The Echinoids of the Middle Eocene Warley Hill Formation Santee Limestone, and Castle Hayne Limestone of North and South Carolina PORTER M. KIER SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 39 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 39 The Echinoids of the Middle Eocene Warley Hill Formation, Santee Limestone, and Castle Hayne Limestone of North and South Carolina Porter M. Kier NOV - 6 }gpf] SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1980 ABSTRACT Kier, Porter M. The Echinoids of the Middle Eocene Warley Hill Formation, Santee Limestone, and Castle Hayne Limestone of North and South Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 39, 102 pages, 1980.—The echinoids are described from the middle Eocene Warley Hill Formation, Santee Limestone, and Castle Hayne Limestone of North and South Carolina. Twenty-seven species are present including the following new taxa: Eurhodia baumi, Eurhodia rugosa ideali, Eurhodia rugosa depressa, Eupatagus wilsoni, Eupatagus lawsonae, Linthia harmatuki, Agassizia wilmingtomca Cooke inflata, and Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis. Three zones are identified: the earliest characterized by Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) and Santeelampas ovifor- mis (Conrad), a "middle zone" with Linthia harmatuki and the youngest species of Protoscutella, and a "late zone" with large numbers of Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons. The "early zone" is consid- ered early middle Eocene, the "middle zone" middle Eocene and the "late zone" probably late middle Eocene. The three species oi Protoscutella appear to represent an evolutionary series—P. mississippiensis (Twitchell) to P. conradi (Cotteau) to P. plana (Conrad)—characterized by the shifting of the periproct nearer to the peristome. The echinoids lived in well-aerated sediments in a tropical sea. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kier, Porter M The echinoids of the Middle Eocene Warley Hill formation, Santee limestone, and Castle Hayne limestone of North and South Carolina. (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 39) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Sea-urchins, Fossil. 2. Paleontology—Eocene. 3. Paleontology—North Carolina. 4. Pa- leontology—South Carolina. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 39. QE701.S56 no. 39 [QE783.E2] 560s 79-607920 [563'.95] Contents Page Introduction 1 Castle Hayne Limestone 1 Santee Limestone 2 Warley Hill Formation 4 Age 4 Ecology 7 Affinities of Fauna 9 Longevity of Species 9 Acknowledgments 10 Occurrences 10 Family CIDARIDAE Gray 16 Subfamily RHABDOCIDARINAE Lambert 16 Genus Phyllacanthus Brandt 16 Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons) 16 Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons) 16 Subfamily CIDARINAE Gray 17 Genus Cidaris Leske 17 Cidaris pratti Clark 17 Family ARBACIIDAE Gray 18 Genus Coelopleurus L. Agassiz 18 Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 18 Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 20 Family PHYMOSOMATIDAE Pomel 21 Genus Dixieus Cooke 21 Dixieus cf. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) 21 Family ECHINOLAMPADIDAE Gray 21 Genus Echinolampas Gray 21 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 21 Family PLIOLAMPADIDAE Kier 23 Genus Eurhodia Haime 23 Eurhodia baumi, new species 23 Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 24 Eurhodia rugosa ideali, new subspecies 26 Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new subspecies 28 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 29 Genus Santeelampas Cooke 30 Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) 30 Family CASSIDULIDAE L. Agassiz and Desor 33 Genus Rhyncholampas A. Agassiz 33 Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) 33 iii SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Family FIBULARIIDAE Gray 34 Genus Echinocyamus van Phelsum 34 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 34 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier 34 Family PROTOSCUTELLIDAE Durham 35 Genus Protoscutella Stefanini 35 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 35 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) 37 Protoscutella mississippiensis mississippiensis (Twitchell) 38 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, new subspecies 38 Genus Periarchus Conrad 40 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 40 Family SCHIZASTERIDAE Lambert 43 Genus Agassizia Agassiz and Desor 43 Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke 43 Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica inflata, new subspecies 44 Genus Linthia Desor 45 Linthia (Linthia) harmatuki, new species 45 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 46 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 47 Family SPATANGIDAE Gray 49 Genus Maretia Gray 49 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 49 Family BRISSIDAE Gray 50 Genus Eupatagus L. Agassiz 50 Eupatagus carolinensis Clark 50 Eupatagus wilsoni, new species 51 Eupatagus lawsonae, new species 53 Family UNIFASCIIDAE Cooke 53 Genus Unifascia Cooke 53 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 53 Literature Cited 54 Plates 56 Index 100 The Echinoids of the Middle Eocene Warley Hill Formation Santee Limestone, and Castle Hayne Limestone of North and South Carolina Porter M. Kier Introduction Many new quarries have been opened in south- eastern United States since Cooke (1959) com- pleted his monograph on the Cenozoic echinoids of eastern United States. New species have been found, and it is likely that further search will yield many more. In the past twenty years much research has been published on the living habits and functional morphology of echinoids, and it is possible to make paleoecological determinations on the fossil echinoids that were not possible before. Also we have a better understanding of the stratigraphy of the region. Therefore, it now seems worthwhile to undertake a restudy of these echinoids. I am particularly interested in discern- ing evolutionary trends and in determining the rate of evolution in echinoids. Paleontologists are now embroiled in controversy over gradualism or punctuated equilibria, and I am hopeful that research in the Tertiary echinoids will produce data relevant to these problems. CASTLE HAYNE LIMESTONE.—The Castle Hayne Limestone was named by Miller (1912); and its Porter M. Kier, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. fauna was described in detail by Kellum (1926) who referred it with some reservations to Jackson- ian stage. Cooke and MacNeil (1952) proposed that most of the fossils attributed by Kellum to the Castle Hayne Limestone are restricted to late Claibornian, and are equivalent to the Gosport Sand of Alabama. Baum, Harris, and Zullo (1978) selected a type- section 2.3 miles northeast of Castle Hayne, New Hanover County (my locality 34). They described three facies in ascending stratigraphic order: phosphate pebble biomicrudite, bryozoan bio- sparrudite, and bryozoan biomicrudite. Ward, Lawrence, and Blackwelder (1978) di- vided the Castle Hayne into three members. The lowest, the New Hanover Member, lies uncon- formably on the Cretaceous or Paleocene and is the phosphate pebble biomicrudite facies of Baum, Harris, and Zullo. Their second member, the Comfort Member, includes the bryozoan bio- sparrudite and bryozoan biomicrudite facies of Baum, Harris, and Zullo. Their top member, the Spring Garden Member, is considered a separate formation, the New Bern Formation, by Baum, Harris, and Zullo. No echinoids have been col- lected from this member. The Ideal Cement Com- pany quarry (my locality 12) was selected by 1 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Ward, Lawrence, and Blackwelder as the type- locality of the Castle Hayne Limestone. Baum, Harris, and Zullo considered the Castle Hayne Limestone to be Claibornian, although portions may extend into the Jacksonian (Zullo and Baum, in press); whereas, Ward, Lawrence, and Blackwelder considered their New Hanover Member as equivalent to the Lisbon Formation (middle middle Eocene), and their Comfort Member as equivalent to the Gosport Sand (late middle Eocene). A list of the echinoids occurring in the Castle Hayne Limestone is given in Table 1, the locali- ties on Figure 1. SANTEE LIMESTONE.—The Santee Limestone was informally named by Tuomey (1848:156, 190, 211). It was considered Jacksonian by Canu and Bassler (1920); but now because of the pres- ence of Ostrea sellaeformis Conrad, it is placed in the middle or middle and late Calibornian (Sten- zel, 1949; Cooke and MacNeil, 1952; and Pooser, 1965). Banks (1978) made a detailed study of the lithology and fauna of the Santee Limestone in three quarries and divided the formation into lithozones and biozones. He concluded that the lowermost Santee Limestone, his zone I, corre- lated with the lower Lisbon Formation on the basis of his reported occurrence in this zone of Cubitostrea hsbonensis Harris. He correlated his zone II with the upper Lisbon Formation on the basis of the presence of Cubitostrea sellaeformis. He could TABLE 1.—Stratigraphic occurrence of echinoids Species Warley Hill Formation* Santee Limestone Castle Hayne Limestone Agassizia wilmingtonica inflata, new subspecies X Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke - Cidaris pratti Clark X Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke - Coelopleurus infutatus (Morton) X Dixieus cf. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) _ Echinocyamus bisexus Kier - Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Eupatagus carolinensis Clark Eupatagus lawsonae, new species Eupatgus wilsom, new species Eurhodia baumi, new species Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) X Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new subspecies - Eurhodia rugosa ideali, new subspecies - Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) X Linthia hanoverensis Kellum X Linthia harmatuki, new species X Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark X Maretia subrostrata (Clark) _ Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) X Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons) - Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons) Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) X Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) X Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, new subspecies - Protoscutella plana (Conrad) X Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) X ? Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) X * Basal Santee Limestone of some workers X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X(?) X(?) X X X X X X NUMBER 39 80° 7»» 78* 77° 1 1 1 1 1 1 >"'--., 1 1 „,'' \ PITT N ,, "^ ^ s ^Y_ ' ) '•*-, (^\ A fc^S-^T d *3 0 10 20 30 40 50 / 1 GREENE i if S- lO^^-""^-^^ MILES v l r" *-■» --.y^l 1 "- 'o ^^Orvno ,» --'"" WAYNE " Kini,on _w^Vs23,24 JL *H *r V "Sy^M^ / •-— '"\ 1 *^r ^Oi^U .<»+...—-y§* 1 "">- --. » LENOIR ', v^ rtftV Vv ' J^L~ j 1 \ / ^•«g£p\l PAMLICO *ff » ^ 1 l\ l ,' JONES F\^ \K. V\ T^'^-^T^. " >' <9V \ V l\ DUPLIN ssr»» °Co»fo.l/rf) St, fr^^'j^T\ NORTH ')/ \ /"X \ MagjA» t21 ';/>'"> ! VnC>^ / O 1 >' 'v i / \ * ??* ' *■» S *• ^--3 SOUTH \ "VA ROIESON N, s y~m~^w£&l> ' V PENDER © X ^^ ( / 0\^7;'--"'^ / ^W«* $ir j-'\J\ DARLINGTON V/D1LLON <*, \/ """" V^^^SC^-* ,''• LEE l' '' 's MARION ' \ -..,•'' / W\Jff f — ---," *■'—^, ^-/ ,' •' Nv (' BRUNSWICK J \YB}\ J V %->. FLORENCE » ,' \ l' -^^ ' /] /^ 19,20,32,16 . — n "—' ^~> -'' ~- \ ,* x '* J** \u J SUMTER ,' V ^. . HORRY \f ^^gl—^*=—~-SA V -'sio r"f" i''' """" "'"A\ z^*^ ^ \\r 'CLARENDON / 1/' **"""\ i^MyrlU l.aeh (_> 1\ / WILLIAMSBURG L' '» ^^ Q n ^jvi^4», 47-. *- Go y ORANGE8URG48^^7T\ '\ „/ ^/ 8^/ , U v^ / 40 wy ~-v n» <\ ,^1 . V ) f s o > stL^j, *' J> C&n ^ \ ' -'wzmr fl A z^-1 0° / Ch.rL.t.n MC^ l1^ «^r 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 80° 79° 78" 77" FIGURE 1.—Location of echinoid localities. not date his zone III, but his zone IV he correlated with the Gosport Sand because of the occurrence in it of Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Crassatella alta Conrad. Ward, Blackwelder, Gohn, and Poore (1979) restudied two of these quarries and a third one not studied by Banks and divided the Santee Limestone into two members. The lower, the Moultrie Member, includes Banks' zones I and II. This member they consider middle Claibor- nian and equivalent to the Lisbon Formation in Alabama and the New Hanover Member of the Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina. Their upper member, the Cross Member, includes Banks' zones III and IV. They consider this mem- ber late Claibornian and equivalent to the Gos- port Sand of Alabama and the Comfort and Spring Garden Members of the Castle Hayne Limestone in North Carolina. Baum, et al. (in press) divide the Santee Lime- stone into two faunal zones: the lower Cubitostrea lisbonensis zone and the upper C. sellaeformis zone. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY They exclude the Cross Member from the Santee Limestone, raise it to a formation, and consider it equivalent to the New Bern Formation in North Carolina. They suggest that it is late Eocene. Finally, they propose that the Moultrie Member be abandoned. A list of the echinoids in the Santee Limestone is given in Table 1 and their stratigraphic distri- bution within the limestone in Table 2. WARLEY HILL FORMATION.—The "Warley Hill phase" was described by Sloan (1908:458) and included in the McBean Formation by Cooke in 1936. Later Cooke and MacNeil (1952:23) consid- ered it to include the dominantly glauconitic beds that intervene between the Congaree and Mc- Bean Formations. Pooser (1965:15) considered that the Congaree and Warley Hill Formations, and basal portions of the Santee Limestone were deposited penecontemporaneously as lithofacies of a transgressive middle Eocene sea. The echi- noids described here in (Table 1) came from localities in the Warley Hill Formation where, according to Pooser (1965:16), this formation un- derlies beds low in the Santee Limestone. Pooser, on the basis of ostracods, considers the Warley Hill Formation at these localities to be lower middle Eocene or lower Claibornian. AGE.—Although these formations share some of the same echinoid species, three assemblages (Table 3) seem to be represented. The oldest or "early zone" occurs in the western portion of the outcrop area of the Castle Hayne Limestone and in the Warley Hill Formation (considered by some workers to be basal Santee, i.e. Banks, 1978; Baum, et al., in press) at Wilson's Landing (lo- cality 38) in South Carolina. This fauna is char- acterized by Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) and Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) and is herein considered to be lower middle Eocene (lower middle Claibornian). This age determi- nation is based on the occurrence of Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) elsewhere in the lower Claibornian, Mount Selman Formation in Texas; basal Lisbon Formation (middle Claibornian) and top of the Tallahatta Formation (lower Clai- bornian) in Alabama and middle Claibornian Winona Sand of Mississippi. Furthermore, Cooke and MacNeil (1952:23) report that Sloan found Cubitostrea lisbonensis (Harris) in the Warley Hill Formation. Banks (1978), Baum, et al. (in press), Table 2.—Stratigraphic occurrence of echinoids within the Santee Limestone Ward, et al. (1979) members Banks' (1978) zones Echinoid species Zone IV Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) (occurs throughout Zone IV) Maretia subrostrala (Clark) Protoscutella plana (Conrad) Cross Member Zone III—position uncertain according to Banks Coelopleurus mfulalus (Mor- ton) Georgetown Quarry2 Agassizia wilmingtonica inflata, new sub- species Cidaris pratti Clark Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) Moultrie Member Zone II Cidaris pratti Clark Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Rave- nel) Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) Linthia hanoverensis Kellum Lmlhia harmatuki, new species Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) Zone I No echinoids; zone may be equi Landing valent to Warley Hill Marl at Wilson's' Appear to be confined to lower Zone IV. 2 All from beds Ward (1979, pers. comm.) considers are equivalent to Banks' Zone II. ow in Cross Member; however, Baum, et al. (in press) believe these beds are older and NUMBER 39 TABLE 3.—Characteristic species, lithology, and localities of the three faunal zones in the Castle Hayne Limestone (note that both Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Echinolampas appendicular Emmons occur rarely in the "middle zone," as opposed to their great abundance in the "late zone"; Linthia harmatuki, new species, is never found in the "late zone") Formation Faunalzone Echinoid species Lithology Localities Santee "Late Zone'' Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Bryozoan biomicru- Ideal (locality 12), Maple Hill and Echinolampas appen- dite (Lanier) (locality 9), Comfort diculala Emmons (locality 13), and Martin Mar- ietta Castle Hayne quarry (lo- cality 34) Limestone "Middle Zone" Linthia harmatuki, new Bryozoan biosparru- Maple Hill (East Coast) (locality species dite 10), Martin Marietta Castle Hayne quarry (locality 34), and Georgetown (locality 37) Warley Hill Formation* "Early Zone'' Protoscutella mississippiensis Bryozoan biosparru- Rose Hill (locality 11), Mosleys (Twitchell), and Santee- dite or glauconitic Creek (locality 35), and Wil- lampas oviformis (Con- limestone son's Landing (locality 38) rad) Some workers consider the Warley Hill Formation to be a part of the Santee Limestone. consider C. lisbonensis to represent a zone within the Santee Limestone. This oyster is found else- where in the middle Claibornian basal Lisbon Formation of Alabama and the Winona Forma- tion of Mississippi (Stenzel, 1949:45; Pooser, 1965:16; Toulmin, 1969:472, 1977:112). Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) has been found at only two localities in South Carolina, both of which are in the Warley Hill Formation (locality 38, 43). Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) is found at these two localities and near Eadytown (locality 47) in float dredged from the Santee- Cooper diversion canal. Here it occurs with echi- noids typical of higher beds in the Santee Lime- stone. However, the matrix on and in the tests of the specimens of S. oviformis is similar to the Warley Hill Formation at Wilson's Landing (con- taining many glauconite and arenaceous grains— Pooser, 1965:67); whereas, the other echinoids have a matrix lacking these grains and typical to that found in higher beds in the Santee Lime- stone. Presumably this float is a mixture of both formations. This locality is very near an outcrop of the Warley Hill Formation at Wilson's Land- ing, and it is expected that it would be encoun- tered by the dredge. The Rose Hill (locality 11) fauna in the Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina contains P. mississippiensis and S. oviformis and is considered here equivalent in age to the fauna found in the Warley Hill Formation at Wilson's Landing in South Carolina. This fauna is strikingly different from that found in the Castle Hayne Limestone at Comfort (locality 13), Ideal (locality 12), Ma- ple Hill, Lanier (locality 9), and at the Wilming- ton localities. The most abundant species at Rose Hill, Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell), P. con- radi (Cotteau), Eurhodia baumi, new species, and Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad), are absent in the Castle Hayne Limestone at these other localities. The two species most abundant at these localities, Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Echinolampas appen- diculata Emmons, are absent at Rose Hill. This older Warley Hill-Rose Hill fauna is also found at Mosleys Creek (locality 35). It is restricted to the western, more updip, portions of the Castle Hayne Limestone. Further east in North Carolina and South Car- olina occur exposures of the Castle Hayne Lime- stone and Santee Limestone with an echinoid fauna that appears to be younger than the Rose Hill and Warley Hill faunas. This fauna lacks Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) and Santee- lampas oviformis (Conrad) and is typified by a large spatangoid, Linthia harmatuki, new species. It is considered herein as the "middle zone." In South SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Carolina this fauna is associated with Cubitostrea sellaeformis Conrad considered to be middle Clai- bornian in age. In North Carolina the fauna is best displayed at the East Coast Construction Company quarry at Maple Hill (locality 10) where it occurs in a bryozoan biosparrudite that Baum, Harris, and Zullo (1978:7) consider as underlying a bryozoan biomicrudite that occurs a few miles away at the Lanier pit (locality 9). The fauna at Lanier is easily distinguished from the "middle zone" fauna by the absence oi Linthia harmatuki and Protoscutella and the presence in large numbers of Periarchus lyelli Conrad and Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons (species only rarely found in the "middle zone"). Furthermore, at Lanier occur the following species or subspecies not found in the "middle zone": Agassizia wil- mingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke, Dixeus cf. Dixeus dixie (Cooke), Echinocyamus bisexus Kier, and E. parvus (Emmons). This zone at Lanier is consid- ered the "late zone" and is exposed in the eastern portion of the outcrop zone of the Castle Hayne Limestone in North Carolina and highest beds of the Santee Limestone. It is probably upper Clai- bornian in age. The relative ages of the biomicrudite fauna found at Ideal and the biosparrudite at Maple Hill (East Coast) are confirmed at the Martin Marietta Superior Stone quarry (locality 34) near Castle Hayne where both faunas were collected in place. Species common at Maple Hill (East Coast)—Linthia harmatuki, new species, Protoscu- tella plana (Conrad), Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell), and Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new sub- species—were found in place in a bed 2 meters thick of glauconitic bryozoan coarse calcarenite (Baum's biosparrudite). Overlying this bed are 2.5 meters of a bryozoan fine to coarse calcarenite with a microsucrosic matrix (Baum's biomicru- dite) containing slightly less glauconite. This bed lacks L. harmatuki and contains an abundance of Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Echinolampas appen- diculata Emmons. The "middle zone" thins south- ward in the quarry and pinches out, resulting in the "late zone" lying directly on the New Hano- ver Member in the western part of the quarry (see Plate 22: figure 4). Although Ward, Lawrence, and Blackwelder (1978, figs. 1, 2) consider their New Hanover Member to be the oldest unit of the Castle Hayne Limestone, it contains here at the type-locality an echinoid restricted to the "middle" and "late" zones, Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons. The "early zone" is absent at this locality. Therefore, the New Hanover Member cannot be considered older than all the beds that have been referred to the Comfort Member. The sediments exposed at Rose Hill (locality 11) are older, on the basis of the echinoids they contain, than the New Hano- ver Member at the Martin Marietta quarry. Ward, et al. (1978:F8) refer these sediments to the Comfort Member. The New Hanover Mem- ber is not present at Rose Hill. The Comfort Member there rests directly on the Late Creta- ceous Peedee Formation. Protoscutella and Periarchus are considered to be very useful for age determination. In the Santee Limestone (Table 2), Protoscutella is found in the lower Moultrie Member of Ward, et al. (1979), zones II, III and in the lower part of zone IV of Banks (1978). It is absent in the upper beds in the higher Cross Member of Ward, et al., and in the upper part of Banks' zone IV. Periarchus is absent in the Moultrie Member and zones II and III of Banks, and present only high in the Santee Limestone in the higher beds in the Cross Mem- ber or zone IV. In the Castle Hayne Limestone, Protoscutella occurs in the "early" and "middle" zones but is absent in the "late." Periarchus is absent in the "early," and present in the "middle" and "late" zones. Protoscutella is restricted to the middle and lower upper Claibornian. Three of the five species are found in the middle Claibornian: P. mississippien- sis (Twitchell), P. tuomeyi (Twitchell), and P. pen- tagonium Cooke. P plana (Conrad) and P. conradi (Cotteau) occur in the lower upper Claibornian. The earliest Periarchus occurs with the latest Pro- toscutella, P. plana, and the genus is well repre- sented in the late Eocene. Protoscutella appears to be ancestral to Periarchus. The two genera differ only in the position of the periproct, being nearer the peristome in Periarchus. Previous workers considered Protoscutella distinct NUMBER 39 from Periarchus because of the discontinuous in- terambulacra in Protoscutella. However, this char- acter is not consistent in any species of Protoscu- tella—some specimens of each species have con- tinuous interambulacra. Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, P. conradi, and P plana appear to represent an evolutionary series. In the oldest species, P. mississippiensis rose- hillensis, the periproct is marginal. In P. conradi, which occurs above it in the "early zone" at Rose Hill (locality 11), the periproct is more anterior. Finally, in P. plana, whose first occurrence is in the "middle zone," the periproct is even more anteriorly situated. In summary, three echinoid faunas are present. The "early zone" typified by Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) and Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitch- ell); the "middle zone" by Linthia harmatuki and the youngest species of Protoscutella; and the "late zone" with large numbers of Periarchus lyelli (Con- rad) and Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons. The ranges of all the species are given in Table 4. ECOLOGY.