured paratypes: USNM 153119a-h; 153120a, b; 153121a-c; 153122a-d; 153123a-c; 153124; 153126a. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina sapinea is charac- terized by its rather large adult size, transverse out- line, especially transverse brachial valve, rather low and blunt, rarely angular fastigium, numerous lateral costae with narrow troughs between them, MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial USNM 736 length valve length mid- width hinge width thick- ness 153119a 3.0 ? 4.5 3.8 ? 153119b 3.6 3.6 4.6 3.9 3.2 153119c 3.9 ? 5.7 5.0 ? 153119d 4.9 4.9 7.0 5.1 4.7 153119e 6.2 ? 7.7 5.4 ? 153119f 6.9 ? 9.8 7.5 ? 153119g 153119h 9.7 11.8 ? ? c.13.0 14.8 10.0 11.4 ? ? USNM 733 153120a 5.0 5.1 7.0 6.0? 4.8 153120b 7.7 ? 9.1 6.7 ? AMNH 404 153121a 5.3 ? 6.5 4.8 ? 153121b 5.6 ? 8.2 6.9 ? 153121c USNM 748 14.0 ? 20.0? c.13.0 153122a 5.6 ? 8.0 6.4 ? 153122b 7.0 ? 9.8 7.9 ? 153122c 12.1 ? 14.7 12.6 ? 153122d 13.5 ? 17.6 15.5 ? AMNH 635 153123a 6.2 6.2 8.8 7.1 6.4 153123b 8.0 ? 12.7 11.6 ? 153123c 10.9 ? 14.0 9.8 ? AMNH 437 153124 6.6 6.4 9.1 5.7 6.0 AMNH 524 153125 8.0 ? 10.0 7.6 } AMNH 33 153126a 12.0 9.7 12.0 9.4 11.0 USNM 731 153127a 12.6 11.1 15.4 11.8 14.5 (holotype) and its sulcus with shallow but distinct median trough. It is larger than most specimens of P. la- queata, new species, from the Word Formation, and has a broader fastigium, normally more nu- merous lateral costae, sulcus with median trough, much shorter apical bridge over the median sep- tum, and less strongly curved crural plates with consequently poorer defined notothyrial recess. It is larger than P. setxdosa, new species, which occurs in the Glass Mountains. It is similar in size to P. cellulana, new species, differing in its sulcus with median trough and especially in its more numerous costae with narrow separating troughs. Its nearest relatives appear to be the other species that occur in the Guadalupe Mountains. It differs from P. paginata, new species, from which it may have NUMBER 24 2741 descended, in its slightly smaller maximum size, weaker growth laminae, and especially in its some- what higher and more angular fastigium and its sulcus with more sharply defined median trough. It may have given rise to P. billingsi (Shumard), but has a lower fastigium with less angular crest, higher maximum number of costae, shallower and less sharp median trough in the sulcus, and somewhat weaker costae. It is easily distinguished from P. evax (Girty), which also occurs above it in the Lamar Member, in its less angular fastigium and sulcus, and much stronger costae. Paraspiriferina setulosa, new species PLATE 723: FIGURES 34-55 Average size for genus, strongly biconvex; out- line subelliptical, normally slightly transverse, hinge ends rounded; commissure plicated by rather low, broad, rounded fold and 4 to 7 (normally 5) lower plications on each side, separated by some- what narrower troughs; fastigium beginning at beak, standing only moderately higher than lateral plications, profile of crest gently convex; sulcus broad, rounded, shallow, without median flatten- ing or other modification, only slightly extended at anterior, to fill fold. Surface with small, hairlike spines, some hollow, closely crowded, arranged at random but interrupted by growth laminae, giving impression of arrangement along growth lami- nae, most pointing slightly forward, those near beaks normally broken, leaving low pustules. Growth laminae distinct, regularly and rather closely spaced, giving tiled-roof effect, laminae somewhat more closely spaced near margins. Pedicle valve rather deep; beak prominent, slightly attenuate, bluntly pointed, strongly curved; interarea nearly equilaterally triangular, flatly concave near hinge, concavity increasing toward beak; delthyrium narrowly wedge-shaped, apex with short bridge bracing median septum, delthy- rial plates not observed. Brachial valve somewhat less convex; beak prominent, bluntly pointed; in- terarea low, narrow, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with flattened cardi- nal callosity, lamellate for diductor attachment. Pedicle interior with short, blunt teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, slightly convergent toward midline, converging and meeting at apex of valve, continuous with very short dental plates in apex, diverging to sides of valve; median septum thin, high, abruptly sloping at anterior edge, extending a third to half length of valve, braced by short plate between dental plates at apex. Muscle area on sides of septum and on floor, on ridge formed by sulcus; adductor marks on sides of septum, nearly perpendicular to floor, parallel to anterior edge of septum; diductors weakly impressed on floor. Brachial interior with deep, narrow sockets, one formed by strong, slightly knobbed socket ridges; hinge plates broad, extending from socket ridges, gently concave, forming large notothyrial cavity, continuous near apex with rather high ridges bounding muscle area; crura extending forward from crural plates, extent not observed in this species, probably as in other species of genus. Mus- cle area elongate, anteriorly widening, between lateral ridges, bisected by low, thin, long ridge, ex- tending forward as much as half length of valve; adductor muscle marks weakly impressed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 706e 153128a 5.0 ? 5.8 4.2 ? 153128b 5.5 ? 6.6 5.0 ? 153128c ? 6.3 8.3 5.9 ? 153128d 6.7 6.2 8.4 6.4 6.9 153128e 7.7 ? 8.8 5.8 ? 153128f 8.8 8.0 10.4 7.8 8.6 153128g 9.0 8.2 11.8 10.0 8.2 153128h 9.2 ? 10.3 6.6 ? 153128i 9.7 9.0 12.2 8.4 8.0 153128J 10.7 ? 13.2 10.4 ? 153128k 12.8 11.2 13.8 10.5 13.0 (holotype) 153128-1 13.4 ? 16.6 12.0? ? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Willis Ranch Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 505; USNM 706e, 718d, 724u. DIAGNOSIS.—Rotund Paraspiriferina with low fastigium, few lateral plications, and a dense cover of fine spines. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153128k. Figured paratypes: USNM 153128f, m-r. Measured para- types: USNM 153128a-j, 1. COMPARISON.—Paraspiriferina setulosa is charac- terized by its rotund shape, low fastigium without 2742 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY sharp crest, densely and randomly packed surface spines, and especially in its rather few lateral pli- cations. It most nearly resembles P. laqueata, new species, also from the Word Formation, differing in its more numerous surface spines and fewer lateral plications. It is smaller and less strongly laminated than P. paginata, new species, much smaller and with proportionately larger and more numerous surface spines than in Paraspiriferina convexa (Cooper, 1953). It has fewer lateral costae than P billingsi (Girty), and its plications, fastig- ium and sulcus are not as sharp. It differs from P. cellulana, new species, in its less transverse out- line, numerous surface spines, and lower plications and less distinct growth laminae. It is distinguished from the relatively smooth P. evax (Girty) in its relatively lower and more rounded fastigium, and distinct lateral plications. The only early species is P. amoena, new species, a rare constituent of the Neal Ranch Formation. P. setulosa differs in its larger size, more numerous and more distinct pli- cations, and stronger surface spines. Genus Callispirina Cooper and Muir-Wood, 1951 Maia Fredericks, 1924:298. [Not Lamarck, 1801; not Reichen- bach, 1850.] Mansuyella Reed, 1944:249. [Not Endo, 1937.] Callispirina Cooper and Muir-Wood, 1951:195. Small, outline elongate ovate, widest anterior to hinge; profile moderately to strongly biconvex; shell substance endopunctate, with punctae in concentric rows along growth lines, numbering about 7 or 8 per mm transversely; growth lines fine, numerous, regularly or irregularly spaced, some slightly raised and some slightly fringed, pro- ducing occasional short, thin, hairlike spinosities; commissure strongly uniplicate, producing high fold and deep sulcus; flanks strongly costate, with about 3 to 5 costae on each side; sides of fold and costae nearly straight, converging at sharp angle, but crests somewhat blunted. Pedicle valve typically more strongly convex; beak height variable, curvature moderate; inter- area high, slightly curved longitudinally; delthy- rium triangular, open. Brachial valve moderately convex along crest of fastigium, sloping more strongly toward flanks; interarea low, slightly con- cave; notothyrium widely triangular; beak blunt, slightly curved. Pedicle valve interior with short, sharp hinge teeth supported by thin but very deep dental ridges, continuous in apical part of valve with den- tal plates reaching floor of valve and extending forward along floor for short distance, slightly di- vergent; median septum thin, length and height variable, sides bearing marks of muscle attachment; muscle marks apparent on floor of valve only in very thin band along septum in apical region. Brachial valve interior with narrow, slotlike sockets; socket ridges terminating anteriorly in short, sharp or blunt projections; cardinal process knoblike, raised to varying degree; crural bases broad, continuous posteriorly with low plates or ridges bounding muscle area; spiralia not observed; muscle marks in trough of fastigium, weakly im- pressed, and continuous onto bounding plates. TYPE-SPECIES.—Spiriferina ornata Waagen 1883: 505, pl. 50: figs. 1, 2). DIAGNOSIS.—Shell small, rotund, widest anterior to hinge, all plications (fold and costae) high and sharp, hollow spines absent. COMPARISON.—The rather rounded outline with hinge narrower than the greatest shell width, and the absence of hollow spines or pustules distin- guishes Callispirina from species of Reticulariina Fredericks. In addition, Callispirina is typically rather small, and the plications are simple, al- though some species of Reticulariina also are small, and some lack the striking triplication of the fold. The nearest source for confusion is the other spiriferinacean genus that was described from the Salt Range—Paraspiriferina Reed (1944), based upon P. ghundiensis Reed, also from the Middle Productus Limestone (Wargal Limestone). Study of well-preserved silicified specimens of C. ornata (Waagen), the type species of Callispirina, and P. ghundiensis from the fossiliferous Kalabagh Member at the top of the Wargal Limestone reveals consistent and significant differences, both internal and external. The most obvious difference is in the plication; Callispirina has sharp fold and co- stae, with the fold seeming to be just another costa that happens to be median and very slightly higher than the others. Paraspiriferina has rounded plications, the fold is significantly higher and broader than any costa, and the low, rounded costae are also narrower and more numerous than in Callispirina. The Treatise on Invertebrate Pale- ontology (Williams et al., 1965: H713) suggests NUMBER 24 2743 that Paraspiriferina may be a synonym of Callispi- rina. We think that the obvious external differ- ences that remain consistent through several as- pects of each justify retention of the two genera. In addition, the cardinal process of Callispirina is larger in all dimensions and more elevated than that of Paraspiriferina, the hinge sockets are not roofed in Callispirina, and the palmate crural bases are proportionately smaller. Callispirina rotunda, new species PLATE 705: FIGURES 66-82 Medium size for genus, wider than long, length and thickness about equal in adults; sides rounded, slightly oblique; anterior margin truncated. Valves subequal in depth. Anterior commissure strongly uniplicate. Interarea moderately long, curved, almost catacline. Surface costate, costae narrowly rounded to angular, numbering 4 or 5 on each side of fold and sulcus. Spines absent. Pedicle valve fairly strongly convex in lateral profile, moderately domed in anterior profile, flanks gently convex but with gentle slopes. Sul- cus originating at beak, widening toward anterior, then produced into short, sharp tongue. Midline of sulcus with narrow depression bearing one low costa. Brachial valve unevenly convex in lateral pro- file, umbonal region curved most; anterior profile broad dome with gently swollen flanks having moderate slope. Fold originating at beak, widening anteriorly, occupying about a third valve width. Flanks depressed. Pedicle valve interior with thin and delicate median septum reaching midvalve; apical plate not strongly developed. Brachial valve interior with wide sockets and strong, broad socket ridges; inner hinge plates united under cardinal process; cardinal process variable. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick- length length luidth width ness USNM 728p 153495a 13.8 12.0 16.9 14.6 14.0 (holotype) 153495b 9.8 7.7 11.0* 8.0* 7.0 153495c 8.9 7.1 11.5 9.6 7.3 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Lamar Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 728p. DIAGNOSIS.—Wide Callispirina with short beak and narrow costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153495a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153495b, d-f. Unfigured para- type: USNM 153495c. COMPARISON.—This species is slightly larger, on average, than C. ornata (Waagen) from the Salt Range. It also is proportionately wider, with the greatest width farther back, the beak of the pedicle valve is somewhat shorter and more strongly curved, both valves are more strongly convex, and the costae number about one more on each side than in the Salt Range species. Both species share the rotund form, sharp fold and costae, and strong but irregularly spaced growth laminae that charac- terize the genus and distinguish it from Paraspiri- ferina. SARGANOSTEGIDAE, new family Small, wide-hinged Spiriferinacea having coarsely pitted exterior. Genera in West Texas: Sarganostega Cooper and Grant, 1969. Genus Sarganostega Cooper and Grant, 1969 Sarganostega Cooper and Grant, 1969:15. Small, subconical, very coarsely punctate, punc- tae arranged in radiating rows, each row displaced one puncta, thus producing pattern of rhombs, quincunx or diagonal rows (depending upon angle of observation), penetrating at angle slightly ob- lique to shell surface, becoming very small on inner surface; commissure plicated by low to mod- erately high fold, several lower lateral plications; fastigium relatively low, crest rounded, profile strongly convex, maximum height normally poste- rior to anterior margin of adults; sulcus rather nar- row, moderately shallow, trough normally some- what flattened; lateral costae rather high relative to fastigium, crests rounded, without bifurcation; normally few in number, distal costae very low; outline transverse, widest at hinge, some species with hinge ends slightly rounded, others broadly transverse, somewhat produced. Surface without 2744 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY spines or pustules; growth lines normally not visi- ble through punctation, growth laminae rather weak for family, widely and irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve moderately convex, shallow to rather deeply conical; beak blunt, not attenuate, slightly to greatly curved or hooked; interarea high or low, depending on depth of valve, triangular, flat or fairly strongly concave, punctation normally finer than on other parts of shell; delthyrium nor- mally narrow, apex obstructed by short to rather long bridge over end of median septum; stegidial covering plates not observed, probably not pre- served as in most other genera of family. Brachial valve strongly convex, normally more coarsely punctate than pedicle valve; beak blunt, only slightly protruding; interarea very short, but pro- portionately wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped with cardinal process in apex, high and narrow or low and flattened, api- cal part longitudinally lamellose for diductor attachment. Pedicle valve interior with short, blunt, knob- like hinge teeth; dental ridges low near teeth, deepening slightly toward posterior; dental plates very short, nearly vertical, normally near to me- dian septum, discrete in some species, cemented to median septum and apical callosity in others, ab- sent from some specimens of some species; median septum high, thin, extending forward a third to half length of valve, apical end cemented by arched brace between dental plates, or buried in callus, anterior edge normally curved, nearly per- pendicular to floor. Muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum and in narrow bands on floor beside septum. Brachial valve interior with narrowly wedge- shaped hinge sockets, each partly bridged by thin plate in apical part; socket ridges strong; hinge plates extending from mesial sides of socket ridges, slightly convergent, forming shallow recess; crura extending forward from edges of hinge plates, slender, slightly converging, jugal processes near juncture with spiralia pointing nearly directly ven- trally, not observed to meet to form jugum; spi- ralia coiled dorsoventrally; complete spiralium not observed. Muscle marks in elongate ovate area in posterior half of trough formed by fastigium; mus- cle area bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed, anteriorly tapered ridges, one on each side on crest of ridge adjacent to trough, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor muscle marks narrow, elongate, adjacent to median ridge; pos- terior adductor marks less deeply impressed, lying lateral and posterior. TYPE-SPECIES.—Sarganostega transversalis Cooper and Grant (1969:15, pl. 4: figs. 20, 21). COMPARISON.—Sarganostega is characterized by its rather small size, very coarse external puncta- tion, proportionately low fastigium with convex profile that may produce greatest height behind the anterior margin, reduced dental plates, few lateral costae, and its probable lack of surface spines or pustules. Lack of spines or pustules may be due to preservation of the coarsely punctate shell, but they have not been observed on any part of any shell, no matter how coarse or fine the silici- fication, and are similarly absent from calcareous specimens collected by Girty (1909). The coarse punctation distinguishes it from most other genera of spiriferinids, excepting only a few species of Reticulariina Fredericks. It differs from Reticu- lariina in its normally smaller size, fewer and weaker costae, lower fastigium, lack of spines, and reduced dental plates. Its few lateral costae that are strong near the fastigium, but very weak at the sides, are similar to those of Altiplecus Stehli or Metriolepis, new genus. Sarganostega differs in its larger size, absence of spines, coarser punctation, lower, more convex fastigium, and normally less transverse outline; it is less rugose than Altiplecus and lacks the regularly spaced growth laminae of Metriolepis. Similar other spiriferinids are Spiri- ferellina Fredericks and Paraspiriferina Reed. Sarganostega differs from both in its coarse punc- tation and lack of spines or pustules, and from Paraspiriferina in its fewer and higher costae, higher and more longitudinally convex fastigium, and more transverse outline. It differs further from Spiriferellina in its transversely and longitudi- nally convex fastigium, wider outline, and fewer lateral costae. Sarganostega murata, new species PLATE 724: FIGURES 77-84 Small, subpyramidal cardinal extremities form- ing right angle or slightly acute. Sides sloping slightly medially; interarea moderately long, gently curved; beak slightly incurved. Costae number two NUMBER 24 on each flank, thin and narrowly rounded poste- riorly but thick and widening anteriorly. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth; dental ridges narrow and delicate, slightly convergent medially; dental plates short and receding, thin and delicate, not covered by adventitious shell. Api- cal plate well developed. Muscle marks weakly impressed on floor; septum thin, delicate, with sharply pointed crest and deeply emarginate ante- rior slope. Brachial valve interior with narrow, wedge- shaped sockets, each partly bridged by thin cover plate; socket ridges strong, each with rather large protuberance at anteroventral edge; hinge plate extending along socket ridges, slightly converging to form shallow recess; crura extending forward from crural plates, slender, slightly converging; complete crura and spiralia not observed. Muscle area in posterior part of trough formed by fastig- ium, bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges and bisected by low thin ridge; anterior ad- ductor muscle marks narrow, elongate, one on each side of median ridge; posterior adductor marks weaker, larger, in lateral and posterior part of muscle area. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Thickness unmeasur- able. brachial mid- hinge length valve length width width SNM 732 153166a ? 4.3 6.0 6.0 153166b 5.9 ? 7.6 7.8 153166c (holotype) p 7.0 9.8 10.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Sarganostega with strong de- velopment of median ridge and lateral ridges bounding dorsal muscle field. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153166c. Figured paratype: USNM 153166b. Unfigured paratype: USNM 153166a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153166a, b. COMPARISON.—This species in its form and out- line is most like S. pressa and S. prisca, new species. It differs from the former in having a much stronger development of the plates bounding the dorsal muscle area and a narrower brachial valve. Its dimensions and ribbing are like those of S. 2745 prisca, but that species does not possess the plates bounding the dorsal muscle region. Sarganostega pressa, new species PLATE 725: FIGURES 37-80 Spiriferina pyramidalis Girty, 1909 [part]:378, pl. 14: figs. 21, a, b [not figs. 20 a, b]. Moderately large for genus, strongly biconvex and subpyramidal; outline transverse, widest at hinge or immediately anterior, hinge ends not ex- tended, but acute in some specimens; commissure plicated by low to moderately high median fold, several lateral plications not appreciably lower than median one; fastigium low to moderately high, greatest height about midlength on adult specimens, crest bluntly angular, becoming flat- tened toward anterior, profile strongly convex; sulcus rather shallow, floor flattened; lateral costae rather high mesially, amplitude decreasing later- ally, numbering 2 to 4 on each side, normally 3; growth laminae weak, widely and irregularly spaced, strongest and most frequent near margins. Pedicle valve shallow to rather deeply conical, moderately strongly convex; beak slightly curved to rather strongly hooked; interarea triangular, low or high, flat or concave, depending on conical shape of valve; delthyrium high, narrow, wedge- shaped, apex with short bridge over median sep- tum; no delthyrial covering observed. Brachial valve strongly convex, with convexity rather even, not confined to swollen umbonal region; beak slightly protruding, gently rounded; interarea very low, wide, nearly flat, notothyrium broadly wedge- shaped, apex with small, protruding, toothlike car- dinal process, lamellate at apical end. Pedicle valve interior with strong, knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges low, rounded, becoming slightly stronger only in extreme posterior part of their length; dental plates short, located very near median septum, many fused to septum or buried against extreme apex of valve, therefore scarcely visible; median septum high, thin, apical end braced by short bridge between dental plates or across apex of delthyrium, anterior edge concave anteriorly; muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum and on floor beside septum. Brachial valve interior with narrowly wedge- shaped hinge sockets, apical portion of each 2746 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY bridged by thin plate; socket ridges strong, each with short knob at anterior; crural plates extending from socket ridges, slightly concave and converg- ing to base of cardinal process, forming shallow concave hinge plate; crura projecting forward, slightly convergent, slender, not observed to meet and form jugum; complete crura and spiralia not observed. Muscle area in posterior part of trough formed by fastigium; bordered on sides by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor marks elongate, one on each side of median ridge, posterior adductor marks weaker, in posterior and lateral parts of muscle area. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length ividth width ness USNM 738 6.0 5.9 7.1 7.9 5.6 ? 5.5 4.7 6.9 ? 8.0 7.3 p 5.5 5.6 6.6 4.1 4.8 153167a 153167b 153167c 5.8 7.2 153167c! 10.6 10.8? 9.0 9.9 9.1 9.0 ? 7.7 153167e (holotype) 8.5 13.0 13.5 10.8 ? 13.5 12.5 ? ? 11.8 13.8 ? 11.8 15.9 16.0 ? 153167f 153167g 153167h 153167i USNM 737a 153168 7.4 6.7 9.8 10.2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, McCombs, and Lamar members), Capitan Limestone. LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 732a, 740c. Pinery: USNM 725h. Rader: AMNH 403. McCombs: AMNH 385. Lamar: AMNH 25, 37, 38, 39, 347 (= L-2), 348 ( = L-3), 351 (= L-6), 373, 430; USNM 725e, 728i, 728p, 738, 738b. Capi- tan: USNM 737a. DIAGNOSIS.—Sarganostega with low fastigium and nonextended hinge. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153167c Figured paratypes: USNM 153167a, c, f, i; 154634a, b; 154635a; I54636a-c; 154637a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153167a-d, f-i; 153168. COMPARISON.—Sarganostega pressa is character- ized by its relatively large maximum size, normally low fastigium with rather strongly flattened ante- rior third of crest, proportionately high lateral costae, deeply conical to shallow pedicle valve with correspondingly variable height of interarea and curvature of beak, and its nonextended hinge. It is proportionately narrower than S. transversalis Cooper and Grant; it is larger, less consistently conical than S. pyramidalis (Girty), and has higher, sharper, and more numerous lateral costae. Sarganostega prisca, new species PLATE 724: FIGURES 67-76 Small, subpyramidal, moderately strongly bicon- vex; sides sloping medially; anterior margin mod- erately rounded. Surface with three elevated, narrowly rounded plications on each side of fold and sulcus. Cardinal extremities slightly acute. Exopunctae coarse. Pedicle valve subpyramidal, moderately convex in lateral profile, broadly but fairly strongly con- vex in anterior profile. Interarea long and curved. Beak moderately incurved. Sulcus narrow, bounded by prominent narrow plications; flanks depressed and flattened in profile. Brachial valve strongly and evenly convex in lateral profile and fairly strongly convex in anterior profile. Fold narrow and elevated above other costae; flanks convex and depressed. Pedicle valve interior with median septum ex- tending to midvalve, pointed at crest but fairly deeply reentrant along anterior slope. Brachial valve with stout hinge plates; sockets deep and nar- row, partially covered proximally by thin plate; cardinal process short, thick. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness MNH 369 153168a 8.2 ? 8.6 9.7 ? 153168b 5.8 4.7 6.3 6.2 5.0 (holotype) 153168c ? 7.2 9.0 9.8 ? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITY.—AMNH 369. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Sarganostega with 5 plications and slightly acutely angular cardinal extremities. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153168b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153168a, c. COMPARISON.—This species need not be com- NUMBER 24 2747 pared with S. transversalis Cooper and Grant, be- cause of its slightly angular and nonextended cardi- nal extremities. Compared to S. pressa, new species, it is proportionately narrower, has only 5 plications, and has a different anterior profile to the median septum. Compared to S. pyramidalis (Girty), its interarea is less elongated, has only 5 plications, and is more curved. Sarganostega pyramidalis (Girty) Spiriferina pyramidalis Girty, 1909:378, pl. 14: figs. 20 a, b [not figs. 21 a, b]. [Not R. E. King, 1931:123, pl. 42: figs. I4a-c] Average size for genus, strongly biconvex to deeply conical; outline transverse, widest at hinge or just slightly anterior, hinge ends blunt to acute, not extended; commissure plicated by low rounded fold, proportionately high rounded lateral plica- tions; fastigium bulging, higher in middle than at anterior, with strongly convex profile; sulcus mod- erately deep, floor flattened, broadening anteriorly; lateral costae rounded, some nearly as high as fasti- gium, distal costae very low, numbering 3 on each side; troughs slightly narrower than costae; growth laminae weak, widely and irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve deeply conical; beak sharp, not attenuate, moderately curved at end; interarea long, triangular, flat for most of height, slightly concave near curved beak, nearly as high as wide; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, apex with short bridge over median septum, no other covering of delthyrium observed. Brachial valve strongly con- vex, greatest convexity in umbonal region; beak slightly swollen; interarea low, very wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with broad, flattened to slightly tuberous finely fimbriate cardinal process. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USGS 2926, specimen USNM 118604a (lectotype) length 4.1, brachial valve length 7.1, midwidth 11.2, hinge width 11.8*, thickness 8.9. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Capitan Forma- tion. LOCALITY.—USGS 2926 (green). DIAGNOSIS.—Small Sarganostega with long, nearly flat interarea and brachial valve with maximum convexity in posterior part. TYPES.—Lectotype: USNM 118604a, (herein selected). COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION.—Girty described two specimens of this species but failed to select a holotype. We therefore select the specimen (USNM 118604a) that is the more complete and has the brachial valve in place. The specimen is damaged on one side and the beak has been partly ground away. This is unfortunate in one sense because the true nature of the beak on the lectotype is thus unknown but it does show a pair of flaring dental plates. Sarganostega pyramidalis is characterized by its relatively narrow outline, deeply conical pedicle valve, flaring dental plates, and the presence of 3 costae on the flanks. In the latter respect it differs from S. prisca, new species. It differs from S. pressa, new species, in being smaller, having a deeper pedicle valve and lower fastigium and costae, and in having flaring dental plates. It is much narrower than S. transversalis Cooper and Grant. Considerable uncertainty exists as to the source of these two specimens. They are said to have come from 1000 feet below the top of El Capitan and the top of the Capitan Limestone. If this be true the specimens are certainly from the Capitan Lime- stone or the upper part of the Bell Canyon For- mation at this place (Hegler or Pinery Member perhaps?). In spite of this we are unable to identify our Bell Canyon specimens with Girty's specimens. Sarganostega transversalis Cooper and Grant PLATE 725: FIGURES 1-36 Sarganostega transversalis Cooper and Grant, 1969:15, pl. 4: figs. 20, 21. Short but wide for genus, strongly biconvex; outline strongly transverse, widest at hinge, with hinge ends normally extended, mucronate; commis- sure plicated by rather high median fold, lower rounded lateral plications; fastigium high for genus, greatest height about midlength, crest rounded, flattened at anterior of most specimens, profile strongly convex; sulcus narrow, trough flattened to form tongue extending rather far for- ward to fill high fold; lateral costae low, rounded, numbering 2 or 3 on each side, distal costae very low; grpwth laminae weak, widely and irregularly spaced. 2748 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Pedicle valve moderately convex; beak normally rather strongly hooked; interarea low to moder- ately high, triangular, flat near hinge, rather strongly concave near beak; delthyrium narrowly to rather broadly wedge-shaped, apex blocked by short bridge over median septum; no delthyrial covering observed. Brachial valve more strongly convex longitudinally; beak region somewhat swollen; interarea very low, wide, slightly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with rather bulbous lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with small blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges very weak, deepening slightly toward apex; dental plates discrete, slightly diver- gent, short; median septum high, thin, extending forward about a third length of valve, posterior end braced by short arch between dental plates, anterior end concave anteriorly. Muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of septum, weaker on floor of valve beside septum. Brachial valve interior with narrowly wedge- shaped hinge sockets partly roofed by thin plate, formed by strong socket ridges; hinge plates ex- tending from socket ridges, converging to support- ing ridge of cardinal process, forming shallow recess; crura extending forward from hinge plates, slender, slightly convergent, each with short ven- trally pointing spur, not observed to meet and form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, loops decreasing in size posterolaterally; complete spi- ralium not observed. Muscle marks in posterior part of trough formed by fastigium, bounded later- ally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor marks elongate, narrow, beside median ridge; posterior adductor marks lighter, in lateral and posterior parts of muscle area. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Bell Canyon: AMNH 435, 524, 528. Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 398, 636; Moore loc. 30; USNM 725n, 733, 736, 748. Rader: AMNH 38, 403, 410; USNM 725f, 725g, 725o, 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly transverse and mucronate Sarganostega. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153172b. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153l71d, e; 153172a, c; 153173a; 153174a. COMPARISON.—Sarganostega transversalis is char- MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 733 153169a 3.4 ? 3.7 4.9 ? 153169b 6.8 6.2 7.0 11.0? 9.0 153169c 7.4 ? 6.8 11.9 ? 153169d ? 8.5? 11.5? 18.4 ? USNM 736 153170a ? 3.5 4.4 4.2 ? 153170b ? 4.2 5.3 5.9 ? 153170c ? 5.4 6.5 10.3 ? USNM 731 153171a 4.7 4.6 4.4 6.0 4.3 153171b 4.8 ? 5.0 7.8 ? 153171c 6.0 6.1 8.0 12.0 6.9 153171d 6.9 ? 6.4 15.7 ? 153171e ? 7.2 9.2 19.0? ? 15317H ? 10.5 13.5 24.6 ? USNM 725n 153172a 4.0 3.7 4.6 7.8 3.7 153172b 8.3 7.1 9.4 18.0 8.3 (holotype) USNM 725f 153173a 7.3 ? 13.4 23.4 ? AMNH 635 153174a 6.2 ? 9.6 20.6 ? 153174b ? 7.2 10.0? 20.4 p acterized by its strongly transverse outline with hinge ends extended, its strongly convex brachial valve with rather high fastigium, comparatively shallow pedicle valve with curved beak and con- cave interarea, and its discrete dental plates. It is wider than either of the other known species of the genus. It also differs from S. pyramidalis (Girty) in its shorter pedicle valve and higher fasti- gium; and from S. pressa, new species, in its some- what smaller size, rather lower lateral costae, and its discrete dental plates. XESTOTREMATIDAE, new family Finely punctate, wide-hinged Spiriferinacea with- out external spines or pustules. Genera in West Texas: Arionthia, new genus. Xestotrema Cooper and Grant (1969) lends its name to the family; it occurs in the Permian Phos- phoria and Park City formations of the Rocky Mountains, but has not been identified in West Texas. NUMBER 24 2749 Genus Xestotrema Cooper and Grant, 1969 Xestotrema Cooper and Grant, 1969:16. Large, usually wide-hinged, often mucronate, subequally biconvex; commissure uniplicate, fold low and rounded, sulcus broad and moderately deep. Interarea usually short, apsacline, generally concave especially near incurved beak. Delthyrium open, no cover plates seen. Surface plicate; plica- tions usually crowded; laminae irregular, often showing resting stages of growth. Surface smooth, without fine ornament of any kind; granules or spines on adults, but extremely fine hairlike spines on juveniles. Punctae fine, dense. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth supported by thick and long dental ridges uniting with strong, flaring and long dental plates. Median septum thin, high, anteriorly pointed, anterior slope con- cave. Diductor scars elongate, bounded by exten- sions from dental plates. Brachial valve with thick socket ridges somewhat expanded distally; hinge plate broad, supported and partially covered by inner hinge plates to make moderately elevated concave platform bear- ing thick-shafted cardinal process with fimbriate myophore. Median ridge long, poorly developed. No adminicula. Adductor scars elongate. TYPE-SPECIES.—Spirifera pulchra Meek (1860: 310; 1877:85, pl. 8: figs. la-c. DIAGNOSIS.—Large usually transverse Spiriferina- cea, closely plicate, having a broad, low fold and with the adult shell devoid of fine ornament other than concentric growth lines and laminae. COMPARISON.—The large size and fairly closely crowded costae on the flanks together with the broad, low, fold and sulcus give this genus a dis- tinctive appearance quite unlike any other Per- mian genus. Its smooth surface under which the punctae are concealed sets it apart from most of the other genera. It has no spines on the adult shell and is thus easily distinguished from Reticu- lariina Fredericks, the spines of which are usually thick and hollow. The delicate spines of young Xestotrema suggest those of Paraspiriferina Reed which also occurs in the Park City Formation, but the whole external expression of the adult shell is so different from Paraspiriferina that the two genera could not be confused. Other Permian genera are readily distinguished from Xestotrema, all being smaller than the Park City genus and each having a significant character lacking from Xestotrema: Altiplecus Stehli has a characteristic rhomboidal outline and a few large spines; Sarganostega Cooper and Grant has enor- mous punctae; Crenispirifer Stehli has a few sharp, angular ribs; Metriolepis, new genus, has a charac- teristic concentric ornament; and Spiriferellina Fredericks has a pustulose surface. The smooth surface of Xestotrema is a distinction from Puncto- spirifer North which has minute radial lines on the lamellae. DISCUSSION.—Xestotrema presents no features of the interior different from the general superfamily characters of the Spiriferinacea. In the pedicle valve the dental plates are unusually long and strong, suggesting conservatism in the genus at a time when other stocks are tending to reduce the dental lamellae. The apical plate is variable in the species but it welds the posterior end of the me- dian septum to the sides of the delthyrial cavity. The median septum is delicate and thin in even the stoutest shells of the genus. Inside the brachial valve the cardinalia are like those of most other genera but the inner plates that weld the hinge plate and socket ridge to the cardinal process are large and concave producing a cuplike hinge plate divided by the cardinal proc- ess. No adminicula are developed beside the ad- ductor scars. The single species of the genus is a prolific one in numbers of specimens and is a good guide to the Park City and Phosphoria formations. Thomas (1935:206) mentioned the possibility of some varieties being distinguished, but they might prove to be of a higher taxonomic order. Xestotrema pulchrum (Meek) PLATE 726: FIGURES 1-35 Spirifera pulchra Meek, 1860:310. Spiriferina pulchra (Meek) Meek, 1864:19; 1876:352, pl. 2: figs, la-h; 1877:85, pl. 8: figs. 1-le, pl. 12: figs. 12-12d.— Girty, 1912:54, pl. 7: figs. 8-8d; 1920, pl. 56: figs. 9-9a.— Branson, 1930:36, pl. 6: figs. 9-11, pl. 9: fig. 1. Xestotrema pulchrum (Meek) Cooper and Grant, 1969:16, pl. 4: figs. 15-19. DISCUSSION.—This species is well known from numerous descriptions and illustrations (see syno- 2750 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY nomy). The generic description and diagnosis, along with the illustrations on Plate 726, make obvious the characteristics of this sole species of Xestotrema. TYPES.—Figured hypotypes: USNM 153196, 153836, 153837a-e, 154753. Arionthia, new genus [Greek Ar (without) + ionthas (hair) + ia (arbitrary Latinized ending)] Moderate to large size for spiriferinacean; out- line transverse, greatest width normally at hinge, some species widely alate; profile moderately to strongly biconvex; commissure strongly uniplicate, fold simple in juveniles, normally becoming tripli- cate in adults; costae numerous, normally simple but bifurcated in some species; growth lines visible but not prominent except in anterior regions of some species; punctation variable, punctae num- bering about 8 to 12 per mm; surface without spines or spine bases, pustules few. Pedicle valve strongly convex in profile; beak moderately deep, normally curved only near end; interarea very wide, proportionately low, longitu- dinally curved; delthyrium open in all species, bounded by pair of broad flanges in some, by trace of hinge teeth in most. Brachial valve somewhat less strongly convex in profile; beak slightly curved; interarea low, slightly curved; notothyrium wide and shallow. Pedicle valve interior with strong teeth sup- ported by deep dental ridges; dental plates short, divergent, buried or partly buried in secondary shell material in adults of some species; median septum high, thin, culminating in high crest, then abruptly sloping to valve floor; muscle marks on sides of septum and along septum on valve floor, weakly impressed but rather large. Brachial valve interior with open sockets and strong socket ridges; hinge plate deeply divided, with low, lamellate cardinal process at apex; crura slender, with jugal processes not meeting; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally with axes directed posterolaterally; muscle area median, in trough of fastigium, bisected by low median ridge, extending rather far forward, but weakly impressed. TYPE-SPECIES.—Arionthia blothrhachis, new spe- cies. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse, fold or costae splitting at anterior of adults, surface lacking spines or pustules. COMPARISON.—Arionthia most nearly rescriibles Reticulariina Fredericks, differing primarily in lacking spines or pustules on the external surface. In addition, the fastigium of all species of Arion- thia is triplicate, at least in most adults, whereas in Reticulariina this feature is sporadic. The range of variation in shape is about the same for the two genera, all species of Arionthia are transverse but some develop rather extreme mucronation of the hinge. Its rounded and proportionately lower pli- cations distinguish it from Crenispirifer Stehli, as does its lack of external pustules. The lack of spines or pustules, as well as its stronger and more numerous costae, distinguish it from Altiplecus Stehli. Paraspiriferina Reed and Callispirina Cooper and Muir-Wood are much smaller and nar- rower than Arionthia, and are not likely to be mistaken for it. Punctospirifer North and Xesto- trema Cooper and Grant also lack surface spines or pustules, but Arionthia differs in its high fold that normally becomes triplicate, and in the bifur- cating lateral costae of some species. Arionthia has fewer and more widely spaced costae, with wider intercostal troughs, than is typical for either of those genera. Arionthia alata, new species PLATE 780: FIGURES 51-56 Large, hinge wide, lateral extremities extended; sides sloping medially; anterior somewhat nasute. Surface paucicostate, with 5 subangular costae on flanks and strong median fold and sulcus. Surface finely punctate. Pedicle valve with gentle convexity in lateral profile; anterior view broadly bowed. Interarea long, nearly flat except for incurved beak, apsa- cline. Delthyrium unmodified. Sulcus originating at beak, widening anteriorly but produced into long acutely pointed tongue. Flanks gently convex. Brachial valve with very short interarea; lateral profile gently convex; anterior profile with strongly angular median elevation, and sides sloping gently and strongly depressed below subangular fold. Pedicle valve interior with strong median sep- tum. Brachial valve interior with strong socket NUMBER 24 2751 ridges to which the crural bases are attached, form- ing cuplike structure. Cardinal process vertically striated boss. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 740d, specimen 155113 (holotype): length 22.0, brachial valve length 17.8, width 46.4, thickness 15.7. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 740c, 740d. Rader: USNM 740h. DIAGNOSIS.—Wide-hinged, paucicostate Arionthia. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155113. Figured para- type: USNM 155114. COMPARISON.—This is one of the largest species of Arionthia occurring in the Bell Canyon Forma- tion. It is thus comparable to A. lamaria, new species, from which it differs in its widely extended form and less prolonged anterior. Arionthia blothrhachis, new species PLATE 727: FIGURES 1-30 Large for genus, strongly biconvex; outline transverse, widest at hinge, lateral extremities attenuate, but hinge ends normally not produced more than about 10 mm, juveniles proportionately narrower than adults, and not alate; commissure plicated by high fold, low rounded lateral plica- tions; fastigium high, crest normally flattened, pro- file rather strongly convex, lower accessory plica- tions arising by bifurcation, one from each side of median plication about 5 to 10 mm anterior to brachial beak; sulcus moderately deep, triplicate- like fastigium, median trough with low median ridge becoming wider and higher anteriorly, filling trough at anterior end of large specimens; lateral plications low, rounded, simple except for rare bifurcations of distal ones, separated by wide troughs of similar cross section, numbering 7 to 10 on each side of adults. Surface spines not observed, probably not present in life, most along median thickening in sulcus; growth laminae widely and irregularly spaced, more frequent near magins. Pedicle valve rather strongly convex longitudi- nally, flatly convex transversely; beak prominent but not long, strongly hooked; interarea short, in- creasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium about equilaterally trigonal, no covering plates observed, apex obstructed by arched brace over median sep- tum. Brachial valve strongly convex in both direc- tions; beak blunt, only slightly protruding; inter- area low, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with large, swollen, finely lam- ellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with short, knoblike hinge teeth; dental ridges thick, moderately deep, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates short, divergent, meeting valve floor, extending forward only short distance along floor, slightly thickened in posterior of large specimens, normally not com- pletely buried; median septum high, thin, height increasing anteriorly, anterior edge nearly perpen- dicular to floor. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor beside septum, weakly impressed; elongate area on floor, subelliptical, probably site of diductor marks, extending forward about half length of valve; pallial markings irregularly radial, fading about midway toward margins. Brachial valve interior with rather narrow hinge sockets, formed by strong socket ridges, each with low knob at anterior; hinge plates extending to- ward one another, forming deeply divided plat- form, nearly parallel to floor; crura extending forward from edges of crural plates, slender, out- wardly bowed, each with short jugal process near juncture with spiralia, not meeting to form jugum; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally in loops decreasing in size laterally, complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bi- sected by low thin ridge, extending forward more than half length of valve, muscle marks weakly impressed; pallial marks irregularly radial, consist- ing of weak lirae fading toward margins. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness SNM 706c 153130a 18.8 17.7 21.0 53.0? 18.8 153130b 21.9 20.3 26.4 56.0? 22.6 153130c 22.0? 19.5 25.0 70.0? c.22.0 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 706c, 713. Willis Ranch: 706. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse, very high fastig- ium and fastigial accessory plications far forward. 2752 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153130c. Figured paratypes: USNM 153130e-j, 154699a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153130a, b. COMPARISON.—Arionthia blothrhachis is charac- terized by its large size, widely transverse outline with produced hinge ends, high fastigium with exceptionally high median crest, rather narrow accessory fastigial plications and numerous but low plications, some at extreme sides bifurcating. That its juveniles are proportionately narrower, with more nearly square outline, is a prime distinction between it and A. germana, new species, which the adults resemble closely. Differences in the adults are in the somewhat smaller size of A. bloth- rhachis, its more numerous and slightly lower lateral plications, and its somewhat less extension of the hinge ends. Among other spiriferinid species from the Word Formation, it differs from Reticu- lariina cerina, new species, in its somewhat larger size, absence of surface spines, lower and broader lateral costae, and lower fastigium. Its triplicate fastigium and lack of spines distinguish it from R. senticosa and R. pristina, new species. Aside from presence of spines, the suedes from the Guadalupe-Diablo region that most nearly re- sembles the shape of A. blothrhachis is Reticulari- ina roscida, new species. The Glass Mountains species differs in its normally larger size, more extended hinge ends, and higher fastigium with stronger and more regularly occurring triplication. Arionthia blothrhachis differs from Retiadariina girtyi, new species, which also is triplicate, in its larger size, higher fastigium and more symmetrical triplication, more extended hinge ends, and lower, broader lateral costae. It differs from R. welleri (Girty) in its much larger size, narrower range of variation in splitting of costae, and its much more transverse outline. Arionthia blothrhachis is similar to Reticulariina sonorensis (Cooper) from the Permian of Sonora, Mexico, but differs in its normally more extended hinge ends, more attenuate sides, higher fastigium, less thickened posterior, and lack of spines. The strongly triplicate stage of evolution of R. sonoren- sis is similar to that of species typical of the Word Formation, and corroborates the conclusion of Cooper (1953) that the Monos Formation of So- nora is equivalent in age to the Word. DISCUSSION.—Adults of A. blothrhachis have a rather narrow range of variation. As in most species of the genus, the curvature of the beak and the breadth of the crest of the fastigium are vari- able. Most specimens have greatly produced hinge ends, a few have them little extended. This species is the earliest Glass Mountains spiriferinacean that has the fastigium triplicate. Arionthia germana, new species PLATE 728: FIGURES 18-46 Large for genus, strongly biconvex, coarsely punctate; outline of adults transverse, with hinge ends attenuate and produced, juveniles propor- tionately narrower; commissure plicated by very high fold, low undulating lateral plications; fastig- ium very high, triplicate, with median crest be- ginning at beak, narrow, rounded or slightly flat- tened, much higher than two accessory plications originating by bifurcation from median about 5 to 10 mm anterior to beak; sulcus shallow, tripli- cate, with major median trough, one lateral trough branching to each side, extended far forward at anterior to fill high fold, median trough with low median ridge; lateral plications broad, relatively low, with rather wide, bluntly V-shaped troughs, numbering 4 to 8 on each side, a few distal ones bifurcating on many specimens. Surface spines absent, low granules near posterior, median trough of sulcus with row of low thick pustules, a few coalescing in some species to resemble median costa; growth laminae widely and irregularly spaced, more frequent near margins. Pedicle valve flatly to rather strongly convex; beak prominent, sharply pointed, strongly curved; interarea short, broadly trigonal or pentagonal, flatly concave near hinge, increasingly concave toward beak; delthyrium narrowly to about equi- laterally triangular, apex with arched bridge over median septum, no delthyrial covering observed. Brachial valve strongly convex transversely, mod- erately to strongly convex longitudinally along crest of fastigium; beak protruding slightly, blunt; interarea low, wide, flatly concave; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with flattened narrow or anteriorly widening cardinal process, finely lam- ellate for diductor insertion. Pedicle valve interior with rather strong, knob- like hinge teeth; dental ridges deep, rather thick, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates NUMBER 24 2753 short, continuous with dental ridges, diverging to meet floor, extending along floor about a fifth length of valve, thickened or buried by callus in some specimens; median septum high, thin, height increasing slightly toward anterior, forward edge nearly perpendicular to floor, apical end braced by arch that partly fills delthyrium, thickened in many specimens. Muscle marks on sides of septum and on floor beside septum, weakly impressed; marks on floor rather large, elongate subovate, area extending forward about half length of valve. Pallial markings in posterior thickened part of valve, consisting of irregular lineations of inter- nal ends of punctae, orientation fading toward margins. Brachial valve interior with large sockets formed by strong socket ridges, each with high knob at anterior; hinge plates rather broad, extending along mesial sides of socket ridges normally conver- gent, slightly concave, nearly parallel to floor in some specimens, nearly vertical in others, crura extending forward from anterior edges, slender, outwardly bowed, each with short jugal process at anterior, not observed to meet (apparently only slightly convergent); spiralia coiled in laterally decreasing loops, complete spiralium not observed. Muscle area in and on sides of trough formed by fastigium, bisected by thin low ridge, bounded by low, outwardly bowed ridges, extending forward more than half length of valve, muscle marks weakly impressed; pallial marks weak, irregularly radial, consisting of low lirae and alignments of inner openings of punctae, fading toward margins. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Appel Ranch Member and lenses below it). LOCALITIES.—Appel Ranch: USNM 704, 706d, 7l4o. Lenses: USNM 732c, 737w. Word: USNM 74lp. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, transverse, and alate with very high fastigium, few low lateral plications. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153136z. Figured paratypes: USNM 153136g, k, m, n, v, a', c'-f. Measured paratypes: USNM 153136a-y, a', b'. COMPARISON.—Arionthia germana is character- ized by its large size, coarse punctation, wide out- line with strongly extended hinge ends, very high fastigium with narrow crest and narrow accessory plications, and rather few and low lateral plica- tions. It is larger and wider than A. blothrhachis, new species, the species it most resembles, and has MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick- length length width width ness USNM 706d 153136a 2.8 ? 3.0 2.4 ? 153136b 3.0 2.6 3.7 3.5 2.7 153136c 3.3 2.8 3.9 3.4 2.7 153136d 3.9 3.1 4.4 3.4 2.7 153136e 4.0 3.5 4.3 5.3 2.7 153136f 4.4 4.2 4.8 6.0 3.0 153136g 4.7 3.9 5.4 6.6 3.3 153136h 4.9 4,5 5.6 6.2 3.5 153136i 5.4 4.7 5.5 7.3 5.0 153136J 5.9 5.0 6.8 8.6 4.0 153136k 7.0 5.5 7.4 10.6 5.0 153136-1 7.9 6.5 7.8 13.5 4.0 153136m 8.4 7.4 9.7 16.0 6.0 153136n 9.8 8.9 9.8 18.4 7.6 153136o 10.7 9.3 11.5 26.5 9.3 153136p 11.7 9.8 13.8 33.6 6.8 153136q 13.0 11.6 11.1 24.0? 11.4 153136r 12.2 10.4 11.6 25.4 9.3 153136s 12.7 12.3 16.2 28 + 9.0 153136t 15.7 13.3 16.6 34.5 9.1 153136u 16.0? 13.4 18.2 33.6 11.9 153136v 19.0 17.5 20.0 48.0 14.0 153136w 19.6 15.6 22.4 47.2 14.0 153136x 20.0 19.2 22.0 46.0 18.8 153136y 21.5 19.4 20.0 41.0 17.8 153136z 22.0 21.0 23.4 57.6 24.0 (holotype) 153136a' 26.0 22.5 25.5 62.0 23.3 153136b' 28.0 24.0 27.5 70.0 24.5 fewer, lower lateral plications. Prime difference from that species is in the juveniles; those of A. germana are wider and have the hinge ends ex- tended at a smaller size. It also is larger and more coarsely punctate than Reticulariina cerina, new species, and its fastigium is higher, lateral plica- tions lower, hinge ends more extended, surface spines fewer, weaker and shorter, and its intra- specific variation greater. Arionthia germana is easily distinguished from the triplicate species of Reticulariina by its lack of external spines. It is larger, proportionately wider and more regular, and its fastigium is much higher than in Arionthia lamaria, new species. DISCUSSION.—This species is more variable than Reticulariina cerina, but nevertheless its range of variation is narrow compared to that of many spi- riferinaceans. The lateral plications vary in height, breadth, and number; they normally are simple, 2754 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY but those at the lateral extremes tend to split into two or three branches. The hinge is produced on most specimens, greatly on many but less on others. A few specimens do not have the hinge ends ex- tended, although the hinge is the widest part of all specimens, and the ends are consistently rather sharply pointed. Coarse punctation of the shell produces a rather open-appearing network. One abnormal specimen in the collection has the fastig- ium symmetrically duplicate instead of triplicate, with a shallow median groove running along the crest. Near the anterior of this specimen, each side of the fastigium is slightly flexed, indicating that normal triplication was beginning, which in this specimen would have produced a quadriplicate fastigium. This abnormal condition is not unique to A. germana, but occurs also in Reticulariina cerina and some of the more highly variable spiri- ferinaceans from the Guadalupe Mountains. Arionthia lamaria, new species PLATE 729: FIGURES 16-40; PLATE 730: FICURES 27-53 Slightly larger than average for genus, flatly bi- convex; outline strongly transverse, widest at or slightly anterior to hinge, but without extensions or attenuation of hinge; commissure plicated by broad, low, single or triplicate fold, numerous lower lateral plications; fastigium beginning low, crest narrowly rounded, profile rather convex, keeping height down, accessory plications begin- ning weakly about 10 mm anterior to brachial beak, tending more to spread the fastigium than to produce one distinct plication on each side; sul- cus broad, shallow, triplication often barely visible; lateral plications low, bluntly angular to rounded, most simple but 1 or 2 on each specimen bifurcat- ing, numbering 6 to 9 on each side (including branches). Surface spines absent; growth laminae weak, visible only on best preserved specimens. Pedicle valve evenly but moderately convex lon- gitudinally; beak broad, blunt, somewhat curved but not hooked; interarea triangular, nearly equi- lateral in some specimens, much wider than long in large adults, gently concave; delthyrium high, wedge-shaped, no covering observed, apex filled by short arch over median septum. Brachial valve flatly convex; beak rather prominent, blunt; inter- area low, wide; notothyrium broadly wedge-shaped, apex with wide, toothlike, lamellate cardinal process. Pedicle valve interior with two short blunt hinge teeth; dental ridges moderately deep, slightly convergent toward midline; dental plates about average length for genus, slightly divergent, meet- ing floor at sides of muscle area, not extending along floor; median septum high, thin, extending about a third length of valve. Muscle marks on septum and on floor beside septum; adductor muscle marks forming series of low lirae on sep- tum; diductor muscle marks weakly impressed on sides of ridge formed by sulcus. Brachial valve interior with wedge-shaped soc- kets formed by strong socket ridges, each with thick knob at anterior; hinge plates rather narrow, bent slightly mesially, braced in some specimens to base of cardinal process by small accessory plates; crura extending forward from anterior edges of crural plates, slightly convergent; complete crura and spiralium not observed. Muscle area in trough formed by fastigium, bounded laterally by pair of outwardly bowed, flared, flattened ridges, bisected by low thin ridge; anterior adductor marks narrow, elongate, on each side of median ridge, posterior adductor marks larger, occupying posterior and lateral parts of area. Adminicula short and stout. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve mid- hinge thick length length width width ness USNM 738 153143a 3.4 ? 4.4 3.4 153143b 4.0 ? 5.9 4.7 153143c 5.9 ? 8.4 6.0 153143d 6.0 5.5 6.2 9.0 5.9 153143e 7.6 ? 10.0 9.4 153143f ? 12.0 15.0 26.9 153143g ? 14.8 23.0 30.5 153143h 15.0 ? 18.9 20.8 153143i ? 15.0 20.8 28.0? 153143J ? 16.0 24.0 c.36.0 153143k ? 19.7 30.5 38.7 AMNH 347 ( = = L-2) 153144a ? 12.4 17.5 17.9 153144b 12.8 ? 15.0 15.5 153144c 15.0 ? 19.3 22.8 153144d 22.0 ? 30.0 36.9 153144e ? 23.0 ? 38.0? AMNH 404 154707a 23.7 19.6 31.0? 25.0 15.6 (holotype) NUMBER 24 2755 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Carlsbad Forma- tion?, Capitan Formation, Bell Canyon Formation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Carlsbad?: AMNH 417. Capitan: USNM 740g, 740k, 740n. Hegler: USNM 731, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 398, 437, 528, 636; USNM 725n, 748. Rader: AMNH 388, 403, 404, 410; USNM 725g, 740i. Lamar: AMNH L-2 (= 347), L-3 (= 348), 25, 37, 38, 430; USNM 725e, 728i, 728p, 738, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, nonalate, lateral plications anteriorly bifurcating. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154707a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153143k; 153144d-f; 154704a; 154705a, b; 154706a; 155076a-i. Measured para- types: USNM 153143a-k, 153144a-e. COMPARISON.—Arionthia lamaria is characterized by its transverse outline without extended hinge ends, its broad fastigium with indistinct triplica- tion that merely widens the anterior, its low lateral costae with tendency to bifurcate not only at the lateral extremes, but also among more mesial pli- cations, its absent surface spines, and its promi- nent flared outer muscle ridges in the brachial valve. It most nearly resembles Reticulariina girtyi, new species, differing in its lower fastigium, with indistinct triplication, its greater tendency for bifurcation of lateral plications, and its absence of surface spines. It also resembles R. roscida, new species, differing in its normally wider outline, weaker growth laminae, higher fastigium with more symmetrical triplication, absent surface spines, and somewhat lower convexity. It differs from R. laxa (Girty) in its less trigonal outline, more and lower lateral costae, and less rugose growth laminae. R. welleri (Girty) also is similar, but Arionthia lamaria differs in its wider outline with greatest width normally at the hinge, its lower, broadly triplicate fastigium, and the absence of surface spines. The outline of A. lamaria is similar to that of Reticulariina sonorensis (Cooper), from Mexico, but the Texas species differs in its greater range of variation, more numerous and more frequently bi- furcating lateral plications, less regularly tripli- cate fastigium, lower convexity, and thinner valves. DISCUSSION.—Arionthia lamaria is a variable species. The outline normally is rather wide, but some juveniles are nearly as long as wide. The hinge normally is the widest part of the shell, but a few are widest anterior to the hinge, near the midlength. Triplication of the fastigium is irregu- lar; it is asymmetrical in some, only slight and far forward in others, absent in a few adults. Many lateral plications bifurcate, but the trough pro- duced by the split normally is shallow, producing a bundled effect similar to that of some species of neospiriferids. The asymmetry and slight distor- tion of many of the shells does not appear to be the result of crowding during growth. The distor- tions involve differing numbers of plications on each side, a slanting fastigium, splitting plications, or asymmetrical splitting of the fastigium rather than radical distortions in shape. Furthermore, the distortions that involve shape are not the flatten- ings or twisting normally produced by crowding. Arionthia polypleura (Girty) PLATE 731: FIGURES 1-27 Spiriferina hilli var. polypleurus Girty, 1909:380, pl. 21: figs. 4-4c. Small for genus, wider than long, hinge narrow, greatest width at or posterior to midvalve; cardinal extremities rounded; sides rounded and anterior margin somewhat nasute. Interarea moderately long, steeply apsacline to nearly procline. Beak small and narrow, incurved. Fold and sulcus promi- nent, with anteriorly multiple fastigium; flanks marked by 6 to 8 narrowly rounded plications sepa- rated by narrower troughs; few plications on flanks bifurcated. Surface with distant lamellae and fine pustules. Pedicle valve moderately and unevenly convex in lateral profile, most convex in umbonal region, slightly geniculated anteriorly. Anterior broadly and moderately convex. Umbonal region narrow. Sulcus narrow, moderately deep, extended into long narrow tongue. Floor of sulcus marked by 1 to 4 plications originating near midvalve. Plica- tions bounding sulcus elevated and strongest of all. Flanks moderately swollen and moderately steep. Apical plate long, attached to septum. Brachial valve flatly convex in lateral profile, broadly and gently convex in anterior profile. Fold originating on umbo, continuous to anterior margin, single for about two-thirds valve length, there splitting to make fastigium trifid. Flanks moderately swollen, slopes gentle. 2756 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Pedicle valve interior with long flaring dental plates extending for a third valve length. Septum high, thin, with point at crest; anterior steeply sloping and continued on floor to about midvalve. Adductor scars on callosities at base of septum; diductor and adjustor marks occupying floor be- tween septum and dental plates. Brachial valve interior with sockets bounded by strong socket ridges; hinge plates narrow, sup- ported by small cuplike plates, median edges bear- ing lamellate cardinal process. Crura long and stout; jugal processes long, anteroventrally curved, barbed, closely approximate but not meeting. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve hinge thick length length width width ness AMNH 635 153147a 16.1 15.1 19.2 16.8 12.2 153147b 13.5 12.3 18.8 17.0 9.7 153147c 13.3 12.3 16.7 12.8? 10.0 153147d 11.8 10.7 15.5 11.8 9.0 153147e 11.0 9.2 12.6 10.7 8.0 153147f 8.7? 6.8 10.0 8.0 6.6 153147g 5.2 4.6 6.0 5.0 4.2 USGS 2930 118606 10.7 ? 13.0 10.8 ? (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c. Pinery: USGS 2930 (green); USNM 725n. Rader: USNM 740a. Lamar: USNM 728i. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, fastigium trifurcate, numer- ous crowded, high plications on the flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118606. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153147a, e-j. Measured hypo- types: USNM 153147a-g. COMPARISON.—The multiplication of the fasti- gium links this species to others having this charac- ter. It is smaller and narrower than those from the Glass Mountains, such as A. germana and A. blothrhachis, new species. It is also smaller than Reticulariina roscida, new species, from the Geta- way Member, but has some resemblance to R. welleri (Girty). Although the latter is very poorly known, the specimens assigned by us to this species seem to accord with Girty's conception. Arionthia polypleura differs in having narrower, a greater number, and more crowded plications on the flanks than R. welleri. DISCUSSION.—Girty's type is a single pedicle valve dissolved out of its matrix from locality USGS 2930 (green), which is somewhat ambiguously desig- nated as being from "chiefly float" then states "some of it in place." It is said to be from the "Dark limestone" and is thus assumed to be in the lower part of the Bell Canyon Formation. The type specimen is a young individual and its special distinction is the closely crowded plications on the flanks, a feature unique to this species so far as now known. The sulcus is occupied anteriorly by an indistinct costa but the specimen is too young to show any emplacement of costae on the sides of the sulcus. Unfortunately no brachial valve is avail- able for confirmation of plication bifurcation. The assignment of other specimens to this species is based on the close crowding of the plications of the flanks. Family Incertae Sedis The new genus Scenesia has features resembling both Metriolepis, new genus, and Altiplecus Stehli, but punctation of its shell has not been observed. Therefore it must be considered only doubtfully as a spiriferinacean. See discussion below. Scenesia, new genus [Greek skene (a tent)] Small, transverse, hinge wide, excessively devel- oped tongue of pedicle valve, elongated, high fold of brachial valve, resembling some species of Alti- plecus. Interarea strongly apsacline; ornament (besides median fold of brachial valve and plica- tions bounding sulcus on opposite valve) consist- ing of poorly defined lateral plication and strong, concentric laminae. Shell substance possibly punctate. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth buttressed by well developed dental ridges lengthening to- ward apex. No well defined dental plates seen. Apical plate tentlike, arching over median septum and united with posteriorly extended dental ridges. Median septum short and high, not reach- ing midvalve. NUMBER 24 2757 Brachial valve with deep wide sockets, not roofed by cover plates; socket ridges thick, distally expanded; hinge plates concave, proximally united under cardinal process by callus; cardinal process fairly long shafted with expanded, lamellate myo- phore. Crura short, crural processes directed antero- medially but presence of jugum unconfirmed. Spire and muscle marks not seen. TYPE-SPECIES.—Scenesia extensa, new species. DIAGNOSIS.—Form like that of Altiplecus Stehli but exterior lamellose like Metriolepis and pedicle valve without dental plates but provided with an elaborately formed tentlike apical plate. COMPARISON.—Although it is not yet definitely known whether or not this genus has a punctate shell, its structures are more similar to those of the punctate genera than of the impunctate ones. Scenesia is obviously very like Altiplecus in the odd development of the fold and sulcus, but it has no dental plates. The exterior ornament is like that of Metriolepis, but that genus usually has long dental plates. Some species of Metriolepis have strongly receding dental plates but these structures are a usual feature of the genus. Altiplecus has a tentlike apical plate in some species that may be buttressed against the dental plates but it is usu- ally attached to the median setpum. Odontospirifer Dunbar has the external form and similar ornamentation of Scenesia. It also lacks dental plates as shown by Dunbar's serial sections (1955:156) but the sections show no evidence of the dental apical plate which is such a conspicuous feature of Scenesia. Odontospirifer is impunctate and we cannot say that Scenesia is unrelated, but the apical structures and ventral septum of Scene- sia are so much more like those of the punctate spiriferinaceans that we believe the relationship to be with Spiriferinacea rather than with the Spi- riferacea. DISCUSSION.—The most unusual features of this genus center about the apex of the pedicle valve. The genus is probably an aberration of Altiplecus, as suggested by its general form and internal struc- tures. The apical region is distinguished by a tent- like plate that is not in contact with the median septum but which is combined with the extended dental ridge for strengthening. The dental plates appear to have aborted, as no distinct trace of them has been seen, even in the youngest shells. They are certainly not evident in adults. Scenesia extensa, new species PLATE 724: FIGURES 36-66 Small, triangular in outline, width greatly ex- ceeding length, cardinal extremities submucronate; sides strongly oblique; anterior sharply pointed. Valves subequal in depth. Interarea long and wide, strongly apsacline to procline and gently curved near apex. Surface strongly laminated and with single, usually indistinct plication on each side of fold and sulcus. Pedicle valve gently convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity in umbonal region; anterior profile narrowly arched, with steeply sloping con- cave sides. Sulcus wide and deep, bounded by strong oblique plications and marked medially by strong plica originating about a third length ante- rior to beak. Median plica extended anteriorly as long narrow tongue making ventral view strongly triangular or crudely diamond-shaped. Brachial valve with fairly even and gently con- vex lateral profile; anterior profile nearly flat but with narrow median fold. Umbonal region slightly flattened. Fold originating on umbo, very narrow, widening slightly anteriorly and strongly elevated above depressed flanks. Fold anteriorly produced and ventrally curved to meet elongated tongue of pedicle valve. Interiors as described under generic heading. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 708u, specimens 153175a (holotype) and b, respec- tively: length 6.2, 3.3; brachial valve length 5.5, 3.1; midwidth 4.6, 3.4; hinge width 8.7, 6.4; thick- ness 4.3, 2.5. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain (base). LOCALITY.—USNM 708u. DIAGNOSIS.—Triangular, small Scenesia with one obscure lateral plication. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153175a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153175b-h. COMPARISON.—-This small species resembles some forms of Altiplecus, especially A. deltosus, new species, in its general form and the long extension of the tongue of the pedicle valve into the elon- gated fold of the opposite valve. It differs in its lack of dental plates and its strong lamellose exterior. DISCUSSION.—This species is another of the un- usual forms that was recovered from the loose blocks of USNM 708u. The assemblage from this 2758 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY place includes many unusual types with extremes of morphology. The apical plate takes the form of a narrow arch over the posterior edge of the median septum. The sides of the arch extend on each side of the septum and then bend abruptly to attach to the anteroventral edge of the dental ridge. In so doing the sides form a narrow loop enclosing slits be- tween shell wall and the tentlike plate. The nar- row posterior edge of the apical plate is narrowly rounded in some instances, flattened and with a roughened surface in others. In a few specimens the posterior part of the plate is prolonged into a process that extends above the posterior edge of the median septum. The median septum of this species is much shorter than usual in the spiriferinaceans. The sep- tum has the same form, however, as most of the other spiriferinacean genera. It rises to a crest well within the delthyrial cavity and has a steep concave front. It does not extend beyond the del- thyrial cavity. The cardinalia of the brachial valve are typically spiriferinoid but are much thickened and in some instances have callus formed about them. The holotype preserves one branch of the descending lamellae of the spire, which indicates a short crus having a slender jugal process bent anteroventrally at its distal end. It is not known whether or not this forms a jugum. Suborder RETZHDINA Boucot, Johnson, and Staton, 1964 Superfamily RETZIACEA Waagen, 1883 Family RETZHDAE Waagen, 1883 Costate, hinge narrow, foramen round, deltid- ium flat. Bases of primary branches of spire situated between spirals, bent sharply dorsally to place of junction with crura. Jugum with single process, usually curved, occasionally bifurcated. Genera in West Texas: Hustedia Hall and Clarke, 1893; Thedusia, new genus. These genera are represented in the Glass Moun- tains by a great abundance of individuals and species. At many localities one or the other is the commonest fossil. They are also well represented in the Sierra Diablo and Guadalupe Mountains. Some species attain an unusually large size for retziids even in the Early Permian. Synoptic Key to West Texas Permian Species of Thedusia and Hustedia (Species new unless otherwise noted; for Hustedia meekana (Shumard), see p. 2787.) I. Elongate, small (length up to 10 mm), beak long and/or straight, bisulcate, commonly emarginate Thedusia A. Average costae 12. 1. Narrow, umbones convex, long strong costa in sulcus T. angustata 2. Elongate, costae strong, low, short costa in sulcus T. procera 3. Anterior lamellate, costae low, broad, median costa of sulcus long T. magna 4. Elongate, beak long, no costa in sulcus, others low, numerous (average, 12-14) T. dischides 5. Narrowly subtrigonal, no costa in sulcus, beak long, costa low, rounded, numbering 10, 12, or 14 T. bucrenata 6. Elongate, length up to 7 mm, 12 or 14 strong costae, costa in sulcus T. mesocostata B. Average costae 10. 1. Globose, strongly emarginate, costae strong T. biconvexa 2. Small, narrow, costae fine, emargination deep T. emarginata 3. Length up to 5 mm, deep anterior slit T. discissa 4. Beak short, sides rounded T. ventricosa 5. Subtrigonal, beak long, attenuate, costae strong, sharp T. trigonalis (Girty) C. Average costae 6, small, subtrigonal T. paucicostata II. Beak normally curved, median costa of brachial valve depressed only in juveniles, median septum or ridge in brachial valve Hustedia A. Valve edges flanged, costae low but sharp 1. Length to 8 mm, average costae 8, median costa strong H. crepax NUMBER 24 2759 2. Average costae 12, median costa depressed or rounded H. culcitula 3. Average costae 14, strongly convex, median costa neither depressed nor elevated (same as others) H. trita B. Internal striae producing small notches in valve edges, costae high. 1. Length to 8 mm, average costae 8 H. trisecta 2. High costae averaging 10. a. Shell small, up to 8 mm. (1) Foramen large, submesothyridid to mesothyridid H. lusca (2) Beak short, straight, costae strong, median costa large H. bipartita Girty (3) Foramen permesothyridid, shell convex, beak long, curved H. narinosa b. Length up to 15 mm. (1) Outline elongate, average costae 10, median costa low, sharp (low Guadalupe). H. tomea (2) Strongly convex, costae high, median septum low (Wolfcamp) H. cepacea (3) Strongly convex, beak curved, 10-12 costae, median septum low (Leonard) H. consuta (4) Flatly convex, costae low, septum high (high Guadalupe) H. opsia c. Length up to 19 mm, strongly convex, wide, 10-12 costae H. citeria d. Length to 22 mm, very wide, convexity low, costae very high, wide, sharp crests H. rupinata 3. Average costae at least 12. a. Elongate, tiny (length to 5 mm) H. inconspicua b. Length to 10 mm, beak short, median septum low H. catella c. Length less than 10 mm, subcircular, 10-16 low costae H. hapala d. Shell large (length to 20 mm). (1) Length to 20 mm, narrow, 16-18 low costae H. cuneata (2) Length to 19 mm, 10-12 strong costae, septum high H. citeria (3) Length to 15 mm, 10-12 low costae, median ridge H. consuta (4) Length to 15 mm, 14 low, rounded costae, median costa short, anterior lamellose H. demissa (5) Length to 18 mm, 12-14 costae, thick shell H. connorsi (6) Length to 17 mm, 10 narrow costae, shell narrow, anterior lamellose H. compressa (7) Length to 13 mm, 12 high sharp costae, median septum high H. spicata (8) Length to 14 mm, 16 crowded costae, no median costa H. huecoensis R. E. King (9) Length to 15 mm, 12 blunt costae, low median ridge in brachial valve interior H. decollatensis (10) Length to 13 mm, 10-12 low, broad costae, low convexity, emarginate H. samiata (11) Length to 12 mm, 18-20 low, even costae H. stataria e. Large shells with concentric ornament (growth lines). (1) Length to 14 mm, beak straight, 10-12 sharp costae H. sculptilis (2) Length to 17 mm, 10-12 high costae, median septum high H. glomerosa (3) Length to 20 mm, 10-12 strong costae, median costa depressed, low septum or ridge. (a) Beak short, curved H. hessensis R. E. King (b) Beak long, straight H. ampullacea (4) Length to 24 mm, beak elongate, 12-14 high costae, high median septum H. pugilla Genus Hustedia Hall and Clarke, 1893 midlength, anterior margin gently rounded, flat- tened or indented; hinge narrower than shell Hustedia Hall and Clark, 1893:120; 1894:797.-Dunbar and ^ commissure strongly plicated, normally Condra, 1932:355.—Stehli, 1954:350.—Sarycheva, 1960:285.— , , , ,,.,,• T , Williams et al., 1965:H652. rather regularlY and sllShtly uniplicate but some species sulcate or emarginate, a few species with Shell minutely endopunctate, strongly biconvex, slightly raised median costa on brachial valve; ovoid in outline, greatest width near or anterior to costae normally beginning at beaks, simple, with- 2760 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY out bifurcations or intercalations; concentric growth lines weak, rarely preserved; growth lami- nae also weak, rare, irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve convex, fan-shaped, greatest con- vexity just anterior to beak; foramen round, rela- tively large, submesothyridid to permesothyridid; beak straight to suberect; delthyrium completely covered by pair of conjunct triangular deltidial plates, forming transversely flat, longitudinally gently concave, symphytium with weak longitudi- nal striae, fused along midline leaving slight median depression for apex of brachial valve. Bra- chial valve more strongly convex, normally some- what swollen in umbonal region; beak blunt, short. Pedicle valve interior with pair of blunt hinge teeth elongate transversely along the hinge, begin- ning at lateral ends of hinge, occupying all but middle third or half of hinge line; interior of fora- men lined by short cylindrical pedicle collar, free at anterior end; no trace of muscle marks except weak impressions of small pedicle adjustor muscles just anterior to pedicle collar in beak (for descrip- tion of muscle marks see Thedusia); internal ridges (troughs of external costae) having crests flattened by thickening along edges, sides of ridges in many species longitudinally fluted especially toward anterior, fluting terminating as series of small notches on edges of major crenulations of commissure; troughs (crests of external costae) rounded, also longitudinally fluted. Brachial valve interior with pair of transversely elongate hinge sockets, bounded by edge of valve, by short socket ridge extending from inner valve surface, and by parts of hinge plate and crural bases; hinge plate thick, strongly recurved to ex- tend posteriorly along inner face of symphytium, rather short, tripartite but not divided; medial part deltoid, expanding posteriorly or toward free end of plate, lateral two parts lying along symphy- tium and giving rise to crural bases, following general recurvature of plate and narrowing for short distance, then splitting from plate to extend nearly directly ventrally as pair of short, slightly curved, slightly divergent, bladelike crura; short, transversely flattened ligulate process extending forward from base of hinge plate, lightly striated longitudinally, probably providing attachment for diductor muscles and serving (along with recurved hinge plate) function of cardinal process; short median septum in apex beneath hinge plate, ex- tending forward for several mm as low median ridge on floor of valve; ends of spiralia attached nearly at right angles to ends of crura, there slightly or greatly expanded to form pair of blade- like descending lamellae, soon bifurcating; ascend- ing lamellae projecting anteroventrally, joining and recurving anteriorly as small or large (depend- ing on species) buccal plate with many tubular spines over surface, long sharp spiny process ex- tending from anterior of buccal plate nearly to floor of pedicle valve; main branches of spiralia splitting off from blades of descending lamellae, curving toward one another nearly to touch, then coiled dorsoventrally in irregularly elliptical spirals normally numbering up to 8 in adults; mesially facing surfaces of spiralia bearing slender setalike processes, all curved anteriorly, peripheral edges of each spiral with numerous straight processes at anterior, few at posterior, none elsewhere on periphery; few small processes on inner edge, at posterior. Muscle marks not observed (see Thedusia); crests and troughs of costae flattened and striated as in pedicle valve; margins similarly notched. TYPE-SPECIES.—Terebratula mormoni Marcou, 1858:51, pl. 6: fig. 11. DISCUSSION.—Several of the internal features need fuller explanation and definition than is given above in the formal description. The so- called "buccal plate" is named from analogy to the detached buccal plate that occurs in some impunc- tate spiriferoids. Its origin and form are different, but its position near the postulated locus of the mouth, and its irregular and digitate or spiny sur- face indicate a probably similar function. Other authors (e.g., S. Weller, 1914) have termed the entire structure a jugum; the term is justified by its origin from the junction of processes from the spiralia. However, this plate is radically different in form from the normal jugum, and in other punctate spiriferinids and impunctate spiriferids the jugum (or the unjoined processes that meet to form a jugum in some species) serve to support part of the buccal plate, and do not adopt the actual form of a buccal plate. The junction of the two halves of this plate is visible on some speci- mens, and it can be traced along the sharp spike- like extension that reaches nearly to the pedicle valve floor in some species. Derby (1874), Hall and Clarke (1894), and NUMBER 24 2761 Weller (1914) noted that the spiralia of Hustedia are fimbriate. Our specimens show that the distri- bution of the fimbriations is not uniform over the edges of the spiralium, but that the longest of the setuliform processes occur mainly on the anterior of the periphery, on the mesial surfaces. A few long ones occur on the posterior periphery; those elsewhere are shorter. Those on the peripheries of the spiralia are relatively straight, projecting per- pendicular to the edge. Those on the mesial sur- faces, however, point anteriorly; this means they point in the direction of coiling on the dorsal sec- tors of the spire, and opposite to it in the ventral sectors. Examination of many specimens of Pennsylvan- ian species (e.g., H. mormoni (Marcou)) reveals no internal lirae and no crenulation of the valve margins other than that produced by the costae. Early Permian species from North-Central Texas, and Wolfcampian species from the Glass Moun- tains (e.g., H. trita and H. culcitula, both new) have only a few lirae, and these are located far forward and crenulate the margins only slightly. The strength and number of internal lirae increase consistently throughout the Permian species of Hustedia and they begin progressively earlier in the life of the shell, striating an increasingly greater proportion of its length. Stehli has suggested (oral communication) that the internal lirae in Hustedia mark the traces of forward growth of setae that fringed the valve mar- gins. Previously he had hypothesized (1954:351) that they formed an interlocking straining device. However, many articulated silicified specimens can be manipulated open and shut, and the crenula- tions of the valve margins do not normally inter- lock tightly with one another, but leave a small gap between each opposing pair. In addition, the tongue formed by extension of the troughs of the costae are blunted, and do not fit tightly into the crests of their counterparts on the opposite valve, thus leaving a series of rather large gaps in the commissure of the shell. It seems to us a reasonable hypothesis that these gaps, and the smaller ones formed by the crenulations, were not open in life, but were filled by something: their shape suggests that they were the seats for marginal setae. Examination of specimens of Hustedia in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History from the Productus Limestone of the Salt Range in Pakistan reveals a trend in presence of internal striae and marginal notches similar to that in the Texas species. The species are not iden- tified with certainty, so no names will be used, but specimens from the Lower and Middle Productus Limestone (Amb and Wargal formations) have longitudinal flanges that interlock at the valve edges as in Wolfcampian species in Texas. Other specimens from the Middle Productus Limestone, and specimens from the Upper Productus Lime- stone (Chhidru Formation) have notches at the valve edges that indicate presence of internal striae. Further confirmation is in H. indica (Waagen) var. lineata Reed (1944, pl. 52: fig. 1) which is from the Upper Productus Limestone and which clearly shows numerous strong stria- tions (appearing as ridges on Reed's specimen) and in an interior view of a specimen of H. grandicosta (Davidson) in Waagen (1883, pl. 34: fig. 11) also from the Upper Productus Limestone. It is impos- sible to trace the development of internal striae as closely in the calcareous Salt Range specimens as in the silicified Texas specimens whose interiors can be observed in detail, but, nevertheless, the trend seems to be similar in the two faunas. Pedicle Sheath: Hall and Clarke (1894) and Dunbar and Condra (1932) mention presence of an incomplete tube, or sheath, in the pedicle valve near the apex of the beak; both sets of authors agree that it is not a complete tube but is open on the ventral side. They illustrate this feature by serial sections (Hall and Clarke, 1894:121, text-fig. 106; Dunbar and Condra, 1932:357, text-fig. 25). None of the silicified specimens from the Permian of West Texas show such an incomplete tube along the symphytium, but all species have a short pedi- cle collar that can be seen to be completely tubu- lar in well-preserved specimens. We sectioned a specimen of the type species, H. mormoni (Mar- cou) and observed that the incompleteness of the pedicle collar is an artifact of sectioning. Unless the section is precisely parallel to the edges of the foramen, the pedicle collar will be cut through, and appear as an incomplete tube. Hall and Clarke's text-figure 106 is a sketch, enlarged by an unspecified amount, of only the beak region of the pedicle valve. Dunbar and Condra's text-figure 25 shows a series of nine sections, and it is obvious from the sequence, of appearance, of structures, and the symmetry of the valves that the section 2762 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY was made perpendicular to the plane of commis- sure. The pedicle beak in Hustedia mormoni curves strongly dorsally, so a cut perpendicular to the plane of commissure would enter the beak at an angle other than parallel to the edges of the foramen, thus cutting into the side of the pedicle collar and making it appear to be an incomplete tube. Evolution: Study of Permian species of Hustedia has shown a few rather vague evolutionary trends. None is so clear that it allows close estimate of the age of a species by its "stage of evolution," and only one known trend is not contradicted by excep- tional species. One general trend in the development of Hus- tedia is a more-or-less consistent increase in size throughout the Permian. Pennsylvanian species average less than 10 mm in length of the largest shells (e.g., H. mormoni (Marcou) in Dunbar and Condra, 1932). Wolfcampian species H. trita and H. culcitula, both new, attain a maximum length near 10 mm. Some Leonardian species, for exam- ple H. connorsi and H. spicata, both new, become nearly 20 mm long, but other Leonardian species remain in the 10 mm length range. Guadalupian species H. pugilla and H. citeria, both new, have adults nearly 20 mm in length, and one subspecies of H. pugilla exceeds that length, as does the Pinery Member species H. rupinata, new species. However H. opsia, new species, that occurs in the Lamar Member at the top of the Bell Canyon For- mation is nearer the length of Wolfcampian H. trita than it is the length of other Guadalupian species. Another feature that shows progressive develop- ment in species of Hustedia is the median septum of the brachial valve. The septum is short in all species, but its height ranges from a mere ridge to a thin blade about 0.5 mm high. It is not truly a high septum in any species, but its relative height is greater in Guadalupian than in Wolfcampian species. The brachial valve of Wolfcampian species H. trita and H. culcitula contains a low median ridge; in Leonardian species H. connorsi, H. lusca, and H. cepacea, all new, it is a low, relatively thick septum. In the Leonardian H. spicata, new species, the septum is thin and bladelike, but in the lower Word H. consuta, new species, it is once more a low median ridge. Subsequent Word and other Guadalupian species all have the median septum relatively high, thin, and bladelike; and the trend continues into the Lamar species H. opsia, the sep- tum of which is among the highest. The trends are the same in the Glass Mountains and the Sierra Diablo and Guadalupe Mountains. In H. glomerosa, new species, of the Bone Spring Formation the septum is only moderately high; in H. hessensis R. E. King it varies from a ridge to a moderately high septum. In H. citeria, new species, of the Getaway Member, the septum is high and bladelike, as it is in later species. Foreign Species: Best known and most numerous species of Hustedia from the Permian of other parts of the world are those described from the Urals and Timan by Tschernyschew (1902), from the Salt Range by Waagen (1883) and Reed (1944), from Bolivia by Kozlowski (1914), from Peru by Chronic (1953), and from Timor by Broili (1916). Tschernyschew (1902:107, 512, pl. 47) identified several specimens with H. remota (Eichwald). These are calcareous specimens, preserved as molds of the interior. They most nearly resemble die specimens from the Capitan Limestone that Girty (1909) called H. meekana (Shumard), which be- long to our new species H. opsia; the resemblance is largely in similarity of preservation. Hustedia opsia is proportionately narrower, and has its greatest width farther forward. Tschernyschew's photographs are clear, and show little or no stria- tion of the internal costae of his specimen from the Schwagerina Limestone. If the tendency toward increase in strength of these striae that the Texas species exhibit also holds for the Russian ones, then Tschernyschew's specimens belong to an earlier stage in the evolution of Hustedia. Unfortu- nately, further comparison of Tschernyschew's specimens with other Texas Permian species does not reveal meaningful distinctions, due to the great difference in mode of preservation. Among Salt Range species, H. indica (Waagen, 1883, pl. 35: figs. 1, 2) (also illustrated by Reed, 1944, pl. 52) most nearly resembles the strongly convex and rather short-beaked Leonardian species H. spicata and H. connorsi, both new. It dif- fers from the normally much larger Word species H. pugilla and H. consuta, both new, not only in size, but also in its shorter beak, lower, fewer, and more rounded costae, and more nearly circular outline. Hustedia indica is distinguished from the NUMBER 24 2763 two Leonardian species mentioned above by its smaller size, lower and more rounded costae, and apparently also by its fewer costae. The variety "lineata" of Reed probably derives its longitudinal striations by appearance of the internal striae on the outside of the specimens; either the specimen is a mold of the internal shell, or it reflects the in- ternal striations in some other manner (e.g., by partial peeling). The other specimen that Waagen (1883, pl. 35: fig. 3) called H. indica is very differ- ent, and has many more and much finer costae than any Texas Permian species. The other Salt Range species identified by Waagen is H. grandicosta (Davidson), from the Upper Productus Limestone. This species most nearly resembles H. consuta from the Road Can- yon Formation, but differs in its more elongate outline, normally lower and more rounded costae, proportionately larger foramen, and apparently also in its somewhat smaller maximum size. The maximum size of H. grandicosta from the Upper Productus Limestone is not reliably indicated by the 20 specimens in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History. Reed (1944) recognized several varieties of H. indica (Waagen), greatly extending the range of that species which Waagen recognized only in the lower part of the Middle Productus Limestone. To judge from illustrations by Waagen and Reed, and by specimens from the Lower, Middle, and Upper Productus Limestone in the collection, several more than the recognized species are pres- ent in the Salt Range; some are represented by Reed's varieties of H. indica. A small, elongate, very strongly costate form is represented by H. indica var. chittidilensis Reed (1944, pl. 52: figs. 5-6); several specimens like Reed's are in the col- lection; they are proportionately much more strongly costate, and have fewer costae than any Texas Permian species. Another of Reed's varieties is H. indica var. lineata (pl. 52: fig. 1) from the Upper Productus Limestone; the internal striae show clearly in Reed's illustration. This form most nearly resem- bles H. citeria, new species, from the Getaway Member, differing in its small size, somewhat nar- rower outline, rectimarginate anterior commissure, and lower convexity: its internal features are unknown. Kozlowski (1914) described a species from Boli- via which he identified with the North American Pennsylvanian H. mormoni (Marcou). He illus- trated a large suite of specimens, showing their variation, demonstrating that only one species is present. His stereophotograph of a brachial valve interior (pl. 1: fig. 2) reveals no internal striation, and no marginal notching, thus differentiating them from Leonardian and Guadalupian species from Texas. The Bolivian species differs from the Wolfcampian H. trita and H. culcitula, both new, in its smaller average size, fewer and more rounded costae, shorter, blunter and more strongly curved pedicle beak, somewhat more prominent median costa on the brachial valve, and its greater convexity. Broili (1916) refers the numerous Hustedias from Timor to H. radialis Phillips var. grandicosta Davidson. The Timor forms have a wide range in size and are strongly rounded, resembling H. citeria, or H. culcitula from the Guadalupian Cherry Canyon Formation and the Wolfcampian Neal Ranch Formation, respectively. The Peruvian species H. sicuaniensis Chronic most nearly resembles H. consuta, new species, from the Road Canyon Formation in its outline, number of costae, and low median ridge in the brachial valve. It differs in its smaller size, lower convexity and proportionately lower costae. No interior views are presented, but the valve margins appear to lack the notching that characterizes post- Wolf campian species in West Texas, providing a further distinction from H. consuta. The Peruvian species differs from the two abundant Wolfcamp- ian species from the Glass Mountains, H. trita and H. culcitula, primarily in its proportionately lower and more rounded costae. The other species from the lower Permian of Peru, H. meridionalis Chronic, differs from the two Glass Mountains Wolfcampian species in its greater convexity, nor- mally somewhat narrower outline, and especially in its much higher, somewhat more rounded, and fewer costae. Hustedia ampullacea, new species PLATE 732: FIGURES 1-26 Large for genus, flatly to moderately strongly bi- convex; outline flabellate, wide but length greater than width, widest anterior to midlength; commis- sure rectimarginate or with poorly defined fold 2764 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY caused by diminution in amplitude of medial costae, strongly serrate and finely crenulate at valve edges; costae high, broad, normally sharp, number- ing 8 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 10 to 12; median costa of brachial valve depressed in juve- niles, only slightly higher than lateral costae in adults, producing flat-appearing transverse profile; growth lines fine, closely spaced, raised on many specimens to produce concentric ornamentation; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve elongate, flatly convex; beak nor- mally elongate, attenuate, nearly straight to sub- erect; symphytium normally longer than wide, gently concave; foramen small, normally permeso- thyridid. Brachial valve similarly convex, slightly flattened in longitudinal and transverse profiles near center; beak gently rounded to somewhat sharp, projecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; internal costae rounded or flattened, with numerous striae beginning about a third distance anterior from beak, producing numerous small notches (crenu- lations) in valve edges. Brachial valve interior with sockets formed by valve walls and curved socket ridges; hinge plate trilobed, normal length, projecting ventrally and somewhat posteriorly, lateral lobes lying along in- side of symphytium; short ligulate process project- ing from base of hinge plate, curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly; median septum low, merely a ridge in many specimens; crura somewhat thick- ened, projecting ventrally lateral to hinge plate, slightly divergent; descending lamellae broad, soon branching; ascending lamellae slender, uniting to form jugum, median part of jugum slightly widened and flattened to form buccal plate with numerous short spines on anterior and dorsal sur- faces, one long spine on median line projecting nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branches of descending lamellae forming spiralia, coiled dorso- ventrally, each with at least 7 coils (in adults); costae rounded and striated as in pedicle valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation; Cathedral Mountain Formation (Wedin Member); Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 492, 658. Wedin: AMNH 500x; USNM 714w, 723v, Cathe- dral Mountain: USNM 702, 702b, 702 low, 702un, MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 703b 153200a 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.6 12 153200b 3.4 2.9 2.8 1.9 10 153200c 5.2 4.2 4.5 3.0 9 153200d 6.0 5.2 5.0 4.4 10 153200e 6.8 5.8 5.0 4.0 12 153200f 7.6 6.0 5.2 3.7 12 153200g 10.3 8.2 9.1 6.0 10 153200h 12.3 11.0 10.3 8.9 11 153200i 15.1 13.0 14.2 10.3 8 153200J 19.1 16.3 15.4 11.5 14 USNM 702 153201a 4.3 3.7 3.2 2.3 10 153201b 6.0 5.0 4.5 3.4 10 153201c 6.9 6.3 5.1 4.2 11 153201d 13.8 11.7 13.4 9.8 10 153201e 15.4 13.0 15.0 8.9 14 USNM 702b 153202a 6.3 5.0 5.5 3.7 8 153202b 7.7 6.8 6.8 6.0 10 153202c 8.2 6.9 7.4 5.0 10 153202d 9.0 7.7 7.4 5.7 12 153202e 10.9 9.7 9.5 7.5 10 153202f 12.9 11.3 12.0 8.9 12 153202g 13.8 11.9 13.9 9.1 12 153202h 15.3 13.7 16.0 10.6 10 (holotype) 153202i 16.7 15.0 16.9 10.0 12 USNM 714w 153203a 8.0 6.9 6.9 5.0 10 153203b 14.6 12.4 14.2 9.8 12 703b, 708, 726x. Road Canyon: USNM 702c, 703c, 721z. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia with flabellate out- line. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153202h. Figured paratypes: USNM 153200i; 153201d, f; 153202g; 153203b. Unfigured measured paratypes: USNM 153200a-h, j; 153201a-c, e; 153202a-f, i, j; 153203a. COMPARISON.—Hustedia ampullacea is charac- terized by its large size, rather flat convexity, fan- shaped outline, elongate bottleneck-like pedicle beak, raised concentric ornamentation on some specimens, slightly lower than normal median costa of the brachial valve, and its low median sep- tum or ridge in the brachial valve. It most nearly resembles H. hessensis R. E. King in its ornamen- tation, low septum, and strong costa with one slightly lower, but differs from that species in its NUMBER 24 2765 somewhat higher and broader costae, less pro- nounced depression of the median brachial costa, and especially in its longer and straighter pedi- cle beak. It also resembles H. rupinata, new species, from the Pinery Member of the Bell Canyon For- mation, differing in its normally greater convexity, less depressed median brachial costa, lower median septum, longer pedicle beak, and presence on many specimens of raised growth lines. The orna- mentation links H. ampullacea to H. glomerosa, new species, from the Bone Spring Formation, but it differs from that species in its lower convexity, larger maximum size, broader costae, low median ridge in the brachial valve, and longer, straighter pedicle beak. This species is not likely to be confused with other species of Hustedia. Its large size and long beak recall specimens of H. pugilla, new species, from the Word Formation, but that species is much more convex, has more and lower costae, no depressed costae or concentric ornamentation, and a high median septum. Juveniles of H. ampullacea, with their depressed median brachial costa, resem- ble some species of Thedusia, but differ in the fact that the median costa increases in height anteriorly, whereas in species of Thedusia a median costa is absent or it remains low; also, species of that genus normally have a very high median septum. Hustedia bipartita Girty PLATE 732: FIGURES 40-55; PLATE 736: FICURES 41^5 Hustedia bipartita Girty, 1909:398, pl. 30: figs. 19-20a. [Not of R. E. King, 1931:125, pl. 42: fig. 19.] About average size, moderately to strongly bicon- vex; outline subovate to subcircular, widest near midlength; commissure rectimarginate at anterior, strongly serrate; costae strong, sharp to bluntly angular, numbering 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, nor- mally 10; median costa of brachial valve depressed and normally more rounded than others, producing appearance of weak sulcation; median trough of pedicle valve only slightly deeper or wider than others, and this only on some specimens; anterior margin flattened but not emarginate as result of very weak bisulcation; growth laminae weak, irregu- larly spaced. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex; beak short, slightly attenuate in some, straight to nearly straight; foramen small, round, permeso- thyridid; symphytium flat to slightly concave, sub- trigonal, nearly equilateral. Brachial valve some- what more strongly convex, swollen in umbonal region; beak blunt, projecting considerably poste- rior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with small, transverse, blunt hinge teeth; foramen lined by pedicle collar; muscle marks large, weakly impressed, anteriorly widening, one on each side of midline, beginning under symphytium, extending anteriorly about a third length of valve; crests of interior costae flat, shallow striae producing weak crenulation of margins. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets formed by socket ridges and valve wall; hinge plate short, stout, trilobed, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; short, curved ligulate process at base of hinge plate on midline, projecting ven- trally and slightly anteriorly; median septum thin, moderately high to high, with crest concave up- ward; muscle marks not clearly observed, appar- ently fan-shaped, rather large; crura short, slender, projecting ventrally and slightly anteriorly, some- what divergent; descending lamellae bladelike, branching from slender processes of jugum; jugum modified near midline to produce somewhat spiny buccal plate with slender median process project- ing ventrally; other branch of each descending process forming spiralium with at least 4 loops; crests of costae as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves of H. bipartita from USNM 706c: costae 8 9 10 11 12 specimens 4 1 17 1 2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Forma- tion (China Tank Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 706c. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, short, subcircular Hustedia with large median costa. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118618a. Figured paratype: USNM 118618b. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153204p, u; 154430a, d, e. Measured hypo- types: USNM 153204a-w. COMPARISON.—Hustedia bipartita is characterized by its subcircular outline, short but normally atten- uate beak, and only weakly bisulcate appearance produced by shallow brachial sulcus nearly filled by a fairly large median costa. It is easily distin- 2766 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm).- brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 706c 153204a 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.0 10 153204b 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.4 10 153204c 3.8 3.4 3.5 2.4 10 153204d 4.0 3.5 3.3 2.5 10 153204e 4.2 3.6 3.7 2.6 10 153204£ 4.3 3.7 4.0 2.6 10 153204g 4.7 4.0 4.2 3.0 10 153204h 4.9 4.3 4.4 2.9 10 153204i 5.0 4.3 4.5 3.1 10 153204J 5.2 4.5 4.5 3.5 10 153204k 5.6 4.9 4.7 3.6 10 153204-1 5.8 5.2 5.3 4.0 10 153204m 5.9 5.3 5.6 4.9 10 153204n 6.0 5.5 5.4 4.5 10 153204o 6.2 5.5 5.8 4.5 10 153204p 6.4 5.6 6.2 4.3 10 153204q 6.5 5.8 6.1 4.7 10 153204r 6.7 6.2 6.4 4.7 10 153204s 7.0 6.1 7.0 4.6 10 153204t 7.2 6.3 6.1 5.4 10 153204u 7.2 6.5 6.7 5.2 8 153204v 7.5 6.9 6.9 5.9 10 153204w 7.8 7.0 7.5 5.6 9 guished from the group typified by Thedusia dischides, new species, and T. trigonalis (Girty) by its more rotund shape, weaker bisulcation, stronger brachial median costa, and shorter ventral beak. It differs from juveniles of H. pugilla, new species, with which it occurs, in having the median brachial costa depressed, the ventral median trough slightly widened, normally 10 rather than 12 costae, and the beak straighter and somewhat attenuate. This species differs from the similarly subcircu- lar H. hapala, new species, in its larger average size, and especially in its fewer and much stronger costae. It is much smaller than H. cuneata, new species, more circular than trigonal, has fewer and stronger costae, and a shorter pedicle beak. It is smaller, more circular, and has much stronger costae than H. samiata, new species, from the Pinery Member in the Guadalupe Mountains. DISCUSSION.