—These Eocene echinoids are similar enough to living species that it is possible to predict their living habits. The echinoids from the "early zone" at Rose Hill occur in a bryozoan biosparrudite as described by Baum, Harris, and Zullo (1978:7). The following species are present. TABLE 4.—Distribution of species at major echinoid localities where faunal "zones" have been identified Species "Early Zone" Rose Hill (locality 11) Mosleys Creek (locality 35) Wilson's Land- ing (locality 38) "Middle Zone" Maple Hill (East Coast) (locality 10) Georgetown (locality 37) Martin Marietta (locality 34) "Late Zone" Maple Hill (Lanier) (locality 9) Ideal (locality 12) Comfort (locality 13) Martin Marietta (locality 34) Agassizia wilmingtonica inflata, new X X X X subspecies Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica X X X X X X X X X X X X Cooke Cidaris pratti Clark Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) Dixieus cf. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) Echinocyamus bisexus Kier Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Eupatagus carolinensis Clark Eupatagus lawsonae, new species Eupatagus wilsoni, new species Eurhodia baumi, new species X - Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) X Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new subspecies X Eurhodia rugosa ideali, new subspecies X X Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) X Linthia hanoverensis Kellum X X Linthia harmatuki, new species - X ' Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark X X Maretia subrostrata (Clark) X X Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) X X Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) X X Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, new subspecies X - Protoscutella plana (Conrad) - X Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) - X X Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) X - Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) - X X8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Echinocyamus 10-2286 Echinolampas 8-500 Coelopleurus 55-2380 Eupatagus 10-425 Regular echinoid Cidaris pratti Clark Cassiduloids Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies Eurhodia baumi, new species Sand dollars Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) P. mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new subspecies Spatangoids Maretia subrostrata (Clark) Cidaris pratti Clark would have fed on vegeta- tion, including algae and probably turtle grass. The cassiduloids no doubt lived like the present Cassidulus canboearum Lamarck. They would have burrowed in the sediment; but because they were unable to maintain a tube to the surface (water- sediment interface), the sediment would have had to be well aerated. The sand dollars would have lived covered by the sediment, at a depth in the sediment shallower than the cassiduloids. The spatangoid Maretia subrostrata (Clark) probably lived within a burrow with a tube leading poste- rior for a drainoff as indicated by the presence of a subanal fasciole in this species. The lack of a deep anterior groove and lack of crowding of the porepairs in ambulacrum III indicate a limited funnel-building ability. The "middle zone" echinoids are best repre- sented at the East Coast Construction Company pit at Maple Hill (locality 10). Here they occur in a bryozoan biosparrudite similar to the lithol- ogy at Rose Hill. The following species are pres- ent. Cassiduloids Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) depressa, new subspecies Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Sand dollars Protoscutella plana (Conrad) Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Spatangoid Linthia harmatuki, new species This fauna is what one would expect to find living in a well-aerated sand. The fauna is dom- inated by clypeasteroids and cassiduloids, echi- noids preferring this environment. The spatan- goid Linthia harmatuki is strikingly similar to the Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck) that lives today in the Caribbean partially covered with sand. It does not maintain a funnel and lives only shallowly buried. The "late zone" fauna is best represented at the Ideal Cement Company quarry near Castle Hayne (locality 12). The sediment is a bryozoan biomicrudite (Baum, Harris, and Zullo, 1978:7). Regular echinoids Cidaris pratti (Clark) Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke Cassiduloids Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies Clypeasteroids Echinocyamus parvus Emmons Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Spatangoids Maretia subrostrata Clark Eupatagus lawsonae, new species Eupatagus wilsoni, new species Eupatagus carolinensis Clark Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) Linthia hanoverensis Kellum The echinoid fauna is similar to those previ- ously described in having many cassiduloids and clypeasteroids. These echinoids indicate well-aer- ated sediment. Furthermore, the spatangoids lack deep anterior grooves and crowded porepairs in ambulacrum III, suggesting a limited ability to construct funnels. In summary, the echinoid fauna in the three zones is dominated by species that would have been partially or completely buried in the sedi- ment. All the cassiduloids, clypeasteroids, and most of the spatangoids could not have lived in this sediment unless it was well aerated. Little can be deduced from the echinoids con- cerning the depth of the water. All the species and eight of the sixteen genera are extinct. The extant genera have the following bathymetric (in meters) and climatic distribution according to Mortensen (1928-51). widespread widespread widespread Tasmania, Philippines, Hawaii NUMBER 39 Maretia 50-108 Fiji, Philippines, Korean Strait Agassizia ebb zone-900 confined to tropical ports of American seas Rhyncholampas one species R. pacificus (A. Agassiz), which Agassiz (1873:555) reports being in 5-6 foot depth; Ziesenhenne (pers. comm.) has dredged specimens of this species from 20 meters; Lower California to Panama Cidaris 32-2000 widespread Most of these genera occur in shallow to mod- erately deep water. Only one, Rhyncholampas, has not been found in depths over 20 meters but only one species of this genus is now living so the genus may not be significant as an indicator of shallow water. All the genera, except Agassizia, have wide dis- tribution today and, therefore, are of no use in determining the temperature of the seas. Agassizia has two extant species, both of which are found only in tropical waters. Furthermore, the fossil species of this genus are generally found in beds considered to have been deposited in tropical seas. Likewise, the great diversity of the fauna with 13 species from one locality (Ideal, locality 12) supports this evidence that these echinoids lived in warm waters. Modern echinoid faunas are more diversified in warmer waters (Durham, 1966; Pawson, 1979, pers. comm.). Warm water is also indicated by non-echinoid elements of the fauna. Baum (in press) reports a possible occurrence in the Castle Hayne Lime- stone of green algae (Pemcillus) which suggests tropical waters; and Copeland (1964:224), on the basis of the foraminifera, believed that the waters were warmer than are now common at this lati- tude. Finally, Druid Wilson (1979, pers. comm.) reports the Tethyan bivalve Exputens in the Castle Hayne Limestone. I had hoped that the cidaroid echinoids might be useful as temperature indicators. Smith (1978: 778) reports that all cidaroids presently living in shallow-water coral reef environments have con- jugate porepairs; whereas, cidaroids from colder water shelf areas or from deeper waters have nonconjugate pores. Cidaris pratti Clark has non- conjugate pores that would indicate that it lived in colder waters. However, this correlation be- tween temperature of water and nature of the porepairs does not appear to be consistent among fossil echinoids. Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Em- mons) and Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons) occur together. In the former the porepairs are noncon- jugate; whereas, in the latter they are strongly conjugate. Smith (1979, pers. comm.) now reports a similar situation with some Jurassic cidaroids in the Pea Grit fauna. AFFINITIES OF FAUNA.—Only three of the twenty-seven echinoid species from the Castle Hayne and Santee Limestones and Warley Hill Formation are found elsewhere. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) is known from the upper Claibornian Gosport Sand and equivalents and the lower Jacksonian Moodys Branch Marl, Inglis Forma- tion, and Williston Limestone of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Echinocyamus bisexus Kier has been found in the middle Eocene Lake City Formation in Georgia. Although Cooke (1959:31) reports Echinocyamus parvus Emmons from Alabama, I have studied this specimen and it is too poorly preserved to be referred with certainty to this species. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) is known from the Mount Selman, basal Lisbon, top of the Tallahatta, and Winona Formations of Texas, Alabama, and Mississippi. LONGEVITY OF SPECIES.—It is too early in this long-range study to reach any firm conclusions on the longevity of echinoid species. A few obser- vations are possible, although they are based on very tentative evidence. Berggren (1972:203) es- timates that the middle Eocene lasted approxi- mately six million years. The Warley Hill and Rose Hill faunas lived during the early middle Eocene, the "middle zone" during the middle middle and the "late zone" probably during the late middle Eocene. Eight echinoid species are confined to the "late" zone, one to the "middle," and three to the "early." Therefore, 12 are con- fined to one zone; and if one zone represents one- third of the time, these species lived less than two million years. Eight of the species occur in two zones living perhaps four million years, and only five (including two differentiated into subspecies) 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY are found in all three zones. Therefore, over one- half of the species may have lived two million years or less, 32 percent four million, and 20 percent six million. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I thank Peter J. Harma- tuk, who collected most of the echinoids described in this paper. He spent many days in the field scouring the outcrop even though his first love is marine mammals. It was only because of his indefatigable spirit and determination that so many specimens were collected of Linthia harma- tuki, new species. I thank Clayton Ray (National Museum of Natural History) for introducing me to Pete and encouraging him to deal with a lowly invertebrate paleontologist. Druid Wilson (U.S. Geological Survey) not only accompanied me into the field but shared with me his wisdom and understanding of the intricacies of Tertiary stra- tigraphy and his knowledge of the best oyster bars of North Carolina. Gerald Baum (College of Charleston) allowed me to study his large collec- tion of Castle Hayne echinoids and generously shared with me his views on the stratigraphy and paleontology of these beds. Both Lauck Ward and Blake Blackwelder (U. S. Geological Survey) let me study their collections and guided me to localities in South Carolina. G. Arthur Cooper, Frank Whitmore, and Warren Blow (National Museum of Natural History) collected some of the echinoids. I thank B. B. Fussel for specimens and for information on his quarry. I had long discussions with David Nicols (Uni- versity of Exeter) and Anthony Smith (University of Liverpool) on the living habits of the echinoids. George Davis and Elizabeth Scott lent me speci- mens from the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and Bruce Haugh sent me specimens from the American Museum of Natural History. The map and scattergrams were done by Larry Isham. Mary Lawson did all the photography, measured specimens, and in many other ways supported this study. Occurrences (Localities cited on Figure 1 when exact location is known) Locality 1 Trask Farm, Rocky Point, Pender Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 2 USGS 22389, Pender Co. Pit, 0.3 mi (0.5 km) S of NC Rte 53, 8.1 mi (13 km) E of NE Cape Fear River bridge, Pender Co. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 3. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 4. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 5. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 3 Stewarts Creek, 4.5 mi (7.2 km) N of Magnolia, Duplin Co. 1. Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 2. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 3. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 4. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 4 USGS 22329, spoil bank of irrigation pit about 0.1 mi (0.2 km) S on W side of first dirt road turning off NC Rte 210 (Lane Ferry Road) at a point about 0.1 mi (0.2 km) W of NE Cape Fear River, Pender Co. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 3. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 5 Marvin Rhode's pit, W bank of New River above Jacksonville, Onslow Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 3. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 6 USGS 10627, T. J. Faulkner farm, 2 mi (3.2 km) N of Neuse River and 3 mi (4.8 km) E of Quinerly, Pitt-Craven Co. NORTH CAROLINA: CASTLE HAYNE LIMESTONE 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) NUMBER 39 11 Locality 7 2 mi (3.2 km) S of Warsaw (probably same as locality 3), Duplin Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 3. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 8 Atlantic Limestone Company quarry, 2.4 mi (3.8 km) SSE of Magnolia, just E of US Rte 117, Duplin Co. 1. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 2. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 3. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Locality 9 Maple Hill (Lanier Pit), 3.5 mi (5.6 km) from intersection of NC Rtes 50 and 53 on S side of NC Rte 50, approximately 2.5 mi (4.0 km) SE of Maple Hill, Pender Co. A bryozoan biomicrudite 1.9 m thick according to Baum (1979, pers. comm.). 1. Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke 2. Cidaris pratti Clark 3. Echinocyamus bisexus Kier 4. Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 5. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 6. Dixieus cf. D. dixie (Cooke) 7. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 8. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 9. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 10 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 11. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) Locality 10 Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company quarry), 0.9 mi (1.4 km) SW of intersection of NC Rtes 50 and 53 on N side of NC Rte 53, approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) W of Maple Hill, Pender Co. A bryozoan biosparrudite 4.4 m thick according to Baum (1978, pers. comm.). 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) depressa, new subspecies 3. Linthia harmatuki, new species—collected in place one meter below top of quarry 4. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 5. Plagiobrissus species 6. Protoscutella plana (Conrad) 7. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 11 Rose Hill (Billy B. Fussel Company, Inc. quarry), 0.75 mi (1.2 km) W of US Rte 117 and NC Rte 1148, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) S of Rose Hill, Duplin Co. A bryozoan biosparrudite, approximately 17 m thick exposed in quarry in June, 1979. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new sub- species, was found in beds 2.5 m to 6.3 m above base of the Castle Hayne Limestone. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) occurs from 6.8 m above the base to the top of the quarry. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) was found within 3 meters of the base and is present throughout the rest of the section. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Eurhodia baumi, new species 3. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 4. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 5. Plagiobrissus species 6. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 7. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new subspecies 8. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Locality 12 Ideal Cement Company quarry, S of junction of Island Creek with NE Cape Fear, N of NC Rte 1002 at end of NC Rte 2023, 4.5 mi (7.2 km) NE of Castle Hayne, New Hanover Co. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 3. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 4. Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 5. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 6. Eupatagus carolinensis Clark 7. Eupatagus lawsonae, new species 8. Eupatagus wilsoni, new species 9. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 10. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 11. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 12. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 13. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 10. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Locality 13 Comfort, North Carolina Lime Company pit, adjacent to Tuckahoe Church, 3.8 mi (6.1 km) W of Comfort, Jones Co. A bryozoan biomicru- dite 2.5 m thick according to Baum (1978, pers. comm.). 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Eupatagus carolinensis Clark 3. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 4. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 14 Craven Co. Druid Wilson (1979, pers. comm.) stated: "The only specific Emmons locality asso- ciated with the Eocene of Craven County, North Carolina, is the Wadsworth plantation said to be on Core Creek (Emmons, 1858:103-105) now known as Cove Creek. On Emmons' pages 87, 102, 241, 308, and 309, the Wadsworth plantation and "eocene of Craven County" are synonymous. In as much as no other Eocene locality in Craven County is given in Emmons, it seems certain that the two expressions are always synonymous." 1. Echinocyamus parvus Emmons—locality for holotype. Locality 15 Farm of J. M. Thomas, 10 mi (16.0 km) N of Jacksonville, Onslow Co. 1. Echinocyamus parvus Emmons Locality 16 USGS 3602, 7302, 10340, city rock quarry near cemetery, Wilmington, New Hanover Co. 1. Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke 2. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 3. Eupatagus carolinensis Clark 4. Eupatagus wilsoni, new species 5. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 6. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 17 USGS 779, Rocky Point, Pender Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Linthia wilminglonensis Clark 3. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 18 Lanes Ferry, 3 mi (4.8 km) E of Rocky Point, Pender Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Locality 19 Castle Hayne Phosphate Works, 20 mi (32.0 km) from Wilmington. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Locality 20 R. G. Ross farm (near small branch stream— opposite from a strong spring), 1 mi (1.6 km) NW of Lanes Ferry over NE Cape Fear River, Pender Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Locality 21 USGS 11816, 2-2.5 mi (3.2-4.0 km) SW of Char- ity, Duplin Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons Locality 22 USGS 19020, Cedar Fork Swamp, 5 mi (8.0 km) SE of Beulaville, Duplin Co. 1. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 2. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 23 USGS 8165, J. A. Stokes farm, from Marl pits, 2 mi (3.2 km) N of creek near Maple Cypress, Craven Co. 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 2. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) Locality 24 USGS 12007, Marl pits on Douglass Green Farm, about 1 mi (1.6 km) W of Maple Cypress, Craven Co. 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 2. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 1. NUMBER 39 13 Locality 25 Biddle Landing, right bank of Neuse River, 1.9 mi (3.0 km) N of Ft. Barnwell, Craven Co. 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) Locality 26 County rock quarry near Wilmington, New Han- over Co. 1. Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke 2. Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 3. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies Locality 27 Emmons (1858:305, 306) states that the following species came from "eocene, and accompanies the remains of the zeuglodon." According to Druid Wilson (1979, pers. comm.), Emmons reports finding remains of Zeuglodon in North Carolina only at "Washington" near the line of the Wil- mington Railroad. Wilson believes that this is apparently "South Washington," Pender County, said to be near the town of Watha (Stephenson, 1923:158). The other Washington, Beaufort County of Emmons (1858:198) is outside the known Eocene outcrops. There is no evidence to indicate whether or not this locality is in the Castle Hayne Limestone. No specimens of these species have been found in the Castle Hayne or Santee Limestones. 1. Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons)—locality for holotype 2. Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons)—locality for holotype Locality 28 Castle Hayne, 1 mi (1.6 km) NW of Lanes Ferry, NE Cape Fear River, New Hanover Co. 1. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies 2. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 29 Wilmington, New county rock quarry near old city rock quarry, New Hanover Co. 1. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) Locality 30 NE Cape Fear River, 0.75 mi (1.2 km) above Castle Hayne Bridge, New Hanover Co. 1. Eupatagus carolinensis Clark Locality 31 Smith Creek near Wilmington, New Hanover Co. 1. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) Locality 32 Wilmington, New Hanover Co. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Linthia wilminglonensis Clark 3. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) Locality 33 USGS 10621, A. R. Bland farm, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) NE of Rose Hill, Duplin Co. 1. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) Locality 34 Martin Marietta (Formerly Superior Stone Com- pany) Castle Hayne quarry (Superior Pit), 0.5 mi (0.8 km) N of NC Rte 1002, 2.3 mi (3.7 km) NE of Castle Hayne, New Hanover Co. The Castle Hayne Limestone rests on the Upper Cretaceous Rocky Point Member of the Peedee Formation. A phosphatic pebble layer occurs at the bottom of the Castle Hayne. In the eastern end of the quarry, directly above this layer is a biomicrudite containing abundant Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons and lack- ing Linthia harmatuki new species. The following taxa were found in float assumed, because of its location in the quarry, to be from this zone: Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali new subspecies, Linthia wilminglonensis Clark, Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, Maretia subrostrata (Clark), and Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke. In the southern end of the quarry, a glauconitic biosparrudite occurs on the phosphatic pebble zone and con- tains echinoids of the "middle zone" including four species found in place: Linthia harmatuki, new 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY species, Protoscutella plana (Conrad), Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell), and Eurhodia rugosa (Rav- enel) depressa, new subspecies. This layer is 2.2 m thick and overlying it is 2.5 m of a biomicrudite containing echinoids of the "late zone" including Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons, Periarchus lyelli (Conrad), and Linthia hanoverensis Kellum. The lower layer with "middle zone" echinoids thins easterly and wedges out towards the middle of the quarry (Plate 22: figure 4). From this point to the eastern edge of the quarry, the "late zone" rests directly on the phosphatic pebble zone. Locality 35 Mosleys Creek on Lenoir-Craven Co. lines at NC Rte 55. 1. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 2. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new subspecies 3. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Locality 36 E of Neuse River at Ft. Barnwell, Craven Co. 1. Paraster sp. 2. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) SOUTH CAROLINA: SANTEE LIMESTONE (Except where indicated) Locality 37 Georgetown, Martin Marietta Company quarry, 2.8 mi (4.5 km) WNW of Jamestown, on W side of US Rte 17A, Georgetown Co. 1. Agassizia wilmingtonica Cooke inflata, new subspecies 2. Cidaris pratti Clark 3. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 4. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 5. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 6. Linthia harmatuki, new species 7. Linthia wilminglonensis Clark 8. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 9. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) These echinoids were collected from high in the quarry. According to Ward (1979, pers. comm.), they came from beds in the Cross Member, zone H (Ward, et al., 1979: fig. 4). Baum (1979, pers. coram.) considers these beds to be from Ward's Moultrie Member. Ward also collected Protoscu- tella conradi (Cotteau) from the Moultrie Member, zone F. Locality 38 (Warley Hill Formation) Wilson's Landing, about 3 mi (4.8 km) N of Eadytown, Berkeley Co. (For description of this locality see Pooser, 1965:67) 1. Cidaris cf. C. pratti Clark 2. Eupatagus species 3. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) 4. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Locality 39 USGS 18078, Giant Portland Cement Company quarry (Giant Dorchester Quarry in Banks, 1978; formerly Carolina Cement and Lime Company), approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) N of Harleyville, just E of SC Rte 453, Dorchester Co. 1. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Banks (1978:117) found this species throughout the Santee Limestone (his zone IV) at this quarry. He reports Mortonella quinquefarius (Say) from his zone IVd. I have seen some of his specimens and do not believe that they belong to this species. In M. quinquefarius the interporiferous zones of the petals are narrow; whereas, in his specimens these zones are much wider. They appear to be small individuals oi Periarchus lyelli (Conrad). The mar- gin is relatively thicker in some small specimens of this species causing them to superficially resem- ble M. quinquefarius. Ward, et al. (1979:31) record Periarchus from their zones A and B. I have col- lected Periarchus lyelli from their zone B. Locality 40 Just off SC Rte 45, canal spoils between Lake Marion and Lake Moultrie, Berkeley Co. 1. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 2. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 1. NUMBER 39 15 Locality 41 USGS 25867, spoil bank just E of hwy bridge over Santee-Cooper diversion canal between Lake Moultrie and Lake Marion, Berkeley Co. 1. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) Locality 42 Santee canal at bridge, Berkeley Co. 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 3. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) Locality 43 (Warley Hill Formation) USGS 19018, south bank Santee River, 0.25 mi (0.4 km) below dam, fossils from 10-12 ft above water and near top of glauconitic zone, Berkeley Co. 1. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) 2. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) Locality 44 USGS 25868, Pinopolis dam, Santee-Cooper proj- ect, Berkeley Co. 1. Agassizia wilmingtonica Cooke inflata, new subspecies 2. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) Locality 45 USGS 25169, 25170, 25859, Martin Marietta Company, Berkeley quarry, approximately 1.5 mi (2.4 km) S of intersection of SC Rtes. 6 and 59 off 59 near Cross, Berkeley Co. 1. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 2. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 3. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 4. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 5. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) These species were collected from a bryozoan biosparrudite from Ward (1979, fig. 3) bed B in the Moultrie Member or Banks' (1978, fig. 4) zones IIa-1 and II-1. Santeelampas oviformis (Con- rad) occurs in float in this quarry. Immature specimens of Protoscutella cf. P. plana (Conrad) and immature and adults of Coelopleurus infulatus (Mor- ton) occur high in the quarry in Ward (1979, fig. 3) zone E Cross Member or Banks' (1978, fig. 4) zone III. Fragments of Cidaris cf. C. pratti Clark and Linthia harmatuki, new species, are also pres- ent. Locality 46 Santee Portland Cement Company (Orangeburg of Banks, 1978:107), 2.8 mi (4.5 km) S of Holly Hill, along SC Rte 453, Orangeburg Co. 1. Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 2. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 3. Protoscutella plana (Conrad) 4. Rhyncholampas species Periarchus lyelli occurs throughout the section but is not abundant near the top of the quarry. The other species were found in float derived from beds low in the quarry—shown by its location near basal beds and the large amount of phos- phate and bone fragments in the float. This phos- phatic material is common in basal beds but rare higher in the quarry. Locality 47 (Warley Hill Formation and Santee Limestone, mixed) USGS 18353, dredged from Santee-Cooper diver- sion canal near Eadytown, Berkeley Co. -Warley Hill For- 1. Cidaris pratti Clark 2. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 3. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 4. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad)- mation Locality 48 USGS 7968, 13391, Eutaw Springs, 2 mi (3.2 km) E of Eutawville, Orangeburg Co. 1. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 2. Protoscutella plana (Conrad) Locality 49 Santee River at Santee-Cooper dam, Clarendon Co. (May be Warley Hill Formation). 1. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Locality 50 Santee River. 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell)—locality of holotype Locality 51 USGS 4586, Cave Hall, 4 mi (6.4 km) NE of Elloree, Orangeburg Co. 1. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) Locality 52 Near diversion canal between two lakes of Santee- Cooper, Berkeley Co. 1. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) Family CIDARIDAE Gray Subfamily RHABDOCI DARINAE Lambert Genus Phyllacanthus Brandt Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons) PLATE 1: FIGURES 1-4 Cidaris mitchellii Emmons, 1858:305, fig. 237.—Clark and Twitchell, 1915:113, pl. 55: figs, la-c—Cooke, 1941:3, 4; 1959:11, 12. Leiocidaris mitchelli (Emmons).—Lambert and Thiery, 1909- 1925:560. MATERIAL.—One specimen. No specimens or fragments have been found at any locality in the Castle Hayne Limestone. The holotype is well preserved although the apical system is missing. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Sides steep, adapical and adoral surfaces flattened. Horizontal diameter 58 mm, height 35 mm. APICAL SYSTEM.—Diameter 21 mm, 37 percent horizontal diameter (D) of test. No plates pre- served. AMBULACRA.—Narrow (Plate 1: figure 2), width at midzone 7.4 mm (12.7 percent D). Interpori- ferous zone at midzone wider than single porifer- ous zone; six equal-sized secondary tubercles in horizontal row between porepairs; 140 plates in ambulacrum; 11-11.5 plates adjacent to single interambulacral plate at midzone; pores strongly conjugate. INTERAMBULACRA.—16 to 17 plates in each in- terambulacrum. Primary tubercles perforate, not crenulate (Plate 1: figure 4). Scrobicules separate above ambitus, but confluent at and below am- bitus; 17 to 19 tubercles in each scrobicular ring at midzone. Granular zone broad at midzone, 37 percent width of interambulacrum; transversed by ridges (Plate 1: figure 4). PERISTOME.—Small, diameter 35 percent D. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype USNM 498883. OCCURRENCE.—North Carolina: locality 27. Uncertain whether from Castle Hayne Lime- stone. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—Cooke (1959:11, 12) considered this species conspecific with Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons) and Phyl- lacanthus mortoni (Conrad). However, P. mitchellii differs from P. carolinensis, which occurs with it, in having larger scrobicules, finer granules, fewer ambulacral and interambulacral plates, and con- jugate pores. P. mitchellii differs from P. mortoni from the Ocala Limestone in having its peristome smaller than its apical system. Furthermore, the interambulacral granular zone is wider in P. mitchellii and there are 11 to 11.5 ambulacral plates adjacent to each interambulacral plate at the midzone; whereas, there are only 7 to 8 in P. mortoni. Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons) PLATE 1: FIGURES 5-8 Cidaris carolinensis Emmons, 1858:305, fig. 238.—Clark and Twitchell, 1915:113, pl. 55: figs. 2a-c—Cooke, 1941:3,4; 1959:11, 12. Leiocidaris carolinensis (Emmons).—Lambert and Thiery, 1909-1925:560. MATERIAL.—One specimen. No specimens or fragments have been found at any locality in the Castle Hayne Limestone. The holotype is well preserved although slightly crushed and lacking the apical system. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Sides steep, adapical and adoral surfaces flattened. Horizontal diameter 59 mm, height 37 mm. NUMBER 39 17 APICAL SYSTEM.—Not possible to estimate size. AMBULACRA.—Narrow (Plate 1: figure 7), width at midzone 7.7 mm (13 percent D). Interporifer- ous zone at midzone wider than single poriferous zone, 4-6 equal-sized secondary tubercles in hor- izontal row between porepairs; 202 plates in am- bulacrum; 11.5 to 12 plates adjacent to single interambulacral plate at midzone; pores not con- jugate. INTERAMBULACRA.—19 to 20 plates in each in- terambulacrum. Primary tubercles perforate, not crenulate (Plate 1: figure 5). Scrobicules separate above and at ambitus, but nearly confluent ador- ally; 17 tubercles in each scrobicular ring at midzone. Granular zone broad, at midzone 39 percent width of interambulacrum; transversed by ridges (Plate 1: figure 5). PERISTOME.—Not possible to estimate width. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype USNM 498882. OCCURRENCE.—North Carolina: locality 27. Uncertain whether from Castle Hayne Lime- stone. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—P. carolinen- sis differs from P. mitchellii (Emmons)—which was collected with it according to Emmons (1858: 305)—in having smaller scrobicules, coarser gran- ules, more ambulacral and interambulacral plates, and nonconjugate pores. The two holo- types are of approximately the same size; but P. carolinensis has 19 to 20 plates in each interam- bulacrum versus 16 to 17 in P. mitchellii, and 202 plates in each ambulacrum as opposed to only 140 in P. mitchellii. Subfamily CIDARINAE Gray Genus Cidaris Leske Cidaris pratti Clark PLATE 2: FIGURES 1-5 Cidaris pratti Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:114, pl. 55: fig. 3.—Kellum, 1926:14.—Cooke, 1941:6; 1959:10.— Banks, 1978:122, 143, 149. MATERIAL.—Description based on nine nearly complete specimens (all lacking the apical system) and 17 fragments. Too few specimens are avail- able from just one locality to provide significant dimensions. Therefore, the statistics included be- low are based on all the nine nearly complete specimens even though they come from four dif- ferent localities. No difference is apparent in any character between specimens from these different localities. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Horizontal diameter 11.5 to 30.0 mm (x= 19.67 mm); height 52.17 to 67.90 (x=61.02) percent horizontal diameter (D). APICAL SYSTEM.—No plate preserved; diameter 36.0 to 53.91 (x=41.53) percent D. AMBULACRA.—Narrow, (Plate 2: figure 2) width at midzone 11.33 to 17.97 (x= 14.55) percent D. Interporiferous zone at midzone slightly wider than single poriferous zone (Plate 2: figure 5); bordered by a row of secondary tubercles with two rows of smaller tubercles between; specimen 11.5 mm in diameter with 62 plates in ambula- crum, specimen 16.2 mm with 90, specimen 30.0 mm with 138; in specimen 11.5 mm in diameter 6.5 ambulacral plates adjacent to interambula- cral plate at midzone, 8 in specimen 17.5 mm, 10.5 in specimen 30.0 mm in diameter; pores not conjugate. INTERAMBULACRA.—Plates high, 13 in interam- bulacrum of specimen 11.5 mm in diameter, 15 in specimen 17.5 mm and 17 in specimen 30.0 mm. Primary tubercles perforate, crenulate (Plate 2: figure 4) on all plates from apical system to below midzone, first 2 or 3 plates of each inter- ambulacral columns not crenulate. On same spec- imens the crenulations present only on adapical side of tubercles on plates below ambitus; some specimens have deeper crenulations than others; on one specimen crenulations slightly developed, absent on first four plates of each column. Tu- bercles large, occupying most of each plate, scrob- icular rings confluent, 17-20 tubercles in each ring on plates near midzone on larger specimens. Granular zone between tubercles along midzone with transverse ridges crossing interradial suture (Plate 2: figure 4). PERISTOME.—Slightly smaller in diameter than apical system, 39.39 to 54.69 (x=44.84) percent D. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 164663; figured specimen USNM 264035. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 2, 4, Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Rose Hill locality 11, Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12, Comfort localities 13, 32. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: Georgetown localities 37, 42, 47 ("early, middle, and late zones"). REMARKS.—Cooke (1941:5; 1959:10) consid- ered Cidaris smithi from Alabama (probably from the Ocala Limestone) a synonym of C. pratti. However, the holotype and only known specimen of C smithi has fewer ambulacral plates opposite each interambulacral plate at the midzone: 9 plates in the holotype 34.9 mm in diameter. The two largest specimens of C. pratti, 25.2 and 30.0 mm in diameter, have 10.5 to 11 plates. With only one specimen available of C. pratti, it is not possible to know the significance, of this differ- ence. Family ARBACIIDAE Gray Genus Coelopleurus L. Agassiz Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke FIGURE 2; PLATE 2: FIGURES 6-8; PLATE 3: FIGURES 1-3 Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke, 1941:9, pl. 2: figs. 1-3; 1959: 22, 23, pl. 3: figs. 5, 6. MATERIAL.—Description based on 30 speci- mens from the Ideal quarry (locality 12). Mea- surements taken from 27 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Test 10.1 to 28.7 mm in horizontal diameter (D) (x=20.98 mm), height 48.48 percent D (SD=2.29, CV=22.62, N=24). APICAL SYSTEM.—Preserved in 18 specimens; all oculars pentagonal and exsert; genital plates large, each perforated, genital 2 only slightly larger than other genital plates; fine striations on apical system forming star with five points at ocular plates (Plate 2: figure 7, plate 3: figure 1). One large, highly elevated secondary tubercle on each genital plate near edge of periproct. Peri- proct slightly elongated, greatest width 17.51 per- cent D (SD=0.78, CV=21.24, N=25). AMBULACRA.—Greatest width adapical to am- bitus, narrowing steadily to peristome, greatest width 22.39 percent D (SD=0.89, CV=19.14, N=27). Poriferous zone arcuate (Plate 3: figure 3); ambulacral plates compound, trigeminate; in each poriferous zone 42 porepairs in specimen 10.1 mm in diameter, 80 in specimen 28.7 mm in diameter (Figure 2A); the number of primary tubercles in each ambulacrum varies from 11 in a specimen 10.1 mm in diameter to 25 in a specimen 28.7 mm in diameter (Figure 2B). Each ambulacrum with 3-7 sphaeridia, most specimens with 5-7 (Figure 2C). Ambulacra flush with test or slightly inflated. INTERAMBULACRA.—Plates low, 15 in interam- bulacrum of specimen 10.1 mm in diameter, 25 in interambulacrum of specimen 28.7 mm in diameter (Figure 2D); greatest width adapical to ambitus, 37.05 percent D (SD=1.97, CV=25.12, N=27). Interambulacrum medially naked of tu- bercles adapical from apical system to midway to ambitus; first primary tubercle occurs on fourth to sixth plate from apical system, four rows of primary tubercles in each interambulacrum at ambitus. Tubercles imperforate, not crenulate. Two rows of nodes in each interambulacrum edge the naked medial zone and extend adorally to ambitus. PERISTOME.—Diameter 43.69 percent D (SD=1.71, CV=19.17, N=24), gill slits wide with long tags for attachment of gills. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 166500; figured specimen USNM 264036. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: locality 3, Ideal Cement Com- pany quarry localities 12, 26 ("late zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is very similar to Coelopleurus infulatus (Mor- ton) that occurs with it at the Ideal quarry. It differs from C. infulatus in having a less domed test (in smaller specimens) with its ambulacra not inflated adapically and in having fewer primary tubercles with a larger adapical naked area. Its plates are higher, resulting in fewer interambu- lacral and ambulacral plates. Its periproct is larger; its peristome smaller; and its sphaeridia fewer in number. These differences are clearly NUMBER 39 19 O Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) -Ideal Coelopleurus mfutottis (Morion) -Santee Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke -Ideal DIAMETER (MM) ; o 0 0 0 o ; 0 o 0 o '. 0 0 D • oo • - • • • • • - • O Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) -ideol B a Coelopleurus Infulatus (Morton) -Sonlee • Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke -ideal DIAMETER I MM) r O Cotloplaurus infulatus Morton)-H.ol Q Cotlopfmurut tntulotvs (Morion)-Sonu. • Coitaplturus carolm ntu Cook* — lot - o O o O O o o o 0 C *a * J 10 20 30 O Coelopleurus Infulatus (Morton) -ideal o Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) -Santee Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke -Ideol D ■ .... i DIAMETER (MM) ° Coelopleurus infulatus (Morion) -Ideol a Coelopleurus Infulatus ( Morton ) -Santee • Coelopleurus carolinansls Cooke -Ideal O Co*lopleurui latulatus Morton) - MMl O Co*topl*uru3 iota lulus Morton) -soman • Cottoplturui caroling/ill 5 Coon* - Idool oo o - 0 o o O • • • \ F DIAMETER II DIAMETER (MM) FIGURE 2.—Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) and Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke: A, scattergram showing difference in number of porepairs between the two species; B, scattergram showing difference in number of primary tubercles in an ambulacrum of C. infulatus (Morton) and C carolinensis Cooke; C, scattergram showing difference in number of sphaeridia pits in C. infulatus (Morton) and C. carolinensis Cooke; D, scattergram showing difference in number of interam- bulacral plates in C. infulatus (Morton) and C. carolinensis Cooke; E, scattergram showing difference in number of primary tubercles in an interambulacrum of C. infulatus (Morton) and C. carolinensis Cooke; F, scattergram showing difference in the diameter of the peristome in C. infulatus (Morton) and C. carolinensis Cooke. 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY evident in the scattergrams (Figures 2A-F), and are described in more detail in the description of C. infulatus below. REMARKS.—Cooke (1959: explanation to Plate 3: figures 5, 6) states in error that the holotype of C. carolinensis came from the Santee Limestone in South Carolina. As noted in his original descrip- tion (Cooke, 1941:9) and on the label with the holotype, it was collected in the Castle Hayne Limestone at the County rock quarry near Wil- mington, North Carolina. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) FIGURES 2, 3; PLATE 3: FIGURES 4-7; PLATE 4 Echinus infulatus Morton, 1833:131, pl. 10: fig. 7; 1834:75, pl. 10: fig. 7. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton).—Desor, 1855-1858:98.— Clark and Twitchell, 1915:117, pl. 56: figs. la-i.—Cooke, 1941:9; 1959:22-23.—Banks, 1978:101. MATERIAL.—Description based on 11 speci- mens from the Ideal quarry (locality 12). Mea- surements taken from 10 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Test 20.9 to 36.8 mm in horizontal diameter (D) (x=30.82 mm), height 54.26 percent D (SD=3.41, CV=20.28, N=10). Adapically ambulacra strongly inflated; inter- ambulacra slightly depressed along midline. Test domed, with steep sides. APICAL SYSTEM.—Preserved in five specimens; all oculars pentagonal and exsert (Figure 3) in all specimens (Plate 4: figure 1); genital plates large, each perforated, genital 2 larger than others; system small, greatest width 24.50 percent D; periproct elongated diagonally from interambu- lacra 3 to 1, at greatest width 15.19 percent D (SD=0.92, CV=20.11,N=6). AMBULACRA.—Greatest width adapical to am- bitus, narrowing steadily to peristome, greatest width 20.65 percent D (SD=0.91, CV= 14.37, N=10). Poriferous zones straight (Plate 3: figure 7) except near peristome where arcuate (Plate 4: figure 4); ambulacral plates compound, trigemi- nate; in each ambulacrum 84 porepairs in speci- men 20.9 mm in diameter, 110 in specimen 35.3 mm in diameter (Figure 2A). Two rows of pri- FIGURE 3.—Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton), apical system showing exsert ocular plates in USNM 264038, from the Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 6. mary imperforate, noncrenulate tubercles in each ambulacrum extending almost to apical system; the number of tubercles in each ambulacrum varies from 26 in specimen 20.9 mm in diameter to 37 in specimen 36.8 mm in diameter (Figure 2B). Each ambulacrum with 8-13 sphaeridia in single row (Plate 4: figure 4). INTERAMBULACRA.—Plates low, 27 in interam- bulacrum of specimen 20.9 mm in diameter, 37 in interambulacrum of specimen 36.8 mm in diameter (Figure 2D); greatest width adapical to ambitus, 40.19 percent D (SD=2.19, CV= 17.74, N=10). Interambulacra medially naked of tuber- cles adapically from apical system to midway to ambitus, with single row of tubercles along each outer edge in each interambulacrum; at point midway between apical system and ambitus two more rows of tubercles appear; the fifth and sixth rows appear at the ambitus; six rows continue from the ambitus to near peristome. Primary tubercles imperforate, noncrenulate. PERISTOME.—Diameter 48.35 percent D (SD=2.29, CV= 15.88, N=8), gill slits wide with long tags for attachment of gills. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—The holotype is probably the specimen figured by Clark and Twitchell (1915:pl. 56: fig. la-i), Academy of Natural Sci- ences Philadelphia 1076; figured specimens USNM 264037, 264038. NUMBER 39 21 OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: localities 45, 52 ("early, middle, and late zones"). REMARKS.—The probable holotype of this spe- cies (Plate 3: figures 6, 7) and all the other specimens (7) I have seen from the Santee Lime- stone of South Carolina are smaller than the specimens from the Castle Hayne Limestone in North Carolina. However, except for this differ- ence in size, I can see no other differences. On the scattergrams (Figures 2A-F) the coordinates for the smaller South Carolina specimens fall in the path where you would expect to find smaller North Carolinian specimens if they had been found. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—Cooke (1959:22-23) considered C. carolinensis a junior subjective synonym of C. infulatus, but his holo- type and the many additional specimens collected lately from the Castle Hayne Limestone can be clearly differentiated from the holotype of C. infulatus and other specimens of this species that occur with C. carolinensis in the Castle Hayne Limestone. C. infulatus differs in having a more domed test in the larger specimens with steeper sides (cf. Plate 3: figure 3 to Plate 4: figure 3), and ambulacra, which are inflated adapically. More primary tubercles are present in both the ambulacra and interambulacra (Figures 2B, E) particularly adapically. In C. carolinensis much more of the adapical area is naked of tubercles. A double row of tubercles extends almost to the apical system in C infulatus; whereas, in C. caroli- nensis the first tubercle occurs on the third or fourth plate. More interambulacral and ambu- lacral plates (and porepairs) are present in C. infulatus (Figures 2A, D). Finally in C. infulatus the peristome is larger (Figure 2F) and the sphaeridia pits more numerous (Figure 2C). Most of the specimens of C. infulatus from the Castle Hayne Limestone are larger than those of C. carolinensis, but enough specimens are present of the same size to show that these morphological differences are not age related. The differentia- tion of the two species are clearly evident in the scattergrams and in the regression curves. Family PHYMOSOMATIDAE Pomel Genus Dixieus Cooke Dixieus cf. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) PLATE 5: FIGURES 1-3 Phymosoma dixie Cooke, 1941:17, pl. 2: fig. 15. Dixieus dixie (Cooke).—Cooke, 1948:607.—Mortensen, 1951: 558, fig. 281.—Cooke, 1959:24, pl. 5: figs. 8-10. MATERIAL.—Fragment of one specimen that includes one complete ambulacrum and inter- ambulacrum and approximately one-third of the test lacking the apical system and peristome. The specimen certainly belongs to the genus Dixieus or Phymosoma having biserial porepairs, equal size ambulacral, and interambulacral crenulate tu- bercles. It appears very similar to Dixieus dixie from the late Eocene Ocala Limestone in Florida but differs in having fewer plates. The Castle Hayne specimen has 208 porepairs in an ambu- lacrum; the holotype, which is smaller, has 234. The holotype is 43 mm in diameter; whereas, the Castle Hayne specimen is estimated to have been 48 mm in diameter. Although this specimen probably represents a new species, more specimens are needed before its specific characters can be determined. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Figured specimen USNM 264039. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9 ("late zone"). Family ECHINOLAMPADIDAE Gray Genus Echinolampas Gray Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons FIGURES 4, 5; PLATE 5: FIGURES 4-9; PLATE 6: FIGURES 1-4 Echinolampas appenduulatus Emmons, 1858:307, figs. 240, 241.—Clark and Twitchell, 1915:149, pl. 68: figs. 2a-h.— Cooke, 1942:38; 1959:56, pl. 22: figs. 5, 6. MATERIAL.—Hundreds of specimens, many ex- tremely well preserved and covering a wide range of size, smallest only 2.3 mm long. The description 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY and dimensions are based on 29 specimens from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 2.3 to 47.33 mm (x=21.17 mm), width 88.81 percent L (SD=9.88, CV=41.24, N=29), greatest width at midlength or slightly posterior to center; greatest height at apical system, height 53.69 percent L (SD=5.49, CV=36.75, N=29). Margins smoothly curving. Adorally, depressed around peristome. Margin prolonged posteriorly. Smaller specimen higher and rounder (Plate 5: figure 8). • 0 0 0 0 B FIGURE 4.—Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons: A, adapical view of specimen only 2.3 mm long (note position of peri- proct in contact with apical system, lack of petaloid pores, and lack of genital pores), USNM 264586, from the Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9, X 20; B, adapical view of specimen 8 mm long, USNM 264587, Castle Hayne Lime- stone, locality 9, X 6. FIGURE 5.—Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons, phyllode in ambulacrum II of USNM 264041 from Castle Hayne Lime- stone at locality 9, X 10. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located at distance from an- terior margin 53.58 percent L (SD=5.91, CV=40.74, N=29); monobasal with four genital pores, no genital pores present in specimens less than 16 mm long (Figure 4A). AMBULACRA.