—In justifying establishment of H. bipartita as a distinct species, Girty cited many of the characters that he had used on the previous page to argue that T. trigonalis was merely a vari- ety of H. meekana, probably a juvenile stage. We agree with his conclusions on H. bipartita, and dis- agree with him on T. trigonalis, perferring to con- sider them both as distinct. Furthermore, the same suite of characters help define the new genus Thedusia, i.e., the elongate or straight beak and the sulcation of the brachial valve are consistent characters in this group, not merely features of immaturity. (See "Discussion" under Thedusia.) Hustedia catella, new species PLATE 732: FIGURES 27-39 About average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline subelliptical to blundy subquadrate, point of greatest width variable be- cause of relatively straight sides; commissure with low fold caused mostly by lowered amplitude of mesial three costae; costae strong, normally bluntly angular, less commonly rounded or sharp, number- ing 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12, none depressed or elevated except for slight depression of median costa of brachial valve in some juve- niles; growth laminae weak, rarely preserved. Pedicle valve strongly but evenly convex; beak somewhat short, normally suberect; foramen mesothyridid to permesothyridid; symphytium wider than long, flat or slightly concave. Brachial valve similarly convex, but with greatest swelling in umbonal region; beak bluntly rounded, project- ing slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with relatively large, blunt, transverse hinge teeth; pedicle collar short; inter- nal costae rounded or somewhat flattened, sides of costae with numerous shallow striae extending only short distance back from edges, producing fine notches in valve margin. Brachial valve interior with deep hinge sockets formed by socket ridges and valve wall; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally, distally bent toward posterior, placing lateral two lobes against inside of symphytium; ligulate process at base of hinge plate short, broad, projecting ventrally and anteriorly, long and curved in a few specimens; median ridge very low, barely discernible in some specimens. No median septum. Crura slender, trans- versely flattened, slightly divergent, projecting ven- trally; descending lamellae ribbonlike, soon branching; ascending lamellae slender, uniting to form jugum, modified slightly near midline to form NUMBER 24 2767 small buccal plate with several short spines, one long spine extending toward floor of pedicle valve; main branch of each descending lamella coiling dorsoventrally to form spiralium; number of coils not ascertained; costae flattened and striated as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 705a 153205a 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.2 14 (holotype) 153205b 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.1 14 153205c 3.9 3.0 2.8 2.6 12 153205d 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 12 153205e 4.3 3.6 3.7 2.6 12 153205f 4.7 3.8 3.7 2.1 12 153205g 5.0 4.4 4.0 2.9 13 153205h 5.7 4.6 4.3 3.0 12 153205i 6.0 5.1 5.1 3.6 14 153205J 6.0 5.2 5.4 3.7 13 153205k 6.2 5.3 5.4 4.2 12 153205-1 6.4 5.0 5.3 c.4.0 12 153205m 6.6 5.7 5.5 4.7 12 153205n 6.9 6.0 5.8 4.9 12 153205o 7.2 6.0 6.2 4.8 12 153205p 7.4 6.5 6.5 5.5 12 153205q 7.5 6.2 6.2 5.4 12 153205r 7.6 6.3 6.4 4.9 14 153205s 7.7 6.7 6.4 5.3 14 153205t 7.8 6.5 6.7 5.0 12 153205u 7.9 6.8 7.0 5.9 12 153205v 8.0 7.2 7.2 5.4 13 153205w 8.3 7.1 8.0 5.7 12 153205x 8.5 7.4 7.5 5.8 12 153205y 8.9 7.9 8.0 6.5 12 153205z 9.1 8.0 7.8 6.9 12 153205a' 9.3 7.9 8.9 7.0 12 153205b' 10.3 8.9 8.0? 7.0? 13 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (Decie Ranch, Poplar Tank, and Sulli- van Peak members). LOCALITIES.—Decie Ranch: USNM 707g, 707-1. Poplar Tank: USNM 707ha. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707d. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 707w, 7l4p, 715v, 720e, 720f, 724q. Skinner Ranch: USNM 723o. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Hustedia having subquadrate outline and widely flaring costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153205a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153205b. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153205c-z, a', b'. COMPARISON.—Hustedia catella is characterized by its small size (for Permian Hustedia), its strong and widely flaring costae, its subquadrate outline (nearly equidimensional brachial valve), its short beak with the foramen opening dorsally, producing a suberect beak with only little actual curvature, and its low median ridge in the brachial valve. It is closely related to Leonardian species, especially H. connorsi and H. spicata, both new. It differs from these in its smaller size, narrower outline, and shorter pedicle beak; it further differs from H. con- norsi in its larger pedicle foramen, and from H. spicata in its low median septum and more rounded costae. This species differs from the Wolfcampian H. trita and H. culcitula, both new, in its smaller size, larger and blunter costae, nonwidened median trough in the pedicle valve, and narrower outline; it differs further from H. trita in its fewer costae. Hustedia cepacea, new species PLATE 732: FIGURES 56-85 Slightly below average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate, widest near midlength; commissure strongly serrate, each serration finely crenulated; anterior margin with hint of fold produced by lowered amplitude of one or three median costae; costae strong, sharp, numbering 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, normally 10; median costa slightly rounded at anterior ofc adult specimens, normally neither elevated nor depressed; growth lines fine, closely spaced; growth laminae weak, normally visible only near anterior margins. Pedicle valve moderately to strongly and rather evenly convex; beak short, blunt, slightly attenuate in some specimens, nearly straight to suberect; foramen small, round, normally permesothyridid; symphytium concave, equidimensional to slightly elongate. Brachial valve with greatest convexity in umbonal region; beak blunt, swelling slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse teeth; inside of foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests of inner costae not flattened, sides lirate only about one millimeter behind anterior margin, producing fine crenulations at valve edge. Brachial valve interior with hinge plate short, thick, recurved to lie along inside of symphytium 2768 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY pedicle valve costae 12 10 10 12 10 10 10 11 10 11 11 12 10 10 12 10 10 11 12 12 12 10 11 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 13 10 brachial valve length length width 10.0 9.0 8.8 thick- ness 7.9 7.5 8.8 8.6 9.0 1.3 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.9 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 5.1 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.8 7.8 7.9 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.0 in some specimens, projecting more ventrally in others; anterior median part of hinge plate ex- tended to form short, curved ligulate process ex- tending ventrally and somewhat anteriorly; me- dian septum in curve of beak area, low, thick, scarcely more than a median ridge, extending about 2 mm along floor of valve; socket ridges strong; crura short, thick, projecting ventrally; de- scending lamellae rather narrow, splitting near junction with crura; ascending lamellae slender, converging to form jugum; jugum spiny, slender, with narrow median process extending ventrally from anterior; descending lamellae continuing dorsally, coiling to form spiralium with at least 5 loops on each side; costae and lirae as in pedicle valve. 10 13 11 4 NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 adult pedicle valves of H. cepacea from USNM 702e: 12 costae specimens On 25 pedicle valves from USNM 707a: 12 1 10 20 costae specimens MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial valve length 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.5 6.1 6.9 6.9 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.6 7.7 8.4 8.4 8.6 thick- ness 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.9 1.1 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 width 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.3 4.2 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.9 6,1 0.3 6.6 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.9 8.3 8.4 8.7 length 2.6 3.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.6 7.1 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.4 9.6 10.0 pedicle valve costae 10 12 10 10 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 12 8 10 10 10 10 12 11 10 USNM 707a 153206a 153206b 153206c 153206d 153206e 153206£ 153206g 153206h 153206i 153206J 153206k 153206-1 153206m 153206n 153206c. 153206p 153206q 153206r 153206s 153206t 153206u 153206v 153206w 153206x 153206y 154432a 8.7 9.6 9.6 10.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.8 7.5 7.4 8.2 8.1 8.8 9.2 9.9 10.2 11.0 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.3 9.0? 10.0 2.1 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.9 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.9 7.6 8.3 7.6 9.0 9.2 8.7 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.5 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.6 2.3 2.9 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.9 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.9 10.7 11.4 11.6 12.4 11.3 11.0 (holotype) 154432c 154432z 154432a' 154432b' USNM 702e 153207a 153207b 153207c 153207d 153207e 153207f 153207g 153207h 153207i 153207j 153207k 153207-1 153207m 153207n 153207o 153207p 153207q 153207r 153207s 153207t 153207u 153207v 153207w 153207x 153207y 153207z 153207a' 153207b' 153207c' 153207d' 154431a 154431b STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (Decie Ranch, Poplar Tank, and Sul- livan Peak members), Hess Formation (Taylor Ranch Member). LOCALITIES.—Taylor Ranch: USNM 702d, 702e. Decie Ranch: USNM 707a. Poplar Tank: USNM 707ha, 708e, 722h, 722-1. Sullivan Peak: USNM 707b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Hustedia with angular costae and low median septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154432a. Figured paratypes: USNM 154431a, b; 154432b, c. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153206a-y; 153207a-z, a'-d'; 154431a, b; 154432c, z, a', b'. NUMBER 24 2769 COMPARISON.—Hustedia cepacea is character- ized by its elongate ovate outline, strong sharp costae that normally number only 10 on the pedicle valve, short curved beak, low median septum in the brachial valve, and its short internal lirae that, nevertheless, crenulate the valve margins. The low number of strong costae distinguishes it from most species of the West Texas Permian. In addition, it is smaller than several of the species that it most nearly resembles, H. connorsi, H. spicata, and H. consuta, all new. This species most nearly resembles one with 10 costae from the Monos Formation of Sonora, Mexico, identified by Cooper (1953:65) as H. meekana (Shumard). Hustedia cepacea is smal- ler, however, and has proportionately slightly lower costae, and not as strong a fold in the anterior commissure. Hustedia cepacea also resembles H. mexicana Haack (Cloud, 1944, pl. 18: figs. 12-14) from the Permian at Las Delicias, Mexico, differ- ing primarily in its lower convexity and sharper costae. DISCUSSION.—Hustedia cepacea seems to lie in the intermediate stage of evolution of the internal lirae that crenulate the shell margins. Older species lack the lirae entirely, younger species have them deeper, scoring a greater part of the length of the shell, and producing stronger crenulations at the margins. The marginal crenulations cannot be seen from the outside of specimens of H. cepacea that are tightly closed. Hustedia citeria, new species PLATE 733: FIGURES 34-69 Hustedia meekana Girty [not Shumard], 1909:394, pl. 24: figs. 14-14a [not figs, on other plates]. Large for genus, flatly to moderately biconvex; outline subelliptical to subtrigonal, greatest width normally anterior to midlength; commissure strongly serrate, each serration with several small crenulations; anterior normally without trace of fold, rare specimens with low fold formed by slight elevation of mesial 3 costae; costae strong, crests normally sharp, less commonly rounded, median costa of brachial valve not appreciably elevated, only slightly depressed at posterior and on juve- niles, costae on pedicle valve numbering 10 to 14, normally 10 or 12; growth lines fine, closely spaced; growth laminae weak, normally visible only near margins. Pedicle valve moderately convex longitudinally, greatest convexity near beak, central region some- what flattened; beak short to moderately long, nearly straight to suberect; foramen normal size, round, normally permesothyridid, less commonly mesothyridid, symphytium gently concave. Brachial valve similarly convex, greatest convexity in beak region; beak rounded, projecting only slightly pos- terior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with strong, blunt, slightly transverse hinge teeth; inside of foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests of internal costae flat- tened, sides longitudinally lirate, especially near margins, producing fine crenulation of commissure. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets; hinge plate short, wide, rather thick, projecting nearly directly ventrally, slightly posteriorly; short ligu- late process projecting anteriorly and ventrally from midline at base of hinge plate; median sep- tum proportionately high, thin, bladelike, acute or obtuse, wedge-shaped in profile, anterior part extending about one millimeter along floor as low median ridge; socket ridges strong, curved to bound the sockets; crura short, projecting ven- trally and slightly anteriorly; descending lamellae wide, thin, branching just above brachial valve floor; ascending lamellae short, slender, joined to form jugum; jugum modified and expanded to form rather broad, anteriorly facing buccal plate with numerous long slender spines, extended at midline to form long tapering process reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; dorsal branch of descending process continuing forward to form spiralium, one on each side coiled dorsoventrally in at least 8 loops with axis of coiling nearly di- rectly transverse across widest part of shell; inter- nal costae flattened and lirate as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected adult pedicle valves of H. citeria from USNM 728: costae 10 11 12 13 14 specimens 8 1 11 2 3 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153208a 2.9 2.5 2.6 1.9 10 153208b 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.0 122770 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153208c 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.2 11 153208d 3.8 3.1 3.0 2.3 12 153208e 3.9 3.3 3.4 2.4 14 153208f 4.0 3.7 3.5 2.8 10 153208g 4.5 3.9 3.6 2.8 11 153208h 4.8 4.2 4.3 3.3 12 153208i 5.0 4.5 5.0 3.2 12 153208J 5.5 4.9 4.9 3.8 12 153208k 6.0 5.3 5.3 3.6 12 153208-1 6.9 5.9 5.7 4.9 12 153208m 7.6 6.8 7.1 5.1 12 153208n 7.6 6.5 5.7 4.9 12 153208o 7.6 6.9 8.1 5.7 12 153208p 8.0 7.5 8.0 6.3 11 153208q 8.3 7.7 7.7 5.9 13 153208r 9.4 8.4 8.7 7.1 14 153208s 9.5 8.8 9.8 7.3 12 153208t 10.5 9.4 10.0 8.3 14 153208u 10.9 9.3 8.8 7.4 10 153208v 10.9 10.0 11.1 8.2 13 153208w 11.3 10.0 9.1 8.7 12 153208x 11.6 10.5 10.0 7.7 10 153208y 12.2 10.8 11.0 9.5 12 153208z 13.0 11.3 11.5 9.0 12 153208a' 13.4 11.3 12.9 9.1 13 153208b' 13.8 12.0 11.8 9.8 12 153208c' 14.3 12.8 12.3 10.0 10 153208d' 14.7 12.7 13.1 9.9 12 153208e' 14.8 12.5 13.2 9.0 12 153208P 14.9 13.2 14.3 10.5 12 153208g- 15.8 14.8 13.9 11.5 12 153208h' 16.2 14.0 15.3 10.5 12 153208i' 16.5 13.8 15.7 12.4 12 153208J' 16.7 14.4 15.4 12.2 10 154438a 8.8 7.7 8.0 5.9 10 154438b 12.6 10.8 11.1 8.5 10 154438c 15.6 13.3 13.6 10.2 12 AMNH 512 153209a 12.7 11.2 12.0 9.8 10 153209b 13.4 11.5 13.4 9.7 12 153209c 14.3 12.3 13.0 9.9 10 153209d 15.0 13.0 13.6 11.8 12 153209e 15.0 12.9 13.7 10.6 10 153209f 15.3 12.9 14.3 10.1 10 153209g 15.4 13.3 14.7 10.8 11 153209h 15.9 14.2 15.5 10.9 12 153209i 16.4 14.3 16.3 11.3 10 153209J 16.6 14.0 14.8 13.0 12 153209k 16.7 14.7 13.9 13.5 11 153209-1 17.3 14.8 14.0 13.2 12 153209m 18.5 16.2 18.9 14.1 12 154439a 18.2 15.8 18.2 13.0 12 154439b 18.6 16.2 18.4 12.8 10 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 21, 28, 496, 512, 519, 547, 585, 600, 652; Moore loc. 31; USNM 728 (= AMNH 512), 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia with wide outline and high median septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154439b. Figured paratypes: USNM 154438a-f, h-j; 154439a. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153208a-z, a'-j'; 153209a-m; 154438a-c; 154439a. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153208a-z, a'-j'; 153209a-l; 154438g. COMPARISON.—Hustedia citeria is characterized by its rather large size, wide outline, 10 or 12 strong costae, normally absent fold, somewhat low convexity, only slightly curved pedicle beak, short strong hinge teeth and hinge plate, and high bra- chial median septum. It is smaller than H. pugilla, new species, which occurs in the Word Formation of the Glass Mountains, and has a wider outline, straighter beak, sharper costae with greater varia- tion in number, and less broadly developed buc- cal plate. It is less convex and has a straighter beak than H. consuta, H. connorsi, or H. spicata, all new, and also normally is wider and has fewer costae on the average. Its costae number 10 or 12 as in H. cepacea, new species, but in that species more specimens have 10, whereas in H. citeria more have 12; furthermore, H. citeria is larger, has higher and sharper costae, is less strongly convex, and has a median ridge rather than a septum in the brachial valve. Hustedia citeria differs from the Lamar species H. opsia, new species, in its larger adult size, stronger costae, longer pedicle beak, more numerous costae, and presence of a median septum in the brachial valve. The most similar local species is H. glomerosa, new species, which occurs in the Sierra Diablo; H. citeria differs in its somewhat lower and more numerous costae, larger size, weak growth lines, normal absence of fold or raised median costae, straighter beak, lower convexity, and higher median septum. Hustedia compressa, new species PLATE 732: FIGURES 91-96 Large for genus, outline elongate oval with flat- tened and subparallel sides; length about 1.5 times width; anterior margin truncated; beak short, sub- NUMBER 24 2771 erect. Valves subequal in depth. Pedicle valve with 10 costae; brachial valve with 11; costae nar- rowly angular posteriorly, becoming broad ante- riorly. Surface anteriorly coarsely lamellose. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral profile, with maximum convexity at mid- valve; anterior profile moderately but narrowly convex and with precipitous sides. Umbonal and median regions swollen; sulcus poorly defined, in- dicated by anteriorly widening median trough. Flanks narrowly rounded. Brachial valve profile similar to that of pedicle valve but maximum convexity somewhat posterior to midvalve; anterior profile like that of opposite valve. Umbonal region short; sulcus widening ante- riorly but occupied by strong anteriorly widening and flattening costa; 5 principal costae forming ill- defined fold anteriorly; flanks precipitate and marked by 3 costae, outermost two indistinct. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 702b, holotype (USNM 153210): length 16.7; bra- chial valve length 14.3; width 11.7; thickness 11.0. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (base). LOCALITIES.—USNM 702b, 712o, 72lu. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, narrow Hustedia with sub- parallel sides and flattened flanks. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153210. Figured para- type: USNM 154435a. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 154435c-k, 154444a. COMPARISON.—The elongate, strongly narrowed form is unlike that of any other large Hustedia except H. sculptilis, new species, from the China Tank Member of the Word Formation. The Cathe- dral Mountain species differs in being larger and more robust, in having a shorter, more incurved beak, and wider shoulders. Hustedia sculptilis is much attenuated posteriorly and has therefore a more triangular form than H. compressa. DISCUSSION.-—Hustedia compressa is very rare and is known from only a few specimens. The species has some variation, shown even in the small amount of material at hand. Some of the specimens have a greater development of the four median costae of the pedicle valve than others. In these the four costae are prominently raised to make a fairly well-defined fold that opposes the fold of the opposite valve and thus produces a slight anterior median prolongation and accounts for the trun- cated anterior. Hustedia connorsi, new species PLATE 733: FIGURES 1-33; PLATE 744: FIGURE 1 Adults large for genus, strongly biconvex; outline subcircular to subelliptical, elongate to slightly transverse, anterior margin evenly curved; commis- sure strongly serrate, each serration finely crenu- late; fold and sulcus expressed only as slight lower amplitude of mesial 1 or 3 costae at anterior mar- gin; costae moderately strong to strong, crests bluntly angular, numbering 10 to 16 on adults, normally 12 or 14; median costa of brachial valve standing higher than lateral costae only at extreme anterior of largest adults, slightly depressed for short distance at beak, median trough of pedicle valve no larger or deeper than others; fine growth lines rarely visible; growth laminae weak, widely spaced, rarely visible. Pedicle valve elongate, strongly convex, greatest swelling in anterior half; beak moderately long, normally suberect, blunt and not attenuate; fora- men rather large, normally permesothyridid; symphytium normally slightly longer than wide. Brachial valve slightly less strongly convex than pedicle valve, greatest swelling just anterior to umbo, beak short, bluntly rounded. Pedicle valve interior with strong transverse hinge teeth; interior of foramen lined by short, somewhat thickened pedicle collar, incomplete across inside of symphytium of some specimens; crests and troughs of costae only slightly mitigated by shell thickening, shallow longitudinal lirae terminating at margin as fine crenulations of valve edge. Brachial valve interior with shallow hinge soc- kets lateral to cardinalia; hinge plate thick, short, moderately to strongly recurved along inner side of symphytium, median anterior part extended as short ligulate process extending anteriorly and slightly ventrally, supported by low median sep- tum in extreme posterior, septum continued for 1 to 2 mm along floor, lowering to become median ridge before terminating; socket ridges forming inner walls of sockets; crura short, curved, extend- ing ventrally; descending lamellae wide, thin, blade- like, extending dorsally from ends of crura, con- verging toward one another, splitting near floor of brachial valve to form two branches, one branch projecting ventrally as ascending lamella, joining corresponding branch from other side to form 2772 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY modified jugum; buccal plate formed by modified jugum, rather broadly arched, tapering posteriorly, anterior and ventral surfaces with many short hol- low spines, anterior median part of plate greatly extended to form spiny process reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branch of descend- ing lamellae forming spiralia, coiled dorsoventrally in loops of laterally decreasing diameter, number- ing as many as ten; costae modified as in pedicle valve; muscle marks not observed. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves of H. connorsi, 9 to 17 mm in length, from USNM 702c: costae 11 12 13 14 15 16 specimens 2 7 3 10 1 2 On 25 juvenile specimens, 4 to 7 mm in length, from USNM 702c: costae 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 specimens 2 7 1 5 3 5 1 1 MEASUREMENTS (in mm) brachial length va Ive length width thickness USNM 702c 153211a 3.0 2.7 2.5 1.7 153211b 3.1 2.8 2.7 1.9 153211c 3.3 2.9 3.9 1.9 153211d 3.4 3.1 2.7 1.8 153211e 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.3 15321 If 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.2 153211g 4.3 4.1 3.9 2.9 153211b 4.5 4.0 4.1 2.9 15321H 4.6 4.2 4.3 2.9 153211J 4.9 4.3 4.2 2.8 153211k 5.1 4.6 3.9 2.7 153211-1 6.0 5.3 5.3 3.9 153211m 6.0 5.4 5.6 4.0 153211n 6.1 5.5 5.4 4.1 153211o 6.3 5.6 5.9 4.1 153211p 7.0 6.2 6.3 4.8 153211q 7.0 6.2 6.6 4.3 153211r 7.3 6.7 6.6 5.3 153211s 7.4 6.5 7.0 5.0 15321U 7.5 6.8 6.9 5.7 1532llu 7.8 6.6 6.8 5.2 153211v 9.0 7.0 8.0 6.4 153211w 10.3 9.0 8.6 6.5 153211x 12.0 10.2 9.4 7.9 153211y 12.3 10.5 10.0 7.5 1532Hz 12.2 10.4 10.1 8.3 153211a' 12.4 11.0 10.0 8.2 153211b' 12.6 11.1 10.9 7.8 15321 lc' 12.7 10.7 10.1 8.7 153211c!' 12.7 11.4 11.7 11.6 153211e' 13.2 11.2 11.2 9.0 brachial length valve length width thickness 15321If 13.5 11.8 12.4 9.7 153211^ 13.7 11.6 11.1 9.1 15321lh' 13.7 12.0 13.0 9.6 15321H' 13.8 12.0 11.4 9.7 15321 lj' 14.5 12.6 11.7 9.9 153211k' 14.6 12.5 12.6 10.7 153211-1'(holotype) 14.9 13.0 13.7 11.0 153211m' 15.3 13.2 11.7 10.1 153212a 11.0 9.5 9.9 7.7 153212b 11.4 10.0 10.7 7.7 153212c 11.3 9.8 10.3 7.6 153212d 11.3 9.5 10.1 7.6 153212e 11.6 9.9 10.3 8.2 153212f 12.0 10.6 10.0 9.0 153212g 12.4 10.5 10.6 7.9 153212h 12.3 10.6 11.4 7.8 153212i 13.7 11.4 11.6 10.0 153212J 13.7 11.9 12.0 9.5 153212k 13.4 11.6 11.7 9.8 153212-1 13.6 11.6 11.6 8.9 153212m 13.8 11.6 11.9 9.9 153212n 14.2 12.1 11.8? 10.5 153212o 14.3 12.3 12.2 11.0 153212p 14.3 12.4 12.2 11.0 153212q 14.5 12.4 12.3 11.0 153212r 14.5 12.6 11.6 10.0 153212s 15.0 13.0 12.0 10.7 1532121 15.2 13.2 13.0 10.6 153212u 15.4 12.9 12.8 9.7 153212v 17.4 15.4 15.7 14.0 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain, Road Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: USNM 703a1, 712o. Road Canyon: AMNH 507; USNM 700v, 702c, 703a, 703c, 710z, 719x, 721j, 721o, 721t, 72lx, 72Iz, 722e, 723a, 724b, 726za, 732i, 732j, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia normally with 12 to 14 costae and fairly strong convexity. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153211-1'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153211m, s, h', m'; 154436a-c; 154437; 154510. Measured paratypes: USNM 15321 la-z, a'-k', m'; 153212a-v. Unfigured para- types: USNM 15321 la-1, n-r, t-z, a'-g', i'-k'; 153212a-v. COMPARISON.—Hustedia connorsi is character- ized by its large maximum size, 12 or 14 strong but rather blunt costae without prominent median dorsal costa, fold and sulcus that are expressed only at the anterior commissure, and there only by a decrease in the amplitude of the three median co- stae, its relatively large pedicle foramen, elliptical outline, and moderate to strong convexity. Most NUMBER 24 2773 in our collections are rather thick-shelled, possi- bly due to good silicification, probably reflecting a strong original shell. It most nearly resembles H. spicata, new species, which also occurs in the Cathe- dral Mountain Formation, differing in its larger maximum and average sizes, greater variation in number of costae (ranging from 9 to 16 with modes at 10 for juveniles, 12 and 14 for adults, versus nearly consistent 12 in H. spicata), its some- what lower and noticeably blunter costae, and its less prominent anterior portion of the median costa on the brachial valve. Hustedia connorsi is comparable to several other West Texas species. It differs from H. cepacea, new species, from the Upper Wolfcampian in its larger size, finer and more numerous costae, more elongate outline, and presence of fine crenulations on the larger serrations of the commissure. This latter feature also distinguishes it from the other Wolfcampian species, H. trita and H. culcitula, both new. Hustedia connorsi is smaller than H. pugilla, new species, from the Word Formation and has somewhat lower and more numerous costae, a more rotund outline, and normally a shorter, more strongly curved pedicle beak and proportionately smaller foramen. Named for Leo Connors who helped with the picking and sorting of the residues. Hustedia consuta, new species PLATE 734: FIGURES 1-30 About average size for genus, strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate, normally widest at or anterior to midlength; commissure strongly serrate, each serration with several small crenulations, anterior with low fold producing slight elevation in brachial valve; costae high, bluntly angular, numbering 8 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 10 or 12; median costa of brachial valve depressed near beak (and in juveniles), slightly elevated at anterior of adults, normally with rounder crest than lateral costae; median trough of pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs, many specimens with fine median ridge in anterior part of lowest part of trough; median three costae of valve form- ing low but distinct fold; growth lines fine, rarely visible; growth laminae weak, normally observed only near anterior margins. Pedicle valve most strongly convex anterior to midlength, anterior to umbo; beak proportionately somewhat long, blunt, suberect to erect; foramen round, normal size, permesothyridid; symphytium longitudinally concave. Brachial valve slightly less strongly convex, greatest swelling just anterior to umbo; beak blunt, curving only slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse teeth; pedicle collar rarely preserved; crests of in- ternal costae flat, or slightly concave in some speci- mens, with several short lirae toward anterior pro- ducing crenulation of margin. Brachial valve interior with moderately deep sockets; hinge plate short, only slightly recurved, normally projecting nearly directly ventrally, me- dian portion near base extended as short curved ligulate process projecting ventrally and somewhat anteriorly; median septum very low, thin, more properly a median ridge, extending anteriorly about 1 to 2 mm along floor of valve; crura short, projecting ventrally; descending lamellae thin, narrow, relatively long; branching to form short ascending lamellae, nearly parallel to one another for part of length, then abruptly converging to form jugum; jugum modified to produce thin spiny buccal plate, anterior median edge of buccal plate projecting as thin, needlelike process extending ventrally nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branches of descending lamellae continuing ante- riorly near floor of brachial valve, each forming dorsoventrally coiled spiralium with at least six loops, axis of spiralia nearly exactly transverse to shell, across widest part; costae and lirae as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 51 specimens (USNM 154936) of H. consuta from USNM 707e: 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 22 1 17 3 7 costae 8 specimens 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain, Road Canyon, and Cibolo formations. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: USNM 726o. Road Canyon: AMNH 503, 509; USNM 703, 703a, 703c, 703d, 706f, 707e, 709c, 71 Oh, 710u, 716xa, 719x, 720d, 721r, 721y, 722g, 722v, 723a, 724a, 724c, 726d. Cibolo: 738-1. DIAGNOSIS.—Average-sized Hustedia having 2774 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 707e 153213a 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.1 10 153213b 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.1 10 153213c 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.4 10 153213d 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.4 10 153213e 3.0 2.5 2.4 1.6 10 153213£ 3.2 2.6 2.3 1.7 10 153213g 3.6 3.0 2.7 1.8 12 153213h 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.0 12 153213i 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.0 12 153213J 4.2 3.6 3.2 2.3 10 153213k 4.6 3.8 3.5 2.8 11 153213-1 4.9 4.2 3.8 2.7 10 153213m 5.0 4.2 4.1 3.3 8 153213n 5.2 4.5 4.4 3.0 12 153213o 5.9 5.0 4.5 3.2 10 153213p 6.2 5.3 5.0 4.1 10 153213q 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 10 153213r 7.3 6.0 5.8 4.0 12 153213s 8.3 7.0 6.4 5.0 10 1532131 8.4 7.1 6.6 5.2 11 153213u 8.9 7.4 7.1 5.7 10 153213v 9.0 7.8 6.9 6.3 10 153213w 9.0 7.8 7.7 6.4 12 153213x 9.2 8.0 8.0 7.3 11 153213y 9.8 8.3 8.3 6.9 10 153213z 9.8 8.8 8.6 7.9 10 153213a' 9.9 8.4 8.8 7.4 10 153213b' 10.0 8.6 8.4 8.0 10 153213c' 10.2 8.7 8.4 7.7 10 153213d' 11.1 9.6 9,4 9.0 1(1 153213C 11.3 9.5 8.2 7.7 12 153213f 11.7 9.9 9.6 9.5 10 153213g- 11.9 10.0 9.6 9.8 10 153213h' 12.6 10.3 11.4 8.4 14 153213i' 13.3 11.1 11.6 9.1 12 153213J' 14.1 12.0 10.9 11.6 12 154440a 5.5 4.8 4.5 3.5 10 154440b 7.5 6.4 6.2 4.8 10 154440c 12.0 10.1 10.9 9.3 16 (holotype) 154440d 13.7 11.1 10.6 10.3 12 154440e 15.1 12.9 12.6 11.3 14 1544401 10.8 9.0 8.9 7.9 10 strong convexity and a thin lira in the median trough on the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154440c. Figured paratypes: USNM 154440a, b, d f; 154441; 154442 a, b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153213a-z, a'-j'; 154440a, b, d-f; 154936 (51 in lot). Unfigured para- types: USNM 153213a-z, a'-j'; 154936. COMPARISON.—Hustedia consuta is characterized by its moderate size, normally 10 or 12 costae with crest of median brachial costa slightly rounded, elongate outline, low fold formed by actual eleva- tion of three mesial costae of brachial valve, low lira in median trough of pedicle valve, and me- dian ridge in the brachial valve interior. It most nearly resembles H. connorsi and H. spicata, both new, differing in its more elongate outline, 10 or 12 rather than 12 or 14 costae, median lira on the pedicle valve, lower median ridge in the brachial umbonal region, and its fold that is an actual elevation rather than mere diminution of mesial costae. The Guadalupian species that it most nearly resembles is H. pugilla, new species, but H. con- suta is much smaller, has proportionately higher costae, a shorter more strongly curved pedicle beak, a lira in the median trough of the pedicle valve, a shorter, thinner, less recurved hinge plate, and lower median septum in the brachial valve. Hustedia crepax, new species PLATE 734: FIGURES 31-40 About average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline subovate to rounded subtrigonal, either transverse or elongate, greatest width at or anterior to midlength; commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate, strongly serrate; costae strong, sharp, strongly divergent, usually numbering 8 on pedicle valve, median costa in brachial valve sulcus sharp, unusually high for genus but remaining well below level of lateral costae; anterior margin somewhat flattened, rarely indented; growth lines fine, closely spaced; growth laminae weak, rare except near margins. Pedicle valve moderately convex, greatest swell- ing just anterior to fairly straight short beak; sym- phytium equilateral or slightly wider than long, flatly concave; foramen small, mesothyridid to per- mesothyridid. Brachial valve slightly less strongly convex; beak blunt, projecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with small, transverse teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; mus- cle marks not observed; crests of internal costae flattened, not striate; valve edges with small flanges to interlock with counterparts on opposite valve. Brachial valve interior with narrow hinge plate, NUMBER 24 2775 trilobed, rather long, projecting ventrally and some- what posteriorly, lateral lobes lying along inside of symphytium; short, rather stout, ligulate process curving ventrally and anteriorly from midline at base of hinge plate; median septum high, thin, bladelike, with gently or rather strongly convex upper edge; crura short, rather broad, transversely flattened, projecting ventrally and slightly diver- gent; descending lamellae narrow, ribbonlike, splitting rather far from junction with crura; as- cending lamellae short, joining to form low jugum, median part spiny, not flattened into obvious buccal plate; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, num- ber of coils not observed; costae flattened and edges flanged as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 701 153214a 2.5 2.0 2.2 1.3 153214b 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.6 153214c 2.9 2.5 2.8 1.7 153214d 3.4 2.9 3.2 2.0 153214e 3.6 3.1 3.3 2.7 153214f 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.0 153214g 4.3 3.6 3.9 2.9 153214h 4.3 3.7 3.9 2.6 153214i 5.0 4.3 4.3 3.7 153214J 5.4 5.0 5.0 3.7 153214k 5.6 5.2 5.2 4.2 153214-1 6.3 5.3 6.3 4.5 USNM 701c 153215 7.3 6.4 6.3 5.4 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701c, 701d. DIAGNOSIS.—Subcircular Hustedia with high me- dian costa in brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153215. Unfigured and measured paratypes: USNM 153214a-l. COMPARISON.—Hustedia crepax is characterized by its rather circular outline, strong costae, short but straight pedicle beak, and high costa in the brachial sulcus. It resembles Thedusia mesocostata, new species, from the Leonardian, differing in its wider outline, shorter beak, weak growth laminae, and higher, fewer costae. It most nearly resembles H. bipartita Girty, from the Word Formation, dif- fering in its somewhat smaller average size, lack of internal striae, and especially in its higher, sharper, and fewer costae. This species is not likely to be confused with normally subtrigonal and elongate species of Thedusia with their deep sulci and long beaks. The small size and sharp costae re- call H. trisecta, new species, from the lower Leo- nardian, but the median costa of the brachial valve in that species becomes proportionately very high toward the anterior, whereas in H. crepax it remains relatively low. In addition, the Wolf- campian species has the typically high median septum common to species of Thedusia, but H. trisecta has only a low septum or merely a median ridge. Hustedia culcitula, new species PLATE 734: FIGURES 41-76 Average size for genus, bulbous; outline sub- elliptical, normally slightly longer than wide, some specimens wider; anterior margin evenly rounded or slightly indented at midline; commissure ser- rated, median serration slightly stronger to form slight fold and sulcus; costae sharp, moderately strong, numbering 10 to 18 on pedicle valve, nor- mally 12; median costa on brachial valve normally slightly depressed or with rounded crest: normally not depressed on juveniles, amount of depression or roundness of crest increasing anteriorly; median trough on pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs in some specimens, normally about the same, medial two costae on pedicle valve slightly depressed in most specimens; growth lines and laminae weak, rarely preserved except near valve margins. Pedicle valve rather strongly convex longitudi- nally, somewhat flattened transversely near ante- rior of adults; beak short, obtuse, nearly straight to suberect; foramen round, mesothyridid to per- mesothyridid; symphytium short, narrow, slightly concave. Brachial valve somewhat less convex, swollen in umbonal region, slightly flattened near midlength; beak short, bluntly rounded. Pedicle valve interior with short transverse hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests and troughs of costae mitigated by internal shelly deposit; weak lirations along crests and sides (not troughs) near anterior in some specimens, not con- tinuing to crenulate valve margin; edges of valve with weak flanges on serrations for interlocking with similar flanges on brachial valve. 2776 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate short, rather thin, extending back or nearly perpendicular to plane of commissure; short semitubular process extending ventrally forward from base of hinge plate, supported by short, low median ridge (no septum); crura short, slender, extending anteriorly and somewhat ventrally; de- scending lamellae also short, broad and bladelike, each splitting into two branches, one long and slender, supporting jugum modified to form spiny buccal plate, anterior median part of buccal plate extended as long spikelike process nearly reaching floor of pedicle valve; spiralia forming about seven coils on each side of adults, fimbriate as described for genus. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— USNM 701 length brachial valve length width thick- ness pedicle valve costae 153216a 153216b 153216c 153216d 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.6 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 12 16 12 12 153216e 153216f 4.0 4.1 3.3 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.3 2.1 12 14 153216g 153216h 4.5 4.6 3.7 3.9 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.4 11 13 153216i 4.8 4.1 3.7 2.9 12 153216J 153216k 4.9 5.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 2.8 2.9 12 12 153216-1 5.5 4.6 4.2 3.1 12 153216m 5.8 5.0 5.0 3.6 18 153216n 6.0 5.1 5.3 3.4 14 153216o 6.4 5.4 5.2 4.1 12 153216p 153216q 153216r 6.7 7.0 7.5 5.7 6.1 6.5 5.9 6.5 5.7 4.2 4.4 4.9 12 16 13 153216s 7.8 6.6 6.1 5.0 12 153216t 7.8 6.7 6.6 4.5 14 153216u 8.0 7.2 7.6 4.9 15 153216v 8.4 7.2 6.5 5.2 12 153216w 8.4 7.3 7.0 7.0 12 153216x 8.7 7.5 7.9 7.0 12 153216y 153216z 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.9 6.5 5.7 12 12 153216a' 9.0 7.8 7.6 6.8 12 153216b' 9.0 8.1 9.0 6.0 14 153216c' 9.5 8.0 7.8 6.5 14 153216d' 9.7 8.4 8.5 7.0 12 153216e' 10.1 8.8 8.7 7.1 12 153216P 10.3 9.1 9.5 7.9 16 153216g' 153216h' 10.6 10.7 8.8 9.0 9.3 10.4 7.8 7.7 12 12 153216J' (holotype) 11.0 9.6 9.7 7.9 12 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch For- mation (upper 15 feet of Gray Limestone Member). LOCALITIES.—USNM 701, 701a1. DIAGNOSIS.—Globose Hustedia with median costa of brachial valve and two median costae of oppo- site valve depressed. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153216J'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153216J, n, y, C, d'; 154443a-c, f-h. Measured paratypes: USNM 153216a-z, a'-h'. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153216a-h, k-m, o-y, a', b', e'-h'; 154443d. COMPARISON.—Hustedia culcitula is character- ized by its globose form, normally 12 moderately strong costae, depressed or rounded median costa of the brachial valve, normally depressed 2 me- dian costae of the pedicle valve, blunt pedicle beak, thin hinge plate, long ascending lamellae, and rather small buccal plate. It most nearly resembles another Wolfcampian new species, H. trita, differ- ing primarily in its depressed or rounded median brachial costa, frequently depressed 2 median pedicle costae, less attenuate beak, and normally 12 rather than 14 costae on the pedicle valve. It also resembles the Leonardian H. connorsi and H. spicata, both new, in its smaller maximum size, slightly less average convexity, depressed median brachial costa, and longer, less strongly curved pedicle beak with normally larger foramen. It dif- fers from H. consuta, new species, from the Road Canyon in many of the same features, but that species is even more strongly convex and its beak more strongly curved, foramen larger, and its cos- tae normally stronger. Hustedia culcitula is smaller than the more abundant Word species H. pugilla, new species, and also smaller, less strongly costate and different in most features of shape from H. citeria, new species, from the Getaway Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains. Hustedia culcitula may be distinguished from species from the Salt Range and the Urals by the features that also distinguish H. trita, new species. It most nearly resembles Broili's (1916, pl. 124 [10]: figs. 16, 21, 22) specimens from the Permian of Timor, differing in its normally depressed or rounded median brachial costa. Figure 17 on Broili's plate 124 shows a specimen with the me- dian costa depressed, but its outline is more elon- gate and depression of the median costa stronger than in H. culcitula. NUMBER 24 2777 Hustedia cuneata, new species PLATE 735: FIGURES 1-53 Large for genus, flatly to moderately biconvex; outline subtrigonal to elongate subelliptical, widest near midlength or more commonly anterior to mid- length; commissure rectimarginate to slightly sul- cate; costae low to moderately high, with rounded crests, numbering 14 to 20 on pedicle valve, normally 16 or 18; sulcate in juveniles, sulcus with broad, low costa beginning 2 to 5 mm anterior to brachial beak, many with shallow groove along crest; median trough of pedicle valve widened or deepened, producing slight emargina- tion of anterior outline; growth lines fine, closely spaced; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, closest near margins. Pedicle valve flatly convex longitudinally, strongly convex transversely near beak, becoming flatter toward anterior; beak elongate, attenuate, normally nearly straight, rarely straight or sub- erect; foramen permesothyridid; symphytium nor- mally longer than wide, gently concave, with shallow median groove visible on some specimens. Brachial valve flatter, also with greatest convexity in umbonal region; beak short, somewhat sharp for brachial beak, extending slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; costae flattened, troughs each with about 3 striae prima- rily near margins of adults, each crest with weak striation near margin, producing shallow notch in commissure; muscle marks weak, lying in shallow depression in umbonal region. Brachial valve interior with pair of deep hinge sockets formed by socket ridges and valve walls: hinge plate short, stout, trilobed, distal end bent slightly posteriorly; flattened ligulate process curv- ing ventrally and somewhat anteriorly from base of hinge plate; median septum high, thin, blade- like, with slightly concave or convex crest, length 1 to 2 mm; crura short, fairly strong, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae rather broad, ribbonlike; ascending lamellae pro- ducing slender jugum, modified along midline to form narrow spiny buccal plate with long tapered median spine reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; main branch of each descending lamella continuing anteriorly to form spiralium with at least 4, probably about 6 coils; muscle marks not observed; costae and striations as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 707e 153217a 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.6 12 153217b 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.6 14 153217c 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.5 12 153217d 3.1 2.6 2.0 1.9 14 153217e 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 14 153217f 3.6 3.1 2.4 1.9 16 153217g 3.9 3.2 2.4 2.1 16 153217h 4.0 3.4 2.7 2.2 16 1532l7i 4.3 3.8 3.0 2.3 16 153217J 4.8 3.9 3.3 2.5 16 153217k 5.0 4.1 3.5 2.6 16 153217-1 5.1 4.2 3.4 2.8 16 153217m 5.3 4.6 3.8 3.1 16 153217n 5.5 4.4 3.6 3.3 16 153217o 5.9 4.9 3.9 2.9 18 153217p 6.0 5.0 4.2 3.1 16 153217q 6.2 5.2 4.6 3.3 16 153217r 6.4 5.3 4.5 3.9 16 153217s 6.6 5.7 3.9 3.6 16 1532l7t 6.9 5.9 4.8 4.0 17 153217u 7.2 6.0 5.0 3.4 18 153217v 7.3 6.0 4.8 4.0 17 153217w 7.4 6.2 5.6 4.0 16 153217x 7.5 6.4 5.9 4.8 18 153217y 7.9 6.7 5.5 4.5 18 1532l7z 8.2 6.9 5.6 4.9 16 153217a' 8.4 7.1 5.6 4.8 16 153217b' 9.1 7.7 6.2 5.3 17 153217c- 9.2 7.7 6.7 5.1 16 153217d' 9.7 8.2 7.3 5.3 19 153217e' 10.5 8.9 8.1 5.6 16 153217f 11.4 9.6 9.8 6.5 16 1532l7g' 12.3 10.3 10.1 7.0 18 153217h' 12.8 10.8 9.5 6.6 16 153217J' 13.7 11.5 10.3 8.0 18 153217k' 14.0 12.1 10.0 7.0 16 153217-1' 14.2 11.9 12.0 7.9 18 153217m' 14.3 12.2 11.6 8.4 18 153217n' 14.7 12.5 12.9 7.7 20 153217o' 14.9 12.5 11.8 8.6 16 153217p' 15.0 13.0 13.0 8.8 16 1532l7q' 15.4 12.8 12.7 9.0 16 153217r' 16.9 14.9 13.3 10.2 18 153217s' 19.6 16.8 15.9 9.2 19 154445a 4.7 4.0 2.9 2.5 14 154445b 6.0 5.0 4.4 3.8 18 154445c 8.7 7.5 6.1 4.7 18 154445d 9.9 8.3 6.6 5.3 18 154445e 10.7 8.9 8.0 6.0 18 154445f 13.4 11.0 10.1 7.0 16 154445g 16.7 14.1 14.5 9.7 18 154445h 17.0 15.4 14.9 10.0 19 (holotype) 2778 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves from USNM 707e: costae specimens 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 0 11 2 10 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Cibolo Formation? LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: AMNH 509; USNM 703c, 703d, 706f, 707e, 719x, 722g, 726z, 735a. Cibolo?: USNM 738-1. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, elongated, narrow Hustedia with low costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154445h. Figured paratypes: USNM 154444a-c, e, f; 154445a-g, i, j, 154446. Measured paratypes: USNM 153217a-z, a'-h', j'-s'; 154445a-g. COMPARISON.—Hustedia cuneata is large, nar- row, and has numerous low, rounded costae, wedge- shaped outline, shallow brachial sulcus with a broad, low, median costa, attenuate beak and rather low convexity. It occurs in the same beds with H. consuta, new species, in the Road Canyon Formation, but differs greatly from that species in its bisulcation, wedge shape, low rounded costae and straighter pedicle beak. Only juveniles of H. cuneata are likely to be confused with species of Thedusia. These juveniles are narrower than the young or adults of those species, and have many more and much finer costae. The species is so dis- tinctive that further detailed comparisons are not necessary. Hustedia decollatensis, new species PLATE 735: FIGURES 54-68 About average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline subovate, normally longer than wide, greatest width near midlength; commissure rectimarginate to very slightly unipli- cate, strongly crenulate and finely serrate; costae moderately strong, rounded to bluntly angular, numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12; median costa of brachial valve slightly depressed in some juveniles (and on beaks of some adults) normal height for most of length of shell; growth laminae weak, rarely preserved. Pedicle valve strongly and evenly convex; beak short to somewhat elongate, normally suberect, less commonly nearly straight; foramen mesothyridid to permesothyridid; symphytium normally wider than long, moderately to strongly concave. Bra- chial valve also strongly convex, greatest convexity in umbonal region; beak swollen slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike, slightly transverse hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; internal costae flat, sides of costae with numerous striae, extending back 2 or 3 mm from edge, producing small notches in valve edge. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets; hinge plate short, rather thick, projecting ventrally, bent slightly posteriorly; short, stout ligulate process at base of hinge plate projecting ventrally and some- what anteriorly; median ridge low, rounded, up to 2 mm long; crura strong, short, projecting ven- trally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae strong, branching to form jugum (complete jugum not observed) and spiralia; each spiralium coiled dorsoventrally into about 6 coils; costae flattened and striated as in pedicle valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (Cutoff Member). LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 369, 492, 591, 660; USNM 728g, 729. Cutoff: AMNH 678; USNM 747. DIAGNOSIS.—Rotund Hustedia with low median ridge rather than a septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154447a. Figured par- atype: USNM 154447b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153218a-w, 153219a-f, 153220, 154447b. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 1532l8a-w, 153219 a-f, 153220. COMPARISON.—Hustedia decollatensis is charac- terized by its rotund shape, moderately high costae with rounded or bluntly angular crests, normally suberect beak, normally rectimarginate commis- sure, and low median ridge rather than a median septum in the brachial valve. It occurs in the Cut- off Member of the Bone Spring Formation, and also in the Bone Spring Formation. It differs from H. glomerosa, new species, which also occurs in the Bone Spring but is not associated with H. decol- latensis, in its lower and more rounded costae, rounder shape, and median ridge in the brachial valve. It more nearly resembles some species from other strata; it differs from H. citeria, new species, from the Getaway Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation in its smaller size, lower costae with more rounded crests, and its low median brachial NUMBER 24 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted), — brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae AMNH 369 153218a 3.4 3.0 2.8 1.9 12 153218b 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.1 12 153218c 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.2 12 153218d 3.9 3.6 3.4 2.2 12 153218e 4.0 3.5 3.6 2.5 12 153218f 4.4 3.8 3.7 2.7 11 153218g 4.6 4.0 4.3 2.9 12 153218h 4.7 4.2 4.3 2.9 12 153218i 4.9 4.4 4.3 2.9 12 153218J 5.0 4.2 3.9 2.9 12 153218k 5.3 4.8 4.5 3.2 14 153218-1 5.5 4.7 4.0 3.3 14 153218m 5.7 4.9 5.1 3.4 12 153218n 5.8 5.2 5.0 4.0 12 153218o 6.2 5.5 5.3 4.0 12 153218p 6.7 5.8 5.6 4.4 12 153218q 7.0 6.2 6.0 4.5 12 153218r 7.1 6.0 6.0 5.3 12 153218s 7.6 6.6 6.7 5.4 12 153218t 7.9 6.9 7.4 6.1 12 153218u 8.4 7.0 7.9 5.9 11 153218v 8.9 7.7 7.7 7.2 12 153218w 9.5 8.2 9.1 6.9 12 154447a 9.9 8.8 8.3 7.3 12 (holotype) 154447b 9.8 8.4 8.0 7.3 12 AMNH 678 153219a 10.2 8.9 8.8 7.9 10 153219b 10.6 8.9 8.2 6.7 11 153219c 10.6 9.0 9.2 8.0 12 153219d 10.7 9.2 8.9 7.7 12 153219e 11.9 9.9 9.1 8.3 12 153219f 12.1 10.3 9.9 8.3 11 AMNH 591 153220 14.5 11.7 11.6 9.6 12 ridge. It is distinguished from H. opsia, new species, from the Lamar Member of the Bell Can- yon Formation by its weaker and more numerous costae, greater convexity, more strongly curved pedicle beak, and its low median ridge. It resembles some juvenile specimens of H. pugilla, new species, from the Word Formation, differing in its nor- mally fewer costae, shorter beak, less elongate out- line, and lack of a median septum; it is much smaller than adult specimens of H. pugilla. It also is smaller than H. connorsi or H. spicata, both new, from the Cathedral Mountain Formation of the Glass Mountains, and has fewer costae and no median septum. It is similar to H. consuta, new 2779 species, from the Road Canyon Formation, but differs in its smaller size, fewer average number of costae, and less strongly curved pedicle beak; the septum in H. consuta is similarly low, and the two species are believed to be rather closely related. Hustedia demissa, new species PLATE 735: FIGURES 69-86 Medium size for genus, valves of nearly equal depth, ovate in outline, length greater than width; beak short, erect; foramen apical, forming small notch on dorsal side; sides rounded, maximum width near midvalve. Anterior margin truncated. Surface marked by low, broadly rounded costae, 14 on pedicle valve but median costa of the brachial valve depressed and usually posteriorly aborted. Pedicle valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral profile, narrowly convex and with steep sides in anterior profile. Beak and umbonal region narrow; umbonal slopes steep; median region in- flated but anterior slope flattened anteriorly. Brachial valve unevenly convex in lateral pro- file, maximum convexity in posterior region and flattened anteriorly; anterior profile narrowly con- vex and steep-sided as in opposite valve. Umbonal region inflated; sulcus originating at beak, nar- row and shallow to margins, usually with median costa beginning near midvalve and generally broad and depressed. Flanks moderately inflated. Pedicle valve interior with large thick teeth. Ped- icle collar not strongly developed. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets defined by strong fulcral plates. Crural bases thickened; hinge plate medi- ally thickened. Ligulate process short. Median septum long and strong. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— pedicle brachial valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 725f 153221a 9.8 9.2 8.7 6.4 14 153221b 9.2 8.0 7.6 4.8 12 (holotype) 153221c 9.8 ? 8.6 ? 10 153221d ? 8.7 8.0 ? ? USNM 725n 153222a 14.5 ? 12.6 } 14 AMNH 33 153223 14.6 13.0 11.2 6.7 142780 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 732a, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33, 437, 636; USNM 725n, 733. Rader: AMNH 403, 410; USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia with broad, sub- dued costae and having the median costae of the brachial valve broad and depressed and confined to anterior half. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153221b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153221a, e; 153222a; 154448a. Measured paratypes: USNM 153221a, c, d; 153222 a; 153223. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153221b-d, f-z, a'-m'; 153222b-d. COMPARISON.—The large size and subdued char- acter of the costae of H. demissa are distinctive and limit comparison to a few species. In the nature of the costae it is suggestive of H. cuneata, new species, of the Road Canyon Formation, but it is not so narrow nor is the beak so elongated as in that species. More comparable is H. stataria, new species, but that species has more, narrower and finer costae and the median costa is not shortened and subdued. Hustedia glomerosa, new species PLATE 735: FICURES 87-108; PLATE 736, FIGURES 61-69 Hustedia hessensis Stehli [not R. E. King], 1954:350. Somewhat large for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline normally elongate sub- ovate, some shells transversely subelliptical, great- est width slightly anterior to midlength; com- missure strongly serrate, finely crenulate; fold at anterior very low, primarily produced by low ampli- tude of mesial three costae, slightly by their ele- vation; costae strong, sharply to bluntly angular, numbering 10 or 12 (rarely 11) on pedicle valve; growth lines strong, regularly spaced, visible on about a third of specimens; growth laminae weak, seen only near margins. Pedicle valve evenly convex longitudinally; slight sulcus produced by lower height of mesial two costae; beak short, suberect to erect; foramen small, normally permesothyridid; symphytium longitudinally concave. Brachial valve similarly concave; median costa depressed near beak, slightly elevated at anterior; beak rounded, extending slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with short, blunt, trans- verse hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests of internal costae flattened, sides scored by numerous fine lirae producing crenula- tions at commissure. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets; hinge plate rather long, projecting ventrally and curving slightly posteriorly; ligulate process at base of hinge on midline projecting nearly directly ven- trally, short, curved; median septum moderately high, thin, crest sloping toward floor of valve with- out angle or peak, total length about 3 mm; crura short, projecting ventrally; descending lamellae rather broad, thin, branching to form ascending lamellae just above floor of brachial valve; ascend- ing lamellae slender, meeting one another at mid- line, area of junction modified to form narrow, very spiny buccal plate with long median process tapering toward floor of pedicle valve; spines on face of buccal plate projecting anteriorly and some- what dorsally; other branch of each descending lamella continuing just above floor of brachial valve; coiling dorsoventrally in at least 7 loops; internal costae flattened and lirate as in pedicle valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 628, 629, 631, 696; USNM 728f, 728h, 746. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Hustedia with globular shape, and high septum in the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154449-1'. Figured paratypes: USNM 154449o, w, b', f, m'; 154455a, c, d; 154456. Measured paratypes: USNM 154449a-z, a'-q'. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 154449a-n, p-v, x-z, a', c'-e', g'-q'; 154455b; 154937a-x. COMPARISON.—Hustedia glomerosa is character- ized by its globular shape, strong costae, frequently visible growth lines, short and curved pedicle beak, slight fold and sulcus, 10 or 12 costae without prominent elevation or depression of median ones, and its high and evenly sloping median septum in brachial valve. The species that it most nearly resembles is H. hessensis R. E. King, especially in its visible growth lines and slightly depressed median two costae of the pedicle valve. It differs from H. hessensis in its even convexity with notice- able flattening of the profiles of the valves, its NUMBER 24 2781 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae SNM 728f 154449a 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.0 8 154449b 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.2 10 154449c 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.2 10 154449d 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.4 10 154449e 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.4 10 154449f 2.9 2.4 2.6 1.9 8 154449g 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.2 9 154449h 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.2 10 154449i 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.4 10 154449J 4.0 3.4 3.4 2.6 10 154449k 4.4 3.8 3.5 2.6 12 154449-1 4.7 4.0 3.5 2.7 12 154449m 5.0 4.2 4.0 2.8 12 154449n 5.0 4.2 4.3 3.3 10 154449o 5.3 4.4 4.4 3.0 12 154449p 5.6 4.9 4.7 3.2 12 154449q 5.8 5.0 4.4 3.5 10 154449r 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.0 10 154449s 6.2 5.6 5.7 4.1 10 154449t 6.5 5.7 5.6 4.5 12 154449u 7.3 6.3 5.9 4.5 10 154449v 7.8 6.5 6.7 5.0 10 154449w 7.9 6.6 6.2 5.0 11 154449x 7.9 6.9 7.1 5.1 10 I54449y 8.2 6.9 7.0 5.6 12 154449z 9.0 7.7 7.3 5.6 10 154449a' 9.6 8.2 7.9 6.0 11 154449b' 9.8 8.3 8.2 7.4 12 154449^ 10.0 8.5 8.6 7.2 10 154449d' 10.4 8.7 9.6 7.3 10 154449e' 10.9 9.2 9.3 7.5 10 154449F 11.3 9.5 10.4 8.4 10 154449g- 11.7 10.0 10.7 8.8 12 154449h' 12.0 10.0 10.7 7.8 10 154449i' 12.0 10.2 11.4 9.9 10 154449J' 12.2 10.5 11.9 8.2 10 154449k' 12.7 10.9 12.1 8.5 12 154449-1' 13.0 10.9 13.2 9.1 11 (holotype) 154449m' 13.4 12.9 13.5 11.3 10 154449n' 13.7 12.6 14.0 9.9 10 154449o' 14.7 ? 13.8 p 10 154449p' 15.3 ? 13.8 ? 12 154449q' 16.4 ? 14.3 ? 12 sharper median costa of the brachial valve, less depressed mesial two costae of the pedicle valve, its smaller maximum size, normally narrower out- line, and especially in its shorter and less strongly curved pedicle beak. It also resembles H. citeria, new species, differing in its smaller size, frequently visible growth lines, shorter and more curved beak, evenly sloping median septum, and sharper costae. It is smaller, narrower, and more convex than H. rupinata, new species, and its beak is shorter and more curved and the median costa of the brachial valve not depressed. It is smaller than H. pugilla, new species, from the Word Formation, and has proportionately higher and sharper costae, some- what lower convexity, wider outline, and more divergent costae in a more fanlike pattern. Its maximum size is slightly greater than that of H. connorsi and H. spicata, both new, from the Cathedral Mountain and Road Canyon formations of the Glass Mountains; it differs further in its fewer, higher, and sharper costae. Hustedia glo- merosa differs from H. consuta, new species, from the Cathedral Mountain Formation in its higher, sharper costae, frequently visible concentric orna- mentation, and in its higher, proportionately wider outline. Hustedia hapala, new species PLATE 736: FIGURES 46-60 About average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline subquadrate to subcir- cular, widest near midlength; commissure recti- marginate to slightly sulcate, weakly serrated; costae low, rounded, with shallow troughs, num- bering 10 to 16 on pedicle valve, normally 12 or 14; brachial valve shallowly sulcate, with low rounded median costa in sulcus, median trough of pedicle valve slightly wider or deeper than lat- eral troughs, joining brachial sulcus at anterior to produce bisulcate appearance, slightly indenting anterior margin; growth lines weak, closely spaced; growth laminae stronger, but weak, irregularly and widely spaced, most frequent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex; beak short, attenuate, straight or nearly straight; foramen small, permesothyridid; symphytium small, trigonal, nearly equilateral, flat or slightly concave. Brachial valve also moderately convex, with great- est convexity in umbonal region; beak rounded, projecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with short, blunt, trans- verse teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; muscle, marks not clearly observed; apparently paired and anteriorly widening as in other species 2782 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY of Hustedia; crests of internal costae flat, weak striation notching marginal edges. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets formed by socket ridges and wall of valve; hinge plate short, trilobed, nearly straight, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; short ligulate process at base of hinge plate, curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly, median septum moderately high, rather thick; crura slender, slightly divergent, projecting ventrally; fragments of spiralia indicat- ing a form similar to that in other species, details not observed; costae flattened and striated as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae AMNH 512 153225a 2.7 2.3 2.3 1.6 12 153225b 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.9 12 153225c 3.0 2.7 2.6 1.9 12 153225d 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.2 12 153225e 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.2 12 153225f 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.3 12 153225g 3.6 3.1 3.2 2.4 10 153225h 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.5 12 153225i 4.2 3.8 3.5 2.9 12 153225J 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.0 12 153225k 4.5 3.9 4.2 3.1 12 153225-1 4.8 4.2 4.2 3.1 14 153225m 4.9 4.4 4.4 3.4 14 153225n 4.9 4.2 4.8 3.5 12 153225o 5.3 4.8 4.9 3.7 12 153225p 5.4 4.9 5.0 3.9 14 153225q 5.6 5.0 5.0 4.4 14 153225r 5.7 4.9 4.9 3.5 12 153225s 6.0 5.3 5.2 4.5 12 153225t 6.2 5.5 5.5 4.7 12 153225u 6.4 5.6 5.5 4.3 14 153225v 6.5 5.6 5.6 4.3 14 153225w 6.6 5.8 5.6 4.7 14 153225x 6.8 6.0 5.9 4.9 12 153225y 7.4 6.5 6.4 5.2 12 153225z 7.6 6.5 6.6 4.6 14 153225a' 8.6 7.3 7.2 6.0 12 AMNH 496 153226a 8.8 7.5 7.2 6.0 12 USNM 732 153227a 9.0 7.8 7.1 6.4 14 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 496, 512; USNM 728, 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, subcircular Hustedia with a low costa in brachial valve and shallow emargina- tion at the anterior. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153227a. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153255a'; 154454a, b. Measured par- atypes: USNM 153225a-z, a'; 153226a. COMPARISON.—Hustedia hapala is characterized by its subcircular or subelliptical outline, numer- ous low, rounded costae, shallow bisulcation, low costa in the brachial sulcus, and its short but rather straight pedicle beak. It differs from the similar species H. samiata, new species, in its smaller size, more circular outline, greater convexity, and lower, more rounded costae. It differs from H. cuneata, new species, in its much smaller size, less elongate outline, shorter beak, and lower costae. Hustedia bipartita Girty also is subcircular, but it has strong, sharp costae that normally number only 10 on the pedicle valve. Hustedia hessensis R. E. King PLATE 732: FIGURES 86-90; PLATE 736: FIGURES 1-36; PLATE 745: FIGURES 1-10 Hustedia hessensis R. E. King, 1931:125, pl. 42: figs. 44-46 [not 43 =H. cepacea].—Stehli [part], 1954:350, pl. 27: figs. 8-14 [specimens from AMNH 625 only]. Large for genus, flatly to moderately biconvex; outline elongate, rarely transverse, subovate to sub- trigonal or subpentagonal, greatest width at or anterior to midlength; commissure weakly unipli- cate, fold produced by combination of elevation and reduction in amplitude of mesial costae; sulcus shallow but normally definite, mesial two costae depressed, median trough deeper and wider than lateral troughs; costae strong, sharply to bluntly angular, numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12; median costa of brachial valve de- pressed to level of lateral costae, normally wider and with more rounded crest; concentric ornament visible on many specimens, consisting of low, evenly spaced lirae, possible growth lines; growth laminae weak, rarely observed. Pedicle valve moderately convex longitudinally, with greatest convexity near beak and near mar- gin, slight flattening in profile near midlength; beak somewhat attenuate, nearly straight to sub- erect; foramen normal size, mesothyridid to per- mesothyridid; symphytium gently concave; brachial NUMBER 24 2783 pedicle valve costae 12 12 12 10 14 14 11 10 13 12 12 10 12 10 12 10 10 14 12 11 12 10 12 10 12 10 12 12 10 11 11 12 10 12 12 11 12 10 11 12 12 12 12 13 12 7 valve moderately to flatly convex, also normally flattened slightly anterior to umbonal region, but not so markedly as pedicle valve; greatest convexity in umbonal region; beak bluntly angular, project- ing slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt, transverse, short hinge teeth; inside of foramen lined by pedicle collar; internal crests of costae rounded or flattened, sides strongly lirate, producing crenula- tions of margin. Brachial valve interior with deep sockets; hinge plate strong, moderately long, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; elongate ligulate process projecting ventrally and slightly anteriorly from base of hinge plate, trigonal in cross section; medi- an septum variable, merely a ridge in some speci- mens, high and bladelike in others; crural bases thick, curved, forming hinge socket walls; crura short, projecting ventrally; descending lamellae broad, thin, bladelike, branching within about 4 mm; ascending branches extending ventrally and anteriorly, joining to form jugum; surfaces of jugum modified to form comparatively narrow, very spinose buccal plate, with surface of plate pointing mostly toward anterior, posterior part of plate extended to form long tapering process reach- ing nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branches of descending lamellae continuing along dorsal floor, coiling dorsoventrally in spiralia with 8 loops on each side; costae flattened and lirate as in ped- icle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— pedicle brachial thick- valve ness costae valve length length width 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.4 4.6 5.4 6.1 6.8 7.0 7.7 7.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.9 4.4 5.3 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.8 7.2 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.8 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.6 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.7 5.9 6.9 6.4 7.3 7.7 9.7 1.5 8 2.0 12 2.0 12 2.3 12 2.5 11 2.8 10 3.2 12 3.2 12 3.9 10 3.8 11 4.0 12 5.0 12 4.9 12 4.1 12 6.0 12 6.5 12 9.3 10.5 11.0 USNM 720e 153228a 153228b 153228c 153228d 153228e 153228f 153228g 153228h 153228i 153228J 153228k 153228-1 153228m 153228n I53228o 153228p brachial valve length 10.9 10.9 11.4 11.4 11.9 12.3 12.7 12.6 13.5 13.0 13.8 13.8 14.6 14.4 15.3 15.1 16.3 thick- ness 6.8 6.7 8.3 6.4 9.3 6.8 9.8 8.7 10.0 9.8 10.9 9.9 10.3 9.8 11.0 11.0 9.7 length 12.4 12.5 13.3 13.7 14.0 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.0 15.4 15.8 16.0 16.5 16.8 17.6 17.8 19.4 4.0 4.7 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.6 9.8 10.4 11.6 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.8 13.8 14.7 15.2 15.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 19.6 23.0 width 10.0 11.6 11.4 11.1 12.7 c.12.5 11.8 14.0 15.9 14.7 15.2 14.4 14.3 16.7 17.9 17.6 18.5 3.5 3.7 3.3 4.1 4.3 4,5 5.7 4.5 6.8 6.8 6.6 8.4 7.8 8.0 9.8 10.4 11.4 11.3 10.7 13.0 13.7 14.0 13.9 15.3 17.0 17.3 17.0 17.4 24.1 153228q 153228r 153228s 153228t 153228u 153228v 153228w 153228x 153228y 153228z 153228a' 153228b' 153228c' 153228d' 153228e' 153228P 153228g- 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.5 5.0 5.4 4.9 6.8 6.7 6.0 6.0 7.9 8.3 7.3 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.8 10.1 9.8 10.4 10.8 10.8 12.8 18.7 4.0 3.9 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.6 9.0 10.0 10.9 10.7 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.9 12.9 13.5 15.4 15.0 14.9 16.5 USNM 728e 153229a 153229b 153229c 153229d 153229e 153229f 153229g 153229h 153229i 153229J 153229k 153229-1 153229m 153229n 153229o 153229p 153229q 153229r 153229s 153229t 153229u 153229v 153229w 153229x 153229y 1532292 153229a' AMNH 625 153230a USNM 728e 154433 19.2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation, Skinner Ranch Formation (also Sullivan Peak Member), Cibolo Formation (Transition Zone of Udden). LOCALITIES.—Bone Spring: AMNH 497, 625, 628, 2784 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 631, 632, 697; USNM 725c, 728e, 728g, 741, 745. Skinner Ranch (undifferentiated): USNM 724q, 733r. Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 715v, 720e, 720f, 720g. Skinner Ranch (top): AMNH 520; USNM 710r, 723-1. Sullivan Peak: USNM 727a. Cibolo: USNM 738h. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia with flattened mid- region of pedicle valve, and with medial costae of both valves dpressed. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12127a. Figured para- types: YPM 12127b, T10064, T10146. Figured hy- potypes: USNM 153229h, n, o, s, z; 153230a; 154433; 154450; 154451a, b, d-f; 154501a, b. Mea- sured hypotypes: USNM 153228a-z, a'-g'; 153229 a-z, a'; 153230a; 154433. COMPARISON.—Hustedia hessensis is character- ized by its large size, flattened midsection of the pedicle (and in some, the brachial) valve, short but rather straight beak, raised concentric orna- mentation, and especially by its high, sharp costae that are depressed mesially on both valves. That is, the median costa of the brachial valve and the one on each side of the median trough of the pedicle valve are lower than the lateral costae, producing the impression of bisulcation, although the brachial median costa is not depressed lower than the lateral ones, it simply is not elevated as it would be if it followed the normal convexity of the shell. This species most nearly resembles H. glomerosa, new species; and, in fact, the two were combined by Stehli (1954); but H. hessensis differs from H. glomerosa in its larger average and maxi- mum size, wider, more trigonal outline, more nu- merous costae (on average), and its apparent bisul- cation. Many individuals of both species share the raised concentric ornament. Hustedia huecoensis R. E. King PLATE 745: FIGURES 11-22 Hustedia huecoensis R. E. King, 1931:125, pl. 42: figs. 40-42. Medium size for genus, outline roundly oval, length slightly greater than width, maximum width near middle; sides well rounded; anterior margin strongly rounded; anterior commissure uni- plicate, serrate; surface costate, costae numbering 16 along margin of pedicle valve of lectotype. Growth laminae strong in troughs between costae. Pedicle valve evenly and gently convex in lateral profile, maximum curvature near middle; anterior profile broadly and moderately convex; beak long, nearly straight; umbo narrowly rounded; median region moderately swollen; anterior slope gently convex; sulcus indistinct but visible in slightly wider and deeper groove between the median two costae that are depressed slightly below their fellows; flanks swollen, sides short but moderately steep. Brachial valve moderately but unevenly convex in lateral profile, maximum curvature in posterior region; anterior profile moderately domed, with moderately long slopes, convexity greater than pedicle valve; umbonal region swollen, continuing medially beyond midvalve, less swollen anteriorly; fold indistinct, median costa somewhat larger than the others at front margin but depressed below bounding costae on umbo. Flanks with moderately long and fairly steep slopes. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From King locality 440a, lectotype (YPM 12123a): length 14.4, bra- chial valve length 11.7, maximum width 11.2, thickness 9.8. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Alacran Mountain Formation, Hueco Canyon Formation. LOCALITIES.—Alacran Mountain: King locality 440a (summit of Deer Mountain, northwestern Cerro Alto quadrangle). Hueco Canyon: USNM 725z. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized, roundly oval Huste- dia with numerous closely crowded costae. TYPES.—Lectotype: YPM 12123a. Figured para- types: YPM 12123c, T11004. Unfigured paratype: YPM 12123b. COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION.—R. E. King (1931) illustrated three specimens of this species, two of which were designated as cotypes, one at the Uni- versity of Texas (T11004) and one at Yale Univer- sity (YPM 12123a); the third specimen belongs to YPM 12123. Only the first two specimens are avail- able as lectotypes; the Texas University specimen being unsuitable because it is partly covered by chert. The specimen figured by King on his Plate 42: figures 41a-c is therefore selected as lectotype. A third specimen, nearly perfect, appeared in the Peabody Museum (YPM) lot and is illustrated herein as YPM 12123c. We did not see specimen YPM 12123, illustrated by King in his figure 42. The nearest to this species in the Glass Moun- NUMBER 24 2785 tains material are H. culcitula and H. trita, both new, but these are smaller and have coarser costae. Hustedia inconspicua, new species PLATE 737: FIGURES 1-6 Very small for genus, moderately strongly bicon- vex; outline elongate subovate, widest near or slightly anterior to midlength; commissure recti- marginate, weakly crenulated; costae low, rounded, numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12; median costa of brachial valve depressed in um- bonal region, height increasing anteriorly, reach- ing level of lateral costae at anterior of adults; me- dian trough of pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs, not sufficient to produce indenta- tion of anterior margin; growth laminae weak, rarely preserved. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex; beak of normal length, not attenuate, normally suberect; foramen normally mesothyridid, less com- monly permesothyridid; symphytium wider than long, gently concave. Brachial valve similarly con- vex; beak bluntly angular, projecting slightly pos- terior to hinge. Internal structures not observed; crests of costae in interior lower than external costae, extent of striation not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae SNM 714y 153231a 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.6 12 153231b 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.9 12? 153231c 3.2 2.6 2.5 1.7 13 153231d 3.6 2.9 2.8 1.9 12 153231e 3.8 3.1 2.8 2.1 10? 153231f 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.4 12? 153231g 4.2 3.6 3.3 2.4 12 153231h 4.3 3.6 3.4 2.8 14 15323H 4.4 3.7 3.6 2.8 13 153231J 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.6 12 153231k 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 12 153231-1 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.0 12 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves from USNM 714y: costae 10 11 12 13 14 specimens 2 2 17 2 2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation (Sullivan Peak Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 714y. DIAGNOSIS.—Very small Hustedia with elongate outline and median depressed costa of the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153231-1. Unfigured and measured paratypes: USNM 153231a-k. COMPARISON.—Hustedia inconspicua resembles some species of Thedusia in its small size, elongate outline, and slightly depressed median costa of the brachial valve. It differs from them in its normally shorter and more strongly curved pedicle beak, and in the increasing height of the median costa toward the anterior. This species differs from all other Permian species of Hustedia in its small aver- age and maximum size. The number of costae is difficult to determine accurately because costae are so low and lateral costae are obscure; the average number apparently is 12 on the pedicle valve. The low costae, elongate outline, and moderate con- vexity distinguish H. inconspicua from H. lusca, H. narinosa, and H. trisecta, all new, that are smaller than most Permian species of Hustedia. This species differs from juveniles of common Wolfcampian, Leonardian, and Guadalupian species of the Glass Mountains in its more elongate outline and much weaker and lower costae. Young of such new species as H. trita, H. connorsi, H. spicata, H. consuta, and H. pugilla, have numer- ous fine costae; these immature specimens, how- ever, retain the specific characters of the adults, and their costae normally are much stronger than those in any specimen of H. inconspicua. Hustedia lusca, new species PLATE 737: FIGURES 7-49 Small for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate to transversely subellip- tical, normally widest near midlength; commissure strongly serrate, each serration finely crenulate, no trace of fold or sulcus; costae strong, normally sharp, numbering 8 to 10 on pedicle valve, nor- mally 10; median costa of brachial valve slightly depressed on many specimens, slightly raised on others, median trough of pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs; fine growth lines not 2786 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY observed; growth laminae weak, rarely preserved, normally near margins. Pedicle valve evenly convex; beak short, blunt, straight to suberect; foramen proportionately large, submesothyridid to mesothyridid; symphytium wider than long, nearly flat. Brachial valve slightly less strongly convex, greatest convexity near poste- rior; beak rounded, swollen to extend slightly pos- terior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse teeth; interior of foramen lined by short pedicle collar; height of costae reduced by shell thickening but crests not flattened; sides of costae weakly lirate, producing crenulations at valve margin, lirae extending about half length of adult valve. Brachial valve interior with shallow transverse sockets; hinge plate short, somewhat recurved, extending posteriorly and ventrally; anterior me- dian part of hinge plate extended to form short ligulate process projecting ventrally; median sep- tum low, somewhat thickened, extending anteri- orly about 1 mm in average size valve; crura short, projecting ventrally; descending lamellae thin, wide, bladelike, rather short; ascending lamellae branching off but scarcely diminishing width of descending lamellae, projecting ventrally, recurv- ing as slender jugum pointing anteriorly, with hairlike spines, point of junction at median line drawn out to form slender tapering process pro- jecting toward floor of pedicle valve; other branch of each descending lamella forming dorsoventrally coiled spiralium with at least six coils; crests of costae and lirae as in pedicle valve. 10 19 NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 average size pedicle valves (USNM 154939a-y) from USNM 703b.— costae specimens STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- mation (Wedin Member). LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700-1, 727p. Cathe- dral Mountain: AMNH 500, 500D, 500F, 500H, 500J, 500L, 500N, 500X, 501, 504; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702 low, 702un, 703a1, 703b, 703bs, 708, 721u, 723k, 723u, 726u, 731b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, rotund Hustedia with large foramen. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM I53234g. Figured par- MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted). brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 702un 153232a 2.6 2.4 2.5 1.8 8 153232b 3.0 2.4 2.4 1.5 10 153232c 3.2 2.5 2.7 1.6 10 153232d 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.1 10 153232e 3.8 3.2 3.5 2.3 9 153232f 4.1 3.5 3.6 2.7 8 153232g 4.6 3.9 4.0 2.8 8 153232h 4.9 4.1 4.1 3.2 10 153232i 5.4 4.6 4.6 4.0 10 153232J 5.6 4.8 5.1 4.0 9 153232k 5.9 5.0 5.4 4.6 10 153232-1 6.1 5.0 5.1 4.2 10 153232m 6.4 5.0 5.4 4.3 10 153232n 6.5 5.5 6.0 4.6 8 1532320 6.6 5.5 6.2 4.8 10 153232p 7.0 5.9 6.2 4.7 8 153232q 7.3 6.0 6.7 5.8 10 153232r 7.7 6.1 6.9 6.3 10 153232s 8.0 7.1 7.3 6.7 10 153232t 8.1 6.7 6.9 6.1 9 153232u 8.1 6.7 7.6 6.7 10 153232v 8.7 7.3 8.0 7.3 10 153232w 8.9 7.3 8.6 6.8 10 USNM 702 153233a 3.0 2.6 2.7 1.9 9 153233b 3.4 2.9 3.0 2.1 10 153233c 3.6 3.0 3.2 2.1 10 153233d 3.8 3.1 3.2 2.5 10 153233e 3.9 3.2 3.1 2.4 10 153233f 4.3 3.7 3.7 2.8 10 153233g 4.7 3.7 3.8 3.0 10 153233h 5.0 4.1 4.4 3.0 10 153233i 5.3 4.3 4.7 3.8 8 153233J 5.6 4.5 4.7 4.1 10 153233k 5.8 4.9 5.1 4.3 10 153233-1 6.0 4.9 5.3 4.1 10 153233m 6.0 5.0 5.5 4.6 10 153233n 6.3 5.3 5.6 4.9 10 153233o 6.5 5.3 5.7 5.3 8 153233p 6.8 5.6 6.0 4.8 8 153233q 7.0 5.9 6.8 5.3 8 153233r 7.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 9 153233s 7.2 5.8 6.4 6.4 10 153233t 7.7 6.2 6.8 5.7 10 153233u 7.8 6.5 6.8 5.9 10 153233v 8.9 7.1 7.8 6.7 10 USNM 703b 153234a 4.6 3.0 3.1 2.1 10 153234b 4.8 4.2 4.3 3.0 10 153234c 5.6 4.7 4.8 3.8 10 153234d 6.2 5.0 5.0 4.3 8 NUMBER 24 brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153234e 6.8 5.8 6.0 4.6 10 153234f 7.0 5.9 6.0 4.6 8 153234g 8.0 7.0 7.1 5.4 10 (holotype) 153234h 8.2 7.0 7.5 6.4 10 153234i 8.4 6.9 7.8 5.6 10 153234J 8.5 7.3 8.0 6.5 10 USNM 708 153235a 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.6 12 153235b 3.2 2.8 2.5 1.7 12 153235c 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.0 10 153235d 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.0 11 153235e 4.0 3.5 3.5 2.4 12 153235f 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.5 10 153235g 4.5 4.0 3.6 2.8 10 153235h 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.0 10 153235i 5.3 4.8 4.4 3.1 12 153235J 5.8 5.0 4.3 3.9 10 153235k 5.9 5.2 4.8 3.7 10 153235-1 6.0 5.4 5.1 4.4 10 153235m 6.5 5.6 6.5 4.7 10 153235n 6.9 6.0 5.8 4.9 10 153235o 7.0 6.1 5.9 5.1 10 153235p 7.0 6.4 5.7 5.4 10 153235q 7.7 6.6 6.2 5.2 10 153235r 9.0 8.2 8.5 7.2 10 153235s 10.3 8.9 8.4 7.4 11 atypes: USNM 153234h; 153235s; 154457; 154458; 154459a, b; 154460; 154461a, b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153232a-w, 153233a-v, 153234a-f, h-j, 153235a-s, 154939a-y. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153232a-w; 153233a-v; 153234a-f, i, j; 153235a-r; 154461a, c; 154940a-y. COMPARISON.—Hustedia lusca is characterized by its relatively small size, its proportionately high and sharp costae with median costa of brachial valve slightly depressed or elevated, or neither depressed nor elevated, by its low number of cos- tae, relatively straight pedicle beak, and especially by its proportionately large foramen that normally is mesothyridid and cuts deeply into the flat sym- phytium. Its 8 to 10 costae recall H. cepacea, new species, but H. lusca is much smaller, more trans- verse in outline, and has a straighter pedicle beak, with proportionately larger mesothyridid foramen. No other known species of Hustedia combines the features of small size, few strong costae, and large mesothyridid foramen penetrating a nearly flat symphytium. 2787 Hustedia meekana (Shumard) Retzia (?) meekana Shumard, 1859:295. Retzia meekiana Shumard, 1860:395, pl. 7a-b. Hustedia (?) meekana (Shumard) Schuchert, 1897:231. Not Hustedia meekana (Shumard) of subsequent authors. DISCUSSION.—The name Hustedia meekana (Shu- mard) has been employed by many authors for species that they have identified by Girty's (1909) use of the name (e.g., Haack, 1914; R. E. King, 1931; Cloud, 1944; Cooper, 1953). Shumard's specimens were lost before Girty described the Guadalupian fauna, and Shumard's illustrations (1860, pl. 11) are conventionalized drawings, there- fore it is impossible to identify his species with reasonable certainty. Girty's concept of H. mee- kana includes specimens from three different stratigraphic levels in the Guadalupe Mountains, and from the Word Formation of the Glass Moun- tains. In our opinion, it includes at least four separate species. We propose that the name be confined to Shumard's lost specimens, and in effect, abandoned. Despite the common use of the name, uncertainty of identification of the species de- stroys the value of any correlations that might be based upon it. A species that occurs abundantly and silicified in the Lamar Member of the Bell Canyon Forma- tion at USNM 728p may be the species that Shu- mard had. It is rather wide, although certainly not flared as in his illustrations. Its convexity is much less than shown by Shumard, but admittedly his drawings are generalized. We have described the species as Hustedia rupinata despite the suspicion that it may be H. meekana, because this identity cannot be proved. The idea stems from the fact that the fauna of the Lamar Member is essentially the "Capitan fauna" that both Shumard and Girty dealt with. As the highest member in the Bell Canyon Formation, it is the fauna of the final stage of the Capitan "reef" development, namely, the top and outside. The other Bell Canyon mem- bers are reflected farther down and deeper into the reef core. These observations have been con- firmed by comparison of silicified and unsilicified Lamar collections with the Capitan fauna. 2788 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Hustedia narinosa, new species PLATE 737: FIGURES 50-83 Somewhat small for genus, strongly biconvex; outline subovate, normally slightly longer than wide, greatest width slightly anterior to midlength; commissure rectimarginate, strongly crenulate and finely serrate; costae strong, sharp, or bluntly angular, numbering 8 to 10 on pedicle valve, nor- mally 10; median costa of brachial valve slightly depressed in umbonal region, slightly elevated at anterior; growth laminae weak, rarely observed, most conspicuous near margins. Pedicle valve strongly convex; beak short, blunt, normally suberect; foramen small, normally perme- sothyridid; symphytium nearly equilateral, gen- tly concave. Brachial valve similarly evenly con- vex; beak rounded, projecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with strong, transverse teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; inter- nal costae lower and blunter than external costae, sides striated for short distance near margins, pro- ducing numerous fine serrations in valve edge. Brachial valve interior with transverse hinge sockets formed by socket ridges and valve wall; hinge plate short, blunt, projecting nearly directly ventrally, distal end bent posteriorly to extend slightly along underside of symphytium; ligulate process at base of hinge plate on midline, curving ventrally and anteriorly, somewhat flattened trans- versely; median septum normally high, thin, less commonly lower; crura short, slender, laterally flattened, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae slender, branching to form jugum and spiralia; ascending processes thin, join- ing to form jugum, modified near junction to form spiny buccal plate, with one long median tapering spine reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; main branch of each descending lamella continu- ing anteriorly to form spiralium, coiling dorso- ventrally in at least five coils; costae lowered and striated as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 154941a-y) from USNM 702c: 10 22 costae 8 specimens 1 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 702c 153236a 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 8? 153236b 1.0 4.8 0.9 0.5 10? 153236c 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.5 10? 153236d 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.7 10? 153236e 1.8 1.5 1.6 0.9 10 153236f 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.0 10 153236g 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.1 10 153236h 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.3 10 153236i 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.4 8 153236J 3.1 2.6 2.4 1.6 10 153236k 3.2 2.9 2.6 1.9 10 153236-1 3.3 2.9 2.7 1.8 10 153236m 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.2 10 153236n 3.8 3.3 3.2 2.3 10 153236o 4.0 3.7 3.5 2.7 10 153236p 4.2 3.9 3.4 2.7 10 153236q 4.4 3.9 3.6 2.6 10 153236r 4.5 3.9 4.1 3.5 10 153236s 4.6 4.0 4.0 2.9 10 153236t 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.0 10 I53236u 4.9 4.4 4.3 3.4 10 153236v 5.0 4.5 4.5 3.7 10 153236w 5.3 4.6 4.6 3.9 10 153236x 5.6 5.0 5.1 4.4 8 153236y 6.0 5.3 5.6 4.6 10 153236z 6.1 5.3 5.3 3.9 10 153236a' 6.6 5.9 5.9 4.9 8 153236b' 6.6 5.8 5.6 5.3 10 153236c' 6.7 6.0 6.0 5.0 10 153236d' 6.9 6.2 6.0 5.2 10 153236e' 7.1 6.3 6.4 5.4 8 153236f 7.4 6.5 6.7 5.9 10 153236g- 7.5 6.5 6.6 5.4 10 153236h' 7.6 6.9 7.0 6.4 10 153236i' 7.8 7.1 7.1 6.2 8 153236J' 7.9 7.2 7.0 6.3 10 153236k' 8.0 7.2 8.3 6.7 10 USNM 726z 154462a 8.5 7.5 8.0 6.1 10 154462b 9.5 8.2 8.7 7.8 12 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 503; USNM 702c, 703, 703a, 719x, 721o, 721s, 724j, 726f, 726z, 726za. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Hustedia with few costae and small foramen. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154462b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153236k'; 154462a, c; 154463; NUMBER 24 2789 154464; 154465; 154466a, b. Measured paratypes: USNM 153236a-z, a'-k'; 154462a; 154941a-y. Un- figured paratypes: USNM 153236a-a, a'-k'; 154941 a-x. COMPARISON.—Hustedia narinosa is character- ized by its somewhat small size (for Permian Hus- tedia), few and strong costae, rotund shape, and its short, suberect beak. It most nearly resembles H. lusca, new species, differing in its stronger con- vexity, and especially in its more strongly curved pedicle beak and smaller foramen that is more nearly apical. It also resembles H. trisecta, new species, in its few sharp costae, but it is much more convex than that species, has a more curved beak, and a greater average number of costae. Hustedia narinosa occurs with H. connorsi, new species, but differs in its smaller size, fewer, sharper and higher costae, less strongly curved beak, and more distinct median brachial costa. Hustedia opsia, new species PLATE 738: FIGURES 1-23 Hustedia meekana Girty [not Shumard], 1909:394, pl. 14: figs. 22-26a [not figs, on pis. 21, 24, 29, 30]. About average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline elongate subelliptical; commissure serrated and finely corrugated, without fold or sulcus; costae moderately strong, crests sharp or somewhat blunt, without elevation or depression of median costa or trough, numbering 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, great majority with 10; fine concentric growth lines rarely visible, growth laminae slightly stronger, also rare; costae of some specimens with weak radial ornamentation, re- flecting liration of inner surface of shell. Pedicle valve flatly to moderately strongly con- vex, greatest convexity near beak, convexity fairly even; beak normal length, nearly straight to sub- erect; foramen normal size, permesothyridid; sym- phytium gently concave, many with median line apparent. Brachial valve somewhat more strongly convex, slightly swollen in umbonal region; beak short, blunt hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests of costae flat, sides and troughs with fine lirae producing crenulation of margin. Brachial valve interior with shallow transverse sockets; hinge plate short, rather thick, projecting nearly directly ventrally, only slightly posteriorly; slender ligulate process curving anteriorly and ven- trally from median part of base of hinge plate; median septum in umbo, thin, high, total length including short anterior ridge about 1.5 mm; crura short, tapering, projecting nearly directly ventrally, slightly divergent; lamellae and jugum not ob- served; spiralium normal, probably with about six loops (four observed on incomplete spiralium); costae flat and lirate as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 738 153237a 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.0 10 153237b 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.0 10 153237c 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.3 10 153237d 4.0 3.7 3.5 2.4 9 153237e 4.2 3.7 3.9 2.8 10 153237f 4.9 4.1 4.1 2.6 10 153237g 4.9 4.4 4.4 3.3 10 153237h 5.2 4.6 4.9 3.3 10 1532371 5.4 5.1 5.8 3.6 8 153237j 5.8 5.0 5.2 3.4 10 153237k 6.0 5.7 5.5 4.1 10 153237-1 6.2 5.6 5.9 4.0 8 153237m 6.4 5.6 5.8 3.9 10 153237n 6.8 5.9 6.4 5.1 9 153237o 7.0 6.2 6.2 4.4 10 153237p 7.3 6.6 7.2 5.6 10 153237q 7.9 7.2 7.6 5.9 10 153237r 8.7 7.7 7.9 5.9 10 153237s 9.9 8.0 8.0 5.3 10 153237t 9.2 8.1 7.9 6.0 10 153237u 9.3 8.3 7.7 6.0 10 153237v 9.9 8.6 8.6 6.2 10 153237w 10.0 9.0 8.5 6.9 10 153237x 10.1 8.8 9.2 7.9 10 153237y 10.7 9.5 9.7 6.8 10 153237z 12.0 10.9 10.1 7.2 10 153237a' 12.1 10.7 10.3 7.5 10 153237b' 13.4 11.9 12.0 8.0 12 154467a 13.3 12.0 12.1 9.1 10 154467b 11.8 10.3 10.2 7.6 10 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 154942a-y) from USNM 738: costae 8 9 10 11 12 specimens 1 0 22 1 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Carlsbad Forma- 2790 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tion, Capitan Formation, Bell Canyon Formation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Carlsbad: AMNH 417. Capitan: AMNH 804; USNM 725-1, 725p, 737a, 739, 740, 750a. Hegler: USNM 732a, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33, 398, 437. Rader: AMNH 409, 410, 528; USNM 740a. Lamar: AMNH 25, 37, 38, 39, 40, 347 (= L-2), 348 (= L-3), 351 (= L-6), 373, 430; USNM 728i, 738, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Hustedia of average size, usually with 10 costae and without elevation or depression of the median costa of either valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154467b. Figured par- atypes: USNM 154467a, c, d; 154468; 154469; 154470. Measured paratypes: USNM 153237a-z, a', b'; 154467a; 154942a-y. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153237a-z, a', b'; 154942a-g. COMPARISON.—Hustedia opsia is characterized by its moderate convexity, teardrop shape, moder- ately strong costae that number fairly consistently 10 on the pedicle valve, and its lack of a fold in the anterior commissure or of elevation or depres- sion of the median costa of the brachial valve. It is rather small for a Permian species of Hustedia, and especially small for a species that occurs so high in the section (the normal trend is for size to increase stratigraphically in Hustedia). In addi- tion to being smaller than other Guadalupian species, it is more convex and has lower costae than H. rupinata, new species, and has fewer costae and a shorter beak than H. pugilla, new species. Hustedia opsia most nearly resembles species from the Wolfcampian and Leonardian in its size and shape. It differs from H. trita and H. culcitula, both new, in its longer straighter beak, less globose shape, strong internal liration (and consequent crenulation of valve edges), and its median costa of the brachial valve, which is neither elevated nor depressed. It also is less globose than the Road Canyon H. connorsi, new species, and Cathedral Mountain H. spicata, new species, has fewer costae and its maximum size is smaller. It has the same average number of costae as H. cepacea, new species, from the Skinner Ranch Formation, but is also less globose, has weaker costae, stronger internal lirae, and a straighter pedicle beak. These features, plus lack of a fold in the anterior commis- sure and its smaller size, distinguish it from H. con- suta, new species, from the lower Word and H. citeria, new species, from the Getaway Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation. DISCUSSION.—Shumard (1859) mentioned the radial striations or small ribs on the sides of the major ribs as a characteristic of his Retzia (?) meekana. Girty (1909) showed that they are pres- ent only on exfoliated specimens, absent on specimens whose shell (or replaced shell) is pre- served. Silicified specimens from all levels and localities above the Wolfcampian show that the liration on exfoliated calcareous shells are re- flections of striae on the inside of the shell. The silicified shells of H. opsia are so thin that inner striae show on the outside of some specimens. How- ever, we believe that this is most likely a function of silicification, and agree with Girty that it can- not be considered a specific character. Hustedia opsia accords in most characteristics with a few of the specimens that Girty identified with Shumard's H. meekana (see synonymy). Their stratigraphic positions also agree: H. opsia occurs in the Lamar Member of the Bell Canyon Formation, and the Girty specimens are from the Capitan Limestone (as were Shumard's specimens). However, the drawing by Shumard (1860, pl. 11; fig. 7) shows a fan-shaped specimen more similar in outline to our H. rupinata, but similar in pro- file to the convex H. opsia. In comparing with the small collections of Shumard and Girty, the factor of shell size cannot be considered significant. Our opinion is that H. opsia is the species that is most likely to be Shumard's H. meekana, but in the absence of his specimens, and in view of the vague- ness of his locality data and the variety of species in the Capitan and its Bell Canyon equivalents, the identity of H. meekana cannot be established positively. Hustedia pugilla, new species PLATE 738: FIGURES 24-34, 35-68; PLATE 739: FIGURES 1-34; PLATE 740; FIGURES 39^42 Hustedia meekana Girty [not Shumard], 1909:394, pl. 30: figs. 16, 17 [not figures on other plates]. Very large for genus, strongly biconvex; outline subtrigonal to subovate, normally elongate, greatest width near or anterior to midlength; commissure strongly serrate and finely crenulate; anterior with mesial three costae diminished in amplitude, result- NUMBER 24 2791 ing in no fold on brachial valve but slight sulcus on pedicle valve; costae proportionately moder- ately strong, crests normally rounded, less com- monly sharp, numbering 9 to 16 on pedicle valve, normally 10, 12, or 14, depending on subspecies; median costa on brachial valve not depressed be- low level of lateral costae either in juveniles or adults, also not elevated prominently; growth lines fine, closely spaced, rarely preserved; growth lami- nae weak, rare. Pedicle valve rather strongly and evenly convex longitudinally, transversely slightly flattened but not depressed into genuine sulcus; beak normally rather long, nearly straight to erect, curvature de- pending on subspecies, blunt to slightly attenuate; foramen proportionately about average size for genus, mesothyridid to permesothyridid; symphy- tium concave, normally with well-defined median depression. Brachial valve similarly convex, with greatest convexity just anterior to beak; umbo slightly swollen to project posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with short, blunt trans- verse teeth; foramen lined by pedicle collar; crests of internal costae flattened, some longitudinally indented, sides strongly lirate for most of valve length, producing crenulate commissure. Brachial valve interior with deep transverse slotlike sockets; hinge plate short, projecting ven- trally and slightly posteriorly, not strongly recurved to lie along inside of symphytium; slender curved ligulate process extending from base of hinge plate at median line, projecting ventrally and slightly anteriorly, supported by relatively high, thin but very short median septum, anterior base of septum extending forward about 1 mm as low ridge on floor of valve; crura thin, bladelike, pro- jecting ventrally; socket ridges strong, curved to form socket walls; descending lamella broad, bladelike, branching fairly near attachment with crura to form ascending lamellae and spiralia; ascending lamellae narrower, thin, converging to join one another at midline; jugum flattened to form broad spiny buccal plate, extending down sides of ascending lamellae and projecting at mid- line to form long tapered process reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; dorsal branches of de- scending lamellae continued anteriorly to form spiralia, coiled dorsoventrally in at least seven loops; costae flattened and lirate as in pedicle valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—See under subspecies. DIAGNOSIS.—The largest Hustedia with long beak, and high but short median septum in the brachial valve. COMPARISON.—Hustedia pugilla is one of the largest species in the West Texas Permian, and also seems to be larger than any other species of Hustedia described in the literature. It is variable, and is subdivided into several populations that we treat as subspecies. The species is characterized by its large size, proportionately moderately high and bluntly angular costae, normally rather long pedicle beak, rounded median costa on the bra- chial valve (that is depressed at the anterior of large specimens to the level of lateral costae but not below them), its very broad descending lamel- lae and buccal plate, and high (for Hustedia) but short brachial median septum. It is most nearly approached in size by H. hessensis R. E. King or H. glomerosa, both new, differing from those species in its fewer and proportionately lower costae with- out strong fold or sulcus, greater convexity, longer pedicle beak, less fan-shaped outline, and its high brachial median septum. A few specimens of H. spicata, new species, reach a size comparable to small adults of H. pugilla; however the latter can be distinguished by its normally less rotund outline, straighter and longer beak, and lower median costa on the brachial valve. The elongate shape of the Mexican species identified by Cooper (1953) as H. meekana (Shu- mard) is similar to that of some specimens of H. pugilla. However, H. pugilla is much larger, has more costae, a longer, straighter pedicle beak, and proportionately lower costae. Hustedia pugilla hebetata, new subspecies PLATE 738: FIGURES 24-34 Shell large for species, moderately strongly bi- convex; outline elongate subovate to subelliptical; pedicle beak short, blunt, somewhat swollen, strongly curved: suberect to erect; costae propor- tionately low, rounded, numbering normally 10 or 12 on pedicle valve, none prominently elevated or depressed; slight fold in anterior commissure 2792 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY due to lowered amplitude of mesial costae; inter- nal features normal for species. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae SNM 715i 153238a 3.4 2.8 2.5 1.6 10 153238b 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.3 10 153238c 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.1 12 153238d 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.3 14 153238e 4.2 3.6 3.5 2.4 12 153238f 4.6 4.0 3.5 2.7 14 153238g 5.0 4.1 4.1 2.6 12 153238h 5.4 4.7 4.9 3.2 12 153238i 5.5 4.7 4.0 2.8 12 153238J 5.8 5.0 4.9 3.9 12 153238k 6.0 5.6 5.8 4.0 10 153238-1 6.0 5.3 5.8 4.6 12 153238m 6.2 5.5 5.0 3.7 10 153238n 7.0 6.2 6.1 5.4 12 153238o 7.3 6.3 5.9 5.2 10 153238p 8.1 7.1 7.0 6.1 10 153238q 8.5 7.5 6.9 5.5 14 153238r 8.7 7.4 6.8 7.2 12 153238s 8.7 7.4 7.5 5.0 12 153238t 9.7 8.8 8.7 5.6 12 153238u 10.7 9.1 10.3 6.1 12 153238v 10.9 9.7 10.4 6.5 12 153238w 11.1 9.6 8.5 6.4 11 153238x 11.3 9.5 9.9 6.3 12 153238y 11.5 10.0 9.0 7.6 12 153238z 12.3 10.8 10.5 8.0 12 153238a' 12.7 10.7 11.9 6.9 12 153238b' 13.0 11.3 13.0 8.7 11 153238c' 13.7 12.0 12.8 8.3 12 153238d' 14.0 12.8 11.7 9.3 10 153238e' 14.9 13.0 13.4 9.5 12 153238P 15.9 14.0 13.7 9.6 12 153238g' 17.0 14.3 13.8 ? 12 153238h' 17.3 15.3 11.4 13.7 12 153238i' 19.0 17.8 18.0 ? 10 153238J' 20.5 18.5 17.9 11.0 10 153238k' 21.3 19.0 17.0? c.15.0 10 153238-1' 21.3 18.2 16.4 14.0 12 154471b 21.6 18.2 20.0 14.6 12 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE.— On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves longer than 10 mm, from USNM 715i: costae 10 11 12 13 specimens 12 0 11 2 STRATGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Appel Ranch Member). LOCALITIES.—USNM 704, 706d, 714o, 715i, 716v, 719z, 722t, 727j, 726t. DIAGNOSIS.—Hustedia pugilla of large size and curved beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154471b. Figured par- atypes: USNM 154471a, c, d. Measured and un- figured paratypes: USNM 153238a-z, a'-l'. COMPARISON.—This subspecies is distinguished primarily by its large size, strongly curved beak, and 10 or 12 costae. It is larger than H. pugilla pluscula, new subspecies, and has fewer costae; it is also larger than H. p. pugilla, new subspecies, and its costae are fewer (on average) and propor- tionately lower and rounder. Hustedia p. nasiterna, new subspecies, is larger, has a longer and straighter beak, a larger average number of costae, and sharper and higher costae. Hustedia pugilla nasiterna, new subspecies PLATE 738: FIGURES 35-68 Shell large for species, strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate, some specimens transversely subelliptical; pedicle beak long, somewhat atten- uate, straight to suberect; foramen proportionately normal size; costae moderate size, somewhat rounded, slightly depressed at median of both valves, but not depressed below level of lateral costae, median costa of brachial valve slightly more rounded; costae on pedicle valve numbering 10 to 14, normally 12; internal features normal for species. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 154943a-y) longer than 10 mm, from USNM 706c: 14 10 specimens 11 12 13 2 12 6 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Word Formation (China Tank, Willis, and Appel Ranch members); LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 716x, 719x, 721j. Word: USNM 731p, 731u, 732s. China Tank: USNM 703e, 706a, 706c, 706z, 713, 723w, 726r, 726s, 733q. Willis Ranch: USNM 706. Appel Ranch: USNM 706d. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Hustedia pugilla with long straight beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153239w'. Figured NUMBER 24 2793 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 706c 153239a 3.0 2.5 2.6 1.7 9 153239b 3.2 2.8 2.7 1.8 12 153239c 3.4 2.9 2.7 1.8 14 153239d 3.7 3.1 3.0 2.2 12 153239e 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.2 12 153239f 4.2 3.7 3.3 2.5 12 153239g 4.4 3.9 3.3 2.5 12 153239h 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.0 12 153239i 5.2 4.4 4.0 3.1 12 153239J 5.3 4.7 4.7 3.4 12 153239k 6.0 5.1 4.6 3.2 12 153239-1 6.2 5.4 4.9 3.9 12 153239m 6.5 5.5 4.8 3.6 12 153239n 6.8 5.8 5.3 4.0 12 153239o 7.3 6.4 6.1 5.0 12 153239p 7.3 6.4 5.8 4.3 12 153239q 8.0 7.0 6.6 4.8 12 153239r 8.8 7.4 7.0 5.5 12 153239s 9.0 7.6 7.0 5.4 14 153239t 9.6 7.9 7.2 5.7 12 153239u 9.8 8.3 7.7 5.9 12 153239v 10.5 8.9 8.6 6.4 12 153239w 10.8 9.3 9.6 6.7 12 153239x 11.0 9.4 10.9 7.0 12 153239y 11.0 9.2 8.7 6.0 12 153239z 11.6 9.9 9.0 6.5 12 153239a' 12.3 10.9 11.9 7.6 12 153239b' 12.6 10.5 9.2 6.9 12 153239c' 12.6 10.8 11.3 8.4 12 153239d' 13.4 11.1 13.0 7.7 14 153239e' 13.6 11.4 12.1 8.2 13 153239f 14.0 11.8 11.4 8.3 14 153239g' 14.3 12.3 11.8 9.1 14 153239h' 15.3 12.9 12.2 9.0 12 153239i' 15.7 13.5 14.5 10.3 12 153239J' 16.3 13.7 12.1 9.5 16 153239k' 16.5 14.5 15.8 11.1 12 153239-1' 17.6 14.9 14.0 11.5 14 153239m' 17.7 15.3 15.1 12.0 13 153239n' 18.2 15.7 15.4 12.5 14 153239o' 18.8 16.0 15.9 12.0 12 153239p' 19.2 17.2 16.4 13.0 12 I53239q' 20.0 17.7 16.5 14.1 12 153239r' 20.9 17.9 18.9 14.0 14 153239s' 21.0 18.2 17.7 16.2 14 153239t' 21.2 18.7 19.9 14.3 12 153239u' 22.4 19.5 19.0 15.7 14 153239v' 22.8 19.4 20.1 16.4 14 153239w' 23.1 19.1 20.8 16.2 14 (holotype) paratypes: USNM 153239o, b', m', q'; 154472a-c, e, f. Measured but unfigured paratypes: USNM 153239a-n, p-z, a', c'-l', n'-p', r'-V; 154943a-y. COMPARISON.