—Petals broad, greatest width petal III 9.49 percent L (SD=1.18, CV=43.64, N=28), petal II 9.51 percent L (SD=1.31, CV=48.51, N=29), petal I 9.42 percent L (SD=1.26, CV=47.44, N=29); closing distally; length of petal III 32.35 percent L (SD=4.76, CV=49.25, N=28), petal II 34.14 percent L (SD=5.04, CV=50.55, N=29), petal I 38.17 per- cent L (SD=5.53, CV=50.02, N=29); poriferous zones narrow, unequal with from 2 to 7 (x=3) more porepairs in the outer zones of petals V, I, 1 to 7 (x=3) more in posterior zones of petals II, IV, 1 to 4 (x=2) more in right poriferous zone of petal III; no porepairs present in specimens less than 5 mm long (Figure 4A, Plate 5: figure 7), in specimen 6 mm long no porepairs in petal III, 3 in anterior, 6 in posterior zones of petals II, IV and 7 in outer and 3 inner zones of petals V, I. Additional porepairs added at consistent rate throughout growth of echinoid (Figure 4B). Pores conjugate. Ambulacral plates single pored be- yond petals. Phyllodes widening slightly (Figure 5) with 20- NUMBER 39 23 24 pores in outer series, 8 to 10 in inner rows in specimen 44 mm long. Sphaeridia in two rows, 6-8 in adult specimens in single ambulacrum. PERISTOME.—Located from anterior margin at distance 39.21 percent L (SD=4.34, CV=39.80, N=28). Width 18.44 percent L (SD=1.79, CV=35.58, N=28); height 11.29 percent L (SD=0.99, CV=32.75, N=28). PERIPROCT.—Inframarginal, width 20.06 per- cent L (SD=2.22, CV=40.92, N=28). In smallest specimen 2.3 mm long periproct supramarginal in contact with apical system (Figure 4A); in specimen 3.9 mm long periproct in adult position. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 499113; figured specimens USNM 138017, 264040, 264041, 264042, 264586, 264587. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 1-5, 7, Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company quarry) locality 10, Ideal Cement Company (locality 12), localities 16-22, 34 ("middle and late zones"). Family PLIOLAMPADIDAE Kier Genus Eurhodia Haime Eurhodia baumi, new species FIGURE 6; PLATE 6: FIGURES 5-8 DIAGNOSIS.—Species characterized by short low test, tilting posterior truncation with periproct visible from above, and low peristome. MATERIAL.—Description based on 20 speci- mens from Rose Hill (locality 11). Measurements taken from 18 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 26.4 to 43.2 mm (x=34.33 mm), width 82.4 percent L (SD=2.51, CV=8.88, N=18) greatest width and height cen- tral to posterior to center, height 49.6 percent L (SD=1.90, CV= 11.18, N=18); posterior sloping so that periproct partially visible from above. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located at distance from an- terior margin equal to 49.1 percent L (SD=2.03, CV= 12.03, N=17); monobasal with four genital pores. AMBULACRA.—Petals with interporiferous zones twice width of single poriferous zone. Length of petal III 34.0 percent L (SD=1.73, CV=14.51, N=14), petal II or IV 33.1 percent L (SD=1.85, CV=16.0, N=13), petal V or I 40.1 percent L (SD=1.84, CV=13.18, N=14); greatest width of petal III 11.6 percent L (SD=0.69, CV= 16.87, N=13), petal II or IV 11.2 percent L (SD=0.69, CV= 16.63, N=14), petal V or I 11.9 percent L (SD=0.76, CV= 18.35, N=14). Poriferous zones of equal length in same petal. First porepair in plate 35 of ambulacrum III, 39 in II, 36 in I. Phyllodes widening slightly, with approxi- mately 20-22 pores in outer series in single phyl- lode, 8-10 in inner; 8-10 sphaeridia in each am- bulacrum (Figure 6). In specimen 26.5 mm long 60 porepairs in petal III, 58 in II, 72 in I; specimen 36 mm long 76 porepairs in III, 70 in II, 86 in I. PERISTOME.—Located from anterior margin at distance 35.7 percent L (SD=1.49, CV= 12.20, N=18). Height greater than width, height 13.7 percent L (SD=0.46, CV=9.74, N=17), width 10.4 percent L (SD=0.47, CV= 13.06, N=18). % % • # # • • • • % FIGURE 6.—Eurhodia baumi, new species, phyllode in ambu- lacrum V of USNM 264043 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 11, X 12. 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Bourrelets well developed (Plate 6: figure 8). Adoral surface pitted. PERIPROCT.—Located slightly less than midway up test, partially visible from above, width 20.1 percent L (SD=0.77, CV=11.15, N= 16). Located in plates 7 or 8 through 10, 11 in interambula- crum 5. ADORAL SURFACE.—Irregularly arranged pits in midzone of interambulacrum 5, in ambulacrum III at extremity of phyllode, and in second and third plates of interambulacra 2 and 3 alongside phyllode, and second plates of other interambu- lacral columns (Plate 6: figure 8). NUMBER OF PLATES.—Specimen 36.2 mm long with 40 plates in interambulacrum 5, 34 in inter- ambulacrum 1 and 2. Ambulacrum III with 156 plates, 136 in II, 140 in I. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype USNM 264043. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Rose Hill locality 11 ("early zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—Eurhodia baumi differs from Eurhodia holmesi also from the Castle Hayne but from a different locality in having a lower test with its posterior truncation tilting so that the periproct is more visible from the top. The periproct is higher on the test in E. baumi. It is easily distinguished from Eurhodia ru- gosa rugosa (Ravenel), which occurs with it, by its much wider test. Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) FIGURES 7, 8; PLATE 7: FIGURES 1-6 Pygorhynchus rugosus Ravenel, 1848:4, figs. 7, 8.—Clark and Twitchell, 1915:147. Pygorhynchus crucifer (Morton). — Ravenel, 1848:4, figs. 9, 10. Ravenelia crucifer (Morton).—McCrady, 1859:283. Ravenelia rugosa (Ravenel).—McCrady, 1859:283. Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) raveneli Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:142, pl. 65: figs. 5a-d, pl. 66: figs, la-c, 2a-b. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel). — Lambert and Thiery, 1909- 1925:365.—Cooke, 1959:63, pl. 22: figs. 1-4.—Kier, 1962: 214, fig. 177, pl. 41: figs. 1-5.—Banks, 1978:122, 143. Eurhodia raveneli (Twitchell).—Cooke, 1942:35. MATERIAL.—Description based on 70 speci- mens from Georgetown (locality 37). Dimensions from 38 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 16.4 to 62.5 mm, x=30.69 mm, test elongate, width 66.16 to 83.27 (x=74.49) percent L (SD=7.52, CV=33.59, N=38), sides relatively straight, posterior margin truncated; height 29.28 to 54.27 (x=44.44) per- cent L (SD=3.28, CV=25.35, N=38), smaller specimens higher relative to length than larger (Figure 7A). Trough extending downward from periproct; test depressed adorally along midline. APICAL SYSTEM.—Anterior, distance from an- terior margin 42.78 to 54.35 (x=49.04) percent L (SD=4.93, CV=33.08, N=37); monobasal, 4 gen- ital pores, present on smallest specimen. AMBULACRA.—Anterior petal extending almost to anterior margin; length 27.44 to 41.03 (x=35.71) percent L (SD=4.91, CV=42.63, N=32); width 9.12 to 14.33 (x= 11.83) percent L (SD=1.15, CV=31.34, N=31); length of petals II, IV 23.33 to 37.20 (x=30.61) percent L (SD=3.60, CV=38.56, N=31); width 8.89 to 14.68 (x-11.58) percent L (SD-1.23, CV=34.42, N=32); length of petals V, I 34.15 to 44.91 (x=39.14) percent L (SD=5.02, CV=41.83, N=34); width 8.89 to 15.47 (x= 11.82) percent L (SD= 1.12, CV=31.98, N=33). Petals closing distally, poriferous zones equal, interporiferous zones slightly wider than single poriferous zone. Specimen 16.6 mm long with 60 porepairs in petal III, 54 in petal IV, 66 in petal V; specimen 48.2 mm long with 109 porepairs in petal III, 92 in IV. 119 in V; speci- men 62.5 mm long with 112 porepairs in petal III, 110 in IV, 128 in V. PERISTOME.—Anterior of center, distance from anterior margin 33.71 to 40.22 (x=37.15) percent L (SD=4.39, CV=38.64, N=37); elongated lon- gitudinally, height 10.36 to 15.06 (x=12.74) per- cent L (SD=1.38, CV=35.79, N=35); width 8.57 to 13.25 (x= 10.61) percent L (SD=1.19, CV=37.15, N=35). Bourrelets strongly developed (Plate 7: figure 2), peristomial opening vertically sided. Phyllodcs single pored, approximately 26 pores in each phyllode, 6 in inner series in oc- cluded plates in specimen 20.5 mm long; 30 in each phyllode, 8-9 in inner series in specimen 52.6 mm long. PERIPROCT.—Supramarginal, transverse with NUMBER 39 25 : '_ o Eurhodia rugosa rugosa ( Ravenel) - • Eurhodia rugosa ideali new subspecies - a Eurhodia rugosa depressa new subspecies r - •8 °-° o o • ^m o o« o o ooVMr* • - 88o •"■^ O O ri 1... . Inn III 11 ll 1 lllll llll 1 Hill lll.lll 111 llllll 1 i I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I . I 1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 LENGTH (MM) : - o Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) - • Eurhodia rugosa idaolt new subspecies o '-. o ° T-TTTT rri 111111 o o o • 1 88 o -,,,,, i...■ 11111111111111 ii 11111.1111111. i... 11111 1.1.. 1 20 30 40 50 60 LENGTH I MM ) 50 L o Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 40 - • Eurhodia rugosa ideali new subspecies 2 2 30 I o - 20 * \ o • fc 0 0 0° 88° 10 B ■ ■ ' 11II in■ ii. i .i 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 LENGTH (MM! r o Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) m Eurhodia rugosa ideal* new subspecies : o o \ -••?-r°'°S8 -i i i i i i i i i i i j i iiuiiiiiii.il. i 111111 > 1111LENGTH ( MM ) Z40r r : o Eurhodia rugosa rugosa ( Ravenel) \ m Eurhodia rugosa ideali n ew subspecies oA ° •1 * * o o E ■ .,.1,,,,1,,,,!.. r i ■ ■•iiiII ii 11 1,1. 1" 1 30 40 50 60 70 LENGTH (MM) FIGURE 7.—Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel): A, scattergram showing differences in height relative to length in three subspecies; B, scattergram showing difference in width relative to length in two subspecies of E. rugosa (Ravenel) (note that although width is similar in the smaller specimens, larger specimens of E. rugosa ideali, new subspecies, are narrower than large specimens of E. rugosa rugosa (Ravenel)); C, scattergram showing difference in length of petal III in two subspecies of E. rugosa (Ravenel) (note that although length of petal III is greater in small specimens of E. rugosa ideali, new subspecies, than in E. rugosa rugosa (Ravenel), this difference is absent in larger specimens); D, scattergram of subspecies of E. rugosa (Ravenel) showing similar position of peristome; E, scattergram of subspecies of E. rugosa (Ravenel) showing similar position of apical system in larger specimens. 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY trough extending posteriorly. Enclosed by inter- ambulacral plates 8-12. ADORAL SURFACE.—Large, irregularly arranged pits (Plate 7: figure 2) in midzone of interambu- lacrum V; two-thirds of length of ambulacrum III extending from extremity of phyllode; first and second plates of interambulacra 2, 3 and in plate 3 adjoining ambulacrum III; a few pits in plates 1 and 2 in interambulacra 4, 1. Adoral plate arrangement in Figure 8. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—In the same paper in which he erected Pygorhynchus rugosus, Ravenel (1848) referred a specimen (probably of this species) to Pygorhynchus crucifer Morton. Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell (1915:142), erected a new species, Cassidulus raveneli, for this specimen. He consid- ered Ravenel's P. rugosus too poorly illustrated FIGURE 8.—Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel), adoral plate arrangement in USNM 264588 from Santee Limestone at locality 37, X 2. and, because the type-specimen was lost, not worthy of recognition. Cooke (1942:35) accepted Twitchell's species but later (1959:63) used P. rugosus and considered Twitchell's C. raveneli as a synonym. Ravenel's illustrations of P. rugosus are clear enough to permit reasonable certainty that his species is the form found so commonly in South Carolina in the Santee Limestone. In order to determine which name to use for this species, a neotype is herein selected for Ravenel's P. ru- gosus: USNM 562300 from the Santee Limestone at USGS 18353 (locality 47) on the Santee- Cooper diversion canal near Eadytown, Berkeley County, South Carolina (figured by Cooke, 1959: plate 22: figures 1-4). FIGURED SPECIMENS.—USNM 264044, 264045, 264588. OCCURRENCES.—Santee Limestone, South Car- olina: Georgetown localities 37, 40-42, 45, 47, 48 ("middle zone"). REMARKS.—This subspecies differs from E. ru- gosa ideali from the Castle Hayne Limestone in having far larger pits (compare Plate 7: figure 2 with Plate 7: figure 8) on its adoral surface, a narrower test in the larger specimens (Figure 7B), higher test on the smaller specimens (Figure 7A), and a longer petal III in the smaller specimens (Figure 7C). In all their other characters includ- ing position of the peristome and apical system (Figures 7D, E), the subspecies are indistinguish- able. E. rugosa rugosa occurs only in the Santee Limestone of South Carolina. Eurhodia rugosa ideali, new subspecies FIGURES 7, 9; PLATE 7: FIGURES 7-9 MATERIAL.—Description based on over 100 specimens from Ideal (locality 12). Dimensions from 48 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 17.4 to 49.1 mm, x=31.60 mm, test elongate, width 69.26 to 80.26 (x=75.07) percent L (SD=5.76, CV=24.35, N=48), sides relatively straight and parallel in some specimens, in others sides widening poste- riorly, posterior margin truncated; height 32.92 NUMBER 39 27 • • to 44.83 (x=38.16) percent L (SD=2.34, CV= 19.81, N=47). Trough extending downward from periproct; test depressed adorally along mid- line. APICAL SYSTEM.—Anterior, distance from an- terior margin 43.18 to 49.51 (x=46.08) percent L (SD=3.62, CV=24.79, N=45); monobasal, 4 gen- ital pores, present on smallest specimen. AMBULACRA.—Anterior petal extending almost to anterior margin; length 30.46 to 59.30 (x=36.39) percent L (SD=4.19, CV=36.15, N=41); width 9.46 to 13.94 (x=12.18) percent L (SD=0.95, CV=24.94, N=44); length of petals II, IV 25.0 to 33.81 (x=29.95) percent L (SD=2.78, CV=29.13, N=40); width 9.46 to 13.94 (x=l 1.75) percent L (SD=0.92, CV=24.85, N=41); length of petals V, I 31.89 to 43.62 (x=37.82) percent L (SD=3.65, CV=30.51, N=41); width 9.12 to 13.46 (x= 11.41) percent L (SD=0.94, CV=25.75, N=42). Petals closing distally, poriferous zones equal, interporiferous zones slightly wider than single poriferous zone. Specimen 17.4 mm long with 40 porepairs in petal III, 40 in petal IV, 50 in petal V; specimen 48.9 mm long with 98 porepairs in petal III, 90 in IV, 110 in V. PERISTOME.—Anterior of center, distance from anterior margin 34.25 to 38.46 (x=36.43) percent L (SD=2.95, CV=25.61, N=48); elongated lon- gitudinally, height 9.36 to 16.54 (x= 12.53) per- cent L (SD=0.70, CV= 18.43, N=47); width 7.14 to 14.02 (x= 10.58) percent L (SD=0.71, CV=21.96, N=47). Bourrelets strongly devel- oped. Phyllodes (Figure 9A) single pored, approx- imately 26 pores in each phyllode, 6 in inner series in occluded plates in specimen 23 mm long; 28 in each phyllode, 8-9 in inner series in speci- men, 41.7 mm long. PERIPROCT.—Supramarginal, transverse with trough extending posteriorly. Enclosed by inter- ambulacral plates 8-12. ADORAL SURFACE.—Small, irregularly arranged pits (Plate 7: figure 8) in midzone of interambu- lacrum V; two-thirds of length of ambulacrum III extending from extremity of phyllode; first and second plates of interambulacra 2, 3 and in plate 3 adjoining ambulacrum III; a few pits in B FIGURE 9.—Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) ideali, new subspecies: A, phyllode of ambulacrum III on USNM 264589 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 8; B, adoral plate arrangement of USNM 264589 from Castle Hayne Lime- stone at locality 12, X 2. 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY plates 1 and 2 in interambulacra 4, 1. Adoral plate arrangement in Figure 9B. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 264046; figured specimen USNM 264589. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 2, 5, 8, Rose Hill local- ity 11, Ideal Cement Company quarry localities 12, 26, 28 ("early and late zones"). REMARKS.—Specimens of this subspecies are distinguished from specimens of Eurhodia rugosa rugosa by their much smaller pits on the adoral surface (compare Plate 7: figure 2 with Plate 7: figure 8). In Eurhodia rugosa ideali the specimens are wider in the larger specimens, although hav- ing similar width to length ratios in the smaller specimens (Figure 7B). The width-to-length ratio decreases with increase in size in E. rugosa rugosa. Small specimens of is. rugosa ideali have lower tests than in E. rugosa rugosa but larger specimens have similar heights (Figure 7A). Finally, specimens of E. rugosa ideali commonly have petal III shorter in the smaller specimens than E. rugosa rugosa (Figure 7C). In all other characters the subspecies are indistinguishable including width, height, and position of the peristome (Figure 7D), location of the apical system in large specimens (Figure 7E), width of all petals and length of all petals except petal III, number of porepairs in the petals, and numbers of pores in the phyllodes. E. rugosa ideali occurs in the Castle Hayne of North Carolina and E. rugosa rugosa occurs in the Santee Lime- stone of South Carolina. Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new subspecies FIGURES 7A, 10, 21, 22; PLATE 7: FIGURES 10-12 MATERIAL.—62 specimens from Maple Hill (East Coast Company) locality 10 but only eight show adapical surface. Specimens occur in living position as shown by the filling of only the lower portion of the test with sediment—the upper part is hollow. The specimens occur at the bottom of an indurated bryozoan "hash" with the upper surface of the echinoids firmly cemented to the rock making it very difficult to clean this surface. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 47.6 to 65.0 mm, x=56.6 mm, test elongate, width 66.34 to 69.33 (x=67.59) percent L (SD=4.69, CV= 12.27, N=8), greatest width posterior to center, posterior margin truncated; height 25.38 to 28.32 (x=27.43) percent L (SD=1.67, CV=11.08, N=6). Trough extending downward from peri- proct; test depressed adorally along midline. APICAL SYSTEM.—Anterior, distance from an- terior margin 42.62 to 43.91 (x=43.07) percent L (SD=2.92, CV= 12.29, N=6); monobasal, 4 gen- ital pores, present on smallest specimen. AMBULACRA.—Anterior petal extending almost to anterior margin; length 34.33 to 35.93 (x=35.33) percent L (SD=2.65, CV= 13.59, N=6); width 9.08 to 9.90 (x=9.41) percent L (SD=0.66, CV= 12.71, N=6); length of petals II, IV 25.92 to 30.08 (x=27.91) percent L (SD=2.55, CV= 16.51, N=6); width 8.92 to 9.92 (x=9.45) percent L (SD=0.64, CV= 12.34, N=6); length of petals V, I 36.33 to 39.40 (x=37.63) percent L (SD=2.94, CV=14.16, N=6); width 8.46 to 9.76 (x=9.36) percent L (SD=0.51, CV=9.69, N=5). Petals closing distally, poriferous zones equal, interporiferous zones slightly wider than single poriferous zone. Specimen 49.0 mm long with 102 porepairs in petal III, 84 in petal IV, 106 in petal V; specimen 56.9 mm long with 124 pore- pairs in petal III, 102 in IV, 136 in V. PERISTOME.—Anterior of center, distance from anterior margin 34.49 to 36.13 (x=35.14) percent L (SD=2.49, CV= 12.66, N=7); elongated longi- tudinally, height 10.77 to 12.65 (x=l 1.90) percent L (SD=0.54, CV=8.16, N=7); width 9.62 to 11.74 (x=9.50) percent L (SD=1.03, CV= 16.87, N=7). Bourrelets strongly developed. Phyllodes (Figure 10A) single pored, approximately 26 pores in each phyllode, 7 in inner series in occluded plates in specimen 50.4 mm long; same in specimen 63.7 mm long. PERIPROCT.—Supramarginal, transverse with trough extending posteriorly. Enclosed by inter- ambulacral plates 8-12. ADORAL SURFACE.—Small, irregularly arranged pits (Plate 7: figure 11) in midzone of interam- bulacrum V; two-thirds of length of ambulacrum III extending from extremity of phyllode- first and second plates of interambulacra 2, 3 and in NUMBER 39 29 B FIGURE 10.—Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) depressa, new subspe- cies: A, floscelle of USNM 264590 from Castle Hayne Lime- stone at locality 10, X 3; B, adoral plate arrangement of USNM 264591 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10, X 1. plate 3 adjoining ambulacrum III; a few pits in plates 1 and 2 in interambulacra 4, 1. Plate arrangement on Figure 10B. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 264047; figured specimens USNM 264590, 264591. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (East Coast Con- struction Company quarry) localities 10, 34 ("middle zone"). REMARKS.—This subspecies differs from E. ru- gosa rugosa found in the Santee Limestone of South Carolina and E. rugosa ideali found elsewhere in the Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina in having a lower test (Figure 7A). The pits on the adoral side of its test are similar in size to those in E. rugosa ideali and smaller than those in E. rugosa rugosa. In all other characters, specimens of this subspecies are similar to the other subspe- cies, including the width of the test, length and width of the petals, position of the apical system, and position, height, and width of the peristome. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) FIGURES 11-13; PLATE 8: FIGURES 1-7 Cassidulus {Rhynchopygus?) holmesi Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:140, pi. 65: figs. 3a-d. Rhyncholampas holmesi (Twitchell).—Lambert and Thiery, 1909-1925:370. Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell).—Cooke, 1942:36. Eurhodia (Gisopygus) holmesi (Twitchell).—Cooke, 1959:65. Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis var. cravenensis Kellum, 1926:15, pl. 1: figs. 1-3.—Cooke, 1942:36; 1959:65, pl. 23: figs. 1-5. MATERIAL.—Description based on 99 well-pre- served specimens from Georgetown (locality 37). Measurements taken from 36 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 8.7 to 21.8 mm (x= 14.89 mm), width 79.6 to 90.3 (x=85.47) per- cent L (SD=2.19, CV=17.19, N=36), greatest width and height posterior to center, height very variable from 55.1 to 71.8 percent L (x=62.82) percent L (SD=1.51, CV=16.13, N=36). Trough extending downward from periproct; test de- pressed around peristome. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located at distance from an- terior margin 51.2 to 60.8 (x=56.59) percent L (SD=1.27, CV= 15.31, N=35); monobasal with four genital pores, pores present on smallest spec- imen. AMBULACRA.—Petals with interporiferous zones wider than single poriferous zone. Length of petal III 21.7 to 37.9 (x=31.17) percent L (SD=1.06, 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY CV=22.73, N=35), petal II or IV 28.0 to 41.6 (x=33.06) percent L (SD=0.95, CV= 19.28, N=36), petal V or I 35.8 to 44.5 (x=39.66) percent L (SD=1.22, CV=20.63, N=36); poriferous zones narrow, equal. Specimen 10.6 mm long with 24 porepairs in petal III, 26 in II, 28 in V; specimen 16.9 mm long with 28 in III, 32 in II, 38 in V; specimen 21.8 mm long with 44 in III, 46 in II, 52 in I. Pores conjugate. Ambulacral plates single pored beyond petals. Phyllodes widening slightly, with 14 pores in outer series in single phyllode, 6 in inner in specimen 15.3 mm long; 16 in outer series, 6 in inner in specimen 21.8 mm long; 5-6 sphaeridia in ambulacrum in specimen 15.3 mm long, 8 in specimen 21.8 mm long. PERISTOME.—Located from anterior margin at distance 36.4 to 44.7 (x=38.8) percent L (SD=1.09, CV= 18.82, N=36). Height greater than width, height 12.2 to 17.8 (x= 14.96) percent L (SD=0.48, CV=21.60, N=36), width 8.1 to 12.9 (x= 10.91) percent L (SD=0.36, CV=21.96, N=36). Opening vertical sided with well-devel- oped bourrelets. FIGURE 11.—Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell), adoral plate ar- rangement of USNM 264592 from Santee Limestone, local- ity 37, X 4. PERIPROCT.—Located on posterior truncation, width 13.5 to 21.7 (x= 17.21) percent L (SD=0.54, CV=21.17, N=36); enclosed within interambu- lacral plates 7 and 8. ADORAL SURFACE.—Small, irregularly arranged pits (Plate 8: figure 7) in midzone of interambu- lacrum 5 and in ambulacrum III at extremity of and alongside phyllode. Plate arrangement on Figure 11. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype American Mu- seum of Natural History 9868; figured specimens USNM 562303, 264048, 264049, 264592. Holo- type Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis var. crav- enensis Kellum USNM 353256. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 6, 23-25. Santee Lime- stone, South Carolina: Georgetown localities 37, 45,50,51 ("middle zone"). REMARKS.—Cooke (1942:36; 1959:65) consid- ered Cassidulus carolinensis Twitchell var. cravenensis Kellum from the Castle Hayne Limestone a sub- jective synonym of E. holmesi. Although the Castle Hayne specimens are slightly more angular than the Santee Limestone specimens and have slightly larger peristomes (Plate 8: figures 8-11) and wider periprocts in the smaller specimens, they are similar in all other characters. A comparison of the measurements of 31 Castle Hayne speci- mens and their coordinates on scattergrams shows no difference (Figures 12, 13) in the length rela- tive to the width, height, distance of apical system and peristome from anterior margin, width and length of petals, and number of porepairs in petal III. The greater angularity of the Castle Hayne specimen reflects probably only the fact that the specimens are generally larger. Angularity in the marginal outline of an echinoid test is greater in large specimens. Genus Santeelampas Cooke Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) PLATE 9: FIGURES 1-8 Catopygus oviformis Conrad, 1850:39, pl. 1: fig. 15.—Clark, 1891:76; 1893:52, 64, pl. 27: figs. 2a-f—Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:72, pl. 29: figs. 2a-f. Nucleolites oviformis (Conrad).—Conrad, in Cook, 1868:722. PhyItobrissus oviformis (Conrad).—Lambert, 1916:169.—Lam- bert and Thiery, 1909-1925:351. Cassidulus Poviformis (Conrad).—Cooke, 1942:34. Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad).—Cooke, 1959:61, pl. 26: figs. NUMBER 39 31 24 ■ 22 Eurhodia holmesi (Tw.icn.il) 4 Sontt* Llflittiant •./ 20 » Cottlt Hoyn* Lirooton. _ 18 I 0 4 . " Z ~ 16 '..'' z o r- O 14 * 12 1* 4 A 10 i"* 4 ' a - . 10 12 14 16 IB 20 22 24 26 28 LENGTH ( MM) 14 o o U 4 „ if . ' * -K) » *»."" ^ " % 2 2 e o>4' tk • ° 6 M> J*N u c " 7HL* Imeti IT>iteh«lll Umtiton* 2 ° e Com* Ha|iw LimHlenc K) 12 M 16 W 20 22 24 26 28 L E H Q T H MM 1 Eurhodia halm-,1 i TwIKMII ) A Sonltt l.imtffon* o Coilli Hoyna LlmMloM * * * I '*• B 0 10 12 l« 16 LED IB Z0 0 T H < MM) 22 24 26 28Eerhoele Hemes! lT«llcli4rl> * SOR'44 Lim44l«w o Cortlt H0VA4 Llmtllon* * .0 Q ■ * • 4V 4%44 4. °4** 4 D e 10 12 14 16 g 20 22 24 26 26 L I N * T H (MM) Eurhodia Helmet! {Ttiiichtll * Son to Limcilonf. o Count Hoym Lincfttent it" 4. "# 44* • '8 10 12 £urhod.a *>olm§ti (Twitchell) 0 Coin. Hoyn* LIMIIOM 4-*4 4.-.*^*''° "* " Cerheaie helmet! I T..tch.nl 4 $44144 LilM»l4n4 n it M it 20 22 24 26 28 J44 J 8 10 12 FIGURE 12.—Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell): A, scattergram showing lack of difference in width between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; B, scattergram showing lack of difference in position of peristome between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; C, scattergram showing lack of difference in height between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; D, scattergram showing lack of difference in width of periproct between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; E, scattergram showing lack of difference in width of petal I between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; F, scattergram showing lack of difference in length of petal I between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; G, scattergram showing lack of difference in width of peristome between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens. 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Eurhodia holmesi (T»itch«ll) * SanttB Limation* .r» o Coitit Hoynt Li mat to At 0 o ea»4°e o4~ °0° 0o A ^l\^ 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2! LENGTH { MMI 4 ° 8 o* ° og. o° 4 ei\ A A -x ■ eef - B Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell 1 4 Sonl44 Lim4l10n4 o Ca»lli Hayne Liffieetono 24 26 28 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 LENGTH (MM) 4»* 155 Eurhodia holmesi ! Twitchell) O Castle Hoyne Limestone A Santee L'meitone L E NGTH (MM) FIGURE 13.—Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell): A, scattergram showing lack of difference in height of peristome between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; B, scattergram showing lack of difference in position of apical system between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens; C, scattergram showing lack of differ- 1-8.—Kier, 1962:203, fig. 168, pl. 38: figs. 7-10.—Banks, 1978:143. Breynella gregoryi Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:148, pl. 68: figs, la-f.—Cooke, 1959:61. Echinanthus gregoryi (Twitchell).—Lambert and Thiery, 1909- 1925:367. Cassidulus (Paralampas?) gregoryi (Twitchell).—Cooke, 1942: 34. MATERIAL.—Description based on 30 speci- mens from Rose Hill (locality 11). SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 13.8 to 40.4 mm (x=29.25 mm), width 83.75 percent L (SD=5.10, CV=20.83, N=30), greatest width and height posterior to center, height 52.8 percent L (SD=2.75, CV= 17.96, N=30); posterior trunca- tion sloping slightly so that portion of periproct visible from above. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located at distance from an- terior margin equal to 45.3 percent L (SD=2.78, CV=20.95, N=30); monobasal with four genital pores. AMBULACRA.—Petals with interporiferous zones less than twice width of single poriferous zone. Length of petal III 33.26 percent L (SD=2.53, CV=25.67, N=29) extending to anterior margin; petal II or IV 33.1 percent L (SD=2.38, CV=24.39, N=30), petal V or I 41.5 percent L (SD=2.98, CV=24.39, N=30); greatest width of petal III 10.8 percent L (SD=0.70, CV=22.19, N=29), II or IV 10.9 percent L (SD=0.71, CV=22.17, N=30), V or I 10.5 percent L (SD=0.70, CV=22.76, N=30). Length of porifer- ous zones equal in same petal. Phyllodes widening slightly, with 14 pores in outer series, 6 in inner. Number of sphaeridia not clear but apparently only two. In specimen 13.8 mm long 32 porepairs in petal III, 32 in II, 46 in I; specimen 39 mm long 74 porepairs in petal HI, 74 in II, 84 in I. PERISTOME.—Located from anterior margin at distance 35.1 percent L (SD=2.14, CV=20.85, N=30). Width greater than height, width 15.4 percent L (SD=0.94, CV=20.95, N=30); height ence (relative to size) in number of porepairs in petal III between Santee Limestone and Castle Hayne Limestone specimens. NUMBER 39 33 12.1 percent L (SD=0.75, CV=21.29, N=30). Bourrelets well developed. PERIPROCT.—Located slightly above middle of posterior, slightly visible from above, height greater than width, height 14.1 percent L (SD=0.79, CV= 19.23, N=29). Located in plates 7-9 in most specimens but in 8-10 or 9-11 in several. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype Academy of Nat- ural Sciences Philadelphia 1477; figured speci- mens USNM 264050, 264051. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: locality 8, Rose Hill localities 11, 35. Warley Hill Formation, South Carolina: lo- calities 38, 43, 45, 47, 49 (may be Santee Lime- stone) ("early zone"). Family CASSIDULIDAE L. Agassiz and Desor Genus Rhyncholampas A. Agassiz Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) PLATE 9: FIGURES 9-12; PLATE 10: FIGURES 1-4 Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:146, pl. 67: figs. 2a-g.—Lambert and Thiery, 1909-1925:370. Cassidulus (Paralampas) carolinensis Twitchell.—Cooke, 1942: 34. Cassidulus conradi carolinensis Twitchell.—Cooke, 1959:60, pl. 25: figs. 7-10. MATERIAL.—Over 60 specimens. This descrip- tion is based on specimens from Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company) locality 10. Mea- surements taken of 24 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 17.3 to 49.0 mm (x=37.93 mm), width 85.6 percent L (SD=5.35, CV= 16.55, N=23), greatest width posterior to center, greatest height at center, 49.2 percent L (SD=2.94, CV= 15.93, N=22); posterior trunca- tion sloping so that periproct slightly visible from above; test depressed around peristome. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located at distance from an- terior margin equal to 50.3 percent L (SD=3.93, CV=20.61, N=18); monobasal with four genital pores. AMBULACRA.—Petals with interporiferous zones almost twice width of single poriferous zones. Length of petal III 36.3 percent L (SD=3.06, CV=21.97, N=16), petal II or IV 38.6 percent L (SD=3.12, CV=21.38, N=18) petal V or I 46.4 percent L (SD=3.78, CV=21.51, N=18); greatest width of petal III 11.9 percent L (SD=0.92, CV=20.40, N=18), petal II or IV 12.8 percent L (SD=1.06, CV=21.90, N=19), petal V or I 12.6 percent L (SD=0.93, CV= 19.66, N=19). Length of poriferous zones unequal in same petal with 1- 5 more porepairs in right poriferous zones of petal III, 3-6 more in posterior zone of petals II or IV, 5-9 more in anterior zone of petals V or I. Am- bulacral plates single pored beyond petals. Phyllodes widening slightly, with 14 pores in outer series in single phyllode, 7-8 in inner in specimen 39 mm long; 4-6 sphaeridia in each ambulacrum. In specimen 26 mm long 55 porepairs in petal III, 59 in II, 76 in I; specimen 42 mm long 74 porepairs in petal III, 76 in II, 92 in I. PERISTOME.—Located from anterior margin at distance 35.5 percent L (SD=2.33, CV= 17.29, N=21). Width greater than height, width 16.0 percent L (SD=1.08, CV= 17.71, N=21); height 11.9 percent L (SD=0.77, CV=16.86, N=21). Bourrelets well developed. PERIPROCT.—Located on posterior truncation, elongated longitudinally, width 17.6 percent L (SD=1.27, CV=19.06, N=21). Located in plates 7-9 in interambulacrum 5. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 599488; figured specimen USNM 264052. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 3, 7, Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company) localities 10, 16, 17, 22, 28, 31, 34 ("middle and late zones"). Cooke (1942:34) reports this species not only from the Castle Hayne of North Carolina but also from a quarry in Florida. On the basis of this citation, both Fischer (1951:53) and Toulmin (1977:360) record it from Jacksonian beds. Later, Cooke (1959:60) cites only North Carolinian lo- calities in the Castle Hayne Limestone. I have found no specimens of this species from Florida in the National collections. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—Rhyncho- 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY lampas carolinensis is easily distinguished from Eur- hodia baumi, new species, which occurs with it at Rose Hill (locality 11), by its longitudinally elon- gate periproct. Family FIBULARIIDAE Gray Genus Echinocyamus van Phelsum Echinocyamus parvus Emmons PLATE 10: FIGURES 5-10 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 1858:307, fig. 244.—Clark and Twitchell, 1915:119.—Kellum, 1926:14.—Cooke, 1942: 28, pl. 1: figs. 6-8; 1959:31, pl. 9: figs. 9-11.—Kier, 1966: figs. 10, 11, 13B.—Toulmin, 1977:360. MATERIAL.—Description based on 67 speci- mens (dimension from specimens over 2.5 mm long except where indicated) from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. Measurements based on 24 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 1.3 to 4.6 mm, x=3.56 mm, width 71.83 percent L (SD=0.53, CV=20.86, N=24) with greatest width posterior to center. Height 37.68 percent L (SD=0.29, CV=21.27, N=24) with greatest height at apical system in most specimens, posterior in some. An- terior margin pointed, posterior more rounded. APICAL SYSTEM.—Located slightly anterior of center; four genital pores, not present on any specimens less than 2.5 mm in length; pores very large (Plate 10: figure 6) in some specimens, minute in others (Plate 10: figure 5) suggesting sexual dimorphism. AMBULACRA.—Petal III slightly longer than other petals with 0-4 more porepairs than petals II or IV (average 2) and petals V and I (average 1); no porepairs present in specimens less than 2.0 mm long, specimen 2.02 mm long with two porepairs in each petal; specimens 2.8 mm long with 7 porepairs in petal III, 5 in petal IV, 6 in V; specimen 4.08 mm long with 10 in petal III, 8 in IV, 9 in V; rate of introduction of new porepairs decreasing with growth. PERISTOME.—Posterior to center, anterior mar- gin of opening located at distance from apical system equal to 42.52 percent L (SD=35.35, CV=23.18, N=24), diameter of opening 23.27 percent L (SD=0.08, CV= 10.21, N=23). PERIPROCT.—On adults opening inframarginal, located approximately two-thirds distance from peristome to posterior margin; on small specimen less than 2 mm long periproct marginal to slightly visible from above; opening circular and large with diameter 10.28 percent L (SD=0.06, CV= 15.98, N=24). TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype lost according to Cooke (1959:31); figured specimens USNM 499002, 264053, 264054, 264055. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Ideal Cement Company quarry localities 12, 14, 15 ("late zone"). Echinocyamus bisexus Kier PLATE 10: FIGURE 11 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier, 1968:12, figs. 11-23, pl. 3: figs. 1- 6, pl. 4: figs. 1, 2. DISCUSSION.—Thirteen specimens were found of this species while searching with a microscope through screened sediment from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. All are very small females 1.3 to 1.9 mm long. Only in the largest specimen are any porepairs present. These specimens are easily distinguished from the other small echi- noids that occur in this sediment by their large, widely separated genital pores. I found no males, but they are indistinguishable from immature specimens of Echinocyamus parvus that occurs in this sediment. In spite of an extensive search, no adults were found of either male or female spec- imens of E. bisexus. If present, they would have been easily distinguished from adults of E. parvus: the female adults by their large, widely separated genital pores and the males by their narrower tests and longer petals made up of more porepairs (note: in Kier 1968: figure 17 the vertical axis of the scattergram should read "number of porepairs in a single poriferous zone in petals III and V"). This species is previously known from the mid- dle Eocene Lake City Formation of Georgia. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 650722; NUMBER 39 35 figured paratypes USNM 650720 through 650723, 650745 through 650748; figured speci- men USNM 264056. OCCURRENCES.—Middle Eocene Lake City For- mation, Georgia: USGS locality 34 H 337, test well number 5, near Brunswick, Glynn County. Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9 ("late zone"). Family PROTOSCUTELLIDAE Durham Genus Protoscutella Stefanini Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) FIGURES 14, 15; PLATE 11: FIGURES 1-5 Sismondia conradi Cotteau, 1889-1894:300 [for a complete synonymy see Cooke (1959:39, 40)]. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau).—Banks, 1978:99, 101, 122, 143. MATERIAL.—This description is based on 49 specimens from Georgetown (locality 37). SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 7.0 to 72.0 mm long, x=22.07 mm; width 94.66 percent L (SD= 11.97, CV=56.45, N=48), smaller specimens more elon- gate, greatest width posterior to center; height 17.76 percent L (SD=1.19, CV=36.05, N=32). Margin thin, sharp with three indentations at posterior margin where posterior ambulacra and interambulacrum cross margin; indentations not present in smaller specimens. Adoral surface flat. APICAL SYSTEM.—Slightly anterior of center, distance from anterior 47.31 percent L (SD=6.51, CV=62.08, N=35). Five genital pores, not present on specimen smaller than 9 mm in length. AMBULACRA.—Petals extending 50-60 percent distances from apical system to margin; petals of approximately same length; length of petal III 26.22 percent L (SD=3.44, CV=61.91, N=31), petal II 25.29 percent L (SD=3.30, CV=61.87, N=31), petal I 26.83 percent L (SD=3.33, CV=58.61, N=32); width of petal III 12.68 per- cent L (SD=1.17, CV=45.35, N=30), petal II 12.51 percent L (SD=1.26, CV=49.09, N=32), petal I 12.54 percent L (SD=1.26, CV=48.88, N=32). Petals closing slightly with both porifer- ous and interporiferous zones narrowing distally. Interporiferous zones at greatest width slightly narrower, equal to, or slightly wider than single poriferous zone. All petals of same specimen with approximately same number of porepairs, speci- men 7 mm long with 26 porepairs in petal III, specimen 19.6 mm long with 56, 27.0 mm long with 66, 44.3 mm long with 102, 72.0 mm with 150. PERISTOME.—Slightly anterior of center, dis- tance from anterior margin 44.28 percent L (SD=5.55, CV=54.35, N=46); circular, diameter 9.75 percent L (SD=0.41, CV=21.31, N=45), sides of opening vertical. PERIPROCT.—Inframarginal, near posterior margin at distance from posterior margin 4.86 percent L (SD=1.07, CV=95.68, N=47). Situated between plates 2-3 in some specimens, 3-4 in most. ADORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Basicoronal plates star-shaped with interambulacral plates much larger than ambulacral, almost twice as long (Figure 14A). Basicoronal interambulacral plates in contact with succeeding paired plates except in interambulacrum 5 in which basico- ronal plate separated from rest of interambula- crum by pair of ambulacral plates (Figure 14A) in some specimens but not in others (Figure 14B). Eleven to twelve interambulacral plates in each column on adoral side of test; 18-19 in each ambulacrum. FOOD GROOVES.—Appear to be simple, nonbi- furcating. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype Academy of Nat- ural Sciences Philadelphia 1081; figured speci- mens USNM 264057, 264058, 264059, 264593, 264594. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: locality 8, Rose Hill (locality 11), localities 23, 24, 33. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: Georgetown localities 37, 40, 42, 45, 47 ("early and middle zones"). At Rose Hill (locality 11) P. conradi was collected from beds 6.8 m above the base of the Castle Hayne Limestone to the top of the quarry. Protoscutella mississippiensis rose- hillensis occurs below it in beds 2.5 m to 6.3 m above the base. REMARKS.—The posterior interambulacrum is 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY B FIGURE 14.—Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau): A, adoral plate arrangement of USNM 264593 from the Santee Limestone at locality §7, X 2; B, adoral plate arrangement of USNM 264594 from, the Santee Limestone at locality 37 (note that basicoronal palate is in contact with the rest of interambula- crum; whereas, it is separated in specimen figured in Figure 14A, X 3). not consistently separated by ambulacral plates from the basicoronal plate. Among the 32 speci- mens from Georgetown in which the plate sutures are visible, 4 of them (Figure 14A) have the basicoronal plate separated (interrupted), in 7 of them it is intermediate with one of the interam- bulacral plates not in contact with the basicoronal plates, and in 17 (Figure 14B) of the specimens both are in contact (continuous). In the collection from Rose Hill, 12 of the specimens have the posterior interambulacrum continuous and 18 interrupted. Likewise, among four specimens of Protoscutella plana (Conrad) from Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company), three of them have a continuous posterior interambulacrum; the fourth is interrupted. Finally, I have found specimens of the type-species; P. mississippiensis (Twitchell), in which the posterior interambula- crum is continuous. Therefore, an interrupted posterior interambulacrum cannot be considered a generic character of Protoscutella. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is very similar to P. plana from the Santee and Castle Hayne Limestones. It differs in having a thinner margin, more developed indentations at the posterior margin, and in having its periproct nearer the posterior margin. They are similar in their width of test (Figure 15A) and number of porepairs in their petals (Figure 15B). These two species are so similar that they must have been closely related. The earliest occurrence of P. con- radi in beds older than P. plana suggests that it is probably ancestral to P. plana. P. conradi is very similar to Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) from the middle Eocene, Warley Hill Formation of South Carolina. It is similar to it in its length relative to width, marginal outline, and number of porepairs in the petals (Figure 15B). Although its periproct is slightly nearer to the posterior margin than in P. tuomeyi (Figure 15C), the two species are probably synonymous. Until more specimens from the type-locality have been found, it is not possible to be certain. The holotype of P. tuomeyi is from the Warley Hill Marl at Cave Hall, Calhoun County, South Carolina, but the species does not occur in the Marl at Wilson's Landing (locality 38) where P. mississippiensis is present. In North Carolina P. mississippiensis occurs below P. conradi. It is, there- fore, likely that the portion of the Warley Hill Marl exposed at Cave Hall is younger than the Marl at Wilson's Landing. NUMBER 39 37 ;ioo O N40 O30 20 5 0 • Protoscutella conrodi (Cotteau) (Georgetown) •Q- Holotype of Protoscutella conradi (Cotteou) D Protoscutella piano (Conrad) (Maple Hill) Loe. 10 XX Holotype of Protoscutella piano (Conrad) 20 N '■ ■ ■ i i ■ ■ i i i i ■ i i i » i i i i i i » i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 30 H 40 50 ( MM ) B • Protoscutella conrodi (Cotteau) (Georgetown) <^> Holotype of Protoscutella conrodi (Cotteau) a Protoscutella plana (Conrad) (MopleHill) Loc. 10 ^ Holotype of Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) i i i ■ l i i i il 50 40 30 10 ( MM ) 20 E N G T H Protoscutella conrodi (Cotteou) (Georgetown) Holotype of Protoscutella conradi (Cotteou) Protoscutella plana (Conrod) (Maple Hill) Loc.10 Holotype of Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) Holotype of Protoscutella plana (Conrod) 0 • , , I ii , i I i 20 30 LENGTH 40 ( MM) P. conradi is distinguished from Protoscutella mis- sissippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new subspe- cies, which occurs below it at Rose Hill, by its periproct, which is inframarginal rather than marginal, and which is situated between coronal plates 2-3 or 3-4 rather than 5-12 as in Protoscu- tella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillensis, new subspecies. Protoscutella plana (Conrad) FIGURE 15; PLATE 11: FIGURES 6, 7 Sismondia plana Conrad, 1865:75. [For a complete synonymy see Cooke (1959:40).] MATERIAL.—Four specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length 24.4 to 37.0 mm long, x=30.2 mm; average width 95.6 percent L, smallest specimen more elongate than longer, with width 92.2 percent L in specimen 24.4 mm long as opposed to 95.4 percent L in largest 37.0 mm long; greatest width posterior to center or central; height 18.4 to 19.1 percent L. Margin thick with posterior margin smooth or with very slight indentations at posterior interambulacra or interambulacrum; adoral surface flat. APICAL SYSTEM.—Slightly anterior of center, distance from anterior margin 51.4 to 49.3 per- cent L. Five genital pores. AMBULACRA.—Petals extending 59.1 to 64.2 percent distances from apical system to margin; petals of approximately same length; length of petal III 31.9 to 30.1 percent L; petal II 27.6 to 29.0 percent L, petal I 28.6 to 30.5 percent L; width of petal III 11.4 to 14.7 percent L, petal II 11.6 to 14.3 percent L, petal I 11.6 to 14.3 percent L. Petals closing distally with both poriferous and interporiferous zones narrowing distally; inter- poriferous zones at greatest width slightly nar- rower, equal to, or slightly wider than single poriferous zone. All petals of same specimen with approximately same number of porepairs speci- FIGURE 15.—Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) and Protoscutella plana (Conrad): A, scattergram showing similarity of width of specimens; B, scattergram showing similarity in number of porepairs in petal III in P. conradi (Cotteau), P. plana (Conrad), and P. tuomeyi (Twitchell); C, scattergram showing differences in position of periproct in P. conradi (Cotteau), P. plana (Conrad), and P. tuomeyi (Twitchell). 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY men 27.2 mm long with 68 porepairs in petal III, 66 in petal II, 70 in petal I. PERISTOME.—Slightly anterior of center, dis- tance from anterior margin 46.3 to 47.8 percent L; circular, diameter 6.5 to 8.1 percent L, sides of opening vertical. PERIPROCT.—Inframarginal, located approxi- mately two-fifths distance from posterior margin to peristome; distance from margin 15.8 to 19.5 percent L. Situated between coronal interambu- lacral plates la, 2a, and 2b. ADORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Basicoronal plates star-shaped with interambulacral plates much larger than ambulacral, almost twice as long. Basicoronal interambulacral plates in con- tact with succeeding paired plates except in in- terambulacrum 5 in which basicoronal plate sep- arated from rest of interambulacrum by pair of ambulacrum plates in one specimen, in other three specimens plates not interrupted. Eleven to twelve interambulacral plates in each column on adoral side of test; 16-18 in each ambulacrum. FOOD-GROOVES.—Not visible, specimens too weathered. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype Academy of Nat- ural Sciences Philadelphia 1080; figured speci- mens USNM 562275, 264060, 264070. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (East Coast Con- struction Company quarry) localities 10, 34. San- tee Limestone, South Carolina: localities 46, 48, near Charleston (Holotype) ("middle zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is very similar to Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) also from the Santee and the Castle Hayne Lime- stones. The two species have tests with similar width (Figure 15A) and number of porepairs in their petals (Figure 15B). P. plana differs in having a thicker margin, less developed indentations at the posterior margin, and in having its periproct more distant from the posterior margin. As can be seen in the scattergram (Figure 15C), a few specimens of P. conradi have their periproct nearly as far distant from the margin as in P. plana but in most the periproct is much nearer the margin. Cooke (1959:40) considered P. plana to have a more elongate test. The holotype is a smaller specimen and the test is more elongate in the smaller specimens of both species. These species are alike in all other characters and must have been closely related. The earliest occurrence of P. plana is in beds younger than the earliest occur- rence of P. conradi suggesting that it is descended from P. conradi. P. plana is also very similar to small specimens of Periarchus lyelli. The periproct in P. plana is less anterior and is situated between the first and second pair of coronal plates; whereas, in Periar- chus lyelli the periproct is within the first coronal plate in almost all specimens. The test of P plana is more blunted posteriorly and has less marked posterior indentations. However, all these differ- ences are slight; and it is difficult to distinguish some specimens of these two species. Protoscutella is known from older beds than Periarchus and presumably is ancestral to Periarchus. Protoscutella mississippiensis mississippiensis (Twitchell) Scutella mississippiensis Twitchell, 1915:124, pl. 59: figs. la-f. [For a complete synonymy and list of localities, see Cooke (1959:38,39).] Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell).—Toulmin, 1969:472; 1977:306, pl. 51: figs. 1, 2. DISCUSSION.—This subspecies is known from the middle Eocene Winona Sand in Mississippi, Mount Selman Formation in Texas, and basal Lisbon Formation. Cooke (1959:39) noted that specimens from the top of the Tallahatta For- mation in Alabama had their periprocts above the margin. These specimens may represent a separate subspecies. Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, new subspecies FIGURE 16; PLATE 12: FIGURES 1-5 DIAGNOSIS.—Subspecies characterized by nar- rower test, thicker margin, and periproct which on the smaller specimens is situated above the margin. NUMBER 39 39 MATERIAL.