—This subspecies is characterized by its large size and relatively long, straight pedicle beak. These features distinguish it from H. pugilla pugilla and H. p. pluscula, both new subspecies. Only H. p. hebetata, new subspecies, attains as large a size, and H. p. nasiterna differs in its sharper costae, and its shorter and straighter pedicle beak. Hustedia pugilla pluscula, new subspecies PLATE 739: FIGURES 35-57 Average size for species, strongly biconvex; out- line elongate subovate; pedicle beak short, blunt, strongly curved, suberect to erect; costae low, rounded, number on pedicle valve 12 to 16, nor- mally 14 or 16; median costa of brachial valve slightly elevated or widened, with corresponding trough on median line of pedicle valve; internal features normal for species. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 pedicle valves (USNM 153240d'-r' and 154944a-j) of 10 mm or more length, from USNM 706b: 16 specimens 12 13 14 15 5 2 10 2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (lens between Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—Lens: USNM 706b: Appel Ranch: 706d. DIAGNOSIS.—Hustedia pugilla with 12 to 16 costae. TYPE.—Holotype: USNM 153240p'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153240y, 1'; 154474a, b, d-f. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153240a-x, z, a'-k', m'-o', q'-r'; 154944a-j. COMPARISON.—This subspecies differs from the others primarily in its greater number of costae. It also differs from H. pugilla nasiterna, new sub- species in its smaller size, greater convexity, shorter and more curved beak, and lower costae. It differs from H. p. hebetata, new subspecies, in its smaller size, more elongate outline, and lower costae. It differs from H. p. pugilla, new subspecies, in its narrower outline and lower as well as more nu- merous costae. 2794 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted). brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 706b 153240a 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.1 12 153240b 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.2 12 153240c 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.4 12 153240d 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.6 12 153240e 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 12 153240f 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.0 14 153240g 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.3 12 153240h 4.0 3.3 3.2 2.3 14 153240i 4.3 3.5 3.4 2.8 13 153240J 4.6 3.9 3.6 3.1 13 153240k 5.0 4.3 3.9 2.8 14 153240-1 5.6 4.8 3.9 3.2 14 153240m 5.9 4.9 4.6 3.5 12 153240n 6.3 5.4 4.9 3.5 14 153240o 6.9 5.9 5.0 4.0 16 153240p 7.1 6.0 5.7 5.1 14 153240q 7.3 6.2 5.8 4.6 14 153240r 7.9 6.5 5.6 4.8 14 153240s 8.0 6.9 5.9 5.0 14 153240t 8.7 7.3 7.0 5.1 14 153240u 8.9 7.7 7.5 6.3 16 153240v 9.2 7.9 7.8 6.4 14 153240w 9.6 8.1 7.9 6.0 14 153240x 9.8 8.4 6.6 6.1 14 153240y 10.4 8.9 7.9 6.4 14 153240z 10.9 9.1 8.3 7.3 14 153240a' 11.0 9.2 9.5 7.5 14 153240b' 11.2 10.1 9.7 7.6 12 153240c' 11.9 10.0 9.3 8.7 14 153240d' 12.2 10.4 8.6 7.9 15 153240e' 12.5 10.7 10.0 8.6 14 153240P 13.0 11.0 10.7 8,1 16 153240g- 13.0 11.0 10.5 9.4 16 153240h' 13.5 11.6 10.5 9.0 14 153240i' 13.6 11.9 10.3 9.0 12 153240J' 13.8 11.6 10.7 9.5 16 153240k' 14.0 11.6 10.8 9.7 13 153240-1' 14.3 12.0 11.1 9.9 14 153240m' 14.5 12.3 10.9 10.9 14 153240n' 14.8 12.4 12.3 9.3 14 153240o' 15.5 12.8 12.0 9.8 14 153240p' 16.0 13.7 13.0 10.3 15 (holotype) 153240q' 16.9 14.0 13.0 12.7 14 153240r' c.18.5 16.0? 16.9 13.5 13 Hustedia pugilla pugilla, new subspecies PLATE 739: FIGURES 1-34; PLATE 740: FICURES 39-42 Shell average size for species, strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate; pedicle beak shorter and thicker than normal, nearly straight to sub- erect; foramen proportionately somewhat large; costae relatively strong, crests rounded, median costa of brachial valve flattened and broadened, especially toward anterior; costae numbering 10 to 16 on pedicle valve, great majority with 12; internal features normal for species. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 706 153241a 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.2 14 153241b 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 12 153241c 2.5 1.9 2.1 1.4 14 153241d 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.3 10 153241e 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.8 12 15324H 3.1 2.6 2.4 1.9 14 153241g 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.0 12 153241h 3.6 2.9 2.6 1.9 13 15324H 3.9 3.3 3.1 2.2 12 153241J 4.0 3.5 3.6 2.4 12 153241k 4.5 3.8 3.5 2.8 12 153241-1 4.6 4.0 4.3 2.9 10 153241m 4.7 3.9 3.7 2.8 12 153241n 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.0 14 153241o 5.0 4.3 4.3 3.1 15 153241p 5.1 4.3 4.0 3.2 14 153241q 5.4 4.7 4.5 3.4 16 153241r 5.6 4.7 4.4 3.7 14 153241s 5.9 5.1 5.0 3.8 12 15324k 6.4 5.5 4.9 4.4 13 153241u 6.4 5.6 4.7 4.3 14 153241v 6.9 5.8 5.3 4.3 12 153241w 7.3 6.0 6.0 4.2 14 153241x 7.5 6.1 5.9 4.9 12 153241y 8.3 6.8 6.5 5.8 14 153241z 8.4 7.3 7.2 5.7 12 153241a' 8.9 7.7 7.3 5.6 12 153241b' 9.7 8.0 7.8 6.0 11 153241c' 9.8 8.0 8.3 6.1 12 15324Id' 10.0 8.4 8.4 6.7 12 153241e' 10.2 8.4 7.9 6.3 12 153241f 10.6 9.9 9.6 6.4 12 153241g' 10.7 8.7 8.4 6.4 12 153241h' 10.7 9.0 8.5 7.3 16 15324H' 10.9 9.2 8.8 6.5 12 153241J' 11.0 9.2 8.9 6.9 12 153241k' 11.2 9.9 9.2 7.8 12 153241-1' 11.3 9.5 9.2 6.8 12 153241m' 11.8 10.2 9.5 7.2 12 153241n' 12.0 10.0 10.3 8.0 12 153241o' 12.7 10.7 10.7 9.3 12 153241p' 12.9 11.0 11.0 9.0 12 153241q' 12.9 10.4 11.6 8.7 10 153241r' 13.2 11.1 11.0 9.6 12NUMBER 24 2795 brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153241s' 13.4 11.3 12.1 9.2 12 1532411' 14.0 12.7 11.7 10.3 14 153241u' 14.3 11.9 11.8 9.7 10 153241v' 14.7 12.2 13.2 9.4 12 153241W 14.8 12.1 13.8 11.1 12 153241x' 15.5 12.9 13.2 10.5 12 153241y' 16.3 14.4 14.2 12.4 12 153241z' 18.1 15.7 15.4 12.0 12 USNM 706e 153242a 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.6 12 153242b 2.8 2.4 2.2 1.6 12 153242c 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.7 12 153242d 3.1 2.7 2.4 1.8 12 153242e 3.4 2.9 2.5 1.8 12 153242f 3.7 3.0 3.0 2.0 12 153242g 4.4 3.9 3.7 2.7 12 153242h 4.6 4.0 3.8 2.7 12 153242i 4.8 4.5 4.0 2.8 12 153242J 5.3 4.4 4.4 2.9 12 153242k 5.6 4.7 4.6 3.7 12 153242-1 5.7 4.9 4.7 3.8 14 153242m 6.0 5.2 4.8 3.4 13 153242n 6.8 5.8 5.1 4.0 12 153242o 7.5 6.5 6.2 4.9 14 153242p 8.1 6.9 6.0 5.0 12 153242q 8.7 7.7 7.4 5.0 12 153242r 9.3 8.0 7.0 5.9 14 153242s 9.9 8.4 8.3 5.6 12 153242t 10.0 8.5 8.2 6.1 12 153242u 10.6 9.3 9.4 6.7 12 153242v 10.7 9.0 8.5 6.9 14 153242w 11.6 9.7 9.0 6.8 14 153242x 11.6 9.9 9.6 7.8 12 153242y 11.9 10.0 10.0 8.7 14 153242z 12.5 10.8 10.4 9.3 12 153242a' 12.9 11.0 11.1 8.7 12 153242b' 13.5 11.8 12.3 9.2 12 153242c' 14.4 12.0 12.6 10.8 12 153242d' 15.0 12.8 12.7 11.0 13 153242c' 15.2 13.0 12.4 11.4 12 153242f 15.4 13.1 13.8 10.2 12 153242g' 15.5 13.2 16.0 10.8 12 153242h' 15.7 13.7 14.5 11.0 12 153242i' 16.4 14.9 14.1 11.5 12 153242J' 16.4 13.9 14.8 11.0 10 153242k' 16.7 13.8 14.0 12.0 14 153242-1' 17.7 14.6 15.5 14.0 13 154473b 16.5 13.4 14.3 12.3 12 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE. —On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 154945; a-y) 10 mm or more in length, from USNM 706: costae 10 11 12 13 14 specimens 3 1 19 1 1 On 25 pedicle valves (USNM 154946a-y) longer than 10 mm, from USNM 706e: costae 9 10 11 12 13 14 specimens 1 1 2 19 1 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (Willis Ranch Member and lens above it). LOCALITIES.—Willis Ranch: AMNH 505, 506; USNM 706, 706e, 723t, 724u, 735c. Lens: USNM 737w. DIAGNOSIS.—See under main heading. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154473b. Figured par- atypes: USNM 154473a, c-i; 154482a, b. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153241a-z, a'-z'; 153242a-z, a'-l'; 154945a-y; 154946a-y. COMPARISON.—This subspecies is characterized by its normal size for the species, its shape as de- scribed above, and its normally 12 costae with rounded crests. It is smaller and more bulbous than Hustedia pugilla nasiterna, new subspecies, and its beak is shorter and more swollen and curved, not attenuate. Hustedia pugilla pugilla is somewhat wider in outline than H. p. pluscula, new sub- species, and has 12 rather than 14 or 16 costae on the pedicle valve. Hustedia rupinata, new species PLATE 740: FIGURES 1-27; PLATE 745: FICURES 47-51 ?Hustedia meekana Girty [not Shumard], 1909:394, pl. 21: figs. 5-8a [not figures on other plates]. Large for genus, flatly to moderately biconvex; outline subovate to subelliptical, transverse or elongate, widest near midlength; commissure with medial three costae slightly elevated, or their am- plitude slightly lowered to form low fold, barely perceptible in largest specimens, absent from ju- veniles; costae very strong, sharp, broad, widely divergent, median costa of brachial valve and two median costae of pedicle valve depressed to level of lateral costae, producing bisulcate effect, flat- tening shell; costae numbering 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, great majority with 10; fine concentric growth lines rarely visible; growth laminae weak, widely and irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve flatly convex in adults, juveniles somewhat more strongly convex; beak about aver- age length for genus, nearly straight to suberect, attenuate in some specimens; symphytium flat to 2796 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY slightly concave; foramen average size, normally permesothyridid, less commonly mesothyridid. Bra- chial valve slightly more strongly convex, especially in umbonal region; beak bluntly angular, project- ing slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle interior with strong, blunt, transverse teeth; inside of foramen lined by short pedicle collar; crests of internal costae flat, sides of troughs with numerous lirae beginning in umbonal region, crenulating valve margins. Brachial valve interior with moderately deep transverse hinge socket, walls formed by curved socket ridges; hinge plate short, stout, anteriorly convex, projecting ventrally and slightly posteri- orly; long slender ligulate process projecting from base of hinge plate, curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly; median septum thin, bladelike, moder- ately high to high for genus, extending as low ridge along floor of valve; crura relatively long and slender, curved, projecting nearly directly ven- trally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae ex- tending dorsally from ends of crura, flat, wide, thin, splitting into two branches; one branch ex- tending ventrally and slightly anteriorly, uniting with its opposite to form jugum (modification of jugum into spiny buccal plate observed only as fragments); other branch of each lamella contin- uing dorsally, coiling dorsoventrally to form spi- ralium with about eight loops; costae and troughs flattened and lirate as in pedicle valve. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers), Capitan Formation. LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33, 398, 435, 437, 524, 528, 537, 636; Moore 30; USNM 725h, 725n, 733, 736, 736a, 748. Rader: AMNH 388, 397, 401, 403, 404, 410; USNM 725f, 725g, 725o, 740a, 740i, 740j. Lamar: USNM 725e, 728p, 728q. Capitan: USNM 725k, 738a. DIAGNOSIS.—Large coarse-ribbed Hustedia some- what flattened and with median costa of the bra- chial valve flattened. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154475. Figured para- types: USNM 154476a, b; 154477; 154478a-e; 154479; 154480; 154481; 154507. Measured, unfig- ured paratypes: USNM 153243a-z, a'-e', 153244a, b; 153245a, b; 153246; 153247a, b. Ribs counted: USNM 154947e-l. COMPARISON.—Hustedia rupinata is character- MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 733 153243a 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.5 8 153243b 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.0 8 153243c 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.0 8 153243d 3.5 3.0 3.2 2.3 8 153243e 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.3 10 153243f 4.1 3.7 3.9 2.7 10 153243g 4.5 4.1 4.0 2.9 10 153243h 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.2 10 153243i 5.4 4.8 4.4 3.2 10 153243J 5.4 5.0 5.0 3.7 10 153243k 6.1 5.4 5.2 3.9 11 153243-1 6.3 5.9 6.4 4.8 8 153243m 7.0 6.4 6.5 5.0 8 153243n 7.2 6.6 5.9 5.3 11 153243o 7.4 6.6 5.9 5.3 10 153243p 8.0 6.8 6.8 5.4 10 153243q 8.3 7.4 7.9 5.8 10 153243r 8.7 7.5 9.0 6.0 10 153243s 8.8 7.4 8.1 6.7 9 1532431 9.0 8.0 8.7 5.6 12 153243u 9.5 8.2 8.5 7.0 10 153243v 9.8 8.4 9.1 5.4 10 153243w 11.3 10.3 10.5 6.4 10 153243x 11.5 10.0 12.1 7.2 10 153243y 12.4 11.3 12.2 7.0 10 153243z 12.8 11.4 12.7 7.6 10 153243a' 14.5 12.8 13.8 9.3 10 153243b' 16.7 14.5 15.8 8.7 11 153243c' 16.8 14.9 17.3 9.5 10 153243d' 19.0 16.2 18.7 ell.5 10 153243e' 19.4 17.2 16.9 c.11.0 10 AMNH 437 153244a 13.7 12.2 12.8 9.3 10 153244b 15.2 13.9 14.7 10.0 12 154475 17.5 15.5 18.2 10.5 10 (holotype) USNM 748 153245a 16.0 13.9 15.3 9.7 12 153245b 18.0 15.5 16.5 10.2 10 AMNH 398 153246 14.9 12.9 14.6 9.9 10 153247a 21.1 18.9 18.7 12.6 10 153247b 22.0 18.8 20.0 12.8 12 ized by its large maximum size, its strong, broad, and relatively few costae with the median costa of the brachial valve flattened or slightly depressed in many specimens, and its proportional thinness and relatively straight pedicle beak. It belongs to the same stock as H. hessensis R. E. King, and most nearly resembles that species and H. citeria and NUMBER 24 2797 H. glomerosa, both new; but it is larger, flatter, thinner, and has larger and normally fewer costae than any of these species. It is thinner than H. ampullacea, new species, and also has a shorter and less attenuate pedicle beak. DISCUSSION.—Hustedia rupinata contains speci- mens of greater variety of shape than is normal for a species of Hustedia. The largest specimens, and the largest number of smaller specimens, are longer than wide, and their greatest width is con- siderably anterior to the midlength. Many speci- mens are abnormally wide; these occur in the same samples in the Pinery Member, along with the elongate ones. The wider variety also occurs in the Hegler and Rader members. It is not now pos- sible to divide the population in any of the mem- bers into two distinct groups, however, as there are all stages of gradation in shape; consequently, the entire population is treated as a single variable species. Hustedia samiata, new species PLATE 740: FIGURES 28-38 About mediam size for genus, flatly to moder- ately strongly biconvex; outline subtrigonal, nor- mally longer than wide, greatest width anterior to midlength of most specimens; commissure recti- marginate; costae low, broad, somewhat rounded, number on pedicle valve 8 to 12, normally 10 or 12; brachial valve shallowly sulcate, with low rounded costa in sulcus of adults; median trough of pedicle valve wider and deeper than lateral troughs, meeting brachial sulcus at anterior to pro- duce slight emargination of anterior outline; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, most crowded near margins. Pedicle valve moderately convex, greatest con- vexity just anterior to beak; nearly flat farther .'interiorly; beak short to moderately long for genus, straight or nearly straight; foramen meso- thyridid to permesothyridid; symphytium subtri- gonal, nearly equilateral, flat or slightly concave. Brachial valve also flatly convex with some swell- ing in umbonal region; beak broadly rounded, extending only slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse hinge teeth, pedicle collar short; costae flattened, each with few shallow striae along each side, one along crest, only near margin, producing shallow notches in valve edge; muscle marks not observed. Brachial valve interior with shallow transverse sockets formed by socket ridges and valve walls; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally, distal end bent posteriorly; short ligulate process near base of hinge plate, curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly; median septum high, thin, blade- like, rather long for genus, with nearly straight crest; crura longitudinally flattened, extending ven- trally, slightly divergent; spiralia and its com- ponents not observed; costae flattened and striated as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae AMNH 635 153248a 9.5 8.6 7.5 6.0 10 USNM 731 153249b 10.3 9.2 8.6 5.3 12 153249a 12.2 10.6 11.3 7.3 12 (holotype) 12 12 NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 28 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 153248, 153249) from USNM 731 and AMNH 635: costae 9 10 11 0 13 2 specimens STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 740c, 740d. Pinery: USNM 725h, 725n. Rader: 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Moderately large Hustedia with low, rounded and distant costae with median costa of pedicle valve depressed. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153249a. Figured par- atype: USNM 153249c. Measured, unfigured para- types: USNM 153248a-f, 153249a-s. COMPARISON.—Hustedia samiata is characterized by its fairly large size, low convexity, narrow tri- gonal outline, low rounded costae, shallow bra- chial sulcus with depressed median costa, slightly deepened median trough of pedicle valve, and slight emargination of anterior. It is larger than any representative of the group similar to Thedusia dischides, new species. It is smaller and less convex than Hustedia cuneata, new species, and has lower and fewer costae. Hustedia hapala, new species, 2798 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY has low rounded costae, but H. samiata is larger, less convex, and subtrigonal rather than subcircu- lar in outline. Hustedia sculptilis, new species PLATE 741: FIGURES 1-11 Average size for genus, moderately strongly bi- convex; outline elongate, bluntly subtrigonal, greatest width anterior to midlength, anterior mar- gin straight, gently convex, or slightly indented; commissure rectimarginate or with very low fold formed by diminution of mesial costae at anterior; costae strong, crests sharp or bluntly angular, numbering 10 or 12 on pedicle valve; median costa of brachial valve depressed near beak, height increasing anteriorly, but remaining lower than lateral costae; median trough of pedicle valve wider or deeper than lateral troughs, meeting depressed costa of brachial valve to produce straight or emarginate anterior outline; growth laminae normally visible but weak, most frequent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex longitudinally, more strongly convex transversely, but flattened along crest; beak elongate but nor- mally not attenuate, straight or nearly straight; foramen permesothyridid; symphytium somewhat longer than wide, flat or gently concave. Brachial valve similarly convex, but with greatest swelling in umbonal region, also flat along crest; beak rounded, projecting slightly behind hinge. Pedicle valve interior with small knoblike hinge teeth; pedicle collar short; costae lower and more rounded than on exterior; shallow striae near mar- gins producing notches in valve edge. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate relatively long, trilobed, projecting ventrally, distal end bent posteriorly to place two lateral lobes along inside of symphytium; slender ligulate process on midline at base of hinge plate curving ventrally and somewhat anteriorly; medi- an septum high, thin, bladelike, with convex upper surface, length between 1 and 2 mm; crura slender, transversely compressed, relatively long, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae ribbonlike, branching to form ascending lamellae and spiralia; ascending lamellae joined to form jugum, modified near midline to form spiny buccal plate; spiralia coiled dorsoventrally, number of coils not ascertained; costae rounded and striated as in pedicle valve; muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 716xa 153250a 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.2 12 153250b 6.4 5.3 3.9 3.2 10 153250c 8.5 ? 6.8 ? 10 153250d 9.6 8.2 7.1 5.4 12 USNM 706 153251a 8.7 ? 6.0 ? 12 153251b 10.9 ? 7.4 ? 10 153251c 11.3 10.0 7.9 7.1 10 USNM 713 153252a 11.0 9.5 7.4 6.4 10 153252b 11.8 10.3 7.8 8.0 12 153252c 12.0 10.7 9.2 8.4 10 153252d 13.0 ? 10.6 ? 10 153252e 13.9 ? 10.5 ? 10 USNM 706c 153253a 12.0 10.5 8.3 7.6 12 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation?, Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members and lens above latter). LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon?: USNM 716xa. China Tank: 706c, 713. Willis Ranch: AMNH 506; USNM 706, 723t, 724u. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, narrowly compressed Huste- dia with few sharply angular costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153253a. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153253b, 154483a. Measured, unfig- ured paratypes: USNM 153250a-d, 153251a-c, 153252a-e. Unfigured paratype: USNM 154483b. COMPARISON.—Hustedia sculptilis is character- ized by its narrowly compressed outline, strong and relatively sharp costae, rather high median costa in the brachial valve, long and straight but not attenuate pedicle beak, and nearly straight ante- rior outline. The only other narrow species that resembles it in size and strength of costae is H. tomea, new species, from the Getaway Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains. Hustedia sculptilis differs in its nar- rower and more elongate outline, longer pedicle beak, proportionately higher median costa on the brachial valve, and longer median septum in the brachial valve. Hustedia cuneata, new species, is NUMBER 24 2799 larger than H. sculptilis, but has lower, more rounded and more numerous costae, a more tri- gonal outline, and lower convexity. These two species are not easily confused. Hustedia samiata, new species, approaches it in size, but has very low, rounded costae, and low convexity. Hustedia spicata, new species PLATE 741: FIGURES 12-40 Hustedia meekana R. E. King [not Shumard], 1931:126, pl. 42: figs. 34, 37, 39 [not figures 35, 36, 38]. About average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline subovate to subtrigonal, normally elongate; commissure strongly serrate, each serration finely crenulate; fold and sulcus weak, formed only by slight displacement or slight decrease in amplitude of 1 or 3 median costae at anterior margin; costae strong, sharp, number on pedicle valve 10 to 15, normally 12; median costa of brachial valve only slightly elevated near ante- rior of largest shells, normally not elevated; me- dian trough of pedicle valve similarly not de- pressed or widened; fine growth lines not observed; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, rarely preserved. Pedicle valve rather strongly convex, greatest convexity near beak and near anterior; beak mod- erately long, somewhat attenuate, suberect to erect; foramen round, mesothyridid to permesothyridid; symphytium concave, deltoid to slightly elongate. Brachial valve normally slightly less strongly con- vex; beak blunt, swollen, extending posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse hinge teeth; pedicle collar short; crests of internal costae (external troughs) flattened, sides of costae lirate near anterior, lirations producing fine cre- nulation of valve margin. Brachial valve interior with hinge plate moder- ately long, recurved to lie along inside of symphy- tium; anteromedian part extended as semitubular ligulate process projecting anteriorly and ventrally, supported by relatively high (for genus) median septum occupying umbonal curve and continuing along floor for short distance as low median ridge; crura short, projecting nearly directly ventrally; descending lamellae attached to crura, very short, descending dorsally, each splitting into two branches, one branch projecting anteriorly and somewhat ventrally, converging toward its counter- part, junction modified to form spiny buccal plate, anterior median portion of plate drawn out as nar- row spiny process reaching nearly to floor of ped- icle valve; other branch of each lamella coiling dorsoventrally to form spiralium of about six loops; crests of costae flattened and lirate as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On specimens longer than 9 mm from USNM 702-low (USNM 154948a-x), 702a (USNM 154949a-y), and 702b (USNM 154950a-x), respectively: costae 10 11 12 13 14 0 17 0 1 specimens costae 11 12 13 14 15 specimens 2 17 2 3 1 costae 10 11 12 13 14 specimens 1 1 17 3 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member). LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700x, 714w, 717e. Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500, 500A, 500C, 500D, 500F, 500G, 500H, 500J, 500K, 500L, 500M, 500Q, 500X, 501, 504; Moore 23; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702ent, 702-low, 702un, 703a1, 703b, 703bs, 71 lq, 712o, 713p, 723u, 726u, 726x, 735b. DIAGNOSIS.—Hustedia of average size with non- elevated median costa on the brachial valve and high median septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154486. Figured par- atypes: USNM 154484a; 154485a, b; 154487a-d. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153254a-z, a'-n'; 154948a-x; 154949a-y; 154950a-x. COMPARISON.—Hustedia spicata is characterized by its strong, rather sharp-crested costae that num- ber 12 on the pedicle valve with little variation, its short but somewhat attenuate pedicle beak, very low fold in the anterior commissure, non- elevated median costa of the brachial valve, very short descending lamella of the brachial interior, and its relatively high median brachial valve sep- tum. It most nearly resembles H. connorsi, new species, from the Leonard, differing in its normally smaller size, higher and especially sharper costae, short descending lamella, higher median septum, flattened inner crests of costae, and normally thin- ner shell. Its finely crenulate commissure distin- 2800 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 702a 153254a 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.3 12 153254b 2.6 2.0 2.0 1.4 12 153254c 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.5 12 153254d 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.7 12 153254e 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.5 12 153254f 3.1 2.6 2.6 1.8 12 153254g 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.0 12 153254h 3.8 3.1 2.9 1.9 12 153254i 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.3 14 153254J 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.2 12 153254k 4.3 3.6 3.3 2.3 14 153254-1 4.4 3.6 3.3 2.5 12 153254m 4.7 3.9 3.7 2.6 14 153254n 4.9 4.0 3.9 2.8 12 153254o 5.1 4.4 4.1 3.0 12 153254p 5.5 4.6 4.2 2.9 12 153254q 5.7 4.8 4.6 3.2 12 153254r 5.8 4.9 4.7 3.4 12 153254s 6.2 5.2 5.0 4.1 12 153254t 6.6 5.7 5.1 3.8 12 153254u 6.8 5.7 5.1 3.9 12 153254v 7.1 5.9 5.6 4.4 12 153254w 7.2 6.0 6.1 4.9 12 153254x 7.7 6.3 6.1 4.8 12 153254y 7.7 6.6 6.9 4.8 12 153254z 8.0 6.9 6.6 5.2 12 153254a' 8.7 7.5 7.3 6.1 12 153254b' 9.0 7.5 7.7 6.5 14 153254^ 9.3 8.2 8.9 6.3 14 153254d' 9.8 8.3 8.2 6.9 12 153254e' 9.9 8.3 8.6 7.1 12 153254f 10.0 8.4 8.3 7.1 12 153254g- 10.1 8.7 9.4 7.3 12 153254h' 10.3 8.9 9.0 7.9 13 153254i' 10.6 9.2 9.7 7.7 14 153254J' 10.9 9,1 10.1 8.1 12 153254k' 11.0 9.4 9.3 9.6 12 153254-1' 11.4 10.0 10.3 8.9 12 153254m' 12.0 9.9 11.0 10.3 12 153254n' 12.5 10.9 11.8 8.5 12 USNM 703b 154486 15.2 13.2 13.6 10.8 12 (holotype) guishes it from the Wolfcampian species H. trita, and H. culcitula, both new. It differs from the Skinner Ranch H. cepacea, new species, which it resembles in size, by its narrower and more numer- ous costae, less elongate outline, nondepressed or rounded brachial median costa, and more atten- uate (but not longer) pedicle beak. It also is about the same size as the Road Canyon H. consuta, new species, differing in its sharper and less variable number of costae, wider outline, and higher, thin- ner brachial median septum. It is much smaller and proportionately more rotund than the com- mon Word Formation H. pugilla, new species, and also has shorter crura and descending lamellae. Hustedia stataria, new species PLATE 741: FIGURES 41-59 Average size for genus, moderately strongly and evenly biconvex; outline subelliptical, length greater than width, widest near midlength; anterior commissure with very low, broad suggestion of dorsal fold, with only slight expression of fold or sulcus on valve surfaces; costae low, narrow, rounded, numbering 12 to 22 on pedicle valve, normally 18 or 20; median costa of brachial valve slightly depressed in juveniles, becoming slightly elevated toward anterior of adults, median trough of pedicle valve slightly wider or deeper than lat- eral troughs to accomodate median brachial costa; concentric ornamentation low, evenly and rather closely spaced, formed by slight elevation of some growth lines; growth laminae irregularly spaced, most frequent near margins. Pedicle valve evenly convex, with slight swelling in umbonal region; beak short, nearly straight to suberect; foramen circular or subcircular, normally mesothyridid, rarely submesothyridid to permeso- thyridid; symphytium wider than long, gently con- cave, normally with shallow median groove. Bra- chial valve similarly convex, with greatest swelling somewhat farther posterior; beak short, blunt, pro- jecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with transverse, knoblike hinge teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; costae flat, with shallow median groove on each at valve margin; edges of each near margin with low flange for tight fitting with opposite valve. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally; ligulate process at base of hinge plate wide, with median groove in some specimens, curving ven- trally and slightly anteriorly; median ridge thin, with sharp crest, extending about 2 mm along NUMBER 24 2801 brachial valve length length 8.8 7.9 pedicle valve costae 18 22 20 22 22 18 22 20 20 22 22 20 20 20 20 20 22 thick- ness 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.2 6.9 6.7 7.8 8.0 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.5 width 7.3 6.7 8.2 6.9 8.3 7.9 8.1 8.6 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.6 10.4 10.1 10.0 10.6 floor; muscle area fan-shaped, lying on floor on each side of median ridge, with straight but diver- gent lateral boundaries; posterior adductor muscle marks large, with irregular anterior boundaries; anterior adductor marks weaker, small, narrow, slightly constricting anterior part of median ridge; crura long, slender, slightly divergent, projecting ventrally and slightly anteriorly; descending lam- ellae broad, rather sinuous, ribbonlike, giving rise to slender ascending lamellae that join to form narrow jugum with long median projection nearly reaching floor of pedicle valve; major portion of descending lamellae forming spiralia, each with at least four loose coils; costae as in pedicle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 width 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.4 6.5 6.3 7.2 6.9 7.4 length width ness costae 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 12 14 14? 13? 14 16? 14? 16 18 16 18 16? 14 15? 16 16? 16 18 20 18 20 18 18 20 16? 20 18 20 18 18 20 18 18 20 21 20 USNM 708u 153255a 153255b 153255c 153255d 153255e 153255f 153255g 153255h 153255i 153255J 153255k 153255-1 153255m 153255n 153255o 153255p 153255c] 153255r 153255s 153255t 153255u 153255v 153255w 153255x 153255y 153255z 153255a' 153255b' 153255c' 153255(1' 153255c' 153255f 153255g' 153255h' 153255i' 153255 j' 153255k' 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.8 9.6 9.6 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 8.9 9.0 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.9 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.4 11.6 11.6 12.0 12.2 153255-1' 153255m' 153255n' 153255o' 153255p' 153255q' 153255r' 153255s' 153255U 153255u' 153255v' 153255W 153255x' 153255y' (holotype) 153255z' 153255a" STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (base). LOCALITY.—USNM 708u. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Hustedia with numer- ous low, crowded costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153255y'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153255d', n', x'; 154488a-c. Un- figured, measured paratypes: USNM 153255a-z, a'-c', e'-m', o'-w', y'-z', a". COMPARISON.—This is a very distinctive species because of its numerous costae, their even and somewhat subdued character. It suggests H. demissa, new species, from the Bell Canyon Formation but differs in the character of the costae, the strongly convex valves, and the more elliptical outline. DISCUSSION.—This species is quite unlike the usual strongly costate hustedias and suggests Eu- metria or Uncinella in its general appearance. It does not, however, possess the strong supporting lamellae to the hinge plate that characterize Eumetria. The jugum of H. stataria is like that of the vast majority of Hustedia. The foramen of Uncinella is labiate and this is never true of typi- cal Hustedia. An aberrant feature of H. stataria is that, although the costae on the exterior are narrow, on the inside they are broad and flat and no evidence was seen of inner striae or lirae such as seen in many species of Hustedia. Punctae were not seen, but we regard their apparent absence as an accident of preservation rather than a conclu- sive character. 2802 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Hustedia tomea, new species PLATE 742: FIGURES 1-19 Large for genus, moderately to strongly bicon- vex; outline elongate, subtrigonal to subelliptical, normally widest near or anterior to midlength; commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate, with sulcation formed by lowered amplitude of brachial costae at anterior; costae very strong for genus, sharp-crested, numbering 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, normally 10; median costa of brachial valve de- pressed in juveniles, crest at about level of lateral costae at anterior of adults; median trough of pedicle valve somewhat deeper or wider than lat- eral troughs; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, strongest and closest at margins. Pedicle valve moderately and rather evenly convex; beak short for genus, straight or nearly straight, less commonly suberect; foramen per- mesothyridid; symphytium subtrigonal, gently con- cave, slightly longer than wide. Brachial valve more strongly convex, greatest swelling in umbonal region, anterior portions flattened transversely, somewhat flattened longitudinally; beak bluntly rounded, projecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with transverse, blunt teeth; pedicle collar short; muscle marks not ob- served; internal costae slightly flattened, sides and troughs near anterior finely striated, producing numerous small crenulations at valve edge. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate rather large, projecting ventrally, dis- tal end bent posteriorly to fit along inside of sym- phytium; slender ligulate process near base of hinge plate on midline, curving ventrally and somewhat anteriorly; median septum high, thin, bladelike, with anterior edge convex or slightly concave, only slightly extended as low ridge along floor (less than 1 mm); crura slender, longitudi- nally flattened, slightly divergent, projecting ven- trally; descending lamellae attached to ends of crura, branching to form jugum; buccal plate on part of jugum, spiny, with one long median spine projecting nearly to floor of pedicle valve; main branches of lamellae continuing anteriorly, form- ing pair of spiralia each with at least four coils; costae striated as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM I54952a-y) from USNM 728: MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted). brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae AMNH 512: = USNM 728 153256a 6.3 5.0 5.0 3.9 10 153256b 6.4 5.5 4.5 3.7 10 153256c 6.9 6.0 5.6 4.3 10 153256d 7.4 6.3 5.3 4.3 9 153256e 7.5 6.3 5.6 4.7 10 153256f 8.0 7.0 6.3 5.0 9 153256g 8.1 7.0 6.5 5.6 10 153256h 8.5 7.3 6.1 5.6 10 153256i 8.8 7.5 6.6 5.9 10 153256J 8.9 7.8 6.8 5.6 10 153256k 9.3 7.7 6.7 6.2 10 153256-1 9.6 8.6 7.6 6.4 10 153256m 9.7 8.4 7.1 6.8 10 153256n 9.8 8.3 7.8 6.3 10 153256o 10.0 8.9 7.6 7.0 10 153256p 10.8 9.1 7.6 6.8 10 153256q 10.9 9.4 8.0 7.6 10 153256r 11.1 9.5 7.8 6.9 10 (holotype) 153256s 11.4 9.9 8.9 7.8 10 153256t 12.2 10.7 9.7 8.0 10 153256u 13.5 11.0 10.2 ? 11 153256v 14.0 11.5 10.1 ? 12 153256w 15.3 13.0 10.7 ? 10 costae 8 9 10 11 12 specimens 1 1 20 1 2 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 496, 512, 519; USNM 728, 730, 732. DIAGNOSIS.—Elongated Hustedia with few angu- lar costae and deepened median trough in pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153256r. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153256o, 154489a, b. Measured, un- figured paratypes: USNM 153256a-n, p-q, s-w; 154952a-y. COMPARISON.—Hustedia tomea is characterized by its relatively few and sharp costae, sulcate bra- chial valve of juveniles but sharp median costa of the adult brachial valve, slightly widened or deepened median trough of the pedicle valve, rather straight pedicle beak, elongate outline, and slightly flattened or indented outline of the ante- rior margin. The species resembles H. hessensis R. E. King but differs in its smaller size, fewer costae, narrower outline, lack of regularly spaced NUMBER 24 2803 concentric ornamentation (except obscurely on few specimens), sharper costae, and more de- pressed median costa of the brachial valve. It dif- fers from H. glomerosa, new species, in its more pronounced bisulcation, narrower outline, flatter anterior outline, very weak or, more normally, absent concentric ornamentation other than growth laminae, and normally fewer costae. It is distinguished from H. rupinata, new species, by its smaller size, narrower outline, stronger bisulca- tion, and shorter pedicle beak. It occurs with H. citeria, new species, differing from that species in its sharper, fewer costae, lower convexity, nar- rower outline, depressed median costa of the bra- chial valve, and weak or absent regular concentric ornamentation. This species has characters that recall those of Thedusia, namely, the appearance of bisulcation, a rather narrower outline, relatively straight beak, and high, convex median septum. It differs from that group in its short beak, strong costa in the median trough of the brachial valve of adults, hint of concentric ornament, and numerous rather strong internal striae that crenulate the edges of the valve. It is larger than all but a few species, and its costae are stronger and sharper than those of all except H. sculptilis, new species, from the Word Formation. It is distinguished from that species by its normally wider outline, lower median costa on the brachial valve, and its shorter pedicle beak. Hustedia trisecta, new species PLATE 741: FIGURES 60-74 Small, flatly to moderately strongly biconvex; outline subelliptical to subtrigonal, length and width nearly equal, greatest width near midlength, or slightly anterior; commissure rectimarginate to weakly uniplicate; costae very high, sharp, few, numbering 6 to 8 on pedicle valve, normally 8; median trough on pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs but without producing indentation posterior of valve, becoming as high or slightly higher than others at anterior margin of adults; median trough on pedicle valve slightly wider than lateral troughs but without producing indentation of anterior marginal outline; growth laminae weak, rather closely spaced over shell, visible on few specimens. Pedicle valve flatly convex; beak short, blunt, straight or nearly straight; foramen mesothyridid to permesothyridid; symphytium flat to shallowly concave, normally wider than long. Brachial valve with similar convexity, greatest in umbonal region; beak blunt, extending little or not at all posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with knoblike hinge teeth; pedicle collar short; muscle marks not observed; costae only slightly lower and blunter than on exterior; sides of costae with many short, shallow striae near margins, producing weakly crenulate valve edges. Brachial valve interior with sockets formed by socket ridges and valve walls; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally and slightly posteri- orly, with lateral two lobes lying along inside of symphytium; short ligulate process at base of hinge plate, somewhat flattened, curving ventrally and somewhat anteriorly; median septum low, only a ridge in many specimens; crura slender, trans- versely flattened, projecting ventrally, slightly di- vergent; descending lamellae rather narrow, short; ascending lamellae slender, joining to form ju- gum; buccal plate on jugum not observed; main part of descending lamellae continuing forward above floor of brachial valve, coiling dorsoventrally to form pair of spiralia, each with at least five coils; costae striated as in pedicle valve. NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected specimens (USNM I54951a-x) from USNM 702b: specimens 1 2 22 costae 6 7 8 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 702b, 708u. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Hustedia with 8 angular costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153257w. Figured par- atype: USNM 153257v. Measured, unfigured para- types: USNM 153257a-u, 154951a-x. COMPARISON.—Hustedia trisecta is characterized by its small size, short and relatively straight beak, subcircular outline, and especially by its few pro- portionately high, sharp costae. It most nearly resembles H. lusca and H. narinosa, both new, which also occur in the Leonardian in the Glass Mountains. It differs from those species in its lesser convexity, fewer and stronger costae, and 2804 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).- brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 708u 153257a 1.7 1.2 1.6 0.9 8 153257b 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.2 8 153257c 3.0 2.5 2.3 1.4 8 153257d 3.3 2.8 2.6 1.5 8 153257e 3.4 2.8 2.6 1.8 8 153257f 3.7 3.0 2.9 1.9 8 153257g 4.0 3.3 3.2 2.0 8 153257h 4.0 3.2 3.3 2.0 8 153257i 4.1 3.5 3.4 2.3 8 153257J 4.4 3.6 3.4 2.4 8 153257k 4.7 3.8 4.3 2.6 8 153257-1 4.9 3.8 3.8 2.5 8 153257m 5.1 4.3 4.1 2.7 8 153257n 5.5 4.6 4.5 3.0 8 153257o 5.7 4.7 5.0 3.8 8 153257p 6.2 5.0 5.4 3.7 8 153257q 6.5 5.4 5.8 4.1 8 153257r 6.6 5.5 5.7 4.9 8 153257s 6.8 5.5 6.2 4.5 8 153257t 6.9 5.6 5.7 4.0 8 153257u 7.0 6.0 6.8 4.9 8 153257v 7.4 5.9 6.7 4.9 8 153257w 7.6 6.1 6.6 4.8 8 (holotype) normally shorter, straighter pedicle beak. It does not closely resemble other species of Hustedia. The somewhat depressed median costa in the bra- chial valve recalls species of Thedusia, but in them the sulcus deepens with growth whereas in H. trisecta the median costa greatly increases in height anteriorly. Juveniles of some of the more strongly costate species, such as H. hessensis R. E. King, resemble some specimens of H. trisecta. The latter, however, is distinguished from them by its normally lower convexity, and especially by its shorter and straighter pedicle beak. Hustedia trita, new species PLATE 742: FIGURES 20-70 About normal size for genus; outline of adults rather transverse for genus, transversely to elon- gately subelliptical, outline of anterior margin rounded, flattened or slightly indented at midline, outline of juveniles more elongate; commissure strongly plicated, normally without prominent fold or sulcus; costae moderately strong, rather sharp, numbering 12 to 16 on pedicle valve, nor- mally 14; median costa of brachial valve only slightly raised for most of length, slightly depressed within 1 mm of beak; median trough of pedicle valve slightly wider and deeper than lateral troughs, producing shallow sulcus and in some specimens indenting anterior margin; fine growth lines not observed; growth laminae weak, rarely present. Pedicle valve rather uniformly convex, beak short, slightly attenuate, nearly straight to suberect; symphytium short, narrow, longitudinally concave, depression along median line very weak; fora- men round, normal size, permesothyridid. Brachial valve more strongly convex, most swollen in um- bonal region; beak short, apex blunt. Pedicle valve interior with blunt transverse teeth; pedicle collar short; crests of internal ridges flattened by shell thickening; other longitudinal lirations absent; commissure with small flanges for tight fit with brachial valve, without small crenu- lations. Brachial valve interior with hinge plate short, thick crescentric, nearly perpendicular to commis- sure rather than strongly recurved, interior me- dian part extended into elongate, semitubular proc- ess extending anteroventrally somewhat less than 1 mm; median ridge beneath hinge plate very low, short; crura short, slightly curved, nearly per- pendicular to plane of commissure; ends of spiralia broad, bladelike where attached to crura, forming steeply descending branches, each branch split- ting anteriorly, one pair continuing to spiralia, other pair proceding ventrally to support jugum modified to form buccal plate which is rather nar- row for genus, extended posteriorly, with many short tubular spines, one longer median spiny proc- ess extending toward floor of pedicle valve; major part of each spiralium coiling dorsoventrally in about five elliptical spirals with axis of coiling nearly exactly transverse; edges of coils bearing fine fimbriations (as described for genus). Muscle and pallial marks not observed; ridges and troughs of costae as in pedicle valve. COMPARISON.—Hustedia trita is characterized by its rather transverse outline, moderately strong, sharp or bluntly angular costae, short beak with little curvature, absent internal longitudinal lirae and fine marginal crenulations, and especially by NUMBER 24 2805 its median costa on the brachial valve that is neither elevated nor depressed except at its be- ginning near the beak, and the corresponding median trough on the pedicle valve which in con- trast is slightly deeper and wider than lateral troughs. It most nearly resembles H. culcitula, new species, which also is Wolfcampian, differing in its greater average number of costae, greater bicon- vexity, and lack of depression of the median bra- chial costa and the median pair of pedicle costae. Hustedia trita also resembles some of the Leo- nardian species. It differs from H. connorsi, new species, in its smaller maximum size, more trans- verse outline, sharper (but not higher) costae, less swollen and less curved pedicle beak, and its lack of internal lirae and marginal crenulations. Its average and maximum sizes are about the same as in H. spicata, new species, but it differs in its more trans- verse outline, lower and sharper costae, somewhat less convexity, normally more numerous costae, and its lack of marginal crenulations. It is wider and somewhat smaller than H. consuta, new species, from the Road Canyon, and has more costae and no marginal crenulations. It is much smaller, wider, and less strongly costate than the typical species of the Word such as H. pugilla and H. p. nasiterna, both new. This species is larger, wider, and more sharply costate than those illustrated by Waagen (1883) from the Salt Range, Eumetria grandicosta David- son and E. indica Waagen, and has many more costae than the latter. It is somewhat larger and wider than H. mormoni Marcou of the Bolivian Copacabana Formation (Kozlowski, 1914), and its beak is more attenuate, its costae sharper, and its median brachial costa lower. It is about the same proportional width as H. grandicosta lata Grabau (1931a) from the Permian of Mongolia, but is not as quadrate in outline, is more bulbous, has sharper costae, and is much larger. Among foreign species H. trita most nearly resembles the one from the Permian of Timor that Broili (1916) called H. radialis Phillips var. grandicosta Davidson, al- though the resemblance is only with certain of his illustrated specimens (pl. 124 (10): figs. 16, 21, 22). Hustedia trita differs from those specimens in its more attenuate pedicle beak, normally greater convexity and its proportionately wider median trough on the pedicle valve and median crest on the brachial valve. DISCUSSION.—The population of H. trita in beds 9 to 12 of King's Wolfcamp section can be divided into two groups on the basis of strength of costa- tion. The two morphologic groups are not clearly separate, but only statistically divisible by locality. Therefore, we have considered them as subspecies of H. trita. Hustedia trita leptyca, new subspecies PLATE 742: FIGURES 20-46 Most specimens of this subspecies have some- what lower costae and slightly narrower outline MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).- brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 701d 153258a 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 12 153258b 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.4 12 153258c 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.4 12 153258d 3.0 2.5 2.4 1.8 12 153258e 3.5 3.1 2.6 1.8 14 153258f 3.6 3.0 2.7 1.9 14 153258g 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.0 12 153258h 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.1 14 153258i 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.0 14 153258J 4.9 4.0 3.8 2.9 12 153258k 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.1 14 153258-1 5.8 5.0 4.8 3.5 12 153258m 6.0 5.1 5.3 3.6 14 153258n 6.6 5.8 5.6 4.5 12 153258o 6.8 6.0 6.1 4.3 12 153258p 7.0 6.0 5.5 4.0 14 153258q 7.0 6.1 6.0 4.3 12 153258r 7.2 6.0 5.3 5.0 13 153258s 7.8 6.7 6.5 5.1 14 153258t 8.0 7.1 6.6 7.0 14 153258u 8.6 7.4 7.4 6.3 12 153258v 8.6 7.3 7.7 5.8 10 153258w 8.8 7.8 7.0 5.4 14 153258x 9.0 8.0 7.6 7.7 14 153258y 9.4 8.0 8.0 7.0 14 153258z 9.4 8.0 8.8 6.6 14 153258a' 10.0 9.0 9.9 7.4 14 153258b' 10.8 9.4 9.9 8.0 12 153258c' 10.9 9.6 9.6 9.4 13 153258d' 11.2 10.0 10.6 8.6 14 153258e' 11.3 10.0 11.0 8.6 14 153258P 11.6 10.0 11.1 8.3 14 153258g/ 11.6 9.8 11.4 9.0 11 USNM 701k 154490a 12.7 11.2 12.6 9.6 14 (holotype) 2806 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY than the majority of specimens of H. trita trita, new subspecies. Furthermore, more specimens of H. trita leptyca have the median costa of the bra- chial valve slightly raised or slightly wider than the lateral costae. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch and Lenox Hills formations. LOCALITIES.—Neal Ranch: USNM 701a, 701a3, 701c, 701d, 701g, 701h, 701k, 701-1, 713h, 721g. Lenox Hills: USNM 713y. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154490a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153258m, s, v, e'; 154490b-e; 154491; 154492. Measured; unfigured paratypes: USNM 153258a-l, n-r, t-z, a'-d', f'-g'. Hustedia trita trita, new subspecies PLATE 742: FIGURES 47-71 Most specimens of this subspecies differ from specimens of H. trita leptyca in their slightly higher costae. In addition, many specimens of H. t. trita are wider in outline, and fewer have the median costa of the pedicle valve either higher or wider than the lateral costae. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae SNM 701k 153259a 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 10 153259b 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.4 12 153259c 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.4 14 153259d 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.4 14 153259e 3.3 2.9 2.4 1.8 14 153259f 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.0 14 153259g 4.3 3.7 3.2 2.3 15 153259h 4.8 4.0 3.7 2.6 14 153259i 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.0 14 153259J 5.4 -1.7 4.3 3.0 14 153259k 5.7 5.0 4.4 3.3 14 153259-1 5.9 4.9 4.5 3.3 14 153259m 6.0 5.2 4.6 3.4 14 153259n 6.4 5.6 5.3 3,1 14 153259o 0.9 6.0 5.3 3.9 15 153259p 7.1 6.3 6.1 4.3 14 I53259q 7.7 6.7 6.4 4.0 11 153259r 8.3 7.3 6.8 5.2 14 153259s 8.7 7.7 8.2 5.3 14 153259t 9.2 8.0 8.5 6.0 14 153259u 9.5 8.2 8.0 6.8 11 153259v 9.4 8.3 8.8 6.5 14brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153259w 9.9 8.4 7.6 6.2 16 153259x 10.8 9.4 10.4 7.1 16 153259y 11.0 9.7 9.8 7.9 12 153259z 11.5 10.4 10.3 8.6 14 153259a' 11.7 10.3 11.5 9.2 14 153259b' 12.1 11.0 10.3 8.2 16 153259^ 12.6 10.8 11.3 8.0 14 153259d' 12.8 11.1 11.5 8.9 16 153259e' 12.9 11.2 13.4 10.0 14 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On pedicle valve of 25 ran- domly chosen specimens (USNM 154953a-y) 10 to 13 mm in length from USNM 701k (The pedicle valve commonly has an even number of costae): costae 12 13 14 15 16 specimens 2 1 18 1 3 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Neal Ranch and Lenox Hills formations. LOCALITY.—Neal Ranch: USNM 701k, 706x, 727e. Lenox Hills: 705k, 707j, 715, 716r. TYPES.—Holotypes: USNM 153259e'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153259q, t, d'; 154493a-d. Meas- ured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153259 a-p, r, s, u-z, a'-c'; 154953a-y. Thedusia, new genus [Anagram of Hustedia] Finely endopunctate, moderately to strongly bi- convex, outline elongate, subtrigonal to subpenta- gonal with anterior usually emarginate, greatest width near or anterior to midlength; commissure weakly to strongly plicated by numerous regular sharp or rounded costae; juveniles strongly sulcate, the deepened and widened median trough opposed by a shallow sulcus on pedicle valve; bisulcation continuing on adults, producing an emarginate anterior, growth lines obscure; growth laminae irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve elongate, flatly convex longitudi- nally; beak normally elongate, somewhat atten- uate, normally nearly straight, rarely suberect; foramen round, apical, mesothyridid to perme- sothyridid, normally rather small; delthyrium NUMBER 24 2807 covered by symphytium, flat transversely, slightly concave longitudinally; hinge narrow; anterior margin normally indented. Brachial valve more strongly convex than pedi- cle valve, greatest convexity in umbonal region; sulcus normally beginning at beak, depth increas- ing anteriorly; median costa or costae beginning in sulcus and partly or completely obliterating sulcus in large adults; anterior margin normally indented where pedicle and brachial sulci meet. Pedicle valve interior with small, transverse teeth, each occupying about one third hinge width; interior of foramen lined by short pedicle collar, fused in many specimens to valve floor and inside of symphytium; muscle marks weak, small, located in apical region, on floor of valve just anterior to pedicle collar; crests of internal ridges formed by intercostate grooves flattened by shelly material, troughs (crests of external costae) partly or com- pletely filled, smoothing floor of interior, amount varying with species; longitudinal striae along sides of ridges few, shallow, becoming deeper ante- riorly, ending as small crenulations in plications of commissure; normally one short stria on crest of each costa. Brachial interior with pair of transversely elon- gate sockets bounded by valve edge, by socket ridges, and by recurved fulcral plate; hinge plate short, strongly recurved posteriorly along inner surface of symphytium, median portion thickened; base of hinge plate with short thickened ligulate process extending anteriorly for muscle attach- ment; median septum short but normally longer and higher than in Hustedia, somewhat thickened in some species, commonly terminating abruptly, rather than extending forward along floor as low ridge. Jugum and spires as in Hustedia. TYPE-SPECIES.—Hustedia meekana var. trigona- lis Girty (1909:396, pl. 21: figs. 9-9b). DIAGNOSIS.—Small Hustedia-like Retziidae with elongated beak, bisulcate valves, and emarginated anterior. COMPARISON.