—Description based on 33 speci- mens from Rose Hill (locality 11). SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length from 17.0 to 44.2 mm, x=34.99 mm, (SD=6.97, CV= 19.97, N=33); width 100.4 percent L (SD=7.22, CV=20.53, N=33), greatest width posterior to center; adap- ical surface gently inflated around apical system, height 16.85 percent L (SD=0.98, CV=17.18, N=28). Margin with two slight indentations at posterior margin where posterior ambulacra cross margin. Adoral surface flat, slightly concave. APICAL SYSTEM.—Slightly anterior of center, distance from anterior 49.2 percent L (SD=3.74, CV=21.83, N=30). Five genital pores, present on next to smallest specimen 23.2 mm. AMBULACRA.—Petals extending 50-60 percent distance from apical system to margin; petals approximately of same length; length of petal III 28.21 percent L (SD=2.21, CV=22.58, N=28), petal II 27.57 percent L (SD=2.16, CV=22.61, N=28), petal I 28.23 percent L (SD=2.02, CV=20.68, N=29); width of petal III 12.03 per- cent L (SD=0.81, CV= 19.67, N=29), petal II 11.50 percent L (SD=0.75, CV= 19.21, N=29), petal I 11.15 percent L (SD=0.79, CV=20.62, N=30). Petals closing slightly with both porifer- ous and interporiferous zones narrowing distally. Interporiferous zones slightly wider than single poriferous zone; width of interporiferous zone of petal III 4.8 percent L (SD=0.31, CV= 18.80, N=30). Specimen 23.2 mm long, with 64 pore- pairs in petal III, 68 in II, 66 in I; specimen 42.7 mm long with 92 porepairs in petal III, 96 in II, 100 in I. PERISTOME.—Slightly anterior of center, dis- tance from anterior margin 46.46 percent L (SD=3.47, CV=21.03, N=29); circular, diameter 7.20 percent L (SD=0.38, CV=15.69, N=21), sides of opening vertical. PERIPROCT.—Located on margin in slight in- dentation, opening small, wider than high. Situ- ated between coronal plates 5-12 (± 1). On smaller specimens, 17-20 mm long, periproct lo- cated just above margin. ADORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Basicoronal plates star-shaped with interambulacral plates much larger than ambulacral, almost twice as long (Figure 16). Basicoronal interambulacral plates in contact with succeeding paired coronal plates except in interambulacrum 5 in which basicoronal plates separated from succeeding by pair of ambulacral plates except in one specimen where it is continuous. Six to seven coronal inter- ambulacral plates in each column on adoral side of test; 13-14 in each ambulacrum. FOOD GROOVES.—Appear to be simple, nonbi- furcating but most specimens too weathered to show grooves. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 264062; figured paratypes USNM 264061, 264063; fig- ured specimen USNM 264595. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Rose Hill locality 11 (in beds 2.5 to 6.3 m above base of Castle Hayne Limestone), locality 35 ("early zone"). REMARKS.—This subspecies differs from the holotype, figured paratype, and topotypes of P. mississippiensis mississippiensis in having a narrower FIGURE 16.—Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) rosehillen- sis, new subspecies, adoral plate arrangement of figured paratype USNM 264595 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 11, X 2. 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY test, thicker margin, and the periproct on the smaller specimens above the margin. Although some of the specimens of P. mississippiensis rosehil- lensis are as wide as some of the narrower speci- mens of P. mississippiensis mississippiensis, the av- erage width of the Rose Hill specimen is 100.4 percent L as opposed to 103.7 percent L in the Mississippian specimens. Although there is over- lap in this character between the two populations, the Student t-test value of 4.50 with 68 degrees of freedom shows that the difference between the means is highly significant. The specimens of P. mississippiensis from the Warley Hill Formation at Wilson's Landing (lo- cality 38) and locality 43 in South Carolina ap- pear to be intermediate between these two sub- species. The smaller specimens (Plate 12: figures 6, 7) are indistinguishable from P. mississippiensis rosehillensis, but one very large specimen has the wide test (width 115 percent L) of P. mississippien- sis mississippiensis (approximately same width as the paratype, USNM 137655a figured in Clark and Twitchell, 1915:pl. 59: fig. 2). The three other large specimens from Wilson's Landing have an average width 107 percent L. Genus Periarchus Conrad Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) FIGURES 17, 18; PLATE 13; PLATE 14: FIGURES 1-7 Scutella lyelli Conrad, 1834:152. Periarchus rulnformis Paulson, 1958:362. [For a complete syn- onymy, see Cooke (1959:41, 42).] Periarchus lyelli (Conrad).—Kier, 1968:40, pl. 5: figs. 4, 5.— Toulmin, 1969:474, pl. 4: figs. 5-7; 1977:344, pl. 68: figs. 4-6.—Banks, 1978:109, 146, 149. MATERIAL.—Description based on over 100 specimens from the Ideal Cement Company quarry (locality 12). Dimensions from 31 speci- mens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Length from 16.6 to 79.2 mm, x=42.12 mm, (SD=15.93, CV=37.83, N=31); width 95.32 percent L (SD= 15.76, CV=39.11, N=31). Marginal outline with two indentations posteriorly where posterior ambula- cra cross margin (Plate 14: figure 1); in larger specimens these indentations relatively smaller, and a third present where posterior interambu- lacrum crosses margin. Greatest width posterior to center, greatest height at apical system, height 17.61 percent L (SD=3.32, CV=43.34, N=30). Some specimens sharply convex at apical system, others gently domed. Adoral surface flat except where slightly depressed in food grooves. Margin thickest anteriorly where 8.20 percent L (SD=0.88, CV=26.66, N=31), thinning poste- riorly where 5.39 percent L (SD=0.49, CV=22.67, N=31). APICAL SYSTEM.—Slightly anterior of center, distance from anterior margin 47.69 percent L (SD=8.18, CV=40.47, N=31); madreporite pores covering whole apical system; five genital pores; no genital pores in specimens less than 25 mm long. AMBULACRA.—Petals extending between 50-60 percent distance from apical system to margin; petals of approximately same length; length of petal III 27.58 percent L (SD=4.72, CV=40.22, N=31), length of petal II 24.94 percent L (SD=4.37, CV=41.07, N=31), length of petal I 25.36 percent L (SD=3.98, CV=37.81, N=29); petals of approximately same width: width of petal III 11.39 percent L (SD=1.54, CV=32.44, N=31), petal II 11.53 percent L (SD=1.65, CV=34.28, N=31), petal I 11.18 percent L (SD=1.63, CV=34.82, N=30). Petals closing slightly with both poriferous and interporiferous zones narrowing distally. Interporiferous zones slightly narrower than single poriferous zone, width of interporiferous zone of petal 4.78 percent L (SD=0.52, CV=26.92, N=31). Smallest speci- men (16.6 mm long) with 20 porepairs in single poriferous zone of petal III, 21 porepairs in II, 22 porepairs in I; largest specimen (79.2 mm long) with 68 porepairs in III, 65 in II, 62 in I. PERISTOME.—Anterior of center (Plate 14: fig- ure 2) distance from anterior margin 44.16 per- cent L (SD=6.78, CV=35.29, N=28); circular to subpentagonal with apices in interambulacra; di- ameter 5.77 percent L (SD=0.54, CV=22.37, N=28); sides of opening vertical with buccal pores at top of opening. NUMBER 39 41 PERIPROCT.—Located anterior of midpoint be- tween peristome and posterior margin at distance from posterior margin 27.20 percent L (SD=5.12, CV=43.79, N=31). Opening circular to elongate longitudinally, small, width 3.37 percent L (SD=0.38, CV=27.65, N=30); located between first coronal plates and in few specimens in con- tact with one of second pair. ADORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Basicoronal plates star-shaped with interambulacral plates much larger than ambulacral, over twice as long (Figure 17). Basicoronal interambulacral plates barely in contact with succeeding paired coronal plates. Six interambulacral plates in each column on adoral side of test; 9-10 in each ambulacrum. FOOD GROOVES.—-On smaller specimens less than 40 mm long, each food groove bifurcates only once at distance from peristome between one-half and two-thirds distance to ambitus (Fig- ure 18A). Specimens longer than 60 mm may have 3 or 4 bifurcations (Figure 18B). Arrange- ment of food grooves is variable and their position is difficult to discern in many specimens. FIGURE 17.—Periarchus lyelli (Conrad), adoral plate arrange- ment in USNM 264596 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 2. LANTERN SUPPORTS.—Each support composed of a single interambulacral plate as typical in a non-Clypeasterina clypeasteroid (Kier, 1970: fig- ure I-M); supports rising from test at considerable distance from edge of peristome; each with ridge extending from peristome and extending to upper tip of support. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—The type-specimen is lost. According to Cooke (1942:14), the type was prob- ably at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences but later he (1959:42) considered its location unknown. One specimen (ANSP 51545) at the Academy is labelled provisionally as the holotype, but it is a poorly preserved specimen whose dimensions do not match Conrad's original description. Conrad (1834:153) states that his specimen is "nearly three inches" in diameter; whereas, the Academy specimen is more than 3.5 inches in diameter. After so many years of unsuc- cessful search, it now appears highly unlikely that the holotype of this species will ever be positively identified, particularly because the specimen has never been figured. Considering the stratigraph- ical importance of this species and its common occurrence and wide geographical distribution, it seems warranted to select a neotype. Clark and Twitchell (1915:pl. 61: figs. 2a-f) figured a speci- men from the type-locality. This specimen is herein designated the neotype. It is now at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard (MCZ 3543) and is figured herein (Figure 18C, Plate 13: figures 1-3). Figured specimens are USNM 264066, 264067, 264068, 264069, 264596, 264597. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: localities 1-5, 7, Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Maple Hill (East Coast Construction Company quarry) locality 10, Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12, Comfort localities 13, 34, 36. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: localities 39, 44, 46. For localities out- side North Carolina see Cooke (1959:42) ("middle and late zones"). REMARKS.—Some of the specimens have a sharply pointed or conical apex while in others the apex is smoothly domed. Ravenel (1844:97) 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 18.—Periarchus lyelli (Conrad): A, position of food groove in small specimen 25 mm long. USNM 264597 from Castle Hayne Limestone al locality 12, X 2; B, position of erected a separate species, Periarchus pileussinensis, for the specimens with a sharp apex. Cooke (1942: 15) considered P. pileus sinensis a synonym of P. lyelli for he found all gradations between the domed shape considered typical of P. lyelli and the conical form referred to P. pileus sinensis. Ac- cording to Cooke "these variations occur in the same bed and at many different places, there seems to be no reason for retaining both names, unless one wishes to distinguish as varieties the end members of the series, which are widely different in appearance." The large collection of P. lyelli from Ideal includes a full range of inter- mediates between the two extremes. Furthermore, these two forms differ in no other morphological characters including: length, width, height, dis- tance of the periproct from the posterior margin, diameter of the peristome, lengths of petals I, II, and III, widths of petals I, II, and III, greatest width of the interporiferous zones, distance from apical system to the anterior margin, distance from the peristome to the anterior margin, height at the ambitus, width of the periproct, and height at ambitus posteriorly. I also measured these char- acters in all the figured specimens here in the USNM that have been referred to by others as P. pileus sinensis and compared their statistics on scat- tergrams with those of the typical P lyelli. No significant separation of the coordinates occur on any of the scattergrams. Because most of the specimens collected are from float, it is possible that more than one time interval is represented at those localities and that the domed form may be a different age than the sharply convex form with cline joining the two extremes. However, there is no evidence of such an age difference in the other fossils found at these localities or in the lithology of the matrix on and in specimens of both forms. Toulmin (1969:475; 1977:344, Table 4) states that in Mississippi and Alabama P. pileussinensis occurs above P. lyelli. Banks (1978:121) reports food grooves in specimen 70 mm long. USNM 264066 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 0.75; C, position of food grooves in neotype MCZ 3543 from near Claiborne, Alabama, X 0.75. NUMBER 39 43 Periarchus cf. P. pileussinensis in beds in the Santee Limestone underlying beds containing P. lyelli, but he (1978:109) says that his specimens are not identical to Toulmin's Alabama specimens. I have not seen Toulmin's or Banks' specimens so cannot comment on their conclusions, neither can I determine the validity of the maintenance of P. pileussinensis as a separate subspecies. Paulson (1958:362) erected a new species, Per- iarchus rutriformis, for a group of specimens from a quarry in the Castle Hayne Limestone near Carl- ton, Duplin County, North Carolina. Cooke (1959:41) considered this species a synonym of P. lyelli. I have borrowed the holotype T-6934 (fig- ured herein on Plate 14: figures 8-10) and the paratypes of P. rutriformis from the Museum of Geoscience at Louisiana State University at Ba- ton Rouge, Louisiana, and measured the follow- ing characters: length, width, height, distance of the periproct from the posterior margin, diameter of the peristome, lengths of petals I, II, and III, widths of petals I, II, and III, greatest width of the interporiferous zones, distance from apical system to the anterior margin, distance from the peristome to the anterior margin, height at the ambitus, width of the periproct, and height at ambitus posteriorly. None of these dimensions, except length, differ significantly from those for specimens considered to be typically P. lyelli. Scat- tergrams of all those measurements showed no separation of the coordinates for Paulson's speci- mens from those of specimens of P. lyelli including the neotype. Paulson said that his species differs from P. lyelli in its smaller size, food grooves that bifurcate only once, unequal basicoronal ambulacral plates, and concave basicoronal interambulacral plates. The difference in size is probably a reflec- tion of the difference in the age of the specimens. Echinoid populations commonly represent a sin- gle generation. The older, larger specimens fre- quently are not found associated with the smaller and younger. The difference in the food grooves is probably only the difference found between smaller and larger specimens. Specimens of P lyelli of the same size as Paulson's likewise have food grooves that bifurcate only once. It is only in specimens larger than Paulson's that the sec- ond and third bifurcations are present. The un- equal size of the basicoronal plates and the con- cavity of the basicoronal interambulacral plates are characters too variable to be specifically sig- nificant. Some specimens of P. lyelli have unequal or equal basicoronal ambulacral plates and con- cave or convex basicoronal interambulacral plates. These differences are present even on a single specimen. Therefore, P. rutriformis is consid- ered herein as a junior subjective synonym of P. lyelli. The similarity between the holotype of P. rutriformis and a specimen of similar size of P. lyelli is shown by comparison of Plate 14: figures 6, 7 with Plate 14: figures 8-10. Family SCHIZASTERIDAE Lambert Genus Agassizia Agassiz and Desor Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke FIGURE 19; PLATE 15: FIGURES 1-7 Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica Cooke, 1942:46, pl. 5: figs. 9-13; 1959:76, pl. 32: figs. 10-13. MATERIAL.—The dimensions included below came from 12 specimens from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 32.2 mm, smallest 14.2 mm, mean of 8 specimens 20.98 mm; width of test 88.76 percent L (SD=4.85, CV=25.59, N=6) with greatest width central; height 68.64 percent L (SD=3.22, CV=24.15, N=7); greatest height central or posterior to cen- ter; posterior truncation overhanging. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, first ap- pearing in specimens approximately 21 mm long, ethmolytic; located at distance from anterior margin to center of genital pores equal to 74.81 percent L (SD=5.45, CV=35.93, N=6). AMBULACRA.—Anterior paired petals (II, IV) long extending almost to margin, length 46.84 percent L (SD=4.35, CV=44.78, N=6); greatest 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY width 7.35 percent L (SD=0.46, CV=30.13, N=7). Porepairs in anterior half zones greatly reduced in size; extent of reduction variable be- tween specimens and within a specimen; in five specimens all porepairs reduced, three specimens with reduced porepairs in petal IV but 2-7 en- larged porepairs in petal II, one specimen with enlarged porepairs in petal IV, all reduced in petal II. Posterior poriferous zone with 17 pore- pairs in specimen 14.7 mm long, 23 in specimen 24 mm long. Posterior petals (V, I) short with length 24.67 percent L (SD=2.21, CV=42.94, N=7); petals wide, greatest width 9.03 percent L (SD=0.51, CV=24.79, N=6); 10 porepairs in sin- gle poriferous zones in specimen 14.7 mm long, 15 in specimen 24 mm long. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 23.88 percent L (SD=0.82, CV= 17.91, N=7), width of opening 21.57 percent L (SD=0.96, CV=22.98, N=7), height 8.51 percent L (SD=0.17, CV= 12.42, N=4). PERIPROCT.—Opening high on overhanging posterior truncation, wider than high, on speci- men 24 mm long opening 5.4 mm wide; height not preserved on any specimen. ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum low, length only 5.4 percent L in a specimen 16.5 mm long. Plastron long, sternal plates with length 55- 60 percent L in five specimens. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous, a narrow band pass- ing anteriorly below ambitus, curving deeply into interambulacra 1 and 4, crossing ambulacra II or IV on plates 6 or 7, ambulacrum III on plate 4, ambulacra V or I on plate 15, interambulacra 2, 3 on plate 3, position on other interambulacra not clear. Latero-anal fasciole extending from posterior of the anterior paired passing around posterior of test below periproct; crossing inter- ambulacrum 5 on plate 5, ambulacra V or I on plate 10. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 499004; figured specimens USNM 264071, 264072. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) localities 9, 16, 26, 34 ("late zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is easily distinguished from Agassizia (Anisas- ter) mossomi Cooke from the late Oligocene by its far lower test, more posterior apical system, and overhanging posterior truncation. A. wilmingtonica is more similar to A. (Agassizia) floridana from the late Eocene Ocala and Inglis Limestone but dif- fers in having some normal-sized porepairs in the anterior poriferous zones of the anterior petals; whereas, in A. (A.) floridana all the pores are microscopic in this anterior zone. Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica inflata, new subspecies FIGURE 19; PLATE 15: FIGURES 8-10 DISCUSSION.—Specimens (25 measured) from Georgetown have slightly more inflated tests (Fig- ure 19) with more anteriorly situated apical sys- tems than specimens of this species from the Castle Hayne Limestone including the holotype and eleven specimens from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. In all other characters the speci- mens are indistinguishable. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype USNM 264073. OCCURRENCES.—Santee Limestone, South Car- olina: Georgetown localities 37, 44 ("middle zone"). D Agossllio wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke ° Agossllio wilmingtonica inflata iww jubspocie n Holoiype of Agassmo wilmingtonica LENGTH FIGURE 19.—Scattergram showing height of two subspecies of Agassizia wilmingtonica Cooke. NUMBER 39 45 Genus Linthia Desor Linthia (Linthia) harmatuki, new species FIGURES 20, 21; PLATE 16: FIGURES 1, 2, PLATE 17: FIGURES 1, 2 DIAGNOSIS.—Species characterized by large, low test; petals narrow of equal length with pos- terior petals diverging, slight anterior groove. MATERIAL.—Seven specimens, one nearly com- plete showing most of test; others more incom- plete or covered with hard matrix but showing large parts of test. Thirteen fragments of small portions of test. Occurrence of spines still attached to their tubercles on portions of tests indicates echinoids covered by sediment soon after death. Measurements were taken of 5 specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 126.5 mm long, smallest 92.4, mean of five specimens 116.4 mm; test wide, width 89.99 percent L with great- est width central; height 53.77 percent L, greatest height posterior to center; posterior truncation slightly overhanging. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, ethmoly- tic with genital 2 extending far posteriorly; lo- cated at distance from anterior margin to center of genital pores equal to 37.81 percent L (mea- surable on five specimens.). AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum not petal- oid, in groove from apical system to peristome, groove deepest in midlength of adapical portion, shallowest at peristome; on specimen 126.5 mm long groove 4 mm deep (3.16 percent L) at mid- length adapically, 2 mm (1.6 percent L) at ante- rior margin. Pores paired between apical system and peripetalous fasciole with inner pore more adoral to outer; pores between fasciole and phyl- lode are single and smaller. Anterior paired petals (II and IV) long extending almost to margin; length of each petal 48.09 percent L. Petals slightly convex anteriorly except near tips where turning anteriorly (Plate 17: figure 1). Petals depressed in groove deepest near midlength where depth equal to 4.42 percent L; petals narrow with greatest width 7.76 percent L. Pores conjugate with outer pores slit-like; 96 porepairs in specimen 92.4 mm long; 122 in specimen 126.5 mm long. Interporiferous zone narrower than a poriferous zone. Pores between end of petals of phyllodes small and single. Posterior paired petals (V and I) approximately same length as anterior petals, 46.37 percent L, extending 75 percent distance from apical system to margin. Petals concave curving away from each other distally (Plate 17: figure 1). Petals depressed in groove deepest near midlength where depth equal to 4 percent L; petals narrow with greatest width 7.66 percent L. Pores conjugate with outer pore slit-like; 96 po- repairs in specimen 92.4 mm long, 104 in speci- men 117.3 mm long, 130 in specimen 126.5 mm long. Interporiferous zones narrower than a por- iferous zone. Pores between end of petals and phyllodes small and single. INTERAMBULACRA.—Not possible to count num- ber of plates in interambulacra on any specimens. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 17.45 percent L, opening wider than high, with width 15.91 percent L, height 2.48 percent L. PERIPROCT.—Located approximately midway between top and bottom of test on slight posterior truncation; periproct not visible in top or bottom view of specimen. Opening higher than wide, height 11.3 percent L, width 9.18 percent L; occurs within plates 5-9. ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum low (Figure 20) extending posteriorly only one-third to one-half height of first ambulacral plate; length of labrum 3.70 percent L. Labrum widest poste- riorly where 10.81 percent L, narrower at peris- tome where 9.59 percent L. Plastron long and narrow composed of four plates: two sternal plates 51.67 to 47.42 percent L in length, combined width 28.49 to 30.19 percent L; two post-sternal plates shorter, 19.05 to 19.84 percent L, combined width 20.83 to 21.66 percent L. Sternal plates bordered by ambulacral plates 1 to 7.5; post- sternal pair by ambulacral plates 8, 9. First plate of interambulacra 1, 4 separated from peristome by coalesced ambulacra I, II, and IV and V; first plates of interambulacra 2, 3 reaching peristome. 46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 20.—Linthia harmatuki, new species, adoral plate ar- rangement of figured paratype USNM 264598 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 10, X 0.75. Phyllodes with 4 large pores in ambulacra III, 16-17 in II or IV, 10 in V or I. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous fasciole (Figure 21) narrow, angular, curving sharply into interam- bulacra 1, 4 and in interambulacra 2, 3 just anterior of petals II, IV. Fasciole crosses ambu- lacra II or IV on plates 12 or 13, ambulacra V or I on plates 17 or 18, interambulacra 2 or 3 on plate 4 or 5 (not clear on any specimen which plates crossed on interambulacra 4, 5, or 1). La- tero-anal fasciole passes below periproct at dis- tance from periproct equal approximately to height of periproct; crosses ambulacra V or I on plates 13 or 14, interambulacrum 5 on plates 4, 5, 6, interambulacra 4, 1 on plate 5. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 264076; figured paratypes USNM 264074, 264075; fig- ured specimen USNM 264598. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (East Coast Con- struction Company quarry) localities 10, 34. San- tee Limestone, South Carolina: Georgetown lo- cality 37 ("middle zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is referred to the Schizasteridae because of its peripetalous and latero-anal fasciole. Its ethmo- lytic apical system with four genital pores, de- pressed anterior ambulacrum, and peripetalous fasciole curving deeply between the petals are characters of Linthia. Its large test, anterior apical system, and vertically elongate periproct are typ- ical of the subgenus Linthia (Linthia). L. (L.) har- matuki is easily distinguished from Linthia hanov- erensis Kellum and Linthia wilminglonensis Clark both from the Castle Hayne Limestone by its far larger test, petals of nearly equal length, and divergent posterior petals. It further differs from L. hanoverensis in its lower test, which is not highly elevated posteriorly. From L. wilmingtonensis it is further distinguished by its far less depressed anterior ambulacrum with a narrower interpori- ferous zone, much narrower petals, and less de- veloped posterior truncation. In general appear- ance L. (L.) harmatuki is remarkably similar to the recent Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck) now living off Florida and in the Caribbean. The petals are almost identical in shape, relative length, and width of their interporiferous zones. Both species have a slight anterior groove and both have a large test. However, L. (L.) harmatuki has a latero- anal fasciole placing it among the Schizasteridae; whereas, M. ventricosa has a subanal fasciole as typical in the Brissidae. Fascioles are considered of great importance in the classification of spa- tangoids, and the difference in the fascioles in L (L.) harmatuki and M. ventricosa suggests that the general appearance of the two is coincidental and that L. (L.) harmatuki is not an ancestor of M. ventricosa. Chesher (1970:756) considered that Meoma ventricosa was probably derived from the Eocene species M. antillarum (Cotteau) which in turn evolved from a Macropneustes ancestor in the early Eocene of Europe. Macropneustes has the fascioles of a Brissidae, not a Schizasteridae. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark PLATE 17: FIGURES 3-61 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915: NUMBER 39 47 FIGURE 21.—Linthia harmatuki, new species: A, adapical view of holotype USNM 264076 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 10, X 1; B, rear view of same specimen showing position of peripetalous fasciole (dashed line), X 1. 152, pl. 70: figs. 3a-c—Cooke, 1959:69, pl. 29: figs. 1-4. Schizaster (Linthia) wilmingtonensis (Clark).—Cooke, 1942:41. South Carolina: Georgetown locality 37 ("middle and late zones"). DISCUSSION.—Only two additional specimens have been found and, therefore, a redescription of this species is not warranted. However, because of the significance proven by Chesher (1968) for the position of the fascioles, this information is herein included. The peripetalous fasciole crosses ambulacra II or IV on plate 11, ambulacrum III on plate 6, ambulacra V or I on plate 16; inter- ambulacra 1, 2, 3, 4 on plate 5, interambulacrum 5 on plate 10. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 166482; figured specimens USNM 164673, 264077. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: locality 2, Maple Hill (Lanier pit) localities 9, 17, 32, 34. Santee Limestone, Linthia hanoverensis Kellum FIGURE 22; PLATE 18 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, 1926:15, pl. 1: figs. 8, 9.—Cooke, 1959: 70, pl. 29: figs. 8-12. Schizaster (Linthia) hanoverensis (Kellum).—Cooke, 1942:42. MATERIAL.—Fifty-one specimens; measure- ments of 25 specimens from Ideal Company quarry (locality 12). SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 65.4 mm long, smallest 27.2 mm, x=39.74 mm; test wide, width 98.79 percent L (SD=8.22, CV=20.98, N=23), with greatest width central; height 72.92 percent L (SD=6.35, CV=21.87, N=24), greatest height central to posterior to center; posterior 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY truncation high, vertical to slightly tilted result- ing in portion of periproct being visible from above. AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum not pet- aloid, in slight groove from apical system to per- istome, depth of groove at ambitus 2.76 percent L (SD=0.33, CV=29.74, N=24). Anterior paired petals straight (II and IV) long, extending almost to margin; length of each petal 50.94 percent L (SD=4.40, CV=21.69, N=25), narrow, width 11.28 percent L (SD=0.58, CV= 13.21, N=25); depth 3.36 percent L (SD=0.46, CV=33.45, N=24). Posterior petals (V and I) shorter extend- ing over one-half distance to margin, length 38.19 percent L (SD=3.67, CV=24.06, N=25), narrow, width 9.42 percent L (SD=0.53, CV= 14.35, N=25); depth 2.91 percent L (SD=0.32, CV=27.77, N=24). Pores conjugate with outer pore slit-like, 45 (in amb. I) porepairs in specimen 27.2 mm long, 55 in specimen 44.1 mm long, 58 in specimen 65.4 mm long. Interporiferous zone slightly narrower than poriferous. INTERAMBULACRA.—In specimen 35 mm long 12 plates in single column of interambulacrum 1, 11 in interambulacrum 2, 15 in 5. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, ethmoly- tic with genital 2 extending far posteriorly; lo- cated at distance from anterior margin to center of genital pores equal to 60.81 percent L (SD=4.55, CV= 18.87, N=25). PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 30.32 percent L (SD=1.71, CV=14.35, N=25), opening wider than high, with width 22.79 percent L (SD=1.48, CV= 16.63, N=22), height 8.92 percent L (SD=0.64, CV= 18.64, N=13). PERIPROCT.—Located high on posterior trun- cation, slightly visible from above on most speci- mens. Opening higher than wide, height 18.39 percent L (SD=0.79, CV= 11.44, N=19), width 12.18 percent L (SD=0.58, CV= 13.07, N=16). ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum low (Figure 22) extending posteriorly only two-thirds height of first ambulacral plate; length of labrum 5.97 percent L (SD=0.53, CV=22.63, N-12). FIGURE 22.—Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, adoral plate ar- rangement of USNM 264599 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 2. Plastron long and narrow, composed of four plates: two sternal plates with length 48 percent L in specimens 35 mm and 45 mm long; two post-sternal plates much shorter, length 17 per- cent L in specimen 45 mm long. Sternal plates bordered by ambulacral plates 1 to 4.5; post- sternal pair by ambulacral plates 5-7. First plate of interambulacra 1, 2, 3, 4 reaching peristome. Phyllodes with 4 pores in ambulacrum III, 9-10 in II or IV, and 4-6 in V or I. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous fasciole narrow, curv- ing sharply into interambulacra 1, 4. Fasciole crosses ambulacra II or IV on plate 9, ambulacra V or I on plate 18, interambulacra 1, 2, 3, 4 on 3 or 4, interambulacrum 5 on plate 12. Latero-anal fasciole passes below periproct; crosses ambulacra V or I on plates 10 or 11, interambulacrum 5 on plate 5. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 164664; figured specimens USNM 562458, 264078, 264079, 264080, 264599. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12, Comfort localities 13, 16, 34. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: Georgetown localities 37, 45 ("middle and late zones"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is easily differentiated from Linthia harmatuki, NUMBER 39 49 new species, and L. wilmingtonensis Clark, both from the Castle Hayne Limestone. It differs from L. harmatuki in its smaller and lower test and shorter petals. It is distinct from L. wilmingtonensis because of its far lower test, much less depressed and narrower petals, and anterior ambulacrum. Family SPATANGIDAE Gray Genus Maretia Gray Maretia subrostrata (Clark) FIGURE 23; PLATE 19 Hemipatagus subrostratus Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915: 151, pl. 69: figs. 2a-b.—Cooke, 1942:53. Maretia subrostrata (Clark).—Cooke, 1959:81, pl. 34: figs. 5, 6.—Banks, 1978:143. MATERIAL.—This description is based on 10 specimens from Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9. Measurements were taken of eight specimens. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 42.7 mm long, smallest 27.2 mm, mean of specimens 33.65 mm; width 89.23 percent L (SD=4.82, CV= 16.49, N=6) with greatest width anterior; height 48.13 percent L (SD=2.02, CV= 12.51, N=4), greatest height posterior; posterior trun- cation vertical. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores (one spec- imen with three), ethmolytic with genital 2 ex- tending far posteriorly; located at distance from anterior margin to center of genital pores equal to 48.09 percent L (SD=2.63, CV= 15.82, N=7). AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum in groove with depth at ambitus 6.41 percent L (SD=0.53, CV=25.28, N=7). Anterior paired petals long, 35.20 percent L (SD=0.20, CV= 18.03, N=7), width 10.11 percent L (SD=0.82, CV=23.96, N=8); porepairs in anterior zones reduced in size near apical system. Posterior petals with length 36.94 percent L (SD=2.02, CV=15.81, N=7), width 10.99 percent L (SD=0.98, CV=25.53, N=7). Specimen 39 mm long with 19 porepairs in single poriferous zone in anterior petal, 20 in posterior petal; same number of porepairs in spec- imen 29 mm long. Interporiferous zones equal to or slightly narrower than poriferous. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 26.45 percent L (SD=1.05, CV= 12.65, N=4), opening wider than high with width 15.62 percent L on only measurable specimens, no spec- imens showing height. PERIPROCT.—Located high on posterior trun- cation with opening wider than high. ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum very long (Figure 23) but whole length not visible on any specimen. Sternal plates, with length 30 per- cent L on single specimen in which length could be measured. FASCIOLE.—Subanal fasciole lobed, crossing ambulacral plates 6-9, interambulacral plates 3- 5 or perhaps 6. TUBERCLES.—Large tubercles with sunken ar- eoles present adapically in paired interambulacra but none in posterior interambulacrum. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 164652; figured specimens USNM 166516, 264081, 264082, 264600. FIGURE 23.—Maretia subrostrata (Clark), adoral plate arrange- ment of USNM 264600 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 11, X 2. 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Rose Hill locality 11, Ideal Cement Company quarry localities 12, 29, 32, 34, 35, 46 ("early and late zones"). REMARKS.—This species occurs in the "lower zone" of the Castle Hayne at Rose Hill, the "upper zone" at Maple Hill (Lanier), and else- where but has not been found yet in the "middle zone" or in the Santee Limestone. It is rare at all the localities where it occurs. With further search- ing it will probably be found in the "middle zone" of the Castle Hayne and in the Santee. This species, as noted by Cooke (1959:81) is very similar and may be conspecific with Maretia arguta (Clark) from the Winona Sand of lower Lisbon age of Mississippi. M. subrostrata has a more rounded horizontal outline and less com- pressed posterolateral margins. Only one speci- men is known of M. arguta; and it is, therefore, not possible to be certain of the significance of these differences. Family BRISSIDAE Gray Genus Eupatagus L. Agassiz Eupatagus carolinensis Clark FIGURE 24; PLATE 20: FIGURES 1-6 Eupatagus carolinensis Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915: 153, pl. 71: figs. 3a-d, 4.—Cooke, 1942:56; 1959:91, pl. 42: figs. 4-7. MATERIAL.—Description based on 12 speci- mens from the Ideal quarry (locality 12). Mea- surements taken of 9 specimens. Most specimens lack posterior area making it impossible to mea- sure length. On these specimens the length is estimated on the basis of the width of the test. In echinoids the width and length are so closely related with so little variation that if a few spec- imens show both the length and width, the per- centage of width to length can be used to estimate the length on those specimens in which only the width can be measured. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 56.4 mm long, smallest approximately 40 mm (x=47.77 mm); test wide, width approximately 85 percent L with greatest width central; height 39.8 to 49.5 percent L, greatest height posterior, posterior truncation slightly tilted resulting in periproct being partially visible from above. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, ethmoly- tic; located at distance from anterior margin equal to 45 to 47 percent L. AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum not peta- loid, in very broad and shallow groove; pores paired from apical system to phyllodes; anterior paired petals (II and IV) long, almost extending to margin; length of petals 30.3 to 34.75 percent L, width 8.95 to 11.69 percent L; posterior petals (V and I) extending two-thirds distance to mar- gin, length 35.1 to 40.99 percent L, width 9.4 to 12.7 percent L. Petals slightly depressed. Inter- poriferous zones narrow, only slightly wider than poriferous zone; conjugation slits strongly devel- oped. Specimen 46.1 mm long with 46 porepairs in petal II or IV, 57 in V or I; specimen 52.7 mm long with 45 porepairs in petals II or IV, 54 in V or I. First porepair in petal II in plate 12, first porepair in petal I in plate 19. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 26.0 to 32.3 percent L, opening wider than high with width 16.6 to 21.7 percent L, height 12.7 to 13.45 percent L. PERIPROCT.—Not preserved on any specimens. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous fasciole narrow, 0.25 mm wide on specimen 46.1 mm long, crossing ambulacrum III on plate 6, ambulacra II or IV on plates 9 or 10, ambulacra V and I on plates 17 or 18; crossing interambulacra 2 or 3 on plates 5 or 6; interambulacra 1 or 4 on plates 5 or 6, interambulacrum on plate 10. Subanal fasciole enclosing shield-shaped area whose width in spec- imen 52.7 mm long is 17.3 mm or 32.8 percent L and height 12.1 or 23 percent L. Fasciole crossing plates 6-10 of ambulacra V or I, plates 3 and 4 of interambulacrum 5. ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum long, narrow, 7.3 mm long in specimen 46.1 mm long (15.8 percent L), extending posteriorly to third ambulacral plate (Figure 24). TUBERCULATION.—Large perforate, crenulate NUMBER 39 51 FIGURE 24.—Eupatagus carolinensis Clark, labrum of USNM 166484 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 16, X 6. tubercles with large scrobicules confined within peripetalous fasciole, number of tubercles very variable with from 19-38 tubercles in interam- bulacra 1 or 4, no enlarged tubercles in interam- bulacra 2 or 3 except in one specimen with 2 or 3 in each area. NUMBER OF PLATES.—A specimen 46.1 mm long has 44 plates in ambulacrum III, 96 in I or V, 64 in II or IV, 26 plates in interambulacra 2 or 4, count not possible in interambulacrum 5. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 166484; figured paratype USNM 164674; figured speci- men USNM 264083. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, Comfort Member, North Carolina: Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12, Comfort localities 13, 16, 30 ("late zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—E. carolinen- sis differs from Eupatagus wilsoni, which occurs with it at the Ideal quarry (locality 12), and at the Wilmington city rock quarry (locality 16) in having few or no large tubercles in the anterior interambulacra, its test more inflated at the api- cal system and along the anterior ambulacrum, with a narrower anterior truncation, and wider poriferous and narrower interporiferous zones in the petals. In E. carolinensis the peripetalous fas- ciole crosses ambulacra V or I on plates 17 or 18 but in E. wilsoni it crosses plates 15 or 16. There are more plates in ambulacra V or I in E. caroli- nensis with 96 in a specimen 46.1 mm long and 57 porepairs in the petal; whereas, a specimen of E. wilsoni 56 mm long has only 74 plates in either ambulacrum and only 46 porepairs in the petals. Finally, in E. carolinensis the subanal fasciole en- closes a narrower shield-shaped area whose width is 32.8 percent L as opposed to 40 percent in E. wilsoni. Eupatagus wilsoni, new species FIGURES 25, 26, PLATE 20: FIGURES 7-11 DIAGNOSIS.—Species characterized by flatten- ing of test around apical system, broad anterior truncation, petals with broad interporiferous and narrow poriferous zones, and large tubercles in the anterior interambulacra. MATERIAL.—Two well-preserved specimens and one with one-quarter of the test absent. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Largest specimen 56.0 mm long, smallest 50.1 mm (x=52.47 mm); test wide, width 88 to 90 percent L with greatest width central to slightly posterior; height 45 to 47 per- cent L, greatest height posterior, posterior trun- cation slightly tilted resulting in periproct being partially visible from above. Test flattened in area around apical system. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, ethmoly- tic (Figure 25, Plate 20: figure 10) located at distance from anterior margin equal to 41 to 44 percent L. FIGURE 25.—Eupatagus wilsoni, new species, apical system of figured paratype USNM 264084 from Castle Hayne Lime- stone at locality 12, X 10. AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum not pet- 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY aloid, crossing anterior margin on flat truncation, not depressed in groove; pores paired from apical system to phyllodes; anterior paired petals (II and IV) long, almost extending to margin; length of petals 34 to 35 percent L, width 10 to 12 percent L; posterior petals (V and I) extending less than two-thirds distance to margin, length 39 to 43 percent L, width 11 to 12 percent L. Petals flush, not depressed, with wide interporiferous zones, almost twice as wide as narrow poriferous zones; conjugation slits slightly developed. Specimen 56.0 mm long with 41 porepairs in petals II or IV, 47 in V and I; specimen 50.1 mm long with 43 porepairs in petals II or IV, 55 in V or I. First porepair in petal II in plate 12, first porepair in petal I in plate 16. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 29 to 30 percent L, opening wider than high with width 16 to 18 percent L, height 10 percent L. PERIPROCT.—Preserved on one specimen lo- cated high on posterior truncation with opening higher than wide, height 14.6 percent L, width 14.3 percent L. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous fasciole narrow, 0.25 to 0.45 mm wide on specimen 50.1 mm long, crossing ambulacrum III on plate 7, ambulacra II or IV on plate 10, V or I on plates 15-16, interambulacrum 5 on plate 3 and 4, plate count not possible in other interambulacra. Subanal fasciole enclosing shield-shaped area whose width in specimen 56 mm long is 22.6 mm or 40 percent L and height 11.8 mm or 21 percent L. Fasciole crossing plates 6-10 of ambulacra V or I, plates 3 and 4 of interambulacrum 5. ORAL PLATE ARRANGEMENT.—Labrum long, narrow, 1.9 mm long in specimen 56.0 mm long (3.39 percent L), extending posteriorly to second or third ambulacral plate (Figure 26). TUBERCULATION.—Large perforate, crenulate tubercles with large scrobicules confined within peripetalous fasciole, numerous in all interam- bulacra. NUMBER OF PLATES.—Specimen 56 mm long with 50 plates in ambulacrum III, 74 in I or V, 64 in II or IV; count not possible in interambu- lacra. FIGURE 26.—Eupatagus wilsoni, new species, adoral view of holotype USNM 264084 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 12, X 1.5. TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 264084; figured paratype USNM 264085. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Ideal Cement Company quarry localities 12, 16 ("late zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—E. wilsoni differs from Eupatagus carolinensis Clark, which occurs with it at the Ideal quarry (locality 12) and the Wilmington city rock quarry (locality 16), in having many large tubercles in the anterior interambulacra, its test flattened in the area around the apical system, a broader anterior truncation, and petals with narrower poriferous zones and wider interporiferous zones. In E. wil- soni the peripetalous fasciole crosses ambulacra V or I on plates 15 or 16 as opposed to plates 17 or 18 in E. carolinensis. There are fewer plates in ambulacra V or I in E. wilsoni with, for example, 74 in either ambulacrum (46 porepairs in the petals) in a specimen 56 mm long; whereas, a specimen of E. carolinensis 46.1 mm long has 96 plates and 57 porepairs in petal V or I. Finally in E. wilsoni the subanal fasciole encloses a broader NUMBER 39 53 shield-shaped area whose width is 40 percent L as opposed to 32.8 percent L in E. carolinensis. Eupatagus lawsonae, new species PLATE 21: FIGURES 1-4 DIAGNOSIS.—Species characterized by its large size, straight posterior petals, and narrow inter- poriferous zones. MATERIAL.—Only one specimen known. SHAPE AND SIZE.—Specimen large, 93.0 mm long, narrow with width 79.5 percent L, greatest width anterior to center. Height 46.2 percent L with greatest height posterior. Posterior trunca- tion overhanging, periproct not visible from above. APICAL SYSTEM.—Four genital pores, ethmoly- tic, located at distance from anterior margin equal to 39 percent L. AMBULACRA.—Anterior ambulacrum not peta- loid; anterior paired petals (II and IV) long ex- tending more than two-thirds to margin, length 33 percent L, width 9 percent L, posterior petals straight with length 36 percent L, width 9 percent L; interporiferous zones almost twice width of poriferous zones; petals not depressed; 66 pore- pairs in petals II or IV, 80 in petals V or I. First porepair in petal II in plate 14, first porepair in petal I in plate 22. PERISTOME.—Anterior, located at distance from anterior margin to anterior edge of peristome equal to 26 percent L, opening wider than high with width 10.7 percent L. PERIPROCT.—High on posterior truncation, opening large with height greater than width, height 14.2 percent L, width 10.7 percent L. FASCIOLES.—Peripetalous fasciole narrow but position not clear on most of specimen. Subanal fasciole enclosing shield-shaped area whose width is 29 percent L, height 21 percent L. Fasciole crossing plates 6-11 of ambulacra V or I. TUBERCULATION.—Large, perforate, crenulate tubercles with large scrobicules confined within peripetalous fasciole, number not clear. TYPE-SPECIMEN.—Holotype USNM 264086. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Ideal Cement Company quarry locality 12 ("late zone"). COMPARISON WITH OTHER SPECIES.—This spe- cies is easily distinguished from Eupatagus caroli- nensis Clark which occurs with it by its far larger and narrower test, straighter posterior petals, greatest width of test anterior to center, more anterior position of the apical system, and occur- rence of the first porepair of petal II in plate 14 as opposed to plate 12 in E. carolinensis. It differs from E. wilsoni also occurring with it in its larger and narrower test, more inflated area around the apical system, narrower interporiferous zones, higher area circumscribed by the subanal fasciole, and overhanging posterior truncation. E. lawsonae is easily distinguished from E. antillarum (Cotteau) and E. clevei (Cotteau) from the late Eocene Inglis Formation by its shorter petals with far narrower interporiferous zones. It differs from E. ocalanus Cooke in having straighter petals which are not depressed and an overhanging posterior trunca- tion. Family UNIFASCIIDAE Cooke Genus Unifascia Cooke Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) PLATE 21: FIGURE 5; PLATE 22 Macropneustes carolinensis Clark, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915: 154, pl. 71, figs. 5a-d.—Cooke, 1942:51. Maunlanaster carolinensis (Clark).—Lambert and Thiery, 1909-1925:493. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark).—Cooke, 1959:80, pl. 34: figs. 7- 13. DISCUSSION.—Insufficient specimens are avail- able to permit a more detailed description than that already present in Cooke (1959:34). TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 164651; figured specimens USNM 562447, 562448, 264087, 264088. OCCURRENCES.—Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina: Maple Hill (Lanier pit) locality 9, Ideal Cement Company quarry localities 12, 34. Santee Limestone, South Carolina: George- town locality 37 ("middle and late zones"). Literature Cited Banks, R. 1978. Stratigraphy of the Eocene Santee Limestone in Three Quarries of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Geologic Notes, 21 (3):88-149, figures 1- 15, tables 1-3, appendix 1-7. Baum, G., W. B. Harris, and V. Zullo 1978. Stratigraphic Revision of the Exposed Middle Eocene to Lower Miocene Formations of North Carolina. Southeastern Geology, 20(1): 1-25, figures 1-5. Baum, G, J. Collins, R.Jones, B. Madlinger, and R. Powell In press. Correlation of the Eocene Strata of the Caro- linas. South Carolina Geology. Berggren, W. 1972. A Cenozoic Time-Scale—Some Implications for Regional Geology and Paleobiogeography. Le- thaia, 5(2): 195-215, figures 1-9. Canu, F. and R. S. Bassler 1920. North American Early Tertiary Bryozoa. United Slates National Museum Bulletin, 106: 879 pages. Chesher, R. 1968. The Systematics of Sympatric Species in West Indian Spatangoids: A Revision of the Genera Brissopsis, Plethotaenia, Paleopneustes, and Savimaster. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Miami, 7: 168 pages, 25 figures, 35 plates. 1970. Evolution in the Genus Meoma (Echinoidea: Spa- tangoida) and a Description of a New Species from Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20(3): 731-761, figures 1-9. Clark, W. B. 1891. Revision of the Cretaceous Echinoidea of North America. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 86: 8 pages. 1893. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United Stales. Bulletin of the United .States Geological Survey, 97: 207 pages, 50 plates. Clark, W. B., and M. W. Twitchell 1915. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States. Monographs of the United Stales Geo- logical Survey, 54: 341 pages, 107 plates. Conrad, T. A. 1834. Observations on the Tertiary and More Recent Formations of a Portion of the Southern States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, 7(1): 116-154. 