—Thedusia differs from Hustedia in its normally smaller size, deep brachial valve sulcus, stronger growth laminae, widened median trough of the pedicle valve, in its normally much longer, more attenuate, and straighter pedicle beak, and in its higher median septum. The dif- ferences are obvious from examination of speci- mens or illustrations, but difficult to express pre- cisely. The median costa of the brachial valve of most species of Hustedia is depressed in juvenile shells, and of course on the umbonal regions of adults. Inasmuch as most species of Thedusia are small, it might be supposed that they are juveniles of normal species. However, the median trough of most species of Thedusia deepens anteriorly, where- as that of Hustedia shallows anteriorly and disap- pears within about 2 to 4 mm of the beak. The long and attenutae beak is distinctive of species of Thedusia, but that also could be a juvenile charac- ter, with the foramen encroaching anteriorly on the beak, and enlarging to destroy the finely drawn-out tip. The most convincing argument for distinction of Thedusia is in the appearance of undoubted juvenile specimens of Hustedia readily distinguishable and easily linked with adult speci- mens of the same species with which they occur. DISCUSSION.—No pre-Leonardian species of The- dusia are known. Apparently the genus originated from Hustedia in the early Leonardian and con- tinued through the Guadalupian. No clear evolu- tionary trends are apparent; there is little differ- ence between typical Leonardian species of T. bucrenata and T. procera, new species, of the Word or T. trigonalis (Girty) from the Pinery Member of the Bell Canyon Formation. Conver- gent species of Hustedia sculptilis, new species, from the Word Formation or H. tomea, new species, from the Getaway Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation are much larger and more strongly costate, and the Road Canyon H. cuneata, new species, is largest of all, with numerous low costae. They do not, however, have all the charac- teristics of Thedusia except for slight anterior emargination. Greatest development of the bisulcation that characterizes Thedusia is in the Leonardian T. discissa, new species. Its median trough on the pedicle valve becomes excessively deepened anteri- orly, producing a slit in the shell that divides it in two for nearly a third of its length. This exagger- ated bisulcation reenforces the conclusion that Thedusia is a group separate from normal Huste- dia, because T. discissa is highly distinctive, cer- tainly not a juvenile stage of any species of Hus- tedia and retains most of the characters that link it to other species of the genus. 2808 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Thedusia angustata, new species PLATE 744: FIGURES 37-44; PLATE 780: FIGURES 7-12 Large for genus, longer than wide, subtrigonal in outline; maximum width at anterior, sides flattened and tapering posteriorly; anterolateral margins narrowly rounded; anterior margin trun- cated. Valves subequally deep, deepest posteriorly. Anterior commissure with slight dorsal wave. Beak fairly short, stout, and suberect; foramen large, circular. Surface costate, median 4 costae of pedicle valve slightly elevated over flanks; median 5 costae of brachial valve forming fold and median 3 costae elevated above outer 2 costae; median costa de- pressed but extending from anterior margin to umbo where it pinches out. Flanks with 3 costae on ventral valve, 2 on opposite valve. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file but narrowly and gently domed in anterior view; dorsal valve fairly strongly and evenly con- vex in lateral profile and moderately domed like pedicle valve in anterior profile. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- va Ive length length width ness costae USNM 736 154502a 7.3 5.8 5.0 4.4 10 154502b 8.5 7.3 6.0 6.4 8 154502c 8.9 7.7 7.4 5.8 10 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Pinery and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Pinery: USNM 736. Rader: 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Thedusia with fairly short beak, median costa in sulcus and strong convexity posterior to midvalve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154502c. Measured and figured paratypes: USNM 154502a, b. COMPARISON.—This species need be compared only to the thedusias that have a median costa in the brachial valve. It is unlike T. mesocostata, new species, which is much smaller, rounded in outline, and has fairly fine costae. It differs from T. procera, new species, which is similar in size, in having the median costa extend from the umbo to the ante- rior margin, whereas that of T. procera is located at the anterior. It differs from T. trigonalis (Girty) in being larger, wider anteriorly, and having a shorter beak. It differs from T. magna, new species, in being smaller, less strongly costate, and in hav- ing more costae. Thedusia biconvexa, new species PLATE 745: FIGURES 70-79 About usual size for genus, longer than wide, narrowly and longitudinally pentagonal in outline, strongly lenticular in profile; sides rounded; anterior emarginate. Anterior commissure with narrow wave toward pedicle valve. Beak long, sub- erect to incurved; foramen large, permesothyridid. Posterolateral extremities concave. Pedicle valve with pair of strong costae bounding shallow narrow sulcus; brachial valve with deep sulcus bounded by pair of thick costae; brachial valve sulcus occasionally with trace of costa. Pedicle valve about same depth as brachial valve, fairly strongly convex in lateral profile, moderately domed in anterior view. Umbonal and median regions swollen. Brachial valve more convex than pedicle valve in lateral profile, narrowly and fairly strongly domed in anterior profile, top of dome deeply indented by sulcus. Pedicle valve interior without dental plates. Dor- sal valve interior as usual for genus; spire with about four diminishing coils; jugum squarish and thick. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae SNM 728p 155086a 7.0 5.3 5.3 4.0 155086b 6.0 4.9 4.7 3.8 (holotype) 155086c 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Lamar Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 728p. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly biconvex, roundly ellipti- cal, strongly emarginate Thedusia. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155086b. Figured paratypes: USNM 155086a, f, g. Measured para- types: USNM 155086a, c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 155086c, d. COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION.—This species sug- gests T. emarginata, new species, but is generally NUMBER 24 2809 larger, both valves are more convex, the brachial valve is rounded in outline, and the costation is stronger. This species is variable, some specimens having clearly defined costae, some have costae rounded, large costae marginal to sulci appearing to merge to form a single costa rather than two. This condition may be due to abrasion. Thedusia bucrenata, new species PLATE 743: FIGURES 1-10 About average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline narrow, elongate, subtrigonal, widest anterior to midlength; commissure recti- marginate to weakly sulcate; brachial valve with deep, anteriorly widening and deepening sulcus, median trough of pedicle valve deeper or wider than lateral troughs, producing bisulcate appear- ance and deep anterior median emargination; costae weak, crests rounded, numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12; growth lines weak, irregularly spaced, most crowded near margins. Pedicle valve flatly convex longitudinally, more strongly convex transversely; beak elongate, slight- ly attenuate on some, straight or nearly straight; foramen small, permesothyridid; symphytium elon- gate, flat or slightly concave. Brachial valve simi- larly convex, but slightly more swollen in umbonal region; beak bluntly rounded, projecting only slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with short, knoblike teeth; foramen lined by short pedicle collar; muscle marks not observed; costae smoothed, crests each with one short striation producing shallow notch at valve edge. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly, not strongly bent; ligulate process at base of hinge plate short, rather strong, curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly; median septum high, thin, bladelike, with crest strongly convex toward anterior; crura slender, flattened into blades roughly parallel to midline, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; lamellae, jugum, and spiralia not observed. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain (lower). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 500J, 500M; USNM 702b, 702un, 703b, 703bs, 723k. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— USNM 702b length brachial valve length width thick- ness pedicle valve costae 153261a 4.4 3.3 3.0 2.3 10? 153261b 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.4 10? 153261c 153261d 5.3 5.7 4.0 4.5 3.5 4.0 2.8 3.0 12? 14 153261c 5.9 4.5 4.1 3.0 10? 153261f 6.1 4.8 4.0 3.0 12? 153261g 153261h 6.9 6.9 5.5 5.6 4.7 5.0 4.0 4.1 12 12? 15326H 7.1 5.7 4.7 4.2 12? 153261J AMNH 500J 153260 7.1 7.9 5.8 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.0 3.6 14? 12? (holotype) DIAGNOSIS.—Small, elongate Thedusia without median costae and low rounded costae. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153260. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153261J; 154494a; 154495a, b. Meas- ured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153261a—j. Un- figured paratype: USNM 154494b. COMPARISONS.—Thedusia bucrenata is character- ized by its rather small size, narrow and elongate subtrigonal outline, deep brachial sulcus normally without median costa, relatively deep median trough in the pedicle valve, producing definite in- dentation in anterior margin, and its normally low, rounded costae. It resembles T. procera and T. dischides, both new, but is smaller than either, and has lower, more rounded costae, and narrower outline. It differs from T. trigonalis (Girty) and T mesocostata, new species, in its narrower out- line, weaker costae, and absence of a well-defined median costa in the brachial sulcus. It is much smaller and narrower than Hustedia samiata, new species, and is more deeply bisulcate; its outline is much narrower, its costae fewer, and its bisulca- tion deeper than in Hustedia hapala, new species. Thedusia dischides, new species PLATE 743: FICURES 11-22 About average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; finely and densely endopunctate; outline elongate subtrigonal, anteriorly emarginate, widest between half and two-thirds shell length; commis- sure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate, rather weakly serrate, without fine subsidiary crenula- 2810 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tions; costae weak to moderately strong, crests sharp or rounded: very low and gently rounded in some specimens; brachial valve with deep median sulcus longitudinally scored by fine median striation, some specimens with anterior of sulcus slightly raised to form low median costa, crest of this costa with fine median striation; median two costae of pedicle valve depressed to form shallow sulcus; sulci of two valves meeting at anterior to indent margin; costae numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12 or 14; growth lines fine, closely spaced, rarely observed; growth laminae weak, rather numerous, irregularly spaced, strong- est near margins. Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex; beak elongate, attenuate, straight to nearly straight; foramen small, round, normally permesothyridid, less commonly mesothyridid; symphytium longer than wide, only slightly concave. Brachial valve somewhat more strongly convex, slightly swollen in umbonal region; beak short, blunt, projecting only slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with strong, blunt, ante- riorly projecting teeth; pedicle collar normally tightly fused to inside of foramen; costae and troughs much mitigated in interior; one radial striation along crest of each internal costa, termi- nating as shallow notch in end of costa at valve edge; muscle marks weak, consisting of two elon- gate elliptical, snowshoe-shaped marks with nar- row ends posterior, located one on each side of midline in umbonal region beneath symphytium. Brachial valve interior with deep hinge sockets; hinge plate proportionately rather wide, short, tri- lobed, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; short, curved, ligulate process extending ventrally and slightly anteriorly from midline at base of hinge plate; median septum high, thin, bladelike, base in many specimens separated from floor of valve except in extreme beak, producing semi- circular or semielliptical, anteriorly projecting plate; median ridge low, short, present only in specimens with normal, anteriorly sloping septal edge; muscle marks not observed, attachments probably on septum; crura short, stout, projecting directly ventrally, fused to and forming edges of hinge plate for most of length, projecting only slightly above hinge plate; descending lamellae broad, thin, attached to ends of crura, splitting into two branches, one ascending to form slender jugum, other continuing above floor of valve to form spiralium; jugum slightly expanded by forma- tion of narrow spiny buccal plate facing anteri- orly, with long tapering process reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; complete spiralium not observed, probably at least five loops in each coil; costae and troughs mitigated and fluted as in pedi- cle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae AMNH 512 = USNM 728 153262a 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.3 10 153262b 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.4 10 153262c 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.4 10 153262d 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.6 10 153262e 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.5 10 153262f 3.2 2.6 2.4 1.7 12 153262g 3.4 2.7 2.4 1.8 12 153262h 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.0 12 153262i 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.2 12 153262J 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.0 14 153262k 4.2 3.5 3.2 2.6 14 153262-1 4.6 3.7 3.5 2.4 12 153262m 4.7 3.8 3.5 2.6 13 153262n 4.9 4.0 3.6 2.8 12 153262o 5.3 4.0 3.3 3.0 12 153262p 5.5 4.5 4.0 2.8 14 153262q 5.7 4.6 4.1 3.0 12 153262r 5.9 4.8 4.1 3.3 12 153262s 6.0 4.9 4.3 3.4 14 153262t 6.5 5.5 4.6 4.0 14 153262u 6.8 5.6 4.9 3.9 12 153262v 6.9 5.8 5.2 4.4 14 153262w 7.0 5.6 5.0 4.4 12 153262x 7.1 5.5 4.7 3.6 14 153262y 7.1 5.7 5.5 3.9 12 153262z 7.3 5.9 5.4 4.3 12 153262a' 7.8 6.5 5.5 5.3 12 153262b' 7.9 6.5 5.9 5.0 14 153262C 8.0 6.3 5.5 4.7 14 153262d' 8.3 6.7 6.1 5.9 14 153262C 8.6 6.9 6.6 5.3 14 153262P 8.7 7.0 5.9 4.9 14 153262g' 9.0 7.2 6.5 5.4 14 153263a 3.3 2.6 2.5 1.6 8 153263b 3.4 2.6 2.5 1.9 10 153263c 3.5 2.7 2.4 2.0 10 153263d 3.6 3.0 2.9 1.9 10 153263c 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.3 12 153263f 4.3 3.6 3.2 2.3 12 153263g 4.5 3.7 3.1 2.4 12 153263h 4.7 4.0 3.5 2.5 12 1532631 5.0 4.3 3.8 2.8 14 153263J 5.3 4.4 3.8 3.2 12 NUMBER 24 brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae 153263k 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.2 14 153263-1 5.9 4.9 4.3 3.1 14 153263m 6.0 4.7 4.3 3.2 12 153263n 6.3 5.0 4.6 3.5 12 153263o 6.4 5.0 4.7 3.6 12 153263p 6.7 5.4 4.3 3.7 14 153263q 6.8 5.5 5.2 3.9 12 153263r 6.9 5.6 5.1 4.3 12 153263s 7.2 6.0 5.4 4.3 12 1532631 7.5 5.9 4.8 3.9 14 153263u 7.5 6.2 5.8 4.6 14 153263v 7.8 6.2 6.0 4.7 14 153263w 8.0 6.6 6.2 4.8 12 153263x 8.7 6.9 6.0 5.0 12 153263y 8.9 7.4 6.8 5.6 12 153263z 8.9 7.3 7.0 6.2 14 153263a' 9.3 7.5 7.0 6.3 12 (holotype) NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected adult pedicle valves from AMNH 512: costae 12 13 14 specimens 11 3 11 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITIES.—AMNH 21, 496, 512, 519, 547, 600, 652; Moore 31; USNM 728, 730. DIAGNOSIS.—Thedusia with numerous weak cos- tae, strongly bisulcate, and usually lacks median costa in sulcus of brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153263a'. Figured paratypes: USNM 153263b', 154496a-c. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153262a-z, a'-g'; 153263a-z. COMPARISON.—Thedusia dischides is character- ized by its elongate outline, long beak, numerous and rather weak costae, strong bisulcation of shell but shallow sulcation or rectimargination of com- missure, peculiarly half-moon-shaped median sep- tum in some specimens, and its normal lack of a distinct costa in the brachial valve sulcus of most specimens. It most nearly resembles T. procera, new species, from the Word Formation and T. trigonalis (Girty) from the Bell Canyon Forma- tion, but is narrower and has a longer beak than either of these, and lacks their median brachial costa. It is larger, proportionately wider and has a shallower brachial sulcus and stronger costae than T. bucrenata, new species, from the Cathedral 2811 Mountain Formation of the Glass Mountains. It is larger, longer, proportionately narrower, has weaker costae, and a weaker costa in the sulcus than T. mesocostata, new species, from the Road Canyon Formation. Thedusia discissa, new species PLATE 743: FIGURES 23-43 Small for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate to subpentagonal; punc- tae minute; commissure rectimarginate to shal- lowly sulcate; anterior margin deeply incised, form- ing elongate slit nearly a third length in some shells, slit narrowing toward anterior, with sides of slit meeting one another in many shells: median depression that forms slit entirely in pedicle valve, brachial valve simply indented to accomodate; costae low, crests rounded, broad at sides, becoming more straight-sided toward midline, numbering 8-12 on pedicle valve, nearly always 10; median trough of brachial valve wide, depressed, leading into anterior slit; median trough of pedicle valve narrow, deepening gradually toward anterior, sud- denly greatly deepening to form anterior slit; growth lines not observed; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced. Pedicle valve flatly convex longitudinally, mod- erately convex transversely; beak short, straight, pointing ventrally; foramen mesothyridid, facing dorsally and somewhat posteriorly; symphytium small, flat. Brachial valve slightly more convex, swollen in umbonal region; beak short, blunt, pro- jecting slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with pedicle collar short; muscle marks not observed; anterior median folded in, forming high obstruction, dividing ante- rior of valve into two lobes; internal costae and troughs much mitigated. Brachial valve interior with shallow sockets; hinge plate short, trilobed, projecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; short ligulate process on midline near base of hinge plate, projecting ven- trally and slightly anteriorly; median septum low, rather thick, only slightly more than a median ridge; crura short, projecting ventrally; descending lamellae thin, bladelike, short, splitting into as- cending lamellae and spiralia; ascending lamellae slender, joining one another to form jugum; ju- 2812 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY gum broadened to form spiny buccal plate, facing anterior, with long tapering process reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branches of lamellae continuing toward anterior, forming spi- ralia each with at least three loops; anterior me- dian of valve deeply indented but not folded; muscle marks not observed; costae smoothed as in pedicle valve, without strong lirae to crenulate valve margins. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 708u 153264a 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.7 10? 153264b 1.5 1.2 1.5 0.8 8 153264c 1.6 1.3 1.5 0.8 8 153264d 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.0 10 153264e 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.0 8 153264f 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.1 10 153264g 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.2 10 153264h 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 8 153264i 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.5 10 153264J 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.5 10 153264k 2.8 2.4 2.4 1.5 10 153264-1 2.9 2.6 2.5 1.7 10 153264m 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.8 10 153264n 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.1 10 153264o 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.0 10 153264p 3.4 3.0 2.8 1.9 10 153264q 3.7 3.3 3.3- 2.3 10 153264r 3.8 3.4 3.4 2.4 10 153264s 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.5 10 153264t 4.0 3.5 3.5 2.6 10 (holotype) 153264u 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.2 10 153264v 4.6 4.1 4.0 3.1 10 153264w 4.7 4.1 1.1 2.9 10 153264x 5.0 4.3 4.5 3.4 10 NUMBER OF COSTAE.—On 25 randomly selected pedicle valves (USNM 154954a-y): costae 10 11 12 specimens 24 0 1 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 708u. DIAGNOSIS.—Thedusia with anterior median slit. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 1532641. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153264n, u, v; 154497a-e. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153264a-m, o-s, w, x; 154954 a-y. COMPARISON.—Thedusia discissa is characterized by its small size, short and straight beak that slants ventrally, and especially by the deep slit at the anterior midline that cuts completely through the shell there, cutting as much as one third of the shell into two lateral lobes. A normal, anteriorly deepening median trough on the brachial valve and other features conform to the usual configura- tion of species of Thedusia. The small size and anterior median slit distinguish this species and no other is likely to be confused with it. DISCUSSION.—This peculiar modification of the shell of Thedusia to form a deep slit in the ante- rior is found only at one locality. Perhaps coinci- dentally, this locality also produced the strange rhynchonellid genus Amphipella Cooper and Grant (1969) which is characterized by a pair of deep sinuses, one on each posterolateral slope. The function of these indentations is not known. The slit in T. discissa, being at the anterior, opens, but the little sinuses in Amphipella are located far to the posterior, so that they remained nearly closed when the shell gaped. It is doubtful that there is any relationship between these modifica- tions of otherwise unrelated brachiopods, but it is remarkable that they occur together, abundantly at USNM 708u. Thedusia emarginata, new species PLATE 745: FIGURES 58-63 Small for genus, transversely and narrowly oval with maximum width about midlength; sides gently rounded; anterior margin deeply indented medially; anterior commissure rectimarginate (?). Beak long, slender; foramen round, apical. Costae numbering 10, possible additional obscure costa near posterior margin on each side. Pedicle valve with two major costae bounding deep sulcus oc- cupied by two depressed costae that originate at beak; brachial valve with deep, narrow sulcus bounded by pair of major costae; sulci in both valves producing deep anterior emargination. No costa in sulcus. Pedicle valve longitudinally gently convex but transversely narrowly domed and with steep lateral slopes. Brachial valve more strongly convex than pedicle valve in lateral profile, strongly and nar- rowly convex in anterior profile; top of dome NUMBER 24 2813 notched by deep median sulcus. Interiors not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Holotype USNM 155084: length 6.2, brachial valve length 4.8, width 4.1, thickness 3.0. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 740c. Pinery: USNM 725n; AMNH 524 (uncertain). Lamar: USNM 738. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, slender Thedusia with deep noncostate sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155084. Unfigured paratype: USNM 155085. COMPARISON.—This species is unlike any other Thedusia in its slender, longitudinally elliptical outline and fine costae. It resembles T. biconvexa, new species, but that species is larger, more strongly costate, and has much more convex valves. Thedusia magna, new species PLATE 744: FIGURES 57-62 Large for genus, subequivalve, brachial valve with slightly greater depth; outline narrow, taper- ing, oval, sides rounded, anterior truncated, pos- terolateral margins tapering. Anterior commissure faintly uniplicate. Beak fairly long; foramen round, apical. Costae broad and angular, 4 occupy- ing the middle part of the pedicle valve, the me- dian 2 of these separated by deep groove; brachial valve with fold formed of 5 strong costae, right and left pairs bounding deep sulcus with weak median costa extending from anterior margin nearly to narrow unbo. Flanks occupied by 3 costae on pedi- cle valve, 2 on brachial valve. Anterior marked by broad concentric lamellae. Pedicle valve evenly and gently convex in lat- eral profile, flatly convex in anterior view. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, most convexity in posterior region. Brachial valve umbo narrowly pinched; flanks of both valves narrow and steep. Interior of pedicle valve with knoblike teeth and short obscure dental plates. Brachial valve interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Holotype USNM 154506: length 9.4, brachial valve length 8.2, width 7.3; thickness 6.0, number of costae 10. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler Member). LOCALITY.—732a. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Thedusia with strong angular costae and laminate anterior. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154506. COMPARISON.—This species is so large, with a median costa on the brachial valve, that it need only be compared with T. procera and T. angus- tata, both new. It differs from the first in its broader and more angular costae and its median costa of the brachial valve extending from the ante- rior margin nearly to the umbo, whereas that of T. procera is confined to the anterior. It is larger and more robust than T. angustata, has its maxi- mum width farther back, has broader more angu- lar costae, and a plaited anterior. Thedusia mesocostata, new species PLATE 736: FIGURES 37, 38; PLATE 743: FIGURES 44-56 About average size for genus, moderately strongly biconvex; outline elongate, subtrigonal to subpen- tagonal, widest near midlength; commissure recti- marginate to slightly sulcate; costae moderately strong, sharp or bluntly angular, numbering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12 or 14; brachial valve strongly sulcate, with low, sharp or rounded median costa, many specimens with shallow median stria along crest; median costa of pedicle valve slightly widened or deepened, producing bisulcate appearance of shell, slight emargination of ante- rior midline; growth laminae rather strong, irreg- ularly spaced, most crowded near margins. Pedicle valve moderately strongly convex; beak somewhat elongate, attenuate on many specimens, straight or nearly straight; foramen small, meso- thyridid or more commonly permesothyridid; sym- phytium flat or slightly concave, length and width nearly equal. Brachial valve similarly convex; beak blunt to flat at anterior, projecting little if any posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with blunt, knoblike teeth; pedicle collar normally fused to inside of foramen; muscle marks weakly impressed, elongate elliptical, lying one on each side of midline in umbonal re- gion and extending anteriorly beyond extent of symphytium; crests and troughs of costae smoother than on exterior of valve, with short, weak stria- 2814 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tions producing shallow notches in major crenu- lations of valve edges. Brachial valve interior with hinge plate moder- ately long, projecting ventrally, with distal end bent posteriorly to extend slightly under symphy- tium; slender ligulate process curving ventrally and slightly anteriorly from base of hinge plate; me- dian septum high, thin or somewhat thickened, with anteriorly convex crest, length about 1 mm; crura short, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae, jugum, and spiralia not ob- served; costae smooth and weakly striate as in ped- icle valve. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 703d 153265a 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.1 10 153265b 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.6 14 153265c 4.6 3.6 3.3 2.6 12 153265d 4.7 3.8 3.6 2.5 12 153265c 5.3 4.4 3.9 3.0 12 153265f 5.5 4.6 4.2 3.4 14 153265g 5.6 4.7 4.2 3.7 14 153265b 6.2 5.1 4.9 4.3 12 1532651 6.6 5.4 4.8 4.2 12 153265J 6.9 5.9 6.0 4.4 12 USNM 703c 153266a 4.4 3.5 3.1 2.5 14 153266b 5.1 4.0 3.5 2.6 14 153266c 6.0 5.0 4.9 3.9 12 153266c! 6.4 5.3 4.9 4.5 12 153266c 0.7 5.5 5,1 4.4 14 USNM 72lj 154498b 7.0 5.9 5.5 4.1 12 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 503; USNM 703, 703a, 703c, 703d, 720d, 72lj, 723a, 721/, 726d, 732j, 735a, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Thedusia, strongly costate, with long beak, and usually with a median costa in sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154498b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153266d-f, 154452, 154498a. Unfigured, measured paratypes: USNM 153265a—j, 153266a-c COMPARISON.— Thedusia mesocostata is charac- terized by its small size, elongate outline, moder- ately long beak, relatively strong costae, costa in the sulcus, distinct growth laminae, and its high median septum. It most nearly resembles T. proc- era, new species, from the Word Formation, differ- ing in its smaller size, weaker bisulcation, well- developed costa in the brachial valve sulcus, deeper anterior emargination, and its lower convexity. It is less convex and less pronouncedly trigonal than T. trigonalis (Girty), and has somewhat lower costae but a higher costa in the brachial sulcus. It is smaller and proportionately narrower than T. dischides, new species; the median costa in the sulcus is higher, and the beak is normally shorter. This species is smaller and has lower, more rounded costae than Hustedia tomea, new species; it is smaller and has relatively higher and sharper costae than H. samiata, new species. It is larger, more strongly and sharply costate than H. hapala, new species, and its outline is more elongate. Thedusia paucicostata, new species PLATE 745: FIGURES 23-28 Small for genus, longer than wide; outline sub- trigonal, lateral margins straight, anterolateral extremities narrowly rounded; anterior margin trun- cated, gently but narrowly emarginate. Valves sub- equal in depth. Hinge wide, straight. Beak long, stout; foramen large, apical. Pedicle valve with 6 costae, median 4 constituting the fold, outer small- est 2 located on flanks, median 2 strongest, border- ing wide sulcus. Brachial valve with one costa on each flank and thick, rounded costa forming mar- gin of median fold, anterior with obscure, broad costa corresponding to folding of opposite valve, extending posteriorly toward beak but not reach- ing it. Pedicle valve lateral profile very gently convex, somewhat geniculated at anterior; moderately domed in anterior profile; flanks flattened and precipitous. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, more so than pedicle valve; anterior profile forming dome with median half deeply depressed to form sulcus; flanks flattened and precipitous. Pedicle valve interior with thick teeth but no dental plates; brachial valve with strong median septum extending about a fourth valve length. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM NUMBER 24 2815 721u, specimens USNM 155087a (holotype) and b, respectively: length 5.4, 4.7; brachial valve length 4.2, 3.5; width 3.5, 3.1; thickness 2.9, 2.5; number of costae on pedicle valve 6, 6. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 721u. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Thedusia with straight sides and only six costae on the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155087a. Figured paratypes: USNM 155087c, d. Unfigured and meas- ured paratypes: USNM 155087b. COMPARISON.—The straight-sided triangular form and few costae distinguish this species from all others of the genus. Thedusia procera, new species PLATE 736: FIGURES 39, 40; PLATE 743: FIGURES 57-71; PLATE 744: FIGURES 24-36 Average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline elongate subovate, widest near midlength; commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate (by lowered amplitude of median costae); brachial valve with broad, anteriorly deepening and widening median trough, with low rounded median costa; pedicle valve with median trough slightly wider and deeper than lateral troughs, giv- ing shell bisulcate appearance, producing shallow emargination of anterior at midline; costae moder- ately strong, crests sharp or bluntly angular, num- bering 10 to 14 on pedicle valve, normally 12; growth lines not observed; growth laminae weak, irregularly spaced, most abundant near margins. Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex; beak about average length for genus, nearly straight to suberect; foramen permesothyridid; symphytium subtrigonal, slightly concave. Brachial valve similarly convex, slightly flattened near mid- length; beak blunt, protruding slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with relatively large, blunt, transverse hinge teeth; pedicle collar short; shell thickened, smoothing costae and troughs, nearly completely in many specimens; weak lirae at margins, forming one shallow notch in point of each marginal crenulation. Brachial valve interior with rather deep, trans- verse sockets; hinge plate short, stout trilobed, pro- jecting ventrally and slightly posteriorly; short curved ligulate process on midline at base of hinge plate, extending ventrally and slightly anteriorly; median septum thin, bladelike, low, a true septum about 1 mm long, lowering to become ridge for short distance (less than 1 mm) toward an- terior; crura short, projecting ventrally, slightly divergent; descending lamellae thin, bladelike, bi- furcating about halfway from crura to floor, ascending lamellae slender, joining to form jugum; median parts of jugum expanded slightly to form spiny buccal plate, slender process at midline reaching nearly to floor of pedicle valve; other branches of lamellae coiled dorsoventrally to form spiralia, each with five loops in adults; costae smoothed as in pedicle valve; muscle marks not observed. MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 706e 153267a 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.5 10 153267b 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.7 12 153267c 3.2 2.7 2.3 1.7 12 153267d 3.8 3.0 2.9 2.0 12 153267e 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 12 153267f 4.0 3.2 3.0 2.3 12 153267g 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.3 12 153267h 4.6 3.8 3.5 2.6 12 153267i 4.7 3.9 3.6 2.6 12 153267J 5.0 4.0 3.7 3.0 10 153267k 5.2 4.3 4.0 2.9 12 153267-1 5.4 4.3 3.6 2.7 14 153267m 5.6 4.5 4.0 3.0 12 153267n 5.9 4.7 4.4 3.3 12 153267o 6.3 5.0 4.8 3.6 12 153267p 6.5 5.4 4.8 3.8 12 153267q 6.6 5.4 4.6 4.0 12 153267r 6.8 5.6 5.0 4.4 12 153267s 7.4 6.3 5.3 4.5 12 153267t 7.5 6.1 5.5 4.9 12 153267u 7.8 6.3 6.0 4.9 12 153267v 7.9 6.6 5.6 5.0 12 153267w 8.1 6.6 5.9 5.0 12 153267x 8.3 7.8 6.2 5.2 12 153267y 8.7 7.2 6.4 5.3 12 153267z 9.2 7.3 6.5 6.3 12 (holotype) 153267a' 9.2 7.6 7.2 6.5 10 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch members and lens between the last two). 2816 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 706c, 706z, 713, 726r, 733q. Willis Ranch: AMNH 505, 506; USNM 706, 706e, 724u, 735c. Appel Ranch: USNM 714o, 7151, 722t, 727j. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Thedusia with numerous co- stae, strong convexity, and usually with a costa in the sulcus of the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153267z. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153267J, p, v, x; 154443; 154453; 154500a. Measured, unfigured paratypes: USNM 153267a-o, q-u, w, y, a'. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 154955. COMPARISON.—Thedusia procera is characterized by its relatively large size, normally 12 moderately strong costae, a low costa in the brachial valve sulcus, rather great shell convexity, and its thin but relatively low brachial median septum. It most nearly resembles T. dischides, new species, from the Getaway Member in the Guadalupe Moun- tain region, differing in its larger maximum size, greater convexity, fewer costae, shorter pedicle valve beak, and its costa in the brachial valve sulcus. It differs from T. trigonalis (Girty) in its larger size, less trigonal outline, shorter beak, more numerous costae, and normally lower con- vexity. It is larger, wider, more convex, and more strongly costate than the Leonardian T. bucrenata, new species. Thedusia trigonalis (Girty) PLATE 744: FICURES 2-23 Hustedia meekana var. trigonalis Girty, 1909:396, pl. 16: fig. 12, pl. 21: figs. 9-9b. About average size for genus, moderately to strongly biconvex; outline elongate subtrigonal, somewhat attenuate, widest anterior to midlength; commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate (by lowered amplitude of mesial costae), crenulated and finely serrated; costae low to moderately high, crests sharp, bluntly angular, or rounded, number- ing 8 to 12 on pedicle valve, normally 8, 10, or 12; median trough of brachial valve with low to rather high median costa; median trough of pedicle valve normal size or only slightly wider and deeper than lateral costae, meeting brachial sulcus to pro- duce anterior median emargination; growth lami- nae weak, irregularly spaced, most frequent near margins. Pedicle valve moderately strongly convex; beak elongate, attenuate, slanting ventrally or nearly straight to suberect; foramen small, permesothy- ridid; symphytium normally longer than wide, flat to slightly concave. Brachial valve somewhat more convex, umbonal region swollen; beak bluntly rounded, projecting only slightly posterior to hinge. Pedicle valve interior with proportionately large, blunt, transverse teeth; pedicle collar short; rather thick shell smoothing internal costae and troughs; few and weak lirae near margins produc- ing shallow notch in point of each crenulation of shell margin; muscle marks proportionately large, elongate ovate, paired, extending nearly to mid- length in some specimens. Brachial valve interior with rather large, deep sockets; hinge plate short, thick, trilobed, project- ing ventrally and curving posteriorly; short curved ligulate process on midline at base of hinge plate, projecting ventrally and anteriorly; median sep- tum high, thin, semicircular, with recess at junc- ture with floor of valve, a few specimens with normal anteriorly concave septum; muscle marks not clearly distinguishable; crura short, rather broad, extending winglike from sides of hinge plate; details of spiralia and jugum not observed: fragmentary specimens indicate slender jugum, only narrowly expanded to form buccal plate, spi- ralia with at least four loops on each side. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, and Lamar mem- bers), Capitan Formation. LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 397, 398, 435, 437, 537, 636; Moore 30; USNM 725h, 725n, 733, 736, 736a, 748. Rader: AMNH 397, 403; USNM 725g, 725o, 740a, 740i, 740j. Lamar: AMNH 25, 351, 388; USNM 728p, 728q, 738. Capitan: USGS 2930 (green). DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly costate and deeply emar- ginate Thedusia with a high median septum in the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118616a. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153270d, g; 154499a-d, f, g. Measured paratypes: USNM 153268a-l; 153269a-h, j; 153270a-g; 153273a-d; 153275. COMPARISON.—Thedusia trigonalis is character- ized by its subtrigonal outline, normally strong and sharp costae, costa in the brachial valve sulcus, NUMBER 24 2817 MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 736 153268a 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 8 153268b 3.2 2.8 2.2 1.8 10 153268c 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.6 10 153268d 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.3 10 153268e 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.4 10 153268f 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.8 10 153268g 5.0 4.0 3.7 2.9 10 153268h 6.3 4.9 4.8 3.9 10 153268i 7.0 5.8 5.0 4.4 10 153268J 7.2 6.0 5.7 5.0 10 153268k 8.2 7.3 6.1 6.0 10 153268-1 8.9 7.7 7.4 5.8 10 USNM 733 153269a 3.6 3.0 2.6 1.7 10 153269b 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.1 10 153269c 3.9 3.0 3.0 2.2 10 153269d 4.3 3.2 3.3 2.1 8 153269e 4.8 3.9 3.4 2.8 10 153269f 5.4 4.0 3.8 2.6 10 153269g 5.7 4.0 4.3 3.4 10 153269h 6.4 5.0 4.4 4.0 10 153269J 6.6 5.0 5.0 4.5 10 USNM 748 153270a 4.9 4.0 3.8 2.6 10 153270b 5.8 4.3 4.3 3.4 10 153270c 5.9 4.7 4.8 3.6 10 153270d 6.5 5.0 5.1 4.0 10 153270e 6.7 5.6 5.3 4.4 8 153270f 6.9 5.3 5.8 4.2 10 153270g 7.7 5.8 5.5 5.0 10 AMNH 403 153273a 5.5 4.4 4.1 3.1 10 153273b 5.8 4.5 4.4 3.1 10 153273c 5.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 10 153273d 6.0 4.6 4.4 3.6 10 AMNH 636 153275 6.2 5.0 5.3 3.7 10 USGS 2930 118616a 5.5 4.3 4.3 3.3 8? (holotype) high brachial valve median septum, and its elon- gate attenuate pedicle valve beak. It differs from T. dischides, new species, from the Getaway Mem- ber, and T. procera, new species, from the Word Formation in its wider, more trigonal outline with greatest width farther anterior, its stronger costae, and its longer, more attenuate beak. Its average size seems to be less than that of the above two species, but its maximum size is about the same. DISCUSSION.—Girty (1909) considered this to be a variety of Hustedia meekana (Shumard), possi- bly immature individuals. However, he remarked that the characteristics of immaturity, i.e., the brachial sulcus and elongate pedicle beak, were retained to a size abnormal for H. "meekana." As we mentioned in the generic discussion of Thed- usia, the brachial sulcus deepens anteriorly in these specimens, whereas in immature specimens of species of Hustedia it becomes shallower toward the anterior, and is obliterated at a very early stage in growth. We consider T. trigonalis to be a dis- tinctive species of Thedusia; its abundance, its similarity to other abundant species of the group, and its discontinuity with species of Hustedia sup- port this conclusion. Thedusia ventricosa, new species PLATE 744: FIGURES 45-56; PLATE 745: FIGURES 52-56 About average size for genus, longer than wide, outline subtrigonal, sides gently to strongly rounded; widest just anterior to midvalve; ante- rior emarginated; anterior commissure rectimargi- nate (?); beak fairly long and narrow, erect to suberect; foramen round, apical. Costae number- ing 8 or 10, distal 2 on flanks often indistinct; 4 largest costae on pedicle valve bounding deep longitudinal indentation; median 5 costae on bra- chial valve large, outer pairs bounding deep sulcus occupied by median costa extending from near umbo to front margin. Pedicle valve gently convex in lateral and ante- rior profiles; beak tapering; flanks steep, occupied by three costae. Brachial valve more convex than pedicle valve in both profiles, about equal in depth to pedicle valve; flanks as in opposite valve. Pedicle valve interior with no dental plates; brachial valve interior with short but strong socket ridges, thick fulcral plates and short but thin ele- vated median septum. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, Rader, McCombs, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33, 437, 636; USNM 725g, 725n, 733, 748. Rader: AMNH 403, 410; USNM 740a, 740j. McCombs: AMNH 409. 2818 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY MEASUREMENTS (in mm; costae counted).— brachial pedicle valve thick- valve length length width ness costae USNM 725n 154504a USNM 731 154503 (holotype) AMNH 635 153274a 153274b AMNH 437 153271a 7.9 6.4 6.2 4.9 10 7.8 6.6 5.5 4.8 8 5.6 4.3 4.0 3.1 10 6.5 5.4 4.6 3.7 8 7.1 6.1 5.0 5.0 8 Lamar: AMNH 38, 39, 373; USNM 728p, 728q, 738b. Uncertain: AMNH 397, 401, 404, 524. DIAGNOSIS.—Subtriangular Thedusia with mod- erately rounded sides, maximum width just ante- rior to midvalve, and fairly short beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154503. Figured para- types: USNM 154504a, b; 154505; 154506a. Meas- ured and unfigured paratypes: USNM 153271a, 153274b. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 15327If, 153274a, 155083 (many). COMPARISON.—This species is like two other Bell Canyon species and often occurs with them, T. trigonalis (Girty) and T. angustata, new species. It differs from the first in its shorter and less attenuated beak and the relatively long brachial valve. Thedusia trigonalis in dorsal view is usually long beaked and the brachial valve presents a sub- circular or well-rounded outline. Thedusia ventri- cosa is usually more elongated on the dorsal side. Thedusia angustata is similar to T ventricosa but its beak is generally shorter, the foramen larger, and the dorsal view presents a distinctly triangular form because the greatest shell width is anterior rather than more medial as in T. ventricosa. The latter species is almost as common as T. trigonalis, but T. angustata is relatively rare. Order TEREBRATULIDA Waagen, 1883 Terebratulids in the Permian rocks of Texas are usually not common. The collection described herein could not have been obtained in any other way than by the solution method and if it had not been for the great bulk of rock processed the collection would have been meager indeed. Eight- een genera distributed among 7 families were taken. Seven of the genera are new and 5 of them show the full development of the loop. The latter specimens help to establish the course of loop deve- lopment of the Paleozoic long-looped brachiopods. As might be expected the information obtained from these brachiopods permits some revision of the present classification. The value of this classi- fication is enhanced by the timely appearance of a significant study of late Paleozoic terebratuloid brachiopods by A. S. Dagys (1972), who has pains- takingly determined the loop development of a number of important Paleozoic and Triassic tere- bratuloids. These studies have led Dagys to revise the classification of the Paleozoic terebratuloids. We largely follow his revised classification, where not only has he revealed much information on loop development, but has also taken into consid- eration the nature of the cardinal structures of the dorsal valve. Thus, he unites under the Cryp- tonellacea the Cranaenidae with short loop and the Cryptonellidae which have a long loop. These families have an undivided hinge plate, usually with an apical foramen. The Notothyridae, with the same type of cardinalia have a centronellid loop. These associations were arrived at by his study of the loop development. The Dielasmatacea have an entirely different type of cardinalia but in general are characterized by a short loop. Dagys does not recognize the sub- order Centronellidina because its definition in- cludes only the one superfamily Stringocephalacea. Superfamily CRYPTONELLACEA Thomson, 1926 Family CRANAENIDAE Cloud, 1942 Medium-sized terebratulids having an undivided hinge plate and terebratuliform loop. Genera in West Texas: Anomalesia, new genus. The combination of an undivided hinge plate with short loop suggests relationship to Cranaena. Anomalesia, new genus Shell about medium size, length and width nearly equal, outline angularly pentagonal; valves unequal in depth, pedicle valve deeper. Beak NUMBER 24 2819 small, with strong beak ridges and telate foramen; deltidial plates conjunct, visible. Lateral com- missure strongly bowed toward the ventral valve; anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve interior with strong, divergent dental plates. Brachial valve interior with strong, laterally inclined socket ridges attached to valve wall by strong fulcral plates; crural bases attached directly to socket ridge; inner hinge plate undivided, per- forate?, gently concave. Loop short and wide, nar- row ribboned with thin medially and strongly angulated transverse band; crural processes small, bluntly pointed. No median ridge or septum. TYPE-SPECIES.—Anomalesia perplexa, new spe- cies. DIAGNOSIS.—Biplicate terebratulids with sulcipli- cate anterior commissure, undivided hinge plate, and short, wide loop. COMPARISON.—The folding and strong biplica- tion of the exterior separate this genus externally from any other Permian terebratulid. This charac- ter, combined with the cryptonellid cardinalia but short loop, separate it internally from other Per- mian shells. The genus externally is suggestive of the Triassic Rhaetina but differs from that genus in the cryptonellid nature of the cardinalia, the Rhaetina cardinalia representing that of Dielasma. DISCUSSION.—The combination of characters in this genus are unique and the shell suggests a Mesozoic rather than a Paleozoic terebratulid. The folding is like that of the Triassic Rhaetina and a host of other Mesozoic terebratulids. The plica- tion of the anterior commissure is stronger than that of any of the other genera which are sulcipli- cate. These are generally incipiently sulciplicate and the shells do not attain a biplicate form. The exterior character of the beak is also anomalous for a brachiopod of this form, because the struc- tures are more like those seen in Texarina and other cryptonellids. The interior details of this genus are even more anomalous than those of the exterior. This is best seen in the cardinalia and the loop. The hinge plate is like that of the cryptonellids or Cranaena but the loop is short and dielasmoid in form. It is unusual in its great width, the slender character of the ribbons, and the strongly angulated trans- verse ribbon. Anomalesia perplexa, new species PLATE 767: FICURES 19-32 Shell about medium size, longer than wide; sub- pentagonal in outline with sides narrowly angu- lated. Apical angle variable. Anterior margin bilobed. Posterolateral and anterolateral margins nearly straight. Anterior commissure strongly sul- ciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve gently and evenly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile flatly convex but with three lobes, median one representing median fold and two lateral ones representing flanks. Umbonal region gently convex. Sulcus originating on ante- rior side of umbonal region, broad and shallow, narrowing anteriorly; sulcus occupied medially by wide, strong costa extending from anterior margin to umbonal region. Flanks narrowly rounded and forming oblique costae parallel to lateral margins. Posterolateral slopes short and steep; anterolateral margins narrowly rounded. Beak small and sub- erect; foramen small. Beak ridges strong. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile; anterior profile broadly and flatly convex; umbonal region moderately swollen; fold originating near midvalve moderately broad and consisting of two strong, narrowly rounded costae separated by a deep, narrowly rounded groove extending from anterior margin to slightly posterior to midvalve. Interiors of both valves as defined for genus. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 720e, specimen USNM 153375a and from AMNH 631, holotype USNM 153376, respectively: length 12.4, 11.5; brachial valve length 11.0, 10.2; maxi- mum width 14.6, 13.6*; thickness 7.8, 5.4; apical angle (°) 96, 77?. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch For- mation, Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch (base): USNM 705a, 720e, 724q. Bone Spring: AMNH 631. DIAGNOSIS.—Anomalesia with one strong costa on pedicle valve and two costae on the brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153376. Figured para- types: USNM 153375a, b; 154335a. Measured para- types: USNM 153375a. Unfigured paratype: USNM 154335b. COMPARISON.—No other species of this genus are now known. DISCUSSION.—This is an extremely rare species 2820 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY because only 5 specimens of it have been found. Fortunately two of these are so providentially broken that nearly all the details of the anatomy are revealed including the loop. The presence of this species at two places in the Glass Mountains helps with a horizontal correlation there and its discovery in the basal Bone Spring Formation of the Sierra Diablo helps to confirm the correlation of the basal Bone Spring of that region and the lower Skinner Ranch Formation (Scacchinella beds) of the Glass Mountains. Family CRYPTONELLIDAE Thomson, 1926 Subfamily CRYPTONELLINAE Thomson, 1926 Smooth, sulcate Cryptonellidae with small telate foramen and long narrow ribboned loop, deve- loped from echmidium and median plate and sub- sequent absorption of median elements. Genera in West Texas: Heterelasma Girty, 1909; Texarina Cooper and Grant, 1970. Rare, unusual but widely distributed through- out the Lower, and lower part of the Upper Per- mian rocks. Specimens are often small and their odd shape makes them difficult to recognize. The loop development is like that of Cryptacanthia and Glossothyropsis with the descending branches free because no septum appears in the development of the loop. The Cryptonellidae in the Treatise (Williams et al., 1965) are classified in the Terebratellidae but are better placed in the Cryptonellacea, as sug- gested by Dagys (1972), because of the nature of the hinge plate and the development of the loop. The hinge plate is commonly undivided in four of the cryptonellid genera but that of Glossothy- ropsis which is one of the longest surviving genera (so far as known) in the Permian deviates in the hinge plate development. However, in some species the hinge plate becomes complete and is then like that of other Cryptonellidae. The development of the loop, now established in Cryptacanthia, Glossothyropsis, Heterelasma, and Texarina is quite unlike that of the Terebra- tellidae in which the septum plays so important a role. The cryptonellid ties are rather with the Paleozoic than the Mesozoic. Although the Zeilleri- acea have obvious similarities in loop form and hinge plate, their loop development is like that of the Terebratellidae according to the Treatise (1965:H819), and Baker (1972). Genus Heterelasma Girty, 1909 Heterelasma Girty, 1909:337—Stehli 1954:354. Usually small to medium size, strongly inequi- valve and scalelike, brachial valve having greater depth; outline usually subcircular to subpenta- gonal; profile plano-convex or nearly so; anterior commissure varying from strongly uniplicate to strongly sulciplicate. Beak small with strong beak ridges; foramen small, telate; symphytium small when deltidial plates are conjunct but vestigial and disjunct in some species. Surface completely smooth, except for folded anterior. Pedicle valve interior without pedicle collar but with closely spaced and subparallel dental plates usually united on floor by callus. Median ridge narrowly rounded, elevated and strongly devel- oped, extending from beak nearly to anterior margin. Brachial valve interior without cardinal process but with strong and laterally inclined socket plates which bear loop; hinge plate undivided, concave, with or without median foramen and commonly supported by short septum when foramen is absent. Long loop, cryptonelliform and with characteristic glossothyropsid development. TYPE-SPECIES.—Heterelasma shumardianum Gir- ty (1909:338, pl. 15: figs. 21, a-c [not fig. 22; not pl. 29: fig. 10 (= Glossothyropsis)]). DIAGNOSIS.—Small, scalelike shells with crypto- nelliform loop, strong median ridge in pedicle valve, and short septum supporting hinge plate. COMPARISON.