1850. Descriptions of One New Cretaceous and Seven New Eocene Fossils. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, (2)2:39-41, illustra- tions. 1865. Descriptions of New Species of Echinidae. Proceed- ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: 75. 1868. Synopsis of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Creta- ceous Formations of New Jersey. In G. H. Cook, Geology of New Jersey, Appendix A: 721-732. New- ark: New Jersey Geological Survey. Cook, G. H. 1868. Geology of New Jersey. 900 pages, map. Newark: New Jersey Geological Survey. Cooke, C. W. 1936. Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. United Slates Geological Survey Bulletin 867: 196 pages, 2 figures, 18 plates. 1941. Cenozoic Regular Echinoids of Eastern United States. Journal of Paleontology, 15(1): 1-20, plates 1- 4. 1942. Cenozoic Irregular Echinoids of Eastern United Slates. Journal of Paleontology, 16(1): 1-62, plates 1- 8. 1948. Arbia and Dixieus, Two New Genera of Echinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 22(5):606-607. 1959. Cenozoic Echinoids of Eastern United States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 321: 106 pages, 43 plates. Cooke, C. W., and F. S. MacNeil 1952. Tertiary Stratigraphy of South Carolina. United Stales Geological Survey Professional Paper, 243-B:19- 29, figure 2. Copeland, C. W. 1964. Eocene and Miocene Foraminifera from Two Lo- calities in Duplin County, North Carolina. Bulle- tins of American Paleontology, 47(215):209-324, plates 23-43. Cotteau, G. H. 1889-1894. Paleontologie francaise ou description des fossiles de la France, terrain Terliaire, echinides Eocenes. Volume 2, 788 pages, plates 200-384. Paris: G. Masson. Desor, P.J.E. 1855-1858. Synopsis des Echinides fossiles. 490 pages, 44 plates. Paris: Chez Ch. Reinwald. Emmons, E. 1858. Report of the North Carolina Geological Survey: Agricul- ture of the Eastern Counties; Together with Descriptions of Fossil of Marl Beds. 314 pages, 256 figures. Ra- leigh: Henry D. Turner. 54 NUMBER 39 55 Fischer, A. G. 1951. The Echinoid Fauna of the Inglis Member, Moodys Branch Formation, Part II. Florida Geolog- ical Survey Geological Bulletin (Paleontologie Studies) 34:47-101, figures 1-18, plates 1-7. Kellum, L. B. 1926. Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Castle Hayne and Trent Marls in North Carolina. United Stales Geological Survey Professional Paper, 143: 56 pages, 1 figure, 11 plates. Kier, P. M. 1962. Revision of the Cassiduloid Echinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 144(3): 262 pages, 184 fig- ures, 44 plates. 1966. Four New Eocene Echinoids from Barbados. Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, 151(9): 28 pages, 16 figures, 1 plate. 1968. Echinoids from the Middle Eocene Lake City Formation of Georgia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lections, 153(2): 45 pages, 44 figures, 10 plates. 1970. Lantern Support Structures in the Clypeasteroid Echinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 44(1):98-109, fig- ures 1-8, plates 23, 24. Lambert, J. 1916. [Untitled review.] In Revue critique Palaeozoologie, 20(4): 168-171. Lambert, J., and P. Thiery 1909-1925. Essai de nomenclature raisonnee des Echinides. 607 pages, 15 plates. Chaumont: Librairie L. Ferriere. Mortensen, T. 1951. Report on the Echinoidea Collected by the "At- lantide" Expedition. In Atlantide Report, 2:293-303, figure 1, plates 1, 2. McCrady, J. 1859. Remarks on the Eocene Formation in the Neigh- borhood of Alligator, Florida. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History (Charleston, South Carolina), 1:282-283. Miller, B. L. 1912. Description of the Choptank Quadrangle. United States Geological Survey Geologic Atlas, 182: 8 pages. Morton, S. G. 1833. Supplement to the "Synopsis of the Organic Re- mains of the Ferruginous Sand Formation of the United States" Contained in Volumes 17 and 18 of this Journal. American Journal of Science, series 1, 23:288-294; series 1, 24:128-132, plates 5, 8-10. 1834. Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States. 88 pages, 19 plates. Philadel- phia. [Reprinted from American Journal of Science, volumes 17, 18 (1830).] Paulson, Jr., O. L. 1958. A New Species of the Eocene Echinoid Periarchus. Journal of Paleontology, 32(2):362-365, figures 1-8. Pooser, W. K. 1965. Biostratigraphy of Cenozoic Ostracoda from South Carolina. The University of Kansas Paleontolog- ical Contributions, Arthropoda, 8: 80 pages, 7 figures, 22 plates. Ravenel, E. 1844. Description of Some New Species of Fossil Organic Remains from the Eocene of South Carolina. Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, 2:96-98. 1848. Echimdae, Recent and Fossil of South Carolina. 4 pages, 2 plates. Charleston: Burges and James. Sloan, E. 1908. Catalogue of the Mineral Localities of South Car- olina. South Carolina Geological Survey, 4(2): 1-505, figures 1-16, plates 9, 10, tables 1-8. Smith, A. 1978. A Functional Classification of the Coronal Pores of Regular Echinoids. Palaeontology, 21 (4): 759-789, figures 1-3, plates 81-84. Stenzel, H. B. 1949. Successional Speciation in Paleontology; the Case of the Oysters of the sellaeformis Stock. Evolution, 3(1):34-50, illustrations. [Reprinted as Texas Uni- versity Bureau of Economic Geology Report Inv., 3.] Stephenson, L. W. 1923. The Cretaceous Formations of North Carolina, Part I: Invertebrate Fossils of the Upper Creta- ceous Formations. North Carolina Geological Survey, 5(1): 604 pages, 102 plates. Toulmin, L. D. 1969. Paleocene and Eocene Guide Fossils of the Eastern Gulf Coast Region. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 19:465-487, figures 1-5, tables 1-2, plates 1-4. 1977. Stratigraphic Distribution of Paleocene and Eocene Fossils in the Eastern Gulf Coast Region. Geological Survey of Alabama Monograph, 13(1, 2): 602 pages, 37 figures, 72 plates, 10 tables. Tuomey, M. 1848. Report on the Geology of South Carolina, vi + 293 pages, appendix, illustration. Columbia, South Carolina. Ward, L. W., D. R. Lawrence, and B. W. Blackwelder 1978. Stratigraphic Revision of the Middle Eocene, Oli- gocene, and Lower Miocene—Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Contributions to Stratigraphy, Geological Survey Bulletin, 1457-F:F1-F23, figures 1- 3. Ward, L. W., B. W. Blackwelder, G. S. Gohn, and R. Z. Poore 1979. Stratigraphic Revision of Eocene, Oligocene, and Lower Miocene Formations of South Carolina. Geologic Notes, 23(1): 32 pages, 10 figures, appendix. Zullo, V. A., and G. R. Baum 1979. Paleogene Barnacles from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Southeast- ern Geology, 20(4):229-246, figures 1, 2, plates 1-4. 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 1 Phyllacanthus mitchellii (Emmons) 1-3. Adapical, side, adoral views of holotype USNM 498883, locality 27, X 1. 4. View at ambitus of same specimen, X 4. Phyllacanthus carolinensis (Emmons) 5. View just below ambitus of holotype USNM 498882, locality 27, X 3. 6-8. Adapical, side, adoral views of same specimen, X 1. NUMBER 39 57 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 2 Cidaris pratti Clark 1-3. Adapical, side, adoral views of USNM 264035 from Santee Limestone, locality 37 (Georgetown), X 3. 4, 5. Views of interambulacrum and ambulacrum of same specimen, X 6. Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 6-8. Side, adapical, adoral views of holotype, USNM 166500, X 4. Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 26. NUMBER 39 59 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 3 Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke 1-3. Adapical, adoral, side views of USNM 264036 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 2.5. Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 4, 5. Adapical, side views of USNM 264037 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 3. 6, 7. Side, adapical views of probable holotype, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1076. Santee Limestone, South Carolina, X 3. NUMBER 39 61 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 4 Coelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 1-3. Adapical, adoral, side views of USNM 264038 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 2. 4. Ambulacrum III at peristome of same specimen, X 10. NUMBER 39 63 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 5 Dixieus cf. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) 1-3. Side, adapical, adoral views of USNM 264039, from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 1.25. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 4-6. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype USNM 499113 from Castle Hayne Lime- stone, X 1.75. 7-9. Adapical, adoral, side views of USNM 264040 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 14. NUMBER 39 65 66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 6 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 1-3. Side, adapical, adoral views of USNM 264041 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 1.5. 4. Adapical view of USNM 264042 from same locality, X 6. Eurhodia baumi, new species 5-8. Adapical, rear, right side, adoral views of holotype USNM 264043 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 11 (Rose Hill), X 1.75. NUMBER 39 67 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 7 Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) 1-3. Adapical, adoral, right side views of USNM 264044, Santee Limestone, locality 37 (Georgetown), X 1.5. 4 6. Adapical, adoral, right side views of USNM 264045, from same locality, X 1.5. Eurhodia rugosa ideali, new subspecies 7-9. Adapical, adoral, right side views of holotype USNM 264046 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1. Eurhodia rugosa depressa, new subspecies 10-12. Adapical, adoral, right side views of holotype USNM 264047 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10 (Maple Hill, East Coast), X 1. NUMBER 39 69 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 8 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) 1-3. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype, American Museum of Natural History 9868 from Santee Limestone, Santee River ?, X 2. 4-6. Adapical, right side, rear views of USNM 264048, from Santee Limestone, locality 37 (Georgetown), X 3.5. 7. Adoral view of USNM 264049, from same locality, X 4. Eurhodia cravenensis (Kellum) J-11. Adapical, right side, rear, adoral views of holotype USNM 353256, from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 6, X 2.25. NUMBER 39 71 + „!>£• a? ? ; "ii^^O. r, '• "o ■ '-..p -%:■ '&£>&§? 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 9 Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) 1-4. Adapical, adoral, right side, rear views of USNM 264050, from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 11 (Rose Hill), X 1.5. 5-8. Adapical, adoral, right side, rear views of USNM 264051, from same locality, X 2.5. Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) 9-12. Adapical, rear, right side, adoral views of holotype, USNM 599488, from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 31, X 1.75. NUMBER 39 73 *- ,'j^vv'^o«^^'V*-^**>'*- '/^i'i ■j>*. 12 11 uitio'' s»»sa .t-t^i S«S«S!S? is* ^ 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 10 Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) 1-4. Adapical, rear, right side, adoral views of USNM 264052 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10 (Maple Hill, East Coast), X 1.25. Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 5. Adapical view of USNM 264053 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 14. 6, 7. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264054 from same locality, X 13. 3-10. Adapical, right side, adoral views of USNM 264055 from same locality, X 10. Echinocyamus bisexus Kier 11. Adapical view of USNM 264056 from same locality, X 30. NUMBER 39 75 s0^Wm 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 11 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) 1,2. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264057 from Castle Hayne Limestone at locality 11 (Rose Hill), X 1. 3, 4. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264058 from same locality, X 1. 5. Adapical view of USNM 264059 from Santee Limestone, locality 37 (Georgetown), X 1. Protoscutella plana (Conrad) 6. Adapical view of USNM 264060 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10 (Maple Hill, East Coast), X 1.75. 7. Adoral view of USNM 264070 from same locality, X 2. NUMBER 39 77 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 12 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis, new subspecies 1, 2. Adapical, right side of USNM 264061 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 11 (Rose Hill), X 1.5. 3, 4. Adapical view of holotype USNM 264062 from same locality, X 1.75. 5. Adoral view of USNM 264063 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 11 (Rose Hill), X 1.5. Protoscutella mississippiensis subspecies uncertain 6. Adapical view of USNM 264064 from Santee Limestone, locality 38 (Wilson's Landing), X 3. 7. Adapical view of USNM 264065 from same locality, X 2. NUMBER 39 79 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 13 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 1-3. Adapical, adoral, right side of neotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard MCZ 3543, near Claiborne, Alabama, X 1. 4-6. Adapical, right side, adoral views of USNM 264066 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1. NUMBER 39 W*d 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 14 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 1, 2. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264067, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1.5. 3-5. Adapical, right side, adoral views of USNM 264068 from same locality, X 1.5. 6, 7. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264069 from same locality, X 1.5. Periarchus rutriformis Paulson 3-10. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype, Museum of Geoscience, Louisiana State University, T-6934, from Castle Hayne Limestone, near Carlton, Duplin County, North Carolina, X 1.5. NUMBER 39 83 ■"-'£?■"«■'' ■k . ^I'i-'Sj^yXriv.Vi -:'<3c --^cfic^^-- -j 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 15 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke 1-3. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype USNM 499004 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 26, X 2.5. 4,5. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264071, Castle.Hayne Limestone, locality 12, X 2.5. 6, 7. Adoral, side views of USNM 264072, same locality, X 4. Agassizia wilmingtonica inflata, new subspecies 3-10. Adapical, adoral, right side views of holotype, USNM 264073 from Santee Limestone, locality 37 (Georgetown), X 2.5. NUMBER 39 85 86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 16 Linthia harmatuki, new species 1. Adapical view of USNM 264074 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10 (Maple Hil East Coast), X 1. 2. Adoral view of USNM 264075 from same locality, X 1. NUMBER 39 87 Vi SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 17 Linthia harmatuki, new species 1, 2. Adapical, right side views of holotype USNM 264076 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 10 (Maple Hill, East Coast), X 1. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 3-6. Adapical, adoral, right side, rear views of USNM 264077 from Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 1.25. NUMBER 39 89 4 \ fe 90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 18 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 1-3. Adapical, right side, rear views of USNM 264078, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 2. 4, 5. Adapical, right side views of USNM 264079 from same locality, X 1.25. 6. Adoral view of USNM 264080 from same locality, X 2. &£&£1V:-. ■>+&r$Je>~i - -j" r'tR u-'i' ■', "*. -Jfc? ■ 91 92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 19 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) 1, 2. Adapical, adoral views of USNM 264081, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 1.75. 3-5. Adapical, right side, adoral views of USNM 264082, same locality, X 2.5. NUMBER 39 93 Mm^k; ■* *m$. yj$i$f .■$-%.. x^'***^ ^j»V Wm 94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 20 Eupatagus carolinensis Clark 1-3. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype USNM 166484, Castle Hayne Limestone, Wilmington, North Carolina, X 1.25. 4-6. Adapical, right side, adoral views of USNM 264083, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1.25. Eupatagus wilsoni, new species 7-9. Adapical, right side, adoral views of holotype USNM 264084, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1. 10. Apical view of same specimen, X 8. 11. Adoral view of USNM 264085, from same locality, X 1. 10. NUMBER 39 95 jsss*^ 96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 21 Eupatagus lawsonae, new species 1-4. Adapical, adoral, right side, rear views of holotype USNM 264086, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 5. Adoral view of USNM 264087, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 9 (Maple Hill, Lanier), X 1.5. NUMBER 39 97 ^Mmm h"V--', >>; 98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 22 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 1-3. Adapical, adoral, right side views of USNM 264088, Castle Hayne Limestone, locality 12 (Ideal), X 1.5. 4. Quarry of Martin Marietta Company near Castle Hayne (locality 34), North Carolina. The "middle zone" containing Linthia harmatuki, new species, Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell), Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) depressa, new subspecies, and Protoscutella plana (Conrad) can be seen pinching out between the basal member of the Castle Hayne Limestone, the New Hanover Member, and the "late zone." December, 1978. NUMBER 39 99 Index (Synonyms and page numbers Agassizia, 9, 43 Agassizia (Agassizia) floridana, 44 Agassizia (Anisaster) mossomi, 44 wilmingtonica, 43, 44 wilmingtonica inflata, 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, 44, 84 wilmingtonica wilmingtonica, 2, 6, 7, 11-13, 43, 84 alta, Crassatella, 3 antillarum, Eupatagus, 53 antillarum, Meoma, 47 appendiculata, Echinolampas, 2, 5-8, 10-14, 21, 22, 64, 66 appendiculatus, Echinolampas, 21 arguta, Maretia, 50 baumi, Eurhodia, 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 23, 24, 34, 66 bisexus, Echinocyamus, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 34, 74 Breynella gregoryi, 32 cariboearum, Cassidulus, 8 carolinensis, Cassidulus conradi, 33 carolinensis, Cassidulus (Paralampas?), 33 carolinensis, Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus), 33 carolinensis, Cidaris, 16 carolinensis, Coelopleurus, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, /<9-21, 58, 60 carolinensis, Eupatagus, 2, 7, 8, 11-13, 50-53, 94 carolinensis, Leiocidaris, 16 carolinensis, Macropneustes, 53 carolinensis, Maun tanas ter, 53 carolinensis, Phyllacanthus, 2, 9, 13, 76, 17, 56 carolinensis, Rhyncholampas, 2, 6-8, 10-14, 33, 34, 72, 74 carolinensis, Unifascia, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 53, 96, 98 Cassidulus cariboearum, 8 conradi carolinensis, 33 ^oviformis, 30 Cassidulus (Paralampas?) carolinensis, 33 gregoryi, 32 Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis, 33 carolinensis cravenensis, 29, 30 Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus?) holmesi, 29 raveneli, 24, 26 Catopygus oviformis, 30 Cidaris, 9, 17 carolinensis, 16 cf. C. />raM, 14, 15 pratti, 2, 4, 7-15, /7, 18, 58 mitchellii, 16 smithi, 18 f/Wj, Eupatagus, 53 Coelopleurus, 8, 18 carolinensis, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 7.5-21, 58, 60 infulatus, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 18-20, 21, 60, 62 of principal accounts in italics) conradi, Protoscutella, 2, 4-8, 11-15, 35-38, 76 conradi, Sismondia, 35 Crassatella alta, 3 cravenensis, Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis, 29, 30 cravenensis, Eurhodia, 70 crucifer, Pygorhynchus, 24, 26 crucifer, Ravenelia, 24 Cubitostrea hsbonensis, 2-5 sellaeformis, 2, 3, 6 depressa, Eurhodia rugosa, 2, 6-8, 11, 14, 28, 29, 68 dixie, Dixieus, 21 dixie, Dixieus cf. Dixieus, 2, 6, 7, 11, 21, 64 dixie, Phymosoma, 21 Dixieus, 21 cf. Dixieus dixie, 2, 6, 7, 11, 21, 64 dixie, 21 Echinanthus gregoryi, 32 Echinocyamus, 8, 34 bisexus, 2, 6, 7,9, 11,5*, 74 parvus, 2,6-9, 11, 12,34, 74 Echinolampas, 8, 21 appendiculata, 2, 5-8, 10-14, 21, 22, 64, 66 appendiculatus, 21 Echinus infulatus, 20 Eupatagus, 8, 50 antillarum, 53 carolinensis, 2, 7, 8, 11-13, 50-53, 94 clevei, 53 lawsonae, 2, 7, 8, 11, 53, 96 ocalanus, 53 species, 14 wilsoni, 2, 7,8, 11, 12, 57-53,94 Eurhodia, 23 baumi, 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 23, 24, 34, 66 cravenensis, 70 holmesi, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12-16, 24, 29-32, 70 raveneli, 24 rugosa, 24, 25 rugosa depressa, 2, 6-8, 11, 14, 28, 29, 68 rugosa ideali, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 25, 26-29, 68 rugosa rugosa, 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, 27-26, 28, 29, 68 Eurhodia (Gisopygus) holmesi, 29 Exputens, 9 floridana, Agassizia (Agassizia), 44 gregoryi, Breynella, 32 gregoryi, Cassidulus (Paralampas?), 32 gregoryi, Echinanthus, 32 hanoverensis, Linthia, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11-15, 46, 47, 48, 90 100 NUMBER 39 101 hanoverensis, Schizaster (Linthia), 47 harmatuki, Linthia (Linthia), 2, 4-8, 10, 11, 13-15, 45-49, 86,88 Hemipatagus subrostratus, 49 holmesi, Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus?), 29 holmesi, Eurhodia, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12-16, 24, 29-32, 70 holmesi, Eurhodia (Gisopygus), 29 holmesi, Rhyncholampas, 29 ideali, Eurhodia rugosa, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 25, 26-29, 68 inflata, Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica, 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, •74,84 infulatus, Coelopleurus, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 18-20, 21, 60, 62 infulatus, Echinus, 20 lawsonae, Eupatagus, 2, 7, 8, 11, 53, 96 Leiocidaris carolinensis, 16 mitchellii, 16 Linthia, 45, 46 hanoverensis, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11-15, 46, 47, 48, 90 wilmingtonensis, 2, 4, 7, 10-14, 46, 47, 49, 88 Linthia (Linthia), 46 harmatuki, 2, 4-8, 10, 11, 13-15, 45-49, 86, 88 lisbonensis, Cubitostrea, 2 lyelli, Periarchus, 2-8, 10-15, 38, 40-43, 80, 82 lyelli, Scutella, 40 Macropneustes, 47 carolinensis, 53 Maretia, 9, 49 arguta, 50 subrostrata, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13-15, 49, 50, 92 Mauritanaster carolinensis, 53 Meoma antillarum, 47 ventricosa, 8, 47 mississippiensis, Protoscutella, 2, 4-7, 9, 14, 15, 36, 38, 40, 78 mississippiensis, Protoscutella mississippiensis, 38, 39, 40 mississippiensis, Scutella, 38 mitchellii, Cidaris, 16 mitchellii, Leiocidaris, 16 mitchellii, Phyllacanthus, 2, 9, 13, 16, 17, 56 Mortonella quinquefarius, 14 mortoni, Phyllacanthus, 16 mossomi, Agassizia (Anisaster), 44 Nucleolites oviformis, 30 ocalanus, Eupatagus, 53 Ostrea sellaeformis, 2 ?oviformis, Cassidulus, 30 oviformis, Catopygus, 30 oviformis, Nucleolites, 30 oviformis, Phyllobrissus, 30 oviformis, Santeelampas, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 30, 72 pacificus, Rhyncholampas, 9 Paraster species, 14 parvus, Echinocyamus, 2, 6-9, 11, 12, 34, 74 Pemcillus, 9 pentagonium, Protoscutella, 6 Periarchus, 6, 7, 14, 38, 40 cf. P. pileussinensis, 43 lyelli, 2-15, 38, 40-43,80,82 pileussinensis, 42, 43 rutriformis, 40, 43, 82 Phyllacanthus, 16 carolinensis, 2, 9, 13, 16, 17, 56 mitchellii, 2, 9, 13, 16, 17, 56 mortoni, 16 Phyllobrissus oviformis, 30 Phymosoma, 21 dixie, 21 pileussinensis, Periarchus, 42, 43 pileussinensis, Periarchus cf. P., 43 Plagiobrissus species, 11 plana, Protoscutella, 2, 4, 6-8, 11, 14, 15, 36, 37, 38, 76 plana, Protoscutella cf. P., 15 plana, Sismondia, 37 pratti, Cidaris, 2, 4, 7-15, 77, 18, 58 pratti, Cidaris cf. C, 14, 15 Protoscutella, 6, 7, 35, 36, 38 cf. P. plana, 15 conradi, 2, 4, 5-8, 11-15, 15-38, 76 mississippiensis, 2, 4-7, 9, 14, 15, 36, 38, 40, 78 mississippiensis mississippiensis, 35-40 mississippiensis rosehillensis, 2, 7, 8, 11, 14, 35, 37, 38-40, 78 pentagonium, 6 plana, 2, 4, 6-8, 11, 14, 15, 36, 37, 38, 76 tuomeyi, 6, 36, 37 Pygorhynchus crucifer, 24, 26 rugosus, 24, 26 quinquefarius, Mortonella, 14 raveneli, Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus?), 24, 26 raveneli, Eurhodia, 24 Ravenelia, crucifer, 24 rugosa, 24 Rhyncholampas, 9, 33 carolinensis, 2, 6-8, 10-14, 33, 34, 72, 74 holmesi, 29 pacificus, 9 species, 15 rosehillensis, Protoscutella mississippiensis, 2, 7, 8, 11, 14, 35, 37, 38-40, 78 rugosa, Eurhodia, 24, 25 rugosa, Eurhodia rugosa, 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, 24-26, 28, 29, 68 rugosa, Ravenelia, 24 rugosus, Pygorhynchus, 24, 26 rutriformis, Periarchus, 40, 43, 82 Santeelampas, 30 oviformis, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 30, 72 Schizaster (Linthia) hanoverensis, 47 wilmingtonensis, 47 Scutella lyelli, 40 102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY mississippiensis, 38 sellaeformis, Cubitostrea, 2 sellaeformis, Ostrea, 2 Sismondia conradi, 35 plana, 37 smithi, Cidaris, 18 species, Eupatagus, 14 species, Paraster, 14 species, Plagiobrissus, 11 species, Rhyncholampas, 15 subrostrata, Maretia, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13-15, 49, 50, 92 subrostratus, Hemipatagus, 49 tuomeyi, Protoscutella, 6, 36, 37 Unifascia, 53 carolinensis, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 53, 96, 98 ventricosa, Meoma, 8, 47 wilmingtonensis, Linthia, 2, 4, 7, 10-14, 46, 47, 49, 88 wilmingtonensis, Schizaster (Linthia), 47 wilmingtonica, Agassizia (Anisaster), 43, 44 wilmingtonica, Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica, 2, 6, 7, 11-13, 43, 84 wilsoni, Eupatagus, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12, 57-53, 94 Zeuglodon, 13 REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36. 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