—This genus is unique among the cryptonelliform brachiopods of the Paleozoic for its plano-convex profile, shallow pedicle valve but very deep brachial valve. For comparison with Texarina, its nearest relative, see under that genus. DISCUSSION.—This is one of the most easily iden- tified brachiopods in the Permian of West Texas because of the disproportionate size of the valves and the peculiar profiles. The pedicle valve is generally strongly convex in lateral profile and a transverse section through this valve generally makes a strong bow. The anterior profile, on the other hand, is almost flat or strongly concave. The NUMBER 24 2821 brachial valve lateral profile is generally nearly flat or slightly concave but the anterior profile is a high dome which fits as a lid over the pedicle valve. Heterelasma shares another feature with Texarina, i.e., its abruptly curved lateral margins. The flanks of the pedicle valve are bent at right angles, or nearly so, thus bringing the edges of the shells in contact along the lateral commissure. The apical structure of the pedicle valve of Heterelasma is like that of Texarina in having a small oval foramen, with the narrow part of the oval facing anteriorly. The beak ridges are strong and produce small points or tela on each side of the foramen. The deltidial plates are generally variable in the genus. In some species they are con- junct but the resulting deltidium is short and in- conspicuous. In other species they are disjunct and form small triangular plates one on each side of the foramen and lying against the umbonal slope of the brachial valve. The pedicle valve interior is characterized by the great development of the median ridge. In some specimens this originates near the beak but in others it appears to start on the anterior side of the delthyrial cavity. Regardless of where it origi- nates, the septum elevates anteriorly and extends in all species nearly to the anterior margin. It is highest at about midvalve in all species. No pedicle collar is formed in this genus. The teeth are gen- erally small and not greatly elongated. Another striking feature of the pedicle valve is the development of the dental plates. These are strong but are not usually bowed laterally as in Texarina, although H. lenticulare Stehli has them bowed. They are generally somewhat obliquely inclined toward each other and unite with the valve floor fairly close together and make two nearly parallel lines when viewed through the shell. The dental plates generally enclose the pos- terior end of the median septum or ridge. The floor of the valve, including the median ridge, if it extends into the delthyrial cavity, is commonly partially covered by a callus wash on the valve floor between the dental plates. Although traces of muscle attachment can be seen on this callus, no definite muscles could be resolved. The cardinalia of Heterelasma appear to be somewhat advanced over those of Texarina, the younger forms seem to have more advanced char- acters than the earlier ones. The socket ridges are strong and are inclined over the sockets, but the outer hinge plates have been completely elimi- nated. The loop extends directly from the socket ridge and is not held by an inner hinge plate, as in Texarina or the Dielasmatidae. The hinge plate is concave and appears to have grown at the anterior edge after reaching the adult stage. Early species have a well-developed apical foramen but the type- species and later forms have a short median sep- tum at the apex which supports the hinge plate. This small septum is confined to the chamber formed by the hinge plate and can generally be seen only in silicified specimens or in individuals that have been abraded at the beak. A median ridge is not formed if a foramen is present. The loop is long and bows laterally to fill the cavity of the valve. Both branches are also bowed toward the pedicle valve. The descending ribbon is moderately broad and the ascending branches are likewise fairly stout. The transverse ribbon bears a point directed dorsad where it changes direction from ascending to transverse. Both branches of the loop commonly bear numerous small spines. The development of the loop is like that de- scribed by Cooper (1957d) for Cryptacanthia. The early loop is centronelliform and with a long ech- midium. The anterior bud appears at this point and expands rapidly, while the connection be- tween the descending branches is resorbed and the branches of the loop freed. Heterelasma angulatum, new species PLATE 757: FIGURES 40-44; PLATE 772: FIGURES 1-4; PLATE 779: FIGURE 41 Large, widely subpentagonal and strongly sulci- plicate Heterelasma with well-rounded sides and apical angle of 82°. Lateral profile of pedicle valve moderately convex, that of brachial valve nearly flat. Sulcus of pedicle valve broad and shallow, with flanks sloping medially but no fold developed at anterior extremity. Brachial valve broadly keeled medially, keel dividing at about two-thirds distance from beak to form short shallow sulcus bounded by low, short costae. Beak suberect, fora- men small. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 2822 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 723v, specimen 154307a (holotype): length 12.4, brachial valve length 10.6, width 11.6, thickness 6.0, apical angle 82°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member). LOCALITIES.—USNM 714w, 723v, 727p. DIAGNOSIS.—Large, strongly shouldered Hetere- lasma. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154307a. Figured paratype: USNM 153412a. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153412b; 154307b. COMPARISON.—This species is most suggestive of H. concavum, new species, but differs in having brachial valve profile not concave, shoulders strong, and in its larger size, broader outline, more strongly pronounced sulciplication and generally deeper sulcus on the pedicle valve. Heterelasma concavum, new species PLATE 768: FIGURES 21-52; PLATE 771: FIGURES 32-45; PLATE 779: FIGURES 9-12 Medium size for genus, slightly longer than wide, outline broadly subpentagonal; sides gently rounded and tapering anteriorly; maximum width near midvalve; posterior margins rounded. Apical angle generally large. Anterior margin broadly to narrowly rounded. Anterior commissure usually strongly uniplicate but incipiently sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly and evenly curved in lat- eral profile, maximum curvature near midvalve; anterior profile strongly and broadly concave, flanks sloping medially. Umbonal region broad and flat, but remainder of valve forming broad, moderately deep sulcus prolonged anteriorly as broadly rounded to truncated tongue. Flanks flat and usually with- out narrowly incurved margins. Beak small; fora- men oval, telate, with disjunct and remnantal deltidial plates in adults. Brachial valve uneven in lateral profile, poste- rior half gently convex but anterior gently concave; anterior profile narrowly domed, with flattened keel and steeply sloping sides. Median keel extend- ing from umbo nearly to front margin, there slightly flattened or faintly concave to form scarcely visible depression (incipient sulcus). Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and short dental plates convergent in ventrad direction and meeting valve floor fairly close and parallel. Me- dian ridge moderately developed. Brachial valve interior with strongly elevated socket ridges and short concave hinge plate. Loop long, abundantly fringed by spines. Apex usually imperforate, minute septum supporting hinge plate. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 706 153395a 9.1 8.0 7.4 5.0-M 81 153395b 9.9 8.7 8.8 4.7-3.7 88 153395c 10.2 8.6 9.1 4.8-4.0 95 153395a 9.4 8.3 7.1 4.3-4.0 70 153395e 9.2 8.1 7.8 4.4-3.5 93 153395f 9.3 8.2 7.9 4.2-3.8 82 153395g 8.0 7.4 7.8 3.4-2.9 98 153395h 10.3 8.7 10.0 4.5-4.1 103 1533951 8.6 7.3 7.5 4.3-3.5 93 153395J 10.4 8.9 9.2 5.3-4.6 77 USNM 706e 153396a 9.1 8.3 6.9 4.4-3.5 76 (holotype) 153396b 9.9 8.8 7.7 4.9-4.1 79 153396c 10.3 9.3 7.6 4.6-3.9 74 153396a 10.4 8.8 7.8 4.8-4.0 72 153396e 10.8 9.6 9.5 5.4-4.3 88 153396f 6.8 6.2 5.7 3.0-2.8 84 USNM 706c 153397a 10.6? 9.9? 10.2 5.5-4.7 96 153397b 8.2 7.3 7.0 4.4-3.8 100 USNM 713 153398 8.8 7.8 8.5 4.0-3.6 112 USNM 728 153399a 10.4 9.2 9.5 4.4-4.0 90 153399b 8.9 7.8 7.1 4.2 68 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member), Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch members, and lens between the last two). LOCALITIES.—Getaway: AMNH 512, 585; USNM 728, 732. China Tank: USNM 706c, 713. Willis Ranch: AMNH 505, 506; USNM 706, 706e, 723t, 724u, 735c. Lens: 706b. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 719z. DIAGNOSIS.—Fairly large Heterelasma with bra- chial valve anteriorly concave in lateral profile and with deeply concave pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153396a. Figured par- atypes: USNM 123297; 153395b; 153396g-o, q-t; 154338a-c; 154339; 154350a; 154351a-g. Measured NUMBER 24 2823 paratypes: USNM 153395a-j; 153396b-f; 153397a, b; 153398; 153399a, b. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153395a, c-j; 153396a-f. COMPARISON.—This is a fairly large species some- what like H. shumardianum Girty and does not have the strongly emarginate anterior of the Gua- dalupe species. It is a much flatter shell than H. gibbosum, new species. It has some resemblance to H. angulatum in its flatness but it is not so strongly shouldered. Heterelasma contrerasi Cooper from Sonora is a more robust species which is much more strongly keeled on the bra- chial valve. anterior long and tapering with squarely truncated anterior margin. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154337. COMPARISON.—The only species that approaches this one in size is H. contrerasi Cooper from So- nora, Mexico. That species is smaller than H. con- tortum, has the maximum width at about midvalve, is less angulated laterally and anteriorly, and does not have the long tapering form of the Glass Mountains species. Heterelasma gibbosum, new species, is large and thick but does not have the angulated outline, great size, and the long, taper- ing, squared-off front of H. contortum. Heterelasma contortum, new species PLATE 767: FIGURES 66-70 Large for genus, longer than wide, pentagonal in outline, maximum width in posterior third; anterior long, tapering to narrowly truncated ante- rior margin. Posterolateral extremities forming an angle of 78°. Sides forming distinct shoulders. Widest slightly posterior to midvalve. Beak in- curved; foramen small, round, permesothyridid. Anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, with slight suggestion of parasulcation. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile but broadly and gently concave in anterior profile; sulcus broad and shallow, occupying most of shell except for beak and umbonal region. Flanks nar- rowly rounded, inconspicuous. Tongue long, straight-tipped. Brachial valve slightly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile narrowed, flat-topped dome with steep and spreading sides. Umbonal region nar- rowly swollen, leading to subcarinate fold which flattens anteriorly to form narrow flat-topped to slightly sulcate fold at anterior. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 702, specimen 154337 (holotype): length 17.9, brachial valve length 15.3, maximum width 14.3, thickness 9.5, apical angle 78°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 702. DIAGNOSIS.—Elongate pentagonal Heterelasma with maximum width posterior to midvalve and Heterelasma geniculatum Stehli PLATE 767: FIGURES 33-53 Heterelasma geniculata Stehli, 1954:355, pl. 27: figs. 30-33. Medium size for genus, longer than wide, with definite shoulders in the posterior part; outline subpentagonal, subangulated sides tapering toward anterior, front margin strongly bilobed. Anterior commissure strongly and narrowly sulciplicate; lateral commissure strongly bowed toward pedicle valve. Surface smooth except for anterior plication. Pedicle valve strongly and fairly evenly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile deeply concave, flanks forming narrow keels with steep slopes medially and also laterally. Umbonal region nar- rowly swollen; sulcus narrow and deep, originat- ing on umbonal slope and deepening to anterior margin, there forming long, narrow, serrate tongue. Flanks in young somewhat inflated and narrowly rounded, with short steep lateral slopes. Flanks in old specimens carinate, with fairly long lateral slopes and steep slopes to middle. Deltidial plates small and narrow, conjunct but obsolete in some specimens. Brachial valve with uneven but gentle convex- ity in lateral profile. Anterior profile forming high, narrowly rounded dome with steep slopes. Umbo- nal and median region gently swollen. Sulcus origi- nating near midvalve, deepening anteriorly to form small narrow tongue and bounded by nar- rowly rounded costae extending nearly to midvalve. Costae forming two anterior lobes. Flanks flat to somewhat concave on slopes. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth but strong 2824 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY and stout dental plates converging in ventrad direction to attach to valve floor on each side of median septum, which is thick and elevated. Height of septum emphasized by deep sulcation of exterior. Brachial valve interior with small concave hinge plate with fairly large apical foramen. Loop long, with broad descending lamellae. Complete loop not seen. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle SNM 728f length length width ness (') 153400a 9.7 7.8 8.2 6.6-5.9 80 153400b 8.3 7.2 7.1 4.8 80 153400c 6.0 5.2 5.5 3.3 93 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Lower Bone Spring Limestone Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 728f. DIAGNOSIS.—Compact, strongly convex Hetere- lasma with short sulcus in brachial valve fold, and thick median septum in the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Lectotype: AMNH 27333/1:1. Figured paratype: AMNH 27333/1:2. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153400a-c, e-i. Measured hypotypes USNM 153400a-c. COMPARISON.—This species is like H. sulcipli- catum, new species, but is thicker and has a stronger median septum. This is also stronger than the median septum in H. concavum, new species. The species is not so large or so thick as H. gib- bosum, new species, and also has a much stronger median septum than that species. Heterelasma gibbosum, new species PLATE 769: FIGURES 20-56 Medium size for genus, subelliptical to subpen- tagonal in outline, sides tapering toward anterior; sides rounded and maximum width near midvalve. Apical angle ranging from 50° to more than 80°. Anterior commissure uniplicate to incipiently sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, greatest curvature near midvalve; anterior profile broad but deeply concave medially, narrowly rounded flanks having steep or bulging sides. Beak long, erect, narrow. Foramen small; deltidial plates conjunct. Umbonal region narrowly and flatly convex; sulcus originating on anterior side of umbonal region, narrow, deepening anteriorly and extending to anterior margin, there forming long, narrow tongue. Anterior of tongue some- what flattened. Flanks bounding sulcus narrowly rounded to subcarinate, with strong lateral geni- culation and steep to somewhat bulging sides. Brachial valve nearly flat to gently convex in lateral profile but with umbonal region rounded; anterior profile narrow, somewhat keeled dome with steeply sloping sides. Umbonal region nar- rowly convex, passing into narrowly and strongly swollen median region; anterior flattened to trun- cated and with steep slope, flattening constitut- ing incipent sulcation. Flanks slightly swollen and steep. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and strong erect dental plates; median ridge moderately strong, extending into delthyrial cavity. Brachial valve with broad laterally inclined socket ridges and moderately long hinge plate per- forated by large foramen at apex. Fulcral plates broad and thick. Loop long, with a few spines at anterior extremities. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 702un 154343a 11.6 9.9 8.8 8.C 67 154343b 10.4 8.7 8.7 7.6-7.0 74 154343c 10.5 8.3 8.8 7.9 76 154343d 11.4 9.3 9.3 9.3-8.5 72 (holotype) 154343c 9.6 8.0 9.1 7.3-6.8 81 154343f 11.3 9.0 9.6 8.4-7.8 69 154343g 8.4 6.7 6.8 5.3-5.0 57 154343h 10.7 9.4 8.1 6.3-5.8 60 154343i 11.5 9.7 9.5 8.2-7.5 70 USNM 702a 154344a 10.9 9.1 8.8 8.3-7.5 73 154344b 11.3 9.5 8.5 7.3-7.0 63 154344c 10.3 8.5 8.2 7.8-7.4 71 154344c! 8.3 6.9 6.9 6.0-5.6 65 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation (Wedin Member). Skinner Ranch Formation. LOCALITIES.—Skinner Ranch: USNM 709a. We- din: USNM 7l4w. Cathedral Mountain: AMNH 500A, 500H, 500N; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702un, 703b, 703bs, 708, 721u, 731b, 733m, 735b. NUMBER 24 2825 DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized Heterelasma with short sulcus in brachial valve, strongly incurved beak, thick, and strongly sulcate. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154343d. Figured paratypes: USNM 154343i, j; 154344a-c. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 154343a-c, e-i; 154344a-d. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 154343a-h; 154344d. COMPARISON.—Heterelasma gibbosum is a thick and robust species which in these features is like H. contrerasi Cooper. It is, however, smaller and not so strongly keeled and has more incurved beak and shallower sulcus. Heterelasma glansfagea, new species PLATE 770: FIGURES 1-45; PLATE 767: FIGURES 54-65; PLATE 779: FIGURE 17 Small, with crescent-shaped cross section and subpentagonal outline; wider than long and taper- ing anteriorly; sides subangulated posteriorly to form definite shoulders; maximum width posterior to midvalve; anterior margin narrowly rounded; apical angle variable, generally greater than right angle. Anterior commissure strongly uniplicate; lateral commissure with a strong ventrad curva- ture. Surface completely smooth. Pedicle valve unevenly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity posterior to midvalve; ante- rior profile deeply concave, flanks sloping steeply medially. Umbonal region broad and flat; sulcus originating on anterior side of umbonal region, broad, shallow posteriorly, but deepening anteri- orly and extended as long narrow tongue. Fora- men small, telate; deltidial plates disjunct to con- junct, remnantal. Flanks sloping toward midvalve and valve margins not geniculated except in obese shells. Brachial valve flat to gently concave in lateral profile; anterior profile narrowly domed, with median region subcarinate and with strongly slop- ing flat to concave sides. Median angulation extend- ing from umbonal region to anterior margin, there forming narrow but poorly defined fold. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth, erect, subparallel dental plates with delthyrial cavity floor moderately thickened; median ridge moder- ately strong extending into delthyrial cavity. Brachial valve interior with thick, strongly in- clined socket ridges; crural bases extending from socket ridges, hinge plate delicate, perforate, or in late stages having foramen filled, in which case small septum may appear at apex and under hinge plate. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 702c 153403a 10.6 9.1 9.2 5.0-4.2 97 153403b 8.7 7.3 8.0 4.0-3.3 82 153403c 9.6 8.3 7.8 5.4-4.5 92 153403d 8.1 7.0 7.3 3.7-3.4 91 153403e 8.2 6.9 6.6 4.4-3.9 85 153403f 8.0 7.0 7.1 4.3-3.6 95 153403g 7.4 6.2 7.2 3.5-3.0 111 153403h 7.1 6.1 6.1 3.5-3.0 86 153403i 6.5 5.7 6.1 3.2-2.3 111 153403J 4.9 4.1 4.7 2.0-1.9 103 153403k 4.7 4.1 4.1 1.9-1.6 94 153403-1 3.7 3.1 3.5 1.4-1.2 95 153403m 8.7 7.5 7.8 4.1-2.9 88 153403n 7.3 6.2 6.6 3.5-2.9 96 153403o 8.3 7.0 7.4 4.1-3.3 97 153403p 7.6 6.8 7.1 3.8-3.0 94 153403q 7.0 6.1 6.4 3.1-2.8 83 153403r 7.7 6.6 7.4 4.5-3.6 95 153403s 8.4 7.4 6.9 4.2-3.5 87 USNM 721o 153404a 6.3 5.3 5.7 3.3-2.5 83 153404b 7.1 6.1 5.5 3.5-3.2 72 153404c 6.9 5.9 5.7 3.0-2.9 72 USNM 707e 153405a 9.1 8.3 8.0 4.3-3.6 90 153405b 8.8 7.8 7.7 4.0-3.9 90 (holotype) 153405c 7.7 6.6 6.2 3.2-2.8 78 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain and Road Canyon formations. LOCALITIES.—Cathedral Mountain: USNM 726o. Road Canyon: AMNH 509; USNM 702c, 703d, 706f, 707e, 710u, 710z, 720d, 721j, 721o, 721s, 721t, 722g, 724a, 726f. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, shallow, scalelike Heterelasma with broad, shallow sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153405b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153403e, i-1, n, t, v, x; 154336a, b; 154345; 154346; 154347a-c, e, f, h, j, 1, n. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153403a-s; 153404a-c; 153405a, c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153403a-d, f-h, m, o-s, w; 154347d, g, i, k. COMPARISON.—This scalelike species suggests H. shumardianum Girty in its smaller forms but it is very irregular in outline and does not have the 2826 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY strong anterior emargination of the Capitan species. It is similar to H. sulciplicatum, new species, but is more elongated, more anteriorly rounded, and is without the anterior emargination. Heterelasma magnum, new species PLATE 755: FICURES 19-25; PLATE 770: FIGURES 62-70 Medium size for genus, oval in outline and in- equivalve in profile, pedicle valve deeper; outline subtriangular to suboval; greatest width anterior to midvalve; sides rounded; anterior margin trun- cated. Beak narrow, with small telate, mesothyridid foramen. Deltidial plates completely visible, con- vex. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, with maximum convexity at midvalve, anterior somewhat flattened. Anterior profile a flattened, low dome concave medially but with short precipi- tous sides. Umbonal region narrow, flattened, and passing into broad low fold anteriorly extended into broadly rounded tongue. Flanks narrowly rounded, sides vertical. Brachial valve gently to flatly convex except at anterior, there narrowly geniculated in ventrad direction. Anterior profile a moderately high dome with steeply pitching sides. Umbonal and median regions somewhat narrowly swollen from umbo to anterior to form ill-defined fold. Flanks slightly convex, steep and flattened along margins; anterior margin strongly geniculated, forming broadly sul- cate flattened rim which receives the tongue of pedicle valve. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 724d 153456a 16.4 13.9 11.5 9.6 55 153456b 17.0 14.2 14.0? 10.8 60 153456c 18.0 14.7 13.6? 13.3 63 (holotype) STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 724d. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly humped Heterelasma with- out an anterior depression in the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153456c. Figured par- atypes: USNM 153456a, b, d. Measured paratypes: USNM 153456a, b. COMPARISON.—This species in form is unlike any other Heterelasma except perhaps H. gibbosum, new species, which is very much smaller and has a more narrowed anterior. H. gibbosum is unlike H. magnum in being strongly humped and in not having an anterior depression in the brachial valve. H. magnum is also less carinate than H. gibbosum from the same formation. DISCUSSION.—Only four specimens of this species are known; they occur with other bizarre terebra- tulids such as Notothyris planiplicata and Dielasma bellulum, new species. Heterelasma pentagonum, new species PLATE 769: FIGURES 57-75 Fairly large for genus, strongly pentagonal in outline, with wide shoulders almost equal to shell length slightly posterior to midvalve; apical angle large; anterior margin slightly bilobed. Sides sub- angulated and tapering anteriorly. Anterior com- missure strongly sulciplicate. Lateral commissure strongly bowed toward pedicle valve; brachial valve deep. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve with lateral profile unevenly con- vex, posterior half more convex; anterior profile broad and flat, median region slightly depressed. Umbonal region slightly convex; sulcus originating anterior to posterior third, broad and shallow, median line depressed, forming reentrant in ante- rior margin and serving as fold to oppose sulcus of brachial valve. Flanks broad and gently convex. Beak suberect; foramen small; deltidial plates remnantal. Brachial valve evenly and gently convex in lateral profile; anterior profile narrowly domed and crest slightly flattened. Sides flat to slightly concave and steeply sloping. Sulcus moderately deep, widening anteriorly, and originating in anterior third. Costae bounding sulcus low and short. Anterior slope long and gentle. Pedicle valve interior with strong median ridge. Brachial valve interior with short hinge plate without apical foramen, and with short median septum. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation NUMBER 24 2827 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 706e 153406a 12.2 10.4 10.8 7.0 86 153406b 10.8 9.3 9.9 6.1 84 (holotype) 153406c 9.6 8.6 8.2 5.1 74 (Willis Ranch and Appel Ranch members and lens between them). LOCALITIES.—Willis Ranch: USNM 706, 706e. Appel Ranch: USNM 719z. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly pentagonal, shallow sulcus, and moderately shouldered Heterelasma. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153406b. Figured paratypes: USNM 153406a, e-g. Measured para- types: USNM 153406a, c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153406d. COMPARISON.—This species suggests H. shumard- ianum Girty but it is not strongly emarginate as is that species. It also is like H. concavum, new species, but is more shouldered and not so strongly sulcate. It is flattish like H. angulatum, new species, but that species is widely shouldered and quite unlike H. pentagonum. Heterelasma quadratum, new species PLATE 770: FIGURES 46-53 Small, longitudinally oblong in outline, sides tapering slightly anteriorly; shoulders strong and posteriorly situated; sides nearly straight; apical angle broad. Anterior margin strongly bilobed. Anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve narrowly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity slightly posterior to midvalve. Anterior profile broadly and deeply concave, flanks narrowly rounded and steep. Umbonal region flatly convex; sulcus broad and deep, originating in posterior third and extending to anterior mar- gin; end of tongue deeply reentrant but no fold formed in sulcus. Flanks narrow and like costae. Brachial valve having flatly convex lateral pro- file, but anterior profile strongly and somewhat broadly domed and with steep lateral slopes. Um- bonal region narrowly swollen; sulcus long and narrow, originating on umbonal slope; anterior margin with small, narrow geniculated tongue between two strong lateral bounding costae which extend posteriorly beyond midvalve. Flanks flat- tened and steep. Interior unknown. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 728e, specimen 153407 (holotype): length 8.0, bra- chial valve length 7.0, width 7.4, thickness 5.0-4.7, apical angle 103°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Lower Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 728e, 728f, 728h. DIAGNOSIS.—Strongly shouldered, small Hetere- lasma with anterior deeply emarginate. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153407. Figured para- type: USNM 154348. COMPARISON.—This species is unlike all of the heterelasmas except H. shumardianum Girty in the strong emargination of its anterior. It is smaller than the latter species, is more humped, squarer, and more deeply sulcate. Heterelasma shumardianum Girty PLATE 768: FIGURES 53-63 Heterelasma shumardianum Girty, 1909:338, pl. 15: figs. 21a-c [not fig. 22, not plate 29: fig. 10 = Glossothyropsis]. Large for genus, broadly subpentagonal in out- line with subparallel sides and strong shoulders. Anterior margin bilobed. Apical angle 90° or more. Maximum width posterior to midvalve. Anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve unevenly convex in lateral profile, posterior part more rounded than anterior; ante- rior profile broadly and gently concave. Beak small, depressed; foramen small, telate. Deltidial plates remnantal. Umbonal region slightly swollen. Sul- cus broad and shallow, originating on umbonal region and extending to anterior, there flattening. Median fold in sulcus narrow and poorly defined. Flanks slightly swollen, sloping toward median line. Anterior margin with an angular reentrant, bounded by narrowly rounded lobes. Brachial valve with umbonal region narrowly subcarinate, carination extending to slightly ante- rior of midvalve; sulcus originating at end of cari- nate median elevation, narrow, angular, deepen- ing anteriorly; costae bounding sulcus protruding anteriorly, narrowly rounded and not reaching 2828 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY midvalve. Lateral slopes flat and steeply sloping. Pedicle valve with narrowly parallel, strong but short dental plates; median septum strong. Hinge plate short, thin, flat but imperforate and sup- ported by short median septum. Loop not seen. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USGS 2926, specimen 118584 (holotype): length 12.2, brachial valve length 11.0, width 10.0, thickness 5.4, apical angle 94°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Manzanita Member), Capitan Forma- tion, Bell Canyon Formation (Pinery, Hegler, Rader, and Lamar members). LOCALITIES.—Manzanita: AMNH 403. Hegler: USNM 731, 740c, 740d. Pinery: AMNH 33; USNM 733, 736, 748. Rader: USNM 725g, 740a, 740i, 740j. Lamar: USNM 728p, 728q, 738, 738b. Capitan: AMNH 847; USGS 2926 (green); USNM 725k, 725p, 728r, 737a, 739, 740, 740k, 740-1, 740n. DIAGNOSIS.—Flattish, wide Heterelasma with strongly bilobed anterior margin and apical me- dian septum in brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 118584. Paratype: USNM 118585. Figured hypotypes: USNM 154340a, c; 154341. COMPARISON.—The strong anterior emargination and large size of this species separate it from most of those known. It is unlike H. contrerasi Cooper, from the Monos Formation of Mexico, in its lesser depth and wider form as well as the emarginated anterior. Comparison with H. concavum, glans- fagea, pentagonum, and quadratum, all new, is made under those headings. DISCUSSION.—Girty based this genus and species on three specimens, one of which was queried as regards its affinities with the genus. We restrict the species to the holotype of the original lot and reject the small specimens (1909, pl. 15: fig. 22) and the silicified brachial valve. The small paratype is a different species, which also appears elsewhere in the Guadalupe Mountains. The silicified brachial valve was rejected from the species by Stehli (1954:355) as belonging to the genus Glossothy- ropsis. It is evident that Girty's description of a long median septum in the brachial valve of Heterelasma was derived from this silicified speci- men. Heterelasma shumardianum does have a median septum in the brachial valve but it is short and confined to the umbonal region. This species is an uncommon one and the collec- tion contains only a few good specimens. Further- more it has proved rare in the residues. Conse- quently much is still to be learned about it. The majority of specimens in the National Museum of Natural History are small, not larger than the holotype. One specimen however, from USNM 736, is only fragmentary but it is 14 mm long and has the same lateral dimension. It is broken at the anterior and must have had a length of at least 17 mm. Heterelasma solidum, new species PLATE 771: FIGURES 12-31 Small, subpentagonal to diamond-shaped, ante- rior tapering and narrowly rounded; sides sub- angulated near midvalve or slightly posterior thereto; apical angle variable. Lateral commissure with strong ventrad convexity; anterior commis- sure narrowly uniplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile varying from broadly and faintly convex to broadly and gently concave. Beak variable, elongated, suberect, with conjunct deltidial plates or with plates vestigial and disjunct. Umbonal region narrowly convex; median and anterior regions flattened to concave and forming shallow, broad sulcus and fairly long anterior tongue. Flanks inconspicuous, slightly inflated. Brachial valve with narrowly swollen umbonal region, swelling extending to anterior margin as low fold. Flanks flattened to slightly swollen. Pedicle valve interior with large teeth and strong median ridge extending into delthyrial cavity; dental plates strong, well separated. Brachial valve with short hinge plate, anteriorly concave and apically imperforate; median septum in apex small and inconspicuous. Loop long, outer edges fringed by short spines. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 706 153408a 7.0 5.9 5.8 3.8 87 (holotype) 153408b 6.4 5.2 5.5 3.7 77 153408c 6.3 5.1 5.4 3.3 83 153408d 6.1 5.2 5.2 3.0 87 153408e 5.8 4.8 4.8 2.7 81 153408f 5.5 4.6 4.7 2.3 81 NUMBER 24 2829 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members, and lens just above the latter). LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 716xa. China Tank: USNM 706c. Willis Ranch: USNM 706, 706e. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Heterelasma with poorly de- fined sulcus in pedicle valve and strong median septum. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153408a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153408c, e, g-k. Measured para- types: USNM 153408a-f. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153408b, d, f. COMPARISON.—This species need be compared only with the smaller species. It is smaller and more convex than H. glansfagea, new species, and is more narrowly rounded anteriorly. It is also more rounded in outline than H. venustulum Girty and is more sulcate than that species. It is unlike Heterelasma species 4, which is deeply sul- cate on both valves. Heterelasma sulciplicatum, new species PLATE 771: FIGURES 3-11 Small, rounded pentagonal in outline, anterior tapering gently and anterior margin gently bilobed. Sides roundly subangulated, with round shoulders near midvalve or slightly posterior thereto. Apical angle variable and usually large, 75° to 93°. Ante- rior commissure moderately to strongly sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve fairly evenly and moderately con- vex in lateral profile but flatly to moderately deeply concave in anterior profile. Umbonal re- gion and posterior third flat to flatly convex; sulcus originating anterior to posterior third of valve, broad and shallow to moderately deep, extended anteriorly as long blunt tongue. Anteromedian costa not developed, its place being taken by nar- row notch in anterior margin. Flanks bounding sulcus flatly concave, broad, and gently sloping medially. Brachial valve with uneven lateral profile, pos- terior part gently convex but anterior part slightly concave. Anterior profile narrowly domed but with crest forming a flattened keel and sides slop- ing steeply. Sulcus appearing in anterior third, moderately deep, short, and narrow; costae bound- ing sulcus short, narrowly rounded, and fading posteriorly into flattened flanks. Pedicle valve interior with moderately elevated median ridge. Brachial valve interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) MNH 492 153409a 9.0 7.5 8.0 4.7-4.3 93 (holotype) 153409b 7.8 6.7 7.0 4.1-3.8 74 153409c 7.8 6.8 7.1 3.8 81 153409d 8.3 7.2 7.5 4.6-3.5 80 153409e 7.2 6.2 6.4 3.2-3.0 85 153409f 5.9 5.0 5.6 2.6-2.5 83 153409g 4.6 4.0 3.9 2.1 75 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation (lower), "Reef lenses" of P. B. King within 50 feet of the base. LOCALITIES.—AMNH 492; USNM 728g. DIAGNOSIS.—Shallow, flattened Heterelasma with slightly notched anterior. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153409a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153409b, f, g. Measured para- types: USNM 153409b-g. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153409c-e. COMPARISON.—This species is reminiscent of H. glansfagea, new species, in its outline but it is thicker and more deeply notched anteriorly. It is not so strongly notched as H. shumardianum Girty, nor is it so large as that species. It is a rounder shell than H. concavum, new species. Heterelasma venustulum Girty PLATE 772: FICURES 19-21 Heterelasma venustulum Girty, 1909:339, pl. 15: figs. 23a-c, 24a, b. Shell small, elongate subpentagonal in outline, sides gently rounded and maximum convexity slightly posterior to midvalve. Sides tapering ante- riorly; front margin truncated. Anterior commis- sure sulciplicate; lateral commissure with strong convexity in a ventrad direction. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve fairly evenly and moderately con- vex in lateral profile; anterior profile nearly flat to gently concave with slight median depression 2830 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY and the sides narrowly rounded and steep. Umbo- nal region moderately swollen; sulcus originating on anterior side of umbonal region, broad and shallow but with deeper median line forming groove. Flanks bounding sulcus gently swollen. Anteromedian margin with slight fold in ventrad direction. Beak suberect. Brachial valve gently convex to flattened but with umbonal region somewhat more swollen; an- terior profile narrowly domed and with steep sides. Median region keeled nearly to anterior margin, where gentle, short sulcus is formed. Costae bound- ing sulcus low and short. Flanks slightly swollen but sloping steeply. Pedicle valve interior with strong median ridge. Brachial valve interior with short apical median septum visible through shell of apex. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From USGS 2926 lectotype USNM 118587a and from USNM 738 specimen 153410a, respectively: length 6.2, 7.3; brachial valve length 5.4, 6.0; width 5.0, 6.4; thick- ness 3.8, 4.9; apical angle 68°, 85°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Capitan Forma- tion and its equivalent in the Bell Canyon Forma- tion (Pinery, Hegler, Rader, and Lamar members) LOCALITIES.—Capitan: USGS 2926 (green); USNM 739. Pinery: USNM 725h. Hegler: AMNH 635. Rader: USNM 725f. Lamar: USNM 725e, 728p, 738, 738b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, thick, very shallow sulcus and elongate outline. TYPES.—Lectotype: USNM 118587a. Figured paratype: USNM 118587b. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153410a, b. Measured hypotype: USNM 153410a. COMPARISON.—See Heterelasma solidum, new spe- cies. A small species like H. venustulum in form. valve is moderately deep and bounded by strongly swollen and laterally narrowly curved flanks. A trace of sulcation is evident at the anterior of the brachial valve. The specimen measures 15 mm in length but some may be missing, perhaps .5 mm. The width is 11 mm and the thickness 9.7 mm. The apical angle is 65°. This species strongly suggests H. gibbosum, new species, but differs in having a much larger size, less deep sulcus on the pedicle valve, and is proportion- ately longer than H. gibbosum. Figured specimen: USNM 153411. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Top of Skinner Ranch Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 71 lz. Heterelasma species 2 Like the above, deeply sulcate on the ventral side and with narrowly rounded flanks but differ- ing in being very narrow. Described specimen: USNM 153394. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (Scacchinella zone) at base. LOCALITY.—USNM 720e. Heterelasma species 3 A small species suggesting H. sulciplicatum, new species, in outline but differing in having a deeper sulcus on the pedicle valve and narrowly rounded flanks. Described specimen: USNM 153414. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hess Formation (top). LOCALITY.—USNM 726n. Heterelasma species 1 PLATE 770: FIGURES 54-57 This species is represented by a single specimen which lacks the beak region. It is elongate, tapers strongly anteriorly to make a narrowly rounded anterior. The sides are moderately rounded, with distinct shoulders near midvalve. The lateral pro- file of the pedicle valve is strongly convex and that of the brachial valve gently convex. The anterior commissure is uniplicate; the sulcus of the pedicle Heterelasma species 4 PLATE 770: FIGURES 58-61 Four specimens indicate a small but distinctive species, subpentagonal in outline with sides sloping medially to form a very narrowly rounded ante- rior. Both valves are strongly sulcate and thus conspicuously emarginated. It is unlike either H. solidum, new species, or H. venustulum (Girty), which are close to it in size, in the great strength of the sulci on both valves. NUMBER 24 2831 Figured specimen: USNM 153413. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 702e, specimen 153413: length 8.5, brachial valve length 7.9, width 7.4, thickness 4.4, apical angle 102°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Hess Formation (Taylor Ranch Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 702e. Heterelasma species indeterminate Young, poor or otherwise indeterminate speci- mens of Heterelasma were seen at these localities: USNM 703b, 706, 706b, 712p, 720d, 721j, 725h, 726e, 726u, 728, 728g, 730, 731, 732a, 732j, 736x, 738g, 738-1; AMNH B188-8, 658, 678. Genus Texarina Cooper and Grant, 1970 Texasia Cooper and Grant, 1969:17. Texarina Cooper and Grant, 1970:579. Small to medium size, elongate subpentagonal to suboval in outline, valves strongly unequal in depth, brachial valve deeper; anterior commissure varying from rectimarginate in young through broadly uniplicate to sulciplicate. Beak small, erect; foramen small, oval, telate, nonlabiate, and with symphytium completely exposed. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve interior with small, delicate, elon- gate teeth, no pedicle collar; dental plates short, strong, gently convex laterally; median ridge low and poorly developed. Musculature not impressed. Brachial valve interior with erect, thin but strong socket ridges bounding elongate sockets; fulcral plates thick. Outer hinge plates inconspicu- ous attaching to outside of crural processes; crural bases narrow ridges; inner hinge plate a single piece, slightly concave and with long oval foramen at apex. Loop long, with the anterior extremities spinose; loop development as in Cryptacanthia and Heterelasma. No septum. TYPE-SPECIES.—Texasia oblongata Cooper and Grant (1969:17, pl. 5: figs. 7-9). DIAGNOSIS.—Elongate, slender, sulciplicate Cryp- tonellacea. COMPARISON.—This genus is externally compar- able to Cryptonella, Mimaria, and Heterelasma. Texarina is very similar to Cryptonella from the Devonian; that genus is lenticular in profile, and has a long tapering anterior, but is never sulcipli- cate as in Texarina. The strongly sulcate pedicle valve of Texarina is another significant difference between that genus and Cryptonella. This differ- ence is very strongly brought out when the ante- rior profiles of the two genera are compared; that of Cryptonella is a narrow transverse ellipse where- as that of Texarina is a broad triangle with the ventral side slightly concave. Mimaria is identical to Texarina in its outline, profile, and folding of the anterior commissure, but inside the dorsal valve it has a short loop, whereas that of Texarina is long and cryptonellid. Heterelasma and Texarina are not always easy to separate; this is especially true of the larger specimens of Heterelasma and the intermediate ones of Texarina. The latter genus is generally large and deep, with a rather carinate brachial valve, and it has an elongated and usually erect beak, whereas in Heterelasma the beak is fairly strongly incurved and the valve has a hump-backed appearance. Texarina does not have the humped- back profile and its sides are generally somewhat parallel. The more typical forms of Heterelasma are somewhat scalelike and usually more rounded than elongated. They are, moreover, usually de- pressed and thin shells. Internally the pedicle valve of Heterelasma has a strong median septum, usually stronger than that of Texarina, possibly because the pedicle valve of Heterelasma is usually more convex than that of Texarina. The anterior fold- ing or sulciplicate condition is usually stronger in Texarina than in Heterelasma but both are so folded. DISCUSSION.—See discussion under Texarina elongata. Texarina elongata, new species PLATE 772: FICURES 37-72; PLATE 773: FICURES 1-20 Notothyris sp. Girty, 1909:337, pl. 31: fig. 7. Average size for genus, narrowly oblong in out- line, widest near midvalve. Sides gently to moder- ately rounded; anterior margin narrowly truncated. Apical angle near 60°. Anterior commissure vari- able with age, ranging from broadly uniplicate in the young to sulciplicate. Exterior smooth except for costae developed by anterior folding. Pedicle valve fairly evenly and moderately con- 2832 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY vex in lateral profile; anterior profile flatly convex but with median region forming shallow depres- sion and sides narrowly rounded to margins. Um- bonal region narrow and flatly convex; median region gently concave; sulcus broad and shallow, originating posterior to midvalve and extending to anterior margin; anteromedian part of sulcus marked by low costa, producing an emargination at midvalve; anterolateral extremities narrowly rounded and prolonged. Beak erect; foramen small, telate; symphytium convex. Sides narrowly rounded to form narrow rim along lateral commissure. Brachial valve gently but unevenly convex in lateral profile and with anterior of old specimens strongly geniculated toward pedicle valve; ante- rior profile narrowly domed, almost subcarinate in some specimens and with nearly vertical sides. Um- bonal region narrowly swollen, swelling extending anteriorly as poorly defined fold; anterior slope marked by two broad costae receiving anterolateral points of pedicle valve. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth and bowed dental plates. Brachial valve interior with delicate socket ridges and nearly flat inner hinge plate having nearly straight or emarginate anterior margin; apical foramen elongate oval to elliptical. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness n USNM 706e 153418a 19.0 16.4 12.1 12.0 70 (holotype) 153418b 15.1 12.3 10.6 8.7 54 153418c 17.7 15.2 11.3 10.4 53 153418c! 18.0 14.8 12.3 11.0 64 153418c 15.0 12.7 12.0 7.8 60 153418f 16.3 13.8 12.2 8.8 66 153418g 16.6 14.0 12.1 8.6 61 153418h 14.0 11.8 10.6 7.0 64 153418i 14.7 12.8 10.1 7.6 59 153418j 12.3 10.9 8.7 5.6 59 153418k 14.3 12.6 11.1 8.0 79 153418-1 11.4 10.0 8.2 4.7 47 153421 14.6 12.8 10.4 8.3 60 USNM 706 153420a 19.3 17.0 11.4 11.5 65 153420b 18.3 15.7 11.8 10.3 69 USNM 706b 153419a 16.7 14.5 10.6 8.3 74 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation, Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Mem- ber), Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, Appel Ranch members, and lens between the last two). LOCALITIES.—Road Canyon: USNM 716xa. Geta- way: USNM 732. China Tank: USNM 706c, 713. Willis Ranch: USNM 706, 706e, 723t, 724u. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 719z, 722t, 727j. Lens: USNM 706b. DIAGNOSIS.—Oblong Texarina with deep valves and truncated front. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153418a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153418f, j; 153419a; 153420b; 154355a-e, g; 154356a-r, t, u. Measured paratypes: USNM 153418b-l; 153419a; 153420a, b; 153421. COMPARISON.—This species is readily distin- guished from T. oblongata, new species, by its smaller size, less emarginate anterior, and more nearly parallel sides. DISCUSSION.—This species is variable in form and the young are quite unlike the adult, espe- cially old and thick-shelled adults. Young speci- mens are elongate oval in outline, with the beak fairly elongated. The foramen is large and its size is emphasized in the small shells. It is oval in out- line with the tapering end of the oval pointing anteriorly and centering on the beak of the bra- chial valve. Deltidial plates are present in early stages but are disjunct until the individual reaches about 8 mm in length, when they become conjunct and start to restrict the foramen. The smallest specimens have a rectimarginate anterior commissure but by the time they have reached a length of 5 mm the commissure is notice- ably and broadly uniplicate. This condition exists until a length of 14 mm is reached, when the median part of the broadly rounded anterior of the brachial valve is depressed into a shallow nar- row sulcus. With growth, this deepens and a corre- sponding low fold or costa develops in the broad sulcus of the pedicle valve. With appearance of the sulcus and costae in the fold and sulcus, respec- tively, growth starts anteromedially and dorso- medially along the front margins, resulting in a steep but short anterior slope that produces the abrupt truncation of the anterior. At the other end of the shell the beak appears to shorten in relation to the length and the beak be- comes curved to a suberect and finally an erect condition. The symphytium also becomes convex NUMBER 24 2833 and elongated and is fully visible in the adult. In older shells the beak ridges are prominent and produce small points or tela on each side of the foramen, a very distinctive feature of the genus. The interior of the pedicle valve has elongated but small teeth with a free nub pointing posteri- orly. The dental plates are strong and well devel- oped, but when viewed from the anterior are dis- tinctly bowed and are gently convex outward. The proximal extremity of the dental plate where it attaches to the valve floor bears a groove and ridge ventrad to the tooth. These are accessory equip- ment in the articulation of the valves. The median ridge of the pedicle valve is seldom conspicuous and is usually a somewhat nebulous feature like the median ridge of Dielasma; in a few old speci- mens it is fairly thick but never attains much height. We were unable to identify any muscle scars in this valve. Another feature of the pedicle valve of consid- erable interest is the sharp change of direction of growth of the lateral margin, which turns abruptly at about a right angle to meet the edge of the bra- chial valve and greatly increases the thickness of this species. The anterior margin of the pedicle valve is generally strongly bilobed, with the low median costa of the exterior producing a deep emargination. The cardinalia of the brachial valve interior consist of a small hinge apparatus which supports a long loop. No cardinal process is present because the apex is occupied by a small foramen in most specimens. The socket ridges are slender, long, and inclined laterally over the elongate, troughlike sockets. The socket ridges are joined to the valve walls by strong fulcral plates. The outer hinge plates are a wash over the inside of the socket ridge, which attaches the crural base to the valve wall. This union is strengthened by a ridge deposited from the fulcral plate onto the outside surface of the triangular crural process. The crural base is a low ridge barely visible in the tissue of the inner hinge plate near the base of the socket ridge. The inner hinge plate is a thin, gently concave plate bridging the space between the crural bases. This shows a straight or concave anterior margin and growth lines parallel to the margin. The apex of the hinge plate is perforated at the apex by a small, generally longitudinally oval or elliptical foramen. In a few specimens this foramen is sealed. No supporting septum has been observed between the hinge plate and the valve floor. The loop has long descending branches that reach to the anterior quarter of the valve and then are sharply bent dorsally to form ascending branches which make a complete loop near the crural bases. The descending branches are gently bowed in a ventrad direction. The anterolateral extremities of the loop are usually marked by a tuft of fairly strong spines. Almost the full story of the development of the loop is told by specimens from USNM 706 and 706e. Development of the Loop: The smallest speci- men preserving the loop is 2.5 mm in length. The loop is in the centronelliform stage, with a short echmidium between the two branches and jutting a short distance in an anteroventrad direction. The next stage is 3.0 mm long; the loop branches are fairly broad, the echmidium is fairly protuberant anteriorly, and the beginning of a hood or ring appears. This is narrow and the sides are close to- gether with the posterior narrowly closed. Between 3 and 5 mm the hood becomes narrowly elongated, with a small thin posterior transverse band. The anterior ends of the hood are elongated into proc- esses with a narrow space between. At 5 mm of length the loop has broad descending branches which form a broad plate pointed toward the ante- rior. On the midline of this plate is the hood, which is in the form of a small oval cup, narrowed at the front and with a narrow transverse band across the posterior side. On the anterior edge of the descending branches where they join, several long spines are located. A critical time for the development of the loop appears at 5 mm of length, because specimens be- tween 5 and 7 mm are somewhat variable in devel- opment. One specimen 6 mm in length shows the hood widened into an open ring but the anterior ends of the descending branches are still united. Another specimen of 5 mm, from which the hood has been broken away, shows the broad anterior plate, but it is only united at the very front, from which the hood has been broken, and at the rear. Thus, the resorption of the loop is taking place in the median part of the echmidium or attach- ment place of the hood. Another specimen 6 mm long shows the hood now transformed into a fairly broad ring and the anterior part of the echmidium cleaved by resorption but the posterior part still 2834 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY tying the descending branches together. At 7 mm the descending branches of the loop have been freed and the loop is essentially in the adult condition. At this length, however, it still retains medially directed points representing the incompletely re- sorbed attachment. A specimen slightly less than 10 mm in length exhibits the long descending branches still preserving a trace of the attachments in blunt points. This specimen also shows the tuft of spines at the anterior ends of the loop where the descending branches reverse their direction. Development of the Hinge Plate: In the young- est specimens the crural bases are supported by delicate inner hinge plates that are oblique and attach to the valve floor but are widely separated; with growth of the shell these plates gradually grow together and rise above the floor. A dorsal valve 3 mm long shows the plates united but deeply concave. Another, 3.5 mm long, shows the plates united and forming a plate like that of the adult. Presence of an apical foramen in these young hinge plates appears to be sporadic. One small specimen indicates a minute hole, but several of the others have none. Specimens greater than 5 mm in length possess, in most cases, a foramen but it is variable in size. Texarina oblongata Cooper and Grant PLATE 772: FIGURES 23-36 Texasia oblongata Cooper and Grant, 1969:17, pl. 5: figs. 7-9. Large, elongate, subelliptical to narrowly oval in outline; sides broadly rounded; greatest width near midvalve; anterior margin bilobed, narrowly rounded to subnasute; apical angle near 60°. Ante- rior commissure strongly sulciplicate. Surface smooth, except for the anterior fourth or fifth. Pedicle valve strongly and fairly evenly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile broadly convex but the median region broadly depressed and the sides narrowly rounded and with short steep slopes. Umbonal region flatly convex; median region gently concave, with the concavity extending to anterior margin. Median region in anterior quarter marked by strong costae, causing reentrant in anterior margin. Flanks narrowly rounded to sub- carinate anteriorly and steep-sided. Beak small, oval, and with strong beak ridges. Brachial valve evenly and gently convex in lat- eral profile, subcarinate in anterior profile with narrowly rounded crest and steeply dipping slopes. Umbonal region narrowly convex, swelling extend- ing anteriorly to front margin to form fold. Me- dian fifth to quarter of fold marked by deep, nar- row sulcus forming narrowly rounded tongue. Flanks slightly convex, steep. Pedicle valve interior with strong, bowed dental plates. Hinge plate long and concave, with long narrowly elliptical foramen. Loop long, convex in ventrad direction, very narrowly curved at anterior and extending posteriorly nearly to hinge plate and closely appressed to descending part. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 706 12.9 15.7 61 23.8 27.4 153415 (holotype) 66 15.9 8.7 20.0 23.2 153416 USNM 706e 153417 55 13.1 11.4 21.8 19.5 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank and Willis Ranch members). LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 706c. Willis Ranch: USNM 706, 706e. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Texarina, long and slender, and with the costation confined to the anterior fifth. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153415. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153416; 153417; 154354a, c. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153416, 153417. COMPARISON.—This is the largest known species of the genus, and is readily distinguished from T. elongata, new species, and T. wordensis (R. E. King) by its strongly sulcate and less carinate an- terior of the brachial valve. Texarina parallela, new species PLATE 764: FIGURES 64-68 Large for genus, elongate, pentagonal in outline, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin slightly emarginate and posterolateral margins forming angle of 64°. Beak suberect. Anterior com- missure sulciplicate; lateral commissure strongly bowed ventrally. Surface smooth. NUMBER 24 2835 Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, but broadly and deeply concave in anterior profile. Sulcus originating near beak and extend- ing to anterior margin as broad depression; flanks very narrowly convex. Brachial valve very gently convex in lateral profile, forming steep-sided, very narrowly rounded dome. Median region from umbo to midvalve narrowly convex and forming fold; median region from midvalve to anterior margin marked by narrow and moderately deep sulcus. Sides flattened and very steep. Interior not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 732j, specimen 154329 (holotype): length 14.8, brachial valve length 12.7, width 9.6, thickness 9.4, apical angle 64°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Road Canyon For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 732j, 726d, 736x. DIAGNOSIS.—Elongate Texarina, parallel-sided and with the thickness about equal to the width. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154329. COMPARISON.—This species strongly suggests Glossothyropsis rectangulata, new species, but the relative convexity of the valves is reversed, Glosso- thyropsis having a very deep pedicle valve. It also suggests T. elongata, new species, but is more parallel-sided, has a deeper brachial valve, and median depression at the anterior of the brachial valve. Texarina paucula, new species PLATE 775: FIGURES 61-71 Small, elongate and narrowly oval in outline; sides moderately rounded; anterior margin nar- rowly rounded. Anterior commissure strongly uni- plicate. Maximum width at midvalve. Beak long, narrow, suberect; foramen small, oval, telate; meso- thyridid, Deltidium conjunct; deltidial plates thick. Surface with growth lines only. Pedicle valve slightly shallower than brachial valve; strongly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity near midvalve; anterior profile low, flat- tened dome with short steep sides and slightly me- dially depressed sulcus. Umbonal region narrow; sulcus originating on umbonal region, narrow, shallow but extending to anterior margin; tongue long. Flanks bounding sulcus narrowly swollen. Brachial valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral profile; anterior profile narrow tapering dome with narrow crest and steep sides; beak long and narrow; median region swollen from umbo to anterior margin to form ill-defined fold. Flanks convex and very steep. Pedicle valve interior with fairly large teeth, strong dental plates convergent anteroventrally, and low median ridge. Brachial valve with cryp- tonellid cardinalia having strong socket ridges, slightly developed outer hinge plates but inner hinge plates bridging gap between crural bases. Descending lamellae short; crural processes well developed, remainder of loop not seen. No me- dian septum or ridge. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 702, specimen 153452 (holotype): length 6.7, bra- chial valve length 5.5, width 4.8, thickness 4.8, apical angle 70°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 702. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, elongate, thick Texarina with elongated beak. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153452. COMPARISON.—This is an aberrant species char- acterized by its small size which, together with the lack of anterior folding, distinguishes it from all other texarinas. Remnants of the loop indi- cate a long loop and the long beak and elongate tapering outline suggest Texarina rather than Heterelasma. Texarina solita, new species PLATE 774: FIGURES 57-63 Small for genus, elongate subpentagonal in outline, maximum width somewhat posterior to midvalve; sides gently rounded; anterior margin truncated. Apical angle near 60°. Anterior com- missure faintly sulciplicate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve moderately and fairly evenly con- vex in anterior profile but umbonal region some- what more convex; anterior profile nearly flat or slightly concave, sides narrowly rounded and steep. Beak elongated, suberect; umbonal region narrowly rounded; median region flattened; sul- cus poorly defined, broad and shallow but with median depressed line; anterior margin trun- 2836 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY cated. Flanks slightly swollen and with sides abruptly and narrowly rounded to meet lateral commissure. Brachial valve very gently convex in lateral profile; narrowly domed in anterior profile, crest subcarinate and sides descending steeply. Median region narrowly swollen from umbo nearly to anterior margin, there a short but steep anterior slope developed by slight median depression. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth, short dental plates, and poorly defined median ridge. Brachial valve interior with stout, thick socket ridges inclined over sockets. Inner hinge plate strong, concave, with anterior reentrant, and narrow, elongate foramen. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 728, specimen 153425 (holotype): length 13.6, brachial valve length 11.6, width 9.3, thickness 6.0, apical angle 60°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cherry Canyon Formation (Getaway Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 728. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Texarina with slight devel- opment of pedicle valve sulcus and only faint sulciplication. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153425. COMPARISON.—This is a small, elongate species, much larger than T paucula, new species, but smaller than all other described species. Its elon- gate beak and rounded sides distinguish it from T. parallela and elongata, both new. Texarina wordensis (R. E. King) PLATE 771: FIGURES 1, 2; PLATE 773: FIGURES 21-42; PLATE 774: FIGURES 1-56; PLATE 775: FICURES 55-60 Dielasma problematicum wordense R. E. King, 1931:131, pl. 44: figs. 16a-e. Average size for genus, longer than wide; dia- mond shape to subpentagonal in outline; greatest width variable but generally near midvalve; sides broadly rounded to somewhat angulated at maxi- mum width; anterior margin narrow, truncated. Apical angle variable, ranging from 50° to 80°. An- terior commissure variable, broadly uniplicate in young to sharply sulciplicate in old adults. Surface smooth except for anterior costation. Pedicle valve with variable lateral profile from fairly evenly and moderately convex to somewhat narrowly humped; anterior profile moderately to deeply concave but with sides elevated and nar- rowly rounded to form short steep slopes. Beak suberect to erect, with sharp beak ridges; foramen small, strongly telate. Umbonal region gently con- vex. Sulcus originating on anterior slope of umbo- nal region, broadening and deepening anteriorly but flattening at anterior in old adults. Sulcus at anterior margin with moderately deep emargina- tion representing median costa, or with low costa usually barely perceptible. Flanks narrowly ele- vated, subcarinate. Brachial valve evenly and gently convex in lat- eral profile but narrowly domed and with subcari- nate keel in anterior profile; lateral slopes precipi- tous. Median region broadly keeled from umbo nearly to anterior margin, there shallow median sulcus developing, itself bounded by strong rounded costae. Old specimens with short but steep anterior slope representing folded part. Pedicle valve interior with strong, bowed dental plates and moderately developed, low median ridge. Brachial valve interior with variable hinge appa- ratus, apical foramen varying from nonexistent to wide and triangular but usually large and oval; socket ridges strongly elevated, inclined laterally; crural bases broad; hinge plate thin, moderately concave, connecting inner edges of crural bases; loop long, with wide ribbons bowed toward pedi- cle valve; ascending branch narrow, situated inside outer branches and with broad ribbons; anterior angle of loop tufted with long spines. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Cathedral Moun- tain (Wedin Member) and Road Canyon forma- tions. LOCALITIES.—Wedin: USNM 700x, 714w. Cathe- dral Mountain: AMNH 500C, 504; USNM 702, 702a, 702b, 702ent, 702-low, 702un, 703a1, 703b, 703bs, 708, 709o, 726o, 735b. Road Canyon: AMNH 507; USNM 702c, 703a, 703c, 706f, 710u, 712t, 719x, 720d, 721j, 721o, 721s, 721t, 721x, 721y, 721z, 723a, 724a, 724b, 724j, 726d, 732j. DIAGNOSIS.—Narrow Texarina with moderate thickness and subcarinate brachial valve. TYPES.—Holotype: T 10312. Figured hypo- types: USNM 153422a, c, e, h, j, 1; 153424a; 153426b, c, h; 153428b; 153429a, d; 153430; 154349a, b; 154357; 154358c-i; 154359a-c; 154360a, c, e, m-p; 154361a, b. Measured hypotypes: USNM 153422a-i; NUMBER 24 MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 702a 153422a 21.0 18.9 13.8 10.4 79 153422b 17.2 15.3 11.8 7.7 68 153422c 16.4 14.8 11.4 7.4 62 153422d 13.6 12.0 9.4 5.6 70 153422e 10.7 9.7 7.6 4.0 70 153422f 8.7 7.8 6.5 3.1 69 153422g 7.5 6.5 5.7 2.8 63 153422h 6.2 5.6 4.8 2.3 65 153422i 17.5 15.5 12.3 7.7 67 USNM 702 153423 17.0 15.2 11.1 7.8 69 USNM 702un 153424a 21.6 18.0 14.0 12.2 69 153424b 16.2 14.3 10.8 8.1 69 153424c 12.7 11.4 8.9 5.0 62 USNM 702c 153426a 19.6 16.8 14.3 10.3 78 153426b 20.2 17.8 13.3 11.7 75 153426c 19.6 16.9 13.3 10.5 70 153426d 18.6 15.5 11.2 9.7 49 153426e 19.1 16.9 12.8 9.0 70 153426f 17.2 15.4 12.8 8.2 67 153426g 17.9 15.5 11.7 8.0 51 153426h 16.9 14.9 11.4 8.5 60 153426i 15.6 13.7 11.7 8.2 75 153426J 13.2 11.5 10.5 6.7 82 153426k 11.5 10.4 8.7 4.6 79 153426-1 11.5 10.0 9.0 5.1 74 153426m 7.5 6.7 6.1 2.8 73 153426n 7.1 6.5 5.7 2.9 74 153426o 7.6 6.3 5.7 2.7 65 153426p 6.2 5.5 5.0 2.2 71 153426q 5.2 4.7 4.0 2.1 59 153426r 4.1 3.6 3.2 1.5 59 153426s 3.9 3.6 3.1 1.4 68 USNM 721o 153427a 17.0 14.7 13.2 8.8 79 153427b 17.2 15.5 12.5 8.3 73 USNM 703a 153428a 20.1 17.8 12.5 9.7 60 153428b 17.7 15.0 12.3 8.3 74 153428c 17.4 15.5 11.7 8.3 59 USNM 7l9x 153429a 19.7 17.0 13.5 11.2 77 153429b 18.7 16.3 14.0 10.0? 70 153429c 17.5 15.4 12.1 8.8 71 153429d 11.1 9.8 7.8 4.0 71 USNM 721j 153430 17.8 16.0 12.2 7.5 682837 153423; 153424a-c; 153426a-s; 153427a, b; 153428 a-c; 153429a-d; 153430. COMPARISON.—This species with its tapering anterior is unlike the parallel-sided T. elongata and T. parallela, new species. It is nearest T. elongata but differs in having a shallower pedicle valve, deeper anterior sulcus in the brachial valve, and the adult has a larger shell. The locality given for this species by R. E. King is T144: "Word: mostly below middle Word am- monoid horizon. Bowman's section 2.5 miles up valley from Hess Tank." Ambiguity arises as to which Hess tank is referred to. If the locality is north of the Hess Ranch in Hess Canyon, the dis- tance will clearly place the locality near or below the mouth of Road Canyon. If this be correct, the specimen most certainly must have come from the Road Canyon Formation, as the species is common only at this level. It most certainly could not have come from higher in the Word where the genus is plentiful enough but the species are quite dif- ferent. Subfamily CRYPTACANTHIINAE Stehli, 1965 Pedicle valve large and bulbous; brachial valve flatly to gently convex; anterior commissure sul- cate; pedicle valve with dental plates; brachial valve with undivided, occasionally perforate, hinge plate; loop long, with narrow descending lamellae with broad-banded transverse ribbon joining the ascending lamellae; loop development from cen- tronella stage, through cryptacanthiform stage to glossothyropsiform stage. Genera in West Texas: Cryptacanthia White and St. John, 1867; and Glossothyropsis Girty, 1934. The two genera forming this family are usually rare but may occur in great abundance, e.g., that of Cryptacanthia along Grapevine Canyon Road in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Glossothyropsis is a rare shell and is often found crushed, especially in the Appel Ranch Member. The loop development of Glossothyropsis is one stage advanced from that of Cryptacanthia in the complete freeing of the descending lamellae of the loop. The development of the loop is like that of the Cryptonellinae except that the latter subfamily does not develop a hooded loop like that of Glossothyropsis. 2838 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Genus Cryptacanthia White and St. John, 1867 Cryptacanthia White and St. John, 1867:119.—Dunbar and Condra, 1932:306.—Cooper, 1957d: 1-18.—Williams et al., 1965:H752. This genus has been amply discussed in detail by Cooper (1957d) in his monograph on its loop development. It is important to make clear the difference between Cryptacanthia and Glossothy- ropsis which are such close homeomorphs. The exteriors of the two genera are closely similar, but Cryptacanthia is usually more angular and the folds and sulci are more exaggerated than in Glos- sothyropsis. The chief difference between the two is in the cardinalia of the brachial valves. In Cryptacanthia the hinge plate is like that of Texarina and Heterelasma, a single, concave to nearly flat plate perforate at its apex and bridging the gulf between the crural bases. The hinge plate is not supported by a median septum except in the later species and in adult shells. The septum, when present, is small and is a secondary feature of the shell confined to the apex. This is an entirely different cardinalia than those of Glossothyropsis in which the median septum is a feature of the young shell and is intimately grown with the socket ridges and hinge plates, but does not participate in the development of the loop. The loops of the two genera are similar but have some minor differences. The descending elements of the Cryptacanthia loop become independent at a very late stage in their development. Further- more, the ascending elements are more hoodlike than those of Glossothyropsis, which form a wide broad-ribboned ring in the late stages. Cryptacanthia glabra, new species PLATE 775: FIGURES 29-44 Thin, large for genus, slightly wider than long, rounded pentagonal in outline with anterior and posterior sides nearly equal; sides tapering; apical angle large; shoulders rounded and located near midvalve. Anterior commissure sulcate. Surface smooth and contours rounded. Pedicle valve fairly evenly and moderately con- vex in lateral profile; anterior profile moderately domed, crest slightly swollen and flanks sloping off moderately. Umbonal and median regions fairly strongly swollen, swelling narrowing ante- riorly into rounded fold; flanks gently swollen and depressed fairly strongly in anterolateral regions. Beak short, suberect; foramen oval, fairly large; deltidial plates conjunct and deltidium visible. Brachial valve with lateral profile evenly and gently convex; anterior profile evenly, broadly, and gently convex. Posterior third moderately swollen; sulcus originating just posterior to midvalve, shal- low and narrow, but deepening and widening anteriorly, fairly strongly geniculated in young but only slightly in old shells. Flanks moderately swollen and lateral slopes gentle. Pedicle valve interior with short stout dental plates partly obscured by filling of umbonal cavi- ties. Muscle impressions in a deep pit, adductor scars central and margined anterolateral^ by elon- gate diductor scars lying mostly anterolateral to adductors. Brachial valve interior with small cardinalia having elements well fused; socket ridges small and outer hinge plates not identifiable; inner hinge plate short, anteriorly concave and with large apical foramen. Loop not seen. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 728f 153431a 8.1 7.0 8.3 4.6 95 (holotype) 153431b 9.0 8.1 8.5 4.7 91 153431c 9.6 8.7 10.0 5.4 113 153431d 8.1 7.0 8.2 4.0 90 USNM 728h 153433a 3.9 3.3 3.9 1.6 90 153433b 7.5 6.6 7.7 3.6 84 USNM 728e 153432d ? 12.0 13.7 ? ? STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bone Spring For- mation. LOCALITIES.—USNM 728e, 728f, 728h. DIAGNOSIS.—Large Cryptacanthia with shoulders at midshell, when viewed from the ventral side, and with rounded contours. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153431a. Figured paratypes: USNM 15343Id. Measured paratypes: USNM 153431b-d; 153432d; 153433a, b. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153431b, c; 153432; 153433a, b. COMPARISON.—The gentle contours and low thickness of this species distinguish it from all NUMBER 24 2839 other described cryptacanthias. The two Pennsyl- vanian species described by Dunbar and Condra (1932) are much thicker and are strongly keeled on the pedicle valve. Cryptacanthia prolifica Cooper is a smaller shell but it has softer contours and a gentle fold and sulcus. Its fold is broader, less pronounced than that of C. glabra, and is flat- tened to slightly sulcate at the anterior end. The other Bone Spring species, C. sinuata (Stehli), is so strongly folded and the flanks depressed so deeply below the level of the fold that no compari- son is possible or necessary. DISCUSSION.—The material of this species is not entirely satisfactory because of gaps between the various sizes. The species is extremely rare, as are most other terebratulids in this part of the Bone Spring Formation. The younger specimens have fairly strongly developed fold and sulcus but with increasing age and size these become softer and less pronounced if the series of specimens is correctly interpreted. Specimens from USNM 728e are larger than any other Cryptacanthia hitherto re- ported and are larger than the largest specimens from other localities in the Bone Spring. This bra- chial valve (USNM 153432d) when compared with that of USNM 154431c from USNM 728f proves to have the same proportions and the inte- riors are the same. They are unquestionably Cryptacanthia because of their perforate and un- supported inner hinge plate. The resemblance of these large shells to Glossothyropsis is indeed striking. Fragments of large pedicle valves presumably of this species, because part of a dorsal valve with characteristic cardinalia is attached, show definite traces of the musculature and the position of the scars. The adductor scars are narrowly elliptical in outline and lie in a pit just anterior to the ends of the dental plates. The diductor scars lie in front of these and to the side but outside the adductor pit. They are somewhat misshapen pyriform in outline. Cryptacanthia sinuata (Stehli) PLATE 774: FIGURES 45-54 Glossothyropsis sinuata Stehli, 1954:356, pl. 27: figs. 23-26. Small for genus, wider than long and transversely pentagonal in outline; posterior margin long and sloping; shoulders near midvalve; sides short and slightly rounded. Anterior margin truncated; ante- rior commissure strongly sulcate. Pedicle valve with moderately convex lateral profile; anterior profile 3-lobed dome, median lobe highest and narrowly rounded, lateral lobes de- pressed. Beak suberect, not greatly incurved; fora- men small; beak ridges angular. Umbonal region moderately convex; fold originating on umbonal slope, well rounded and elevated above flanks; lateral slopes of fold steep. Flanks bounding fold convex, rounded but strongly depressed in antero- lateral region. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile but with tongue geniculated in ventrad direction; anterior profile broadly and gently convex; umbo- nal region moderately convex, posterolateral slopes descending fairly strongly toward posterior mar- gins. Sulcus originating at midvalve, narrow and deepening rapidly and bending at right angle as long, narrow blunt tongue. Flanks moderately swollen on each side of the sulcus but with moder- ate slopes to margin. Pedicle valve interior with long, slender dental plates. Brachial valve interior with small socket ridges and outer hinge plates attaching crural bases to it. Hinge plate small, anteriorly convex but with reentrant anterior margin. Apical fora- men unusually large. Loop long, descending branches free and ascending elements with wide bands. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 728f 153434a 6.3 5.5 6.8 4.3 111 153434b 5.7 4.9 6.9 4.2 117 153434c 5.6 4.7 6.3 4.0 94 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Lower Bone Spring Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 728f. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, wide, strongly folded Cryp- tacanthia. TYPES.—Holotype: AMNH 27332. Figured hy- potypes: USNM 153434a, b, d, e. Measured hypo- types: USNM 153434a-c. COMPARISON.—This species is unlike any other in the exaggerated strength of its folding and the strongly depressed flanks of the pedicle valve. 2840 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Cryptacanthia compacta (White and St. John) and C. whitei Dunbar and Condra are elongate species, very thick and with keeled pedicle valves quite unlike the wide C. sinuata (Stehli). The Bone Spring species is also unlike C. prolipca Cooper from the Magdalena Limestone, which is also elon- gate but which has more gentle folding. DISCUSSION.—As is Cryptacanthia, in most locali- ties this is a rare species. It is small and easily overlooked. No complete loop was etched from this species but two individual specimens were prepared under controlled conditions. Unfortun- ately the loop in each was broken. Parts of these were recovered which showed the nature of this structure: the slender but stout descending ele- ments and the broadly ribboned ascending parts. Small spines appear on the anterior parts of both of these. Cryptacanthia species 1 Two sulcate brachial valves from the Skinner Ranch Formation (Poplar Tank Member) are re- ferable to Cryptacanthia because of their unsup- ported and perforate hinge plate. The specimens are fairly large for the genus and the soft outlines and shallow sulcus suggest C. glabra, new species, but they are longer than wide. The median sep- tum of one of the specimens is fairly thick and high but it loses height and strength posteriorly and does not support the hinge plate. The latter is perforated by a large foramen and the part of the plate anterior to the foramen is narrow and anteriorly reentrant. Described specimens: USNM 153435. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Skinner Ranch Formation (Poplar Tank Member). LOCALITY.—USNM 707ha. DISCUSSION.—The two are the youngest members of this genus now known and are the only repre- sentatives found in the Glass Mountains. It is inter- esting to note that they occur at a horizon at which a number of other Pennsylvanian elements make their last appearance. Genus Glossothyropsis Girty, 1934 Glossothyropsis Girty 1934:251.—Cooper, 1953:72.—Stehli, 1954:356.—Williams et al., 1965:H753. Fairly large, attaining length of about 20 mm; outline subquadrate, pentagonal to suboval; valves strongly unequal in convexity and depth, pedicle valve deeper and more convex. Anterior commis- sure strongly sulcate. Beak suberect to erect with sharp and prominent beak ridges producing tela; foramen small, oval. Deltidial plates conjunct and completely visible. Pedicle valve with interarea. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve interior with large teeth having thick bases but small points; no pedicle collar. Dental plates strong and vertical. Muscle marks vague. Brachial valve interior with complicated cardi- nalia; socket ridges moderately wide, moderately thick plates inclined laterally over elongated soc- kets; fulcral plates wide and thick. Crural bases attached to socket ridge by broad outer hinge plate forming shelf bridging crural base and ventrad edge of socket ridge. Inner hinge plates separate in early stages of growth but growing medially to form complete, undivided inner hinge plate in adulthood. Median septum strong, thick, elevated and extending from beak anteriorly to beyond mid- valve. Loop long, cryptonelliform, abundantly fringed laterally. Diductor muscles attached in apical pit. Adductor scars elongate. TYPE-SPECIES.—Cryptacanthia ? robusta Girty, (1934:249, plate-figs, (on p. 264) 1-7). DIAGNOSIS.—Sulcate and strongly inequivalve and having a long cryptonelliform loop. COMPARISON.—See Cryptacanthia for discussion of nearest relative. DISCUSSION.—The external form of Glossothy- ropsis is very distinctive and generally uncommon, with its bulbous pedicle valve but shallow and flattened brachial valve. The reversal of the usual convexity and depth of brachiopod valves has taken place many times in different stocks. Among the terebratulids this has occurred from the De- vonian, when they originated, to recent times. Similar homeomorphs appear also among the rhynchonellids, especially among the smooth ones that occur in post-Paleozoic rocks and the Recent seas. Glossothyropsis when viewed from the dorsal side is rather more quadrate than oval but seen from the side the difference in depth and concav- ity of the valves is very striking. The brachial valve is variable, in some species being almost concave but in others definitely convex. The pedicle valve is somewhat keeled in the NUMBER 24 2841 umbonal region, the narrow swelling widening anteriorly and finally producing a poorly defined fold at the anterior margin. The fold is emphasized by the steep folding of the sides of the valve which produce a deep reentrant into which the tongue of the brachial valve is inserted. The beak is gen- erally suberect in the young but erect in adults and strongly incurved. The strong beak ridges produce small points, tela, on each side of the foramen, which is closed by conjunct deltidial plates. An- terior to the beak and the beak ridges is a broad smooth interarea, an unusual development in the terebratulids. Inside the brachial valve stout and vertical den- tal plates support strong teeth. These have thick bases that stand out from the delthyrial margin and bear small points that are directed postero- medially. Stehli (1954:356) speaks of the adductor scars being small and elongate and enclosed by the diductors. The specimens from the Glass Moun- tains are too thin-shelled to reveal any clear traces of the muscle scars. No trace of a median ridge was seen in the pedicle valve. The general expression of the exterior of Glosso- thyropsis is like that of Cryptacanthia, but details of the brachial valve structures are different. This is seen more in the cardinalia than in the loop and the reason is probably the strong development of the septum in Glossothyropsis. Furthermore the elements of which the cardinalia are composed are more clearly visible in this genus than in Texarina and Heterelasma. In the very young of Glossothyropsis the crural bases are attached to the socket ridges by large outer hinge plates. The inner side of the crural base is buttressed by oblique plates that descend medially to join the median septum and form a V-shaped chamber. This is like Dielasma except for the presence of the median septum and the inner plates would be referred to as inner hinge plates. With increasing size an additional pair of plates appears which grows medially from the position of the crural base. In adults and old shells these plates come close together and in some specimens merge to form a slightly concave plate strongly re- sembling the inner hinge plate of Heterelasma, Texarina, and Cryptacanthia. These plates grow in a manner similar to deltidial plates and like the hinge plates of Cupularostrum (formerly Camaro- toechia, sensu lato). These plates and the hinge plate they create are evidently the seat of attach- ment of the pedicle muscles. The loop of Glossothyropsis develops in a man- ner similar to that of Heterelasma, Texarina, and Cryptacanthia. The most primitive loop seen in the Glass Mountains material is in the centronella stage, and consists of delicate and narrow trans- verse bands uniting anteriorly to form an echmid- ium. With continued growth the bands widen and the echmidium lengthens. A ridge appears at the center of the echmidium and develops an elongate ring which expands with growth. The ring is in- clined toward the posterior and has broad sides but a narrow band closing off the posterior side. After the formation of the ring, cleavage of the two sides of the loop is started, which becomes a fact at a fairly early stage in the size development of the individual. The adult, and final, loop has two free descending bands that are slender but stout, and the anterior extremities where the as- cending elements appear are usually fringed by long spines. The ascending elements and the transverse band are broad and hoodlike. The pos- terolateral sides of the ascending element is marked by a broad bluntly pointed process extend- ing in a ventrad direction. Unlike the Terebratel- lacea a septum does not enter into the develop- ment of the loop, which is exactly like the loop formation of Heterelasma and Texarina. Glossothyropsis carinata, new species PLATE 772: FIGURES 10-18 Small for genus, subpentagonal in outline, com- pact, sides well rounded; anterior strongly emar- ginated; posterolateral margins forming angle of 74°. Beak strongly incurved and effectively hiding conjunct deltidial plates. Valves strongly unequal, pedicle valve two to three times deeper than bra- chial valve. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve almost hemispherical in lateral profile and narrowly domed in anterior profile. Fold originating at beak, almost carinate dorsally but rounding anteriorly and forming deep re- entrant in anterior margin. Flanks swollen. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile but anterior geniculated at right angle; anterior profile bilobed with deep median depression formed by sulcus; umbonal region slightly swollen; 2842 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY sulcus originating just anterior to umbo broad, deep somewhat V-shaped and forming long rounded tongue. Flanks swollen and narrowly rounded. Pedicle valve interior with strong teeth and thick dental plates and with callus wash in del- thyrial cavity between them. Brachial valve in- terior with incipient inner hinge plates lining sides of crural bases. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM 737b, specimen 154353a (holotype): length 10.5, brachial valve length 7.6, width 9.6, thickness 8.3, apical angle 74°. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (upper). LOCALITY.—USNM 737b. DIAGNOSIS.—Small Glossothyropsis with strongly keeled posterior of the pedicle valve. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154353a. Figured paratype: USNM 154353b. COMPARISON.—This species is most like G. crypta- canthoides, new species, and G. robusta (Girty). It is smaller and squatter than G. robusta, with a more strongly angular pedicle valve and an um- bonal region that strongly projects above the bra- chial valve. It is very similar to G. cryptacanthoides but differs in its more elongated and carinate umbonal region of the pedicle valve, a more in- curved beak, and deeper, more angular sulcus. This is a very rare species. Glossothyropsis cryptacanthoides, new species PLATE 775: FICURES 1-28 Small, cryptacanthiform, thick-shelled, penta- gonal to oval in outline, sides tapering and shoul- ders angular; sides straight to slightly curved; anterior margin truncated; apical angle large. Anterior commissure strongly sulcate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile with maximum curvature in posterior part. Ante- rior profile narrowly domed, crest of dome nar- rowly pinched and sides long and steep. Umbonal region broadly swollen, swelling continuing ante- riorly but narrowed on midvalve and continuing to anterior margin to form narrow fold. Flanks steep but slightly concave. Foramen small; beak ridges strong and prominent to lateral shoulders. Interarea short, curved. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file but broad and nearly flat in anterior profile. Umbonal region moderately swollen and areas leading from shoulders to umbo swollen; anterior two-thirds deeply sulcate, sulcus narrowing ante- riorly; flanks bounding sulcus swollen and nar- rowing to anterolateral margins. Pedicle valve interior with short thick dental plates converging in ventrad direction; muscle pit located just anterior to dental plates. Brachial valve interior with small but thick car- dinalia; socket ridges small and narrow; lateral plates slightly developed; median septum thick. Loop not known. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— apical brachial valve thick- angle length length width ness C) USNM 725f 154362b 9.4 8.0 9.0 7.8-7.0 101 (holotype) USNM 733 153436a 8.5 7.6 9.3 5.6-5.1 114 153436b 9.4 7.0 8.3 7.6? 89 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery, and Rader members). LOCALITY.—Hegler: USNM 731, 740d. Pinery: USNM 733, 748. Rader: USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, compact Glossothyropsis re- sembling Cryptacanthia in its outline and fold and sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 154362b. Figured paratypes: USNM 154362a, c, e, f. Measured, un- figured paratypes: USNM 153436a, b. Unfigured paratype: USNM 154362d. COMPARISON.—The only species like this one is G. robusta (Girty) but that species differs in being larger, less exaggerated in shape, and with the fold and sulcus not so strongly developed. DISCUSSION.—The dental plates of this species are short and thick and almost parallel where they join the valve floor. The cardinalia are like those of G. robusta in having scarcely any development of the outer hinge plates. The crural bases are stout and attached directly to a stout socket ridge. A small development of inner hinge plates can be detected; these, however, do not bridge the space NUMBER 24 2843 between the crural bases but rather are laid on the floor of the notothyrial cavity and thicken that part of the valve. The median septum is unusually high in this species. Glossothyropsis immatura, new species PLATE 776: FIGURES 1-17 Small for genus, depressed, pentagonal to rhom- boidal in outline with strong shoulders slightly posterior to midvalve and sides tapering anteriorly; sides straight; anterior margin truncated; apical angle large. Anterior commissure with a shallow sulcus. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, curvature greatest in posterior third; anterior profile broadly domed with crest broadly rounded and sides short and moderately steep. Umbonal region convex, the convexity extending medially to midvalve, there most convex but flattening and widening in anterior third. Beak suberect but with strong beak ridges and small foramen. Brachial valve unevenly convex in lateral pro- file, greatest convexity in posterior third; anterior profile broadly and slightly convex but with median region flat to slightly depressed. Umbonal region moderately convex; sulcus originating just posterior to midvalve, shallow, moderately wide, and forming short truncated tongue. Flanks gently convex and merging into convex umbonal region. Pedicle valve interior with delicate dental plates. Brachial valve interior with delicate cardinalia; socket ridges strong and elevated, outer hinge plates welded on their surfaces; lateral plates de- veloped but not well preserved. Median septum thin but elevated. Loop with large narrow hood. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve apical thick- angle length length width ness (') USNM 708u 153451 10.1 8.9 8.9 4.5 92 (holotype) 153437a 8.6 7.7 9.1 4.0 95 153437b 7.0 6.0 6.4 3.0 86 153437c 4.0 3.7 3.5 1.7 86 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Base of Cathedral Mountain Formation. LOCALITY.—USNM 708u. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, shallow, subrhombic Glosso- thyropsis. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153451. Figured paratypes: USNM 153437a, d-f. Measured para- types: USNM 153437a-c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153437b, c. COMPARISON.—This is the smallest species of the genus and has a resemblance to Texarina but differs in the reversed convexity of the valves. It is separated from all other species by its compressed form. DISCUSSION.—This is a rare species and we do not have a large series. The shell is a very delicate one and all the structures are very fragile. Although no complete loop is present, two specimens, partially filled with silica, show a small, short hood at the end of the loop. Some variation appears in the development of the sulcus. Specimen USNM 153437a is unusually short and has a stronger sul- cus than the other specimens. Glossothyropsis juvenis, new species PLATE 663: FIGURES 15-22; PLATE 780: FIGURES 34-43 Small, subpentagonal in outline; length and width about equal, widest at midvalve. Unequally deep, pedicle valve deeper; sides strongly rounded; anterior margin subtruncate; anterior commissure somewhat narrowly and gently sulcate. Beak erect; delthyrium open; deltidial plates rudimentary. Sur- face smooth except for few growth varices. Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file, somewhat more convex in anterior profile, somewhat narrowed medially and with steeply sloping sides. Median region swollen. Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity in posterior half; anterior profile broadly and gently convex; sulcus broad and ill- defined, originating just posterior to or just ante- rior to midvalve, indenting anterior margin slightly in some specimens. Umbonal region mod- erately swollen, flanks convex and moderately steep. Pedicle valve interior with fairly large teeth but- tressed by short and obscure dental plates. Brachial valve with widely divided hinge plate; socket ridges strong and overhanging the socket; outer hinge plates large; inner hinge plates variable, ranging from marginal thickenings to posteriorly 2844 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY united and with deep, broad reentrant. Loop glossothyropsiform, occupying most of interior, with outwardly bowed descending lamellae and moderately wide hood. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—From locality USNM MOj, specimens 155077a (holotype) and 155077b, respectively: length 7.2, 7.0; brachial valve length 6.0, 5.8; width 6.9, 6.8; thickness 3.2, 3.2; apical angle 95°, 94° STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 732a, 740c, 740d. Rader: USNM 725f, 725g, 740a, 740i, 740j. DIAGNOSIS.—Small, delicate Glossothyropsis with faint sulcation, variable hinge plate, but glosso- thyropsiform loop. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 155077a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153762c; 155077b, c. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153762a, b, d; 155077d, 155078a. Measured paratype: USNM 155077b. COMPARISON.—This species is different from all known Glossothyropsis in its small size, faint sul- cation, and modest development of the hinge plate. Although the species suggests a young form, the specimens are nevertheless adults in the develop- ment of the loop. The development of the hinge plate from the few brachial valves seen suggests a juvenile but the completely free loop denies the suggestion. Evidence on the loop is based on speci- men USNM 155077c, which preserves the descend- ing lamellae of the loop in place and attached to the most advanced hinge plate of all the specimens. The hood of the loop and the descending branches are preserved in a small lump of limestone that broke free from the inside of the shell and shows the well-separated ascending branches of the loop. The only other specimen showing a nearly com- plete loop (USNM 155078a), is smaller than the preceding and the descending branches are united distally, showing a fairly youthful loop. Glossothyropsis polita, new species PLATE 776: FIGURES 18-33; PLATE 779: FIGURES 13-16 Medium size for genus; subpentagonal in out- line, with width and length nearly equal. Sides with distinct rounded shoulder and tapering ante- riorly; anterior margin gently rounded to truncated. Beak small, erect, pointed; foramen mesothyridid, oval, with small end anterior. Del- tidial plates visible, conjunct. Anterior commissure moderately to strongly sulcate. Pedicle valve with strong and even curvature in lateral view, maximum curvature near midvalve; anterior profile strongly domed, with crest nar- rowed and sides having steep slopes. Umbonal and median regions swollen; anterior with steep slope but somewhat flattened near anterior margin. Brachial valve shallow and gently convex in lat- eral profile; anterior profile broadly and moder- ately convex; umbonal region swollen; sulcus variable, generally very gentle and pronounced only at anterior, there prolonged into slight tongue fitting into rounded slot of pedicle valve. Flanks moderately swollen. Pedicle valve interior with short, stout dental plates having ventrad convergence; teeth small. Muscle field moderately impressed. Brachial valve interior with variable hinge plates; socket ridges small and inconspicuous, de- fining narrow sockets having short fulcral plates. Outer hinge plates broad; crural bases poorly de- fined but narrow; inner hinge plates variable, in some specimens absent, in others developed only anteriorly and defining large foramen. Median septum strong. Loop short, delicate with narrow transverse band. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness (°) 153445a 14.1 12.2 12.6 9.3 97 (holotype) 153445b 13.7 12.0 13.7 8.2 96 153445c 14.0 12.1 13.8 8.2 99 153445d 13.7 11.7 12.0 8.7 83 153445e 15.1 13.0 15.1 9.3 95 153445f 14.2 12.6 14.2 8.8 112 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Bell Canyon For- mation (Hegler, Pinery and Rader members). LOCALITIES.—Hegler: USNM 731, 732a. Pinery: USNM 725h, 725n. Rader: USNM 740i. DIAGNOSIS.—Medium-sized Glossothyropsis with pentagonal outline, length and width nearly equal, and usually with shallow sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153445a. Figured paratypes: USNM 153438a, b; 153445m-p; 154382. Measured paratypes: USNM 153445b—f. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153445b-!. NUMBER 24 2845 COMPARISON.—This species is characterized by its intermediate size and pentagonal form. It is larger than G. cryptacanthoides, new species, and not so extravagantly distorted. It is smaller and less sul- cate than G. superba, new species, and its propor- tions are quite different. From G. rectangulata, new species, it varies in being differently propor- tioned, the length and width being nearly equal whereas the other species is elongated. Further- more G. rectangulata is a strongly sulcate form, the sulcus extending almost the full length of the shell. Glossothyropsis polita is most like G. robusta (Girty) but is slightly larger and has a lesser de- velopment of the sulcus at the anterior. Girty's species is a very compact form and the pedicle valve is strongly humped and narrowed medially which is unlike that of G. polita. The latter has a more robust development of the hinge plates in- side the brachial valve. DISCUSSION.—Our collection includes a dozen specimens that show the interior well and one complete loop. The pedicle valves show a certain age variation in the strength of the dental plates, their degree of individuality and their ventrad toe-in. The youngest specimens show the plates most clearly, with deep umbonal chambers setting them off. Older shells tend to fill up the umbonal cavities and the dental plates become thicker and less strongly set-off from the lateral walls. No two of the brachial valves are alike and this is not a function of age. Some large shells show no development of inner hinge plates, but the young- est interior shows these in incipient condition. The largest brachial valve interior, a shell 12.3 mm long (USNM 153445p), shows the inner hinge plates coalesced and a well-marked foramen. Glossothyropsis rectangulata, new species PLATE 776: FIGURES 34-65; PLATE 777: FIGURES 11-34; PLATE 779: FIGURE 8 Medium size for genus, longer than wide with somewhat elongated rectangular outline, sides roughly parallel and slightly convex. Posterolat- eral extremities forming distinct shoulders when seen from dorsal side. Apical angle of adult vari- able, usually large. Anterior margin truncated. Anterior commissure deeply sulcate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly but unevenly convex, most curvature being in posterior half; anterior profile narrowly convex dome with long and steep sides. Umbonal region narrowly swollen, swelling increasing and extending to about midvalve, there flattening somewhat and broadening on anterior slope. Beak strongly incurved and with sharp beak ridges forming prominent points on sides of fora- men. Deltidial plates fully visible, with interarea about orthocline. Foramen narrowly oval, with narrow end toward anterior. Brachial valve strongly curved in lateral profile, maximum curvature near midvalve; anterior pro- file deeply concave and forming broad V with fairly strong slopes toward midline. Umbonal re- gion gently swollen; sulcus originating on um- bonal slope and deepening to anterior margin; flanks sloping medially and slightly to moderately swollen, especially near lateral margins. Pedicle valve interior with stout dental plates and strong teeth. Brachial valve interior with in- ner hinge plates fused to form concave hinge plate, posterior part of median septum thickened, all structures welded together. Loop long and antero- lateral^ fringed. (See discussion below for details of development of cardinalia in this species.) MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial apical valve thick- angle length length width ness n USNM 706e 153439a 12.2 10.4 9.5 7.3-6.6 90 153439b 12.0 10.5 9.6 7.5-6.3 91 153439c 11.7 10.0 9.4 7.4-6.5 87 153439d 12.8 11.2 9.8 8.2-7.0 91 153439e 14.6 12.6 10.5 9.2-8.0 86 (holotype) 153439f 11.0 9.6 8.9 5.8-5.2 82 I53439g 8.0 6.8 7.0 3.4-2.9 89 153439h 7.2 6.5 6.7 3.0-2.7 95 153439J 5.5 4.7 4.9 2.0 91 153439k 11.7 9.8 8.4 7.0-6.0 83 USNM 706 153440 13.8 11.7 10.5 8.5 90 USNM 715i 153441a 16.9 14.6 12.3 11.3-10.1 100 153441b 14.1 12.2 11.8 7.3-6.2 89 USNM 719z 153442 14.4 12.5 12.1 8.2-7.3 94 .STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation (China Tank, Willis Ranch, and Appel Ranch members and lens between the last two). 2846 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY LOCALITIES.—China Tank: USNM 713, 726r. Willis Ranch: AMNH 505; USNM 706, 706e, 724u, 735c. Appel Ranch: USNM 715i, 719z, 722t, 727j. Lens: USNM 706b DIAGNOSIS.—Longitudinally narrowly rectangu- lar Glossothyropsis with long, deep sulcus. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 153439e. Figured paratypes: USNM 153439c, g; 153441a; 154363a-c; 154364b-e; 154265a, b; 154366a-n; 154375. Meas- ured paratypes: USNM 153439a-d, f-h, j, k; 153440; 153441a, b; 153442. Unfigured paratypes: USNM 153439a, b, d-f; 153441b; 154364a. COMPARISON.—This species differs from all the others in its narrowly deep sulcus and elongate form with subparallel sides. Its shape is suggestive of G. superba, new species, but it is a much smaller shell. DISCUSSION.—This, like all other species of the genus, is rare in the Glass Mountains. Although rare it is nevertheless very well preserved and a nearly complete growth series of the loop was ob- tained. The two smallest specimens (USNM 154366c, d) measure, respectively, 2 and 2.5 mm in length. They are nearly circular and both have a very delicate centronelliform loop having very slender branches and, in the larger specimen, a long pointed echmidium. The smaller specimen is not provided with the long pointed anterior. The loops extend to about midvalve. Both speci- mens have a delicate median septum and the inner hinge plates attach directly to the valve floor. The next larger specimen is 3.5 mm (USNM 154366e) in length, with a centronelliform loop with echmidium, but the branches of the loop are broader and stouter. Furthermore, the inner hinge plates now attach to the median septum which has thickened between these plates. In the next stage, between 5 and 6 mm, six specimens show the loop in nearly perfect detail, and it shows an enormous advance over the stage of 2.5 mm. The smallest specimen (5.0 mm) has a stout loop but the tip end of the echmidium bears a small, elongated, oblique cone, which has a broadly elliptical open- ing facing the pedicle valve. At the posterior of this cone is a narrow transverse bar which com- pletes the structure. The cone is narrow but open in a dorsoposterior direction. From the side the structure appears like a small cone on the tip end of the loop. The echmidium at this stage is long and fairly broad and strongly joins the descending elements of the loop. At 6 mm resorption at the front of the echmidium begins and the hood or cone widens and lengthens. Between 6 and 8 mm the descending branches of the loop become free of each other and the hood or cone has widened to a moderately large thick ribboned ring. Traces of the echmidium still re- main in the thick bands of the anterior part of the descending lamellae. The shell is now essen- tially an adult, and by 9 mm it has reached full adulthood with the descending branches well sep- arated, narrowed, and uniform in width. The ascending elements, on the other hand, are wide- ribboned and stout. Also at this stage the lateral plates of the cardinalia are beginning to form. Hitherto the hinge plate had been concave and rested on the median septum. The adult loop has long slender descending branches but the ascending branches are wide and the transverse ribbon is broad. This, however, has a round reentrant on the anterior side and another on the posterior side. The latter reentrant is bounded by points that extend posterodorsally. The ventrad reentrant is the deeper of the two notches. Glossothyropsis robusta (Girty) PLATE 777: FICURES 1-10 Cryptacanthia ? robusta Girty, 1934:249-251, figs. 1-7. Medium size for genus, length and width nearly equal; outline broadly oval, sides softly rounded; lateral margins gently rounded and tapering ante- riorly; anterior margin truncated; apical angle usually large. Anterior commissure strongly sul- cate. Surface smooth. Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile, greatest convexity in posterior part; anterior pro- file narrowly domed, crest of dome somewhat nar- rowly rounded and sides with steep slopes. Um- bonal region narrowly to sharply convex, swelling extending to just beyond midvalve, there flattening. Beak ridges strong and angular; foramen small, longitudinally elliptical; interarea narrowly curved. Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral pro- file; anterior profile broadly concave, with median concave region bounded by moderately swollen flanks. Umbonal region swollen, swelling extending anteriorly for about a third valve length; sulcus NUMBER 24 2847 originating anterior to posterior third, narrow but widening rapidly anteriorly, there forming long but narrow tongue. Flanks moderately swol- len and tapering to lateral margins of tongue. Pedicle valve interior with small teeth having thick bases; dental plates closely crowded, short and thick and partly buried in adventitious shell in some old specimens. Muscle scars located ante- rior to delthyrial cavity. Brachial valve with small cardinalia; the socket ridges short and thick bounding wide sockets. Outer hinge plates short; lateral plates incipient. Loop long with narrow descending bands but thin and broad ascending elements. MEASUREMENTS (in mm).— brachial valve apical thick- angle length length width ness (°) USNM 731 153438a 12.0 10.8 12.0 8.3 99 153438f 7.9 7.0 8.0 3.9 117 153438g 11.2 9.5 11.9 8.6 110 153438h 11.4 9.0 11.5 7.7 119 USGS 6452 (blue) 118906a 12.2 11.0 12.0 9.0 115 (lectotype) 118906b 12.0 10.2 12.3 9.1 118 118906c 12.6 10.5 13.3 8.0? 121 118906d 9.7 8.5 10.1 6.7 115 STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE.—Word Formation. Cherry Canyon Formation (South Wells Member). Bell Canyon Formation (Hegler and Pinery members). LOCALITIES.—Word: USNM 737b. South Wells: AMNH 414; USGS 6452 (blue). Hegler: AMNH 635; USNM 731, 732a. Pinery: USNM 725h. DIAGNOSIS.—Squat, strongly pentagonal Glosso- thyropsis with strongly humped pedicle valve. TYPES.—Lectotype: USNM 118906a. Paratypes: USNM 118906b-d. Figured hypotypes: USNM 153438a-d, f. COMPARISON.—The squat and compressed form of this species is distinctive. It is suggestive of G. cryptacanthoides but it is a much larger species and not so strongly exaggerated as the other. Glossothyropsis magna Cooper and G. superba, new species, are larger and differently shaped spe- cies that will not be confused with this one. Glosso- thyropsis robusta differs from G. polita in its squatter outline, greater development of the sul- cus, and the more strongly humped pedicle valve. DISCUSSION.—Girty's description of the type speci- mens includes no details of the interior other than the statement that there are dental plates and a median septum in the brachial valve. Girty based his description on four specimens, all of which are badly weathered. We have selected as lectotype specimen USNM 118906a, which retains a fair amount of original shell and which shows the den- tal plates and median septum. The silicified specimens offer many details of the interior but no specimen has a complete loop. One preserves almost exactly half the adult loop. This has very slender descending processes but very broad ascending processes and connecting band. It is so broad as to be essentially a hood. The cardi- nalia are surprisingly delicate and small. The socket ridges are strong and there is virtually no development of outer hinge plates. Inner hinge plates are not developed in any of the specimens. The hinge plate thus con